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User:Dippin Dot's Ice Cream/sandbox

= 2023 (MMXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2023rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 23rd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 4th year of the 2020s decade. = The year 2023 saw the decline in severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the WHO (World Health Organization) ending its global health emergency status in May. Catastrophic natural disasters included the fifth-deadliest earthquake of the 21st century striking Turkey and Syria, leaving up to 62,000 people dead, Cyclone Freddy – the longest-lasting recorded tropical cyclone in history – leading to over 1,400 deaths in Malawi and Mozambique, Storm Daniel, which became the deadliest cyclone worldwide since Cyclone Nargis after killing at least 11,000 people in Libya, a major 6.8 magnitude earthquake striking western Morocco, killing 2,960 people, and a 6.3 magnitude quadruple earthquake striking western Afghanistan, killing over 1,400 people.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and Myanmar civil war continued in 2023, and a series of coups, several armed conflicts, and political crises broke out in numerous African nations, most notably a war in Sudan. An escalation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict occurred in October when Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, led an attack on Israel, leading the latter to declare war on Hamas. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict ended after over 100,000 Armenians fled the region after an Azeri military invasion.

A banking crisis resulted in the collapse of numerous American regional banks as well as the buyout of Credit Suisse by UBS in Switzerland. The two largest American banks to collapse were Silicon Valley Bank and First Republic Bank, two of the three largest banking collapses in US history. The most notable of numerous acquisitions in various industries included October's energy acquisitions with ExxonMobil and Chevron buying Pioneer Natural Resources and Hess respectively, the luxury fashion holding company Tapestry (Coach New York and Kate Spade New York) announcing its purchase of Capri Holdings (Michael Kors and Versace), and the closure of Microsoft's acquisition of Activision Blizzard.

In the realm of technology, 2023 saw the continued rise of generative AI models, with increasing applications across various industries. These models, leveraging advancements in machine learning and natural language processing, had become capable of creating realistic and coherent text, images, and music. An AI arms race between private companies has continued since the late 2010s, with Microsoft-backed OpenAI and Google owner Alphabet today most dominant among firms.

January

 * January 1 – Croatia adopts the euro and joins the Schengen Area, becoming the 20th member state of the Eurozone and the 27th member of the Schengen Area. This is the first enlargement of the Eurozone since Lithuania's entry in 2015, and the first enlargement of the Schengen Area since Liechtenstein's entry in 2011.
 * January 5 – The funeral of Pope Benedict XVI is held at St. Peter's Square in the Vatican City. The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people.
 * January 8
 * The 2023 Beninese parliamentary election is held, with the Progressive Union for Renewal party winning a plurality of seats.
 * Following the 2022 Brazilian general election and the inauguration of Lula da Silva as president of Brazil, supporters of former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro storm the Brazilian National Congress, the Supreme Federal Court and the Presidential Palace of Planalto.
 * January 9 – Juliaca massacre: At least 18 people are killed and over 100 others are injured when the Peruvian National Police fire upon demonstrations in Juliaca.
 * January 10–17 – A cold snap in Afghanistan kills 166 people and nearly 80,000 livestock.
 * January 15 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes during final approach into Pokhara, Nepal, killing all 72 people on board.
 * January 16 – Tigray War: Amharan Special Forces withdraw from the Tigray Region in line with an African Union-backed peace agreement between the Ethiopian government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front.
 * January 17 – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc resigns as President of Vietnam amid several recent scandals in the government.
 * January 18 – A helicopter crash in Brovary near Kyiv, Ukraine kills 14 people including Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs Denys Monastyrsky.
 * January 20 – The Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago elects former senate president, minister and lawyer Christine Kangaloo as president in a 48–22 vote.
 * January 21
 * Burkina Faso requests French forces to withdraw from its territory after suspending a military accord that allowed the presence of French troops in the country.
 * Tigray War: Eritrean forces withdraw from Shire and other major towns in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.
 * January 25 – Chris Hipkins succeeds Jacinda Ardern as Prime Minister of New Zealand, six days after she announced her resignation.
 * January 27 – Widespread unrest erupts in Israel following an Israeli military raid in Jenin the previous day which killed nine Palestinians. Incendiary air balloons are launched into Israeli-populated areas following it. Israel responds with targeted airstrikes. Later the same day, seven Jewish civilians are killed in a synagogue in Neve Yaakov in a terrorist attack.
 * January 27–28 – The second round of the 2023 Czech presidential election is held, with Petr Pavel declared winner.
 * January 30
 * A Jamaat-ul-Ahrar suicide bombing inside a mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kills 84 people and injures over 220 others.
 * Prime Minister of Fiji Sitiveni Rabuka confirms that Kiribati will rejoin the Pacific Islands Forum after leaving the organization the previous year.

February

 * February 1 – Lebanese liquidity crisis: The central bank of Lebanon devalues the Lebanese pound by 90% amid an ongoing financial crisis.
 * February 2
 * Israel and Sudan announce the finalization of an agreement to normalize relations between the two countries.
 * The European Central Bank and Bank of England raise their interest rates by 0.5 percentage points to combat inflation, one day after the US Federal Reserve raises its federal funds rate by 0.25 percentage points.
 * February 3
 * The US announces it is tracking alleged Chinese spy balloons over the Americas, later announcing that the balloons did not collect any information. One balloon drifts from Yukon to South Carolina before being shot down the next day, and a second hovers over Colombia and Brazil. This event is followed by subsequent detections and shootdowns of high-altitude objects elsewhere.
 * A Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous materials derails in East Palestine, Ohio. Multiple train cars burn for more than two days, followed by emergency crews conducting a controlled burn of several additional cars, releasing hydrogen chloride and phosgene into the atmosphere.
 * February 5
 * The 2023 Cypriot presidential election is held, with Nikos Christodoulides elected president.
 * Cyclone Freddy forms in the Indian Ocean. It would become the longest lasting tropical cyclone in history and cause over 1,400 deaths and countless injuries and property damage across southeastern Africa.
 * February 6 – A 7.8 Mww earthquake strikes southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria followed by a 7.7 Mww  aftershock on the same day, causing widespread damage and at more than 59,000 fatalities and 121,000 injured.
 * February 13 – The 2023 Bangladeshi presidential election scheduled for 19 February is held, with Shahabuddin Chuppu of the Awami League, the only nominated candidate, elected unopposed.
 * February 14 – The European Parliament approves a ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles in the European Union from 2035, citing the need to combat climate change in Europe and promote electric vehicles.
 * February 16 – Lawmakers in the Russian State Duma vote to withdraw Russia from 21 conventions of the Council of Europe.
 * February 17 – The South African Navy hosts a ten-day joint military exercise in the Indian Ocean with Russia and China.
 * February 19 – Libyan Crisis: The African Union announces the organization of a peace conference to address the instability in Libya.
 * February 21 – Vladimir Putin announces that Russia is suspending its participation in New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty with the US.
 * February 23 – Oman opens its airspace to Israeli airlines for the first time, in an upgrade of bilateral relations.
 * February 25 – 2023 Nigerian general election: Bola Tinubu is elected as Nigeria's president, defeating former vice president Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi.
 * February 27 – The United Kingdom and the European Union reach an agreement surrounding modifications to the Northern Ireland Protocol.
 * February 28 – A train crash in Thessaly, Greece, kills 57 people and injures dozens. The crash leads to nationwide protests and strikes against the condition of Greek railways and their mismanagement.

March

 * March 2 – The National Assembly of Vietnam declares Võ Văn Thưởng as the country's new president after receiving 98.38% votes from the Vietnamese parliament.
 * March 4
 * UN member states agree on a legal framework for the High Seas Treaty, which aims to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.
 * Kivu conflict: Burundi deploys 100 troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to help fight insurgencies by militias, including M23.
 * March 5 – The 2023 Estonian parliamentary election is held, with two centre-right liberal parties gaining an absolute majority for the first time.
 * March 8–21 – The 2023 World Baseball Classic is held in, and won by, Japan.
 * March 8 – Allied Democratic Forces jihadist insurgents use machetes to kill about 35 people in the village of Mukondi, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
 * March 10
 * The 2023 Chinese presidential election is held with the National People's Congress unanimously re-electing Xi Jinping as the President of the People's Republic of China to an unprecedented third term.
 * Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume diplomatic relations which were severed in 2016, at talks mediated by China.
 * Silicon Valley Bank, the 16th largest bank in the United States, fails, creating then the largest bank failure since the 2008 financial crisis, affecting companies around the world.
 * Kivu conflict: Angola announces the deployment of troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, following the failure of a ceasefire between government forces and M23 rebels in North Kivu.
 * March 14 – OpenAI launches GPT-4, a large language model for ChatGPT, which can respond to images and can process up to 25,000 words.
 * March 17 – The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Russian president Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children's Rights, marking the first arrest warrant against a leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
 * March 19 – In a deal brokered by the Swiss government, investment bank UBS agrees to buy Credit Suisse for CHF 3 billion (US$3.2 billion) in an all-stock deal.
 * March 20 – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the synthesis report of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change.
 * March 23 – World Athletics, the global governing body for athletics, bans trans women who have gone through male puberty from competing in female events.
 * March 24–27 – A tornado outbreak kills at least 26 people in Mississippi and Alabama. This includes a violent tornado which devastated the city of Rolling Fork and the town of Silver City in Mississippi, killing 16 people and injuring 165 others.
 * March 26
 * Honduras switches its formal diplomatic recognition of "China" from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China.
 * 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests: Large-scale spontaneous protests erupt across Israel in the wake of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu firing his defense minister who criticized the government's judicial overhaul plan.
 * March 29
 * Brazil and China sign an agreement to trade in their own currencies, ceasing the usage of the United States dollar as an intermediary.
 * Burkina Faso formally resumes diplomatic relations with North Korea after suspending them in 2017.
 * March 30 – The International Court of Justice rules that the United States violated its Treaty of Amity with Iran when it allowed its domestic courts to freeze assets held by Iranian companies.
 * March 31 – April 1 – A historic and widespread tornado outbreak occurs in the United States, killing 33 people, injuring more than 218 others, and caused over $5.4 billion in damage. This tornado outbreak produced 147 tornadoes, making it the third largest tornado outbreak in history.

April

 * April 2
 * The 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election results in a GERB—SDS–PP–DB coalition government headed by Nikolai Denkov as prime minister, and ends two years of political deadlock.
 * The 2023 Montenegrin presidential election is held, with Jakov Milatović of the Europe Now! movement winning in the second round, becoming the first president not from the DPS party since the introduction of a multi-party system in 1990.
 * The 2023 Finnish parliamentary election is held, with the centre-right National Coalition led by Petteri Orpo receiving the most votes.
 * The 2023 Andorran parliamentary election is held, with the ruling Democrats for Andorra led by Prime Minister Xavier Espot winning the majority of the seats.
 * April 4 – Finland becomes the 31st member of NATO, doubling the alliance's border with Russia.
 * April 5 – Clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli police happen at Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
 * April 10 – Two document leaks from the Pentagon detailing foreign military aid relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine are leaked onto the Internet.
 * April 11 – Myanmar civil war: In the village of Pazigyi, at least 165 people are killed by the Myanmar Air Force during the opening celebrations of a People's Defence Force administration office.
 * April 14 – Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) to search for life in the Jovian system, with an expected arrival date of 2031.
 * April 15
 * Nuclear power in Germany ends after 50 years, with the closure of the final power plants.
 * Fighting breaks out across Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The RSF captures Khartoum International Airport, and the presidential palace in Khartoum.
 * April 19 – At least 90 people are killed and another 322 injured in a crowd crush during a Ramadan charity event in Sanaa, Yemen.
 * April 20 – SpaceX's Starship rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, launches for the first time in a test flight from Texas. It explodes four minutes after launch.
 * April 21 – The Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans, representing a majority of the global Anglican population, reject the leadership of Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby as the head of global Anglicanism over his support for same-sex marriage.
 * April 25 – A mass cult suicide is uncovered in Shakahola forest in Kenya. 429 followers of the Good News International Ministries are found in shallow graves throughout the forest, with over 613 people missing.
 * April 29 – The 2023 Niuean general election is held and incumbent Dalton Tagelagi is re-elected as Premier of Niue.
 * April 30
 * The 2023 Paraguayan general election is held, with the Colorado Party candidate Santiago Peña being the president-elect of Paraguay, winning in a plurality.
 * The second round of the 2023 French Polynesian legislative election is held; the Tāvini Huiraʻatira party wins a majority of seats. Moetai Brotherson, Tāvini Huiraʻatira's deputy leader, is elected President of French Polynesia.

May

 * May 1 – 2023 banking crisis: San Francisco-based First Republic Bank fails and is auctioned off by the US FDIC to JPMorgan Chase for $10.7 billion. The collapse surpasses March's collapse of Silicon Valley Bank to become the second largest in US history.
 * May 3 – A school shooting occurs in Belgrade, Serbia. A second mass murder occurs the next day near Mladenovac and Smederevo. These events leave 19 people dead, causing the government to increase regulations on gun ownership and mass anti-government protests to begin.
 * May 4 – A series of floods and landslides strikes villages in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, resulting in over 400 deaths.
 * May 5 – The World Health Organization ends its declaration of COVID-19 being a global health emergency, but continues to refer to it as a pandemic.
 * May 6 – The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster Abbey, London.
 * May 7 – Syria is readmitted into the Arab League after being suspended since 2011.
 * May 9 – Cyclone Mocha forms in the Indian Ocean, killing over 400 people and injuring over 700 as it strikes Myanmar and Bangladesh.
 * May 9–13 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2023 is held in Liverpool, UK. Swedish contestant Loreen wins with the song "Tattoo".
 * May 11 – The World Health Organization ends its declaration of mpox being a global health emergency.
 * May 14
 * The 2023 Thai general election is held, with pro-democratic parties such as the Move Forward and Pheu Thai parties gaining a majority of seats in the House of Representatives while pro-military parties such as Palang Pracharat lost seats.
 * The 49th G7 summit takes place in Hiroshima, Japan. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy arrives in Japan on the second day of the summit.
 * May 21
 * The May 2023 Greek legislative election is held; the ruling New Democracy wins a plurality of seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Just days later, incumbent prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis called for another snap election to be held in June.
 * The 2023 East Timorese parliamentary election is held, with the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction and Fretilin parties receiving the most votes. Xanana Gusmão is elected Prime Minister of East Timor.
 * May 24 – Canada and Saudi Arabia agree to restore full diplomatic relations after a breakdown in relations in 2018 over the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.
 * May 25 – Russia and Belarus sign an agreement in Minsk allowing the stationing of Russian tactical nuclear weapons on Belarusian territory.
 * May 27 – The second round of the 2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election is held, with the ruling El Insaf Party receiving the most votes.
 * May 28 – The second round of the 2023 Turkish presidential election is held; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan defeats Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu with 52.18% of the vote to win a third term as president.
 * May 31 – The 2023 Latvian presidential election is held; Edgars Rinkēvičs is elected the President of Latvia.

June

 * June 2 – A train collision in Odisha, India results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured.
 * June 6
 * The 2023 Guinea-Bissau legislative election is held; the coalition Inclusive Alliance Platform – Terra Ranka led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde, wins a majority of seats.
 * The 2023 Kuwaiti general election is held; following the annulment of the results of the 2022 snap elections by the Constitutional Court. 38 members retained their seats from the annulled 2022 session, while two returned from the dissolved 2020 session. Ten new MPs were elected for the first time.
 * Russian invasion of Ukraine: The Nova Kakhovka dam in the Russian-controlled region of Kherson is destroyed, threatening the region with devastating floodwaters.
 * Due to smoke from wildfires in Canada, New York City in the United States is declared to have the worst air quality out of any city in the world.
 * June 11 – Honduras opens its first embassy in Beijing, China, after breaking off relations with Taiwan in March.
 * June 12 – Eritrea rejoins the Intergovernmental Authority on Development trade bloc after suspending its membership in 2007.
 * June 13 – At least 106 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.
 * June 14
 * Scientists report the creation of the first synthetic human embryo from stem cells, without the need for sperm or egg cells.
 * At least 82 people die and 500 are reported missing after a boat carrying migrants capsizes off the coast of the Peloponnese.
 * June 18 – Titan submersible implosion: All five crew members of Titan, a deep-sea submersible exploring the wreck of the Titanic, are killed following a catastrophic implosion of the vessel.
 * June 19
 * The United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopts the High Seas Treaty, the first treaty aimed towards marine conservation in international waters.
 * Qatar and the United Arab Emirates announce that they will restore diplomatic relations after relations were suspended during the Qatar diplomatic crisis.
 * June 20 – At least 46 people are killed after a riot between MS-13 and Barrio 18 gang members at a women's prison near Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
 * June 23 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: The Wagner Group, led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, begins an armed conflict with the Russian military, seizing the city of Rostov-on-Don and portions of the Voronezh Oblast before withdrawing the next day, after a peace agreement brokered by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko.
 * June 25 – The June 2023 Greek legislative election is held; Kyriakos Mitsotakis becomes prime minister after his centre-right party, New Democracy, wins a majority of seats in the Greek parliament.
 * June 28 – The 2023 Sierra Leonean general election is held; Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People's Party is re-elected president.
 * June 30 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to end MINUSMA, its peacekeeping mission in Mali.

July

 * July 3
 * Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.
 * In the largest incursion by Israel into the West Bank since the Second Intifada, the Israeli military deploys ground forces and armed drones into the Jenin camp, killing 13 and injuring more than 100. An attack claimed by Hamas as retaliation for the incursion, occurs in Tel Aviv the following day, injuring nine.
 * July 4 – Iran joins the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, becoming the organization's ninth member.
 * July 8 – In the Netherlands, the governing coalition collapses and Prime Minister Mark Rutte announces his upcoming resignation.
 * July 9
 * The 2023 Uzbek presidential election is held; Shavkat Mirziyoyev is re-elected president of Uzbekistan.
 * New Zealand signs a free trade agreement with the European Union, increasing bilateral trade.
 * July 10
 * China and the Solomon Islands sign a cooperation agreement between the People's Police and the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force in an upgrade of bilateral relations.
 * The European Commission and the U.S. government sign a new data communication agreement aimed at resolving legal uncertainties that European and American companies face when transferring personal data.
 * July 13 – Pita Limjaroenrat fails to become Prime Minister of Thailand in a National Assembly vote after forming a coalition with pro-democracy parties following the 2023 Thai general election.
 * July 14 – SAG-AFTRA announces it will begin a strike against the major film and TV studios in protest of low compensation, ownership of work, and generative AI.
 * July 19 – Typhoon Doksuri forms in the eastern Pacific Ocean, going on to kill 137 people in Southeast Asia.
 * July 20–August 20 – The 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup is held in Australia and New Zealand. In the final, Spain wins 1–0 against England.
 * July 20 – Bolivia and Iran sign a memorandum of understanding, in an upgrade of bilateral relations, expanding cooperation in the security and defense sectors.
 * July 21 – The films Barbie and Oppenheimer open, while being paired as a major internet and cultural event, Barbenheimer.
 * July 23
 * 2023 Greece wildfires: Tens of thousands of tourists flee Rhodes, Greece, amid wildfires and a major heatwave, in what officials say is the largest evacuation in the country's history.
 * Danish cyclist Jonas Vingegaard wins the Tour de France for the second consecutive time.
 * The 2023 Cambodian general election is held, with the dominant Cambodian People's Party retaining control of every seat in the National Assembly.
 * The 2023 Spanish general election is held, with the People's Party becoming the largest party in the Congress of Deputies.
 * July 26 – President Mohamed Bazoum of Niger is toppled in a coup d'état after members of his presidential guard and the armed forces seize control of the country and install General Abdourahamane Tchiani as leader of a military junta.
 * July 30 – 63 people are killed and over 200 are injured after a suicide bombing occurs in Khar, Pakistan; the Islamic State – Khorasan Province claims responsibility for the attack.

August

 * August 1 – Global warming: The world's oceans reach a new record high temperature of 20.96 °C (69.73 °F), exceeding the previous record in 2016. July is also the hottest month on record for globally averaged surface air temperatures by a considerable margin (0.3 °C (32.5 °F)).
 * August 8 – 2023 Hawaii wildfires: 17,000 acres of land are burned and at least 101 people are killed, with two others missing, when a series of wildfires break out on the island of Maui in Hawaii.
 * August 10 – Tapestry, the holding company of Coach New York and Kate Spade, announces it will acquire Michael Kors' Capri Holdings, which also owns Versace and Jimmy Choo.
 * August 16–21 – Hurricane Hilary, a Category 4 Pacific Hurricane, strikes the Baja California peninsula and later Southern California, the region's first in 84 years.
 * August 18 – American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact: The United States, Japan, and South Korea agree to sign a trilateral pact.
 * August 20 – 2023 Guatemalan presidential election: After two rounds of voting, Bernardo Arévalo of Semilla is elected with 58% of the vote.
 * August 21
 * 2023 Canadian wildfires: 68% of the Northwest Territories are forced to evacuate to other parts of the country due to wildfires.
 * Saudi Arabia is accused of mass killing hundreds of African migrants attempting to cross its border with Yemen.
 * August 23
 * India's Chandrayaan-3 becomes the first spacecraft to land near the south pole of the Moon, carrying a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan.
 * Wagner Group leader Yevgeny Prigozhin, founder Dmitry Utkin and eight others are killed when their plane crashes in Russia.
 * August 30 – Following the announcement of incumbent president Ali Bongo Ondimba's reelection as President of Gabon after the 2023 presidential election, the military launches a successful coup d'état and creates the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions to govern the country, ending the rule of the Bongo family after 56 years in power.
 * August 31 – 2023 Johannesburg building fire: 77 people are killed and more than 85 are injured in a fire in a building that had been taken over by gangs who rented it out to squatters.

September

 * September 1 – 2023 Singaporean presidential election: Economist and former deputy prime minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam is elected president with a vote share of over 70%.
 * September 2 – The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launches Aditya-L1, India's first solar observation mission.
 * September 8–October 28 – The 2023 Rugby World Cup is held in France. South Africa beat New Zealand 12–11 in the final at the Stade de France, claiming their 4th Rugby World Cup title.
 * September 8 – 2023 Marrakesh–Safi earthquake: A 6.9 magnitude earthquake strikes Marrakesh–Safi province in western Morocco, killing at least 2,960 people and damaging historic buildings.
 * September 9 – At the 18th G20 summit in New Delhi, the African Union is announced as the 21st permanent member of the G20.
 * September 10 – Storm Daniel, a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone kills at least 5,000 people, with a further 10,000 to 100,000 reported missing. In the city of Derna in Libya, two dams collapse, resulting in a quarter of the city being destroyed.
 * September 14 – The European Central Bank (ECB) raises eurozone interest rates to an all-time high of 4%, amid ongoing inflationary pressures across the continent.
 * September 19 – Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan launches a military offensive against the Armenia-backed Republic of Artsakh, which ends with a swift Azerbaijani victory. Protests erupt in Armenia, Artsakh announces the dissolution of government institutions, and over 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh.
 * September 20 – Archaeologists in Zambia find the world's oldest wooden structure, dating back 476,000 years, consisting of two interlocking wooden logs connected by a notch securing one perpendicular to the other.
 * September 21 – Rupert Murdoch announces his retirement and passes his businesses on to his son Lachlan. Murdoch led News Corp and Fox, and formerly Sky Group.
 * September 24 – 2023 Nigerien crisis: French President Emmanuel Macron announces that France will end its military presence in Niger and will recall its ambassador from the country.
 * September 25 – An estimated 170 people are killed and over 300 are injured during a explosion at a gas station in Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh.
 * September 30 – 2023 Slovak parliamentary election: Smer, under the leadership of former prime minister Robert Fico, wins a plurality of seats in the National Council.

October

 * October 3
 * Elected on January 8, Kevin McCarthy is removed as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, with Mike Johnson being elected new Speaker on October 25.
 * Sam Bankman-Fried, an American entrepreneur and founder of cryptocurrency exchange company FTX, is put on trial and later convicted on seven charges of fraud and conspiracy. His sentencing is scheduled for March 28, 2024.
 * October 5 – November 19 – The 2023 Cricket World Cup is held in India, and is won by Australia.
 * October 7
 * Israel–Hamas war: Hamas launches an incursion into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,100 Israelis and taking about 240 hostages, prompting a military response from the Israel Defense Forces. Israel launches numerous air strikes on Lebanon after rockets are fired by Hezbollah and further attempts are made to penetrate Israel.
 * A series of earthquakes occur in Herat Province in Afghanistan, killing over 1,000 people and injuring nearly 2,000, with tremors felt in Iran and Turkmenistan. The earthquakes are the deadliest in the country since 1998.
 * October 8 – Israel's Security Cabinet formally declares war for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
 * October 11 – ExxonMobil announces it will acquire Pioneer Natural Resources for $65 billion USD, the first of two major energy industry acquisitions of the month. The second occurs less than two weeks later on 23 October, where Hess announces it will be acquired by Chevron for $50 billion.
 * October 13 – After British regulators' approval, Microsoft closes its $68.7 billion USD acquisition of Activision Blizzard.
 * October 14
 * 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum: A majority of Australians vote against establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice in the constitution.
 * 2023 New Zealand general election: The National Party wins a plurality of seats under leader Christopher Luxon, while the Labour Party suffers the worst result for an incumbent ruling party in modern New Zealand history.
 * October 15
 * In the second round of the 2023 Ecuadorian general election, Daniel Noboa of the National Democratic Action is elected as the youngest-ever President of Ecuador.
 * 2023 Polish parliamentary election: The Law and Justice party wins the most seats, but loses its majority, with its incumbent president Mateusz Morawiecki being succeeded by the Civic Platform party's Donald Tusk on 13 December.
 * October 17 – An explosion occurs at the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, where displaced Palestinians are taking refuge. Many fatalities are reported, but estimates vary significantly, from 100 to as many as 471, depending on the source.
 * October 22 – 2023 Swiss federal election: The Swiss People's Party retains its majority in the National Council.
 * October 25 – Hurricane Otis, an eastern Pacific tropical cyclone, makes landfall in Mexico near Acapulco, leaving at least 80 dead. It is the most powerful hurricane to make landfall in Mexico, with the highest winds reaching 165 mph, surpassing Hurricane Patricia's landfall in 2015.
 * October 31 – Israel intercepted a Yemeni Houthi ballistic missile with its Arrow 2 missile defense system. The interception occurred above Earth's atmosphere above the Negev Desert, making it the first instance of space combat in history.

November

 * November 1 – The first AI Safety Summit takes place in the United Kingdom, with 28 countries signing a "world first agreement" on how to manage the riskiest forms of artificial intelligence.
 * November 2 – The Beatles release "Now and Then", the band's last ever song, featuring restored vocals by John Lennon (1940–1980), as well as guitar tracks by George Harrison (1943–2001).
 * November 6 – Israel–Hamas war: The death toll in Gaza is reported to have passed 10,000. United Nations Secretary General António Guterres calls for a humanitarian ceasefire to increase the flow of aid to civilians.
 * November 7 – The Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa announces his pending resignation. The President of Portugal decides to dissolve the parliament and call for early elections to be held on 10 March 2024.
 * November 9 – U.S. surgeons at NYU Langone Health announce the world's first whole eye transplant.
 * November 10 – In the Falepili Union treaty, Australia grants "special" freedom of movement and defence rights to Tuvaluans for residence and employment for climate reasons.
 * November 14–17 – President Biden hosts the APEC summit in San Francisco, which Chinese president Xi Jinping attends. Both countries, at the conclusion of the summit, agree to re-open suspended channels of military communications and to cooperate in their fight against climate change.
 * November 17 – The global average temperature temporarily exceeds 2 °C above the pre-industrial average for the first time in recorded history.
 * November 19 – 2023 Argentine presidential election: Following the first round on 22 October 2023, Javier Milei wins in the second round of the election, assuming office on 10 December with Victoria Villarruel as his vice president.
 * November 22
 * Israel and Hamas agree to a four-day ceasefire, the first pause in fighting since 7 October, during which many Israeli hostages will be released, in exchange for Palestinian prisoners.
 * 2023 Dutch general election: Far-right Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom (PVV) wins the most seats.
 * November 24 – Somalia is admitted as the eighth member of the East African Community, having applied for membership in 2012.
 * November 26 – The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2023 is held in Nice, France. France wins the competition with the song "Cœur" ("Heart"), performed by Zoé Clauzure.
 * November 30 – Brazil announces it will join OPEC+ at a meeting of the organization to discuss oil output strategy in 2024. Brazil is the largest oil producer in South America, producing 4.6 million barrels per day of oil and gas.

December

 * December 3 – 2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis: Venezuela votes in a symbolic referendum on whether voters agreed with creating a subdivision in the disputed territory of Guayana Esequiba currently under the control of neighboring Guyana. Analysts say the referendum's practical implications are likely to be minimal.
 * December 6 – Google DeepMind releases the Gemini Language Model. Gemini will act as a foundational model integrated into Google's existing tools, including Search and Bard.
 * December 10–12 – 2023 Egyptian presidential election: Incumbent President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi wins a third term with 89.6 percent of the vote in the election.
 * December 12 – At the COP28 climate summit in Dubai, a consensus is reached for countries to "transition away" from fossil fuels, the first such agreement in the conference's 30-year history. The transition is specifically for energy systems, excluding plastics, transport or agriculture.
 * December 16 – Emir of Kuwait Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah dies at the age of 86 and is succeeded by his half-brother Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.
 * December 17 – The 2023 Serbian parliamentary election is held, with the SNS coalition, led by Miloš Vučević, winning 128 of 250 seats in the Serbian National Assembly.
 * December 18 – A number of shipping companies announce a temporary suspension of their operations in the Red Sea due to continued attacks on vessels by Houthi rebels.
 * December 20 – 2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election: Incumbent President Félix Tshisekedi wins re-election, defeating two major challengers.
 * December 21
 * The European Court of Justice rules that threats by FIFA and UEFA to sanction football clubs that wish to join the European Super League are unlawful.
 * The deadliest mass shooting in the Czech Republic's history occurs at a Prague university, with 15 killed and 25 others wounded.
 * December 22 – Israel–Hamas war: The death toll in Gaza is reported to have passed 20,000, almost 1 percent of its population and surpassing the casualties in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
 * December 29 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia launches the largest wave of drones and missiles on Ukrainian cities since the start of the war in a overnight assault, killing at least 39 people and injuring at least 160 others. Ukraine launches a drone assault the following day, killing at least 21 people, including three children, and injuring 110 others, including 17 children.
 * December 31 – Queen Margrethe II of Denmark announces her abdication effective January 14, 2024, after 52 years on the throne.

Demographics
The world population on January 1, 2023 was estimated at 7.943 billion people, and was expected to increase to 8.119 billion on January 1, 2024. An estimated 134.3 million births and 60.8 million deaths were expected to take place in 2023. The average global life expectancy was 73.16 years, an increase of 0.18 years from 2022. The rate of child mortality was by the end of the year, expected to have decreased from 2022. Less than 23% of people were living in extreme poverty (on or below the international poverty line), a decrease from 2022. In April, India surpassed China as the most populated country in the world.

Best-selling media

 * The best-selling video game in 2023 was Hogwarts Legacy.
 * The highest-grossing movie in 2023 was Barbie.
 * The best-selling book in 2023 was It Ends with Us, which was published in 2016. Of the books to be published in 2023, Spare was the best-selling.

Deaths
Main article: Deaths in 2023

title: User:Dippin Dot's Ice Cream/sandbox


text:
User:Mcranepage

Hello world!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mcranepage


text:
Automobile Repair/Tire

Tire is also important for the car system. If without those tires, the automobile itself won't be moving anywhere soon. Also, when buying tires, please make sure you are buying the best as these tires contact to ground on an area possibly equivalent or less than the size of postage stamp.

Before you buy tires, you may refer to these documents by US D.O.T and also search for the tires sold with the rating by US NHTSA : https://www.nhtsa.gov/ratings

Tires are graded as followed:

TREADWEAR GRADE

The treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear rate of the tire when tested under controlled conditions on a specified government test course.

For example. a tire graded 150 would wear one and a half (1 and 1/2) times as well on the government course as a tire graded 100. (The higher, the better it is for the user to have longer lasting tires on the road). The relative performance of tires depends upon the actual conditions of their use. however, and may depart significantly from the norm due to variations in driving habits, service practices and differences in road characteristics and climate.

TRACTION GRADE

The traction grades, from highest to lowest, are AA A, B, C and they represent the tire's ability to stop on wet pavement as measured under controlled conditions on specified government test surfaces of asphalt and concrete.

A tire marked C may have poor performance. Warning: The traction grade assign to this may have poor traction- tire is based on braking (straight ahead) traction and does not include cornering (turns traction.)

TEMPERATURE GRADE:

The temperature grades are A (the highest), B and C representing the tire's resistance to the generation of heat and its ability to dissipate heat when tested under controlled conditions on a specified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustained high temperature can cause the material of the tire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and excessive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure. The grade C corresponds to a level of performance which all passenger car tires must meet under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 109. Grades B and A represent higher levels of performance on the laboratory test wheel then the minimum required by law.

WARNING: The temperature grade for this tire is established for a tire that is properly inflated and not overloaded. Excessive speed, under inflation, or excessive loading, either separately or in combination, can cause heat buildup and possible tire failure.

title: Automobile Repair/Tire


text:
Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Fiat/VIN Codes

GVWR, Brake System, & Restraint Systems - Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 2014-
GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

Price Series, Drive Wheels, Drive Position, and Body Style
Passenger Cars

Light Trucks

Fiat WMIs

 * 3C3 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Passenger Car (Fiat 500 2012-2019)
 * 3C4 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Fiat Freemont 2012-2015)
 * 3C6 - Chrysler Group Mexico (all brands) Truck (Fiat Ducato for South America '18-'22)
 * 3E4 - Chrysler Group Mexico (Fiat brand) Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Fiat Freemont 2011)
 * 8AP - FCA/Stellantis Argentina (Cordoba plant)
 * 9BD - FCA/Stellantis Brazil (Betim plant)
 * 93W - Fiat Ducato made by Iveco in Brazil 2000–2017
 * 988 - FCA/Stellantis Brazil (Goiana plant) (Fiat Toro)
 * 9VC - Fiat Scudo made by Nordex S.A. in Uruguay
 * JC1 - Mazda Motor Corp., Japan (Fiat 124 Spider '17-'20)
 * LNP - Nanjing Fiat Automobile Co., Ltd., China (Production ended in 2006)
 * LWV - GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Co., Ltd., China (Fiat production ended in 2017)
 * MCA - FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat production ended in 2018)
 * TSM - Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki in Hungary
 * VXF - Stellantis France, Fiat brand (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
 * VYF - Stellantis France, Fiat brand (Fiat Doblo '23-)
 * ZFA - Fiat/FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand (in N. America: Fiat brand Passenger Car)
 * ZFB - FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
 * ZFC - FCA/Stellantis, Fiat brand Truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico)


text:
User talk:2001:EE0:1A40:DE8D:FC78:3A16:7D40:6C72

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 02:08, 20 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:207.34.79.254

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 02:52, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.34.79.254


text:
User talk:2405:9800:B861:9A35:A0D6:ECF7:7EFF:4A3

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 20 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Music Theory/Serialism

In general, serialism in music is the compositional technique that uses series of musical elements such as pitches, durations, and dynamics, often a series containing every type of that element. Big historical names in serialism are:
 * Original members of the :
 * , who originally invented the twelve-tone technique
 * , who finalized and popularized the twelve-tone technique
 * , who combined the technique with elements of
 * , known for serializing almost all musical elements instead of only pitch

Twelve-tone Technique
The twelve-tone technique (Zwölftontechnik in German), also known as dodecaphony or twelve-tone serialism, is the most well-known form of musical serialism. It aims to emphasize each of the twelve notes in the chromatic scale equally; thus, this kind of music is void of any key (in the traditional sense).

Pitch Class Philosophy
Many composers and theorists who work with the twelve-tone technique prefer to use the name "pitch class" rather than "note".

The twelve-tone technique aims to emphasize each of the twelve notes in the chromatic scale equally, regardless of the octave the note is in. A "note" C can be specific to an octave: you can have a middle C, or a low C, or a high C. A pitch class C, however, represents all the notes from all octaves that are called C. This means that, of course, there exists only twelve pitch classes.

The twelve-tone technique also disregards how the notes themselves are presented, all different spellings of the same pitch are considered identical. The pitch class C♯ is identical to the pitch class D♭. For this reason, many theorists prefer to replace the diatonic-favoring letter names with numbers 0 through 11. This also allows theorists to apply principles from set theory.

For brevity, the terms "note" and "pitch class" will largely be used interchangeably.

Tone Row
The twelve-tone technique starts with a tone row, which is a unique ordering of the twelve notes in the chromatic scale, or the twelve pitch classes. The twelve notes can be in any order, so long as no note occurs more than once in the order.

For instance, here's a tone row we'll call X: C, B, F, D, E, F♯, A, G♯, D♯, C♯, A♯, G.

The tone row can be subjected to several transformations:

 * The row can remain unchanged, in which case it is called the row's prime form (P).
 * The row can be reversed, with the last note first and the first note last, creating the row's retrograde (R). So, the retrograde of row X would be G, A♯, C♯, D♯, G♯, A, F♯, E, D, F, B, C.
 * The row can have its intervals inverted, so all ascending intervals become descending intervals and vice versa, creating the row's inversion (I). For instance, if a row Y started with the notes E, B, the inversion of Y would start with the notes E, A; since the first interval in row Y was an ascending perfect fifth (or a descending perfect fourth), the first interval in the inversion of Y is a descending perfect fifth (or an ascending perfect fourth). So, the inversion of row X would be C, C♯, G, A♯, G♯, F♯, D♯, E, A, B, D, F.
 * The row can be both inverted and reversed, creating the row's retrograde inversion (RI). So, the retrograde inversion of row X would be F, D, B, A, E, D♯, F♯, G♯, A♯, G, C♯, C.
 * The row, its retrograde, its inversion, or its retrograde inversion can also be transposed to any note in the chromatic scale. So, for instance, row X can be transposed up a perfect fifth (or down a perfect fourth) to become G, F♯, C, A, B, C♯, E, D♯, A♯, G♯, F, D.

All transformations of a tone row are considered different "versions" of the same base tone row. Thus, including the prime form, there are 48 unique "versions" of any tone row, except for some rows in which some transformations give the same row (like the ascending chromatic scale, which is identical to the retrograde inversion transposed up a half step).

Using Tone Rows
Because of the many different transformations of a single tone row, pieces of considerable length can be composed with merely the transformations of one row.

Some rules must be met in order to constitute a valid usage of a tone row:

 * All of the notes in the row must be played in the order they appear in the row.
 * Any instance of a note can appear in any octave.
 * A single note within the row can be repeated any number of times.
 * Several rows may be played simultaneously, synchronously or asynchronously.
 * Any row may be repeated or switched out for another row, but all notes within the row must be played before doing so.
 * Some composers also allow the ability to, within a row, alternate between the current note and the note directly before in the row before going to the next note in the series.

All else is up to the composer's discretion.

Recalling our definition of row X as C, B, F, D, E, F♯, A, G♯, D♯, C♯, A♯, G, here is an example of a valid usage of row X 's prime form according to our rules:

Tone Matrices
Composers who use the twelve-tone technique often use what are called tone matrices. A tone matrix is a twelve-by-twelve grid of pitch classes that visually lays out all of the possible transformations of a tone row.

Along the top row is the prime form of the row, starting from the top-left corner and ending at the top-right corner. Along the left-most column is the row's inversion, starting on the top-left corner (the same place the prime row started) and ending on the bottom-left corner. Along the other rows are the transpositions of the prime rows, starting with the left-most pitch.

Recalling our definition of row X as C, B, F, D, E, F♯, A, G♯, D♯, C♯, A♯, G, here is the tone matrix of row X: Reading along any row or column, forwards or backwards, gives some transformation of row X.

Each row is also given a label: P is a prime row, I is an inversion, R is a retrograde, RI is a retrograde inversion; numbers at the end indicate a transposition by that number of semitones. Thus, R7 indicates the retrograde transposed up a perfect fifth (or down a perfect fourth).

title: Music Theory/Serialism


text:
Oriya/Common phrases

When speaking with elder people in Odia, much respect is expected. Here is a list of 20 common Odia statements:

 * ନମସ୍କାର
 * ଜୟ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ

title: Oriya/Common phrases


text:
User talk:2A02:2761:200C:1F00:7CDA:1828:3947:29C1

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 14:07, 21 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 014

IBM code page 14 (CCSID 14) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in the Spain to support the Spanish language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1072

IBM code page 1072 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Belgium. It is an old version of code page 274.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text: Category:Cream of tartar recipes

title: Category:Cream of tartar recipes


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 113

Code page 113 is a code page intended for Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Slovenian.

Character set
The following table shows code page 113. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (128–255) is shown, the first half (0–127) being the same as code page 437.

{{legend|#EFF|Symbols and punctuation}} {{legend|#FFD|Differences from code page 437}}


text:
User:TimBorgNetzWerk/sandbox/Thesis Writing Guide

Meta-Comment

''As a new Wikibooks user, I very much welcome any form of feedback. Collaboration is also appreciated, if possible on User_talk:TimBorgNetzWerk/sandbox/Thesis_Writing_Guide''

 Abstract

This is an emerging Wikibook to guide through the Bachelor/Master/PhD-Thesis process, with a focus on writing, but also on which work and steps need to be done to get to a good, written thesis.

Specifics
How your specific thesis should and will look like depends on
 * Region (e.g. Lower Saxony, Germany)
 * Institution (e.g. Leibniz Universität Hannover)
 * Faculty (e.g. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)
 * (Sub)department (e.g. Data Science and Digital Libraries)
 * Evaluator/Supervisor (e.g. your Professor)
 * Time (e.g. 2024)

This guide attempts to unify all universal guidelines, while individual rules are separeted into modules:

 * Data Science and Digital Libraries at Leibnitz Universität Hannover

= Introduction = Introduce the Guide.

Structure
= Background/Related Work = ''Anything that could be interesting for this thesis guide. Even if it might not end up being used, it should be here.''

LaTeX
LaTeX

Either Overleaf (online) or Visual Studio Code (local):

Visual Studio Code
+ a TeX distribution

MikTex + Strawberry Perl
See :

 * Install Perl. You can use Strawberry Perl in Windows.
 * If you don't have administrator privileges you can install the portable version and add the path to the executable to the PATH environment variable.
 * Install MikTeX. The creator of LaTeX Workshop suggests to use TeX Live instead because it already comes with Perl and you could skip one step in this list. The disadvantages of using TeX Live instead of MikTeX are more (see here).

or

toclimit-3

TexLive
+ LaTeX Workshop

other
= Approach = ''How-To knowledge. This is the "Guide" part of the thesis guide.''

Present one example workflow of how a general thesis could look like.

What then?
= Evaluation = Not sure what to do here, yet

Design

 * 1) NASA TLX Score https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA-TLX
 * 2) Scales of Measurement - Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, & Ratio Scale Data https://www.questionpro.com/blog/nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuBD49SFpWs
 * 3) Likert Scale https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale

Statistical Analysis

 * 1) Precision and Recall  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall  Precision, Recall, Accuracy, F1 Score
 * 2) Inter-rater reliability https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability
 * 3) Fleiss' kappa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleiss%27_kappa https://datatab.de/tutorial/fleiss-kappa
 * 4) Krippendorff's alpha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippendorff%27s_alpha https://real-statistics.com/reliability/interrater-reliability/krippendorffs-alpha/krippendorffs-alpha-basic-concepts/

= Results =

= Discussion =

= Conclusion =

= Future Work =


text:
User talk:40bus

Recent changes
Hi @40bus. Please do not repeat your recent edits at Cookbook:Ciabatta. The Cookbook policy is to leave the original unit and put the conversion in parentheses. Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Is the original unit Fahrenheit? I think that all cookbook recipes should use metric unis first because Wikibooks has a lot of readers coming from countries that use metric system. --40bus (discuss • contribs) 19:41, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @40bus Yes, the original unit is Fahrenheit. Wikibooks has a lot of readers coming both from countries that use Fahrenheit and countries that use Celsius—this is why we do require both to be present. However, as long as both units are present, there is no functional (as opposed to preferential) reason to put Celsius first. Instead, we require the original unit to be written first, followed by the conversion. This preserves information by allowing the reader to see what unit the recipe originally used. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 20:41, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:40bus


text:
Islam In The World/Akhtar Aly Kureshy

The attacks of September 11 2001 had a big impact on International perceptions of Islam as on the lives of Muslims worldwide. These big events led to an increase in scrutiny and, at times, prejudice against all Muslim communities. Here are some points to consider about perception of Islam after 9/11:

Increase in Islamophobia 1. Surge in Hate Crimes, there was a notable rise in hate crimes and discriminatory acts against Muslims, particularly in Western countries. Muslims experienced increased incidents of verbal and physical harassment, vandalism of mosques, and other forms of discrimination. 2. Stereotyping and Media Representation, Media often depicted Islam in a negative light, associating it predominantly with terrorism and extremism. This led to widespread stereotypes that conflated Islam with violence and radicalism.

Policy Changes and Security Measures 1. Heightened Security Measures, Governments around the world, especially in the United States and Europe, implemented stricter security measures and surveillance programs targeting Muslim communities. The Patriot Act in the U.S. is one example of legislation that expanded the government's surveillance and investigative powers. 2.Travel and Immigration Restrictions, Muslims faced increased scrutiny in international travel, including racial profiling and enhanced security screenings at airports. Policies such as the travel bans introduced by the Trump administration affected citizens from several predominantly Muslim countries.

Muslim Community Responses 1.Interfaith Initiatives, In response to growing Islamophobia, many Muslim communities engaged in interfaith dialogue and community outreach to educate the public about Islam and promote understanding. 2.Political and Social Activism, There was a rise in political and social activism among Muslims advocating for their civil rights and fighting against discrimination. Organizations such as the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) played significant roles in these efforts.

Global Impact 1. War on Terror, The U.S.-led War on Terror had significant implications for Muslim-majority countries, leading to military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. These interventions resulted in long-term instability, loss of life, and displacement of millions of people. 2. Geopolitical Shifts, The events led to shifts in international relations and policies, with an increased focus on counterterrorism. Countries reassessed their alliances and policies towards the Middle East and Muslim-majority nations.

Cultural and Social Dynamics 1.Identity and Integration, Muslims in the West faced challenges regarding identity and integration, balancing their religious and cultural heritage with the pressures of assimilation and prejudice. 2. Academic and Intellectual Discourse, There was a surge in academic interest in Islamic studies and discussions about the role of Islam in the modern world, both in Muslim-majority countries and globally.

Positive Outcomes 1.Increased Awareness and Dialogue, The period after 9/11 saw an increased awareness about the diversity within Islam and the distinction between the religion and extremist ideologies. 2.Solidarity Movements, Many non-Muslim communities and individuals stood in solidarity with Muslims, advocating for their rights and condemning Islamophobia. This period also saw the strengthening of alliances across various social justice movements.

In summary, the aftermath of 9/11 had complex and far-reaching effects on Islam and Muslim communities worldwide, leading to both challenges and opportunities for greater understanding and dialogue.

title: Islam In The World/Akhtar Aly Kureshy


text:
User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Izumo Faith

The Izumo Faith is a Shinto Faith associated with Okuninushi and Izumo-taisha.

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Izumo Faith


text:
User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Beppyo shrines

Beppyo Shrines are a group of specific shrines chosen by the Association of Shinto Shrines because they are notable.

Here is the list Beppyo shrines

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Beppyo shrines


text:
User:OpenSourceRabbi

I am a non-denominational rabbi in my 60s who grew up attending bilingual (Hebrew-English) schools in the United States.

title: User:OpenSourceRabbi


text:
User talk:149.54.25.137

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 00:21, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:149.54.25.137


text:
User talk:199.216.105.14

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 00:23, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:199.216.105.14


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO/IEC-P1289

IEC-P1289 (or ISO IR-181) is an 8-bit character set developed by the IEC. FreeDOS calls it code page 65503.

Character set
At 0xDE is DOUBLE TILDE, unified with ALMOST EQUAL TO in Unicode. 0xE5 was mapped to U+2208 prior to Unicode 3.1. Only the upper half is shown, the lower half being plain ASCII.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/Windows/Code page 58598

Code page 58598 is a variant of Windows-1254 which covers the Azerbaijani language.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from Windows-1254}}


text:
User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Shizuri Faith

The Shizuri faith is an interesting and rather obscure Shinto Faith relative to many others.

I classify it as an Izumo Faith because it is loosely in the Izumo region, and because Shitateruhime is a daughter of Okuninushi and Takiribime, two Izumo gods.

However it does have some clear mixing in it.

The current central deity of the Faith is actually Takehazuchi. An Amatsukami who came down with Ninigi to conquer Japan.

I am surprised that parallels to the relationship between Ame no Hohi and Okuninushi have not been brought up in the scholarship I saw. It is parallel to how the myths of Izumo Taisha revolve around Okuninushi but the priests are of descend from Ame no Hohi.

I did cursory searches and found some evidence to suggest people conflate Takehazuchi with Ame no Wakahiko, or otherwise claim the deities were married, but this is uncertain.

Shitateruhime
Shitateruhime is a daughter of Takiribime, one of the three sisters worshipped at Munakata Taisha

The origins of Shitori Shrine are unknown. Although there is no documentary evidence, it is believed that it began as the family shrine for the Shitori clan (倭文氏) of Kofun period craftsmen who weavers, who regarded Takehazuchi as their ancestor. However, the shrine's legends are all centered around Shitateruhime, whom the shrine legend claims arrived in this location from Izumo by boat. She established her residence on the mountain behind this shrine, and after her death, she was buried in a kofun constructed in the shrine's precincts.

Marriage
In many versions of the myth Ame no Hohi did not send a word for three years after going down to earth, all the gods gathered up, and Ame no Wakahiko was one who was chosen to rule the earth. In many versions Ame no Wakahiko was given a bow.

In some versions, however, Ame no Wakahiko is the son of Ame no Hohi and Ame no Wakahiko was sent to earth to look for him.

She married Ame no Wakahiko, when he came from heaven to discuss the "Kuni-yuzuri".

Death
Eight years later, the gods had not yet heard a response so they sent a bird named Nakime down to earth to check in on him. Following the advice of a wise woman, Ame no Wakahiko used his bow to shoot the bird. The bird was killed but the arrow flew all the way to heaven.

Takamimusubi saw the arrow and threw it back at the earth where it hit Ame no Wakahiko while he was laying in bed, killing him. Other versions state that Amaterasu was the one who shot the arrow back at him.

This myth is the origin of a Japanese saying about the returning arrow. It is likely also be a mythicisation of attempts made by the Yamato Kingship to impose its authority over neighbouring states.

Funeral
After Ame no Wakahiko's death, his parents built a hut (喪屋 moya) for their son. Ajisukitakahikone went down to pay his respect. However, due to Ajisukitakahikone looking similar to Ame no Wakahiko he was mistaken to be Ame no Wakahiko brought back to life. Ajisukitakahikone was offended by this and destroyed the hut and kicked it. The hut landed in the land of Mino and became a mountain called Moyama.

When Ame no Wakahiko passed away, Shitateruhime's sorrowful voice was heard in the Plain of High Heaven. During his funeral, Amewakahiko's father, Amatsukunitama, and other family members confused Shitateruhime's step-brother, Ajisukitakahikone, for the deceased Amewakahiko. Ajisukitakahikone left in rage. In response, Shitateruhime sang a song of a type called hinaburi, or "rustic song" to honor her deceased husband.

Takehazuchi
Takehazuchi (天羽槌雄神) is the Japanese god of weaving Also known as Shizuri.

He is believed to be a fifth generation descendant of Takamimusubi most likely through Sukunabikona due to the other associations of him.

He decorated the streamers on the Masakaki tree used to lure out Amaterasu from the cave.

He is a warrior who vanquished the rebellious star god Amatsu-Mikaboshi during the Tenson kōrin.

Appended to the two passages of the subjugation of the earth in the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki is the mention of a star deity named Amatsu-Mikaboshi who resisted till the end, and whom Takemikazuchi and Futsunushi were particularly eager to vanquish. The latter passage states that the being who subdued the star god, referred to as Iwai no nushi (斎の大人) is enshrined at Katori, hinting that it might be Futsunushi. However, the earlier passage says a god named Takehazuchi was the vanquisher of the star god.

After Ōkuninushi's assent and withdrawal, the two messengers proceeded to destroy everyone and everything who refused to submit to their authority. They then send the god of weaving, Takehazuchi (建葉槌), to subdue the star god Amatsu-Mikaboshi (香香背男), the last remaining rebel against Takamagahara (Nihon Shoki). After the resistance was gone the Tenson kōrin could begin.

It is believed it he may either have also been a war god based on the "take" in his name analogous to Takemikazuchi or that he wove the stars into fabric, taming them.

The Kogo Shūi identifies him with Amenohatsuchio the ancestor of the Shizuri clan who did weaving.

At Shitori Shrine Takehazuchi and Shitateruhime are worshipped as weaving gods.

Shrines
Takehazuchi is believed to be the ancestor of the Shitori clan (倭文氏) of Shitori Shrine (Tottori).

However, the legends of Shitori Shrine (Tottori) are all centered around Shitateruhime, whom the shrine legend claims arrived in this location from Izumo by boat. She established her residence on the mountain behind this shrine, and after her death, she was buried in a kofun constructed in the shrine's precincts.

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Shizuri Faith


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User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Gion Faith

The Gion Faith is a more complicated faith than many of the others

This is due to the syncretic nature of the Gion Faith. Gozu Tenno and Susanoo were identified with each other in relatively modern times, and this recontextualized many of the myths

Gion Faith
Gion worship (祇園信仰) is a Shinto cult. Originally it revolved solely around Gozu Tenno, but during the Separation of Shinto and Buddhism of the Meiji era the government mandated it shift to revolving around Susanoo.

The main shrines are Yasaka Shrine in Kyoto, Hiromine Shrine in Hyogo Prefecture, and Tsushima Shrine in Aichi Prefecture

There are many other cults of Susanoo that are not derived from the Gion faith, but rather from indigenous Shinto traditions without Buddhist influence. These include Susa Shrine, and Yaegaki Shrine.

History
Gozu Tenno was originally a Buddhist-style Onmyōdō deity, and is generally considered to be the guardian deity of Jetavana, the monastery where the Buddha studied.

According to legend, from the 6th to 7th centuries CE, Hōdō traveled from India through China and the Korean kingdom of Baekje and eventually arrived in Japan. He is recognized as the founder of temples in the mountains of Harima Province and is associated with several chokugan-ji (勅願寺), Buddhist temples built at the request of the reigning emperor.

Tradition holds that when Hōdō came to Japan, he was accompanied by the deity Gozu Tennō (牛頭天王; Sanskrit: Gośīrṣa devarāja), who was later enshrined at Hiromine Shrine and Yasaka Shrine and is venerated in the Gion faith.

While engaged in ascetic practice on Mount Rokkō at the Kumoga Iwa Rock (雲ヶ岩), Hōdō is said to have been approached by the deity Vaiśravaṇa riding on purple clouds. It was after this encounter that Hōdō built Tamon-ji in Hyōgo Prefecture to enshrine the Kumoga Iwa Rock, Rokkō-Hime-Daizen-no-Kami (六甲比命大善神), and the Shinkyō IwaRock.

The description in Shinnaiden is prominent. In China, he was influenced by Taoism, and in Japan, he further merged with Susanoo, the Kami of Shinto. This is because both Gozu Tenno and Susanoo were considered to be plague gods. He was considered to be the Buddha Bhaisajyaguru.

The cult began in the Heian period, and the original form of the Gion faith was to prevent epidemics by comforting the god of pestilence. In the late 10th century, the citizens of Kyoto began to hold a festival at Yasaka Shrine (then known as Gion Shrine) which became known as Gion Matsuri. By the Middle Ages, the Gion faith had spread throughout the country, and Gion shrines or Gyototenno shrines were created to enshrine Gyotenno, and the Goryokai (or Tenno Festival) was held as a ritual procession.

In the Meiji era (1868-1912), the Separation of Buddhism and Shinto banned Buddhist rituals at shrines and prohibited the use of Buddhist words such as "Gozu Tenno" and "Gion" in the names of deities and company names, so Gion Shrine and Gozu Tenno Shrine became shrines dedicated to Susanoo and changed their names.

Hiromine Gion Cult
At Hiromine Shrine there is a quite different Gion cult revolving around agriculture rather than protection from disease. Interestingly Susanoo/Gozu Tenno is often observed as more intimidating in this tradition taking on elements of a Landlord deity.

Gion shrines
There are many Gion shrines, Yasaka Shrine being the most prominent. Others include:
 * Yasaka Shrine (八坂神社) in Gion, Higashiyama, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture – Head shrine of the Yasaka shrine network
 * Tsushima Shrine (津島神社) in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture – Head shrine of the Tsushima shrine network
 * Hiromine Shrine (広峰神社) in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, which has a very different Gion cult focused on agriculture
 * Nanba Shrine in Osaka City

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Gion Faith


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User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Miwa-Yamato Faith

The Miwa and Yamato Faiths may be treated as separately, but I prefer to treat them together

They are associated with Omiwa Shrine, and Oyamato Shrine respectively. Their deities are respectively called Ōmononushi (大物主) and Yamato Okunitama  (倭大国魂神).

Both of these deities are often linked to Okuninushi. We addressed that idea last chapter


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User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Myths of the Kiki

This chapter will start out discussing Japanese mythology. We will start from the creation myth and move onwards to the point

The main two books are the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. collectively called the Kiki (記紀). We will focus here on those two books, in addition to two other lesser known books.

Helen Hardacre, in her book Shinto: A history talks about the archaeology of Japan first, and only discusses the Kiki at the time it was written.

However in this book we will try to go alongside the events of the Kiki, as they correspond to history. The Nihon Shoki goes up to the year 697, and Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku goes up to 887

We will take all the sources critically, and not try to simply parrot what they say. For example mirrors are often mentioned in myths, we will discuss how mirrors were originally imported from China.

We will discuss how many of the events in the scriptures likely actually happened, or were used to justify political decisions.

Content

 * Kojiki One of the Kiki.
 * Nihon Shoki One of the Kiki, first of the Rikkokushi, sometimes the whole Rikkokushi are included.
 * Kogo Shūi
 * Kujiki a book that used to be part of the Kiki, generally seen as a forgery based on the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Kogo Shūi. No longer seen as scripture

These books are sometimes considered scripture

 * Engishiki
 * Fudoki
 * Manyoshu
 * Ritsuryo codes

Background
Around the time of Jimmu, Japan was a quite ethnically diverse country. Because the groups have since been assimilated in modern times, we forget the diversity. Every one of these groups had their own myths. The Kojiki was an attempt at unifying these myths together and legitimizing the rule of the Imperial house. As a result there will be many myths only briefly mentioned that people from a certain region would recognize as their myths and feel included by.

History
The Kojiki was written first in 711. It is the oldest surviving Japanese book. It is believed that the compilation of various genealogical and anecdotal histories of the imperial (Yamato) court and prominent clans began during the reigns of Emperors Keitai and Kinmei in the 6th century, with the first concerted effort at historical compilation of which we have record being the one made in 620 under the auspices of Prince Shotoku and Soga no Umako. According to the Nihon Shoki, the documents compiled under their initiative were the Tennōki (天皇記, also Sumera-mikoto no fumi) or the "Record of the Emperors", the Kokki (国記, also Kunitsufumi) or the "National Record", and other "fundamental records" (本記, hongi or mototsufumi) pertaining to influential clans and free subjects. Out of these texts, only the Kokki survived the burning of Soga no Emishi's estate (where these documents were kept) during the Isshi incident of 645, and was itself apparently lost soon after.

The Kojikis preface indicates that leading families also kept their own historical and genealogical records; indeed, one of the reasons it gives for the compilation of the Kojiki is the correction of errors that had supposedly crept into these documents. According to the preface, Emperor Tenmu (reigned 673–686) ordered the review and emendation of clan documents and commissioned a certain court attendant (toneri) of exceptional memory named Hieda no Are to memorize records and oral traditions concerning the imperial lineage. Beyond this memorization, nothing occurred until the reign of Empress Genmei (reigned 707–715), who on the 18th of the 9th month of 711 (Wadō 4) ordered the courtier Ō no Yasumaro to record what had been learned by Hieda no Are. He finished and presented his work to Empress Genmei on the 28th of the 1st month of 712 (Wadō 5).

The Kojiki is a collation of different traditions woven into a single "official" mythology, made in an attempt to justify the rule of the imperial Yamato polity and at the same time to subsume different interest groups under its wing by giving them a place and an interest in the national genealogy-mythology. Apart from furthering the imperial agenda, an increased interest in the nation's origins in reaction to the influx of foreign culture and the need for an authoritative genealogical account by which to consider the claims of noble families and to reorganize them into a new system of ranks and titles are also possible factors for its compilation.

The Kojiki narrative establishes the Yamato line's right to rule via myth and legend, portraying it as the progeny of heavenly deities and the rightful heir to the land of Japan. A good part of the latter portion of the text is spent recounting various genealogies which served not only to give the imperial family an air of antiquity (which may not necessarily reflect historical reality), but also served to tie, whether true or not, many existing clans' genealogies to their own. Regardless of the work's original intent, it finalized and possibly even formulated the framework by which Japanese history was examined in terms of the reign of emperors.

The Kojiki and Nihongi are believed to have been derived from earlier written sources. Such sources were not clear, but a structure of the Kojiki can be deduced as such.

 * 1) The first gods were Ame-no-Minakanushi, Takamimusubi, and Kamimusubi.
 * 2) Izanagi and Izanami, god siblings, came from heaven. They had children. Izanami created the Japanese archipelago. She died birthing the fire god Kagutsuchi and was taken to Yomi the land of the dead. Izanagi couldn't retrieve her. Cleaning himself, he created Amaterasu, Tsukuyomi, and Susanoo-no-Mikoto.
 * 3) After fighting Susanoo-no-Mikoto, Amaterasu hid in a cave. The world became dark. Gods performed a ceremony to bring her out. Susanoo-no-Mikoto and Okuninushi got powerful treasures. They used them to build lands.
 * 4) Takami-musubi and Amaterasu wanted to rule Japan's central lands. They convinced or forced Okuninushi and the other Kunitsukami to surrender the land.
 * 5) They sent Ninigi, their grandson, to Japan. This was the Tenson Korin or the descent from Heaven. Ninigi came with many other Amatsukami.
 * 6) Ninigi's great-grandson, Emperor Jinmu, moved from Kyushu to Yamato in the mythical war Jimmu's Eastern Expedition. He defeated the desdendants of Kunitsukami with the help of Amatsukami.
 * 7) The descendants of Jimmu ruled over Japan and expanded their rule. The narrative transitioned to recorded history.

The Kojiki frequently makes brief mentions of figures who are never mentioned again, It is interpreted as a compression of a much larger mythology dedicated to the overarching purpose of legitimizing Imperial rule.

This contrasts with the Nihon Shoki which differs in three core ways

 * 1) Follows Chinese dynastic histories in its structure with consistent dates.
 * 2) Has multiple versions of each myth with a main version first, followed by subsequent quoted versions.
 * 3) Omits much of the story of Okuninushi.
 * 4) Less focus on the Kunitsukami in general.
 * 5) Has a lower presence of Solar imagery, and does not mention Amaterasu as an ancestress of the imperial lineage.

The Nihon Shoki came second in 720 In with the Kojiki, the Nihon Shoki is the first of six histories commissioned by the imperial court, which was modeled on Chinese dynastic histories and was intended to be a national chronicle that could be shown with pride to foreign envoys, the Kojiki is inward looking, concerned mainly with the ruling family and prominent clans, and is apparently intended for internal consumption. Whereas the Nihon Shoki uses a variety of source documents (including Chinese texts), the Kojiki is apparently based on sources handed down within the court.

The historical relationship between the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are unclear. But during the Nara period the Kojiki was generally not quoted.

Imperial edicts from 697 to 749 referenced the Emperor as a descendant of the sun but also Cthonic associations.

In the Nihon Shoki there is a myth related to the rule of Emperor Sujin, Yamato Okunitama and a possible decline of the role of Amaterasu.

The idea of there being a static "Canon" mythology may have originated in the early 700s as a product of an attempt to legitimize Imperial rule.

In 807 the Kogo Shui a record of the Inbe clan was written, showing mythology was still in flux at that time. It is believed to have been written to raise the status of the Inbe clan, a sacredotal clan that ran Awa Shrine and Inbe Shrine.

Later on the Kujiki was written as a compilation of elements from the Kojiki, Nihongi and Kogo Shui, likely by an author from the Mononobe clan as it seems to prominently praise the clan. It may indicate a decline of Imperial influence as it challenged the established authority of the Kiki.

Scholarship on the Kujiki generally considers it to contain some elements, specifically that Book 5 preserves traditions of the Mononobe and Owari clans, and that Book 10 preserves the earlier historical record the Record of the Provincial governors (国造本紀).

The Rikkokushi directly follow the Nihongi but are considered separate due to their historical nature

Early modern period
It was only in 1790 when Kokugaku scholar Motoori Norinaga published Kojiki-den that the Kojiki became widely studied. Before then the primary source that was used was the Nihon Shoki.

Unlike the Nihon Shoki, Kuni-no-Tokotachi does not have a creator role in the Kojiki, and he was highly significant in the currently dominant Suika Shinto and Yoshida Shinto. Yoshida Shinto

Early Kokugaku thinkers actually avoided the usage of the word Shinto as it was associated with Yoshida Shinto.. Yoshida Shinto

The Kujiki was recognized as a forgery in the Edo period and stopped being used then.

The Kiki (記紀) became more prominent in the Meiji period since it was used for State Shinto.


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User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Munakata Faith

The Munakata Faith is the Faith that worships the three goddesses of Munakata

munakata clan
The Munakata clan are a Japanese clan that runs Munakata Taisha. They had advanced sailing skills. They are said to have the same origins as the Izumo clan but care for the daughters of Susanoo instead of him.

They are buried in Tsuyazaki Kofun Cluster#Shinbaru-Nuyama Kofun Cluster.

The clan had close ties with the Imperial family, engaging in intermarriages to establish alliances throughout the continent. Despite Japan ceasing its diplomatic missions to China, the Munakata Clan maintained trade with continental partners, asserting control over maritime trade and rights.

Now, only shrine priests live on Okinoshima, an island with a large stone altar. From 1954 to 1972, research on the island found ancient ceremonies and objects in rocks, dating from the fourth to the ninth centuries. These discoveries helped understand early Shinto rituals and worship.

Archaeologists on the island uncovered over 100,000 artifacts, from Japan and places like China, Korea and Iran. Many are National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties. There are rules against talking about Okinoshima or taking anything from it.

Origins
The origins of the clan are unclear. Some sources say they descend from the traditional Kuni no miyatsuko of the region of a common origin with the Izumo clan, and others say they are a cadet branch of the Imperial family.

Takiribime is described as marrying Ōkuninushi which links them in with the Izumo clan in myth.

If they were originally Kuni no miyatsuko and took on a priestly role at Munakata Taisha, they share this history with the Aso clan of Aso Shrine, the Owari clan of Atsuta Shrine, the Izumo clan of Izumo-taisha, the Amabe clan of Kono Shrine, and the Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko of Ōyamato Shrine.

The confusion may be due to an early interbreeding of them with the Imperial house. 宗像氏

Relationship with Izumo
The origins of the Munakata clan, are not mentioned in the Kojiki or Nihon Shoki. The Kujiki provides the origin, stating that the Munakata clan was descended from Ōkuninushi through Atada-Katasumi-no-Mikoto. This connection suggests a descent from Ōkuninushi, despite the deity being a god rather than a goddess, indicating possible later interpretations.

The Munakata clan claimed Izumo lineage, reflected in legends such as the birth of the Three Goddesses of Munakata from the ukei between Amaterasu and Susanoo, and the marriage of Ōkuninushi to Takiribime, who resided in Munakata Okutsu-Miya.

Similarities between Munakata and Izumo include administrative and religious roles, as seen in the analogy between the administrators of Munakata district and Ou district, and the Kokuzo of Munakata and Izumo. The Nihonshoki recounts an episode during Emperor Sujin's reign where Izumo-Furune, responsible for a sacred treasure, is involved in a fratricidal conflict, linking Tsukushi Province (Munakata district in Chikuzen) with Izumo Province.

Munakata Taisha is the only shrine in the Engishiki on the coast of the Sea of Japan. This area contains archaeological sites with burial mounds similar to those in northern Kyūshū, suggesting a connection or settlement by people from the Munakata region.

There as a trade route from Munakata to Tsuruga, which stopped in Izumo, which was important for controlling Japan. The Okinaga clan from Ōmi Province may have sailed on this route, explaining the imperial family's focus on sea traffic and Kyūshū during the 7th century.

Shinbaru-Nuyama Kofun Cluster
The Shinbaru-Nuyama Kofun Cluster was constructed in the mid-late Kofun period, from the late 5th century to the late 6th century. In 2017, it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the constituent assets of the Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region. It was the only portion of the Tsuyazaki Kofun Cluster to be included in the World Heritage Site designation. The Shinbaru-Nuyama cluster consists of five keyhole-shaped tumuli, one square tumulus, and 41 round tumuli, all of which are serially numbered. In addition, records indicate there were 18 other burial mounds that have lost due to the excavation of surrounding paddy fields. At the time the tumuli was built, there was an inlet on the west side of the hill, but it gradually receded, and in the Edo period it was reclaimed and turned into a salt field, and after the Meiji period, it became a paddy field. There are reservoirs scattered around the tumulus group, but these were built for irrigation in the early modern period and have nothing to do with the tumulus. The hilly area is divided by Japan National Route 495. The basalt used in the stone burial chambers of the kofun was transported by ship from Ainoshima in the Genkai Sea.

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Munakata Faith


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Character Encodings/Code Tables/Windows/Code page 1361 (FreeDOS)

Code page 1361 (FreeDOS) is a variant of Windows-1254 which covers the languages covered by Latin-3, as well as Catalan and Azerbaijani. The code page number is likely a typo, because Windows uses it for the JOHAB encoding.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from Windows-1254}}


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User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Introduction

This book will try to explain Shinto comprehensively to a newcomer.

title: User:Immanuelle/sandbox/Introduction


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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 830

IBM code page 830 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Math Format. It is also called code page 2080 in some sources.