text:
User talk:Nicole0000119

Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 21:13, 24 October 2019 (UTC) With the progress of the Internet and technology, the Internet connects our lives. It makes it easier for people to communicate and learn about the world through the Internet and the screen without leaving home. My screen use in life is usually the computer and the mobile phone. And according to my personal mobile phone display record : this week I used a total of screen time for 42h24m which the software is of most use screen WeChat software (social media application) followed by video entertainment software and search engine, some other tools for example online shopping to buy train and movies ticket,they also takes up part of the screen time when using, I categorize screen time use in the following ways

Screen time usage ratio and classification

Total screen-time: 42 hours24 minutes Categories:

1: Social networking: 20h1m.48% (wechat instagram Sina weibo, etc.) 2. leisure entertainment: 15h50m.38 % (Video, movie, music, etc.) 3. other tools: 1 h32m. 14% (Ticket buying tools, map.video clip, mailbox, Google, Electronic dictionary)

The above is just my personal screen usage information and classification. I divided the screen heavy software into three categories: social media, entertainment, and tools. Since each person's situation is different, it depends on individual interests and needs. For example, my friend “D” likes playing games, so the game software takes up the most screen time for her. Or people who like shopping online, obviously the shopping platform will take up the most screen time usage.Therefore, my personal opinion is that interests and hobbies or needs determine the screen usage rate.

Electronic devices represented by computers and mobile phones are changing our lives. Always-online has become a "default state" of many modern people. The changes brought by mobile Internet are "always-online" and service informatization, which means that users keep in touch with the network at any time. Mobile electronic devices are becoming an increasingly important topic in both study and work (Antonis, Daradoumis, Papadakis, & Simos, 2011). With the increasing popularity of personal digital assistants (pdas), smart phones, personal computers and other wireless communication devices, mobile learning methods are becoming a global reality, even for developing countries (Barker, Krull, & Mallinson, 2005). Simply put, as long as we are connected to the Internet, we can search for the information we need and know the movements of others in a few seconds, and it is a very flexible communication tool. We can do all kinds of collaborative work at lightning speed and exchange ideas with each other.However, users still have the right to choose whether or not others can contact me, even if we are online and not be disturbed.

Antonis, K., Daradoumis, T., Papadakis, S., & Simos, C. (2011). Evaluation of the 	effectiveness of a web-based learning design for adult computer science 	courses. IEEE Transactions on Education, 54(3), 374–380. DOI:10.1109/TE.2010.2060263 Barker, A., Krull, G., & Mallinson, B. (2005). A proposed theoretical model for m-	learning adoption in developing countries. An Unpublished Dissertation, 	Rhodes University, Department of Information Systems, South Africa.

Instructor Feedback on Wiki Exercise 1

 * Posts of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

Pass . Among other things, pass entries may try to relate an idea from the module to an original example, but might not be very convincing. They may waste space on synopsis or description, rather than making a point. They may have spelling or grammatical errors and typos. They might not demonstrate more than a single quick pass at the assignment, informed only by lecture and/or cursory reading. They may suggest reading but not thinking (or indeed the reverse). The wiki markup formatting will need some work.

 * This work is at the upper end of this particular grade band, but even so, a little improvement will go a long way to attaining a higher mark. I think in order to engage with the wiki exercises a bit more, it might be useful for you to take a closer look at the assessment brief to get more of an idea of how to hit those targets.

 * Making more use of the wiki functionality and markup would have gone a long way to improving fluidity and functionality of posts. I suspect that, as you become more familiar and proficient with the platform, that this will make a considerable difference.

Detail:
 * Fairly well written in general, articulating a good sense of what the assessment brief is asking for.
 * As stated, perhaps a little ore work on wiki mark-up and formatting going forward, just to make better use of the platform (through embedded links, images and so on).
 * In addition, it is good to see that you are reading fairly independently, and have brought this material in to support your arguments. I would advise that as well as this independent work, that you engage with the suggested weekly readings on the Resource List as these had direct links to some of the points you were making.

General:
 * 'Reading and research': evidence of critical engagement with set materials; evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material. Merit.

 * 'Argument and analysis': well-articulated and well-supported argument; evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position); evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections); evidence of independent critical ability. Merit.
 * 'Presentation': good use of wiki markup and organisational skills. Pass.

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:04, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

'''Wiki Exercise 2: Annotated Bibliography Exercise (Part 2) '''
 * 1) Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 18:46, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Liu, A., 2012: ‘Where is cultural criticism in the digital humanities?’, Debates in the digital humanities, 10: 490-509.

Liu (2012) discusses the cultural criticism in Digital Humanities. The aim of the study is to recommend the ways in which the antithetical can be converted into an opportunity through the deficits in digital Humanities identified by the author. The study draws upon previous literature, Casanova’s letters, maps, and descriptive arguments. The study argues that the development of Digital Humanities is hampered due to lacking culture criticism. The scope of the study is regarding various tools that can be instrumental in advancing in the field. The study is useful as it can help digital humanists develop a foundation for contributing to humanities. In conclusion, the author highlighted that humans can contribute to humanities by practising instrumentalism and highlighting the importance of Humanities alongside science. I can use the research and build upon the recommendations of the author for conducting future research for the advancement of Humanities.

Wiki Exercise 3: Social Movement Case Study
 * 1) Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 18:56, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

A social movement is a collective action in which people are persuaded to join the organization voluntarily; In this way, some activities of putting forward or resisting together with the organization are similar to resisting social structure and change. Most members who participate in social movements usually gather through informal network relationships, in which participants agree with and support the ideas and appeals of the movement, so as to initiate and participate in social movements.

In the era of network convenience, with the rapid development of new media technology, the large number of users and the powerful social penetration of social media, social media has gradually penetrated into social life. The update and influence of social media in technology is very powerful. People can organize and call for social activities through social media, and inquire the factors and specific contents of social movements. This has also enabled some active members to keep in touch with each other and enhanced the group strength and regional strength. (Hwang, H. and Kim, K. 2015）.The social power created through social media is huge. The Egyptian revolutionary social movement is a good example of how social media is driving the Egyptian revolution.

Because Egypt's internal development has been unbalanced for years, the gap between the poor and the unemployment rate are increasing. Due to the gap between political expectation and reality, the unemployed with unbalanced proportion have a strong sense of deprivation.Three sources have played an important role in the Egyptian social movement: the anti-opposition coalition, the social support network that the opposition relies on to gain a support base, and the social media platforms of blogs, Facebook, Twit and others.Driven by social media, the four main groups that initially launched the Egyptian demonstrations had five accounts on twitter and relied on the Internet to form a network of relationships: first, software analysis revealed that the movement that initially launched the revolution had formed a network of relationships on social media.Second, some activists in the movement have exposed their network connections. The demonstration posted on the website on January 14th states that activists from all over Egypt have agreed to hold a peaceful uprising against torture, poverty, corruption and unemployment on January 25th. To defend the rights of all egyptians furthermore, the network of relationships on social media is not only within the borders of Egypt, but can also cross political boundaries and form a global network of relationships to interact online. The Egyptian government has begun shutting down 90 percent of mobile phone Internet traffic in the country, disrupting the way protesters log on to social networking sites on their smartphones to send out news and photos of the demonstrations. However, the protesters' voicemail messages were replaced by text messages posted on twitter with technical support, and continued to be linked to social networking sites.（Shehata, M.2017).

The influence of social media on social movements

The information of various social movements will be exposed in large quantities, and individual motivation will rise to group action. Social media can also be upgraded to international agenda discussion through a regional public opinion hotspot. Because of the global connection of social media, the public can find out the hot news happening around the world in the first time. The rise and development of social movements are inseparable from the intervention and shaping of social media. Social media has a lasting and far-reaching influence on social movements, which can not only promote a social movement, but also become a means to intensify social conflicts and subvert the state power.

Reference

· Hwang, H. and Kim, K. (2015). Social media as a tool for social movements: the effect of social media use and social capital on intention to participate in social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(5), pp.478-488.

· Shehata, M. (2017). Political Participation and Power Relations in Egypt: The Scope of Newspapers and Social Network Sites. Media and Communication, 5(2), p.53.

Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 20:21, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

'''Wiki Exercise 4: Collaborative Essay Critical Evaluation '''

Wikis are global, multilingual encyclopedias, similar to online libraries, with the goal and purpose of providing free encyclopedias for all humanity, a dynamic, freely accessible and editable global knowledge base. Wikis are simple and open to use, allowing users to browse, create, and change freely, as well as providing a simple communication platform for users. Using wikis, writers can easily create a community that expands to attract more users to discuss and give feedback. A wiki community is defined as a website that provides a co-authoring environment, including text, images, and video. That is, everyone can modify the information on the page of the site, or expand and discuss common topics. It sounds crazy, but what if a stranger comes to the site and messes up the topic? Don't worry too much about this, all wikis have version control, you can always retrieve the correct version, because you're not alone in the community, and the power of the community is amazing.( Ferrier, A. 2017)Wiki is a search engine, just like Google, which is a network space formed by hundreds of millions of netizens, who participate in the creation, maintenance, editing and modification. One of the benefits of wikis is that they can act as a personal knowledge base, which is actually a large collaborative knowledge base for many people. Wikis are easy to maintain and create, easy to format, basic content can be edited in text, links are easy to use, and internal links are generated by entering a simple "entry name." References to external links are also convenient. At the same time, the wiki record page has the ability to revise the history, which allows the whole text to be continuously optimized, which is also an open function. Community members can create, modify, or delete any page. Visitors can clearly see the changes in the system page.(Twu, H. 2010). However, in my opinion, wiki also has some defects, for example, because everyone can participate in the topic, discuss and edit it, the authority and accuracy of information and content cannot be guaranteed. Besides, some materials are too complicated and not concise enough. If the academic materials are too detailed and complicated, the general readers will think that reading is difficult and the articles are too long and lose interest. But wikis are constantly updated and free of charge, and because everyone has different opinions, they enrich the cultural diversity, make the content richer and closer to life, and make it easier to understand. Wiki is an independent, high credibility website, it not only has a wealth of information sources, eliminate one-sided statements, so that the reader in the information judgment has sufficient choice, and can objectively reproduce the truth of events and people. In addition, I think wiki is an open and permanent online resource, because it is a global search engine, which means anyone can use wiki online all day long. You can search at any time, make sure other users are online throughout the day, and get timely responses and answers to your questions. This means that wikis never go offline.

Reference

· Ferrier, A. (2017). A WIKI for your Thoughts- Can WIKIS promote a collaborative learning environment?. Compass: Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(1).

· Twu, H. (2010). A Predictive Study of Wiki Interaction: Can Attitude toward Wiki Predict Wiki Interaction in High-Context Cultures Groups?. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 3(1).

INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK: ESSAY DISCUSSION PAGE
Students should be engaging at least once a day, for the duration of the project. The following points illustrate how this engagement was evaluated.

Evidence from contribs to both editing and discussion of content (i.e. volume and breadth of editorial activity as evidenced through ‘contribs’). These are primarily considered for quality rather than quantity, but as a broad guideline:
 * Each item on a contribs list that are 1000+ characters are deemed “substantial”: none
 * Items on a contribs list that are <1000 characters are important, and are considered in the round when evaluating contribs as a whole because of their aggregate value: certainly not for the duration of the project, and not near the level, standard, nor quantity advised in the wikilabs. around 10 contribs in total is not the expected standard here. all of these submitted over 3 days (15th, 16th and 29th Nov).
 * It is expected that you will make at least one contrib per day, for the duration of the project: the project assessment period lasted over three weeks

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 13:00, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Instructor Feedback on Wiki Exercise Portfolio
Posts of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:
 * Satisfactory. Among other things, pass entries may try to relate an idea from the module to an original example, but might not be very convincing. They may waste space on synopsis or description, rather than making a point. They may have spelling or grammatical errors and typos. They might not demonstrate more than a single quick pass at the assignment, informed only by lecture and/or cursory reading. They may suggest reading but not thinking (or indeed the reverse). The wiki markup formatting will need some work.

 * This work is at the upper end of this grade band, but even so, a little improvement would go a long way towards attaining a higher mark to push you into the next grade band. I think in order to engage with the wiki exercises a bit more, it might be useful for you to take a closer look at the assessment brief to get more of an idea of how to hit those targets, attending to details further. Making more use of the wiki functionality and markup would have gone a long way to improving fluidity and functionality of posts. I suspect that, if you become more familiar and proficient with the platform, that this will make a considerable difference. Finally, although your writing seems to be improving with practice, a little more work in the area of effective written communication would help to improve things.

General: In addition to the common marking scheme, there are three broad criteria widely employed in the Division, which are used to help assessors evaluate your work in a more general sense:

Reading and research: is there evidence of critical engagement with set materials?; is there evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Satisfactory Argument and analysis: Is argument well-articulated and well-supported?; is there evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position)?; is there evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections)?; is there evidence of independent critical ability? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit Presentation: academic writing style and structure, and organisational skills For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 13:58, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicole0000119


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2019/September

Chimp pictures from 159.146.0.0/16
Please range block the above IP. Vandalism. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 14:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Please block. This is getting out of control. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 15:18, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Another one @37.154.240.220. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 16:04, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Short global blocks is placed on the users normal ranges. -- Tegel (discuss • contribs) 16:09, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 16:09, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * again @2001:67c:198c:906:1::10a --大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 16:40, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Its a Proxy see https://tools.wmflabs.org/ipcheck/index.php?ip=2001%3A67C%3A198C%3A906%3A1%3A0%3A0%3A10A --WikiBayer (discuss • contribs) 16:45, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * IP is back as 37.154.223.124 --大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 13:09, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Before you contact a steward or global sysop try contacting a local sysop.---WikiBayer (discuss • contribs) 17:54, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Alright, noted. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 02:05, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Special:Contribs/ 204.116.213.161
Hi, please, block him. Hasley (discuss • contribs) 16:49, 12 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:15, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

Harassment
Please revision delete the harassment on my discussion page. Thanks! -- Dave Braunschweig (discuss • contribs) 20:03, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 20:05, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

Gujarati/Grammar
I may be wrong but it seems like vandalism to me. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 12:22, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * There's nothing worth keeping in the page anyway, so it's been deleted. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 14:08, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

Strategy for Information Markets/Search engine business models
Hi, the page [//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_for_Information_Markets/Search_engine_business_models&action=history Strategy for Information Markets/Search engine business models] could need some protection. It is a spammer's target for months now, with no useful contribs from IPs. Regards --Schniggendiller talk  09:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Did a little, anyway. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 11:01, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

37.154.171.54 vandalism report and blocking request
Hi. This anonymous user added a chimp image on many pages - vandalism since 40 minutes. This IP is notified 3 times on his TP and has about fifty vandalisms. Txs. —Eihel (discuss • contribs) 00:06, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ by Pi zero —Eihel (discuss • contribs) 00:26, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a cross-wiki vandal. Suggest adding an edit filter, as has been proposed or done at en.wq and en.wp. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 00:44, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * His GUC shows a participation by mobile. The Stalk toy shows a participation spaced yesterday, then 2 weeks and 3 weeks ago. This is not a frequent vandalism that deserves a "beat to quarters", especially for an IP. When he / she will do round trips on several wikis in a short period of time, it will be necessary to agree on a global blocking for only 37.154.160.0/19 and voilà. —Eihel (discuss • contribs) 02:19, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I was not recommending block anyone. I was recommending adding an edit filter that blocks these edits. Do you oppose adding the filter? —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:36, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I do not object to anything. —Eihel (discuss • contribs) 02:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Re edit filters, see User talk:Pi zero. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:09, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

Special:Contributions/204.109.64.67
Hello, please, block him. Thanks, Hasley (discuss • contribs) 14:49, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Blocked. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Drugs:Fact and Fiction/Introduction
Seems to be under attack from a number of IPs, especially in the 2401:4900:30b7::/48 range. See Special:Contributions/2401:4900:30b7::/48. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:26, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Semi-protected one week. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 15:59, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Spam
159.146.18.244 is spamming. Please, block him. Thanks, --Hasley (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Blocked. Can someone configure his block? Now is spamming his talk page. --Hasley (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to create a filter that disallows the IP from adding stuff if their edits were undone/rollbacked > thrice? 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 13:40, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Now is Special:Contributions/159.146.45.90. --Hasley (discuss • contribs) 13:43, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Because this user had already shifted between several IPs this morning, I applied a range block to 159.146.18.0/24. Unfortunately, they've now moved outside that range. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:49, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Back. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 13:50, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I've widened the range block to 159.146.18.0/19. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Doesn't seem to be working. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 14:24, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Please block the IP. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 14:34, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The wider range block took effect at 1358 UTC. What makes you think it didn't work? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:40, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oh.. It's another IP. Special:Contributions/159.146.45.90. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 14:42, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've blocked this particular one. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 14:46, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * FYI, a global range block has been applied. This is a known long term abuser... QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:01, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I've been trying to figure out what might have gone wrong with my earlier attempted range block. I suspect I botched it by blocking 159.146.18.0/19 rather than 159.146.0.0/19 (though if that's so, the interface evidently should have provided some sort of feedback, along the lines of 'this looks odd, are you sure that's what you want?').  At Praxidicae's suggestion (at my user talk) I subsequently blocked 159.146.0.0/16; but of course there'd be no way to tell for sure whether I got it right if there's now a global range block. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Without getting into detail, I did enable a filter which seems to help but he knows how to evade it as soon as he hits it a dozen or so times. I hope I wasn't overstepping in doing that (this is a GS wiki but you have too many admins for me to block/delete content per the scope, but I figured a filter wouldn't be overstepping, please let me know if it is.) Praxidicae (discuss • contribs) 15:20, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems to me a reasonable action in the circumstances. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:57, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:LBird BASc/sandbox/ATK/Seminar6/Evidence/Evidence in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia as a brain disease
Evidence that Schizophrenia is a brain disease stems from research (Nemade and Dombeck, n.d)1 utilising brain imaging techniques (MRI and CT) documenting structural differences in brains between those with and without schizophrenia. Other studies (Juckel et al. 2006)2 have also correlated negative symptoms (avolition) with lower levels of brain activity in certain areas (eg, the ventral striatum). Such evidence justifies the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disease of the brain and this method of theory formation is a function of Bayesian thinking. Despite this evidence being highly replicable and representative due to controlled procedures in brain scanning procedures, it might only be able to constitute as suitable evidence for a relationship between neural deficits and symptoms of schizophenia and, against other theories suggesting alternative origins of the illness. It is, however, unable to prove that schizophrenia is biological in origin. According to Karl Popper, theories can be falsified though testing them against empirical evidence or known facts. Evidence can disprove theories through presenting inconsistent facts or evidence against them but cannot prove theories to be correct due to other inconsistent evidence that might exist.3 The approach used by researchers in this area seeks to complement the existing hypothesis - that Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain. Using the approach suggested by Popper, observations derived from controlled studies initially used as supporting evidence might therefore be only useful in the falsification of alternative explanations discussed below (ie psychodynamic explanations), rather than supporting the initial hypothesis itself. It is difficult ascertaining whether schizophrenia is truly a brain disease with cherry-picked observations as sources of evidence. Multiple lines of evidence exist suggesting alternative explanations such as the role of social factors. When considering the whole pool of evidence, one might not agree with the statement that schizophrenia is a brain disease due to differing explanations. Where two rational observers hold divergent beliefs, different conclusions form the same scientific evidence might be drawn. This is also consistent with the Bayesian scheme where conclusions are drawn based on previous knowledge held by observers and can be seen in the example of comparing explanations for schizophrenia where they differ based on whether schizophrenia itself is explained by a social psychologist or a cognitive neuroscientist. For instance, the psychodynamic explanation by Fromm-Reichman (1948)4 suggests that family climates of secrecy and tension are created as a result of cold, controlling and rejecting mothers that create distrust and symptoms of paranoid delusions in the illness. Such explanations would thus suggest that neural effects are a result of symptoms caused by social factors. For example, avolition in schizophrenia might be caused by less information processing through the ventral striatum, resulting reduced activity observed in studies. The direction of causality therefore cannot be assumed where a cognitive neuroscientist might suggest the reverse where the reduced activity results in the negative symptoms observed, pointing to biological origins of the illness.


text:
Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/fuì

To escape

title: Neapolitan/501 Neapolitan verbs/fuì


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Maldives

Maldives is a smallest countries in Asia, comprising of 298km2 (smaller than Singapore at 692km2). It is one of the unique countries in the world where it does not share any land borders with any countries. It also known as Republic of Maldives or Maldive Islands, independent island country in the north-central Indian Ocean. It consists of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls.

They are built up from the crowns of a submerged ancient volcanic mountain range. All the islands are low-lying, none rising to more than 2 meters above sea level. The atolls have sandy beaches, lagoons, and a luxuriant growth of coconut palms, together with breadfruit trees and tropical bushes. Fish abound in the reefs, lagoons, and seas adjoining the islands.

Maldives capital city is Malé and the Maldives currency used is Rufiyaa.

Where is Maldives?
It is located between Arabian Sea and Indian Sea. Approximately it is located south west to  Sri Lanka. The islands extend more than 820 km from north to south and 130 km from east to west.The northernmost atoll is about 600 km south-southwest of the Indian mainland

How many people live in Maldives?
Based on 2014 census, there are 344 thousands people living in Maldives.The people living there call themselves as Maldivians.

What are the most common languages in Maldives?
The official language is an Indo-European language called Dhivehi or Maldivian is the national language in Maldives. However, for government official functions, English is used instead.

What is the most common religion in Maldives?
Islam is the official religion in the Maldives. The Maldivians are not allowed to practice other religions other than Islam.

What is the sport of Maldives?
There are no national sport in Maldives. However, cricket is gaining popularity in recent times.

What are some important sites?
Male Market - Sellers sell their products from personal stalls. Different foods tourists can hope to enjoy include native vegetables, nuts, breadfruit chips, fruits, yams, bottles of pickles, packets of sweetmeat, and bunches of bananas on a cable suspended from the ceiling.

Tsunami Monuments - Situated on the southeastern portion of Malé Island on the Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Tsunami Monument is devoted to those who laid down their lives in the tsunami happened by the 2004 Indian Ocean tremor. This is one of the most visited tourist spots in Maldives.The central part has vertical iron rods representing the lives of those lost, the steel balls symbolize the country’s 20 atolls, and the lofty design marks the ascending waters. The victims’ names are carved on the memorial.

National Museum of Male - It is located in Male and it preserves a large collection of historic artefacts that traces the history of Maldivian Islands. This three-storied museum is a part of the 17th century Maldivian Royal Palace compound, which also has a Sultan Park (Public Park). Inside the museum, you will find a collection of well preserved galleries and artifacts of weaponry, household wares, religious paraphernalia, Arabic and Thaana-engraved pieces of wood and more. The major highlights of the museum are the 11th-century piece from Alifu Thoddoo, a coral stone head of Lord Buddha; a 13th-century engraved wooden plank from Hukuru Miskiiy and Feyli Kolhu of Sultan Ghaazee Mohamed.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Maldives


text:
User:Bigmarmaduke

hello bigmarmaduke is me

title: User:Bigmarmaduke


text:
Climatology/Humidity

Humidity
Water vapour present in the air is known as Humidity.At any specific temperature amount of water vapour that can be held by air has a definite limit known as saturation point.Air at saturation point is known as saturated air.Temperature at which saturation occurs is known as Dew point. Capacity of air to absorb water vapour increases with increase in temperature. There are three type of humidity:-
 * Absolute Humidity
 * Relative Humidity
 * Specific Humidity

Absolute Humidity
The actual amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as the absolute humidity.It is the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air and is expressed in terms of grams per cubic metre.The absolute humidity differs from place to place on the surface of the earth.

Relative Humidity
The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature is known as the relative humidity.

Relative Humidity = [Actual amount of water vapor in air (absolute humidity)/humidity at saturation point (the maximum water vapor air can hold at a given temperature)] X 100

The change of air temperature, the capacity to retain moisture increases or decreases, the relative humidity is affected. Relative humidity is greater over the oceans and least over the continents (absolute humidity is greater over oceans because of greater availability of water for evaporation).The relative humidity determines the amount and rate of evaporation.Air containing moisture to its full capacity at a given temperature is said to be ‘saturated’. The temperature, air cannot hold any additional amount of moisture.relative humidity of the saturated air is 100%.If the air has half the amount of moisture that it can carry,it is unsaturated and its relative humidity is only 50%.

Specific Humidity
It is expressed as the weight of water vapour per unit weight of air.it is measured in units of weight (usually grams per kilogram), the specific humidity is not affected by changes in pressure or temperature.Absolute Humidity and Relative Humidity are Variable whereas Specific Humidity is a constant.

Condensation
Transformation of water vapour into water, caused by loss of heat when moist air is cooled.Cooling may reach a level when air’s capacity to hold water vapour, then excess of water vapour condenses into liquid form.If water vapour directly condensed into solid form, it is known as sublimation.In free air, condensation results from cooling around very small particles termed as condensation Particle of dust, smoke & salt from oceans are particularly good nuclei as they absorb water (Hygroscopic nuclei).

Dew
The temperature at which saturation occurs in a given sample of air is known as dew point.Dew forms when moisture is deposited in form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects such as stone, glass, blades, plant leaves etc.It forms when temperature of air falls below dew point but above freezing point.Dew point occurs when Relative Humidity = 100%.

Frost
Frost forms on solid surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point i.e. 0 °C means dew point is below freezing point.

Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which matter changes from liquid to a gaseous or vapour state. The atmospheric moisture or humidity is nothing but water vapour which has escaped from oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, and humans into the atmosphere.Heat energy is required for evaporation to take place.In case of atmospheric moisture, the energy is provided by solar radiation. The water molecules, supplied with this energy, get the required motion to escape and conserve this energy as latent heat of vaporisation. when the vapours get condensed into water drops, this energy is released in the form of latent heat of condensation.evaporation is associated with a cooling effect.

Factors Affecting Rate of Evaporation
Several factors affecting the rate of evaporationare following:-
 * 1) Amount of water available:-Rate of evaporation is greater over the oceans than over the continents.
 * 2) Temperature:-high temperature implies greater availability of energy for evaporation.the rate of evaporation is directly proportional to temperature of the evaporating surface.
 * 3) Relative humidity:- the moisture-holding capacity of air at a given temperature is limited, dry air,evaporates more water than moist air.evaporation is greater in summer.
 * 4)  Area of evaporating surface:-larger surface area exposed to heat implies enhanced evaporation.
 * 5)  Air Pressure:-It exerted on the evaporating surface.Lower pressure over open surface of the liquid results in a higher rate of evaporation.
 * 6) Composition of water:-Evaporation is inversely proportional to salinity of water. Rate of evaporation is always greater over fresh water compare to salt water.

title: Climatology/Humidity


text:
Talk:Scrabble/Two-Letter Words

Which TWL words are not in the OSPD6???
Most casual players have a recent edition of the OSPD but unless they are club players they don't have TWL.

Would it be possible to clarify just which 2-letter words are in the OSPD6?

Maybe the 2-letter words in OSPD6 are identical to those in TWL. But the article leaves this issue rather unclear by its choice of wording.50.203.182.230 (discuss) 19:07, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Doesn't Add Up
The numbers given and the word lists don't correlate -- new words EW and OK appear in both the NWL and non-NWL list.

A possible source of confusion is HO
HO in OSPD6 is an interjection. "'Ho! Ho! Ho!,' said Santa Claus," for example. But HOS is the plural of an offensive word so it does not appear in OSPD6, although it was added to the tournament list in 2016. I think that's the only thing that's a 2 that is very close to being offensive, in some measure — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thinkadoodle (talk • contribs)

 * True, but this list only covers 2 letter combinations, it doesn't deal with 3 letter combos at all. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 01:33, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The possible confusion would be to think falsely that HO wouldn't be in OSPD, thus hypothetically resulting in 106 for OSPD and 107 for NWL. Thinkadoodle (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Well you could add a note to point that out I suppose. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:34, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scrabble/Two-Letter Words


text:
Climatology/Fog and Clouds

Fog
Fog is basically a cloud with its base at or very near to ground.It is formed when warm & cold currents meet.Fogs are of different kinds depending upon the nature of the cooling process.Fog is not the same thing as mist. Fog is denser than mist.It means fog is more massive and thicker than mist. Fog happens when it is very humid. In order for fog to form, dust, water vapour or some kind of air pollution needs to be in the air.

Types of Fog
There are several different types of fog, including radiation fog, advection fog, valley fog, and freezing fog, etc.

Radiation Fog
It forms in the evening when heat absorbed by the Earth’s surface during the day is radiated into the air.heat is transferred from the ground to the air, water droplets form. its also called ground fog. Ground fog does not reach as high as any of the clouds overhead. It usually forms at night. Fog that is said to “burn off” in the morning sun is radiation fog.

Advection Fog
It forms when warm, moist air passes over a cool surface is called advection.When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog. Advection fog shows up mostly in places where warm, tropical air meets cooler ocean water. The Pacific coast of the United States, from Washington to California, is often covered in advection fog. The cold California Current, which runs along the western coast of North America, is much cooler than the warm air along the coast.

Valley Fog
It forms in mountain valleys, usually during winter. Valley fog develops when mountains prevent the dense air from escaping. The fog is trapped in the bowl of the valley. In 1930, vapor condensed around particles of air pollution in the Meuse Valley, Belgium. More than 60 people died as a result of this deadly valley fog.

Freezing Fog
It happens when the liquid fog droplets freeze to solid surfaces. Mountaint that are covered by clouds are often covered in freezing fog. As the freezing fog lifts, the ground, the trees, and even objects like spider webs, are blanketed by a layer of frost. The white landscapes of freezing fog are common in places with cold, moist climates.

Clouds
Clouds as aggregates of water droplets and ice crystals are a form of condensation and a precondition for precipitation. It represent a visible aggregate of droplets of water, or tiny ice crystals or a mixture of both. Clouds are usually product of condensation or sublimation caused by lifting process. It play a important role in heat budget and cause cloud are devided into three layers.
 * High Clouds
 * Middle Clouds
 * Low clouds

High Clouds
It usually found in the altitude of 6 to 12 km from the earth surface.High family clouds composed of mainly ice crystals because at greater heights amount of moisture is less and dew point is achieved at low temperatures in supersaturated situation. high clouds are generally associated with fair weather conditions.these are three types:-

Cirrus
These are detached clouds composed of white, delicate, ice filaments.It has a fibrous appearance like 'mares tails' or a silky sheen or both.

Cirrostratus
It represent a thin, milky or whitish sheet of fibrous appearance covering the sky totally or partially. It composed of tiny ice crystals.They indicate about approaching storm.

Cirrocumulus
These clouds are patches of small white flakes or small globules which are arranged in ripples or wavelike form.Wavelike regular pattern forms a mackerel sky.These clouds are least common in high clouds.

Middle Clouds
Middle clouds are in the altitude range of 2 to 6 km and have prefix alto in their names.They are composed of water droplets, ice crystals or both things. Two types are middle clouds:-

Altocumulus
It consist of layer or patches of white or grey clouds It generally arranged in fairly regular pattern of lines, groups or waves.It composed of supercooled water droplets.Altocumulus clouds differ from cirrocumulus as, cirrocumulus clouds are smaller and less dense.globular group within altocumulus clouds is known as sheep clouds or wool pack clouds.

Altostratus
Altostratus clouds appear as fibrous sheet of gray or blue-grey, covering the sky totally or partially.They are thicker than the higher cirrostratus.clouds are associated with infrequent precipitation either in the form of light snow or drizzl.

Low Clouds
Cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds have their base in the range of low clouds, but they extend upward into the middle or higher altitude.

Stratus
It generally represent grey coloured uniform layer covering much of the sky, composed of many uniform layers. These are dense and low-lying fog-like clouds.

Stratocumulus
These are large globular masses or rolls of grey or whitish or both.It arranged in lines, groups or waves.It usually associated with fair weather but occasionally rain and snow may occur.

Nimbostratus
The Latin word nimbus means ‘rain cloud’ and stratus stands for layered.These are rainy clouds. clouds bring light to moderate rainfall for long durations over widespread areas.The rain, snow and sleet are associated with these clouds but never accompanied by thunder, lightning or hail.

Cumulus
these are dense, widespread, dome-shaped (resembling a cauliflower) and have flat bases.

Cumulonimbus
clouds show great vertical extent, from a few hundred meters above the ground upward to 14 to 18 km. These clouds are common in equatorial low pressure belts and in tropical cyclones.

title: Climatology/Fog and Clouds


text:
Talk:Editing Wikitext/Headings

Numbers
How to prevent the display of numbers, not in the wikiMedia:common.css, but with a magic word, to create a template?

title: Talk:Editing Wikitext/Headings


text: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening taxa

title: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening taxa


text: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening locations


text: Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Rhopalocera


text: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening taxa by location


text:
Talk:Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Chapter 2 Practice Problems/Solutions

Problem
ExampleProblem: 6. Suppose that the population of a certain country n years after year 2000 if there is no emigration can be modeled with the equation:

{\displaystyle P=2.5*10^{8}*e^{0.045*n}}{\displaystyle P=2.5*10^{8}*e^{0.045*n}}

Also, suppose that in the country, a net emigration of 100,000 people per month actually occurs. What is the total accumulation of people in this country from year 2000 to 2003?

b) What was the population of people in 2002, according to this model?

c) What are some possible problems with this model? For example, what doesn't it take into account? What happens when n is 100? Where did those constants come from? Would they be the same for every country, or for the same country across generations? Germanboymullae (discuss • contribs) 23:37, 27 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/History/Notes on rationalism

Just a few words about history of rationalism across the disciplines from The Social Animal, David Brooks

Rationalism and reason have prevailed in Ancient Greece. According to Plato, the soul was divided in three: the reason, the spirit and appetite, reason seeking for truth, spirit recognition and glory and appetite for bas pleasures. After the fall of the Roman Empire passions commanded until the Renaissance. Reason dominated once again with development of science and accounting. This lead to the evolution of rational thinking and methodology in all disciplines during the seventeenth century. This method relied on a scientific language with the aim of achieving a lawlike generalisation of human behaviour.

This method seeking for truth had appeared to be highly efficient for science subjects like physics or biology, but more disputable for social sciences. They created models in order to predict human actions in many fields such as politics, international relations or management. It brought some sort of certainty while reducing some phenomena by working on assumptions. It focuses essentially on conscious cognition and not on the unconscious being impossible to rationalise, which explains why the rationalist method does not fit well in these disciplines. As they are based on human behaviour and thus on the unconscious mind, rationalism cannot be used to explain and understand humans truthfully.


text:
Talk:Celestia/Installation

Instructions for uninstalling would be useful. 88.64.108.25 (discuss) 04:15, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celestia/Installation


text:
User talk:58.96.24.235

Hi anon user,

Thanks for your contribution to Wikibooks but however you contribution at The_snake_in_the_bush do not meet the  requirement mentioned here.

However, based on your past contribution, it seems like most (if not all) of your contributions do meet the Wikibooks requirement.

If you want to publish a poem, kindly refer here: https://www.wikihow.com/Publish-a-Poem

title: User talk:58.96.24.235


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Evidence

This is the sandbox page for the issue: Evidence.
 * Evidence in Music - Lola


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Power

This is the sandbox page for the issue: Power.
 * Power, Protests and Social Medias
 * Colonialism and Science
 * Religion and Politics
 * Power in Disney influence over society : cultural appropriation, gender roles
 * Power of the Unconscious within Behavioral Economics


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 2/Evidence

This is the sandbox page for the issue: Evidence.

Historical evidence

Evidence in Art forgery

Evidence Based Policymaking


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 2/Power

This is the sandbox page for the issue: Power.

Power and the environment

Power of political theories in IR


text:
User:RexScriptoria

King of the scriptorium

Hi, this is my Wikibooks userpage.

title: User:RexScriptoria


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Truth/Technology and truth

Technology and truth
This section briefly touches upon the impact of technology on today's concept of truth.

A more objective truth?
With the rise of new technologies, such as DNA scanning and security cameras, uncovering the truth is now supposedly easier than ever. The variety of techniques proving and disproving evidence could allow us to progress more easily to the most objective form of truth possible, removing any form of human bias or error. For example, law enforcement can now employ a new form of DNA scanning in order to rapidly match it with the DNA of people stored on databases, therby vastly reducing the uncertainty of whether an accused criminal is guilty or not.

More powerful tools of truth
Thanks to technological advancements, many theories that used to be speculative in the domain of science are now able to be tested out in real life and confirm the validity of this truth. In physics for instance, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United states have recently confirmed the existence of gravitational waves - concretely providing objective evidence to support the truth of the theory. This is an example where the advancements in engineering and technology allowed truth to become empirical and objective in the domain of science, as we are now able to verify results more accurately.

The rise of social media
Nowadays, however, technology has also brought in disadvantages along with its benefits, with social media being the prime example of it: online platforms such as Facebook are a convenient way of staying updated on the news around the globe, but can also amplify the propagation of "fake news". Algorithms which decide of which content to display place a priority on the engagement the audience would experience, rather than the veracity of the claims or the relevance of the content. As a result, we are likely to encounter information with little evidence to back it up, in contrast to the usual emphasis placed on positivist truth by traditional news outlets. Furthermore, the exponential increase in fake news has also led to a growing suspicion towards all forms of news in general. People rely on their own version of the truth, dubbing anything which does not conform to their beliefs as false and thus distorting the importance we place on truth in the media.

Truth in journalism: The "Gilet Jaune" movement in France
In the autumn of 2018, many protests emerged throughout France in an attempt to oppose the new tax set to increase the price of diesel and petrol, which was advocated by the French president Emmanuel Macron as a way to decrease the country's carbon footprint. Many of these protesters were lower-class, grassroot citizens, and they identified themselves by wearing fluorescent yellow vests, hence the name "gilet jaune". The notable aspect of this movement is that it had no official leader or schedule. Instead, it sprang up on social media, with various communities creating polls, discussions and pages which fueled the protests. Through social media, the initial movement gained incredible momentum and became an international phenomenon.

However, the fact that the events were reported not only by journalists but also by everyday citizens through social media led to bias in truth and the way people perceived each opposing side. Facebook for instance was the breeding ground for many anti-Macron propaganda pages, and videos depicting police violence also strongly influenced the negative view associated with police forces at that time. Although it became clear later on that the violence was double-sided, the popularity of these videos led to a strong anti-government feeling.

In addition, misinformation is also a large issue in a protest of this amplitude. social media have also allowed rumours to flourish, for example that Emmanuel Macron would sell France's sovereignty to the UN. This type of information distorts the truth and reality of the situation, making it increasingly difficult to find one's way to an objective and unbiased version of truth.


text:
Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Plasma

Quote

 * "I stand between the candle and the star." — Delenn, Babylon 5.

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 22:53, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Plasma


text:
Talk:General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 2

huh wow didn't know this stuff before. It was very helpful to my homework.


text:
Talk:LPI Linux Certification/LPIC2 Exam 202/System Security

Networking system and security
I like it so much Iaaprince8186 (discuss • contribs) 05:48, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Computer
Make sure that your wireless is always off course there is several ways that someone's connect his own with your own and the moment he will see what you will do hacking is true and also you can take something in your phone with out your know Iaaprince8186 (discuss • contribs) 06:06, 30 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
User:Iaaprince8186

my name is khaleel a i created this page in 30 October 2019

title: User:Iaaprince8186


text:
User:Awaswaiga/Collections/Program Tutorials

An Intermediate Guide (Essentials)

 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Installing
 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/File Formats
 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/AVCodecContext AVOptions
 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Audio
 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/subtitle options
 * FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Flags Flags


text:
Wikijunior:The Elements/Krypton

What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?
Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas.

How was it discovered?
It was discovered on May 30, 1898 by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist. They discovered it by boiling liquified air and some of the liquid that was left was Krypton. Due to Krypton's (relatively) high boiling point at -153.415 C, the more abundant gases or low boiling point gases evaporated and what was left was Krypton.

Where did its name come from?
The name comes from the Greek word kryptos, which translates to English as hidden.

Where is it found?
The only source for Krypton is the Earth’s atmosphere. It is believed that the Earth’s atmosphere is around 0.0001% Krypton gas.

What are its uses?
Krypton is used as a filling gas in fluorescent light. It is also used for flash lamps and high speed photography. It can also be used for lasers and was also used in the Cold War to measure Soviet nuclear production.

Is it dangerous?
Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. Since it is a noble gas, it is inactive. Noble gases barely react to anything, so they are not considered dangerous. The only gas Krypton reacts to is Fluorine which creates Krypton Difluoride.

title: Wikijunior:The Elements/Krypton


text:
Transportation Systems Casebook/Supersonic Flight Integration

= Supersonic Flight Integration = This case reviews the Challenge of Integrating Supersonic Flight into American Airspace. It is the collaborative work of Alexander Merker and Farida Ibrahim, graduate students enrolled in George Mason University's Transportation Policy, Operations, and Logistics Program at the time of writing. The following casebook explores the key actors, policy challenges, and history associated with supersonic commercial flight in the context of its potential reintegration into America's national airspace. It was produced as an assignment for George Mason University's Introduction to Transportation Systems graduate course, taught by Dr. Jonathan Gifford.

Summary
In the early 2010s, interest in commercial supersonic air transport (SST) was renewed as advances in technology and an increasing demand for private and business air travel created a market niche for faster and longer-range aircraft. Supersonic air travel, that which exceeds the speed of sound, offers considerable speed advantages over subsonic flight. The Concorde, a first-generation supersonic airliner, completed air travel to London in only 2 hours, a third of the time its subsonic competitors took to complete the journey. The speed advantage of supersonic aircraft is a strong selling point in the private and business aviation market, where time-savings are a principal reason for ownership.

However, allowing supersonic aircraft to fly at their intended speeds in American airspace poses the same challenges it did over half a century ago when the first wave of supersonic airliners was in active development. The most significant regulatory barrier to supersonic aircraft is a Federal Aviation Administration ban on overland supersonic flight by civil aircraft in American airspace, which was enacted during the first wave of supersonic airliners in 1973. This ban and the public perceptions behind it remain a barrier to integration of such air travel into American airspace, with additional concerns regarding the environmental impact of the pollution generated by these aircraft contributing to public perception issues.

Aerospace Manufacturers

 * Boom Technology
 * Aerion Supersonic
 * Spike Aerospace
 * The Boeing Company
 * Lockheed Martin

Federal Aviation Administration

 * Responsible for the regulation and oversight of airspace in the United States, the FAA establishes rules relating to supersonic flight in American airspace

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

 * NASA provides research into the effects of supersonic flight, in addition to developing sonic boom dampening technologies

Environmental Groups

 * The Anti-Concorde Project
 * International Council on Clean Transport

International Civil Aviation Organization

 * United Nations body responsible for maintaining international standards for air travel

Timeline of Events
1962: The British and French merge their development efforts and the Concorde Project begins

1963: Development of the Soviet Tu-144 begins

1967: The American SST Program selects the Boeing 2707 as its production design

1971: The American SST Program is cancelled

1973: The Federal Aviation Administration bans all civil aircraft from exceeding Mach 1 over land in American airspace

1975: The Tu-144 enters regularly scheduled service

1976: Concord begins regularly scheduled service

1983: The Tu-144 is retired from service

2003: British Airways and Air France retire the Concorde

2006: NASA begins its Quiet Spike sonic boom mitigation test program

2018: NASA begins construction of the QueSST Supersonic Demonstrator

2018: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implements the Reauthorization act of 2018 which grants the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) the power and authority to establish new federal and international policies to regulate and certify safe and efficient civil supersonic aircraft operations.

2020: Expected first flight of the Boom Technologies XB-1 Supersonic Demonstrator

2021: Expected first flight of NASA’s X-59 QueSST Supersonic Demonstrator

2023: Intended date of first flight for the Aerion AS-2 Supersonic Business Jet

Maps of Locations
American Airspace Map

A Map of Concorde's Flight Path

Noise Concerns
The primary regulatory concern involving supersonic aircraft is their trademark sonic boom. The sonic boom can be defined as “a shock wave of pressure created by compression of sound waves as the air is displaced by the air-frame traveling at or above Mach 1”. This shock wave of pressure results in a large ‘boom’ that are often compared to the clap of thunder. It is for this reason, that public pressure on the federal government was high in regards to the sonic booms created by aircraft travelling faster than Mach 1. The public skepticism surrounding supersonic flight was fueled by the belief that supersonic aircraft would be detrimental to public health and damaging to property. As a result, the federal government amended the existing Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to include a section that gave the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) the capacity to extend already set noise standards of civil subsonic aircraft to supersonic civil airliners. As a result, the Control and Abatement of Aircraft Noise and Sonic Boom Act of 1968 was implemented. However, in 1973 the Federal Aviation Authority issued a ban on all civil air travel exceeding the sound barrier (Mach 1) over land in American airspace. To date, this ban remains the largest policy barrier for commercial supersonic aircraft in the United States. This is largely because it limits the capacity of supersonic airliners to service a large surface area and to expand its routes. Studies into the subject of the sonic boom and the impact on health and property have yielded a an uncertain measurement of the impact of sonic boom pressure shock waves on the general population. As far back as the 1950s, studies have found that the impact of sonic booms is heavily dependent on factors such as aircraft altitude, atmospheric conditions and body shape. The most physical aspect of sonic booms, its characteristic pressure shock wave, was found by NASA to have been at a measurement 1.94 psf for the Concorde under normal flight conditions. This is at the cusp of the 2-5psf, what NASA categorizes as “Rare minor damage”, and above the 1.0 psf where public reaction is seen. However, the perceived impact of sonic boom in the form of shattered windows and other structural damage, has not been found to occur below 11 psf.

However, the opposing opinions on the effects of the supersonic aircraft have led to numerous debates between policy makers and supersonic flight proponents. This has resulted in continued dialogue between supersonic aircraft manufacturers and government agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Since the ban in 1973, stakeholders within the aerospace industry and NASA have worked to develop a better understanding of sonic boom and solutions for mitigation. Examples of this include NASA's Quiet Spike test bed.

With the resurgence of interest in supersonic transport technology, a renewed effort against the technology has emerged as well. In a series of announcements, the FAA pledged to acknowledge the technological differences between supersonic and subsonic aircraft and take it into consideration when assessing noise requirements. This was a significant achievement for the technology, showing both maturity in sonic boom mitigation developments, as well as changing perspectives on its impacts. So far, dialogue between supersonic aviation and policy makers have remained open and productive as agencies such as the FAA have expressed willingness to modify current policies if supersonic airliners are able to achieve a sound level comparable to that of their subsonic counterparts. This signifies a shift in trends among policy makers as the FAA has shown willingness to revisit the issue and possibly lift the ban if provided with adequate research to support the stance that supersonic airliners will not be damaging to physical property, the environment, or the human body.

In 2019, the International Council on Clean Transport, an environmental advocacy organization focusing on transportation, produced a report outlining the potential environmental impacts of this technology under current fleet projections made my potential manufacturers. This report concluded that regions under the most traveled supersonic flight paths might experience sonic booms up to 200 times a day. The United States, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates were expected to be the most traversed of all counties in this projected scenario for 2035.

Research into this topic continues at the same time NASA and the FAA work towards re-defining the standards for overland supersonic flight and an end to the ban on such air travel. One of the goals of NASA’s X-59 supersonic technology demonstrator is to build a supersonic aircraft that produces a reduced overland sonic boom. As a result, the X-59 has been marketed as a quieter supersonic aircraft with a mission to elicit public feedback on the impact of the modified produced for the purposes of reopening U.S. airspace to supersonic flight.

Environmental Concerns
Rising concerns over climate change have resulted in an increasingly environmentally conscious society. As a result, environmental groups stand in opposition to the reintegration of supersonic transports into the national airspace. In addition to concerns over the impact of sonic booms, another concern for environmental groups are the emissions created by these aircraft which could potentially deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.

A 1966 scientific study by the American National Academy of Sciences confirmed that exhaust emissions released from supersonic jetliners are harmful to the stratosphere and could contribute to climate change. The research showed that “a five-fold increase in the amount of water vapor would lead to a two degree Celsius increase in surface temperatures”. A 2019 study on the carbon emissions impact of supersonic commercial aviation found that it would contribute to a substantial increase in such emissions.

In addition, a 1972 report by future Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen, also found that nitrous oxide emissions from supersonic transport engines might have a significant impact on ozone depletion. This study was used as the basis for environmental agreements made by anti-SST organizations such as the Anti-Concord Project. Crutzen's work on ozone depletion would eventually lead to research which was crucial to the understanding of the human influence on climate change, for which he won a Nobel Prize.

More recently, a 2019 ICCT report on the environmental impacts of supersonic commercial aviation found that it would contribute to a substantial increase in carbon emissions. The study determined that a hypothetical global fleet of 2000 supersonic aircraft (as proposed by proponents of the technology) would emit a carbon footprint equivalent to 59% of the combined fleets of all American air carriers in 2017.

The issue of carbon footprint is a growing area of concern for the technology, as governments and airlines take increasingly aggressive measures to reduce carbon emissions in air travel. In 216, the United Nations body responsible for international aviation standards, The International Civil Aviation Organization, set in place a carbon emissions reduction program for international air travel. These strict standards are likely to conflict with the reintegration of commercial supersonic aircraft, though developers of the technology like Boom Technologies have claimed that their use of bio fuels over kerosene will have an mitigating effect on their carbon emissions, with its XB-1 test aircraft being "..history’s first zero net carbon footprint on a supersonic flight,".

The First Wave of SST Development
In the early 1960s, airlines and aerospace manufacturers believed that the future of air travel would be through supersonic aircraft. Seeking to gain an advantage in an advantage for both their manufacturers and airlines, the United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union and the United States invested in programs to develop and produce supersonic airliners. The United Kingdom and France quickly merged their efforts, developing a partnership to build the Anglo-French Concorde. The United States, with a large manufacturing base to draw upon, selected two competing designs for further government investment in what was known simply as the SST Program. The Soviets utilized their Tupolev design bureau to develop their supersonic transport, the Tu-144. In 1964 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) authorized a series of tests flights to be carried out in Oklahoma City. The purpose of these tests were to measure the effects of supersonic booms on the environment and also what physical effects it would have on civilians on the ground. These experiments were controversial as it was during this phase, that residents concentrated within these areas began to raise concerns about the loudness of supersonic engines and the damage it was doing to their property. Many people submitted claims to the government requesting compensation for broken windows, cracked tiles and other damage to physical property. In addition, there were also numerous complaints regarding the noise levels and the associated thunder claps. These experiences contributed heavily to the formation of public opinion as the experiences of individuals within this city continued to spread across the United States influencing the ideas and opinions about supersonic flight. By 1966, The Anti-Concorde project was formed to counterbalance the claims of the aerospace industry about the technical and economic viability of the Concorde program. This created the opportunity for people who shared similar views, to rally together collectively bargain against the Concorde. It became one of the most predominant groups in opposition to supersonic air travel, as it assembled a group of experts to publish information regarding the extensive fuel consumption, and sonic booms that would result from supersonic airliners. The project would also publicize the facts about the economics of Concorde; that the plane could not be operated at a profit, and that the research and development costs, funded entirely with taxpayer's money, would never be recovered. The anti-Concorde project used this information to lobby against the aerospace industry to end all supersonic transport projects on economic and environmental grounds.

Facing both intense scrutiny for its environmental impacts and a transition by American air carriers to high-capacity subsonic aircraft, the United States cancelled its supersonic airliner program (SST) in 1971 before a prototype could fly. Boeing, the winner of the design competition for the SST program, was forced to lay off more than 60,000 employees as a result of the program’s cancellation. Shortly after the end of the SST Program, the Federal Aviation Administration would ban all overland supersonic flight by civil (non-federal) aircraft in 1973. The ban remains in place to this day.

The Anglo-French Concorde and Soviet Tu-144 projects continued despite challenges in public perception and airline economics. The Concorde and Tu-144 entered full commercial service in the mid-1970s, achieving the project goals. However, they still faced challenges. The Tu-144, which suffered a fatal crash on the world stage at the 1971 Paris Airshow, was found to be ill-suited for passenger air travel due to high internal noise levels and serious reliability issues. As a result, the Soviet Union retired the Tu-144 from commercial airline service less than a decade later in 1983.

After the retirement of the Tu-144, the Anglo-French Concorde maintained its status as the only active commercial supersonic aircraft despite challenges involving public perception and the economic viability of the project. The Concorde fared far better than the Tu-144, remaining in service until 2003. Serving the national flagship carriers of the United Kingdom (British Airways) and France (Air France), fourteen Concorde's provided transatlantic supersonic air travel between their national capitols and New York City. The Concorde was not the commercial success it was intended to be though. The economics of operating the fuel inefficient aircraft, which sat only 100 passengers, were compounded by bans on overland supersonic travel that eliminated all but one destination outside of Europe. In comparison, the Concorde’s subsonic competitor Boeing 747 sat 660 passengers and consumed half the amount of aviation fuel during an equivalent flight between New York and London. By the 2000s, increasing costs of fuel and maintenance led to the retirement of the aircraft from both fleets, bringing an end to supersonic commercial air travel.

Continuing Investment in SST Technology
Despite the cancellation of the American SST Program, supersonic aircraft testing and research was not abandoned entirely in the United States. NASA continued to study potential evolutions of the design and made notable contributions to the cause by offering potential solutions to the design challenges that led to the cancellation of the SST. NASA, through its research, continued to influence supersonic transport development and remained a fundamental contributor to the study of supersonic flight. This included a partnership with its Russian counterparts in 1996 for continued supersonic transport development, retrofitting a Tu-144 for test flights that were conducted through 1999. More recently, NASA studied supersonic boom mitigation through Quiet Spike Program, which mounted a modified nosecone to an F-15B aircraft to test experimental structural solutions to the issue.

The Second Wave of SST Development
Currently, in response to renewed business interest in such aircraft, NASA is in the final development stages of the X-59 Quiet Supersonic Transport experiment aircraft that will demonstrate new technologies and design methods for civilian supersonic aircraft. The overall goal of this program is to develop sonic boom dampening technologies that will allow for a return to overland supersonic travel.

Outside of government initiatives into this technology, private industry has taken a strong interest in the prospects of supersonic air travel for private and business aviation. In these markets, where time savings are the commodity being purchased, the benefits of supersonic air travel are clear over current aircraft. The current fastest business aircraft, the Cessna Citation X+, has a top speed of Mach 0.935, just below the sound barrier. Aerospace startups Boom Technologies and Aerion Supersonic believe that their in-development supersonic business jets will fill this market niche.

The first tests of new supersonic transport demonstrator aircraft are expected to take place in the early 2020s. The NASA developed and Lockheed Martin produced X-59 is scheduled for its first flights in 2021, while the Boom Technologies XB-1 is expected to fly in 2020. Meanwhile, Aerion Supersonic intends to produce and fly its AS-2 supersonic business jet by 2023, forgoing the process of developing a demonstrator entirely. All of these designs, with the exception of the X-59, will depend upon a repeal of the overland supersonic flight ban before they can enter the market.

Federal regulators are presently optimistic of a near-future repeal of the supersonic test ban. The FAA is currently in the process of developing standards for overland supersonic flight, though they would not outright repeal the ban. This rule-making process would create a noise certification process through which manufacturers would need to seek approval for designs under yet to be determined noise standards. The data collected through the X-59 program will be used in the development of these standards. Additionally, the FAA is working to develop a streamlined approval process for supersonic flight authorization, which would allow pilots to legally fly pass the speed of sound. The FAA expects that these two regulatory changes would allow for commercial supersonic flight without repealing the overland ban, instead providing a process through explicit authorization for such flight activities. This is, in essence, an indirect repeal of the overland supersonic ban.

Outside of the United States, there is at least one other program to develop a supersonic transport aircraft. In Japan, the Next Generation Supersonic Transport program has been in active development since 2006. This project, financed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), intends to ultimately produce a supersonic aircraft which will seat up to 50 passengers. If this program were to succeed in producing a commercial aircraft by 2030, it would almost certainly fly through American airspace.

Lessons learned
Going forward, it is fundamental to acknowledge the importance of public perception and its influence on guiding public policy. The regulatory obstacles were due in large part due to public perceptions of the impact of supersonic aircraft, many of which did not align with research into the subject. A barrier to the reintegration of supersonic flight into American air space remains the regulatory policies that prohibit supersonic airliners from flying over land. These existing regulatory policies hinder the success of supersonic airliners by limiting their hide speed transit to specific trans-oceanic routes. It is evident from past experience that without public approval supersonic air travel would have limited mainstream success. This case study is an excellent example of how the development of technologies can be affected by politics and public discourse. In the instance of this technology, a stagnation in innovation was not the reason for its demise, but rather the misinformed opinions of the voting public that resulted in regulatory action. At the moment, this regulatory action remains a barrier for the revival of this technology, and the public perceptions which led to it have forced innovators to respond to these beliefs with investments in noise reduction technologies.

In addition to the regulatory barriers that remain in place, the process of removing such barriers will likely run afoul of environmental groups and those ambivalent about aircraft noise and the effects of sonic booms. In the 1960s, the chorus of concerns for both emissions impacts and noise issues played a very prominent role in the creation of the regulatory barriers that exist today. Both manufacturers and users of these aircraft will need to address these concerns as the make their case for an indirect deregulation of the FAA’s overland supersonic flight restrictions. These issues are already present in the national conversation for conventional commercial aviation, with “Flight Shaming” over the emissions of air travel currently gaining popularity in Europe and noise complaints surging as the FAA implements its “NextGen” air traffic management system.

While both technical and public perception barriers exist for the reintegration of these aircraft into the national airspace, it is clear that the FAA and Department of Transportation are in support of loosening restrictions. Though there is a groundswell of investment of these aircraft, and a perceived business case for their revival, eliminating regulatory barriers is the most fundamental requirement for their viability in the American market. The clear interest shown by the FAA and Department of Transportation are therefore crucial indicators of the likelihood of success in both reintegrating these aircraft into U.S. airspace, as well as their business viability. Reintegration will of course also rely on continued mitigation efforts in noise and environmental impact, two of the two biggest points of contention for the technology's detractors. As covered in this case study, both government and industry are in the process of developing mitigation techniques for both, and this will likely be one the of biggest cases for loosening restrictions and successful reintegration. Therefore, it can be assessed that there is a high likelihood that reintegration efforts will be successful and commercial supersonic aircraft will fly in American skies in due time.

Discussion Questions

 * To what extent should public perceptions of technologies be taken into account by policy makers?
 * How much should environmental concerns be weighed against the potential economic benefits of a transportation technology?
 * Are there any other examples of technologies whose development was curtailed due to environmental concerns?
 * Given the evidence put forth in this case book, do you believe the overland supersonic flight ban should be repealed?

Assigned Readings
GMU Mercatus Center: Make America Boom Again: How to Bring Back Supersonic Transport (2016, 39 Pages)

The Heritage Foundation: It’s Time to Let Supersonic Flight Soar Again (2018, Web)

Aerospace America: Supersonic’s not-so-super emissions (2019, Web)

Congressional Research Service: Supersonic Passenger Flights (2018, 18 Pages)

International Council on Clean Transport: Noise and climate impacts of an unconstrained commercial supersonic network (2019, 15 Pages)


text: Category:Book:Ethical Debates in Connected Culture 2019


text:
User:Baizihao123

Hello,I'm Zihao Bai, I am a student from China studying Digital Media and Society at Stirling University in Scotland.

title: User:Baizihao123


text:
User talk:Baizihao123

Baizihao123 (discuss • contribs) 20:43, 30 October 2019 (UTC) Most Important Elements of that Discussion around Screen Time: Screen time can be described as that time that is spent by someone watching or using television. In this context, the screen can range from televisions to phones. Some factors are crucial during screen time and have to be discussed. Screen time should be limited depending on some elements. Since any content can be aired, it is good to control the audience whenever it is screen time. Some important elements should be discussed when around screen time (Hale, 2015). These elements include age, content, audience, size of the screen, etc. These elements, I think they are quite important since they dictate the result after the screen watch. Content meant for grown-ups can affect children if they view it. How does it relate to the Concept of ‘Always On': Always on can be referred to as the state of being always active, operating or even powered. Screen time only occurs when the television is on or when being operated. The time when the screen is switched off can be described as ‘Always On'. Therefore, the always-on and screen have a relationship. For a screen to be referred to as always one, then during that period it should be operated and actives. Screen time will only count when it is showing something on the screen (Twenge, 2018).

Categorize Screens: The categorization of screens normally affects the concept of Always On. Different screens can be active at different times. One can operate a phone screen while using a television screen. The screen can be categorized as a plasma display, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Digital Light Processing Technology (DLPT) and Cathode Rays Tube (CRT). The plasma display screen is the latest. Some screens here can affect the vision and therefore, interfere with screen time and Always On concept. The relevant theme concerning the screen time with the categorization of screens will be the quality of the pictures being displayed at the screen.

Reasons behind Choosing to Categorize Screen Time in that Way: The different screen has different brightness and picture qualities. The screens with good picture qualities are more admired compared to those screens that do not have the best quality pictures. Therefore, the best quality screens have a longer screen time hence most preferred. On the other hand, the brightness of a screen can affect eyes and that means, the screen time too will be affected (Twenge, 2018). A screen with more brightness will decrease screen time with time and the moderate brightness will have increased screen time over some time.

The difference in Participant's Use of Screen: As said earlier, there are different types of screens. Some screens may be curved while others may be plain. Participants have different tastes when it comes to these two types of screens. Some will be glued to screens when using a curved screen while others will be comfortable with a plain screen. The two screens affect screen time depending on the taste of the participant or the viewer. A curved screen will give a wider view and thus the chances of having more screen time will be high. Some participants have the perception that curved screens are special and this automatically affects screen time positively.

The context in which Screen Time is Shaped: The context can be described as what is being aired on the screen at a certain duration. The context can dictate whether the screen will be always on or not. If the context is not up to the viewer's expectations, then screen time will be shortened. When the context is suitable, definitely the screen time will increase. Therefore, the context in which the screen time is shaped will largely depend on how the viewer will perceive it (Hale, 2015). The screen time should be shaped according to the viewers' needs.

References Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Sleep medicine reviews, 21, 50-58. Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17.

Exercise #2
～～～～ Villi, M. and Matikainen, J. (2016). Participation in Social Media: Studying Explicit and Implicit Forms of Participation in Communicative Social Networks. Media and Communication, 4 (4), pp. 109-117. The paper by Villi and Matikainen (2016) aims to explore the different methods of audiences’ participation in social media with particular focus on explicit and implicit participation when they do not create content but just connect with other users. The authors do not resort to empirical methodology as they basically review the existing studies on the issues related to implicit and explicit forms of participation in social media culture. This paper contributes to the studies on the forms of participation in new media as it considers forms of participation, which are alternative to production and content creation only. The study outlines important findings on what explicit and implicit participation is, the roles of social media users such as content consumers, producers, and distributors, and methodological implications of relevant studies. At the same time, the limitation of the paper is that it does not offer any new theories and assumptions on the possible forms of participation what stems from the methodology adopted.

Exercise #3
As it is argued by Goodwin and Jasper (2015), social movements foster the development of new outlooks on what society is and how it should evolve and this forms the essence of “civil society” and “public sphere”. The present work analyses the role of technology and communications in social movements in light of this argument with reference to the case study of EuroMaidan revolution in Ukraine in 2013. “We are meeting at 22:30 under the Monument of Independence. Dress warm, bring umbrellas, tea, coffee, good mood and friends. Reposts are highly encouraged!”. This was the post made by a famous Ukrainian journalist Mustafa Nayyem back in November 2013 that brought thousands and than millions of people on streets to ignite what would be later called EuroMaidan revolution or the Revolution of Dignity (Bohdanova, 2014). The revolution started as a civil protest against the actions of them-President Viktor Yanukovych who refused singing visa-free regime agreement with the European Union (Bohdanova, 2014). Besides the initial post, the protesters were actively using Facebook, Tweeter, and other social media to connect, invite other people to join, and spread information to people all over the world. As it is reported in the publication on BBC, the hashtags #euromaidan and #euromaydan wwere used more than 21 000 times on Internet and more than 730 000 times including their Russian and Ukrainian versions within just 24 hours the next day of the first post by Nayyem (BBC Trending, 2013). The revolution in Ukraine commenced as a civil movement against corruption, unpopular governmental decisions, and overall lack of transparency in political sphere dominated by pro-Russian decisions. Civil society that was forming in the country at that time used all means to fight the right of people to intrude and have their say, and the power of technologies and digital communications made this possible. As it is explained by Kumar and Svensson (2015), civil society has several main characteristics, such as self-organization, spontaneity, self-motivation, and absence of ties and dependence on state to make things happen. In this context, the role of technologies is difficult to overestimate. Shirky (2011) attributes the significant importance to social media to enable public generate such rapid and massive response to political events, and this is exactly what happened in Ukraine in 2013. The change of President and the entire political elite in the country that followed the revolution of Dignity became possible due to the action taken by the growing civil society equipped with the communication tools of digital technologies. To conclude, it should be noted that media and communication are the main means civil society uses to connect, discuss the goals, and self-organize to act, and the way such communication and interaction has been facilitated by modern technologies is a significant factor that makes such social movement like the one in Ukraine possible. References BBC Trending (2013). #BBCtrending: How social media is shaping Ukraine's protest movement. BBC [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-25201784 [accessed: 28 November 2019]. Bohdanova, T. (2014). Unexpected Revolution: The Role of Social Media in Ukraine's Euromaidan Uprising. European Law, 13(1), pp. 133-142. Goodwin, J. and Jasper, J. M. (2015). The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts. New York: Wiley. Kumar, V. and Svensson, J. (2015). Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology. Hershey: IGI Global. Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), pp. 28-41.

Exercise #4
Wikibooks is a collaborative media platform specifically designed to provide an opportunity for all people to write and edits books and chapters on different topics. Basically, the practice of my participation in Wikibooks, this platform allows for both content creation and content consumption, which makes all its user prosumers in the broader sense. Wikibooks emphasizes the visibility of its users by tracking and revealing all their actions marked by their nicknames as well as the time any post or comment was made. Besides, as the publication system at Wikibooks requires, it is necessary to make clear who makes the post to make sure that other readers know who said what and to whom they make a reply. Wikibooks appeared to be a useful tool to facilitate collaborative research, especially after the suggestions on how to format the discussion and structure all the ideas all of the participants contributed. While our group missed this aspect out, it might have been more effective to select the most important and interesting topics based on the threads with more answers to further highlight in the research project. At the same time, it is good to have all the ideas on the research project apart from communication on other issues that are commonly happening on other social media platforms gathered in one place. As it is fairly noted by Boyd (2012), people do not need to be always connected online to stay connected and the fact that people may create content via Wikibooks on the topics of their interest within their narrow online communities proves this assumption by Boyd. Boyd (2012) further continues saying that online communities are not just digital communities but they refer to real social relationships. The ask of discussing the research project online is a good example as we, as a group, met offline and aimed to resolve the real-life issue by the means of engaging in online communication within our digital community that duplicated real-life communities. However, I assume that in the case of discussion boards on Wikibooks it is not always the case. People find the topics and the book chapters they are the most interested in and may engage in the discussion of these topics with others who are equally interested. People may live in different countries and be separated by cultures, distance, or social barriers, but they all come together on Wikibooks to communicate and in such a way this platform fosters communities’ development. In such a way, it might be argued that wiki platforms like Wikibooks are effective to enhance online emancipation as it provides equal rights to all people to contribute with their knowledge not based on their social or other status. People of different backgrounds who might not have met in real life may come online to communicated and share their knowledge with other members of the online community simply based on their interests, and this is the real power of participation and connectivity.

INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK: ESSAY DISCUSSION PAGE
Students should be engaging at least once a day, for the duration of the project. The following points illustrate how this engagement was evaluated.

Evidence from contribs to both editing and discussion of content (i.e. volume and breadth of editorial activity as evidenced through ‘contribs’). These are primarily considered for quality rather than quantity, but as a broad guideline:
 * Each item on a contribs list that are 1000+ characters are deemed “substantial”: none
 * Items on a contribs list that are <1000 characters are important, and are considered in the round when evaluating contribs as a whole because of their aggregate value: certainly not for the duration of the project, and not near the level, standard, nor quantity advised in the wikilab. 5 contribs in total is not the expected standard here. all but one of these submitted over 2 days (15/16th Nov).
 * It is expected that you will make at least one contrib per day, for the duration of the project: see above, odd choice to approach having ignored the advice in labs and in the assessment brief - the project assessment period lasted over three weeks

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:57, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Instructor Feedback on Wiki Exercise Portfolio
Posts of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

 * Merit. Among other things, merit entries will make a clear point in a clear way. They will relate concepts to original examples in a straightforward fashion. They will make effective use of the possibilities of the form (including links, as well as perhaps copyright-free videos and images, linked to from Wiki Commons). They may also demonstrate a broader understanding of the module's themes and concerns, and are likely to show evidence of reading and thinking about the subject material. The wiki markup formatting will be very clear.
 * This work is at the lower end of this particular grade band, so there’s clearly room for improvement here. I think in order to engage with the wiki exercises a bit more, it might be useful for you to take a closer look at the assessment brief to get more of an idea of how to hit those targets. Especially in your case, making more use of the wiki functionality and markup would have gone a long way to improving fluidity and functionality of posts, and made them much easier to navigate. Signing *all* of your contribs on discussion pages would also have helped!. I suspect that, if you become more familiar and proficient with the platform, that this will make a considerable difference. Overall, you write very well, and there is some really good material in here!

General: In addition to the common marking scheme, there are three broad criteria widely employed in the Division, which are used to help assessors evaluate your work in a more general sense:

Reading and research: is there evidence of critical engagement with set materials?; is there evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit Argument and analysis: Is argument well-articulated and well-supported?; is there evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position)?; is there evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections)?; is there evidence of independent critical ability? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: 'Merit''' Presentation: academic writing style and structure, and organisational skills For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 14:03, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Baizihao123


text:
User:LBird BASc/sandbox/ATK/Seminar6/Evidence/Evidence in Video Assistant refereeing

VAR, or formally known as Video Assistant Referee, is an extra referee used in competitive football that uses live multi angle video footage of a football game in order to assist the main referee in deciding the true nature of a play.