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User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Variables and Strings

In this section, you will be introduced to two different kinds of data in Python: variables and strings. Please follow along by running the included programmes and examining their output.

Variables
A variable is something that holds a value that may change. In simplest terms, a variable is just a box that you can put stuff in. You can use variables to store all kinds of stuff, but for now, we are just going to look at storing numbers in variables. This code creates a variable called, and assigns to it the integer number. When we ask Python to tell us what is stored in the variable, it returns that number again. We can also change what is inside a variable. For example: We declare a variable called, put the integer   in it, and verify that the assignment was properly done. Then, we assign the integer  to , and ask again what is stored in. Python has thrown away the, and has replaced it with. Next, we create a second variable, which we call, and put   in it. Now we have two independent variables,  and , that hold different information, i.e., assigning a new value to one of them is not affecting the other. You can also assign the value of a variable to be the value of another variable. For example: To understand this code, keep in mind that the name of the variable is always on the left side of the equals sign (the assignment operator), and the value of the variable on the right side of the equals sign. First the name, then the value. We start out declaring that  is , and   is. As you can see, you can pass several arguments to  to tell it to print multiple items on one line, separating them by spaces. As expected, Python reports that  stores , and   holds. Now we create a third variable, called. To set its value, we tell Python that we want  to be whatever   is. (Remember: name to the left, value to the right.) Python knows that  is , so it also sets   to be. Now we're going to take the  variable, and set it to the value of the   variable. Don't get confused — name on the left, value on the right. Python looks up the value of, and finds that it is. So, Python throws away 's old value, and replaces it with. After this assignment Python reports that  is ,   is  , and   is. But didn't we say that  should be whatever value   is? The reason that  is still   when   is , is because we only said that   should be whatever   is at the moment of the assignment. After Python has figured out what   is and assigned that value to  ,   doesn't care about   any more. has a value now, and that value is going to stay the same no matter what happens to.

A 'string' is simply a list of characters in order. A character is anything you can type on the keyboard in one keystroke, like a letter, a number, or a backslash. For example,  is a string. It is five characters long —,  ,  ,  ,. Strings can also have spaces:  contains 13 characters: 10 letters, 2 punctuation marks, and the space between   and. There are no limits to the number of characters you can have in a string — you can have anywhere from one to a million or more. You can even have a string that has 0 characters, which is usually called an "empty string."

There are three ways you can declare a string in Python: single quotes ('), double quotes ("), and triple quotes ("""). In all cases, you start and end the string with your chosen string declaration. For example: You can use quotation marks within strings by placing a backslash directly before them, so that Python knows you want to include the quotation marks in the string, instead of ending the string there. Placing a backslash directly before another symbol like this is known as escaping the symbol. If you want to include a backslash in a string, you have to escape said backslash. This tells Python that you want to include the backslash in the string, instead of using it as an escape character. For example: As you can see from the above examples, only the specific character used to quote the string needs to be escaped. This makes for more readable code. To see how to use strings, let's go back for a moment to an old, familiar programme: Look at that! You've been using strings since the very beginning! You can add two strings together using the  operator: this is called concatenating them. Notice that there is a space at the end of the first string. If you don't put that in, the two words will run together, and you'll end up with You can also repeat strings by using the  operator, like so: The string  gets repeated 5 times in the 1st example and 10 times in the 2nd. If you want to find out how long a string is, you use the  function, which simply takes a string and counts the number of characters in it. ( stands for "length.") Just put the string that you want to find the length of inside the parentheses of the function. For example:

Strings and Variables
Now that you've learned about variables and strings separately, let's see how they work together. Variables can store much more than just numbers. You can also use them to store strings! Here's how: In this programme, we are creating a variable called, and storing the string   in it. Then, we just tell Python to print out whatever is inside the  variable. Notice that when we tell Python to print out, there are no quotation marks around the word  : this tells Python that we are using a variable, not a string. If we put in quotation marks around, Python would treat it as a string, as shown below: Let's try something different. Sure, it's all fine and dandy to ask the user what they had for lunch, but it doesn't make much difference if they can't respond! Let's edit this programme so that the user can type in what they ate. To ask the user to write something, we used a function called, which waits until the user writes something and presses enter, and then returns what the user wrote. Don't forget the parentheses! Even though there's nothing inside of them, they're still important, and Python will give you an error if you don't put them in. In this programme, we created a variable called, and put whatever the user wrote into it. Then, we print out a new string, which contains whatever the user wrote. Notice the extra space at the end of the  string, and the exclamation mark at the start of the  " string. They help format the output and make it look nice, so that the strings don't all run together.

Combining Numbers and Strings
Take a look at this program, and see if you can figure out what it's supposed to do. This program should take a number from the user, add 10 to it, and print out the result. But if you try running it, it won't work! You'll get an error that looks like this: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in    plusTen = number + 10 TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str What's going on here? Python is telling us that there is a, which means there is a problem with the types of information being used. Specifically, Python can't figure out how to reconcile the two types of data that are being used simultaneously: integers and strings. For example, Python thinks that the  variable is holding a string, instead of a number. If the user enters, then   will contain a string that is two characters long: a  , followed by a. So how can we tell Python that  should be a number, instead of a string? Also, when printing out the answer, we are telling Python to concatenate together a string and a number. Python doesn't know how to do that -- it can only concatenate strings together. How do we tell Python to treat a number as a string, so that we can print it out with another string? Luckily, there are two functions that are perfect solutions for these problems. The  function will take a string and turn it into an integer, while the   function will take an integer and turn it into a string. In both cases, we put what we want to change inside the parentheses. Therefore, our modified program will look like this:

That's all you need to know about strings and variables! We'll learn more about types later.

List of Learned Functions

 * : prints the output information to the user.
 * : asks the user for a response, and returns that response.
 * : returns the length of a string (number of characters).
 * : returns the string representation of an object.
 * : given a string or number, returns an integer.

Exercise
Write a programme that does the following in order:

1. Ask the user for their last name.

2. Ask the user for their first name.

3. Print out the user's first and last names in that order.

Solution


text: User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Variables and Strings/Solution

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Strings

Overview
Strings in Python at a glance:

Equality
Two strings are equal if they have exactly the same contents, meaning that they are both the same length and each character has a one-to-one positional correspondence. Many other languages compare strings by identity instead; that is, two strings are considered equal only if they occupy the same space in memory. Python uses the  operator to test the identity of strings and any two objects in general.

Examples:

Numerical
There are two quasi-numerical operations which can be done on strings – addition and multiplication. String addition is just another name for concatenation. String multiplication is repetitive addition, or concatenation. So:

Containment
There is a simple operator  that returns True if the first operand is contained in the second. This also works on substrings: Note that  would have also returned the same value.

Indexing and Slicing
Much like arrays in other languages, the individual characters in a string can be accessed by an integer representing its position in the string. The first character in string  would be   and the nth character would be at. Unlike arrays in other languages, Python also indexes the arrays backwards, using negative numbers. The last character has index -1, the second to last character has index -2, and so on. We can also use "slices" to access a substring of. will give us a string starting with  and ending with. None of these are assignable. Another feature of slices is that if the beginning or end is left empty, it will default to the first or last index, depending on context: You can also use negative numbers in slices: Element:    1     2     3     4 Index:   0     1     2     3     4 -4   -3    -2    -1 So, when we ask for the [1:3] slice, that means we start at index 1, and end at index 2, and take everything in between them. If you are used to indexes in C or Java, this can be a bit disconcerting until you get used to it.

String constants
String constants can be found in the standard string module. An example is, which equals to.

Links for further reference:

 * Python Documentation on String module

String methods
There are a number of methods or built-in string functions:

Only emphasized items will be covered.

is*
,,  ,  ,  ,  , and   fit into this category.

The length of the string object being compared must be at least 1, or the is* methods will return False. In other words, a string object of, is considered "empty", or.

 *   returns  if the string is entirely composed of alphabetic and/or numeric characters (i.e. no punctuation).
 *   and   work similarly for alphabetic characters or numeric characters only.
 *   returns  if the string is composed entirely of whitespace.
 *  ,  , and   return  if the string is in lowercase, uppercase, or titlecase respectively. Uncased characters are "allowed", such as digits, but there must be at least one cased character in the string object in order to return  . Titlecase means the first cased character of each word is uppercase, and any immediately following cased characters are lowercase. Curiously,   returns True. That is because uppercase characters can only follow uncased characters. Likewise, lowercase characters can only follow uppercase or lowercase characters. Hint: whitespace is uncased.

Example:

title, upper, lower, swapcase, capitalize
Returns the string converted to title case, upper case, lower case, inverts case, or capitalizes, respectively.

The   method capitalizes the first letter of each word in the string (and makes the rest lower case). Words are identified as substrings of alphabetic characters that are separated by non-alphabetic characters, such as digits, or whitespace. This can lead to some unexpected behavior. For example, the string  will be converted to   instead of.

The   method makes all uppercase letters lowercase and vice versa.

The   method is like title except that it considers the entire string to be a word. (i.e. it makes the first character upper case and the rest lower case)

Example:

count
Returns the number of the specified substrings in the string. i.e. Hint:  is case-sensitive, so this example will only count the number of lowercase letter  s. For example, if you ran:

strip, rstrip, lstrip
Returns a copy of the string with the leading and trailing  whitespace removed. removes both. Note the leading and trailing tabs and newlines.

Strip methods can also be used to remove other types of characters. Note that  and   require an   statement

ljust, rjust, center
left, right or center justifies a string into a given field size (the rest is padded with spaces).

join
Joins together the given sequence with the string as separator:  may be helpful here: (it converts numbers in   into strings) Now arbitrary objects may be in   instead of just strings.

find, index, rfind, rindex
The  and   methods return the index of the first found occurrence of the given subsequence. If it is not found,  returns   but   raises a. and  are the same as   and   except that they search through the string from right to left (i.e. they find the last occurrence) Because Python strings accept negative subscripts, index is probably better used in situations like the one shown because using find instead would yield an unintended value.

replace
works just like it sounds. It returns a copy of the string with all occurrences of the first parameter replaced with the second parameter. Or, using variable assignment: Notice, the original variable remains unchanged after the call to.

expandtabs
Replaces tabs with the appropriate number of spaces (default number of spaces per tab = 8; this can be changed by passing the tab size as an argument). Notice how (although these both look the same) the second string (t) has a different length because each tab is represented by spaces not tab characters.

To use a tab size of 4 instead of 8: Please note each tab is not always counted as eight spaces. Rather a tab "pushes" the count to the next multiple of eight. For example:

split, splitlines
The   method returns a list of the words in the string. It can take a separator argument to use instead of whitespace. Note that in neither case is the separator included in the split strings, but empty strings are allowed.

The   method breaks a multiline string into many single line strings. It is analogous to  (but accepts   and   as delimiters as well) except that if the string ends in a newline character,   ignores that final character (see example). The method   also accepts multi-character string literals:


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User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Conditional Statements

Decisions
A Decision is when a program has more than one choice of actions depending on a variable's value. Think of a traffic light. When it is green, we continue our drive. When we see the light turn yellow, we reduce our speed, and when it is red, we stop. These are logical decisions that depend on the value of the traffic light. Luckily, Python has a decision statement to help us when our application needs to make such decision for the user.

If Statements
Here is a warm-up exercise - a short program to compute the absolute value of a number: What does the computer do when it sees this piece of code? First it prompts the user for a number with the statement. Next it reads the line. If  is less than zero Python runs the line. Otherwise Python runs the line.

More formally, Python looks at whether the expression  is true or false. An  statement is followed by an indented block of statements that are run when the expression is true. After the  statement is an optional   statement and another indented block of statements. This 2nd block of statements is run if the expression is false.

Expressions can be tested several different ways. Here is a table of all of them: Another feature of the  command is the   statement. It stands for "else if," which means that if the original  statement is false and the   statement is true, execute the block of code following the   statement. Here's an example: Notice how the   is only tested when the   statement fails to be true. allows multiple tests to be done in a single if statement.


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User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Loops

While loops
This is our first control structure. Ordinarily the computer starts with the first line and then goes down from there. Control structures change the order that statements are executed or decide if a certain statement will be run. As a side note, decision statements (e.g.,  statements), which you learned about in the last chapter, also influence whether or not a certain statement will run. Here's the source for a program that uses the  control structure: So what does the program do? First it sees the line  and sets the variable a to zero. Then it sees  and so the computer checks to see if. The first time the computer sees this statement,  is zero, and zero is less than 5. In other words, while a is less than five, the computer will run the indented statements.

Here is another example of the use of : Notice how   is only run at the end. The  statement only affects the lines that are tabbed in (a.k.a. indented). The  means does not equal so   means until   is zero run the tabbed in statements that are afterwards.

Now that we have  loops, it is possible to have programs that run forever. An easy way to do this is to write a program like this: This program will output  until the heat death of the universe or until you stop it. The way to stop it is to hit the Control (or Ctrl) button and `c' (the letter) at the same time. This will kill the program. (Note: sometimes you will have to hit enter after the Control C.)

For loops
The next type of loop in Python is the  loop. Unlike in most languages,  requires some   object like a   or   to work. The output looks very familiar, but the program code looks different. The first line uses the  function. The  function uses two arguments like this. is the first number that is produced. is one larger than the last number. Note that this program could have been done in a shorter way: Here are some examples to show what happens with the  function: Another way to use the   function in a   loop is to supply only one argument: The above code acts exactly the same as: with 0 implied as the starting point.

The code would cycle through the  loop 10 times as expected, but starting with 0 instead of 1.

The next line  uses the   control structure. A  control structure looks like. is gone through starting with the first element of the list and going to the last. As  goes through each element in a list it puts each into. That allows  to be used in each successive time the for loop is run through. Here is another example to demonstrate: Notice how the for loop goes through and sets item to each element in the list. (Notice how if you don't want  to go to the next line add a comma at the end of the statement (i.e. if you want to print something else on that line). ) So, what is   good for? The first use is to go through all the elements of a list and do something with each of them. Here a quick way to add up all the elements: Or you could write a program to find out if there are any duplicates in a list like this program does: How does it work? Here is a special debugging version: Note: The reason there are so many  calls is because   calls can show the value of each variable at different times, and help debug the program. First the program starts with the old list. Next the program sorts the list. This is so that any duplicates get put next to each other. The program then initializes a (ious) variable. Next the first element of the list is deleted so that the first item is not incorrectly thought to be a duplicate. Next a  loop is gone into. Each item of the list is checked to see if it is the same as the previous. If it is a duplicate was found. The value of  is then changed so that the next time the for loop is run through   is the previous item to the current. Sure enough, the  is found to be a duplicate.

The other way to use  loops is to do something a certain number of times. Here is some code to print out the first 9 numbers of the Fibonacci series: Everything that can be done with  loops can also be done with   loops but   loops give an easy way to go through all the elements in a list or to do something a certain number of times.

The break statement
A -loop checks its termination condition before each entry into the loop body, and terminates if the condition has gone. Thus, the loop body will normally iterate zero, one or more complete times.

A -loop iterates its body once for each value returned from the iterator expression. Again, each iteration is normally of the complete loop body.

Sometimes you want to conditionally stop the loop in the middle of the loop body. An example situation might look like this:

 * 1) Obtain the next value to check
 * 2) Is there in fact another value to check? If not, exit the loop with failure.
 * 3) Is the value what I'm looking for? If so, exit the loop with success.
 * 4) Otherwise, go back to step 1.

As you can see, there are two possible exits from this loop. You can exit from the middle of a Python - or  -loop with the  -statement. Here is one way to write such a loop: The trouble with this is the asymmetry between the two ways out of the loop: one through normal -loop termination, the other through the. As a stylistic matter, it would be more consistent to follow this principle:

 * If one exit from a loop is represented by a, then all exits from the loop should be represented by  s.

In particular, this means that the loop construct itself becomes a “loop-forever” loop; the only out of it is via a  statement.

We can do this by explicitly dealing with an iterator yielding the values to be checked. Perhaps the  call above already yields an iterator; if not, it can be converted to one by wrapping it in a call to the   built-in function, and then using the   built-in function to obtain successive values from this iterator. Then the loop becomes: This uses the special Python value  to indicate that the iterator has reached its end. This is a common Python convention. But if you need to use  as a valid item in your sequence of values, then it is easy enough to define some other unique value (e.g. a custom dummy class) to represent the end of the list.

Exercise

 * 1) Write a programme that computes and prints the 1000th prime number.

Solution


text: User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Conditional Statements/Solution


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User:Milanandreew/Python 3 Programming/Input and Output

Input
Python includes the function, which accepts data directly from the user. There are also very simple ways of reading a file and, for stricter control over input, reading from stdin if necessary.

input
asks the user for a string of data (ended with a newline), and simply returns the string. It can also take an argument, which is displayed as a prompt before the user enters the data. E.g. prints out What is your name? Example: in order to assign the user's name, i.e. string data, to a variable "x" you would type Once the user inputs their name, e.g. Delilah, you can call it as x. prints out Your name is Delilah

To evaluate a given string returned by  as if it were a Python programme, you can use. So entering would return a list containing those numbers, just as if it were assigned directly in the Python script. More complicated expressions are possible. For example, if a script says: it is possible for a user to input: which yields the correct answer in list form. Note that no inputted statement can span more than one line. should not be used for anything but the most trivial programme. Turning the strings returned from   into python types using an idiom such as: is preferable, as the literal is turned into a python type. This will allow a malicious person to run arbitrary code from inside your program trivially.

File Objects
In Python, files can be opened by using the built-in  function: This means f is open for reading. The first argument is the filename and the second parameter is the mode, which can be 'r', 'w', or 'x', among some others. The most common way to read from a file is simply to iterate over the lines of the file: This will print the first character of each line. Note that a newline is attached to the end of each line read this way. The newer and better way to read from a file: Here, the opened file will close itself after having read each line. Because files are automatically closed when the file object goes out of scope, there is no real need to close them explicitly. So, the loop in the previous code can also be written as: A file object contains a marker to represent the current position. If the file marker should be moved back to the beginning, one can either close the file object and reopen it or just move the marker back to the beginning with:

Standard File Objects
Like many other languages, there are built-in file objects representing standard input, output, and error. These are in the  module and are called ,  , and. There are also immutable copies of these in,  , and. This is for IDLE and other tools in which the standard files have been changed. You must import the sys module to use the special stdin, stdout, stderr I/O handles. For finer control over input, use. In order to implement the UNIX 'cat' program in Python, you could do something like this: Note that  will read from standard input until EOF. (which is usually Ctrl+D.)

Parsing command line
Command-line arguments passed to a Python program are stored in  list. The first item in the list is the name of the Python program, which may or may not contain the full path depending on the manner of invocation. list is modifiable. Printing all passed arguments except for the program name itself: Parsing passed arguments for flags: In the above code, the arguments at which options are found are removed so that  can be looped for all remaining arguments. Parsing of command-line arguments is further supported by library modules  and   (which can be used in a similar fashion to the C   function) Links for further reference:

 * Python 3 Documentation - sys
 * Python 3 Documentation - argparse
 * Python 3 Documentation - getopt

Output
The basic way to do output is the  function. To print multiple things on the same line separated by spaces, use commas between them, like this: This will print out the following: Hello, World! While neither string contained a space, a space was added by  because of the comma between the two objects. Arbitrary data types can be printed this way: This will output the following: 1 2 255 511 (10+5j) -0.999   Objects can be printed on the same line without needing to be on the same line if one uses the  keyword: This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To end the printed line with a newline, add an empty  call. This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 If the empty function call to  were not present, the above output would look like: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 You can use similar syntax when writing to a file instead of to standard output, like this: This will print to any object that implements, which includes file objects.

File Output
Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, one per line: With 'w', the file is opened for writing. The keyword  specifies that   should send its output to a file rather than standard output. Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, separated with a dash: Opening a file for appending rather than overwriting:

Formatting
Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the format string method: Formatting numbers and other values as strings using literal string interpolation: Links for further reference:

 * Python 3 Documentation - -style String Formatting
 * Python 3 Documentation - Built-in  function
 * Python 3 Documentation - Custom String Formatting
 * Python 3 Documentation - Format Specification Mini Language
 * Python 3 Documentation - Template Strings
 * PEP 3101 - Advanced String Formatting
 * PEP 498 - Literal String Interpolation


text: User talk:106.210.54.29

title: User talk:106.210.54.29


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History of video games/Platforms/PlayStation Classic

History
The PlayStation Classic was launched on December 3rd, 2018 for $99.99. Though it was themed around the widely popular original PlayStation, the system received a mixed reception, partly due to shipping with an inconsistent mix of NTSC and PAL games. Later the price of the system would fall to $60. By July 2019 the price of the console had fallen to $29.99.

By 2021 third parties would release game packs for the system.

Technology
Like most retro revival consoles from this era, the PlayStation Classic uses software emulation to achieve compatibility with the original PlayStation, and as a result has a much different, much more advanced internal technical architecture.

The PlayStation Classic is powered by a MediaTek MT8167 SOC with a quad core ARM Cortex-A35 CPU clocked at 1.5 gigahertz and PowerVR GE8300 GPU. The system has 1 gigabyte of DDR3 clocked at 1866 megahertz.

For internal storage the system has 16 gigabytes of eMMC 5.1 flash. Unlike the original PlayStation, the PlayStation Classic lacks a CD drive.

The PCSX ReARMed emulator is used for emulation of original PlayStation games on the PlayStation Classic.

Controllers connect to the system over standard USB ports.


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History of video games/Platforms/Super NES Classic Edition

History
On September 29th, 2017 the Super NES Classic was launched at a cost of $79.99. The system is notable for debuting the previously unreleased game Star Fox 2.

Technology
The system is powered by an Allwinner A16 containing an ARM Cortex A16 quad core CPU and a Mali 400MP2 GPU.

The Super NES Classic edition contains 256 megabytes of DDR3L SDRAM.

The Super NES Classic contains 512 megabytes of NAND storage.


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History of video games/Platforms/NES Classic Edition

History
The NES Classic and Famicom Classic both launched on either November 10th or November 11th, 2016 depending on the region. The launch price was $59.99. A victim of it's success, the system was plagued by shortages following its launch.

In Japan a special Shonen Jump edition of the console was released, known as the Jump Mini this console featured a gold colored case, a customized manga themed interface, and a different selection of games.

The system is often credited with starting a trend of higher end official retro consoles being released on the market.

Technology
The system is powered by an Allwinner R16 containing a quad core ARM Cortex A7 CPU and a Mali 400MP2 GPU. The system contains 256 megabytes of DDR3L SDRAM. For internal storage the system uses 512 megabytes of NAND flash storage.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Evercade

History
"The feeling of opening a cart box and slotting their cart inside the console should offer nostalgia."

The Evercade was released on May 22nd, 2020. The cost of the system was $79.99 with cartridges costing $19.99. The system notably forgoes some contemporary features like networking and a touchscreen, and adopts older ones such as cartridges to recreate a retro handheld experience. Unlike many other retro handhelds, which simply accept cartridges for the original system, the Evercade takes it's own 30 pin cartridges.

Technology
An ARM Cortex A7 quad core CPU clocked at 1.2 gigahertz powers the Evercade.

The Evercade has a 4.3" screen with a resolution of 480 pixels by 272. The handheld can output to external displays over mini HDMI with a resolution of 720p, though games run in 4:3 aspect ratio by default.

The Evercade has a battery with a capacity of 2,000 mAh, lasting about 4 to 5 hours of use.

The Evercade runs a Linux based operating system. The firmware of the console can be updated.

Games
Games for the Evercade are typically re-releases of classic games and come on cartridges.


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History of video games/Platforms/EVO Smart Console

Development
Work on the EVO Smart Console dates back to about 2003, when it was known as the EVO: Phase One. A more media oriented model, the EVO: Trinity HD3, was also announced.

On August 4th, 2004 the company Envizions was founded. The EVO Smart Console was initially shown at E3 2006 where it was referred to as the EVO: Phase One.

A complimentary EVO brand energy drink touted to improve the immune system and stamina was planned to tie into the console.

Launch
At most a few hundred EVO Smart Consoles were shipped in either 2008 or 2009. depending on the source A Linux Magazine article listed November 20th, 2008 as a launch date for developers in the United States of America and Canada, with an unspecified 2009 date as a general launch time.

The base Linux EVO Smart Console cost $399. The version with Windows 7 as an operating system cost $579 and the Blu Ray model with Windows 7 cost $679. Linux Magazine suggested that a refund system would allow the cost of the console to reach $250.

Legacy
The EVO Smart Console is considered by some to be a spiritual successor to the Indrema L600 as both attempted to be early home consoles that were relatively open and ran Linux, though the consoles are otherwise unrelated.

The EVO 2 successor was announced in May of 2011, with preorders opened, but the system was never released. A successor named EVO 2 DX was released in small numbers in December of 2011.

The most ambitious successor, the OTON console, was conceived in 2010. The system was claimed to be able to develop new games autonomously, though by 2013 real hardware had not materialized. A kickstarter for the OTON X launched in 2016. While prototype hardware was pictured, and while a smaller mini version and a high end version was also shown, funding for the OTON X was unsuccessful.

Technology
The EVO Smart Console was essentially made from standard PC parts.

Compute
The EVO Smart console was powered by a dual core AMD Athlon 64 x2 5600+ CPU clocked at 2.9 gigahertz. An ATI HD 3200 GPU is used, and the system can output at resolutions up to 1080p over either a DVI port or an HDMI port. The system has 2 gigabytes of DDR2 RAM.

Hardware
At least one source suggests the CPU was water-cooled. If true, this is perhaps the only mass produced console of its era to adopt such a technology.

The system has a 120 gigabyte hard disk drive for internal storage. The system has a DVD drive by default, though the highest end version shipped with a Blu-Ray drive. Unlike most consoles this generation, the DVD drive was not generally used for game media. Games were delivered in a number of ways, including digitally, physically via SD card, or via a cloud service for Amiga titles.

The system was said to support fingerprint and voice based biometric authentication.

The system was pictured using a controller similar in style to that of a PlayStation 2 or 3, with dual analog sticks near the center left and right, dpad in the upper left, and face buttons on the upper right.

Software
Most EVO Smart Consoles ran Fedora Linux, though a smaller number ran Windows 7.

Online Services
The EVO Direct online service was used for downloading games to the console. A game streaming service was planned.

Crystal Space was a service offered for game developers for the platform.

PitchBuzz social media services and services of an unspecified internet TV station were integrated.

EVO 2 DX
The EVO 2 DX was a Windows 7 based console that ran an AM3 socket processor and a ATI Radeon HD 4200. An Android 2.3 tablet was included for hybrid play.

Games

 * Super Tux - Included Open source platformer.
 * Kobo Deluxe - Included
 * Battle for Wesnoth - Open source strategy game.
 * World of Padman - Notable open source 1st person shooter from 2007 with a cartoony aesthetic.
 * Amiga software titles.


text: Telugu/Relations

title: Telugu/Relations


text:
User talk:Avatar buss

 * talk.

title: User talk:Avatar buss


text:
Afrikaans/Lesson 08

Afrikaans Les 8

Ontkenning

iemand - niemand

êrens - nêrens

iets- niks

ooit - nooit

al ooit - nog nooit

Oefening

By ontkenning word die dubbele "nie" gebruik.

•Iemand weet hoe om dit te doen.

Niemamd weet hoe om dit te doen nie.

•Ek kan sien dat iets verkeerd is.

Ek kan nie sien dat iets verkeerd is nie.

•Hulle weet presies wat gebeur het.

Hulle weet nie presies wat gebeur het nie.

title: Afrikaans/Lesson 08


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Pong consoles

History
Due to the popularity of Pong as an arcade game, a number of official and clone consoles were made to play Pong and similar games at home. While some of these were officially licensed, and while some simply played a number of built in sports games, these first generation dedicated consoles are commonly simply referred to as "Pong Clones".

A notable early attempt at a home pong console was the 1974 release of the Video Action II. However it would be Atari's own release of Home Pong in 1975 that would help popularize the model of dedicated home video game consoles.

While many of these are well documented, there are many examples, potentially with interesting history of their own, that are not well documented. This page catalogues these consoles, should they be of interest. In particular, a number of consoles from the Eastern Bloc feature innovative or unique designs not seen in the Western Bloc and non aligned countries.


text:
Category talk:Shelf:Literature

Bengali literature?
Can we add bengali literature here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shoyebmahmud2311 (talk • contribs) 23:27, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you mean a subshelf on Bengali literature, or a book on Bengali literature? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

A subself on Bengali literature Shoyebmahmud2311 (discuss • contribs) 07:01, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Shelf:Literature


text:
X86 Assembly/ACPI

ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) is a standard interface between the operating system on board system controller of the motherboard. It can be used for thinks like giving basic information (system type (desktop/laptop), board vendor, model and serial, firmware (earlier bios now uefi) version), switching to standby mode, some non-keyboard-buttons (like the power button) and/or reporting battery info (like is it charged through AC or is it discarding and how much percentage is left/to be filled). There can also are non standard additions to the ACPI interface related to the hardware...

For more information see eg. [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface Advanced Configuration and Power Interface at wikipedia]

TODO: give some code ecamples how to execute the above mentioned functions and hint for further documentation

The previous, and mostly still available for backwards compatibility, interface was APM, see also X86 Assembly/Programmable Interrupt Controller (IRQ) for that

title: X86 Assembly/ACPI


text:
User talk:Shoyebmahmud2311

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Shoyebmahmud2311!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:54, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shoyebmahmud2311


text:
User talk:Eager Readerz!

ReAd!

title: User talk:Eager Readerz!


text:
User:Eager Readerz!/sandbox

READ!

title: User:Eager Readerz!/sandbox


text:
User talk:Eager Readerz!/sandbox

Read...

title: User talk:Eager Readerz!/sandbox


text:
User talk:Yuyutsu Ho

Welcome!
Welcome, Yuyutsu-69!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:56, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yuyutsu Ho


text: Category:Book:OERlabs Openbook

title: Category:Book:OERlabs Openbook


text:
Formulations/Inks/Writing

 * 1) /Iron Gall Ink 1/

title: Formulations/Inks/Writing


text:
Formulations/Inks/Writing/Iron Gall Ink 1

Ingredients

 * 1) Dried & Crushed Oak Galls - 2 Ounces
 * 2) Ferrous Sulfate - 1 Ounce
 * 3) Water - 1 Pint
 * 4) Gum Arabic - As needed

Procedure

 * 1) Soak dried crushed oka galls in water for 24 hours, strain the water.
 * 2) To the strained water ferrous sulfate, wait for a minute.
 * 3) Add gum arabic which adds brilliance and thickness as needed.

Your Iron gall ink is ready to be used.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/99 - Claim for Refugee Protection

IRPA Section 99
Section 99 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Claim for Refugee Protection

Claim 99 (1) A claim for refugee protection may be made in or outside Canada.

Claim outside Canada (2) A claim for refugee protection made by a person outside Canada must be made by making an application for a visa as a Convention refugee or a person in similar circumstances, and is governed by Part 1.

Claim inside Canada (3) A claim for refugee protection made by a person inside Canada must be made to an officer, may not be made by a person who is subject to a removal order, and is governed by this Part.

Claim made inside Canada — not at port of entry (3.1) A person who makes a claim for refugee protection inside Canada other than at a port of entry must provide the officer, within the time limits provided for in the regulations, with the documents and information — including in respect of the basis for the claim — required by the rules of the Board, in accordance with those rules.

Permanent resident (4) An application to become a permanent resident made by a protected person is governed by Part 1.

Section 99(3): A claim for refugee protection made by a person inside Canada may not be made by a person who is subject to a removal order
Section 99(3) of the Act provides that a claim for refugee protection made by a person inside Canada may not be made by a person who is subject to a removal order. A claim may, however, be made by someone who is already a permanent resident, provided that they are not subject to a removal order at the time that they make the claim.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim

IRPA Sections 100-101: Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim
Sections 100-102 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read: 100 (1) An officer shall, after receipt of a claim referred to in subsection 99(3), determine whether the claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division and, if it is eligible, shall refer the claim in accordance with the rules of the Board.

Burden of proof (1.1) The burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them.

Decision (2) The officer shall suspend consideration of the eligibility of the person’s claim if (a) a report has been referred for a determination, at an admissibility hearing, of whether the person is inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights, serious criminality or organized criminality; or (b) the officer considers it necessary to wait for a decision of a court with respect to a claimant who is charged with an offence under an Act of Parliament that is punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years.

Consideration of claim (3) The Refugee Protection Division may not consider a claim until it is referred by the officer.

Documents and information to be provided (4) A person who makes a claim for refugee protection inside Canada at a port of entry and whose claim is referred to the Refugee Protection Division must provide the Division, within the time limits provided for in the regulations, with the documents and information — including in respect of the basis for the claim — required by the rules of the Board, in accordance with those rules.

Date of hearing (4.1) The referring officer must, in accordance with the regulations, the rules of the Board and any directions of the Chairperson of the Board, fix the date on which the claimant is to attend a hearing before the Refugee Protection Division.

Quarantine Act (5) If a traveller is detained or isolated under the Quarantine Act, the period referred to in subsections (1) and (3) does not begin to run until the day on which the detention or isolation ends.

Ineligibility 101 (1) A claim is ineligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division if (a) refugee protection has been conferred on the claimant under this Act; (b) a claim for refugee protection by the claimant has been rejected by the Board; (c) a prior claim by the claimant was determined to be ineligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division, or to have been withdrawn or abandoned; (c.1) the claimant has, before making a claim for refugee protection in Canada, made a claim for refugee protection to a country other than Canada, and the fact of its having been made has been confirmed in accordance with an agreement or arrangement entered into by Canada and that country for the purpose of facilitating information sharing to assist in the administration and enforcement of their immigration and citizenship laws; (d) the claimant has been recognized as a Convention refugee by a country other than Canada and can be sent or returned to that country; (e) the claimant came directly or indirectly to Canada from a country designated by the regulations, other than a country of their nationality or their former habitual residence; or (f) the claimant has been determined to be inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights, serious criminality or organized criminality, except for persons who are inadmissible solely on the grounds of paragraph 35(1)(c).

Serious criminality (2) A claim is not ineligible by reason of serious criminality under paragraph (1)(f) unless (a) in the case of inadmissibility by reason of a conviction in Canada, the conviction is for an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years; or (b) in the case of inadmissibility by reason of a conviction outside Canada, the conviction is for an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years.

The process set out in ss. 100-102 of the Act is designed to be an expeditious summary review
Section 101 enumerates the situations where an applicant is ineligible to claim refugee status. The Federal Court has held that the expeditious and relatively straightforward process set out in sections 100 to 102 of the IRPA is intended to screen certain claims out of the Refugee Protection Division's jurisdiction on the basis of a summary review by an immigration officer. This was so as Bill C-84, which created the predecessor to this regime in the 1980s, aimed to preclude individuals who had been certified to be a danger to the public from making a refugee claim. The previous legislation had allowed such individuals to make a claim; only if such a claim was successful would a decision be made concerning deportation. In the words of the Minister of the time, the intent of this legislation was to "close a loophole by which people who are criminals or terrorists can use the refugee claims system to defer their removal from Canada for many years".

In the vast majority of cases, the facts triggering these provisions are easily ascertainable and their application does not give rise to any controversy. For example, whether an applicant’s claim was previously rejected (paragraph 101(1)(b)) or withdrawn (paragraph 101(1)(c)) can be proved by official records. However, certain ineligibility provisions may require a more elaborate factual inquiry, for example whether an applicant can be returned to a country where they have been granted refugee status (paragraph 101(1)(d)).

Idil Atak, ''et. al.'', argue that where the CBSA delves into the merits of a claim or challenges the credibility of the claimant during their initial examination, it exceeds its authority.

Section 110(1.1): The burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them
Section 110(1.1) of the IRPA specifies that the burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them. From 2004 to 2021, 16,428 persons were deemed ineligible for refugee determination at the IRB. The majority of these determinations (10,910) were made based on the STCA grounds.

There is much jurisprudence about how the IRB may treat statements that are made in this process. For example, the court held in an oft-cited passage in Cetinkaya v Canada:"It is an error of the RPD to impugn the credibility of the Applicant on the sole ground that the information provided by the Applicant at the POE interview lacks details. The purpose of the POE interview is to assess whether an individual is eligible and/or admissible to initiate a refugee claim. It is not a part of the claim itself and, consequently, it should not be expected to contain all of the details of the claim."That said, it is beyond the scope of this text to review all of the relevant rules about credibility findings and port of entry statements.

RPD Rules 26-28 create a regime requiring notice to the Minister where select issues emerge in a claim
For a discussion of the interpretation of the RPD notice requirements which refer to these provisions of the Act, see the commentary to RPD Rules 26–28: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility.

Section 101(1)(b): A claim for refugee protection by the claimant has been rejected by the Board
IRPA section 101(1)(b) provides that a claim is ineligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division if a claim for refugee protection by the claimant has been rejected by the Board. Before the IRPA came into force, a refugee claimant was eligible to have another claim referred to the CRDD if the claimant left Canada for at least 90 days before making a repeat claim. Under the IRPA, a claimant can have only one claim referred to the RPD, i.e., repeat claims became ineligible to be referred to the RPD.

Section 101(1)(c.1): What evidence the Minister considers regarding refugee claims made to another country
Section 101(1)(c.1) of the Act provides that "A claim is ineligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division if the claimant has, before making a claim for refugee protection in Canada, made a claim for refugee protection to a country other than Canada, and the fact of its having been made has been confirmed in accordance with an agreement or arrangement entered into by Canada and that country for the purpose of facilitating information sharing to assist in the administration and enforcement of their immigration and citizenship laws." There are several components to this provision:

 * the claimant must have made the prior claim: In the vast majority of cases, whether an applicant made a claim in another country will be proved by a confirmation issued by that country’s authorities. Nevertheless, deciding whether “the claimant . . . made a claim for refugee protection” (or, in French, whether there was a “demande d’asile antérieure faite par la personne”) may sometimes require a look beyond the foreign authorities’ confirmation. In Garces v. Canada, the court noted that children presumptively lack legal capacity, and so in the case of an unaccompanied minor who lacks legal capacity in a foreign state, it is incumbent upon the Minister to explain how they can be considered to have "made a claim" within the meaning of this provision.
 * the claim must have been made before the claim for refugee protection was made in Canada: Importantly, the ineligibility ground applies regardless of whether a decision was ever made on a previous claim. The Minister will often cite in its procedural fairness letters that the claimant was in possession of paperwork pertaining to the claim when the claimant entered Canada.
 * the claim must have been made after this provision came into force: This provision applies to all claims made after June 21, 2019. For claims made between April 8, 2019 and June 21, 2019, the provision does not apply if substantive evidence was heard by the RPD or the RPD allowed the claim without a hearing prior to June 21, 2019. This transitional provision arises from s. 309(b) of the Budget Implementation Act, 2019 (Bill C-97) which provides that paragraph 101(1)(c.1) of the IRPA applies to claims for refugee protection made during the period beginning on the day on which the Bill is introduced [April 8, 2019] and ending on the day on which it receives royal assent [June 21, 2019], unless, as of the day on which it receives royal assent [June 21, 2019] substantive evidence has been heard by the Refugee Protection Division in respect of the claim or that Division has allowed the claim without a hearing.
 * the claim must have been made to a country (not, say, UNHCR itself); and
 * the fact of its having been made must be confirmed through the type of information-sharing arrangement specified: Canada has information-sharing agreements or arrangements with the US, Australia, New Zealand, and the UK. A 2009 Data-Sharing Protocol allows these countries to conduct ‘immigration checks’ through biometric data exchanges. The Minister will often cite in its procedural fairness letters that the claimant's biometrics were matched to their immigration record in the other country.

Section 101(1)(d): The claimant has been recognized as a Convention refugee by a country other than Canada and can be sent or returned to that country
When considering whether a claimant "can be sent or returned to that country", the question is whether they can "physically and legally be re-admitted" to the country in question. In Jekula v. Canada (a decision affirmed by the Federal Court of Appeal, without reasons) the court held that the words can be returned did not require an immigration officer to determine whether the claimant had a well-founded fear of persecution in the country that has already granted asylum. A key reason for this is the history of the statutory provision in question. In Kaberuka v. Canada, the Federal Court noted that An Act to amend the Immigration Act and other Acts in consequence thereof, S.C. 1992, c. 49, s. 36(1) repealed the previous version of s. 46.01(2) of the Immigration Act, which had permitted those with Convention refugee status elsewhere to make Convention refugee claims against their countries of asylum. The Court concluded that this indicated Parliament had chosen to exclude persons recognized as Convention refugees by another country from claiming to have a well-founded fear of persecution in their country of asylum. One of the rationales for this, as noted by the court in Farah v. Canada is the presence of other provisions in the IRPA designed to address such circumstances, including s. 115 of the Act (quoted below), and the availability of relief through processes including a stay of removal and a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment: As such, the Federal Court holds that it is sufficient for an immigration officer determining the eligibility of a claim for refugee protection in Canada to ensure that a person already recognized as a Convention refugee by another country will, if required, be able to obtain the necessary travel documents in order to be returned to the country of asylum (unless the person, when ready to be returned, tells the CBSA enforcement officer that they prefer to be returned to their country of nationality rather than the country of asylum).

IRPA Section 102: Regulations and Safe Third Country Agreement
Regulations 102 (1) The regulations may govern matters relating to the application of sections 100 and 101, may, for the purposes of this Act, define the terms used in those sections and, for the purpose of sharing responsibility with governments of foreign states for the consideration of refugee claims, may include provisions (a) designating countries that comply with Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture; (b) making a list of those countries and amending it as necessary; and (c) respecting the circumstances and criteria for the application of paragraph 101(1)(e).

Factors (2) The following factors are to be considered in designating a country under paragraph (1)(a): (a) whether the country is a party to the Refugee Convention and to the Convention Against Torture; (b) its policies and practices with respect to claims under the Refugee Convention and with respect to obligations under the Convention Against Torture; (c) its human rights record; and (d) whether it is party to an agreement with the Government of Canada for the purpose of sharing responsibility with respect to claims for refugee protection.

Review (3) The Governor in Council must ensure the continuing review of factors set out in subsection (2) with respect to each designated country.

The Safe Third Country Agreement provisions are at s. 159 of the Regulations
See the commentary to s. 159 of the Regulation: Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries.


text:
User talk:72.225.6.147

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 month due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 00:52, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:72.225.6.147


text: User:JJPMaster

title: User:JJPMaster


text:
User:JJPMaster/huggle.yaml.js

--- enable: true version: "3.4.10 build: 3880 3.4.10" report-summary: "Reporting $1" confirm-multiple: false confirm-talk: true confirm-self-revert: true confirm-whitelist: true revert-on-multiple-edits: true automatically-resolve-conflicts: true software-rollback: false enforce-months-as-headers: true history-load: true on-next: 1 delete-edits-after-revert: true skip-to-last-edit: false preferred-provider: 2 remove-oldest-queue-edits: false truncate-edits: false talkpage-freshness: 20 remove-after-trusted-edit: true retrieve-founder: false display-title: false check-tp: true manual-warning: false summary-mode: false automatic-reports: false han-html: false han-display-user-talk: true han-display-bots: false han-display-user: true watchlist: "watch" automatically-group: false queue-id: "default" page-empty-queue: "" enable-max-score: false max-score: 0 enable-min-score: false min-score: 0 automatic-refresh: true automatically-watchlist-warned-users: false shortcut-hash: "" show-warning-if-not-on-last-revision: true number-dropdown-menu-items: true insert-edits-of-rolled-user-to-queue: true confirm-on-recent-warning: true recent-warning-time-span: 120 confirm-warning-on-very-old-edits: true skip-warning-on-confirm: true queues:
 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be carefull
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
 * 1) // Whether edits made by same user should be grouped up together in page
 * 1) // Location of page (wiki page name, for example WP:Huggle) that should be displayed when you hit next and queue is empty. Leave empty for default page.
 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
 * 1) // If warning was sent less than N seconds ago it's considered too recent
 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

title: User:JJPMaster/huggle.yaml.js


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Pokémon Pikachu

History
Pokemon Pikachu was released in Japan on Friday, March 27th, 1998 for 2,500 yen. The system was later released in North America on November 2nd, 1998 for $19.95. This dedicated console used a pedometer to measure player activity and create an fusion of exercising and a digital pet gaming experience on the go. The system also featured a slot machine gambling mechanic.

The Pokémon Pikachu 2 GS was released in Japan on Sunday, November 21st, 1999 for 3,000 yen, and in North America and Europe the following year.

The Pokémon Mini was a cartridge based followup console released in 2001. Some consider the later Poke Walker accessory for the Nintendo DS to be part of the legacy of this device, as it shares a similar concept.

Technology
The console had built in clock, as well as a pedometer for measuring player activity. The system can be cliped onto a belt, making it an early example of wearable computing and a wearable console.

The original Pokemon Pikachu used a black and white screen.

The Pokemon Pikachu 2 GS featured a color screen and inferred port, which could send data to other Pokemon Pikachu 2 GS handhelds, as well as to GameBoy Color consoles.

The system is powered by a single CR2032 disposable lithium coin cell battery.

External Resources

 * Google Arts and Culture - Contains a picture of a unit in packaging.


text:
User talk:2804:D55:52E7:A700:7415:BF9:33BE:4DB3

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 year due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:16, 23 December 2020 (UTC)


text:
User talk:186.96.209.99

Blocked
You cannot edit for 2 weeks due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 05:49, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:186.96.209.99


text:
Wikimedia/What are namespaces?

Namespaces are a system of categorization of content using the MediaWiki software. It clusters together similar content. For instance, every wiki has a "user" namespace that consists of pages about users, talk pages to contact users, and other materials generated by users to help them in their work, such as drafts. The user namespace, like most other namespaces, is an identifying word followed by a colon--User:.

The one namespace that doesn't have an identifying word is the "main" namespace, where the word is absent and the colon is optional. In Wikipedia, this main namespace is reserved for articles. In Wikibooks, for books.

There are many namespaces, which differ according to which project you are using in the Wikimedia universe.

title: Wikimedia/What are namespaces?


text:
Wikimedia/Protection

By default, most Wikimedia pages can be edited by anyone, with or without an account. Some Wikimedia wikis are more restricted than others, but this is the standard approach. Wikimedia is based on the principle that anyone can edit.

However, protection does exist to prevent changing of certain pages or by certain people as necessary. For example, pages which have legal meaning on a project may be protected permanently to prevent errors being introduced. Some pages that are subject to vandalism may be fully protected to prevent changes by anyone except the most trusted users or partially protected to prevent unregistered or new user accounts from changing them. Pages that are fully protected can only be edited by users that have "sysop" or "administrator" rights or above. Pages that are partially protected are generally editable by logged-in users or by users who have had registered accounts that meet a certain participation threshold over a specific number of days.

title: Wikimedia/Protection


text:
Wikimedia/The History of Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons, more commonly called Commons, is a Wikimedia project created to host free-use images, sounds, and other media. As of December 2020, the project contained over 67 million free media files. These files are easily usable across Wikimedia projects and are free for reuse beyond, as long as the licensing terms described on each file's page is met.

The project was originally proposed in March 2004 as an expansion of the early Wikimedia "Project Sourceberg." Project Sourceberg was meant to house primary evidence and original source texts, and in 2004 a proposal was made on the Wikimedia mailing list "wikipedia-l" to retitle it to Wikimedia Commons to include images, public domain texts, and artistic works. While the proposal did not pass as originally posited, Wikimedia Commons was opened on September 7, 2004 to hold images and other media files that could be directly embedded in other Wikimedia projects. Project Sourceberg, with its public domain texts, became Wikisource.


text:
Wikimedia/The History of Wikisource

Wikisource is an online digital library of free-content source materials. The project was born as an idea in 2001 following a disagreement about how to incorporate primary source materials into Wikipedia. In order to keep Wikipedia a tertiary source, the new "Project Sourceberg" was proposed. With the title meant primarily as a pun on the popular library archive site of public domain materials Project Gutenberg, it also carried the implication of "primary source" in its initials. Unlike the more inclusive Project Gutenberg, it had a focus on material of historical and cultural interest. It finally debuted on November 24, 2003, but in less than a month changed its name to Wikisource, following a vote that closed on December 6th. In March 2004, there was a proposal to change the name again, to Wikimedia Commons, and to fold into it other public-domain media source material, including pictures and artistic artifacts. Despite the proposal, Wikisource remained a distinct project. As of 2020, it is available in 70 language editions.

title: Wikimedia/The History of Wikisource


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2020/November

Contacting Latin Wikibooks
Could someone help me contact Latin Wikibooks, or find out who has administrative rights there? Looking at it the project appears to be 'dead' — if the admins cannot be contacted, what happens then? JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 08:15, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * You can see the admins on any project by going to Special:Listadmins.There is only one admin there, User:Filtrum iniuriarum, who is not a real user (it's the abuse filter account). If you need assistance then you would contact a Steward. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 12:06, 3 November 2020 (UTC)


text:
World Stamp Catalogue/Gambia

The Gambia
A republic in West Africa
 * Postage stamps and postal history of the Gambia

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Gambia


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User:Starlord1990

Hello I'm an accounting student.

title: User:Starlord1990


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Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights

In all cases, the signals are important of the Obtention, No Accident


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User:EmpressDahl

Born - June 14, 1993 Location - Northern California

title: User:EmpressDahl


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User:Shahadat7hossain

Shahadat Hossain

title: User:Shahadat7hossain


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User:Starlord1990/sandbox

Table of Contents
-Import Data from Excel

-Setting Up the Company

-Different Centers Vendor Center Customer Center

-Numbering Chart of Accounts

-Intro-List Forms Reports

-Set up Customer

-Set up Products

-Set up sales

-Add Supplies

-Record Expenses

-Track Bills and Pay Bills

-Print Checks

-Additional Invoice Options

-Track and Set up Inventory

-Customize Template Form

-Customer Communications

-Reports

-Bank Reconciliation

-Bank Depposits

-Accounts Receivable

-Accounts Payable

-Quickbooks Sandbox

-Manage Users

-Settings

-Banking And Receipts

-Merge

-SubAccount

-Sales and Tax Center

-Practice Certification Test

-Glossary

-customize invoices

-daily a/p and a/r duties

Journal Entry

Review Questions

-What is Credit Memo?

-What is Refund Receipt?

title: User:Starlord1990/sandbox


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Canadian Refugee Procedure/161 - Functioning of Board and Division Rules

IRPA Section 161
Section 161 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Functioning of Board

Rules 161 (1) Subject to the approval of the Governor in Council, and in consultation with the Deputy Chairpersons, the Chairperson may make rules respecting (a) the referral of a claim for refugee protection to the Refugee Protection Division; (a.1) the factors to be taken into account in fixing or changing the date of the hearing referred to in subsection 100(4.1); (a.2) the activities, practice and procedure of each of the Divisions of the Board, including the periods for appeal, other than in respect of appeals of decisions of the Refugee Protection Division, the priority to be given to proceedings, the notice that is required and the period in which notice must be given; (b) the conduct of persons in proceedings before the Board, as well as the consequences of, and sanctions for, the breach of those rules; (c) the information that may be required and the manner in which, and the time within which, it must be provided with respect to a proceeding before the Board; and (d) any other matter considered by the Chairperson to require rules.

Distinctions (1.1) The rules made under paragraph (1)(c) may distinguish among claimants for refugee protection who make their claims inside Canada on the basis of whether their claims are made at a port of entry or elsewhere or on the basis of whether they are nationals of a country that is, on the day on which their claim is made, a country designated under subsection 109.1(1).

161(1)(b): The Chairperson may make rules respecting the conduct of persons in proceedings before the Board
Paragraph 161(1)(b) contemplates the issuance of rules relating to the conduct of persons appearing before the IRB. In its decision regarding Mumtaz Khan, the Board concluded that this provision codifies the Board's common law power to make rules regarding the conduct of persons in proceedings before the Board, but that this provision does not limit the Board's pre-existing powers to take action regarding misconduct.


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Chinese History/Paleolithic sites

Although Paleolithic China does not directly influence the culture and other works of art during imperial China, it is still interesting to discuss China in that period of time. There are already numerous findings of paleolithic sites in China, which the number is still increasing to this date. This chapter will talk about the content found in the sites and the connections between paleolithic and neolithic China. But first, let's understand what Paleolithic is and enjoy some myths surrounding ancient China.

Introduction
The Paleolithic, also known as the Old Stone Age, is a period when, as the name suggests, humans developed and used tools made of stones, which extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins c. 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene. Still, the range of the period is abstract. Discoveries made around the world expanded our knowledge on what Paleolithic was like. Stone tools such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools are found while their bone made counterparts are also discovered in Africa. Humans also made tools out of leather and other organic materials; however, since those organic materials can be easily decomposed by organisms, these have not survived to any great degree. Humans lived in small groups and their societies resembles the hunting-gathering society model most. Agriculture would not be discovered until the mythological appearance of Huang Di and Yan Di in ancient China who would then teach their followers the art of agriculture.

Creation Mythologies
There are stories that revolve around mythological individuals or substances that lead to the creation or improvement of lives in ancient China around this period. This sections will focus on various mythological stories to give us a relatively comprehensive understanding of Chinese culture. This is also a great opportunity to find how different dynasties of people view prehistoric China differently. Different people have their own views on how the Earth is created. In contemporary society, we believe that the universe was created through the Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago. However, due to technological limitations, people in ancient China did not have access to telescopes and other equipment. Instead, they created their own versions through folklore, their experience, ideologies, and imaginations, which greatly influenced Chinese culture.

Tao Te Ching (道德經)
Tao Te Ching, traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC (during the Spring and Autumn Period) sage Laozi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. In his piece, he stated that"There was something featureless yet complete, born before heaven and earth; Silent—amorphous—it stood alone and unchanging. We may regard it as the mother of heaven and earth. Commonly styled 'The Way.'""The Way gave birth to unity, Unity gave birth to duality, Duality gave birth to trinity, Trinity gave birth to the myriad creatures. The myriad creatures bear yin on their back and embrace yang in their bosoms. They neutralize these vapors and thereby achieve harmony. (道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物. 萬物負陰而抱陽，沖氣以為和)"As the quotes suggest, Taoism focuses strongly on the balance between yin and yang. Taoism will then become one of the major philosophies in Chinese culture.

Chu Ci (楚辭)
Chu Ci, traditionally attributed mainly to Qu Yuan and Song Yu from the Warring States period, though contains a lament of politics in the Chu kingdom, has a piece dedicated to mythologies: Heavenly Questions. According to legend, Qu Yuan wrote this piece in verse after being exiled from the royal court of Chu and viewing various scenes depicted on temple murals."Who passed down the story of the far-off, ancient beginning of things? How can we be sure what it was like before the sky above and the earth below had taken shape? Since none could penetrate that murk when darkness and light were yet undivided, how do we know about the chaos of insubstantial forms? What manner of things are the darkness and light? How did Yin and Yang come together, and how did they originate and transform all things that are by their commingling? Whose compass measured out the ninefold heavens? Whose work was this, and how did he accomplish it? Where were the circling cords fastened, and where was the sky's pole fixed? Where did the Eight Pillars meet the sky, and why were they too short for it in the south-east? Where do the nine fields of heaven extend to and where do they join each other? The ins and outs of their edges must be very many: who knows their number? How does heaven coordinate its motions? Where are the Twelve Houses divided? How do the sun and the moon hold to their courses and the fixed stars keep their places? (曰：遂古之初，誰傳道之？上下未形，何由考之？冥昭瞢闇，誰能極之？馮翼惟像，何以識之？明明闇闇，惟時何爲？陰陽三合，何本何化？圜則九重，孰營度之？惟茲何功，孰初作之？斡維焉系，天極焉加？八柱何當，東南何虧？九天之際，安放安屬？隅隈多有，誰知其數？天何所沓？十二焉分？日月安屬？列星安陳？)"Through his depiction of the murals, he effectively described the creation of the world using questions. However, after some further reading, we can see that there is no "start" of creation stated. From the "formless expanse" the primeval element of misty vapor emerges spontaneously as a creative force, which is organically constructed as a set of binary forces in opposition to each other-upper and lower spheres, darkness and light, Yin and Yang – whose mysterious transformations bring about the ordering of the universe."

Chu Ci is considered as one of the most important works of art because of the beautiful use of rhymes and diction. This piece in particular reflected the passion and desperation of Qu Yuan when he encountered the temple murals. In the later parts of this piece, he would continue his delicately arranged questions on more mythologies.

Nüwa (女媧補天)
Nüwa is the mother goddess of Chinese mythology, the sister and wife of Fuxi, the emperor-god. In Chinese mythology, she is credited to repairing the Pillar of Heaven and creating humans. Interestingly, in Chu Ci, the author also questioned her ability to do such godly tasks. The story Nüwa's heroic actions was recorded in Huainanzi, an ancient Chinese text that consists of a collection of essays that resulted from a series of scholarly debates held at the court of Liu An during the Warring States Period:"Going back to more ancient times, the four [of 8] pillars were broken; the nine provinces were in tatters. Heaven did not completely cover [the earth]; Earth did not hold up [Heaven] all the way around [its circumference]. Fires blazed out of control and could not be extinguished; water flooded in great expanses and would not recede. Ferocious animals ate blameless people; predatory birds snatched the elderly and the weak. Thereupon, Nüwa smelted together five-colored stones in order to patch up the azure sky, cut off the legs of the great turtle to set them up as the four pillars, killed the black dragon to provide relief for Ji Province, and piled up reeds and cinders to stop the surging waters. The azure sky was patched; the four pillars were set up; the surging waters were drained; the province of Ji was tranquil; crafty vermin died off; blameless people [preserved their] lives. Bearing the square [nine] provinces on her back and embracing Heaven, [Fuxi and Nüwa established] the harmony of spring and the yang of summer, the slaughtering of autumn and the restraint of winter...The Yellow Emperor produced yin and yang. Shang Pian produced ears and eyes; Sang Lin produced shoulders and arms. Nüwa used these to carry out the seventy transformations."Note that the Yellow Emperor, Shang Pian, and Sang Lin were all obscure mythic divinities, which we will discuss in later chapters.

Pangu (盤古開天闢地)
The first writer to record the myth of Pangu was Xu Zheng during the Three Kingdoms period. It is one of the more popular creation myths among people. It is recorded that:"Heaven and earth were in chaos like a chicken's egg, and Pangu was born in the middle of it. In eighteen thousand years Heaven and the earth opened and unfolded. The limpid that was Yang became the heavens, the turbid that was Yin became the earth. Pangu lived within them, and in one day he went through nine transformations, becoming more divine than Heaven and wiser than earth. Each day the heavens rose ten feet higher, each day the earth grew ten feet thicker, and each day Pangu grew ten feet taller. And so it was that in eighteen thousand years the heavens reached their fullest height, earth reached its lowest depth, and Pangu became fully grown. Afterwards, there was the Three Sovereign Divinities. Numbers began with one, were established with three, perfected by five, multiplied with seven, and fixed with nine. That is why Heaven is ninety thousand leagues from earth...When the firstborn, Pangu, was approaching death, his body was transformed. His breath became the wind and clouds; his voice became peals of thunder. His left eye became the sun; his right eye became the moon. His four limbs and five extremities became the four cardinal points and the five peaks. His blood and semen became water and rivers. His muscles and veins became the earth's arteries; his flesh became fields and land. His hair and beard became the stars; his bodily hair became plants and trees. His teeth and bones became metal and rock; his vital marrow became pearls and jade. His sweat and bodily fluids became streaming rain. All the mites on his body were touched by the wind and evolved into the black-haired people."There are more stories that the ancient Chinese believed that existed "far far ago". We will discuss it more in later chapters.

title: Chinese History/Paleolithic sites


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/VKT Nauru

Station VKT was a coastal radio station in Nauru. It was established about 1912 by the German administration. The island, including the radio station was captured by the Australian military in 1914. The callsign for military use has Specific resources available are as follows:

 * Transcriptions and Notes - KBN-VKT Nauru
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - KBN-VKT Nauru
 * Draft Wikipedia Article - KBN-VKT Nauru


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/VKT Nauru/Notes

1908 09
"WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. LINKING UP PACIFIC ISLANDS. LONDON, 4th September. The New York 'Herald' announces that a plan is taking shape for linking up the important islands in the Pacific by means of wireless telegraphy."

Proposal by English syndicate Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company for network of coastal stations in the Pacific "LINKING THE PACIFIC. COMPLETE WIRELESS SERVICE. A VALUABLE SCHEME. BENEFIT TO SHIPPING. In the cable news yesterday was an item to the effect that the 'New 'York Herald' announced that a plan was taking shape to link the important islands of the Pacific by wireless telegraphy. This referred, no doubt, to the scheme proposed by the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company, an English syndicate, whereby not only would the wireless system be installed on the various islands, but connection would also be made between Australia and New Zealand. The company has been working on the scheme for some months, and it is understood that their suggestions are meeting with the favourable consideration of the various Governments concerned. It is intended to thoroughly cover Oceania. Every island or group of importance will be provided with a radiotelegraphic station. The exact location of all these stations has not yet been disclosed, but it is known definitely that among the The points at which it is intended to instal radiotelegraphic stations, are indicated in the above chart by X. islands selected are Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides, Solomon, Marshall, Caroline, Gilbert, Fanning, Sandwich, Tahiti, Tonga, and New Guinea. It is also on the cards that the Pacific Phosphates Company will have the installation carried out on their possessions, Ocean and Pleasant Islands. The promoters of the scheme are meeting with every encouragement, and by the end of the year it is anticipated that a start will be made with active preparations for installing the service. The company is to maintain communication, and for so doing is asking the various Governments controlling the places to be benefited, to support the service. It is understood that the Fijian authorities have proposed to pay a large sum for the installation of the service on the principal islands under their jurisdiction. Other islands have agreed to co-operate with the company, but nothing has yet been decided with regard to the two most important centres, Australia and New Zealand, without which the scheme would be incomplete. The matter has been considered by the Governments of the Commonwealth and the Dominion, and it is an open secret that the proposal has been favourably received. The question will be placed before the Federal Parliament when it meets, and should the scheme be approved of, and New Zealand be willing, no time will be lost in getting on with the work of linking up the scattered groups. It has been decided to make Suva the headquarters in the Pacific, and from there the messages will be flashed on to Australia and New Zealand. In the Pacific the scheme is being strongly supported, as it is well known that there is little chance of a cable service between the scattered islands being installed. Traders recognise the necessity of a faster means of communication than they now possess, and once the system is started it will not be long before every island of importance is connected. In addition to the scheme proving most valuable from a commercial point of view, it will be of considerable assistance to meteorologists in forecasting the weather, as daily reports can be sent from the outlying parts giving warning of sudden changes, which will enable traders and others to prepare for the hurricanes which prove so disastrous in the islands. Then, again, it is claimed that the system will prove of valuable assistance in the matter of defence, as with stations scattered all over the Pacific, a hostile fleet will have little chance of getting close to Australia without being seen. Apart from the increased convenience to be derived from a radio service through the islands, such an installation will be of financial benefit to the Commonwealth. It is intended to transmit all messages received at Fiji from the other islands to Sydney and New Zealand by means of the Pacific Company's cable. This will materially increase the earnings of that body and the Federal Government will not be called upon to make up such a large deficiency as it does at present. It is not intended to utilise the radio service between Fiji and Australia except as an emergency, as once a cable is installed the wireless system cannot profitably compete with it. However, a wireless station will be put in close proximity to the cable station, and should the latter service be interrupted by any means, communication can be maintained with the new system. Another important feature of the scheme is its value to the shipping industry. With radio stations scattered about the Pacific Ocean and on the Australian and New Zealand coasts, the shipping companies will be able to install apparatus on their boats, and thus be able to maintain communication constantly with the shore. In fact, negotiations have been carried on between the Union Steamship Company and the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraphic Company with regard to the installation of the service on their liners, and it is understood that directly the island scheme is settled, all the New Zealand and island boats will be fitted with apparatus. This would prove of considerable convenience to shipping people, besides being a safeguard against such accidents as might easily befall a vessel drifting about disabled, as the Hawea did last month. The system of wireless telegraphy to be used in linking up the islands is the Poulson. This is the latest invention, being an arc system instead of a spark. The company originally used the De Forest idea, but as it found the Poulson to be much more reliable and less expensive, it altered all its stations, and installed the Danish invention. The system has been found to be thoroughly efficient. Several lines of steamers are fitted with it, and messages have been received from a distance of 2500 miles. A thoroughly competent operator can send as many as a hundred words a minute through the air, but the average sending speed is 30 words a minute."

Editorial commentary by SMH on previous, detailed analysis naive conclusion "LINKING THE PACIFIC. The scheme for linking the Pacific by a complete wireless service, which we were able to give in outline yesterday, is one that makes a strong appeal to the imagination. The innumerable little islands represented in our map are potential sources of great wealth, and incidentally of much trade and many fine markets for Australia. But up to now they have paid the penalty exacted by their geographical isolation. Trading facilities themselves have been hardly adequate even to the slight commercial development the islands have reached, and other communication is of the scantiest. It might well have seemed a few years ago as if these barriers were insuperable. To connect these island groups one to another by cable services is on the face of it an impossible proposition, and they might have appeared destined to live for ever their solitary lives. It is precisely in such an instance that the advance of science comes home to us with dramatic effect. As soon as it is mentioned everyone sees that the existence of 'wireless' completely alters the situation. It gives easy communication between group and group, and once it is justified by the demand, between island and island — a communication which neither meteorological nor seismic circumstances can break down. At a glance one sees that 'wireless' converts archipelagos into continents, while it leaves them the sea as their highroad. So far is we know no attempt to realise this dream has yet been made on a large scale, but the attempt may obviously be made in many places besides the Pacific, and it suggests a complete revolution in island relationships. Wireless telegraphy we have to remember is still in its infancy, and there is no reason to suppose that anything like finality has been reached. Indeed, the conflict of systems is largely responsible for the rather slow practical development of the method. So far as the present proposal is concerned, its success seems assured. The islands themselves are the parties principally interested, and the extension of the system to include Australia and New Zealand is really quite a secondary matter. Such a connection would undoubtedly prove of great use in the event of cable interruption, and so far as the Commonwealth is concerned a patient ear should be given to any proposition that may be made. At the same time, caution has to be used whenever concessions and contracts are in the air, and any proposition agreed to will have to be on a business basis. No doubt it is true that the island stations will collect and forward by cable a large number of messages which will pass over lines in whose financial position we are interested; and a further point that directly concerns us is the value of island wireless installations to our shipping trade in the Pacific. It is a very simple matter to equip steamers with wireless apparatus, and with such a linking up of the islands as is suggested they need never be out of touch with their owners. But the main interest of the scheme naturally lies in the remarkable facilities it must afford among the islands themselves. The promoters appear to have gone to work in a very business-like way, and their plans seem excellently designed. The system that has been chosen represents the last word in 'wireless,' and there is no doubt at all of its wonderful efficiency and its still more wonderful economy. We need not be surprised that the islands view the project with enthusiasm. The proposed connection with Australia should not be a matter of great expense, and as it is clear that it would be as useful to the company as it would to us, there will probably be no great difficulty in coming to an understanding."

1908 10
"NEW ZEALAND. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. ENGLISH SYNDICATE'S PROPOSAL. WELLINGTON, Thursday. In reference to the offer by an English syndicate to link the Pacific islands by means of wireless telegraphy, the Government will make further inquiries before deciding. Sir Joseph Ward states that the Government recognises the advantages of the scheme, but the proposal submitted does not cover all New Zealand wants, as it does not include the Auckland and Chatham Islands."

As previous "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY FOR AUSTRALIA. According to a statement made by the Bureau of Manufacturers of the United States, a project is on foot to establish wireless telegraphy among the scattered islands of the Pacific Ocean. Capitalists who are interested in the extensive phosphate operations on Ocean and Pleasant Islands of the Gilbert Group, and in the new works about to be established on the island of Makatea of the Tuamotu Archipelago, are pushing the scheme, and propose to connect nearly all the groups of islands in the South Pacific by the service. It is desired to include in this system the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Fijis, the New Hebrides, the Solomon, Samoan, Cook, Society, and Marquesa Islands, and the phosphate Islands of Ocean, Pleasant, and Makatea. It is expected that the various Governments having possessions in the South Pacific will aid in the establishment of the proposed system. Negotiations have already proceeded so far that the success of the efforts seems to be almost assured. The nearest available ocean cable office to Tahiti is at Auckland, 2250 miles away, from which a steamship of the Union line of New Zealand arrives at Papeete once every 28 days, and a direct communication by a steamship of the Oceanic Company with San Francisco, 3658 miles distant, is had once in every 36 days. The name of the proposed concern is the Pacific Islands Radio-Telegraph Company. Of the proposed capital of £70,000 the owners of the phosphate deposits on Ocean and Pleasant Islands have subscribed £10,000. In this radial system there will probably be 10 or 12 circles, the largest having a radius of 1250 miles, and requiring for each station an engine of 60-h.p. It has not yet been decided where the main office of the proposed company will be."

As previous "SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. The London 'Shipping World,' in referring to the recent shipping disaster at Christmas Island, says:— 'The long delay in advising the loss of the Aeon is likely to have a good effect in hastening the proposal to link up the Islands in the Pacific by wireless telegraphy. The scheme at present is to connect Ocean Island and Pleasant Island, of the Gilbert Group, from which large quantities of phosphate are now shipped to Australia and Europe, with the mainland of Australia, and gradually to bring the various groups of islands in the Pacific into connection. The suggested system will probably include ten or twelve circles, the largest having a radius of 1250 miles. Each station will require an engine of 60 horse power.'"

As previous, proposal approved in principle by Aus & NZ PMs "LINKING THE PACIFIC. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY SCHEME. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT APPROVES. An important scheme for linking Australia and New Zealand with many of the principal islands of the Pacific has received the preliminary approval of the Commonwealth Prime Minister, and negotiations are now proceeding between Mr. Deakin and Sir Joseph Ward with the object of defining formally the relations of the two Governments and the business men who are backing the project. The scheme is the child of an English syndicate, the Pacific Islands Radio Telegraph Company, whose representative, Mr. Hamilton, had several interviews with Mr. Deakin when he was in Melbourne a few months ago. The plans of the syndicate are comprehensive, and are said to be viewed with favor by the imperial authorities, as well as by the two Australasian Governments. Every important island or group in Oceania is to be linked with Australia and New Zealand, and the location of radiotelegraphic stations at the principal strategic and commercial centres is already under discussion. It is definitely known that among the islands selected are Fiji, the New Hebrides, the Marshalls, Samoa, the Solomons, the Carolines, the Gilberts, Sandwich, Tonga, Fanning Island, Tahiti, Papua. It is also said to be probable that the Pacific Phosphates Company will have an installation of plant at their depots on Ocean and Pleasant islands. It is further stated that the Government of Fiji has promised to pay a large sum for sub-installations at the small islands under its jurisdiction. The British authorities in other islands have promised similar co-operation. So sanguine are the promoters of success that when certain negotiations in London are complete they propose to make arrangements for the installations to be made early in January, 1909. It has been decided to make Suva the head quarters in the Pacific, and to join the Oceanic wireless services with the cable service of the Pacific Cable Board. Communications have passed between the Union Steamship Company and the syndicate, and it was announced last week in New Zealand that directly the islands scheme is settled all the company's boats will be fitted with wireless apparatus. The New Zealand Government is pressing for an extension of the scheme, so as to embrace the establishment of stations on the Auckland and Chatham Islands. The Australian Prime Minister, when seen on Thursday, said that he was generally favorable to the scheme, but the details had yet to be fully discussed. He had written to Sir Joseph Ward on the matter and expected an answer by any mail."

1908 12
"LINKING UP THE PACIFIC. Statements have been published that Mr. Deakin when in office had expressed approval of a scheme for the linking up of the Pacific Islands by wireless telegraphy. The Prime Minister was asked in the House of Representatives today if the Commonwealth was backing the scheme with funds, and if so to what extent. Mr. Fisher replied that no papers indicating proposals of the kind had come before him, and he did not think that the Commonwealth would enter into anything speculative in that way."


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User:Mitchelle mambo ogutu

Biology

title: User:Mitchelle mambo ogutu