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Information Technology and Ethics/Privacy Policies and Principles

Privacy Policies Principles
What is a Privacy Policy?

A policy can be thought of as a rule set forth at an organization such as a company, municipality, or even University. These rules essentially are in place to govern the actions of employees, faculty, or students in keeping with a previously established code of conduct. Policy controls how its staff, teachers, or students behave in accordance with a moral code that has already been established. When referring to a Policy one can think of it as “...a statement imposed from the outside and must be obeyed to avoid incurring some kind of penalty…”

A privacy policy is a series of guidelines created to safeguard both individuals' and an organization's privacy. These guidelines are frequently instructions on how to maintain privacy when utilizing a particular technology.

What is a Privacy Principle?

Privacy principles are fundamental values or theories that define how an individual or organization views privacy. These principles help to shape and direct laws, policies, and practices that govern the handling of personal information. Privacy principles can include things like transparency, accountability, and consent, among others.

To ensure that a privacy policy is effective, it must be communicated clearly and in plain language that is easily understood by everyone. This is particularly important in settings like the workplace or higher education, where individuals may come from diverse backgrounds and have varying levels of education and familiarity with privacy issues. Using basic terminology and avoiding technical jargon can make policies more accessible and help to ensure that everyone understands their rights and obligations. Additionally, privacy policies should be concise, well-organized, and easy to navigate, so that individuals can quickly find the information they need and make informed decisions about their personal data.

Appropriate Content for Policies and Principles

There are a few common aspects of all policies that make them effective, especially in a workplace or higher education environment. A policy should always be written in simple terms in order to best be understood by the most number of people, which also means clear language must be followed. The benefits to stakeholders or individuals affected by this are taken into account when forming a policy.

A policy should be well balanced in which it’s not too restrictive to individuals and not too free flowing and broad. It also has clearly defined and easy to understand steps, in this case steps to take in order to have privacy. And one of the most important aspects is that individuals affected by a policy are able to understand it in order to follow it to the best of their ability.

Government Privacy Principles

The government privacy principles vary depending on the country and its legal framework. However, in general, government privacy principles are intended to protect the personal information of citizens that is collected, used, and disclosed by government agencies.

Here are some of the common principles:

 * 1) Collection Limitation: Personal information should be collected only for a specific purpose that is related to the government agency's functions or activities.
 * 2) Data Quality: Personal information should be accurate, complete, and up-to-date.
 * 3) Purpose Specification: The purpose for which the personal information is collected should be clearly stated and understood by the individual.
 * 4) Use Limitation: Personal information should only be used for the purpose for which it was collected, except with the consent of the individual or as required by law.
 * 5) Security Measures: To safeguard personal information from unauthorized access, disclosure, or abuse, government agencies should implement adequate security measures.
 * 6) Transparency: Government agencies should be transparent about their privacy rules and procedures, making them freely accessible to the public.
 * 7) Individual Participation: Individuals should have the ability to view and amend their personal information maintained by government entities.
 * 8) Accountability: Government agencies should be held accountable for adhering to privacy rules and regulations, and they should be able to demonstrate compliance to the public.

Below is the Privacy policy created by FTC in USA.

FTC

In 1998, the Federal Trade Commission in the US codified what already were basic principles of privacy long before the mainstream explosion of the internet. The report was called “Privacy Online: A Report to Congress”, and at the start with:

“Over the past quarter century, government agencies in the United States, Canada, and Europe have studied the man ner in which entities collect and use personal information-their "information practices"-and the safeguards required to assure those practices are fair and provide adequate privacy protection. The result has been a series of reports, guidelines, and model codes that represent widely-accepted principles concerning fair information practices.”

In this report, the FTC set the groundwork for how it would be involved in enforcing privacy in the United States. With that it pointed out five principles of privacy protection, which include Notice/Awareness, Choice/Consent, Access/Participation, Integrity/Security, and Enforcement/Redress.

   Notice/Awareness

The concept of Notice means to know or be conscious of a certain action being taken. In terms of privacy on the web, users are put on notice to how websites view ownership, security practices, and terms of use (like the end user license agreement). Examples of this include splash pages for user to click through that explicitly say by clicking through the user accepts the terms of use. A common one is notifying the user that cookies are being used on the site to track their visit.

The privacy statement of a website will also include, in more codified language, a means of providing privacy notice to users. That FTC has deemed that some or all of the following points should be included in any privacy statement and to make sure the user is informed of what they are doing when given away personal information:

 * Identification of the entity collecting the data
 * identification of the uses to which the data will be put
 * identification of any potential recipients of the data
 * The nature of the data collected and the means by which it is collected if not obvious ( passively, by means of electronic monitoring, or actively, by asking the consumer to provide the information)
 * Whether the provision of the requested data is voluntary or required, and the consequences of a refusal to provide the requested information, and
 * The steps taken by the data collector to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and quality of the date

   Choice/Consent

The main purpose of this principle is to give end users governance over the use of their own personal data. The FTC wanted to mainly focus on the secondary use of data, or “uses beyond those necessary to complete the contemplated transaction.”  There are two methods that have become commonplace to deal with Choice/consent, that is either opt-in or opt-out. Opt-in has the users explicitly allow certain use of their data. While opt-out has the user explicitly deny the use of their data. The difference between the two is the default option, opt-in users by default allow their data to be used, while opt-out by default deny’s the use of a user's data for things outside of the initial transaction.

Access/Participation

The third principle involves letting people know that a corporation has information about them and allow them to dispute the accuracy of the information. According to the FTC, “...access must encompass timely and inexpensive access to data…”   Meaning that the ability to submit changes needs to be quick and inexpensive to accomplish by the user. The mechanism for these changes must also be simple, have a way that the corporation can verify submitted information, and be able to disseminate the corrected information to all recipients of the data.

Integrity/Security

This principle ties in closely with the Access/Participation principle, with this one having the goal of making sure that date is accurate as well as secure. This principle puts the onus on the data collectors by making them take appropriate steps. Things such as providing consumers appropriate access to data, using data sources that are reputable, investigating where that data is coming from, and relevant technical measure to protect the data once it is in their hands. Some technical measures included by the FTC are:

 * Use of encryption in the transmission and storage of data
 * Limits on access through use of passwords
 * Data is stored on secure servers or computers that are inaccessible by modem

Enforcement/Redress

The final privacy principle states that “...the core principles of privacy protection can only be effective if there is a mechanism in place to enforce them.” This essentially means that in order for any of these state privacy principles to be effective, proper mechanisms must be in place to enforce them. In the case of no enforcement or redress mechanisms, outside forces take precedent such as industry self-regulation, government legislation, and even regulatory schemes brought about through civil and criminal sanctions.


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User:Jsanchezhapsari730

Great encyclopedia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jsanchezhapsari730


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High School Biology/Modern Classification Systems

Classification Classification is the grouping of plants and animals according to their similarities in structure,physiological processes and ancestry. A hand lens is a magnifying instrument used to observe small organisms like insects. If a hand lens is used in order to make a drawing of a specimen,the magnification bears no relation to the size of the drawing. Drawing Magnification = Length of the drawing/Length of Object External Features include: Plant Features Animal Features


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Cookbook:English Style Aged Cheese

| Cheese | UK Cuisine

Ingredients

 * 5 gallons (18.9 litres) unpasteurized cow's milk
 * 1½ tsp commercial rennet (or vegetable rennet)
 * ¼ cup lukewarm water
 * Butter
 * 2–3 tbsp salt

Procedure

 * 1) Gently heat milk and bring it to blood temperature (80 °F/27 °C).
 * 2) Combine rennet and water, then add to milk. Stir for 1 minute.
 * 3) Cover and let it rest or 1½ hours, preferably near a fire where it can stay warm. Maintain a temperature of 80 °F (27 °C) while milk is left to coagulate under a gentle heat.
 * 4) When it reaches the right consistency, stir and then separate the curds from the whey.
 * 5) Cut the curds in a crisscross configuration with a long and flat wooden stick, so as to release the whey from the milk (separate the liquid part of the milk from the solid part of the milk). Do not remove curds from pot.
 * 6) Cover the curds once again and let rest for 1–1½ hour. Gently stir again, and then slowly heat it all again to 100 F; if heated too fast, the heat will create a film or thin skin on the curds and the cheese will remain wet and not age properly.
 * 7) Break up the curds very slowly with your hands. Strain through a fine mesh cloth, separating the curds from the whey.
 * 8) Squeeze out excess water. Open up the cloth, break apart the curds, and add the salt.
 * 9) Put curds into a wooden press (vice) lined with butter and a mesh-like cloth. Press to extract more of the whey from the curds.
 * 10) Leave in the press for 2–3 days; in the interim, flip it over.
 * 11) Remove the curd from the press.
 * 12) Sprinkle a clean shelf in a cool place with a good amount salt. Set the cheese down upside-down. Leave it to age for a minimum of 60 days, flipping over every day to allow for complete drying. The longer it ages, the drier and sharper the cheese becomes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If pasteurized milk is used, for every 5 gallons of milk add 1 quart (ca. 1 litre) of cultured buttermilk to restore the enzymes needed for coagulation). Never use ultra-pasteurized milk.
 * The dried bull thistle flower (Cirsium vulgare) can be used for vegetable rennet in cheesemaking, but only with goat or sheep milk. Its dried flower is soaked in water, strained and added to the milk.
 * For cow's milk, the florets of Lady's Bedstraw, also known as Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum), can be used instead of rennet. The flowers are soaked in lukewarm water and then added to the milk.
 * Whenever a calf rennet is used, a small piece about the size of a US 50-cent piece is cut off of the inner-stomach lining of a calf that has never yet been weaned, tied with a string and soaked in water overnight to release its enzymes. This water is then poured into the milk, heated to blood temperature, etc.

title: Cookbook:English Style Aged Cheese


text: Category:British recipes

title: Category:British recipes


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Cookbook:Sprouting

Sprouting is the natural process by which seeds or spores germinate and put out shoots, and already established plants produce new leaves or buds or other newly developing parts experience further growth.

In the field of nutrition, the term signifies the practice of germinating seeds (e.g., mung beans, sunflower seeds, etc.) to be eaten raw or cooked, which is considered highly nutritious.

Recipes

 * Cookbook:Cucumber Sprout Sandwich
 * Cookbook:Simple Ayurvedic Sprout Salad
 * Cookbook:Sprout Salad
 * Cookbook:Stir Fried Seafood with Noodles

title: Cookbook:Sprouting


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User:AlexandrCalininLazarson.bornin1983year

Attention all rights reserved. The Information below just brings a knowledge meint with a current Technologies. Devices with a mind control(patents 2009 Year) bring very useful things to the world. Simple you make orders by the mind then device catches it and translated into machine language and executes the order. To the areas - Convenient House(Performance,Comfort,for limited people) Auto industry(driving an Auto, Convenience, Comfort) To control robots(to help people in usual day needs)  To be continued...


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User talk:AlexandrCalininLazarson.bornin1983year

Good day. We help people to understand current Level of Technologies. To perform the world.

Understanding
Good day. We help people to understand current level of technologies. To perform the world. AlexandrCalininLazarson.bornin1983year (discuss • contribs) 01:53, 26 April 2020 (UTC)


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Telugu/Noun

Introduction
A Noun is any word that is a name of a person, thing, place, or concept. Simply, a noun is any word that gives a name to something.

In English examples include:

 * Mary (Person)
 * Shop (place)
 * Love (concept)
 * Pencil (thing)

In Telugu, the word for noun is నామవాచకం (Nāmavācakaṁ)

Characteristics of Nouns
Nouns in Telugu have 3 characteristics:

 * Number
 * Gender
 * Case

Number
Number simply refers to how many of something there is. In Telugu there are two numbers: singular(only one of something) and plural(more than one of something). Number in Telugu works very similarly to the English number system. In English, a singular noun can be made plural by adding an -s(most of the time) at the end of word. The Telugu equivalent to the "-s" in English is the suffix "-lu(లు)".

Some examples are below:

Sandhi rules for pluralization
Sandhi is a Sanskrit word that literally means connecting or joining. In the case of grammar, it means how the pronunciation changes when two words or parts of words are joined. For example, take the English phrase "What do you mean?". When speaking, people often pronounce this as "Whadaya mean?". When they do this, they are connecting the ends and beginnings of words to make their speech more smooth. Similarly, when certain words combine with the plural suffix in Telugu, their ending sound changes.

For example, Gudi(గుడి) or Temple + -lu(లు) or -s = Gullu(గుళ్ళు) or Temples

Gender
In Telugu every noun has a grammatical gender, this is in contrast to English where only pronouns have gender. There are two Telugu genders, masculine and non-masculine. What gender a noun is varies on whether it is in the singular or the plural.

In the singular

 * Masculine
 * Any noun that refers to a male human
 * Any noun that refers to a male deity or god
 * Any noun that is a personification of a male
 * For Example, the word sun, Sūryuḍu(సూర్యుడు), is a personification of the male Hindu god, Surya. It is considered a masculine noun despite the sun not having a gender.
 * Non-Masculine
 * Any noun that is a female human
 * Any animal or other non-human living thing
 * Inanimate objects

In the plural
The gender of a noun affects
 * Masculine
 * Any human
 * Non-masculine
 * Any non-human

Case
The case of a noun tells the listener or reader what the role of the noun in the sentence is. In English, this is primarily conveyed through either sentence structure(where the word is in the sentence) or helper words(such as to, from, with, etc.). In Telugu, these are expressed by suffixes. A suffix is simply something that is added onto the end of a word. For example, the "s" added at the end of the word "chief" to form the word "chiefs" is a suffix.

The various cases are called Vibhakti in Telugu, which comes from the Sanskrit word for declension.

To understand some of the cases, the terms subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object must be understood. A verb is simply an action(such as the verb "to eat"), an occurrence(such as the verb "to happen"), or state of being(such as the verb "to exist"). A subject is what does the verb. A direct object is the recipient of the verb. Finally, an indirect object is what receives the direct object. For example, take the sentence "John throws the ball to Mary". The verb is throw, as this is an action. To figure out who the subject is, the question is "what is throwing the ball". Since John throws the ball, he is the subject. Identifying the direct object must be done by asking the question "what is being thrown by John". The ball is the direct object as it is thrown by John. Finally, to find out what what the indirect object is, the following question must be answered, "what is receiving the ball?". Mary is receiving the ball, so she is the indirect object.

The cases are listed below:
The suffixes that are bold are the ones commonly used in conversational Telugu, these must be learned. The italicized suffixes are sometimes used in conversational Telugu, but are rarer than the bold suffixes.The non-bold suffixes are very rarely or never used in conversation and are more commonly used in literature.

When adding a case to a plural noun, the case suffix comes after the plural suffix. In this case, the plural suffix also changes from -lu to -la. For example, take the word "Kukkalu"(కుక్కలు), or "dogs" in English, if you were to add the Instrumental case suffix to it, it would become "Kukkalato"(కుక్కలతో), or "with dogs" in English.

Possession
Possession simply refers to when a noun owns or has another noun. In English this is expressed by "of" or "'s" such as "John's house" or "the house of John".

Similarly to English, the noun that owns or has something is put before the noun it owns. In literary Telugu, possession is expressed by the suffix "-yokka"(యొక్క), which is the equivalent of the English "'s". For example "Naa(My) ammayokka(mother's) kukka(dog)"(నా అమ్మయొక్క కుక్క). However, in spoken Telugu, the "-yokka"(యొక్క) suffix is not used. Instead, the owner noun is simply placed before the noun that is owned, for example "Naa(My) amma(mother's) kukka(dog)"(నా అమ్మ కుక్క). In this case, the possession is simply understood with word order and context, without the need for a suffix.

Possession can also be expressed using the suffixes "-ki" or "-ku" combined with the verbs "un" and "le". The noun that is owned is in the nominative case(Prathamā Vibhakti (ప్రథమా విభక్తి)) and thus does not have a case suffix added to the end of it, then the owner noun uses the "-ki" or "-ku" suffix. After this, if the noun is owned(to have), the verb "un" is used, if the noun is not owned(to not have), the verb "le" is used. The verb must match the nominative noun in gender, number, and person. These concepts are explored further in the pronoun and verb sections, but the following charts give the different forms of the verbs "un" and "le": Examples of this are:

 * Avi nāku unnāi(అవి నాకు ఉన్నాయ్), in English "I have those"
 * Banti kukkaki undi(బంతి కుక్కకి ఉంది), in English "The dog has the ball"
 * Nāku kārlu lēvu(నాకు కార్లు లేవు), in English "I don't have cars"
 * Pani vāḍiki lēdu(పని వాడికి లేదు), in English "He doesn't have a job"

Note how in these examples the order of the words does not matter, in some sentences the nominative noun comes first, in others it comes second. Telugu has relatively free word order, thus the order of the sentence can be changed without changing the meaning; this can be done to change the emphasis. The full rules on word order and sentence structure are discussed in that section.

title: Telugu/Noun


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Information Technology and Ethics/Digital Piracy

Introduction
The Internet is a new global space for everyone which connects all kinds of people within cyberspace and provides a Digital workspace for them to work in that is parallel to the real world but provides much more opportunity through worldwide collaboration and faster speed to achieve goals. This has caused a rippling effect throughout our world where more of people's existence is being moved onto the Digital World and it is impacting everyone greatly with so much new information being put out there. This also includes the legal world with many new questions arising as well as confusion about how such a place can be governed and how laws can be implemented here. The problems that occur in the Digital World have many ethical sides to them and are increasingly difficult to resolve in an ethical way. Businesses also seek to have their intellectual property be protected by copyright law. This for them is a major concern and is related to a major controversial topic of how to address Digital Piracy, a new term popping up with the growth of the internet.

Digital Piracy is only one of many types of Internet piracy. According to Norton, Internet Piracy have five different types:

 * Counterfeiting
 * Internet Piracy (Digital Piracy)
 * End-User Piracy
 * Client-Server Overuse
 * Hard-Disk Loading

Digital Piracy Etymology
To truly understand what the term “Digital Piracy” means the words that comprise must first be understood. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2020) definitions of Piracy is as follows

"" The crime of attacking ships at sea in order to steal from them”"

or ""The act of making illegal copies of DVDs, computer programs, books, etc., in order to sell them”"

Oxford's definition is not completely accurate because it limits the Digital Piracy domain to only selling stolen copyrighted materials even though they can be shared free of charge on peer-to-peer file-sharing platforms. To understand Digital Piracy's domain, we must also comprehend the Digital World by starting to understand what the word Digital means. Oxford again defines Digital as

""Using a system of receiving and sending information as a series of the numbers one and zero, showing that an electronic signal is there or is not there”" or "" connected with the use of computer technology, especially the internet.”" So Digital would mean communicating over this medium provided by computer technology. This can then help us define the term of a Digital Piracy as copying a copyrighted property without authorization using the medium provided by computer technology for any reason.

Digital World
The Internet has changed the world and provided many benefits to the people all around it, such as being able to connect previously isolated areas together in a place that has no real geographical border and with that the side effects of having no laws either. Many groups use the Internet to gather and share ideas, conduct business, and even provide consumer services. These benefits, however, can only be used by moving some of your existence onto the internet. There is also a dark side to all these benefits, caused by people moving their beliefs, views, and grudges onto the internet and unlike the real world they have perceived anonymity and no rules to stop them. This attracts people with bad intentions can now commit crimes in this digital world that has no specified geographical area that would break laws in their real-world residence. This blind spot is being seen and acknowledged by many nations and as such, they have started to try and combat the growth of digital crimes. They have begun to do this by migrating their laws onto the internet. This has been causing confusion about who has jurisdiction and what fits the definition of a crime. As well as nations, businesses also seek to have their rights acknowledged and are promoting the implementation of better laws regarding the digital world and some seek to combat one crime in particular, digital piracy, which is stealing their products through copying and reselling through stronger copyright laws. However, this must be balanced with an ethical approach of implementation by whatever agency seeks to regulate the internet.

Copyrights (Ethical View)
The U.S. Copyright Office defines copyright as:

""...a form of protection grounded in the U.S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Copyright covers both published and unpublished works.""

This includes a range of works covering the expanse of diverse mediums including books, movies, songs, and computer software. Copyright exists from the moment an individual creates a work that falls under one of the protected categories. This makes registration with the appropriate offices optional. However, it is required to formally undergo the copyright registration process with the U.S. Office of Copyright if an individual wants to file a lawsuit related to copyright infringement of a U.S. work. A copyright gives the respective creator legal ground to defend the use, reproduction, and modification of a work.

It is important to note that copyrights only seek to protect tangible works and not abstract creations such as facts or ideas. It is difficult to prove that a concept belongs to a person, although it is possible to copyright specific processes and methods. Understanding what is and is not covered by copyright causes the exploration of related ideas to become nuanced, discussion surrounding the current scope of copyrights and potential misuse and infringement makes the most sense if the proper works and terms are considered. Copyrights were established to encourage people to produce more original works since there would be a way to defend creator rights. However, there are situations in which copyrights are misused or infringed upon, in which case moral and ethical considerations are needed.

Infringement and Fair Use
A common concern is that copyright laws and terms limit the distribution of knowledge, thus being an ethical concern because this can hinder the free exchange of information and ideas. Copyright law in the U.S. gives the creator of a work the right to make copies, distribute material, produce derivative content, and perform or display the work at will Because of this, explicit permission is required in many circumstances to utilize a copyrighted work within legal means. The argument stands that the need for permission withholds universal access to interacting with the work, creating an obstacle for the public to derive further meaning. Failing to secure consent would result in copyright infringement, which is the act of reproducing, distributing, publicly performing and/or displaying, and creating derivative works without prior permission from the owner of the copyright.

Notably, there are instances in which any existing copyrights on a work can be ignored without infringing upon the terms, therefore eliminating grounds for any potential unfairness that copyright might cause in regards to accessing materials. Members of the public are allowed to use copyrighted works for specific purposes under fair use specifications, as part of the Copyright Act. Fair use addresses any concerns of the accessibility of a work, within reason the public does not require explicit consent to interact with materials.

Most fair use cases fall within one of two categories:

 * Commentary and Criticism
 * Parody

Fair use allows a person or party to reproduce parts of a work in order to comment on the material or critique it, the justification behind this use is that members of the public can gain new insight and knowledge from the commentary. An example of this would be including exact sentences from a novel to write an article review of said book. Parodies push this boundary further and allow greater portions of a work to be recreated for the sake of producing a comical version of the original work, such as mimicking a scene from a movie as a comedy skit.

Fair use is a means of defense; a lawsuit claiming copyright infringement must be present before the use of a work can be assessed as fair and within legal boundaries. There are four main considerations to make when determining fair use:
 * 1) Purpose and character behind the use
 * 2) Nature of the copyrighted work in question
 * 3) Amount of the work that was utilized
 * 4) Effects on the value of the work after use

It matters if the use is for commercial means rather than for educational or nonprofit purposes. It would be legally and morally incorrect to make money off of the unlicensed use of a copyrighted work, but it would be acceptable, in some cases, to reproduce a work for educating, among other things. This would be similar in concept to plagiarism with the exception that the moral dilemma is not rooted in lying about the origin of a work, but rather preventing the appropriate entity from receiving deserved payment.

Copyright Misuse
Although copyrights were created to protect the rights a creator has over their work, there are cases in which copyright holders attempt to file for copyright infringement for situations outside of the specified terms. This is an ethical concern as copyright misuse imposes on the potential fair use by a third-party.

""In brief, it [copyright misuse] is the use of a copyright to secure an exclusive right or limited monopoly not granted by copyright law and against public policy.""

Copyright misuse is a defense against a copyright infringement claim, the concept was first used in 1990 during the Lasercomb America, Inc v, Reynolds case. During this case, the Fourth Circuit decided that the plaintiff had misused copyright on software by including a provision in the license that forbade the user from creating competing software. It was determined that this went beyond the scope of what the copyright protected, therefore claiming infringement was a misuse of the terms on the creator’s behalf.

Recent developments in technology have seen increased use in copyright misuse as a defense when it comes to software as this is a commonly licensed product. The moral and ethical issues behind copyright misuse are clear, it is unjust to prevent fair use and licensed use by monopolizing the materials protected by copyright.

Effects
Just as nothing happens without a reason, every action has its effect whether it is a nuclear fusion or a butterfly wing movement. Such fundamental concepts are the same regardless of the world we apply them in whether they are real, digital worlds. Digital Piracy has clouded both worlds by continuously impacting every sector, field, organization, and person it touches. Understanding the effects of Digital Piracy might be challenging due to its complexity and overlapping with different aspects. Therefore, all Digital Piracy effects will be categorized or viewed as social, security, economical, and legal effects in order to develop different lenses where we can look to the subject through them.

Social effects
Many would have a wrong perception that any content creator, such as their favorite book writer or a song singer, is the copyright holder and the one who makes a profit out of their work. Charles W.L. Hill illustrates this in his paper as follows: ""Note that the copyright holder is typically not the entity responsible for the creation of the intellectual property, but instead is the publisher of that property"" Envision, for a second, that you are a hopeful lyricist and artist. You contribute a whole year to composing your first collection. Your new collection is at long last delivered and hits the market. You start making an unobtrusive amount of cash. In any case, you find that your work has been duplicated and disseminated over the web without your authorization or any compensation to you. Presently you start losing your income that your work generates. You can't bear to compose a subsequent collection, because of this budgetary misfortune. Also, you find somebody selling your group at a decreased cost. Accordingly, not exclusively are you losing cash, yet another person is profiting from your work, and besides this that artist needs to work.

The previous example can apply on any scale whether for individuals os big organizations and the music industry and how digital piracy could eventually cripple it is a real living threat, Let's consider the music industry as an example. Music piracy costs the recording industry billions of dollars in lost revenue, and as with most things in business, those losses disproportionately affect the lower-level workers in the music industry. That means professional songwriters who earn money writing those pop hits people love are often left without work because of tight budgets. That also means there’s less money for music producers, sound engineers, and sound technicians, as well as people who work in what’s known as “artists and repertoire,” or A&R, the talent scouts responsible for adding new blood to the music industry. So by pirating of just one music album, all the above people gets affected and they lose their motive in doing such kind of job and they stop creating or innovating new things because they start suffering financial crisis due to piracy and they will look out for other jobs to start earning their bread.

Security Effects
All-inclusive, there is noteworthy proof to interface programming piracy with the recurrence of malware assaults. While this correlation has not been mapped with accuracy, the proof from industry sources proposes that business sectors with high programming piracy rates likewise tend to encounter high paces of malware infection.

Security threats such as viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware are often designed to exploit vulnerabilities in common software products, forcing software developers to constantly develop patches and other fixes to keep emerging-malware at bay. The individuals who use pirated, unlicensed programming are commonly incapable of getting to or download essential patches and necessary updates that guarantee their frameworks stay as secure as could reasonably be expected, and are in this manner progressively vulnerable to assault over the long haul. Additionally, when contaminated, purchasers are frequently compelled to go to specialists to fix the harm done by the malware, regularly refuting any reserve funds from having obtained and utilized the items unlawfully.

Economic Effects
Online piracy costs the US economy nearly $30 billion every year, with piracy recordings saw more than 200 billion times, as indicated by a report from the US Office of Trade.

The GIPC's report, which was discharged in the organization with NERA Monetary Counseling, found that piracy completed across gushing administrations have now outperformed download-based piracy as the essential vehicle for pilfered recordings. 80% of piracy is owing to spilling contrasted and only a couple of years back, when BitTorrent downloads represented about 40% alone.

Piracy Programs have the most popular, with more than 230 billion perspectives consistently around the world, with by far most originating from outside the US. 126 billion of these perspectives were of substance created in the US. Well, known Television programs like Round of Honored positions tried hard to decrease piracy in front of its last season.

Legal Effects
It's not merely the copyright holders that are influenced. People utilizing pilfered materials are liable to fines for copyright encroachment that can extend as high as $150,000 per infringement. Indeed, even without financial punishments, getting a cut it out from a copyright holder, requesting payment for encroaching their copyright, is a disagreeable encounter. The unauthorized copying of personal computer software for use in the office or at home or sharing of software among friends is the most pervasive form of piracy encountered abroad and in the United States.

Motives
There are numerous attempts to list reasons for digital piracy in order to have a better understanding of it, thereby mitigating it if not ending it. Though, the list gets longer every time which complicates the problem even more. However, if we believe that every action (response) has a motive (stimulus) that triggers it, we can classify pirating reasons into motivational categories. Hence, solutions can be found for every category, rather than for every reason in each category.

Kevin J. Shanahan and Michael R. Hyman refer to Digital Piracy as (SCOURing) in their study. In the study, digital piracy was inspected from the lenses of shoplifting with all its related angels. Consequently, the researchers concluded that there are six main motivational categories that drive pirates towards Digital Piracy (SCOURing):

Justification
Rationalizing their non-normative behaviors to Justify SCOURing or by beliefs (Kevin J. Shanahan and Michael R. Hyman). They explain it as what pirates do to exonerate their actions with claims such as that these companies can afford it, or that the one who is being pirated cheated first. Some of the pirates do not even feel like they are harming anyone, and the researchers are attributing such feelings to the fact that digital files lack the physical existence; therefore, no victim is being recognized.

Economic
The researchers introduced economic motives from two points of view, stealing and profiting. Those who steal just because they do not want to pay for the digital files are seen exactly like those who shoplift; different techniques and environments, but the same motive.

On the other hand, those who profit from pirating whether by selling the pirated files or by pirating as a service. According to the study, piracy activities and prices are entangled; whenever the reward from piracy increases, pirating activities become tempting. Regardless of the real reason for such pirates, if there are fewer people who would pay for such contents and services, pirating activities will decrease; law of supply and demand.

Believed pervasiveness by peers (P2P)
Distributing pirated files in order to establish social links (Kevin J. Shanahan and Michael R. Hyman). Those who aim for social acceptance in their social environment tend to behave in a way that grants them this. The environment or the people surrounding us have the effect to influence behaviors that might not be acceptable in a different situation; cultural differences are proof of that. The researchers point out that in groups, beliefs can be quelled such as the wrongness of digital piracy because of the influence of the majority and the environment. Making online friends is no different than in real life; therefore, the same acceptance criteria apply to join any online group of people.

Social norms vary depending on culture. Their impacts become greater in the Digital world due to the fact that people from all over the world when connected are developing their own digital norms so they can deal with each and other; this explains why there are some behaviors that the Digital world citizens will never do except there. Developing a digital citizenship identity and norms based on the real world might mitigate Digital Piracy because any behavior definitions won't differ depending on where it was practiced (Stealing is the same no matter what country it was conducted in).

Experiential
According to Kevin J. Shanahan and Michael R. Hyman, this category covers those who do any pirate activity for testing or experimentation, or simply the thrill from breaking security. The study points out that peer-to-peer networks can be seen for pirates as a treasure of illegally obtained content in these networks. Furthermore, peer-to-peer software and network comparisons might also lead to piracy. It is like the first time someone smokes, just to experience it, but instead of just affecting themselves, they affect a whole industry.

Believed recklessness
Basically, those who commit piracy crimes out of total ignorance of the law, or thinking that these laws are irrelevant or laughable (Kevin J. Shanahan and Michael R. Hyman). Ignorance or weakness of the law and its enforcement will undermine anti-piracy deterrence efforts due to the lack of fear of consequences.

Tech savviness
According to the study, technical skills play a major role in computer-mediated consumption, and tech savviest are those who have these skills and use them in piracy. The researchers point out that Internet usage and the quality of web interfaces made people more tech-savvy; thereby, more fluent and comfortable with using piracy-related technologies.

Ethics
With the rise of the digital age, piracy has become a problem for many sectors. Digital piracy occurs when someone, who is not the copyright holder, copies the product, and either uses or sells it illegally. Digital piracy has a large impact on industries such as film, music, and journalism. The ethics of digital piracy is difficult to pin down because it is often viewed as a victimless crime. However, the people who bear the loss of piracy are often writers, creators, and scholars. Often, music, movies, and academic journals are downloaded from the internet without payment. In order to establish a code of ethics surrounding digital piracy, one must establish that there are victims of this crime. Being behind a computer screen often makes people bolder. This causes them to behave differently than they would in public. The anonymity of the internet often causes people to feel less exposed, and therefore more likely to partake in illicit behavior. Digital piracy is a gateway crime that has the potential to lead to larger crimes. In a culture where digital piracy is commonplace, it illustrates a lack of respect for laws. If the laws governing copyrights are not enforced, it becomes more likely that other laws may not be enforced. This breeds a culture in which laws are not held as the ultimate authority they should be.

""The political economy of corruption that accompanies such activities undermines political authority and legitimacy, and therefore piracy contributes to a normalization of corruption.""

This normalization of corruption has unlimited ramifications for society if left unchecked.

""The attitude of individuals toward digital piracy is also found to be influenced by perceived benefits, perceived risk, and habit""

Often, people view the benefit of piracy as high, with the potential risk as low due to it often not being regulated and punished appropriately. Once they have established this pattern of theft and not being punished for it, it becomes a habit. This habit then extends to anything they could digitally pirate. It can branch out from movies to music, academic journals, books, and many more. The copyright holders of these pirated goods are then not receiving proper compensation for their work. This causes an economic shift and loss in profits for the creators of digital products. Ultimately, we must band together as an evolving community and establish a code of enforceable laws and ethics surrounding digital media.

""We must look for common ethical principles so that digital cultures can become a genuine expression of human liberty and creativity""

Without this change, the artists and creators of our society will suffer. In turn, society will miss out on their creative contributions to the world and culture. This would be a huge loss in the realm of entertainment, art, and academic research. It must be established that digital piracy is wrong ethically and legally. Digital piracy breaches copyrights and should be punishable by society and the law. In order to hold people accountable for their actions within the realm of digital piracy, laws must be enforced. The punishment for the crime must outweigh the potential gain to the perpetrator. Without this shift, digital piracy will not be taken seriously as a crime, and therefore will not end. Overall, digital piracy is a violation of copyrights and is illegal. This sector should be patrolled by law enforcement, just as retail shops are. A product sold in a digital format online is still a good that has value. It should be purchased not taken with anything given in return. In order to maintain the growth of digital media, and society’s use of it, content creators must receive adequate compensation for their work. Ethically and legally, digital piracy is wrong. Moving forward, society must make it a priority to police, punish, and protect the appropriate parties involved in digital media copyrights and piracy.


text:
Template:Image requested

If you don't categorize your request, it will be placed in Category:Wikibooks requested photographs.

title: Template:Image requested


text:
Module:Unsubst

local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType

local p = {}

local BODY_PARAM = '$B'

local specialParams = { ['$params'] = 'parameter list', ['$aliases'] = 'parameter aliases', ['$flags'] = 'flags', ['$B'] = 'template content' }

function p.main(frame, body) -- If we are substing, this function returns a template invocation, and if -- not, it returns the template body. The template body can be specified in	-- the body parameter, or in the template parameter defined in the -- BODY_PARAM variable. This function can be called from Lua or from -- #invoke.

-- Return the template body if we aren't substing. if not mw.isSubsting then if body ~= nil then return body elseif frame.args[BODY_PARAM] ~= nil then return frame.args[BODY_PARAM] else error(string.format( "no template content specified (use parameter '%s' from #invoke)", BODY_PARAM ), 2)		end end

-- Sanity check for the frame object. if type(frame) ~= 'table' or type(frame.getParent) ~= 'function' or not frame:getParent then error(			"argument #1 to 'main' must be a frame object with a parent " ..			"frame available",			2		) end

-- Find the invocation name. local mTemplateInvocation = require('Module:Template invocation') local name = mTemplateInvocation.name(frame:getParent:getTitle)

-- Combine passed args with passed defaults local args = {} if string.find( ','..(frame.args['$flags'] or '')..',', ',%s*override%s*,' ) then for k, v in pairs( frame:getParent.args ) do			args[k] = v		end for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do			if not specialParams[k] then if v == '__DATE__' then v = mw.getContentLanguage:formatDate( 'F Y' ) end args[k] = v			end end else for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do			if not specialParams[k] then if v == '__DATE__' then v = mw.getContentLanguage:formatDate( 'F Y' ) end args[k] = v			end end for k, v in pairs( frame:getParent.args ) do			args[k] = v		end end

-- Trim parameters, if not specified otherwise if not string.find( ','..(frame.args['$flags'] or '')..',', ',%s*keep%-whitespace%s*,' ) then for k, v in pairs( args ) do args[k] = mw.ustring.match(v, '^%s*(.*)%s*$') or '' end end

-- Pull information from parameter aliases local aliases = {} if frame.args['$aliases'] then local list = mw.text.split( frame.args['$aliases'], '%s*,%s*' ) for k, v in ipairs( list ) do			local tmp = mw.text.split( v, '%s*>%s*' ) aliases[tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tmp[1], '^[1-9][0-9]*$')) or tmp[1]] = ((tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tmp[2], '^[1-9][0-9]*$'))) or tmp[2]) end end for k, v in pairs( aliases ) do		if args[k] and ( not args[v] or args[v] == '' ) then args[v] = args[k] end args[k] = nil end

-- Remove empty parameters, if specified if string.find( ','..(frame.args['$flags'] or '')..',', ',%s*remove%-empty%s*,' ) then local tmp = 0 for k, v in ipairs( args ) do			if v ~=  or ( args[k+1] and args[k+1] ~=  ) or ( args[k+2] and args[k+2] ~= '' ) then tmp = k			else break end end for k, v in pairs( args ) do			if v == '' then if not (type(k) == 'number' and k < tmp) then args[k] = nil end end end end

-- Order parameters if frame.args['$params'] then local params, tmp = mw.text.split( frame.args['$params'], '%s*,%s*' ), {} for k, v in ipairs(params) do			v = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(v, '^[1-9][0-9]*$')) or v			if args[v] then tmp[v], args[v] = args[v], nil end end for k, v in pairs(args) do tmp[k], args[k] = args[k], nil end args = tmp end

return mTemplateInvocation.invocation(name, args) end

p[''] = p.main -- For backwards compatibility

return p

title: Module:Unsubst


text:
Template:Dialog/action page/test

The following table lists tests available for action |. Each test is on a separate page, usually a subpage of this page.

title: Template:Dialog/action page/test


text: Template:Clickable button 2

title: Template:Clickable button 2


text:
Module:Clickable button 2

-- This module implements.

local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local p = {}

function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {		wrappers = 'Template:Clickable button 2'	}) return p.luaMain(args) end

function p.luaMain(args) if not args[1] and not args.url then return '' end local data = p.makeLinkData(args) local link = p.renderLink(data) local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args) return link .. trackingCategories end

function p.makeLinkData(args) local data = {}

-- Get the link and display values, and find whether we are outputting a	-- wikilink or a URL. if args.url then data.isUrl = true data.link = args.url if args[1] then data.display = args[1] else data.display = args.url end else data.isUrl = false data.link = args[1] if args[2] then data.display = args[2] else data.display = args[1] end end

-- Classes local class = args.class and args.class:lower data.classes = {} if class == 'ui-button-green' or class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'ui-button-red' then table.insert(			data.classes,			'submit ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all'				.. ' ui-button-text-only ui-button-text'		) else table.insert(data.classes, 'mw-ui-button') end if class then table.insert(data.classes, class) end

-- Styles do --		-- Check whether we are on the same page as we have specified in		-- args[1], but not if we are using a URL link, as then args[1] is only		-- a display value. If we are currently on the page specified in		-- args[1] make the button colour darker so that it stands out from		-- other buttons on the page.		-- local success, linkTitle, currentTitle if not data.isUrl then currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle success, linkTitle = pcall(mw.title.new, args[1]) end if success and linkTitle and mw.title.equals(currentTitle, linkTitle) then if class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'mw-ui-progressive' or class == 'mw-ui-constructive' then data.backgroundColor = '#2962CB' elseif class == 'ui-button-green' then data.backgroundColor = '#008B6D' elseif class == 'ui-button-red' or class == 'mw-ui-destructive' then data.backgroundColor = '#A6170F' else data.backgroundColor = '#CCC' data.color = '#666' end end -- Add user-specified styles. data.style = args.style end

return data end

function p.renderLink(data) -- Render the display span tag. local display do local displaySpan = mw.html.create('span') for i, class in ipairs(data.classes or {}) do			displaySpan:addClass(class) end displaySpan :css{ ['background-color'] = data.backgroundColor, color = data.color }		if data.style then displaySpan:cssText(data.style) end displaySpan:wikitext(data.display) display = tostring(displaySpan) end

-- Render the link local link if data.isUrl then link = string.format('[%s %s]', data.link, display) else link = string.format('%s', data.link, display) end

return string.format(' %s ', link) end

function p.renderTrackingCategories(args) if yesno(args.category) == false then return '' end local class = args.class and args.class:lower if class == 'ui-button-green' or class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'ui-button-red' then return '' else return '' end end

return p

title: Module:Clickable button 2


text:
User talk:Lee yun betty/sandbox/Biodiversity

Make sure to discuss the relationship between the sustainability of humans and the conservation status of the plant and of the animal.Atlas.Spheres (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 26 April 2020 (UTC)


text:
User talk:BoldLuis

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, BoldLuis!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:33, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you!!! . --BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 00:08, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:BoldLuis


text:
Template:Ok

Y

title: Template:Ok


text: User talk:79.30.221.87

title: User talk:79.30.221.87


text:
History of Woodford and the Surrounding Community

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Beginning of Woodford/
 * 2) /Early Occupations and Industries of Woodford Community/
 * 3) /Early Government of the Woodford Community/
 * 4) /Present Day Woodford/

Read More

 * Woodford, Oklahoma on Wikipedia.


text:
User:Ikjbagl

I mostly only edit the English Wikipedia. Please contact me there.

My activities on Wikibooks:
 * Created the History of Woodford and the Surrounding Community page; copied and removed from the Woodford, Oklahoma page on Wikipedia

title: User:Ikjbagl


text:
User talk:Antonio nolo

Welcome, Antonio nolo!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 21:15, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Antonio nolo


text:
User talk:82.132.223.235

April 2020

 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

title: User talk:82.132.223.235


text:
User talk:Anni336

Wikibooks:Edit filter/URL requests
About your post: not being an a admin means I can't examine the edit. But it only applies if you have a low edit count; make a few edits and try again. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 07:25, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anni336


text:
User talk:JimKillock

Ólim
Hi,

Did you want to delete Ólim? The main page is now a redirect. But there is many more pages, listed at Special:PrefixIndex/Ólim.

Wikisource does seem to be a better place for it. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:01, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that, I used that link to put in a full set of redirects :) They can be deleted sometime later perhaps: the search engines had found the Wikibooks editions so I figured it'd be handy to leave a redirect for now. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 12:59, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll leave it for now. Regards -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:03, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Recognizing modules
I notice a question you asked way back in November on the technical assistance reading room, that was just archived without apparently having ever gotten a response, about modules not being recognized by templates on la.wb. I hope all was eventually well, with that? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:52, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi, no I didn't, I've been unable to resolve this. Any pointers would be appreciated. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 16:28, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Looking at la:Formula:Ordered list (a somewhat macaronic page name), I don't really understand. What is the difficulty?  The template lists la:Module:TableTools as one of the templates it calls. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:59, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi, I think there is some weird time lag going on. The module as you say is now working. I've added to la.wikibooks, which is having trouble finding the Config page, although I have added it: la:Formula:Cite_book; la:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 17:43, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Now that you jog my memory, I do recall from my experiences with module development that there would sometimes be a delay between my editing a module and the change actually taking effect. (I later took to providing micro-revision numbers during testing so I could always tell exactly what was being run.)  Knowing WMF devs' usual attitudes toward updates, I wouldn't be surprised if small projects sometimes have a significantly longer time-lag. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:10, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Comenii Vestibulum
Salve Jim, I left a question on the discussion page of the Vestibulum, perhaps you overlooked it. Which edition did you use? If you like, I can proof-read the whole text & translation, but I need to know the edition that it's based on. Thanks, Viktor (Dr.Viktor.B (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 31 May 2021 (UTC))

Was there a message?
Hi Jim. Did you mention me or try to contact me here? I had that impression from a notification briefly visible when I visited German wiki today but now disappeared. Of course, as you know, I'm usually about on Vicipaedia. Andrew Dalby (discuss • contribs) 14:12, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi @Andrew Dalby, yes, here. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You might want to put a message on the la:Vicipaedia:Taberna, Jim. It's possible that some other Latinists you've asked might not see the message on Vicilibri. Andrew Dalby (discuss • contribs) 16:04, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:JimKillock


text:
Cookbook talk:Butter Tart

Star cake Time :30 miun

6 eggs 1 cup of four 150 ml of milk 5 strawberries 2 blueberries 1 full butter

title: Cookbook talk:Butter Tart


text:
Cookbook:Lahoh (Spongy Flatbread) I

Lahoh, alternately called laḥūḥ (Arabic: لحوح) is a griddle-cake made similar to a pancake, but with a slightly different texture and notable for its porous texture on one side.

Ingredients

 * 3 tbsp semolina
 * 2½ cups lukewarm water, divided
 * 1 cup cold water
 * 3 cup of wheat flour or sorghum flour
 * 1 tsp rock salt
 * 2 tsp dried yeast
 * Dab of margarine or vegetable oil for greasing pan

Procedure

 * 1) Combine semolina and ½ cup of lukewarm water in a bowl, then bring the mixture to a boil in saucepan. Remove from heat, place in a bowl, and leave to thicken.
 * 2) Stir cold water into the semolina mixture.
 * 3) Stir in rock salt until fully dissolved into the mixture.
 * 4) Stir in the wheat flour and yeast.
 * 5) Mix in another 2 cups of lukewarm water until you get a thin batter.
 * 6) Cover the batter and let it rest until it is risen and bubbly.
 * 7) Grease a skillet or frying pan with a little margarine, and heat over medium heat.
 * 8) Ladle some batter into the pan, and let it spread out. A tiny bit of flour sprinkled in the pan helps prevent sticking.
 * 9) Cook the batter until the top surface is covered with air pockets like a sponge. Flip to the other side, and cook for about 5 seconds. Remove and let cool. Repeat the cooking process with the remaining batter.

title: Cookbook:Lahoh (Spongy Flatbread) I


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Introduction

Introduction to Privacy
Privacy, is assurance that the confidentiality of, and access to, certain information about an entity is protected.. In terms of information technology, this means protection of personal/sensitive information that is not accessible to anyone other than the individual self. There are various types of privacy in general. But the most relevant ones for this chapter are:

 * Internet privacy - Privacy related to any activity being carried out online via internet.
 * Informational privacy - privacy specifically related to an individual or companies information.

The content that follows is a synopsis of the subjects that will be explored in relation to privacy in information technology.

The first chapter will give an in-depth discussion of privacy rules and concepts. It will include privacy legislation and guiding principles, as well as how firms collect and use personal data, as well as consent and data retention standards.- Privacy Policies and Principles

The second chapter will focus on the influence of social networking sites on privacy. Social media has become embedded in daily life, but it also offers a variety of privacy risks. This section will look at how using social networking sites impacts privacy, including data collection, tracking, and measures to protect privacy while doing so.- Privacy and Social Networking Sites

The third chapter will concentrate on the Internet of Things (IoT) and its implications on privacy. As there are more connected electronics in our homes, workplaces, and even on our bodies, it has become increasingly difficult to maintain our privacy. This section will discuss the many privacy risks associated with IoT, as well as ways for mitigating them.- Privacy and The Internet of Things

The fourth chapter will go into privacy in healthcare. The healthcare industry deals with sensitive personal data, and privacy infractions can have major consequences. This section will discuss the importance of preserving individual patient health information as well as the legal frameworks that regulate patient privacy.- Privacy and HealthCare

The fifth chapter will go over data protection and how it affects privacy. Because of the expanding number of produced personal data, it is now critical to safeguard personal data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. This section discusses the multiple measures and legislation in place to ensure data protection and privacy.- Privacy and Data Protection

The sixth chapter will go over finance and how it affects privacy. Due to the importance of safety and security when dealing with money, it is extremely important to maintain privacy while interacting with finances. This section discusses the important laws and statistics regarding finances and privacy.- Privacy and Finance

The seventh chapter will look at children and their relationship with privacy. As technology develops, it becomes more and more accessible to children, so keeping children and their data private has had a greater emphasis placed on it recently. This section will dive into privacy concerns, laws, and the importance of privacy for children.- Privacy and Children


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/OberonText

Oberon.Text guide

Summary A personal computer needs to be configured and tailored to a given machine environment and to a personal profile. For this purpose, special tools are available in Oberon. They are described in the following sections separately for each implementation. Further platform-dependent details must be obtained from the specific installation guides. What is the configuration tool Oberon.Text? Oberon.Text is a configuration tool in the form of a simple text that can be edited freely. The configuration data is structured according to a simple, self-explanatory and recursive syntax whose formal definition in EBNF (Extended Backus Naur Form) is as follows:

Configuration = Group. Group = { Entry } { Token }. Entry = [ Name "=" ] Value. Value = Token | "{" Group "}". Token = any token from Texts.Scanner, where "{" and "}" must occur pairwise. Example: System = { InitCommands = { { System.OpenLog } { System.Open System.Tool } } } Printer = { Resolution = 300 Layout = { Width = {210 mm} Height = {297 mm} } }

Each first-level group, such as System and Printer in the example, carries the information for configuring a particular application area of Oberon. Oberon.Text included in the distribution contains defaults settings which are generally applicable. Some of these values are simple, obvious and intuitive, while other are technically oriented. Tweaking values is made easier with the help information appearing in the interspersed comments. The following description of the various groups give more background information or links to technical details. A group is denoted by a qualified name such as Printer.Resolution.

Note that this concept of system configuration is open in many senses. Not only can new entries be added freely but the local syntax of entries (within group braces "{" "}") is completely open as well.

There are a few low-level configuration data that are used on levels below the text system and therefore cannot make use of it in the mentioned way. For these cases (that users never have to care about) a low-level extension of the above explained mechanism is provided. It is based on a set of pairs (name, value) that are stored in some initial part of the boot file. Cfr. Partitions.GetConfig.

For Windows users, it suffices to say that Oberon.Text is to Oberon what the Registry is to Windows, but much simpler and more intuitive to use. System The group System.InitCommands is, together with NetSystem, the one most susceptible to need adjustement. It contains a collection of Oberon commands which must be executed when the system is started. To economize on editing and memorization efforts, a "!" placed in front of a command disables it without requiring to cut it out. Oberon.Text included in the distribution, contains such disabled commands to indicate which actions might be appropriate to condition Oberon for an optimal use.

 * USB support: if USB controller installed
 * Keyboard support: if a non_US keyboard is used
 * Mouse support: if a PS/2 mouse needs configuration
 * Disk support: if a disk driver should be installed in addition to the one specified at installation time.
 * Serial and parallel port support: if the serial ports default values of base address and IRQ must be adjusted.

The group System.TimeDiff specifies the time difference of PC clock to GMT. The original value applies to the Central European Time - summer time. Printer The group Printer configures the printer driver and the groups PSPrinter, HPLaserPrinter and HPPCL configure the page layout and the printer resolution. Cfr. Printer support. NetSystem The group NetSystem is a collection of values describing the network environment. For a direct LAN connection, an NIC is used. In some cases, the DIAL group must be edited too. DIAL The group DIAL is used when the computer is connected to the network is obtained via the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and a modem or terminal adapter (a router not). OFS All the components of this group are described in the File system concept. Sound The group Sound.Audio configures the SoundBlaster controller or equivalent. The remaining groups are for configuring the sound CD-ROM but the drivers are currently not functioning, as they are awaiting to be upgraded to the rest of the alpha version. OP2 The group OP2.Errors lists all the compiler errors with a comment to help debugging. Gadgets The group Gadgets.Aliases lists the aliases which may be used as shorthand in Oberon commands in place of qualified generators of gadgets.

The group Gadgets.Documents lists pair-wise filename extensions and their corresponding Document type to create when opened.

The group Gadgets.DocumentServices lists pair-wise service names and their corresponding Document service to activate when invoked.

The group Gadgets.FinderTemplates lists the entries for creating a Finder Gadget. Programmed access to Oberon.Text For programmed access to Oberon.Text a single procedure Oberon.OpenScanner in combination with the standard text scanning facility suffices.

PROCEDURE OpenScanner (VAR S: Texts.Scanner; entry: ARRAY OF CHAR);

This procedure is used within programs to position the text scanner at any desired entry in Oberon.Text. It takes two parameters, a scanner and an entry name, where the name actually denotes a path and may be arbitrarily nested by qualification.

For example, the name Printer.Layout.Width positions the scanner to the width specification "210 mm" and SLIP.Dial positions it to the dial-in code sequence.

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title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/OberonText