text: Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Diagnosis of Depression


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Localities/Brisbane/Notes

1924 11
Developments towards 4QG and a Brisbane B class station, possible interim use of 4CM "Radio in Brisbane. Broadcasting Proposals 'A' and 'B' Class Stations. Another move in the direction of the inauguration of wireless telephony broadcasting in Brisbane was made last night when several traders and amateurs met at the T. and G. Building to discuss ways and means. It was announced at the meeting by Mr. Herbert, of the Trocadero, that he intended to establish and have a B class station in operation before Christmas. Mr. Read, of the Read Press, explained that he had called the conference because he with other wireless amateurs felt that something definite should be done, as early as possible to establish broadcasting in Brisbane. At the present time things were dead in Brisbane. There was a suggestion that the wireless traders of the city should co-operatively arrange for the operation of an existing station for two or three nights a week during the summer time, and until such times as conditions would permit of the successful reception of Sydney broadcasting. In this connection, 4CM station (Preston House), had been mentioned as one with which arrangements might be made. INFLUENCE OF STATIC. Mr. J. C. Price (Wireless House) said he thought they could not do better than make some arrangement with 4CM, if it were possible. The modulation of 4CM was excellent. He thought it would be to the advantage of the traders to make such a move. During wireless exhibition week, when demonstrations were given in Brisbane the trade received some impetus. Boys began to go in for crystal sets. But since then hardly a boy was to be seen about the traders' shops. It was mostly adults who were purchasing components. What was wanted was the transmission of local broadcasting during the summer months, because the interference from static was exceptionally bad, and would not permit of Sydney being brought in with any satisfactory measure of success, except on rare occasions. He had never known static to be so bad as it was this summer. It was the small traders in the south who had pioneered the way for broadcasting. They had started 2BL Sydney and made a success of it. He understood that station was now on the same footing as Farmers (2FC). Mr. Read said that it was now almost impossible to receive Sydney success-fully with three valves. A local station was needed. Incidentally, Mr. Read mentioned that it was intended to publish a wireless magazine in Brisbane. Mr. Price referred to the fact that each of the other capitals now had A class stations and several B class licenses had been granted recently for New South Wales. But so far Queensland had done nothing. Mr. Tom Elliott (operator of 4CM) suggested that an arrangement might be entered into whereby the traders would each contribute a sufficient amount of money weekly towards the cost of broadcasting from Preston House. The maximum number of nights a week he could give to the service would be three. He proposed to arrange to transmit concerts from the music halls and theatres by means of land lines, and perhaps a church service and band concert on Sunday nights. He could have the station operating within seven days should the traders come to an agreement among themselves to open it. He would operate on a low wave length, and therefore the interference from static would not be as great as if 4CM's old wave length of 800 metres were being used. Most of the traders present expressed their approval of an agreement being entered into with 4CM, but as a number of houses were not represented, a committee consisting of Messrs. J. H. Chandler, J. C. Price, C. L. McLaughlin, T. L. Read, and S. I. Knipe was appointed to interview the others and ascertain if they were agreeable to what had been proposed. A DEFINITE STATEMENT. At this stage, Mr. Herbert of the Trocadero arrived, and in reply to questions announced that he had made definite arrangements to establish a 'B' class broadcasting station which would, he expected, be operating before Christmas. He had taken steps to secure a license and an expert would be coming up from Sydney to instal the machine. He proposed to transmit dance music programmes six nights a week with vocal and instrumental items interspersed. If possible he might make arrangements with the council to also transmit on Sunday nights. In reply to further questions, Mr. Herbert said he would be agreeable to the broadcasting of orchestral music from the Trocadero by 4CM, pending the completion of his station, if the traders decided to go on with their proposal. One of the traders said that it might have been good policy on the part of Mr. Herbert to have obtained the co-operation of the traders in the inauguration of his 'B' class station. Mr. Herbert replied that it was still open to the traders to come in with him. It was open to them to take shares in the project. After further discussion, Mr. Herbert consented to allow his name to be added to the committee which will meet at the Trocadero on Sunday night. STATE 'A' CLASS STATION. There was another development yesterday in connection with the State Government's 'A' class station proposal. It was ascertained that tenders had been invited, and two had been received for the erection of a five kilowatt station. It is expected that the tenders will be considered when the Premier returns from Sydney, where he recently inspected existing stations and the works of the Amalgamated Wireless Company, which, it is understood, is one of the two tenderers. It is now generally thought that the Government will have nothing to do with a 'B' class station, and that if it cannot see its way to erect an 'A' class station it will not enter into the wireless business at all. The main object of the Government is to provide a service which will be accessible to the men out back and the rural district schools, and this service the 'B' class station would not provide. Furthermore, the Government would receive no revenue from a 'B' class station in respect of the license fees paid to the Federal Government."

"RADIO TOPICS. Is Broadcasting Coming? The Proposals Discussed. By 'LISTENER' Written for 'The Telegraph.' The hopes of amateurs that broadcasting will be commenced in Brisbane at an early date have been raised by two or three announcements which have been made during the past few days. In the first place there was the Government intimation that two tenders had been received for the erection of a State-owned and operated 'A' class broadcasting station in Brisbane, and these would be considered by the Premier on his return from Sydney. In the second place there was the conference of traders, and the completion of an arrangement whereby 4CM (Preston House) will commence next Sunday night what is hoped to be the first of a regular series of broadcast programmes; and, lastly, there was the interesting announcement by Mr. Herbert, of the Trocadero Dansant, that he intended to establish a 'B' class broadcasting station, which would be operated, six, and perhaps seven nights a week. There is still a possibility that the Government will go ahead with its proposal, in which case amateurs will expect that a service similar to those provided by Sydney and Melbourne stations, will be available to tune into both day and night. It seems definite that the listeners' old friend, 4CM, will again be heard in the air more often than of yore, and if the Trocadero station is gone on with, Queensland, and Brisbane enthusiasts in particular, will have cause for real satisfaction at least because of the provision of at least some small facilities for entertainment in their own homes, both in the city and the country. Amateurs in Queensland are now paying broadcast listeners' fees equal to those charged in other States where 'A' class Government fee-subsidised stations exist, but they are receiving no service in return for their money, excepting in the case of those who own multi-valve sets. This inequitable impost has given rise to much dissatisfaction which, of course, would be dissipated were a first class station established here. It would be interesting to know if the Government intends to pay the 30s. per licensee for the broadcasting companies collected in Queensland to the Sydney 'A' class stations in the event of no such station being erected here because a few are able to make use of the southern services. Or, on the other hand, whether it will pay the whole of the extra money collected since the fees were increased to the State station should it be erected some months hence. In the latter case the average listener may, in return for his money, receive only a few months' broadcasting service. Wireless as a hobby, is quite expensive enough without the imposition of unnecessarily high license fees when the service for which they were designed does not exist. The collection of a high fee for something the payee may, and may not receive during a subsequent period of 12 months is a piece of business which would hardly commend itself to anybody but a Government department. Wireless amateurs, however, are an optimistic lot; they are always hoping for and to achieve something better. Therefore they are paying the very much increased fees, and renewing their licenses in the expectation of obtaining enjoyment from broadcasting in addition to the pleasure which is to be had from trying out various circuits, and in tuning in successfully the local amateur transmitting stations, If a lull in static inference permits the three and four valve set owner to bring in Sydney stations, the Federal Government is no more entitled to take credit than it is to impose and collect a 35s. 'broadcasting listener's fee.' But be this as it may, it is also interesting to know that, according to official reports, the number of licensees is increasing every week in Queensland. The new amateurs, however, contain only a sprinkling of young people. Under present conditions, the hobby is too expensive for them. They could meet the old license fee of 10s., but the new fee of 35s. is ever so much harder to pay. Furthermore, pocket money is not large enough for valve sets and inexpensive crystal sets are at present of little use in Brisbane. Many lads may be seen these days looking in the windows of the wireless stores, but few are found inside the shops purchasing components and sets. It is unfortunate that such a state of affairs exists. But if 4CM again gets going, even if it is only during two or three nights a week, there will be something to listen to on crystal sets and interest among the lads will be stimulated with beneficial results both to themselves and the wireless trade. MADE IN AUSTRALIA. Although a considerable quantity of wireless apparatus is still being imported into Australia from England and America, many components are now being satisfactorily manufactured in Australia. The amalgamated Wireless Company of Australia have for some time being making high-class instruments and an all Australian firm has now commenced the manufacture in Victoria of all descriptions of wireless parts. There seems to be no good reason why most, if not all, of the articles required by Australian amateurs, should not be made at home at a cost which will enable them to be sold at prices equal to, if not lower, than the imported article. 3LO MELBOURNE. Following complaints regarding the quality of the transmission from 3LO, the new Melbourne's broadcasting station, the engineers for the company operating the station have been concentrating their efforts in the direction of removing the causes which have given rise to the dissatisfaction among Victorian amateurs who necessarily have to pay fees towards the cost of the programmes. It has been noticeable that as a result of the investigations of the experts there has been considerable improvement in the transmissions during the past week or so, but there is still plenty of room for further improvement, especially in regard to studio items. INTERESTING ITEMS. The number of wireless sets at present in use in Sweden is estimated at 25,000 or one for every 250 of the inhabitants of the country. When President Coolidge accepted renomination, more than 25,000,000 people heard him by wireless. About 10,000,000 Americans listened regularly to the proceedings of the big political conventions. Mr. T. Greenland Davis Chief Inspector of Mines, South Wales (England) advocates the general use of wireless in mines. He declares that wireless provides a means of maintaining and establishing communication with miners isolated by explosion or inrush of water. There are 3,000,000 homes in America in which radio is installed. The music of some of the services of Notre Dame, Paris, is being broadcast for the use of other churches. This is proving a great boon because of the difficulty in securing efficient choirs for the smaller churches. Careful synchronisation of services is necessary. CHURCH IN THE HOME. Arrangements may be made by 4CM to regularly transmit church services on Sunday nights. The Perth station, 6WF, transmits services every Sunday night. The boundaries of wireless broadcasting embrace all creeds, and there are many wireless users who do not go churchwards, and others who perhaps are ill or bed-ridden, and the reception of a church service, with its attendant homily or sermon, is something that can be an inspiration. USE OF LAND LINES. Mr. Tom Elliott's announcement at last Friday night's meeting of Brisbane traders, that he could arrange for excellent programmes to be broadcast from the concert halls is a reminder that whenever anything is desired to be broadcast it is a simple matter to carry the message over land lines (the regular telephone lines) to the station. The chief disadvantage which this carries over long distances is the fact that the lines pick up extraneous noises, which are amplified with the music, and, in turn, broadcast. Only for this it would be a comparatively easy matter to erect a small substation in the country and transmit exactly the same programme as was being broadcast in the city. The alternative, of course, is to relay the transmission — receive it and rebroadcast it, and this, perhaps, will be done in the future."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Result: EOL

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Lentis/Capital Punishment in the United States

Introduction
Capital punishment, also called the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Currently, in the US, there is a disagreement among people whether the death penalty should exist. Some believe that life is an inalienable right, while others believe that the punishment of a crime should be equal to the crime committed.

History of Capital Punishment
A major point for dispute is if the death penalty violates the eighth amendment, which states that no person should undergo cruel or unusual punishment. Due to this amendment, capital punishment in the United States was limited by the United States supreme court in 1972. In Furman v. Georgia the supreme court ruled five to four that capital punishment violated the eighth amendment of the united states due to “arbitrary and capricious ways”. In response to this ruling, 35 states changed their death penalty system to be constitutional. In 1976, during Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme court decided that the death penalty was justified because the system for determining it is “judicious” and “careful”. As of 2020, there are 25 states in the US that allow the death penalty. These states are required to stand in accordance with the ruling made in 1972 that capital punishment must be delivered fairly and consistently.

Death Penalty Statistics
In 2004, the United States had an average murder rate of 5.71 per 100,000 people in states with the death penalty. While states without the death penalty had a murder rate of 4.02 out of 100,000. The information suggests that the death penalty is not an effective deterrent of crime. Also, in Canada, 27 years after the death penalty was abolished, the murder rate has dropped by 44 percent. This evidence further supports that capital punishment has no notable effect on the reduction of crime. State sanctioned death also costs more than life in prison. In Kansas, defense costs for a death penalty case are, on average, 400,000 dollars. In contrast, the average cost for a non death penalty case is 100,000. Additionally, In Oklahoma, the average increase in cost is 3.2 times more when seeking the death penalty.

Race and the Death Penalty
Unfair sentencing is a major problem in the United States, even after the Supreme Court's ruling in 1972. Specifically, people of color are disproportionately sentenced to death. For example, jurors in Washington are three times more likely to recommend the death sentence for a black person. The U.S death penalty is a continuation of racially focused social control, according to Enduring justice. Enduring Justice also found that the southern states, where most lynchings of black people occurred in the 1800s, is where many of the black executions are occurring. This is an injustice and a direct violation of the 1976 supreme court ruling that death penalty determination should be judicious and careful. As of October 2002, only 12 defendants sentenced to death were white. Whereas, 178 black defendants have been executed for murder.

American Capital Punishment: A Comparative Perspective
The death penalty remains strong in three main areas today. Countries in the Middle East where Islamic culture views the death penalty is a divine decreed ; Asia, where 90% of the world’s executions take place ; and the United States where 28 states still authorize capital punishment -- the majority coming from southern states ;. To gain insight, there are comparisons to be drawn between the United States and Japan. Both countries exercise state power for capital punishment and implement “radically local” versions of democracy ;. In Japan, their rate of violent crime is very low yet their fear of crime is high. One reason for this is because of the media’s portrayal of crime. Similar to the United States, Japanese media harshly criticizes crime -- this stirs public opinion and riles people up. America’s “commitment to vigilante values”, especially in southern states, is a concern. These vigilante values praise capital punishment and they are viewed as a “local imperative” to serve victims. In the United States, law is administered locally -- thus, justice tends to be more expressive, personalistic, and emotional. This commitment shuns alternative criticism of a violation of state power and human rights. The problem then arises for nations that administer the death penalty. “How does a country’s own executions differ from the criminal killing they aim to condemn.” The United States solution: what once had theatrical elements in the US where locally administered executions were held in open courtyards, is now concealed by way of lethal injection. The injection solved two problems -- it diminishes signs of violence and disguises the fact of death. This adjustment to administer a “kinder and gentler” death shifted the strategy of execution in the US. These changes in execution strategy are a part of the reason why the death penalty still survives today.

Conclusion
The United States has long practiced capital punishment and many articles have been published on the matter. However, the redundancy of the fault in capital punishment has grown stale and not enough attention is drawn to contextual and comparative analysis. Drawing similarities and differences between the United States and other advanced democracies help bring new perspectives to light. Careful conclusions must be drawn as to what’s peculiar and what’s ordinary in capital punishment in order to understand why the death penalty is still applied. More consideration on how we determine the death penalty is required. The statistics suggest that there is racial discrimination in the justice system that needs to be dealt with.


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the French Security Law

Hi I just finished my section on the functionalist approach tell me what you think about it. I think I should maybe focus more on evidence but I feel by detailing the different sociological approaches we're already in evidence. What do you think ? Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 11:21, 9 December 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567

I'm actually reading through all our contributions and I'm scared that the part on philosophy focuses too much on power. Do you think we should try put more evidence in it. Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 16:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in decision making

Outline
Hey guys, this is an outline I drafted, tell me what you think about ;))

Introduction
Basic definitionof truth Three different approaches totruth
 * Positivist
 * Phenomenological
 * Constructivist

Virginity: the meaning of virginity in each discipline is the reflection of the significance attached to it Biology – simply a biological phenomenon – alteration of organs Anthropology – contingent on different cultures and religion Gender Studies – reflection of the patriarchal heteronormative society

Biology
Definition of virginity, how it is described/explained – positivist approach Limitation – only focuses on the hymen BUT
 * Not everyone has one
 * Induces only one form of sexuality (heteronormative - only considers heterosexual sex and penetration)
 * Result in an interpretation of virginity that is focused on the men's experience

Virginity tests?? (Illegal in most countries now)

Gender Studies
The principle of virginity is not just biological, it’s the reflection of the domination of men in our society, the oppressive system that limits and judges’ women’s sexuality - Pressure on women to stay virgin because corresponds with ‘purity’ - Considered as“valuable” - Sexual desire/freedom repressed - Sexuality is a spectrum (lesbianism - doesn't necesseraly involve a penetration, so questions the validity of the biological definition)

Anthropology
The value and meaning of virginity are dependent on each culture, tradition, sexual fredoom of women in that country and interpretation of sexual intercourse. The meaning in constructed (constructivist approach) - Talk about excision?? - Analyse the role of religion?

Conclusion
Tensions between the disciplines biology doesn't consider the social implications of virginity, gender studies only analyses it through the prism of patriachy, anthropology puts more emphasis on the cultural traditions/implications.

Introduction
Hey so as we talked in the tutorial, it would be good if we explain in the introduction why we don't talk about men's sexuality/virginity. I found this article online that discusses women and men's relation to sexuality. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00224490109552080?needAccess=true. It explains how in the 19th century, virignity was associated with purity and was the "necessary state for an unmaried woman". This mentality has obvisoulsy evolved, especially since the 1960s where more and more woman started to engage in sexual intercourse with partners that did not plan to marry. Obviously it needs the argument needs to be more developped but I thought the article was interesting. It alos explores the ambiguity around the definition of sex and loss of virginity (is it just penetration or could other sexual activities be considered as determining the loss of virginity)


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in virginity

Outline 1
Hello everyone, this is an outline I drafted.

Introduction
Basic definitionof truth Three different approaches totruth
 * Positivist
 * Phenomenological
 * Constructivist

Virginity: the meaning of virginity in each discipline is the reflection of the significance attached to it Biology – simply a biological phenomenon – alteration of organs Anthropology – contingent on different cultures and religion Gender Studies – reflection of the patriarchal heteronormative society

Biology
Definition of virginity, how it is described/explained – positivist approach Limitation – only focuses on the hymen BUT
 * Not everyone has one
 * Induces only one form of sexuality (heteronormative - only considers heterosexual sex and penetration)
 * Result in an interpretation of virginity that is focused on the men's experience

Virginity tests?? (Illegal in most countries now)

Gender Studies
The principle of virginity is not just biological, it’s the reflection of the domination of men in our society, the oppressive system that limits and judges’ women’s sexuality - Pressure on women to stay virgin because corresponds with ‘purity’ - Considered as“valuable” - Sexual desire/freedom repressed - Sexuality is a spectrum (lesbianism - doesn't necesseraly involve a penetration, so questions the validity of the biological definition)

Anthropology
The value and meaning of virginity are dependent on each culture, tradition, sexual fredoom of women in that country and interpretation of sexual intercourse. The meaning in constructed (constructivist approach) - Talk about excision?? - Analyse the role of religion?

Conclusion
Tensions between the disciplines biology doesn't consider the social implications of virginity, gender studies only analyses it through the prism of patriachy, anthropology puts more emphasis on the cultural traditions/implications.

-- Zoeka Villemin

outline 2
here is the second outline we talked about !

Introduction
Case study showing why this subject is interesting and why is it a concern ? Here I would like if we could fin an example to show that virginity is a flaming topic and that it brings out tensions which could explained that we chose this as an interesting and actual topic ? Definition of truth and what do we mean as truth in virginity : the truth behind the meaning of the word and what we mean when we say "virginity" but also that it is a concept that reveals a truth on the society and its structure maybe ? Say that we will talk about FEMALE virginity almost exclusively

Positivist
Biology : Definition of virginity, how it is described/explained in scientific terms : simply a biological phenomenon – alteration of organs The theory that it is the loss of the hymen but also that it is easily negated because not everyone has one etc and that u can loose it differently, but influence of biology on cultures and anthropology, as the only evidence ? Virginity tests?? (Illegal in most countries now) Induces only one form of sexuality (heteronormative–only considers heterosexual sex and penetration, maybe talk about tampons and the fact that gynaecologists are not allowed to examine you if you are a virgin which shows how biology influenced minds on what is being a virgin or not)

Phenomenological

 * sexual intercourses

The idea that you loose your virginity when you have sexual intercourses but that sexual intecourses is a spectrum as showed by the lesbian combat and maybe we can contrast this with the law and definition that contrast with what we expect where sexual harassment is without penetration and rape is with, even though it is a spectrum ? gender studies that shows a male gaze (if we can say gaze) on what is sexual intecourses The principle of virginity is not just biological, it’s the reflection of the domination of men in our society, the oppressive system that limits and judges women’s sexuality. Systematic patriarchal structure of our society

Constructivist

 * gender studies and anthropology

Because we showed that it was Spectrum, than everyone can think what they want and have their own truth open virginity but it is not that easy because we are largely influenced by cultural and social traditions and expectations as female’s virginity in lots of cultures is a valuable product + religion and pressure on women that don’t really have the possibility to define it how they want, we think we have the choice but not really because traditions and history forced us to think that way while making us think it was our decision ? Maybe we can find a philosopher who talked about this idea that we are not master of our decisions and of our minds kinda ? The value and meaning of virginity are dependent on each culture. The meaning in constructed (constructivist approach) Analyse the role of religion?

Conclusion
saying that the biological positivist approach is almost certainly wrong and that it is a spectrum but that society Is constructed this "black or white" assumption on virginity. We can finish by opening the topic and introducing the idea that male virginity isn’t to be discussed because firstly they’re isn’t a scientific way to find out (as ppl think they do during the first intercourse when they see if the women bleeds or doesn’t, which is a bad assumption because it doesn’t happen to anyone and pressure women who sometimes reforged to cut themselves during the act to make it look like it) and secondly because it is not as valuable and there isn’t a history that gives it importance (marriages and stuff) all of this because of the patriarcal structure of our society : virginity represents a completely different pressure for men as it is more an envy of loosing it ?

Introduction
Hey so as we talked in the tutorial, it would be good if we explain in the introduction why we don't talk about men's sexuality/virginity. I found this article online that discusses women and men's relation to sexuality. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00224490109552080?needAccess=true. It explains how in the 19th century, virignity was associated with purity and was the "necessary state for an unmaried woman". This mentality has obvisoulsy evolved, especially since the 1960s where more and more woman started to engage in sexual intercourse with partners that did not plan to marry. Obviously it needs the argument needs to be more developped but I thought the article was interesting. It alos explores the ambiguity around the definition of sex and loss of virginity (is it just penetration or could other sexual activities be considered as determining the loss of virginity)

I think my point is not very clear. What I mean is that this article provides a good reference in shwoing that throughout history there as been much more debate around the virginity of women (assumptions of purity, expectation of virignity before marriage, slut-shaming...) and very little/none for boys, which is why we are not discssing the latter.

-- Zoeka Villemin

Outline 2
Thank you for your outline Toscane. I have started to write under the second paragraph (phenomenological) for Gender studies. However, I believe that gender studies have more of constructivist approach to truth. I have to make more research but I think that there is consensus among some gender studies scholars that gender is a social construct. This is why I think that we should use my outline (Biology, Gender Studies, Anthropology). Alternatively, we can compromise and divide the paragraphs between positivist (biology) and constructivist (gender studies, anthropology). Tell me what you think.

-- Zoeka Villemin

Gender Studies paragraph
This is what I am planning to talk about in my paragraph. Is it getting in the way of someone else's topic? Virgin = can be defined as one that never had sex

But what is sex? Penetrative sex – heterosexual sex, limited, only concerns part of the population, as it excludes other sexual activities performed by different individuals with different sexualities (Anal, Oral and other sexual activities. Raises the question of which practices have the ability to take away virginity?

(maybe this should be introduced at the end of the biology paragraph just to have more of a transition between the two)

Women’s sexuality has traditionally been restrained and not encouraged – leads to "slut shaming" (I would probably used a more formal word if one exists). - Women engaging in a sexual encouter with someone that is not a "serious partner" - violates the gender-based expectation that she should engage in sexual relationships only when they in love or when there is intimacy Means of controlling women’s sexuality and reproduction – men assert their authority - "Historically, virginity was linked to controlling women’s bodies—through monitoring fertility or paternal ownership—and within this system, women’s bodies were (and are) presented as products for consumption, tools for labor, and a conduit for the continuity of a bloodline" (d'Avignon 2016).

Also, these all just ideas I need more research, not everything is accurate or should be taken as "true". This is just what I planning on researching.

-- Zoeka Villemin

Positivist paragraph
Hello Toscane, thank you for your paragraph. I think that at the end you could add - capable of taking one's virginity, to specify your argument a little more. You could also include a reference to the article I linked before, where you can fin quatitative data on the topic. Indeed, there is a paragraph where they give statistical evidence as to what is considered seuxal activity capable of taking one's virginity among young Americans.

-- Zoeka Villemin

Constructivist paragraph
Hey everyone, here is my part. If you think anything is too much or missing, let me know

There is no cross-cultural, universal definition of virginity, and I’ll start with a quote of Mauss, who, in Gender and the Meaning of Virginity Loss in the Contemporary United States, says: “I bracket (or decline to consider) the physiological definition of virginity loss so as to draw explicit attention to the diverse meanings young men attach to the transition and to show how these meaning are socially created”. Here, he comes completely off the physiological virginity loss concept to get closer to the social meaning it has, and to prove how socially constructed it is, and that is exactly how constructivist Anthropologists approach gender and virginity.

As Mauss argues, body phenomena are frequently used as a way to symbolize wider society specialty in relation to ritual and myth. In a society still dominated mostly by men, virginity is the perfect body phenomena example. “One is not born, but rather become a woman”, saying that, Simone de Beauvoir denies the whole biological part of gender, and asserts that the gender is socially constructed. So is virginity, depending on many factors, and there have been numerous ethnographic reports that touch upon virginity in relation to various forms of social organization from marriage, to kinship, to caste systems.

In defining virginity in today’s western society, people insist and emphasis on the loss of the hymen, which would be relied to a woman’s virginity loss, just like blood and pain. But there are countless markers of virginity for women: from the constitution of her urine to the feel of her breast. The Zulus, an Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa, believe that the virginity of a woman can be defined by her taut muscle tone. Which one of these statements is right? No one can say.

In monotheists religions, which constitute a consequent part of the world’s culture, a primary importance is given to virginity, particularly for women: in Islamic culture, staying a virgin, ‘saving their hymen’ for women until the wedding night is very important. In the Catholic religion, Marie, the mother of Jesus, is praised for staying a virgin.

Today, the importance given to the sexual education changes gradually, and, admitting that virginity is entirely socially constructed, a new way to educate young men and women emerge. For example, the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education, which attempts to redefine virginity in order to requalify concepts of prestige and purity among young people, according them more confidence about their choices.


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LMIs in Control/Observer Synthesis/Continuous Time/Full-Order State Observer

Full-Order State Observer
The problem of constructing a simple full-order state observer directly follows from the result of Hurwitz detectability LMI's, Which essentially is the dual of Hurwitz stabilizability. If a feasible solution to the first LMI for Hurwitz detectability exist then using the results we can back out a full state observer $$ L $$ such that $$ A + LC $$ is Hurwitz stable.

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\ y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\\ x(0)&=x_0\\ \end{align}$$

where $$x(t)\in \R^n$$, $$y(t)\in \R^m$$, $$u(t)\in \R^q$$, at any $$t\in \R$$.

The Data

 * The matrices $$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices of appropriate dimensions and are known.

The Optimization Problem
The full-order state observer problem essential is finding a positive definite $$ P $$ such that the following LMI conclusions hold.

The LMI:
1) The full-order state observer problem has a solution if and only if there exist a symmetric positive definite Matrix $$ P $$ and a matrix $$ W $$ that satisfy Then the observer can be obtained as $$ L = P^{-1}W $$ 2) The full-state state observer can be found if and only if there is a symmetric positive definite Matrix $$ P $$ that satisfies the below Matrix inequality In this case the observer can be reconstructed as $$ L = -\frac{1}{2}P^{-1}C^{T} $$. It can be seen that the second relation can be directly obtained by substituting $$ W= -\frac{1}{2}C^{T} $$ in the first condition.
 * $$ A^TP + PA + W^TC + C^TW < 0. $$
 * $$ A^TP + PA - C^TC < 0 $$

Conclusion:
Hence, both the above LMI's result in a full-order observer $$L$$ such that $$ A + LC $$ is Hurwitz stable.


text:
LMIs in Control/Observer Synthesis/Continuous Time/Reduced-Order State Observer

Reduced Order State Observer
The Reduced Order State Observer design paradigm follows naturally from the design of Full Order State Observer.

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\ y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\\ x(0)&=x_0\\ \end{align} $$

where $$x(t)\in \R^n$$, $$y(t)\in \R^m$$, $$u(t)\in \R^q$$, at any $$t\in \R$$.

The Data

 * The matrices $$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices of appropriate dimensions and are known.

The Problem Formulation
Given a State-space representation of a system given as above. First an arbitrary matrix $$ R \in \R^{(n-m) x n} $$ is chosen such that the vertical augmented matrix given as

\begin{align} T=\begin{bmatrix} C \\ R \\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

is nonsingular, then

\begin{align} CT^{-1}=\begin{bmatrix} I_{m} & 0 \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

Furthermore, let

\begin{align} TAT^{-1}=\begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} \\

\end{bmatrix} , A_{11} \in \R^{m x m} \end{align} $$

then the matrix pair $$ (A_{22},A_{12}) $$ is detectable if and only if $$ (A,C) $$ is detectable, then let

\begin{align} Tx=\begin{bmatrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix} , TB=\begin{bmatrix} B_{1} \\ B_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$ then a new system of the form given below can be obtained

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \dot x_{1} \\ \dot x_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \dot x_{1} \\ \dot x_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} B_{1} \\ B_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix}u , y=x_{1} \end{align} $$

once an estimate of $$ x_{2} $$ is obtained the the full state estimate can be given as

\begin{align} \hat x= T^{-1}\begin{bmatrix} y \\ \hat x_{2} \\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$ the the reduced order observer can be obtained in the form.

\begin{align} \dot z&=Fz+Gy+Hu,\\ \hat x_{2}&=Mz+Ny\\ \end{align} $$ Such that for arbitrary control and arbitrary initial system values, There holds

\begin{align} lim_{t \to \infty} (x_{2}-\hat x_{2}) = 0 \end{align} $$

The value for $$ F,G,H,M,N $$ can be obtain by solving the following LMI.

The LMI:
The reduced-order observer exists if and only if one of the two conditions holds.

1) There exist a symmetric positive definite Matrix $$ P $$ and a matrix $$ W $$ that satisfy
 * $$ A_{22}^TP + PA_{22} + W^A_{12} + A_{12}^TW < 0. $$

Then $$ L = P^{-1}W $$ 2) There exist a symmetric positive definite Matrix $$ P $$ that satisfies the below Matrix inequality Then $$ L = -\frac{1}{2}P^{-1}A_{12}^{T} $$.
 * $$ A_{22}^TP + PA_{22} - A_{12}^TA_{12} < 0 $$

By using this value of $$ L $$ we can reconstruct the observer state matrices as

\begin{align} F=A_{22}+LA{12}, G=(A_{21}+LA_{11}) - (A_{22}+LA_{12})L, H= B_{2}+LB_{1} , M=I , N=-L, \end{align} $$

Conclusion:
Hence, we are able to form a reduced-order observer using which we can back of full state information as per the equation given at the end of the problem formulation given above.


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in virginity

Introduction
To define the word virginity, or virgin, which the dictionary describes as ‘a person who has not had sexual intercourse’, one must first define sexual intercourse. This in itself is a highly contended topic as, when looking for a definition, one is presented with the very heteronormative idea that it is merely the process of ‘heterosexual intercourse involving penetration of the vagina by the penis’, ignoring the LGBTQ+ community and what sex is to them. The word virginity originates from the latin ‘virgo’, which then evolved into ‘virginitatem’, or in French ‘virginité’, and translated into English it becomes maiden: a sexually intact young woman. Even the etymology of the word highlights the role the patriarchy has had in the concept of virginity, and how when talking of its importance and value, societies almost exclusively think of female virginity, which will be the main topic of our research also. An interdisciplinary approach is required when finding the truth in what virginity truly is as it can be defined in so many ways. Biologists often take the positivist approach and describe in purely scientific terms, viewing it merely as a biological process. This view conflicts with that of gender studies or anthropology, in which virginity is not a fixed universal idea applicable to all, rather it is more of a state of mind. It is important to look at how the different definitions of virginity in different cultures affect the value they each place on it.

Positivist approach
Virginity can only be regarded as true when you believe in its existence, either through faith or evidence. The scientific approach to this concept would be to search for a transition after virginity loss. Traditionally, this has been proven by a damaged hymen, the membrane that covers the vaginal opening.

Through this definition, virginity is a biological phenomenon: the alteration of an organ. In the past, women would undergo virginity tests (either by physical examination or proof of blood ), and sometimes even have reconstructive virginity surgery to rebuild their hymen.

But researcher has proven that the absence of an intact hymen isn’t reliable evidence for virginity loss. Thus, a positivist approach to the truth of virginity is easily negated by sciences’ objectivity and neutrality. Nonetheless, this invalidated theory still impacts what society considers true concerning this Virginity. Furthermore, those assumptions reflect heteronormativity because they only consider penetration as sexual intercourse.

Gender Studies
Gender Studies examines the way we think about gender. According to gender theorists, our perception of gender is largely influenced by the binary conception of femininity and masculinity, and the assumption that heterosexuality is the norm in society. Gender theories have a constructivist approach to truth, and gender refers to "culturally mediated expectations and roles associated with masculinity and femininity", an prime example of a social construct.

Sexuality is influenced by gender stereotypes and expectations. Traditionally, women's sexuality has been restricted and virginity encouraged. As Jessica Valenti explains in The Cult of Virginity, there is an "inextricable relationship between sexual purity and women". According to her, it is the result of a long-standing tradition of establishing paternity through virginity; in the Middle Ages, marriage to a virgin was a means of ensuring paternity. If a woman's sexual relations are controlled, there is no uncertainty around the paternity of her children, and men can retain authority over them.

Virginity is often analysed through the prism of heterosexuality, as, historically, the terms of “virgin” and “non virgin” were used by social scientists to describe individuals who engaged or not in vaginal intercourse, completely ignoring those engaging in non-penetrative intercourse. . However, gender studies also explore how heterosexuality is an institution that participates to oppression. Heterosexuality is socially and culturally constructed, as argued by Judith Butler in Gender Book. She coined the expression ‘heterosexual matrix’, referring to "a grid or frame through which culture make sense of the ways that our bodies, genders and desires seem to appear naturally heterosexual” . As a result, every sexuality that doesn’t conform to this spectrum also doesn’t conform to the norm. Therefore, because there is so much emphasis on heterosexual practices in one losing their virginity, it raises questions as to the exclusion of the sexual practices of members of the LGTBQIA+ community, in the 'standard' definition.

Anthropology
There is no cross-cultural, universal definition of virginity; Laura M. Carpenter in Gender and the Meaning of Virginity Loss in the Contemporary United States, says “I bracket (or decline to consider) the physiological definition of virginity loss so as to draw explicit attention to the diverse meanings young men attach to the transition and to show how these meaning are socially created”. Here, she comes completely off the physiological virginity loss concept to get closer to the social meaning it holds, proving how socially constructed it is. This is how constructivist Anthropologists approach the concepts of gender and virginity.

As Mauss argues, body phenomena are frequently used as a way to symbolize wider society specialty in relation to ritual and myth. In a society still dominated mostly by men, virginity is the perfect body phenomena example. “One is not born, but rather become a woman”, in saying that, de Beauvoir denies any biological aspect of gender, instead asserting that the gender is socially constructed, as is virginity. There have been numerous ethnographic reports that touch upon virginity in relation to various forms of social organization from marriage, to kinship, to caste systems.

In defining virginity in today’s western society, people place importance on the loss of the hymen. However, there are countless other markers of virginity loss in women: from the constitution of her urine to the feel of her breast. The Zulus, an Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa, believe that the virginity of a woman can be defined by her taut muscle tone. There can be no definitive answer as to which factor is the truth, therefore taking a positivist approach to it impossible.

In monotheists religions, which constitute a large part of global culture, primary importance is given to virginity, particularly for women: in Islamic culture, importance is placed on the idea of women remaining a virgin and ‘saving their hymen’ until their wedding night. In the Catholic religion, the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus (for the Catholics, God, in other words), is praised for staying a virgin.

Today, the importance given to the sexual education is gradually changing, and, in admitting that virginity is entirely socially constructed, a new way to educate young men and women must emerge. For example, the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education is attempting to redefine virginity in order to requalify concepts of prestige and purity amongst young people.

Conclusion of Virginia
The scientific, positivist approach to truth in virginity is almost certainly wrong, or at least incomplete, as a definition of what virginity is. In the constructivist approach to truth, virginity is more of a spectrum, encompassing more of society as it allows the inclusion of the LGBT community, and virginity is no longer considered a dichotomy. However, society has been formed around this binary assumption of the positivist truth of virginity, due to its patriarchal origins assigning greater value to women who have retained their virginity. One of the few examples of when value is placed on male virginity is in religion, with chastity being a requirement for monkhood. Virginity within men also does not have the historical significance of being treated as a commodity, which is not true for women. Due to the fact that virginity loss has a spectrum of definitions, and the concept of virginity is a patriarchal construct, it cannot be considered a positivist truth as, rather than being an observable thing in the material world, it is an idea created by society and their experiences.


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in The Plastic Continent

Brainstorming-20th Nov
On the 20th of November, our group of three organized an online meeting on Microsoft Teams. We spoke about the different ideas each of us had in mind. We thought about the Uighurs extermination, the rush for vaccines, the project of setting up a colony on Mars or even the evidence of an ancient worldwide flood. All of these projects seemed really interesting first, but then too much of an interdisciplinary Issue. Considering the short amount of words we had, we decided to go for The Plastic Continent in the North Pacific. It’s a subject that moves us all, because we are the next generation and without the Earth, we won’t have anything left. We have to take care of our planet and to inform its occupants of the big Issues especially the environmental ones such as the Plastic Continent. At the end of the meeting, we agreed to divide the parts of our projects, assigning all the different aspects that we were going to wright about. We also agreed to meet the week after to debrief and advise each other.

Brainstorming- 3rd December
On the 3rd of December we organised another meeting where we finalised the direction of our project. After our meeting with our seminar leader the previous week, we realised we need to focus on conflicting evidence. We decided to focus on two main aspectsː evidence relating to the impact of plastic on society, because many different disciplines observe the effect of oceanic plastic with different methods; and evidence used to determine who is responsible for oceanic plastic because there are different methods of doing this as well.


text:
LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/LMI for Full-State-Feedback Step Response D-Stabilization

STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION!!!

This page describes a method for constructing a full-state-feedback controller for a continuous-time system with a time-varying input delay. In particular, a condition is provided to obtain a bound on the $$ L_2 $$-gain of closed-loop system under time-varying delay through feasibility of an LMI. The system under consideration pertains a single discrete delay in the actuator input, with the extent of the delay at any time bounded by some known value. Moreover, the delay is assumed to vary only slowly in time, with a temporal derivative bounded by a value less than one, although results may also be attained if no bound is known. Solving the LMI for a particular value of the bound, while minimizing a scalar variable, an upper limit on the $$ L_2 $$-gain of the system can be shown for any time-delay satisfying this bound.

The System
The system under consideration is one of the form:

\begin{align}

\dot{x}(t) &= Ax(t) + B_2u(t-\tau(t)) + B_1 w(t) & t&\geq t_0, & 0&\leq\tau(t) \leq h, & \dot{\tau}(t)&\leq d<1 \\ z(t) &= C_1x(t) + D_{12}u(t-\tau(t))

\end{align} $$

In this description, $$ A $$ and $$ A_1 $$ are constant matrices in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n\times n} $$. In addition, $$ B_1 $$ is a constant matrix in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n\times n_w}$$, and $$ B_2 $$ is a constant matrix in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n\times n_u}$$, where $$ n_w,n_u\in\mathbb{N} $$ denote the number of exogenous and actuator inputs respectively. Finally, $$ C_{1} $$ and $$ D_{12} $$ are constant matrices in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n_z\times n}$$ and $$ \mathbb{R}^{n_z\times n_u}$$ respectively, where $$ n_z\in\mathbb{N} $$ denotes the number of regulated outputs. The variable $$ \tau(t) $$ denotes a delay in the actuator input at time $$ t\geq t_0 $$, assuming a value no greater than some $$ h\in\mathbb{R}_+ $$. Moreover, we assume that the function $$ \tau(t) $$ is differentiable at any time, with the derivative bounded by some value $$ d<1 $$, assuring the delay to be slowly-varying in time.

The Data
To construct an $$ L_2 $$-optimal controller of the system, the following parameters must be known:

$$ \begin{align} A&\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n} \\ B_1&\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n_w} \\ B_2&\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n_u} \\ C_1&\in\mathbb{R}^{n_z\times n} \\ D_{12}&\in\mathbb{R}^{n_z\times n_u} \\ h&\in \mathbb{R}_+ \\ d&\in [0,1) \end{align} $$

In addition to these parameters, a tuning scalar $$ \epsilon>0 $$ is also implemented in the LMI.

The Optimization Problem
Based on the provided data, we can construct an $$ L_2$$-optimal full-state-feedback controller of the system by testing feasibility of an LMI. In particular, we note that if the LMI presented below is feasible for some $$ \gamma>0 $$ and matrices $$ \bar{P}_2^{-1}>0 $$ and $$ Y $$, implementing the state-feedback $$ u(t)=Kx(t) $$ with $$ K=Y\bar{P}_2^{-1} $$, the $$ L_2 $$-gain of the closed-loop system will be less than or equal to $$ \gamma $$. To attain a bound that is as small as possible, we minimize the value of $$ \gamma $$ while solving the LMI:

The LMI: L2-Optimal Full-State-Feedback for TDS with Slowly-Varying Input Delay

\begin{align} &\text{Solve}:\\ &\qquad\min \gamma \\ &\text{such that there exist}:\\ &\qquad \bar{P},\bar{P}_2,\bar{R},\bar{S},\bar{S}_{12},\bar{Q}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}, \quad Y\in\mathbb{R}^{n_u\times n}\\ &\text{for which}:\\ &\qquad \bar{P}>0,\quad \bar{P}_2>0,\quad \bar{R}>0,\quad \bar{S}>0  \\ &\qquad \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c c c c | c c} \bar{\Phi}_{11} & \bar{\Phi}_{12} & \bar{S}_{12} & B_2Y+\bar{R}-\bar{S}_{12} & B_1 & \bar{P}_2^T C_1^T \\ \end{array} \end{bmatrix}<0 \\ &\text{where}:\\ &\qquad \Phi_{11} = A \bar{P}_2 + \bar{P}_2^T A^T + \bar{S} + \bar{Q} -\bar{R}\\ &\qquad \Phi_{12} = \bar{P}-\bar{P}_2+\epsilon \bar{P}_2^T A^T \\ &\qquad \Phi_{22} = -\epsilon \bar{P}_2-\epsilon\bar{P}_2^T + h^2 R \end{align}
 * & \bar{\Phi}_{22} & 0 & \epsilon B_2Y & \epsilon B_1 & 0\\
 * & * & -\bar{S}-\bar{R} & \bar{R}-\bar{S}_{12}^T & 0 & 0 \\
 * & * & * & -(1-d)\bar{Q}-2\bar{R}+\bar{S}_{12}+\bar{S}_{12}^T & 0 & Y^T D_{12}^T \\\hline
 * & * & * & * & -\gamma^2 I & 0 \\
 * & * & * & * & * & -I

$$

In this notation, the symbols $$ * $$ are used to indicate appropriate matrices to assure the overall matrix is symmetric.

Conclusion:
If the presented LMI is feasible for some $$ \gamma,Y,\bar{P}_2 x(t) $$, implementing the full-state-feedback controller $$ u(t)=Kx(t)=Y\bar{P}_2^{-1} $$, the closed-loop system will be asymptotically stable, and will have an $$ L_2$$-gain less than $$ \gamma $$. That is, independent of the values of the delays $$ \tau(t) $$, the system:

\begin{align} \dot{x}(t)&=Ax(t)+B_2Kx(t-\tau(t))+B_1 w(t) \\ z(t) &= C_1x(t)+D_{12}Kx(t-\tau(t)) \end{align} $$

with:

 * $$ \|z\|_{L_2} < \gamma \|w\|_{L_2}

\begin{align} K=Y\bar{P}_2^{-1} \end{align} $$

will satisfy:

 * $$ \|z\|_{L_2} < \gamma \|w\|_{L_2} $$

Here we note that $$ \bar{P}_2^{-1}x(t) $$ is guaranteed to exist as $$ P_2 $$ is positive definite, and thus nonsingular.

It should be noted that the obtained result is conservative. That is, even when minimizing the value of $$ \gamma $$, there is no guarantee that the bound obtained on the $$ L_2 $$-gain is sharp, meaning that the actual $$ L_2 $$-gain of the closed-loop can be (significantly) smaller than $$ \gamma $$.

In a scenario where no bound $$ d $$ on the change in the delay is known, or this bound is greater than one, the above LMI may still be used to construct a controller. In particular, if the presented LMI is feasible with $$ \bar{Q}=0 $$, the closed-loop system imposing $$ u(t)=Kx(t)=Y\bar{P}_2^{-1} $$ will be internally exponentially stable with an $$ L_2 $$-gain less than $$ \gamma $$ independent of the value of $$ \dot{\tau}(t) $$.

Implementation
An example of the implementation of this LMI in Matlab is provided on the following site:

 * https://github.com/djagt/LMI_Codes/blob/main/L2_OptStateFdbck_cTDS.m

Note that this implementation requires packages for YALMIP with solver mosek, though a different solver can also be implemented.

Related LMIs

 * - Bounded real lemma for continuous-time system with slowly-varying delay

 * - LMI for Hinf-optimal full-state-feedback control in a non-delayed continuous-time system

 * - LMI for Hinf-optimal output-feedback control in a non-delayed continuous-time system


text:
User:Varadaraya Ganesh Shenoy/sandbox

This section studies the stabilizability properties of the control systems.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \rho x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}$$

Where $$ \rho $$ represents the differential operator ( when the system is continuous-time) or one-step forward shift operator ( Discrete-Time system). $$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} $$ are the state, output and input vectors respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices.

Definition
The system, or the matrix pair $$ (A,B) $$ is Hurwitz Stabilizable if there exists a real matrix $$ K $$ such that $$ (A+BK) $$ is Hurwitz Stable. The condition for Hurwitz Stabilizability of a given matrix pair (A,B) is given by the PBH criterion: \\

The PBH criterion shows that the system is Hurwitz stabilizable if all uncontrollable modes are Hurwitz stable. == LMI Conditon

The system, or matrix pair $$ (A,B) $$ is Hurwitz stabilizable if and only if there exists symmetric positive definite matrix $$ P $$ and $$ W $$  such that: \\

Following definition of Hurwitz Stabilizability and Lyapunov Stability theory, the PBH criterion is true if and only if, a matrix $$ K $$ and a matrix $$ P > 0 $$ satisfying: \\

Letting \\

Putting (4) in (3) gives us (2).

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.

Conclusion:
Compared with the second rank condition, LMI has a computational advantage while also maintaining numerical reliabiility.

title: User:Varadaraya Ganesh Shenoy/sandbox


text:
LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Continuous Time/Hurwitz Stabilizability

This section studies the stabilizability properties of the control systems.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \rho x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}$$

Where $$ \rho $$ represents the differential operator ( when the system is continuous-time) or one-step forward shift operator ( Discrete-Time system). $$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} $$ are the state, output and input vectors respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices.

Definition
The system, or the matrix pair $$ (A,B) $$ is Hurwitz Stabilizable if there exists a real matrix $$ K $$ such that $$ (A+BK) $$ is Hurwitz Stable. The condition for Hurwitz Stabilizability of a given matrix pair (A,B) is given by the PBH criterion:

The PBH criterion shows that the system is Hurwitz stabilizable if all uncontrollable modes are Hurwitz stable.

LMI Condition
The system, or matrix pair $$ (A,B) $$ is Hurwitz stabilizable if and only if there exists symmetric positive definite matrix $$ P $$ and $$ W $$  such that:

Following definition of Hurwitz Stabilizability and Lyapunov Stability theory, the PBH criterion is true if and only if, a matrix $$ K $$ and a matrix $$ P > 0 $$ satisfying:

Letting

Putting (4) in (3) gives us (2).

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.
 * https://github.com/ShenoyVaradaraya/LMI--master/blob/main/Hurwitz_Stabilizability.m

Conclusion
Compared with the second rank condition, LMI has a computational advantage while also maintaining numerical reliability.


text:
History of video games/Game conventions

Foundational developments
A Cincinnati, Ohio duo debuts the first known modern cosplay in 1908. Near the end of the century, cosplay would become a staple at a number of events, including gaming conventions.

The first Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in 1967 employs women as "CES Guides", with this position later being recognized as the origin of the controversial "Booth Babe" of later conventions.

The first ACM SIGGRAPH (Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics) convention is held in Boulder, Colorado in 1974 to focus on computer graphics technology. Though computer graphics work would have an indirect effect on the gaming market, SIGGRAPH would later take more direct involvement in the gaming industry with dedicated symposiums on video games.

On December 21st, 1975 the first Comic Market (Comiket) is held at the Fire Defense Building in Tokyo, Japan to celebrate manga and to a lesser extent anime / Japanimation. While not a gaming convention per say, a number of important series saw their first releases at future Comikets, such as Comiket 52 in 1997 which saw the first Touhou game releases sold at a booth manned by Zun.

CES 1979 showcased a number of Atari computers. The Emerson Arcadia 2001 is debuted at CES 1982, and the Nintendo Entertainment System sees its North American Debut at CES 1985.

First video game focused conventions
25 developers meet at a house in 1988 for the first Game Developer Conference (GDC).

The first Nintendo Spaceworld convention is held in 1989.

1990's
The first Assembly demoparty is held in 1992.

Supergames was a major industry event in Paris - 1993.

The first Electronics Entertainment Expo (E3) is held in 1995.

The first Tokyo Game Show is held at Big Sight in Tokyo Japan in August of 1996.

2000's
The first MAGFest (then known as the Mid-Atlantic Gaming Festival) is held in September 2002.

The first Penny Arcade Expo (PAX) is held in 2004.

title: History of video games/Game conventions


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Passivity and Bounded Realness

This section deals with passivity of a system.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \dot x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}$$

$$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} $$ are the state, output and input vectors respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices.

Definition
The linear system with the same number of input and output variables is called passive if

hold for any arbitrary $$ T\geq 0 $$, arbitrary input $$ u(t) $$, and the corresponding solution $$ y(t) $$ of the system with $$ x(0) = 0 $$. In addition, the transfer function matrix

of system is called is positive real if it is square and satisfies

LMI Conditon
Let the linear system be controllable. Then, the system is passive if an only if there exists $$ P > 0 $$ such that

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.
 * https://github.com/NoobMasterLoki/LMI--master/blob/main/Passivity.m

Conclusion:
Thus, it is seen that passivity and positive-realness describe the same property of a linear system, one gives the time-domain feature and the other provides frequency-domain feature of this property.


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Passivity and Positive Realness

This section deals with passivity of a system.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \dot x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}$$

$$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} $$ are the state, output and input vectors respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices.

Definition
The linear system with the same number of input and output variables is called passive if

hold for any arbitrary $$ T\geq 0 $$, arbitrary input $$ u(t) $$, and the corresponding solution $$ y(t) $$ of the system with $$ x(0) = 0 $$. In addition, the transfer function matrix

of system is called is positive real if it is square and satisfies

LMI Condition
Let the linear system be controllable. Then, the system is passive if an only if there exists $$ P > 0 $$ such that

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.
 * https://github.com/ShenoyVaradaraya/LMI--master/blob/main/Passivity.m

Conclusion
Thus, it is seen that passivity and positive-realness describe the same property of a linear system, one gives the time-domain feature and the other provides frequency-domain feature of this property.


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Non-expansivity and Bounded Realness

This section studies the non-expansivity and bounded-realness of a system.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \dot x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}$$

$$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} $$ are the state, output and input vectors respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B,C,D $$ are system matrices.

Definition
The linear system with the same number of input and output variables is called non-expansive if

hold for any arbitrary $$ T\geq 0 $$, arbitrary input $$ u(t) $$, and the corresponding solution $$ y(t) $$ of the system with $$ x(0) = 0 $$. In addition, the transfer function matrix

of system is called is positive real if it is square and satisfies

LMI Condition
Let the linear system be controllable. Then, the system is bounded-real if an only if there exists $$ P > 0 $$ such that

and

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.
 * https://github.com/ShenoyVaradaraya/LMI--master/blob/main/bounded_realness.m

Conclusion:
Thus, it is seen that passivity and positive-realness describe the same property of a linear system, one gives the time-domain feature and the other provides frequency-domain feature of this property.


text:
LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Continuous Time/Quadratic Hurwitz Stabilization for Polytopic Systems

This section studies the Quadratic Hurwitz stabilization for polytopic systems.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

LMI Condition
With $$ \Delta = \Delta_{p} $$, the quadratic Hurwitz Stabilization problem has a solution if and only if there exists a symmetric positive definite matrix $$ P $$ and a matrix $$ W $$ satisfying the below LMI :

In this case, a solution to the problem is given by

Conclusion
Stability of a system does not guarantee quadratic stability. Since quadratic stability can represent infinite LMI constraints, it is not tractable. Therefore, to make it feasible and tractable, polytopic sets are helpful.


text:
User:Mbrickn/Book ideas

This is my current list of book ideas and potential structures. I leave them here to incubate structures and to mull over how to best write about them before I start in earnest.

Feel free to plunge forward and make a WikiBook about any of these!

Understanding Infrastructure
A laymans guide
 * Water
 * Bridges
 * Weirs
 * Fords
 * Water Treatment
 * Sewage Treatment
 * Desalination
 * Transportation Infrastructure
 * Highways
 * Bike Paths
 * Pedestrian Paths
 * Sidewalks
 * Communication Infrastructure
 * Wired
 * Wireless
 * Power Infrastructure
 * Emergency Infrastructure
 * Sirens
 * Fire Hydrants

American Environmental History

 * Significant Legislation
 * Accidents & Incidents
 * Centralia
 * Three Mile Island
 * Davis Bessie near accident
 * Deepwater Horizon

Home Improvement
This book is concerned with improvements you can make around the house to improve your quality of life.

By room

 * Living Room
 * Layout
 * Seating
 * Couches

 * Kitchen
 * Layout
 * The Kitchen Sink
 * Appliances
 * Oven types
 * Water Management and Purification

 * Bedroom
 * Bed
 * Mattress
 * Pillow

 * Office or Study
 * Desks
 * Chairs
 * Bookshelves

 * Garage
 * Electric Car charging
 * Workshop
 * Pegboard
 * Counter
 * Parts Drawers

 * Outside
 * Porch
 * Patio
 * Fire pit
 * Grass and Vegetation

By technique

 * Heating and Lighting
 * Insulation
 * Heat
 * Air conditioning
 * Lightbulbs

 * Smart Home Improvements
 * Automation
 * Domestic Robots
 * Home Networking
 * Router
 * PiHole
 * Outlet improvements

 * Home security
 * More secure locks
 * Drop box
 * Security cameras

History of Anime & Manga

 * Influences
 * First Anime
 * Impact of seminal anime like Astro Boy, Lupin III, Gundam 07, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Etc.
 * Conventions
 * Comiket
 * Otakon
 * Export to western audiences
 * Social Impact
 * Hikikomori
 * Chūnibyō

Robot History

 * Concept
 * Clockwork
 * Industrial Automation
 * Consumer Automaton
 * Industrial Robots
 * Logistics Robots
 * Consumer Robots

Automotive History

 * Quadricycles
 * Early EVs
 * Model T
 * 50's cars
 * Kei Cars and Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation
 * DMC
 * 1990's & EV revival
 * Hybrids, hydrogen, and EV revival

UAV Operation

 * Basics and principles of operation
 * Common regulations and common sense

Interactive Fiction Writing

 * Branching
 * Meaningful Choices

Introduction to cells of the Human Body

 * Red Blood Cells
 * While Blood Cells

The Designs of Castles

 * Early Fortifications
 * European Castle Design
 * Indian Fort Design (Castles in India are more commonly referred to as forts)
 * Japanese Castle Design
 * Post Medieval Castles

Tanks over time

 * Russian and Soviet Tanks
 * British Tanks
 * American Tanks
 * French Tanks
 * Japanese Tanks
 * New Zealand Tanks - The Bob Semple

Social Aspects of Free Culture Communities
A guide discussing the social aspects of free software and open source communities.

Data and Cultural

 * Wikimedia Projects
 * OpenStreetMap

Software

 * Linux Kernel
 * TempleOS
 * Godot
 * Ren'Py

Other

 * Makerspace development Maker Space Noun Project constructive.svg
 * Design thinking Noun brainstorming 1325497.svg
 * Library development
 * Hackathon guide
 * Computers for the rest of us - How to use your computer in daily life without being a geek.
 * How to Map a Planet Community Mapping icon - Noun Project 8677.svg
 * Pinewood Derby
 * Architectural Movements
 * Legacy Technology (How to use old busses, standards on contemporary systems)
 * The Analects Analyzed. (Import from Wikisource and add annotations.)
 * The Toledo War
 * Guide to Public Domain Films
 * The General

title: User:Mbrickn/Book ideas


text:
LMIs in Control/Observer Synthesis/Continuous Time/Full-Order H-infinity State Observer

In this section, we design full order H-$$ \infty $$ state observer.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a linear system

\begin{align} \ \dot x(t) = Ax(t) + B_{1}u(t) + B_{2}w(t), x(0) = x_{0} \\ \ y(t) = C_{1}x(t) + D_{1}u(t) + D_{2}w(t) \\ \ z(t) = C_{2}x(t)\\ \end{align}$$

 * $$ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{l}, z in \mathbb{R}^{m} $$ are the state vector, measured output vector and output vectors of interest.
 * $$ w \in \mathbb{R}^{p}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r}, $$ are the disturbance vector and control vector respectively.

The Data
$$ A,B_{1},B_{2},C_{1},C_{2},D_{1},D_{2}$$ are system matrices

Definition
For the system, a full order state observer of the form of equation (1) is introduced and the estimate of interested output is given by.

The estimate of interested output is

Given the system and a positive scalar $$ \gamma $$, L is found such that

LMI Condition
The $$ H_{\infty}$$ state observers problem has a solution if and only if there exists a symmetric positive definite matrix $$ P $$ and a matrix $$ W $$ satisfying the below LMI

When such a pair of matrics is found, the solution is

Implementation
This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek.
 * https://github.com/ShenoyVaradaraya/LMI--master/blob/main/hinf_obs.m

Conclusion
Thus, an $$H_{\infty} $$ state observer is designed such that the output vectors of interest are accurately estimated.


text:
LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Robust H2 State Feedback Control

Robust $$H_{2}$$ State Feedback Control
For the uncertain linear system given below, and a scalar $$ \gamma > 0 $$. The goal is to design a state feedback control $$ u(t) $$ in the form of $$ u(t) =Kx(t) $$ such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfies.

\begin{align} \end{align}$$
 * G_{zw}(s)||_{2} < \gamma

The System
Consider System with following state-space representation.

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=(A + \Delta{A})x(t)+ (B_{1} + \Delta{B_{1}}) u(t) + B_2 w(t)\\ z(t)& = C x(t) + D_{1} u(t) + D_{2} w(t)\\ \end{align}$$

where $$x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$, $$u\in\mathbb{R}^{r}$$ , $$w\in\mathbb{R}^{p}$$, $$z\in\mathbb{R}^{m}$$. For $$ H_{2} $$ state feedback control $$ D_{2}=0 $$

$$ \Delta{A} $$ and $$ \Delta{B_{1}} $$ are real valued matrix functions that represent the time varying parameter uncertainties and of the form

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta{A} & \Delta{B_{1}} \end{bmatrix} = HF \begin{bmatrix} E_{1} & E_{2} \end{bmatrix} \end{align}$$ where matrices $$ E_{1},E_{2}$$ and $$ H $$ are some known matrices of appropriate dimensions, while $$ F $$ is a matrix which contains the uncertain parameters and satisfies.

\begin{align} F^{T}F \leq I \end{align}$$

For the perturbation, we obviously have

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta{A} & \Delta{B_{1}} \end{bmatrix} =

\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \end{align}$$, for $$ F=0 $$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \Delta{A} & \Delta{B_{1}} \end{bmatrix} = H \begin{bmatrix} E_{1} & E_{2} \end{bmatrix} \end{align}$$, for $$ F=0 $$

The Problem Formulation:
The $$ H_{2} $$ state feedback control problem has a solution if and only if there exist a scalar $$ \beta $$, a matrix $$ W $$, two symmetric matrices $$ Z $$ and $$ X $$ satisfying the following LMI's problem.

The LMI:
$$ \min \gamma^{2}

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \langle AX+B_{1}W \rangle_{s} + B_{2}B_{2}^{T} + \beta{H}H^(T) & (E_{1}X + E_{2}W)^{T} \\ E_{1}X + E_{2}W & -\beta{I} \end{bmatrix} < 0 \end{align}$$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} -Z & CX + D_{1}W \\ (CX + D_{1}W)^{T} & -X \end{bmatrix} < 0 \end{align}$$

\begin{align} trace(Z) < \gamma^2 \end{align}$$ where $$ \langle M \rangle_{s} = (M+M^T) $$ is the definition that is need for the above LMI.

Conclusion:
In this case, an $$ H_{2} $$ state feedback control law is given by $$ u(t)=WX^{-1}x(t) $$.


text:
LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/LQ Regulation via H2 control

LQ Regulation via $$H_{2}$$ Control
The LQR design problem is to build an optimal state feedback controller $$ u=Kx $$ for the system $$ \dot x = Ax + Bu, x(0)=x_0 $$ such that the following quadratic performance index.

\begin{align} J(x,u) = \int_{0}^{\infty}(x^TQx+u^TRu)dt \end{align}$$ is minimized, where

\begin{align} Q = Q^T \geq 0, R = R^T > 0 \end{align}$$ The following assumptions should hold for a traditional solution.

$$ \boldsymbol{A1}. (A,B) $$ is stabilizable. $$ \boldsymbol{A2}. (A,L) $$ is observable, with $$ L = Q^{1/2} $$.

Relation to $$ H_{2} $$ performance
For the system given above an auxiliary system is constructed

\begin{align} \dot x =Ax + Bu + x_0\omega, y= Cx +Du \end{align}$$ where

\begin{align} C = \begin{bmatrix} Q^{1/2}\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, D = \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ R^{1/2} \end{bmatrix} \end{align}$$ Where $$ \omega $$ represents an impulse disturbance. Then with state feedback controller $$ u=Kx $$ the closed loop transfer function from disturbance $$ \omega $$ to output $$ y $$ is

\begin{align} G_{y\omega}(s)=(C+DK)[sI - (A+BK)]^{-1}x_0 \end{align}$$ Then the LQ problem and the $$ H_{2} $$ norm of $$ G_{y\omega} $$ are related as

\begin{align} J(x,u) = ||G_{y\omega}(s)||_{2}^2 \end{align}$$ Then $$ H_{2} $$ norm minimization leads minimization of $$ J $$.

Data
The state-representation of the system is given and matrices $$ Q,R $$ are chosen for the optimal LQ problem.

The Problem Formulation:
Let assumptions $$ A1 $$ and $$ A2 $$ hold, then the state feedback control of the form $$ u=Kx $$ exists such that $$ J(x,u) < \gamma $$ if and only if there exist $$ X \in \mathbb{S}^n $$, $$ Y \in \mathbb{S}^{r} $$ and $$ W \in \mathbb{R}^{rxn} $$. Then $$ K $$ can be obtained by the following LMI.

The LMI:
$$ \min \gamma

\begin{align} (AX + BW) + (AX + BW)^T +x_0x_0^T < 0 \end{align}$$

\begin{align} trace(Q^{1/2}X(Q^{1/2})) + trace(Y) < \gamma \end{align}$$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} -Y & R^{1/2}W \\ (R^{1/2}W)^T & -X \end{bmatrix} < 0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
In this case, a feedback control law is given as $$ K = WX^{-1} $$.


text: User talk:5.150.65.2

title: User talk:5.150.65.2


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the World Happiness Report

=Evidence in The World Happiness Report=

Introduction
Established by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, the (WHR) is a publication that investigates civilian happiness, assigning a ‘well-being score’ (on a scale of 0-10) that represents each country’s average national happiness through analysis of global data. Each country is then ranked based on those scores. The data is sourced through surveys conducted by its data partners (most notably Gallup World). It is annually written and published by a group of specialists from varying disciplinary backgrounds.

Methodology
The World Poll questionnaire is posed upon a minimum of 1000 civilians per country and carried out in over 160 countries. From the survey data, WHR aims to evaluate these 6 key variables and how it influences a nation’s well-being score:

 * GDP per capita;
 * social support;
 * healthy life expectancy;
 * freedom to make life choices;
 * generosity;
 * freedom from corruption.

Reported in the latest publication (2020), the survey was based on the Cantril Ladder — a multi-faceted well-being assessment developed by Dr. Hadley Cantril. It involves asking individuals to “imagine themselves on a ladder with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top, where 0 represents the worst possible and 10 the best possible life”. The calculated averages are then displayed as ‘well-being scores’ (of values 0-10) which is assigned to its respective nation.

Psychology
In Psychology, the study of the concept of Happiness is mainly conducted through the construction of various theories, while the evidence of happiness itself is generally based on behaviour assessments and surveys.

One of the theories relating to the study of happiness and the conditions necessary to its achievement is the "Freedom of Choice Theory". The theory states that the extent to which a society allows free choice, has a great impact on a person's personal happiness, as long as their basic needs are met. Criteria such as "generosity" and "freedom of making life choices" play an important part in the assessment of happiness in the WHR.

In some instances, to be able to assess the actual level of happiness in individuals, psychologists collect data on their physical behaviour and then construct statistics based on said data. Such behaviour includes but is not limited to: laughing, smiling and helping others. However, despite the presence of the aforementioned quantitative methods, it is mainly qualitative ones that are used by psychologists in the construction of the report.

In the WHR and generally in psychology, the most common method used to process evidence of happiness are surveys in which individuals are asked several questions assessing circumstances that may relate to their level of happiness, or are straightforwardly asked to rate their happiness on a scale from 0 to 10.

This surveying method is often criticised for being too subjective, as the perception of happiness varies from one individual to another and is disproportionately influenced by the most recent events in their lives.

Medicine
Health plays an important part in a person’s happiness, in particular physical health and life expectancy. These are interdependent concepts with medicine as a discipline because it has the knowledge to determine a person’s status of living and provides knowledge which facilitates one’s health.

Physical health plays an essential role in an individual’s happiness due to the biological factors (e.g. hormones released) that have been quantifiably proven to correlate with improved emotions and mental health. Life expectancy is linked to physical health, for when one has poor physical health, life expectancy is shortened. Therefore, the WHR considers life expectancy and physical health as evidence that contributes to one’s happiness.

Evidence on life expectancy is taken from the World Health Organisation who defines life expectancy as the ‘average number of years that a new-born could expect to live’. Moreover, if one has a longer life expectancy, the likelihood for the person to be happy also increases. Evidence in life expectancy could be determined through documentation of birth mortality in hospitals and oral accounts provided through census.

Evidence for physical health is primarily based on observation, through simply looking at a person and evaluating his actions. An important factor that determines physical health is the healthcare system because an adequate healthcare system can constantly monitor citizen’s physical health. Hence, if this is attended to, the life expectancy of the person will likely increase, leading to a happier life.

Economics
It has long been understood that financial hardship is frequently one of the main factors hindering individual happiness. As such, the WHR uses different econometric measures as one means of evaluating the relative causes of nations’ measured happiness and the differences between nations. The WHR recognises that income security in the event of involuntary unemployment is pivotal in the determination of life satisfaction. The most commonly used metric is GDP per capita - a measure of a country's economic output per person. The data shows that many of the countries with significantly lower GDP per capita tend to feature lower on the Happiness Rankings, indicating that analysing the evidence in personal economics and individuals’ incomes is critical to evaluating subjective well-being.

However, most studies do show that once basic human needs are met, additional income does not have a strong correlation with increased well-being. In fact, one of the main criticisms of using econometrics in quantifying happiness is that too much value is placed on personal income and GDP per capita. Most recent studies show that income inequality and financial security have a much stronger correlation with subjective well-being. Beyond this, most evidence suggests that it is not how much money we have, but rather how we choose to spend it, which impacts our happiness and well-being.

Interdisciplinarity
The WHR relies on data from the Gallup World Poll which is composed of over 100 core questions that cover the different aspects affecting one’s happiness. In order to garner holistic evidence, experts from different disciplinary fields collaborated including (but not limited to) Psychology, Medicine and Economics specialists. The questionnaire is divided into several sections including those that directly correspond to the aforementioned disciplines, for example:
 * Psychology: All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?
 * Medicine: Are you satisfied with or dissatisfied with the availability of quality healthcare?
 * Economics: How would you rate economic conditions in this country today — as excellent, good, only, fair or poor?

In fact, some of the questions apply an interdisciplinary angle, for example: ‘do you have confidence in the healthcare or medical systems?’ This concerns the psychological state of the interviewee, whilst their answer will also imply the effectiveness of the healthcare system which is evidence for medicine. This method ensures the happiness indices generated for each country wholly reflects the average national happiness of its population, and that the values are as accurate as can be with the evidence available to them.

Tensions
One of the main criticisms directed towards the WHR is that with the attempt of assessing happiness by combining a number of disciplines using vastly differing and overall complex approaches to evidencing, the report fails to properly unify the resulting data. Merging together qualitative as well as quantitative data obtained through a survey into one single numerical result may fail to reflect accurately the actual state of happiness of a country. Moreover, happiness is often seen as an individual concept that is different for each individual. Representing the happiness of an entire country's population by a single number may seem to be vastly generalising and inaccurate.

Conflicts also arise in the sacrifices that must be made to achieve success in one area over another. For example, studies suggest that an individual’s self-imposed over-importance of economic wealth can have negative consequences on both their physical and mental health. Yet, in many countries, people cannot access healthcare without the necessary financial means, even as they enter old age. Therefore, it appears that often people sacrifice their health during their working lives so they might continue to have access to healthcare in their retirements.


text:
User:Boineelo Dikgang

Maths with Boi

title: User:Boineelo Dikgang


text:
Cookbook:Onion Confit

Onion confit can be used to fill quiches or to stir-fry cabbage.

Bouquet garni

 * 8 thyme sprigs
 * 2 parsley sprigs
 * 2 bay leaves
 * ½ tsp black peppercorns
 * Leek (optional)

Confit

 * ¼ cup water
 * 8 tbsp unsalted butter
 * 3 large onions (Spanish or yellow work well)
 * 1½ tsp salt

Procedure

 * 1) Wrap the bouquet garni ingredients in cheesecloth, and tie with kitchen twine.
 * 2) Peel and cut the onions in 1-inch wedges, along the grain (look for the lines going from the root to the tip).
 * 3) Warm the water in a stock pot big enough to fit all the onions.
 * 4) Melt the butter in the water, and stir to emulsify. Add the onions and stir. Lower the heat to a gentle bubble—the onions should not brown at all.
 * 5) Add the bouquet garni and cover the pot (a parchment lid works well to keep all the flavors in but let steam escape).
 * 6) Cook for 2 hours until the onions are soft but not falling apart. If there's too much liquid, turn up the heat a bit near the end to evaporate it.
 * 7) Remove the bouquet garni, and let cool to room temperature.
 * 8) Use or store for up to a week in the refrigerator. Drain the liquid before using (it's delicious—you can use it separately).

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Dairy free: use dairy-free butter, margarine, or oil instead of the regular butter.

title: Cookbook:Onion Confit


text:
User:Hot Steams 417/sandbox

The advent of the second wave of the feminist movement in the second half of the 20th century indicated enormous changes in the social order and intellectual discourse of the Western world. The issue of gender inequality in sport has suddenly gained a lot of relevance and importance as a subject of sociological analysis.

Research in this field has been substantially pushed forward by the publication of Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison which identified the notion of normalizing power and demonstrated the involvement of social institutions in the construction of gender roles and cultural norms. By adopting this perspective, sociologists have started to recognize patriarchal structures that prevailed in male-dominated sports associations which over the years have been heavily contributing to the marginalization of women in athletics.

Feminist scholarships proved to be especially consistent and efficient in identifying instances of power abuse and gender discrimination in sport. The conducted studies have shown that predominantly masculine imagery of sports in broadcasting and education alongside with a high negative discrepancy of women’s sports in global media coverage  (with only 6-8% of all sports news being devoted to women ) have been playing a significant role in the propagation of asymmetrical ideologies of gender that legitimize the perceived natural superiority of men. By examining, sociologists have continued to analyse power structures that reinforce oppressive gender stereotypes. Mackinnon (1987) argued that culture, by the means of normalizing processes, has evolved to perceive masculine identity to be a personification of strength, resilience, speed, physical dominance, aggression, competitiveness, and confrontational spirit, while feminine identity to be a representation of weakness, passiveness, sensitivity, and grace. Further research provides evidence that adopting these characteristics and conforming to traditional gender roles might have a ripple effect on individual sporting experiences of both women and men. EIGE’s Gender Equality Index clearly shows that women who adopt the conventional paradigm of femininity which expects them to devote more time to caring activities, often find themselves participating less in other social activities such as sports and leisure. Gender stereotyping is argued to create significant inequalities of power which undermine women’s capability to make choices about their lives.

title: User:Hot Steams 417/sandbox


text:
User:ContingentConsciousness

P3P Systems//MullinS.christopher.CRM8921

P3 Systems//payroll/(username)CRM8920

P3P Systems//MullinS.christopher.CRM8921

P3 Systems//payroll/(username)CRM8920

P3P.systems//MullinS.christopher.CRM8921

title: User:ContingentConsciousness


text:
User talk:Luphelo

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 22:19, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luphelo


text: User talk:185.69.186.112

title: User talk:185.69.186.112


text:
LMIs in Control/Applications/LMIforPiecewiseLinearHinfControllerSynthesisInIncentoryControl

This problem dealt with the inventory control problem for a deterministic production system with given deterministic demand rate plus an unknown fluctuating demand rate with finite energy whose bound is known.

The System
Given a state-space representation of a system $$

G(s) $$ and an initial estimate of reduced order model $$

\hat{G}(s) $$.

\begin{align} \ \dot x(t) &= A_ix(t)+bi+B_iu(t)+B_{\omega_i}\omega(t),\\ \ y(t) &= C_i x(t),\\ \end{align}$$

Where $$ A_i \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times n},b_i \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times k}, B_i \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times m}, B_{\omega_i} \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times m},C_i \in \mathbb{R}^{p\times n}$$.

The Data
The full order state matrices $$ A,b_i,B_{\omega_i},B_i,Ci,D $$.

The Optimization Problem
This problem has been modeled as a control problem of a switched (PWA) system and it has been solved using new results on piecewise-linear $$ H_{\infty} $$ control theory.

The LMI:
Objective: $$ \max \eta $$.

Subject to::

$$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \ S_i+S_i^T+\eta B_{\omega_i}B_{\omega_i}^T & QV_i^T \\ \ C_iQ & -I \\ \end{bmatrix} \ < 0, \end{align} $$

$$Q=Q^T>0,\eta > 0,\mu_i<0 $$

$$-l_1\prec Y_i^j \prec l_1$$

where

$$\eta<\gamma^2,

S_i=A_iQ+B_iY_i$$

for $$i=1,...M$$

Conclusion:
The resulting matrices allow us to construct a state feedback controller $$ Y_i=K_iQ$$ that forces the stock level to be kept close to zero (sometimes called a just-in-time policy), even when there are fluctuations in the demand of the product.

Implementation:

 * - example


text:
History of video games/Platforms/WOWOW

History
The WOWOW was a canceled console that would have streamed arcade games to the home over a satellite connection. This could be seen as an early example of cloud gaming.

The console was co-developed by companies Taito, JSB and ASCII. Taito engineer and director of Darius Yukiharu Sambe spearheaded the project.

At the Tokyo Toy Show in 1992 Taito announced the WOWOW. Functional demo systems were shown to the public.

However the system was never released due to issues with the technology of the time. The project was shuttered early on in development, though it did lead to a successful venture into a telecommunication karaoke service.

Planned games

 * Bubble Bobble
 * Darius
 * Parasol Stars
 * Rastan

Compute
The WOWOW was powered by a 32 bit / 16 bit Motorola 68000 processor clocked at 12 megahertz.

The system did not have enough RAM for downloaded games to be easily stored.

Hardware
The WOWOW would play games streamed over a satellite connection, and also had an RJ-45 jack. Uniquely for the time, games would be charged by time used.

The WOWOW had a CD drive.

title: History of video games/Platforms/WOWOW


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Konix Multisystem

Development
The canceled system was planned for a August 1989 release at a cost 200 British pounds. Funding issues caused the system to be shuttered shortly afterwards.

A new version of the system focused on using only CDs in conjunction with a 32 bit processor clocked at 30 megahertz was announced in 1993.

Legacy
Ultimately the controller would see a release by a different company as a PC game controller.

The design of the Konnix Multisystem would later influence the Atari Panther, and from that the Atari Jaguar.

Compute
The Konix Multisystem was powered by an 16-bit Intel 8086 processor clocked at 6 megahertz. The system also had a 12 megahertz custom co-processor.

The system started with 128 kilobytes of RAM, but later had 256 kilobytes of RAM which could be expanded to a total of 768 kilobytes of RAM with a proposed 512 kilobyte add on.

Hardware
The system used special 880 kilobyte capacity 3.5 inch floppy disks.

A morphing controller was planned.

A number of unique accessories were planned, including a power chair that used hydraulics.