text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis

Article critique: Filipi LM, Leuschen P, Huisinga J, Scmaderer L, Vogel J, Kucera D, Stergiou N. Impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2010 April 1;12(1):6-12.

What is the background to this research?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease where the immune system damages the covering of nerves (myelin sheath) in the brain and spinal cord. This disrupts the communication between motor and sensory pathways between the brain and body. It can impair walking, balance, vision, thinking, and memory. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for adults aged 20-40, and it affects women 3 times more than men (see MS website for more information). Current research shows that MS can lower quality of life, which leads to an increase in physical inactivity. This is concerning as there is no cure, and MS can lead to physical disability. Research shows that a common barrier to exercise is the fear that exercise can worsen symptoms. This is supported by the inconclusive evidence related to the safety, adherence, and effectiveness of resistance training, as well as the most appropriate exercises to improve walking and balance. Medication is effective in reducing flare-ups and slowing down disease progression, however, the ability of medication to improve symptoms such as muscle weakness, walking ability and balance is limited. The chosen article investigates the effectiveness of resistance training in adults with MS by exploring its effect on walking, balance, and fatigue, regardless of disability level.

Where is the research from?
The article was published by the International Journal of MS care, a peer-reviewed database for original research articles exploring clinical rehabilitation in MS. Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years of experience, has graduated with honours (1997) and has published several papers. The academic team is well-published. The paper has no conflicts of interest and received funding from 3 non-profitable organisations: the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC clinical research centre.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study, this type of study explores the effectiveness of an intervention over time on a particular outcome or population.

What did the research involve?
Participant information

 * Age: 24-54 (38.8 +/- 10.7 years)
 * 33 participants: 11 males and 22 females
 * Group 1: little to no disability (EDSS 1.0-4.0)*
 * Group 2: mild to moderate disability (EDSS 4.5-6.5)*
 * Recruitment: provider referral or direct advertisement to the general MS population

*Expanded Disability Status Scale score: a valid scoring system that measures physical impairment from MS*

The resistance training program

There are weaknesses to the method that decreases the paper's ability to communicate that resistance training improves balance and walking, regardless of disability level. The article does not have a control group and the results were not compared to normative data. The recruitment process was small, and the sample size did not account for the 4 different types of MS (relapsing, primary and secondary progressive MS) and focused on a mild disease progression. These issues suggest that the study's findings cannot be generalised to all levels of disability. The paper concluded that a structured resistance training program is associated with improved balance and walking for all disability levels (see results). This is an overstatement as this is not agreed upon in the current research. This is because the clinical goal of resistance training in rehabilitation is specific to suit the functional capabilities of a patient. As one's level of disability increases and in patient with severe disability, the goal for exercise is to help with daily functioning and improving quality of life, not to improve walking and balance.
 * Duration of study: 6 months
 * Duration of each training session: 50 minutes; 30 minutes resistance training with 5-10 min warm up/cool down
 * Exercises: see the link for a summary of the exercises (page 10)
 * Frequency: 2 times a week
 * Intensity and volume: sets: 2-3 | repetitions: 10 | rest: 30 seconds
 * Progression: final repetition at the end of the last set is completed with the same intensity as the first repetition in the last set
 * Time of evaluations: before the study, at 3 months and after the study
 * Evaluation Instruments: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), Neuro-Com Balance Master and 3-dimensional biomechanical gait analysis. These are all applicable to a clinical setting.

Additionally, research about the physiological effects of resistance training for MS is emerging. As the study was not randomised, reactivity may have occurred. Reactivity is the unintended change in a participant's behaviour that favours what the researcher is looking for. The paper shows that there is a relationship between resistance training and an improvement in symptoms, but the reason as to why this relationship exists is not clear. It was concluded that exercise and medicine work well together and are necessary for a comprehensive rehabilitation program. This is an overstatement; the study did not investigate the interaction between medication and exercise. General statements are not applicable to MS rehabilitation as the process is highly individualised.

What were the basic results?

 * No participants experienced any negative effects to resistance training

Balance and Cognition

 * Memory and concentration improved
 * Overall participants felt less tired throughout the day
 * Participants were less afraid of falling

Walking

 * Strength and power increased in all leg muscles
 * Daily movements and walking became less tiring
 * Stride length increased

What the results mean

The hypothesis was supported, that resistance training will improve balance and fatigue regardless of disability, but the results are overstated.

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * It promotes that physical activity is safe for MS and follows the appropriate exercise recommendations for a mild disease progression.

 * Resistance training can improve quality of life and daily functioning.

 * It would have been beneficial if the study investigated exercise adherence as this is lacking in current research . This would help educate patients and health professionals on the barriers to exercise and how to overcome them.
 * Further research is needed to investigate the physiological effects and benefits of resistance training for all types of MS.
 * A good reference for clinical assessments used in MS rehabilitation.

Practical advice

 * 1) Appropriate exercise recommendations for a mild disease progression
 * 2) * 2 days per week
 * 3) * 40-50 minutes
 * 4) * 10 repetitions, 2-3 sets per exercise
 * 5) * 30 seconds rest between sets
 * 6) Outlines exercise considerations/complications
 * 7) * Keeping body temperature stable, an increase in body temperature can be problematic.
 * 8) * Avoid rapid progressions, it can lead to excessive fatigue, injury and can increase disease progression.
 * 9) advocates the importance of physical activity
 * 10) * Staying active increases independence and levels of physical activity.
 * 11) * Promotes the importance of allied health professionals to prescribe exercise (i.e., Accredited Exercise Physiologist).

Further information/resources
MS website: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/?gclid=CjwKCAjwx7GYBhB7EiwA0d8oezY46_WCEmrY9mu62iL8Qt75QfKPKHeg_PNbM5Fizu-c1bmqzF8S1hoCybwQAvD_BwE

Exercise right recommendations: https://exerciseright.com.au/multiple-sclerosis/, https://exerciseright.com.au/staying-active-with-multiple-sclerosis/

MS organisations raising awareness: https://www.nationalmssociety.org/

Finding an Accredited Exercise Physiology in your area: https://www.essa.org.au/find-aep

Free Guide to Exercise from MS Australia: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/modifiable-lifestyle-guide-2020/for-people-with-ms/

National Multiple Sclerosis Document: https://www.nationalmssociety.org/NationalMSSociety/media/MSNationalFiles/Brochures/Clinical_Bulletin_Physical-Therapy-in-MS-Rehabilitation.pdf


text:
User:Jackhalligan

= Title =

What is the background to this research?

 * a very brief introduction to what the paper is about,
 * how the research fills a gap in existing knowledge,
 * and why it is important

Where is the research from?

 * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share?

 * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field?

 * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings?

What kind of research was this?

 * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis?
 * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ?

What did the research involve?

 * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study?
 * Was the methodology the best approach?
 * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?

What were the basic results?

 * What were the important findings?
 * How did the researchers interpret the results?
 * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)
 * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)

Practical advice

 * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:
 * criteria for not exercising,
 * recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,
 * recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,
 * considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc
 * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?

Further information/resources

 * What further reading may interested readers benefit from?
 * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?
 * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jackhalligan


text:
User:EEdwards101/sandbox

Title:

can copy and paste from other peoples.

reference a sentence-

next time use same refences click cite- reuse link -

Where is the research from?

 * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share?

 * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field?

 * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings?

What kind of research was this?

 * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis?
 * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ?

What did the research involve?

 * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study?
 * Was the methodology the best approach?
 * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?

What were the basic results?

 * What were the important findings?
 * How did the researchers interpret the results?
 * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)
 * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)

Practical advice

 * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:
 * criteria for not exercising,
 * recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,
 * recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,
 * considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc
 * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?

Further information/resources

 * What further reading may interested readers benefit from?
 * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?
 * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)

title: User:EEdwards101/sandbox


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms

= Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms = This is a critique of Effects of exercise on symptoms of anxiety in primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial produced by Henriksson et al. (2022) and published in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

What is the background to this research?
Self reports of nervousness or anxiety in the Swedish population has grown from 31% to 42% over the last ten years, while young adults in Sweden are the most at risk of depression compared to other Europeans. Current treatments for these psychological maladies (e.g., cognitive behaviour therapy, medications) are associated with treatment resistance, reactions to medication and poor medication adherence as well as long wait times for CBT. Exercise has increasingly been suggested as a potential treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms, however previous research has yielded mixed results. Exercise was reported as effective in treating symptoms of depression, while other meta-analyses have found mixed results among research and still other studies were let down by poor experimental design. Given the prevalence of these mental health issues, variability in effectiveness of existing treatments and varied results in existing research, Henriksson et al. set out to investigate to what extent exercise might alleviate the symptoms of both anxiety and depression.

Where is the research from?
This research was a collaboration between people from the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Angered Hospital of Sweden and Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The primary author, Malin Henriksson, has contributed to other published articles covering anxiety, cognitive ability, mental disorders, affective disorders and cardiovascular fitness. All research and publication processes were carried out by the authors, independent of the financial sponsors including: the Swedish government, county councils, the ALF-agreement (a regulation authority for the provision of medical education and research ) and the Region Västra Götland.

What kind of research was this?
To examine the effect exercise has on anxiety and depressive symptoms of primary care patients, a random, parallel controlled superiority clinical intervention was used. Randomised control trials are considered the best level of evidence which can be used in concert with other evidence to inform clinical practice. To reduce bias in the results, double-blinding was employed.

What did the research involve?
Participants were recruited between May 2017 and March 2020, through six primary care facilities, where they had presented to seek help with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Patients between the ages 18 and 65 underwent an initial psychiatric interview asper the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (Swedish version). Those who received a diagnosis of panic syndrome, generalised anxiety, mixed anxiety, depression or non-specific anxiety, 365 people, were offered the opportunity to take part in the study.

Treatment groups were prescribed individualised exercise regimens by a physiotherapist. After a 10 minute warm up, participants engaged in two laps of a circuit, with 45 seconds at each of the12 stations, and 15 seconds break/travel between each finishing off with 5 to 10 minutes cool down. Cardiorespiratory exercises included step-ups, lunges, jump rope, burpees, step touches side-to-side and step touches using a step board. Resistance exercises were squats, prone planks, hip lifts, crunches, row-exercises and push-ups.

What were the basic results?
Compared to the control group, both exercise groups displayed significant reduction in anxiety symptoms from initial assessments. While the control group showed reductions in symptoms, the exercise groups showed a significantly greater mean reduction in symptoms, corresponding to five points on the BAI. All groups also showed reductions in depression scores on the MADRS, however, the exercise groups show a significantly greater reduction in depressive symptoms compared to the control group.

The researchers concluded that exercise is an effective treatment for reducing symptoms of anxiety, however there were no indication of any important differences between low-intensity or moderate-high intensity exercise.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Despite two adverse events during the intervention (a participant developed symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion disorder, screening of which was included in all subsequent screenings; a separate participant herniated their L5-S1 disc shortly after a training session which was found to be unrelated to the research), both low- and moderate/high-intensity exercise are presented as efficacious treatments for the symptoms of not only anxiety, but also depression in those who are not already exercising regularly.

The researchers acknowledge the lack of dose response may have been due to the fact that participants, who had dealt with symptoms long term and had no established exercise routine, would probably have responded to any level of exercise, explaining why the low-intensity protocol was also able to show benefits. However, earlier evidence suggests there are variations in treatment response depending on exercise intensity and mode, such that aerobic exercise may not relieve anxiety symptoms and resistance training can provide small to moderate improvements in anxiety symptoms. A future line of enquiry might look into the role of endorphins in reducing anxiety symptoms, as high intensity interval training has been associated with endogenous opioid release, affecting brain regions responsible for pain, mood and affective (mood) states, and may offer an alternative explanation for symptom relief.

Because neither cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) nor muscle strength were associated with improvements in symptoms, the researchers suggested that the intrinsic social support provide by other participants and the physiotherapist may account for the changes. Or, an increase of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1, which is associated with neuro-plasticity could explain the improvements in symptomatology.

The use of self-reports, which, in the case of depression, have been reported to under-estimate patients true experience, suggests this study may not give a clear indication of the effects of exercise.

Practical advice
Due to its affordability and ability to improve multiple domains of health, exercise and physical activity is highly recommended. While small lifestyle changes, such walking to the shops or cycling to work, are easily implemented, engaging in a 12-week exercise program may need deeper consideration.

If you have not engaged in regular physical activity recently, or have health concerns that may make taking up exercise difficult you may want to consult a physician or accredited exercise professional before attempting higher intensities of exercise.

To find an accredited exercise professional in Australia, visit the Exercise and Sport Science Australia website: essa.org.au/find-aep/

If you are looking to use exercise to treat anxiety or depression, consult a Psychologist by visiting the Australian Psychological Society website: https://psychology.org.au/find-a-psychologist

Further information/resources

 * To read more about the benefits of exercise visit Health Direct at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/exercise-and-mental-health

If you require support now you can call:
 * Lifeline. Phone: 13 11 14
 * Beyond Blue. Phone: 1300 22 4636


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance

What is the background to this research?
Cancer, over time, has continued to rank as one of the largest leading causes of death in the world. In 2019, the World Health Organisation estimated that cancer was the largest leading cause of death in 112 countries before the age of 70. Progressing from this, cancer is said to have a significant association with cardiopulmonary disease and affected oxidative stress. As the disease stands such dominant physiological effects, chemotherapy is used as a form of treatment, but with this and the accompanying effects of the disease, individual health is seriously compensated.

Authors Chia-Jui Yeng and her accompanying cohort, investigated, the overseeing concept that exercise could potentially be recognised and validated as a rehabilitation tool for oxidative stress within head and neck cancer patients following chemotherapy. This study consoles to previous studies that test cardiopulmonary function, oxidative stress, cognitive dysfunction, and general fitness standards following cancer and chemotherapy. All produced similar constructs, in that, exercise benefits multiple physiological and psychological components affected by cancer and chemotherapy, but acknowledges limitations and the need for further research.

Where is the research from?
The study was conducted by the National Cheng Kung University and National Cheng Kung University Hospital located in Taiwan. Within the process of authorisation, the study was approved by the ethical committee of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital Institutional Review Board, as well as registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry. The cohort stemmed from the local community within Taiwan, which is important due to Taiwan’s growing cancer trends. But, this potentially allows for variance as the suggested data may be mistranslated to the wider, international community.

Complementing this, the authors of the research all specialise in the fields of molecular science, molecular biology, and a variety of other sciences, as well as working under the department of the Taiwan Head and Neck Society. All with extensive knowledge and expertise in the relevant field, the cohort is just to run the study within this field. The study was funded and conducted within the National Cheng Kung University and National Cheng Kung University Hospital. Meaning bias or skewed results shouldn’t be an affecting variable due to the integrity, ethical and moral obligations of the referred institutions.

What kind of research was this?
The study conducted was constructed using a Cohort study method, where the particular cohort being investigated was head and neck cancer patients following chemotherapy and were prescribed and observed throughout exercise.

As the studies conducted revolving around Cancer and its effects on health are so broad, studies consider different outcome measures within their data. So, while outcome measures may differ depending on access to resources or preference, the generalised concept of improved health and/or fitness is constant.

What did the research involve?
All patients involved stemmed from rehabilitation within the Cheng Kung institution and consented to join the study once the procedures were fully explained. The patients participated in an 8-week exercise intervention involving both aerobic and resistance training. Aerobic blocks lasted no longer than 30 minutes, and resistance training was conducted using TheraBand at an intensity of “heavy” to “somewhat heavy” at three sets, and 10-12 reps.

The methodology allowed enough time for physiological adaptations to occur and followed appropriate risk management. Considering the health status of the population, moderate exercise was prescribed and maintained between 60-70% of maximum heart rate. Primary outcome measures for cardiopulmonary development were blood pressure, heart rate, SpO2, and RPE. For measurement of oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and carbonyl levels were taken from plasma. Considering the primary and secondary outcome measures, the authors utilised a non-invasive, consistent structure to track data and progress.

Limitations:

For future studies, greater variance in types of exercise could be included to investigate wider forms of exercise for differing circumstances. Also, consideration for longer periods of exercise intervention will allow for more concise data as only acute affects are measured. Regarding population recruitment, the study only sampled 30 participants (23 male, 7 female), allowing discrepancies. The recruitment process could be improved to convey a more representative data set for a broader population.

What were the basic results?
Within the study, results were clearly and concisely explained with an indication of significant and no significant outcomes depending on the exercise. Succeeding the study, the participants were seen to repress heart rate (85.2 ± 12.1, 76.4 ± 10.2; p < 0.05) and blood pressure (SBP 111 ± 18.7, 106.8 ± 12.1; DBP 69.6 ± 12.6, SBP 64 ± 10.6) at rest and improve recovery following exercise. While during exercise, no significant results were seen in the mentioned cardiopulmonary measures.

Through secondary outcomes of oxidate stress measures, antioxidant capacity increased significantly (221.7 ± 62.2, 443.7 ± 72.1) and plasma levels of carbonyl content and 8-OHdG decreased after exercise training (carbonyl content 10.1 ± 2.6, carbonyl content 5.5 ± 1.8; 8-OHdG 1031.3 ± 43.8, 8-OHdG 761.3 ± 66.3). With no significant developments in MDA and oxygen saturation.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
As the results indicate, through exercise intervention, components of health and oxidative stress have been improved within the desired population. Patients were deemed to improve outcome measures at rest and their ability to recover had improved significantly. While not all measures improved, the desired oxidative and cardiorespiratory components showed promising outcomes.

The findings complement similar studies in that exercise proved a consistently effective resource for improving some aspects of health. As mentioned, outcomes are only seen in particular measures and varying methodologies, such as; pharmaceutical implementation or greater exercise interaction to sustain more operational data should be explored.

Practical advice
When applying these findings practically within everyday life, individuality is an important variable to consider. Differing populations and varying types of cancers allow for unpredictable predicaments on health and can change depending on the individual. The mentioned studies all produced a positive association between exercise and progression of health during exposure to chemotherapy and cancer. Therefore, meaning moderate physical exercise in a sort of moderation is valued under the supervision of a health professional.

Exercise is always recommended with no regard to health status. For those under treatment or recovering from an illness, exercise is an important interface to have access to. Monitoring intensity, anywhere from 30-60 minutes of moderate aerobic or resistance training is ideal and has been proven to have an affirming correlation with health outcomes provided by the Exercise Guidelines for Cancer Patients.

Continuing from this research, whether it be within a clinical setting, or years following recovery, the implication of exercise inherits significant value for health. Whether it be a walk day-to-day, or cycling to work, incorporating these simple moderate intensity tasks can manifest momentous health progresses.

Further information/resources
Cancer Support and Guidelines:

Cancer Council Australia

NSQHS Standards User Guide for Medication Management in Cancer Care

Exercise Guidelines for Cancer Patients

Further Research Articles

Effects of exercise training on cardiopulmonary function and fatigue in breast cancer survivors during and after treatment

Blood oxidative stress biomarkers: influence of sex, exercise training status, and dietary intake

Impact of exercise on chemotherapy completion rate: A systematic review


text:
User:L10nM4st3r/Wikibookaholic

A Wikibookaholic is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia has an article on this, but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks.

Below are questions. Answer them truthfully to gain Wikibookaholic points.

Wikibookaholic test

 * 1) You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test is on Wikibooks)
 * 2) You edited Wikibooks today? (1)
 * 3) *You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2)
 * 4) **You are editing Wikibooks as you are reading this! (5 - impressive!)
 * 5) You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25)
 * 6) *70%? (60)
 * 7) **You only ever use Wikibooks? (100)
 * 8) You revert vandalism? (5)
 * 9) *Just to get the points? (-35)
 * 10) You are a vandal? (-50)
 * 11) You check your watchlist once a day? (2)
 * 12) *Twice a day? (3)
 * 13) **Ten times a day or more? (10)
 * 14) *Is it set as your start page? (15)
 * 15) You check recent changes every day? (2)
 * 16) *Five times a day? (5)
 * 17) **Ten times or more? (15)
 * 18) *Is it bookmarked? (3)
 * 19) **Set as your start page? (15)
 * 20) You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor)
 * 21) You fight trolls? (2)
 * 22) *For breakfast? (4)
 * 23) **Before breakfast? (6)
 * 24) ***Late at night and/or midnight? (10)
 * 25) You edited before 8am? (5)
 * 26) *From 7am? (2)
 * 27) **From 6am? (4)
 * 28) ***From 5am? (6)
 * 29) You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am somewhere in the world? (17 for cleaverness)
 * 30) You press "random page" every day? (3)
 * 31) *Did you once get to a page you edited? (5)
 * 32) **Made? (20)
 * 33) *You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1)
 * 34) *You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff)
 * 35) You edit and eat at the same time? (5)
 * 36) *You put your food down to edit? (7)
 * 37) **You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic)
 * 38) You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5)
 * 39) *Wikifor wikievery wikiword? (10)
 * 40) **Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100)
 * 41) You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15)
 * 42) *A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25)
 * 43) You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3)
 * 44) *You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose)
 * 45) You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12)
 * 46) *A temporary block? (20)
 * 47) **That lasts less than a week? (50)
 * 48) ***You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems)
 * 49) You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important)
 * 50) You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10)
 * 51) *You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15)
 * 52) You edited this page? (10)
 * 53) *You made this page? (100)
 * 54) You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20)
 * 55) *You got caught? (5)
 * 56) **You carried on anyways? (25)
 * 57) You are ashamed with your score? (q)
 * 58) *Is it too big? (5)
 * 59) *Or too small? (3)
 * 60) You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5)
 * 61) *You dream it every night? (10)
 * 62) *You actually edit while sleeping? (20)
 * 63) Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10)
 * 64) You almost end emails with ~ ? (5)
 * 65) *You actually end a few emails with ~ ? (10)
 * 66) **Most emails? (15)
 * 67) ***All? (30)
 * 68) **Without realizing? (50)
 * 69) You add links in most sentences to Wikibooks policies? (5)
 * 70) You are an admin? (10)
 * 71) You are a bureaucrat? (50)
 * 72) You are one of the top hundred active users? (10)
 * 73) *You are not one of the top hundred, but you want to be? (10)
 * 74) *You want to reach the top? (50)
 * 75) **You actually tried (or are trying)? (10)
 * 76) ***You gave up? (-50)
 * 77) You randomly help other users? (10)
 * 78) As soon as you get you hands on a computer or phone, you're straight on Wikibooks? (20)
 * 79) *Even though you have important work to do? (25)
 * 80) You once tried to edit old emails to give it the most up-to-date information? (5)
 * 81) You put ~ after comments without realizing? (5)
 * 82) *You do it on more than just talk pages? (15)
 * 83) You take this test multiple times just to make sure your score is updated? (5)
 * 84) *You scored a smaller score than before, and feel bad about it? (10 - it means you're recovering!)
 * 85) **You found the irony in that last one? (15 - me too!)
 * 86) ***Is your score now higher than your last score? (20 - you need to work harder!)
 * 87) *You scored a higher score? (15 - there you go, now it's even higher!)
 * 88) *You scored the same? (25 - what are the odds?)
 * 89) *You are happy with the score? (10)
 * 90) *Or do you hate the new score? (10)
 * 91) *Or just dislike it or feel neutral about it? (10)

Point chart
Then you can proudly show your score on your userpage, by linking to this page and put your score after the link.. Or whatever works for you.

title: User:L10nM4st3r/Wikibookaholic


text:
User talk:ManieSealey06

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 13:52, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:ManieSealey06


text:
User talk:194.35.226.220

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 13:52, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.35.226.220


text:
User talk:Robin24169595152

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 13:52, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robin24169595152


text:
User talk:192.177.165.107

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title: User talk:192.177.165.107


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User talk:CandaceToussaint

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title: User talk:CandaceToussaint


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User talk:CarmeloHussey

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title: User talk:CarmeloHussey


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User:TheresNoTime/sandbox

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title: User:TheresNoTime/sandbox


text: Health Sociology/Histories of Healing

title: Health Sociology/Histories of Healing


text: Health Sociology/Politics

title: Health Sociology/Politics


text: Health Sociology/Inequality, Inequity, Injustice, and Liberation


text: Health Sociology/Sex, Sexuality, and Gender


text: Health Sociology/Bodies

title: Health Sociology/Bodies


text: Health Sociology/Medicalisation

title: Health Sociology/Medicalisation


text:
Health Sociology/Mental Health

Books

 * Cochrane, R. (1983). The social creation of mental illness. London: Longman.
 * Danziger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: historical origins of psychological research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

title: Health Sociology/Mental Health


text: Health Sociology/Complementary and Alternative Medicine


text: Health Sociology/Chronic Illness

title: Health Sociology/Chronic Illness


text: Health Sociology/Death and Dying

title: Health Sociology/Death and Dying


text:
Health Sociology/The Professional and the Lay Person

Books

 * Conrad, P. and Potter, D. (2000). From hyperactive children to ADHD adults: Observations on the expansion of medical categories. Social problems. 47(4) pp.559-582.
 * Conrad, P. 2007. The medicalization of society: on the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.


text: Health Sociology/Geneticisation

title: Health Sociology/Geneticisation


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty

This is a critique of the research article "Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in Cognitive Frailty: A Randomized Controlled Trial" by D.H. Yoon, Jun-Young Lee and Wook Song from The journal of nutrition, health and ageing (2018).

What is the background to this research?
Frailty is an age-related syndrome, meaning biological reserve decreases due to the dysregulation of numerous physiological systems. Although with appropriate intervention and early detection, physical frailty is potentially reversible. Recent studies have discovered that there is a correlation between physical frailty and cognitive impairment in older adults. Due to the strong correlation, a new construct of cognitive frailty was established due to the presence of both physical frailty and cognitive impairment. However, there are no existing exercise interventions that are systematically suitable for both brain function and physical health promotion in older adults with cognitive frailty.

Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence and studies that determine the effects of exercise parameters on cognitive function. Thus, the research by Yoon et al., (2018) aimed to investigate the effects high-speed resistance exercise training has on older adults with cognitive frailty regarding their cognitive function and physical performance in hopes to provide knowledge about the specificity of recommended exercise specificity.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted in Seoul and published by an accredited Journal of nutrition, health, and aging in 2018. The authors of this research are affiliated with credible organisations such as “Health and Exercise Science, Institute of Sports Science, SNU” and more. The authors have an accumulation of 275 publicised studies that cover a wide variety of disciplines. There was no report of any conflict of interest by the research group.

For the assessment of cognitive function, the research team implemented the Korean version of MMSE, CDR scales, and the neuropsychological test battery included the Korean version of the CERAD-K (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease). The Korean versions were used due to the community-living participants.

What kind of research was this?
The research by Yoon et al. was a randomized controlled trial approved by the institutional review board of SNUBH. They recruited 65 participants aged 65 years and older. All the participants must be successful in the inclusion criteria and additional examinations. The participants were randomly assigned to either the high-speed resistance exercise intervention or the control group (balance and resistance band stretching). Randomised controlled trials are given the highest level of evidence as they have an unbiased system and a decreased risk of systematic error. The statistical analysis included Tukey's post hoc test, determining the pairwise differences between the mean values. This procedure led to a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.

What did the research involve?
The community-living participants were older adults with cognitive frailty. During the 2 different 4-month interventions specific measurements were recorded. These measurements included frailty phenotype (BMI, slowness, weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity), cognitive function (memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, working memory, executive function), physical function (SPPB, TUG, gait speed), and muscle strength (grip strength, knee extension strength). These measurements were taken at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks.

The high-speed resistance training group had to undergo independent exercise conducted 3 times a week for 16 weeks using resistant bands. Conversely, the control group were instructed to live their normal lives and take part in static and dynamic stretching using resistance bands for 1-hour twice a week over 16 weeks.

The existing limitations included the limited sample size of participants in the research along with the relatively short period of exercise intervention. For participants to partake in the research they must’ve answered “no” to all the following criteria: history of depression, chronic disease, degenerative neurologic disease, hospitalisation for any reason in the past 12 months, illiterate, dementia, stroke, and other cardiopulmonary diseases.

What were the basic results?
The high-speed resistance exercise group had a significant increase in performance regarding their tests for cognitive function (processing speed and executive functions), physical function (short physical performance battery (SPPB), TUG, and gait speed) and muscle strength (grip and knee extension strength). However, there were no significant changes in the test for frailty scores for both groups.

In their discussion Yoon et al., articulate the results they gathered and compared them to other accredited studies to further reinforce the results. They state that regular physical exercise will inevitably cause a positive effect on both human biology and psychology. They also acknowledged the limitations of the research as well as the need for further investigations of other multidomain interventions.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
According to Yoon et al., this was the first intervention trial that assessed the effects of a specific resistance exercise intervention in treating cognitive frailty. With this proclamation, the research provided further delineation of cognitive function and frailty in retrospect with high-speed resistance exercise training. Previous studies have identified the significance of increased physical activity for older adults with cognitive frailty. Physical activity is a protective barrier against further progression of cognitive frailty. Neurobiological conditions such as glucose metabolism, sarcopenia and insulin resistance were discovered to be optimised during physical activity, leading to the decrease of cognitive frailty progression. The result of this study offers a specific type of exercise training intervention that will provide an effective methodology for reversing cognitive frailty in older adults, whilst supporting the correlation between physical activity and cognitive frailty.

Physical activity and specific exercise interventions are essential for older adults as they have positive multidomain effects including cognitive function, physical function, and muscle strength. Having the ability to identify older adults that suffer from cognitive frailty and the effective intervention for their primary care setting is crucial in decreasing their level of cognitive frailty.

Practical advice
Previous studies, including this trial      have determined that when older adults participate in regular physical activity, their cognitive function and physical function increase and their cognitive frailty decreases. Regular moderate-vigorous exercise (1hr – 3 times a week), such as high-speed resistance exercise should be recommended to older adults with cognitive frailty. Health and safety precautions are critical, thus supervision by an accredited exercise instructor should be present to provide any assistance. Effective exercises include :

 * Seated row
 * One leg press
 * Pec dec fly's
 * Seated leg raise
 * Lateral raise
 * Squats
 * Bridges

Monitoring progression can include regular BMI calculations and tracking overload progressions. But if professional assessments are available, frailty phenotype, cognitive functions, physical functions, and muscle strength can be tested to monitor the progress.

It would be recommended to participate in such exercise interventions in the presence of medical teams and accredited specialists due to the risks that can arise for older adults. Thus, proper inclusion/exclusion criteria should be completed as well as additional safety protocols.

Further information/resources
Resources for cognitive frailty

Additional understandings of Cognitive Frailty

Different prevention methods

Resources for preventing cognitive frailty

Physical activity prevention

Effects of physical exercise


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/6WF Perth

6WF Perth
A comprehensive article about 6WF Perth has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Research - 6WF Perth - Summary of research to date

 * Transcriptions and Notes - 6WF Perth - More than 200 transcriptions

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - 6WF Perth - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several relevant QSLs held

 * Incubator of Wikipedia Article on 6WF Perth - Coming real soon now!

Key internet links:

Maxwell Hull, VK3ZS, Federal Historical Section WIA: biography "Walter Francis Maxwell Howden" in "Amateur Radio" of October 1983

Neville Williams' biography in "When I think Back . . ." section of Electronics Australia of December 1996

Tribute page by Andrew (current 3BQ callsign holder) "A3BQ (VK3BQ) a Very Historic callsign." (includes several other links)

Wonderful 41 minute recording of an oral history interview with Max "Maxwell Howden interviewed by Mel Pratt ion 1972 for the Mel Pratt collection"

Another excellent 35 minute recording of speech by Max in 1974 to the Radio Amateur's Old Timer's Club about amateur radio late 1910s through 1930s Youtube

Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely article from Melbourne's Table Talk, summarising Max's life to 1927, and accompanied by a wonderful caricature touches briefly on how much Max contributed to the development of wireless in Australia in the 1920s "Prominent Personalities. Written by C. R. Bradish. MAX HOWDEN, A RADIO PIONEER. Illustrated by L. F. REYNOLDS. WHY Max Howden allowed a good part of his countenance to retire behind a mass of foliage to give zest to the suspicion that he was either learning painting under Max Meldrum or Bolshevism under Zinobiffsky is, of course, his own affair, but the probable explanation is that he was too busy to shave. When a comparative infant in his early twenties cheerfully stays up late, not for the pastimes that keep most of us out of bed, but for the business of experimenting in wireless, shaving is frequently superfluous and may even become a serious interruption to the scientific purposes of life. Anyhow, Max, christened Maxwell by his parents in his baptism, has allowed his beard to grow and is so content with the innovation that he can gaze without any noticeable increase of pulse on the prettiest shaving soap advertisements and all those other subtly-worded communiques offering miraculous safety razors for immaterial prices. Max Howden is an uncommon young man. To the average listener-in who takes his evening fill of talk on beet growing or fowl-raising interspersed with orchestral selections from the works of Professor Whizzbang, the name of Howden is little known, but to the scattered world of experimentalists he is one of the Columbuses of the ether, a fellow of infinite worth and enterprise. What he has done will go down in the records to remind us of an unflinching pioneering spirit in the face of all sorts of difficulties and discouragements. Remember that he took up the problem of long-distance wireless when it was being cradled in the lap of officialdom. Apparatus was crude and expensive, and other conditions governing research were not attractive. At the beginning Max Howden was allowed to experiment under Permit No. 19 issued by the Navy Office. He was keen, and he possessed a patience and perseverance that nothing could affect. At first he employed a double slide tuner and crystal detector and started to pick up the ships and Australian coastal stations — then considered something like an invigorating mental adventure, though it is hardly ten years ago. Howden, a practised reader of Morse, heard the calls going back and forward for several months, all the while developing his apparatus, but never assuaging his consuming thirst for experiment. Soon he was listening to the messages thrown into the void by the V.L.A. station in New Zealand, and with this awoke the ambition to have the whole world of wireless audible and build a machine that would leap oceans and establish two way communication. In 1920 a boon of great price came into his hands. The first shipment of valves, a mean half-dozen in all, was landed in Melbourne, and he was lucky to get one. It may interest the present-day amateur to learn that those valves were 65/ each, which will give some idea of the high cost of wireless to a moderate pocket. With the single valve installed Howden's range of reception was vastly increased. Though he is now hardened to the sensations of discovery and achievement, he can still recall the thrill when he distinctly heard JOC (Japan) on a wave length of 600 metres. After that exploit several other high-powered stations studding the globe practically became next-door neighbors. Among them was POZ, of Nauen, Germany, celebrated be fore and during the war; FL, attached to the Eiffel Tower, Paris; YL, at Lyons, in the South of France; MUU, of Carnarvon, Wales; and NAA, of Arlington, America. By this time Howden was hard at it. To him wireless had attained the proportions of a fashionable vice. Whilst other young men were wearing their feet sore in the company of syncopated dirges, or were sitting up late trying to make four aces grow where one grew before he was among his instruments, experimenting with R valves, Muirhead Amplifying valves and what not, and losing sleep with the stoicism popularly associated with scientific work. Hereabouts he built his own audio frequency transformer to use additional amplication and received his first transmitting licence, he first practising on a wave length of 400 to 440 metres. Shortly after the Government kept that wave length exclusively for commercial purposes, and amateurs were then only permitted to play with a wave length not exceeding 250 metres. That did not deter Master Howden. As he proved afterwards, no arbitrary rules about wave lengths could keep a resourceful expert isolated from the world abroad. As a matter of fact, just about the height of the first trans-Pacific tests his own specially designed simplex receiver picked up 23 American amateur stations on a 200-metre wavelength, which was an unprecedented patch of purple in the history of wireless experiment in this country. Thereafter he settled down to experiments in transmission, and he and others, including the brilliant Maclurcan, of Sydney, collectively developed shortwave apparatus. His first great success, after infinite endeavor, was to signal through to California. This happened on November 2, 1924, with a wave length of only 87 metres, and Howden's elation in the circumstances can be imagined. Two nights later 1SF (Boston) reported that a message from Howden had leapt the Pacific and the American continent and had been picked up intact. But an even finer triumph was to follow. A little after five in the morning of November 13, the same year, Mr Simmonds, a clever English amateur, officially known as G2OD, heard his call, and in a few seconds he was talking to Simmonds — which was the first two-way wireless communication between England and Australia. That is not the full story of his work, but it must suffice. It indicates in some measure the temperament of the man and the cool, relentless striving that has won him his position in this strange new science. A curious man, this, with a face paled by long vigils and with eyes lighted by the fanaticism of one who has dedicated a life to a passion. The technics of wireless slip off his tongue as glibly as the prayers of a Buddhist monk, and I doubt if he has in recent years ever mentioned any other subject with animation. He has that strange gift of concentration on one thing which marks men of high talent."