text:
Problems In High School Chemistry/Inchem/Elements

What are elements? Are they all the same? you've always heard of them, but what really are they?

Elements are the things you see when you look at the periodic table of elements, they make up everything we see in our daily lives like water, oxygen, etc. Elements are made up of atoms which are the fundamental unit of matter, of course not all atoms are the same, and consequently not all elements are the same, there are many different elements that are made up of many different atoms. An element will always have the same type of atoms in it, the number may vary, but the one thing that has to remain true is that each element has a specific designated atom, if 2 or more atoms that belong to different elements were to bond together that would create a compound.

Since all elements are different they all have different properties to them some of the biggest properties in elements are malleability (the ability to bend or change shape without breaking), conductivity (the ability to carry or transfer electricity), dissolving (in water),Luster (Shiny enough to be a mirror), and reactivity to air. Depending on the properties that each element has they can be grouped together, for example, Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag) are both lustrous, conductive, and malleable which makes them very similar elements and so they can be grouped together, how do you know what elements are grouped together? usually you would have to test the elements and then compare their properties, but thanks to years of research a table was created that has already grouped the elements, this table was called the periodic table of elements. Periodic table The periodic table is a table made to classify and describe all elements. It has 118 elements and some are naturally occurring and some can only be found in a lab. These elements are divided into 2 main groups, metals and non-metals, but if you look closer, there are smaller groups, such as earth metals, noble gases, etc. Just by using the periodic table you can see the elements details, such as atomic mass, atomic number and if they are metals or non-metals. An element's group is determined by the similarity in it's properties, to put it simply, the more similar 2 elements are the more likely they are to both be in the same group, some of the biggest characteristic of metals are being conductive, being lustrous, and being malleable. Non-metals could be described as the complete opposite of metals, their biggest characteristics are being non conductive, being dull (not lustrous), and being brittle (not malleable).

But how do you know what properties and element has if you don't want to use the periodic table?

You test it, there are always tests you can do to find the properties of any element, even though some elements are going to be harder to test you will always be able to test their properties, each designated property for elements has a test that you can use to see whether the element you have possesses that property or not. What are the tests?

Luster: Any object that has the property of luster will be very shiny to the point where you can see your own reflection.

Malleability / Ductility: Malleability and ductility are essentially the same thing, to test it, grab a piece of the element and try to bend it or smash it, if the element does not break or shatter that means the element is malleable.

Conductivity: Since conductivity is the ability to conduct electricity you will need a battery and a light bulb in order to test the conductivity, hook up 2 cables to the battery and then connect the cables to a light bulb, the light bulb should light up, after doing that run the cables through the element and then to the light bulb, if the element is conductive the light bulb should light up, if not then the element is not conductive.

Dissolving: To test if an element is dissolving put it in a beaker or cup full of water and try to stir it, if the element seems like it mixed with the water it is dissolving, if not and the element remains in a solid shape then it is not dissolving.

Reactivity to air: Different elements react to air differently, but a very simple test to see if they are reactive to air would be scratching the surface of the element, if it looks different in the inside it means that it is reactive to air because the inside hasn't reacted to the air so it looks different.


text: Template:Typo help inline

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Typo help inline


text:
Template talk:Falsepositive

Edit request
Could the header here be removed, and the button(s) to report a new false positive, please add  to the url? This should stop multiple headers when users report a false positive, and add a header other than the deafult blank one, potentially making it esier for us. Thanks for your consideration. 17:28, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Falsepositive&section=new&action=edit&preloadtitle=
 * Note that it will add a "{subst:REVISIONUSER}}: new section" summary so it may need a discussion. 17:35, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Hello, I've added the preloadtitle into Edit filter/False positives and then removed the header 2 here, and it works better. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 09:53, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Falsepositive


text:
User:Pikazilla

!!!Parentheses
Parentheses add extra information to a sentence. Parentheses do not affect the structure of the sentence outside of them, except that they are separated by spaces and the punctuation comes after the closing parentheses.

Examples:
 * Phill studied (all day) for the test.
 * I went to school with Becky (my best friend).
 * After lunch (a tuna sandwich), I went to the gym.

!!!Brackets/Square Brackets []
Square Brackets add text to a quotation. This is because some sentences are nonsensical or have different meanings when written out of context.

Example:
 * "We went [to the park] and had a good time."
 * The person said, "We went and had a good time." However, if the context is needed, then the brackets add the information that was not mentioned in the quotation.

Colon :
There are no universally accepted rules regarding if capitalization is needed after a colon, so long as your writing commits to the rule you follow consistently.

We do not use a colon to separate a preposition from its object.

 * We went out for a meal with Bill, Jason, and Mary.
 * It would be incorrect to put a colon after "with" as it is a preposition.
 * We went out for a meal with our friends: Bill, Jason, and Mary.
 * This is fine since while the colon is after a preposition, it is not immediately after it.

We do not use a colon after a verb.
 * He likes eating bacon, pork, and beans.
 * He likes eating many kinds of foods: bacon, pork, and beans.

We also do not use a colon after "such as" or "are".

List of Items
Introduces a list or series of items. Frequently used to replace certain words like "including" or "for example".

 * Your homework is as follows: (1) read a book; (2) write an essay; (3) draw a picture.
 * I like many kinds of music: rock, jazz, and country.
 * Could also be written differently if you don't want to use the colon.
 * I like many kinds of music, for example, rock, jazz, and country.

Clarifying a Clause
Can also be used to combine two independent clauses with the second clause summarizing or clarifying the first.

 * I have a question: what are you doing here?

Can be used as a warning.

 * Warning: highly toxic.
 * Caution: hot surface.

Can be used to have the second clause be stronger or more impactful than if a semicolon is used instead.

 * It rained all day: we are soaked.

Dialogue Scripts
Does not need "".

 * Bob: Hi Mary.
 * Mary: Hello Bob. How are you?

Ratios

 * 4:3 monitor aspect ratio.
 * 1:1:3 fat, sugar, and flour proportions.
 * 20:1 gambling odds.
 * Same as the fraction 1/20 or 5%.

Other Colons
Time.
 * 9:30

Replying to emails.
 * RE: / FW:

Semicolon ;
Links two sentences together if the sentences are related to each other (also called "related clauses"), but does so in a way where it's not a full stop like a period but is a stronger break than a comma.

Can be used for run-on sentences (sentences that should be separated instead of being linked by a comma).

Since it's technically not the start of a new sentence, the first word after a semicolon is not capitalized.

Semicolons rarely are used with conjunctions since a comma is used instead. The only exception to this is if the conjunction word is entirely replaced by the semicolon. (see Conjunctions_(Fanboys) for more info)

Examples:
 * Semicolons: At first, they may seem frightening; then, they become enlightening; finally, you'll find yourself falling for these delightful punctuation marks.
 * These semicolons can technically be replaced by commas or periods, but it disrupts the pacing as a result.

Sentences need to be related.

Examples:
 * Hulk is green. I want a pizza.
 * Hulk is green; a gamma bomb mutated him.

Can also be used for lists, especially instructions or if there are commas within the list items.

Examples:
 * Over the last ten years, I've lived in Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, D.C.
 * Your homework is as follows: (1) read a book; (2) write an essay; (3) draw a picture.

th-zyfvwDdI

Quotation mark
https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/quotation-marks.html

!!!Double Quotation "
Used to quote.

If after a normal sentence that mentions who the character is and how they are speaking: requires a comma-space before the first quotation; then a capital letter (as if its a new sentence); then a sentence ending with punctuation; then an ending quotation. (British English has ending punctuation after the quotation)

 * Examples:
 * (Killer Klowns)
 * Ringmaster shouts, "Let the show begin!" Send in the klowns, then let them do you in.

If the quote has a normal sentence after it, you put punctuation or comma between the last word and the last quotation mark.

 * Examples:
 * "Let's go for a walk."
 * "Let's go for a walk," I said.
 * "Let's go for a walk." I said.
 * This is effectively the same sentence as the former, but with different pacing.

If you mention most or all of a sentence and then include other words mentioned before or after the sentence, then you would quote the words: "When Trump ran in 2016, it was like a joke," DeNiro told reporters, calling the former president a "clown" and a "tyrant."

!!!Single Quotation '
Normally done when someone quotes someone else. This is to contrast double quotation marks.

Note: the first letter of the quoted-quote does need to be capitalized.

Examples:
 * "Notice how the poem said 'With no sign,'" the teacher said.
 * "If he gets in. I can tell you right now, he will never leave," De Niro said. "Is that the country we want to live in? Do we want him running this country and saying 'I'm not leaving? I'm dictator for life'?"

Comma ,
Used to join elements of a sentence without a full stop.

A good tip for determining if a comma is unnecessary: try to read the sentence out loud with a longer beat (moment of quiet), and see if that makes the sentence sound awkward.

Many sentences don't need commas, and some sentences can be nonsensical if the comma is added.
 * Let's eat, John.
 * Asking John to join you in having a meal.
 * Let's eat John.
 * Suggesting that you are a cannibal who wants to eat John.

Pauses

 * When reading, we insert a short pause for the comma.

Clauses
Separates clauses from the main sentence.

 * One afternoon, they left for a picnic.
 * The sentence "they left for a picnic" doesn't need the first part of the sentence (the dependent clause) since that is an independent clause, but keeping that in can provide more detail.
 * My friend, John, plays in a band.
 * This is an independent clause separated into two pieces with a dependent clause in the middle of it.
 * How are you feeling today, Suzi?
 * Paul, get out of bed!
 * On March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein was born.
 * The 2nd comma is exclusively used to separate the clauses. It has nothing to do with the first comma that indicates the date. The sentence "Albert Einstein was born" technically is grammatically correct on its own and so is an independent clause.

Tag Questions
Adding a question at the end of a sentence that isn't a question.

 * It is important to you, isn't it?

Lists

 * Nouns
 * X, Y, and Z.
 * Adjectives
 * I want a large, sweet, chocolatey milkshake.
 * Adverbs
 * Move quietly, slowly, and efficiently.

Quoted & Unquoted Text
Commas within unquoted text separates it from quoted text. THIS COMMA IS NEVER PART OF THE QUOTED TEXT NOR WITHIN THE QUOTATIONS.

 * My doctor told me, "We got good news for you."
 * The quoted text capitalizes the first letter.
 * "We got good news for you", my doctor told me.
 * "We have", my doctor told me, "good news for you."

Large Numbers
9,000,000 = 9 million = 9*10^6

Dates

 * The party was on Monday, Jan 15, 20xx.
 * Commas are to separate word dates from other word dates or number dates from other number dates. You don't need commas to separate words from numbers.
 * The party was on the 15th of Jan 20xx.

Locations & Addresses

 * Used to differentiate a smaller part of a larger region.
 * She was born in Liverpool, England, in April.

Opening & Closing for Letter
Dear Bill,

...

Sincerely,

Comma Splice
Using "So", "As", "Even Though", or "Because" to combine sentences.

I am hungry, so I am getting icecream.

Oxford Comma
A comma between the 2nd last item in a list, and the conjunction (and, but, or...)

Example:
 * x, y, and z

Oxford Commas are to separate the last two items in a list. Examples:

 * Some of the restaurant's combo entrees include eggs and bacon, eggs and toast, and waffles and hashbrowns.
 * Saying "eggs and toast and waffles and hashbrowns" instead would be grammatically incorrect and confusing since it doesn't clearly differentiate the two.

There is some debate over how mandatory the Oxford Comma is.

Exclamation Mark ! and Question Mark ?
Does not replace a period when the period is not being used to end a sentence.

 * You are great Bobby Smith Jr.!
 * Are you Bobby Smith Jr.?

Multiple !!! or ??? is done primarily in informal writing. Avoid this in professional writing.

!? or ?!
Note: This is considered to be informal, and so is not recommended for serious writing.

 * Use “!?” if the exclamation is more prominent. This is more common.
 * Use “?!” if the questioning aspect is more prominent.
 * Interrobang was an attempt to combine the two into one, but it wasn't widely adapted.

Abbreviations

 * Mon. Feb. 14th for Monday February 14th (British English)
 * St. for Street

Time
9 a.m. (not a universal rule; AM is also an option.)

Titles

 * Dr.
 * Mr.

Initials

 * J. Jonah Jameson
 * P. T. Barnum

Other Uses of Periods

 * Decimal Numbers
 * Web Addresses
 * IP Addresses

Italics

 * Can be used to specify if a word or set of words is being said by a character sarcastically.

Examples:
 * GLaDOS: Sorry about the mess. I've really let the place go since you've killed me. By the way, thanks for that!

Conjunctions (Fanboys)
There are 7 conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Acronyms
Words that each individual letter means its own word.
 * NASA
 * NATO
 * ASAP (also spelled: asap)
 * UFO (also spelled: U.F.O.)

If an acronym has been adopted as its own word, then it doesn't need to be in all caps.
 * laser

!!!Footnotes
Puts a small number in the sentence and at the bottom of the page to link the footnotes. The footnotes at the bottom of the page are then filled in without interfering with the primary content and text of the page.

General Rules:
 * Is always attached to the right-end of a word.
 * If it's at the end of a sentence, it is placed after the punctuation.
 * Each footnote sentence starts with a capital letter like a normal sentence; ends with a period, even if it includes a link.

Used to cite sources.

Used to provide additional information to the reader.

JyRJYdxOCxc?t=40

Sentence Fragment
A sentence that exists separately from another sentence that it would normally be able to fit in. This is done to emphasize and slow down the pacing, sometimes for dramatic effect.

Examples:
 * I saw him. The ghost.

This could be seen as grammatically incorrect or confusing, so it is rarely used.

Misplaced or Dangling Modifier
The order of the adjectives and nouns in a sentence can affect the meaning.

Examples:
 * The sticky candyman's caramel.
 * This states that the candyman is sticky, not his caramel.
 * The candyman's sticky caramel.
 * This states that the caramel is sticky. This is the more reasonable sentence.

Subordinates
Connects dependent and independent clauses. This is to show what is being prioritized in a sentence. A dependent clause cannot form a sentence on its own, but can be added onto an independent clause to lengthen a sentence. There are 5 subordinates: although, because, before, however, unless, even though.

Example:
 * Even though Anna likes to sing, she is shy.
 * The first half is dependent and the second half is independent. The girl being shy doesn't mention the girl's name (Anna) and doesn't mention that she likes to sing, but can still technically exist as its own sentence.
 * He was accepted to Uconn, and is on the waitlist for Wesleyan.
 * The second half is dependent and the first half is independent.

Compound Sentence
When two sentences are connected to each other with a comma and conjunction.

Examples:
 * I like her, and she likes me.

This doesn't apply if the sentence is not composed of two sentences combined with each other.

Examples:
 * I like her and the cat.
 * I like her but she can be annoying sometimes.

Scrivener Notes

 * Getting Started: 9lMTyJmqtmI
 * Creating Templates: LNGHtOYSgs8
 * Meta Data: cmTu-z6CQBc
 * Manage Keywords: 0yOugUOEEGM
 * Corkboard: AkpFeMKLAhc
 * Searching Words: Ps1WBhrM1As

title: User:Pikazilla


text:
User:ThatOneEli

Hello! I'm $$That One Eli$$, and I contribute to Wikimedia's various child projects. This is my Wikibooks page.

title: User:ThatOneEli


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Bolivar Laing Osburne

George Bolivar Laing Osburne

 * Osburne, George Bolivar Laing "Laing" - 1896(Vic)-1933(Vic) - Licences: XKJ Terang (1913-1914); 3BG Terang (1922-1933) - Qualifications: cc; AOCP 235, 1926, No. ?? in Vic - early wireless experimenter; amateur operator; amateur broadcaster - Comments: Passed too soon - Electoral Rolls: student (Terang, 1922-1931) - Links: Mother's bio

A comprehensive biography of George Bolivar Laing "Laing" Osburne has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Research - George Bolivar Laing Osburne - Summary of research to date

 * Transcriptions and Notes - George Bolivar Laing Osburne - More than 40 transcriptions

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - George Bolivar Laing Osburne - Nothing uploaded as yet, but a few QSLs held

 * Incubator of Wikipedia Article on George Bolivar Laing Osburne - Coming real soon now!

Key internet links:

Nil found as yet

Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely Lovely biography of Osburne in the Camperdown Chronicle, no doubt penned by Osburne's father

"DEATH OF MR. LAING OSBURNE, TERANG. The death occurred at Terang on Sunday morning last of Mr. Laing Osburne, after a long period of illness. The late Mr. Osburne, who was the only son of Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Osburne, was born at Terang 37 years ago. He received his early education there, at two private schools and the State School, and afterwards became a student at the Geelong College. From there he went to Melbourne to take up a course in electrical engineering, but his health broke down and the projected career had perforce to be abandoned. Mr. Osburne had always been keenly interested in the study and application of wireless telegraphy, a science which was then in its infancy, and being debarred for health reasons from undertaking the heavy course of study and practical work, which would have been necessary in the engineering schools, he turned his attention specially to wireless, in which already, as a lad and a youth, he had made considerable headway. While still a boy at school, long before the days of broadcasting or even of any form of radio telephony, he had equipped a station of his own, and was absorbed in the reception, and transmission of messages by the morse code. He was one of the pioneers of amateur radio in Victoria, his station was one of the first to operate, and he was the first amateur in Australia to import the De Forrest valve. When war broke out all the amateur stations were closed down and the apparatus was impounded, but as soon as the ban was removed, after the close of hostilities, Mr. Osburne, who had maintained a close study of the wonderful developments which had occurred in radio during the war period, again took up practical work. He built and equipped a new transmitting and receiving station on thoroughly modern lines, carried out much experimental work in radio telephony, and evolved a train of apparatus of his own which received this human voice long before the first broadcasting station was erected in Victoria. As a matter of fact, it was with his station that the first government trials in radiotelephony were made in Victoria, from V.I.M., an official from V.I.M. station conducting the experiments with him. When radio became a commercial proposition he naturally turned his attention to that side of the subject, and entered into business as a designer and builder of wireless receiving sets. He kept himself thoroughly abreast of every new development in what had now become an intricate scientific subject, with very extensive literature; and he was looked upon as an authority in the amateur radio world. Certainly no Victorian amateur was more widely known or more genuinely popular than he. Lately he had built a new and very powerful transmitting set and it was one of his greatest delights, while lying on a bed of sickness, to talk by means of wireless telegraphy with overseas enthusiasts, particularly in America. Another subject in which he displayed a keen interest and had acquired an extensive knowledge, both theoretical and practical, was that of aviation, and his flying friends seemed to be almost as numerous as his radio friends. Indeed, with his bouyant, cheery disposition, he had a wonderful capacity for making friends amongst all sorts of people, and his death is sincerely mourned by a host of them. He faced his last illness with the same cheery smile and the same indomitable spirit that had characterised him throughout his long years of delicate health, and to within a few days of his death, in spite of great physical weakness, he was still immersed in his pet subjects of study. The late Mr. Osburne was married in 1928 to Miss Eugenie Galtier, and for his wife, as well as for his father and mother, there have been widespread expressions of sympathy. Evidence of this was given at the funeral on Monday afternoon, which was attended by a large crowd of people from far and near, including representatives of public and semi-public bodies from various parts of the Western district. The floral tributes were particularly beautiful, and they were so numerous that a special car had to be provided for their conveyance. Impressive services at the house and at the graveside in the Terang cemetery were conducted by the Rev. J. P. Hamilton. The coffin was carried by members of the 'Express' office staff — Messrs. A. Todd, Keith McKenzie, J. Knight, M. Webb, N. Baglin and A. Wallace, and the pallbearers were Messrs. M. T. Doyle, G. Davis, W. Henderson, John Webb, A. McHarg, Angus Reid, B. Sadler, W. Richmond, B. Bell, John Green, Basil Nehill and Walter Greene."