text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...Qh4/6. Kf1

/6...Nh6/: Silberchmidt Defence

/6...Nc6/: Viennese Variation

/6...f3/: Cochrane Gambit

/6...Nf6/: Santa Maria Defence


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. Qg4

=Pirc Defense=

2. Qg4??
This mess allows black to get a winning position.

Here is what happens next:

 * /2...Bxg4/ 0-1

'''1. e4 d6 2. Qg4??'''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6/2. Bb5

=Nimzowitsch Defence: Pseudo-Spanish Variation=

2. Bb5
.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6/2. Bb5/2...Nd4

=Nimzowitsch Defence: Pseudo-Spanish Variation=

2...Nd4
.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6/2. Bb5/2...Nd4/3. Bc4

=Nimzowitsch Defence: Pseudo-Spanish Variation=

3. Bc4
.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...a6/4. exd5/4... Nb4

Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...a6/4. exd5/4...Nb4


text:
User talk:Xandradi

(abandoned)

Recent edits
—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC) Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xandradi


text:
Cookbook:Bicol Express

| Cuisine of the Philippines

Bicol express is a Filipino pork dish with coconut milk and chili peppers. Popularized in Malate, Manila, the dish took its name from a passenger train from Bicol Region going to Manila and vice versa. Bicol Region is famous for cooking dishes using coconut milk and chili peppers.

Ingredients

 * 1 spoon cooking oil
 * 1 onion, chopped
 * 1 head garlic, minced
 * 1 kg pork belly
 * ½ kg bagoong alamang (shrimp paste)
 * 15 pieces siling labuyo (bird's eye chili)
 * 2 spoons sugar
 * 1 teaspoon black pepper
 * Monosodium glutamate (optional)
 * 1 can (400 ml) coconut milk

Preparation

 * 1) Heat a frying pan over medium heat, then add the cooking oil.
 * 2) When the oil is hot, add the onion and garlic. Sauté until fragrant and aromatic.
 * 3) Add the shrimp paste, siling labuyo and the pork belly. Stir fry the mixture until the pork is browned on all sides.
 * 4) Add the sugar, pepper, and monosodium glutamate if using.
 * 5) Stir in the coconut milk, and simmer until the meat is cooked through.
 * 6)  Serve with cooked rice.

title: Cookbook:Bicol Express


text:
Antenna Television/Market Listings/Arizona

Counties

 * Coconino
 * Navajo

Counties

 * Gila
 * Maricopa
 * Pinal
 * Yavapai

Counties
Arizona
 * Cochise
 * Pima
 * Santa Cruz

Sonora (Mexico)
 * Sáric
 * Nogales
 * Plutarco Elías Calles

Counties
Arizona California Baja California (Mexico) Sonoroa (Mexico)
 * Yuma
 * Imperial
 * Mexicali
 * San Luis Río Colorado


text:
Cookbook talk:Bicol Express

Recipe questions
Hi @Jay Bolero and thanks for the recipe! A few questions:
 * The procedure does not say when to add the chiles—at what stage should this be done?
 * How much coconut milk should be added? The ingredient list says "1" but does not specify a unit.
 * Did you mean to write kl (kiloliter) for the pork and bagoong alamang? Or, did you mean to write kg (kilogram)?

Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:59, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Just one can of coconut milk if using a processed coconut milk or one whole coconut for the coconut milk to be extracted. Jay Bolero (discuss • contribs) 00:07, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * kl = kilo Jay Bolero (discuss • contribs) 00:08, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * chilis are added during the sauteeing the bagoong alamang Jay Bolero (discuss • contribs) 00:08, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Bicol Express


text: Category:Coconut milk recipes

title: Category:Coconut milk recipes


text:
Kitchen Remodel/Reference

Lighting

 * Russell, Sage (2012): The Architecture Of Light: A textbook of procedures and practices for the Architect, Interior Designer and Lighting Designer, La Jolla: Conceptnine, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-0980061710

Videos

 * The Evolution of Modern Kitchen Design, Part 1, First video of a series about the history of kitchens in the United States
 * Forgotten Objects in every 1950s Kitchen First video of a series that shows American kitchens in different decades

title: Kitchen Remodel/Reference


text:
User talk:EPIC

--ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ (discuss • contribs) 21:22, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:EPIC


text:
User talk:Humaira Ali

--ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ (discuss • contribs) 22:35, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Small edits
Hi @Humaira Ali! I've noticed you making a lot of very small edits (e.g. 1 byte difference in each edit for punctuation changes). Could you start combining these into bigger edits? Lots of small edits clutters up the recent changes page and the history for each page, among other things. Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:58, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Humaira Ali


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nge7

=Ruy Lopez, Cozio Defence=

Cozio Defence. Black defends the knight with the other knight.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. exf5

= Schliemann Defence Accepted =

This move is alright, but gives black a slight edge.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. exf5/4...e4

= Schliemann Defence Accepted =

/5. Ng1/ is an interesting move but best to keep a complex position


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. exf5/4...e4/5. Ng1

= Schliemann Defence Accepted =

Moves:

/5...Nf6/

/5...Qg5/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. exf5/4...e4/5. Ng1/5...Qg5

= Schliemann Defence Accepted =

Moves:

/6. g4/


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Abu Dhabi is the country's capital, while Dubai, the most populous city, is an international hub.

Where is United Arab Emirates?
United Arab Emirates is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, while also having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran.

How many people live in United Arab Emirates?
The UAE is ethnically diverse. The five most populous nationalities in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%). Immigrants from Europe, Australia, North America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the population. More than 100,000 British nationals live in the country. The rest of the population are from other Arab states.

What are the most common languages in United Arab Emirates?
Arabic is the official language in United Arab Emirates.

What is the most common religion in the United Arab Emirates?
Islam is the official state religion in United Arab Emirates.

What is the sport of United Arab Emirates?
Football is the most popular sports in United Arab Emirates. Emiratis also play motorsports, cricket, badminton, camel racing, cycling, endurance riding, falconry, golf, ice hockey, squash and table tennis

What are some important sights?

 * The World Islands (Arabic: جزر العالم; Juzur al-Ālam) are an archipelago of small artificial islands constructed in the shape of a world map, located in the waters of the Persian Gulf, off the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/United Arab Emirates


text: Category:Rice pudding recipes

title: Category:Rice pudding recipes


text:
Sylheti/Slogans

The Melody of Unity in the Sylhet Referendum
During the Sylhet referendum, a poignant song echoed the sentiments of those advocating for the unity of Sylhet. Sung in the local language (Sylheti), the song rhetorically questioned whether one would choose to live under a tree after destroying their hut, symbolizing the potential division of Sylhet. The heartfelt plea urged against breaking Sylhet into pieces. Unfortunately, despite these appeals, the Sylhet region was divided between India and Pakistan in 1947. The song captures the emotional plea to preserve the unity of Sylhet during a significant historical moment.

Transcription
Transcription by Chatterjee:
 * "Chonor goro kural maira
 * Gasor tole thakbayni ...
 * Ogo Shojoni Sylhet bhaingya gura kortayni."

title: Sylheti/Slogans


text:
User talk:111.222.33.44

Hindi
Please help me 2401:4900:5D46:E4FF:0:0:42F:5323 (discuss) 02:26, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:111.222.33.44


text:
Sylheti/Attribution

Attribution

 * Front Page Design
 * Tanchangya by a IP User ([ see page history]), available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

title: Sylheti/Attribution


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Palestine

Palestine is a state in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Its capital is East Jerusalem.

Where is Palestine?
Palestine claims the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip as its territory.

How many people live in Palestine?
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), as of May 26, 2021, the State of Palestine 2021 mid year population is 5,227,193.

What are the most common languages in Palestine?
Arabic is the official language in Palestine.

What is the most common religion in Palestine?
93% of Palestinians are Muslim. Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze and Samaritans.

What is the sport of Palestine?
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in the state of Palestine. Rugby is also a popular sport.

What are some important sights?

 * The Church of the Nativity, or Basilica of the Nativity, is a basilica located in Bethlehem in the State of Palestine, in the West Bank. The grotto holds a prominent religious significance to Christians of various denominations as the birthplace of Jesus. The grotto is the oldest site continuously used as a place of worship in Christianity, and the basilica is the oldest major church in the Holy Land.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Palestine


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4/2...dxe4/3. Bc4

=Blackmar-Diemer Gambit (BDG)=

3. Bc4
This move develops the bishop to its most active square. The most common response is Nc6.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4/2...dxe4/3. Bc4/3...Nc6

=Blackmar-Diemer Gambit (BDG)=

3...Nc6
This is the most common and best response. White will mainly continue with Qh5.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4/2...dxe4/3. Bc4/3...Nc6/4. Qh5

=Blackmar-Diemer Gambit (BDG)=

4. Qh5
White threatens to win a queen by checking on f7. Black should play g6 to stop the threat. However, if he, in his hotheaded desire plays Nf6??, Black faces doom with Qxf7+ Kd7 Be6+ Kd6 Bf4+ Ne5 Bxe5+ Kc6 Nc3 Bxe6 Qxe6+ Qd6 Bxd6.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5/3...Qe7

=Bishop's Opening: Classical Defence=

3...Qe7
This is the move black needs to defend f7, the alternative, 3...Qf6, faces a small amount of problems after 4. Nc3 5. Nd5.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5/2. dxe5

=Englund Gambit Accepted=


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. O-O

=Italian Game, Two Knights Defence=

4. O-O
White sacrifices a pawn for a lead in development and king safety. This is not the soundest line in the Italian Game, but completely playable.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. O-O'''


text:
Cookbook:Halo-Halo (Filipino Layered Dessert)

| Cuisine of the Philippines

Halo-halo ("mix-mix") is a Filipino dessert usually made with shaved ice, ice cream, and a variety of add-ins such as sweetened fruits and jellies.

Ingredients

 * 1½ cup shaved ice
 * ½ cup chickpeas in syrup
 * ½ cup red mung beans in syrup
 * ⅓ cup nata de coco (coconut gel in syrup)
 * ¼ cup kaong in syrup
 * 1 tbsp ube jam (sweet purple yam paste)
 * 2 scoops ube ice cream
 * 2 ea. 2 inch cubes leche flan
 * ½ cup evaporated milk
 * Pinipig (toasted flattened rice), for serving (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Cover the bottoms of two serving bowls or glasses with a layer of shaved ice.
 * 2) Top the ice with the chickpeas, mung beans, nata de coco, kaong, and ube jam.
 * 3) Top with ube ice cream and leche flan, then pour the evaporated milk over everything.
 * 4) Sprinkle with pinipig, if using.


text: Talk:Introduction to Grammar/Parts of Speech


text: Father of the Nation/List

title: Father of the Nation/List


text:
Cookbook:Nata de Coco

Nata de coco is a jelly product made from coconut milk or water.

title: Cookbook:Nata de Coco


text:
Cookbook:Kaong

Kaong, also called kolang kaling or sugar palm fruit, is the fruit of the kaong or sugar palm tree.

title: Cookbook:Kaong


text:
Cookbook:Ube

Ube or purple yam is a deep purple root vegetable.

title: Cookbook:Ube


text: Father of the Nation/Printable version

title: Father of the Nation/Printable version


text: Category:Book:Father of the Nation

title: Category:Book:Father of the Nation


text: Category:Brussels sprout recipes

title: Category:Brussels sprout recipes


text:
Cookbook:Roasted Brussels Sprouts

Ingredients

 * Brussels sprouts
 * Olive oil
 * Salt
 * Ground black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 425°F (218°C).
 * 2) Trim the bases of the sprouts, discard any loose outer leaves, and wash and dry them.
 * 3) Halve the sprouts with a sharp knife—you can quarter any really big ones—and transfer them to a mixing bowl.
 * 4) Drizzle the sprouts with some olive oil and toss to coat. You should add enough oil so that all the sprouts are thinly coated, but not so much that they're dripping with oil.
 * 5) Season the sprouts with a pinch of salt and pepper. Don't over-salt them, as the sprouts will lose water in the oven.
 * 6) Spread the sprouts on baking sheets so that they're all in a single layer—double-layering them will cause them to steam not brown.
 * 7) Roast the sprouts in the oven until they are browned on the outside and tender to your preference. Use a spatula to stir/flip them periodically through the cooking process to make sure they brown evenly.
 * 8) Remove from the oven and adjust the seasoning to taste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * For additional flavor, toss the finished sprouts with some grated parmesan cheese.

title: Cookbook:Roasted Brussels Sprouts


text: Category:Buckwheat recipes

title: Category:Buckwheat recipes


text:
Cookbook:Lumpiang Shanghai (Filipino Pork Spring Rolls)

| Southeast Asian cuisines

A version of lumpia that Filipinos love to share at a party.

Ingredients

 * ½ kg ground pork
 * 1 medium-sized clove of garlic, minced
 * 1 carrot, shredded
 * 1 egg, beaten
 * Water
 * 1 pack lumpia or spring roll wrappers
 * Vegetable oil
 * 1 cup banana ketchup

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the pork, garlic, and carrot in a mixing bowl.
 * 2) Add the egg, and mix well to combine.
 * 3) Lay one wrapper flat on your work surface. Place a small amount of the filling mixture on it, shaped like a log.
 * 4) Fold two opposite sides of the wrapper over the filling to enclose the two ends of the filling. Then, use the rest of the of wrapper to roll everything up length-wise.
 * 5) Moisten the edge of the wrapper and press it against the roll to seal and prevent it from unwrapping.
 * 6) Repeat the filling and rolling steps with the remaining filling and wrappers.
 * 7) Deep fry the rolls in the oil until golden brown all over and cooked through.
 * 8) Serve with the banana ketchup.


text: Category:Buffaloberry recipes

title: Category:Buffaloberry recipes


text:
User:Icandostuff

I am a Wikipedian who had recently fallen in love with Wikibooks. I may start editing soon, you never know.

It would be weird to start from scratch... Anyway, I'll see.

title: User:Icandostuff


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

Where is Syria located?
Syria is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Türkiye to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea.

How many people live in Syria?
Syria has a population of approximately 18,500,000 (2019 estimate).

What are the most common languages in Syria?
Arabic is the official language in Syria.

What is the most common religion in Syria?
The official state religion of Syria is Islam.

What is the sport of Syria?
The most popular sports in Syria are football, badminton and basketball.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Syria


text:
User talk:Wardaayan

You cannot edit for 7 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

You have been blocked for repeatedly creating nonsensical pages. Please read Using Wikibooks to learn what this project is about - this is Wikibooks, not Wikipedia.

--Xania   talk 06:07, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wardaayan


text:
User talk:EggRoll97

Welcome!
Welcome, EggRoll97!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 08:11, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:EggRoll97


text: Kitchen Remodel/Template/Construction

title: Kitchen Remodel/Template/Construction


text:
Manshu

Front Matter

 * 1) Translator's Note
 * 2) Influences
 * 3) Outstanding Work

On the Southern Barbarians (蠻書)

 * 1) Chapter 1: Distances within Yunnan and at its Borders (云南界内途程; yúnnán jiè nèi túchéng) Describing the routes from Jiāozhǐ (交阯城; ie. North Vietnam), Chéngdū (成都府; ie. Sichuan), Yōngzhōu (邕州; ie. Guangxi) and Qiánzhōu (黔州; ie. Guizhou) to Yángxiefai (陽苴咩城; ie. Dali).
 * 2) Chapter 2: Geography; or Mountains and rivers; or Mountains, River-plains, Rivers, and Headwaters (山川江源; shānchuān jiāng yuán) Describing the areas around  Tuòdōngchéng (柘東城; ie. Kunming), Diàncāngshān (玷蒼山; ie. Dali), west of Yǒngchāng (永昌; ie. Bǎoshān) including the Gāolíqíshān Mountains (高黎其山) and the Nùjiāng River (怒江; ie. upper Salween), north of kunming (xichang area), around kunming, and the Láncāngjiāng River (ie. Mekong) River and Yǒngchāng (永昌; ie. Bǎoshān).
 * 3) Chapter 3: The Six Kingdoms (六诏; liù zhào) Describing the kingdoms of Méngguī (蒙巂); Móxiēzhào (磨些詔) or Yuèxī (越析) and the Yuzèng Tribe (於贈部落) or Yángduò (楊墮); Làngqióng (浪穹) and The Breaking of the Wave (劍浪); Téngdǎn (邆賧); Shīlàng (施浪); Shīwàngqiān (施望千), Jiànchuān (劍川) and Tǔbō (吐蕃; ie. post-Tibetan Empire Kham Tibet); and Méngshè (蒙舍); as well as the history of The Recorded Oath (誓文).
 * 4) Chapter 4: Nomenclature or Names and classifications (名类; míng lèi) Describing the Western Cuàn (西爨) and the Eastern Cuàn (東爨) or Cuàn (爨) and their historic domains; The Birth of Nánzhào (南詔); Nánzhào (南詔) attacks Ānnán (安南; ie. Chinese imperial controlled north Vietnam); The Dújǐn Barbarians (獨錦蠻), the Móuxún (牟尋) and Lòngdòng (弄棟); The Qīnglíng Barbarians (青蛉蠻); The tribes north of the Iron Bridge (鐵橋); The Chángkūn Barbarians (長裈蠻) of Jiànchuān (劍川); The River Barbarians (河蠻); The Shī Barbarians (施蠻); The Shùn Barbarians (順蠻); The Mó Barbarians (磨蠻); The Móxiē Barbarians (磨些蠻); The Pūzi Barbarians (撲子蠻); The Xúnzhuàn Barbarians (尋傳蠻); The Luǒxíng (or Naked) Barbarians (裸形蠻); The Wàngjūzi Barbarians (望苴子蠻); The Yù Tribe (喻部落); The Black, Gold and Silver Tooth Barbarians (黑金銀齒蠻) and the Leg and Face Tattoo Barbarians (繡腳面蠻) of Yǒngchāng (Prefecture) (永昌; ie. modern Baoshan); The Pierced Nose Barbarians (穿鼻蠻), Long Mane Barbarians (長鬃蠻), Ridgepole Range Barbarians (棟峰蠻) and other barbarians are located to the south of Tuòdōngchéng (柘東城; ie. modern Kunming); The Máng Barbarians (茫蠻; ie. Pyu?) south of Yǒngchāng (永昌城; ie. modern Baoshan); The Fēngpá Barbarians (豐琶蠻); The Chóngmó Barbarians (崇魔蠻; lit. 'Devil Worshipping Barbarians').
 * 5) Chapter 5: The Six Market-city Prefectures The character in question, which can be viewed at the internet archive's scanned copy of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries《四库全书》edition (courtesy of Zhejiang University Library and archive.org) and which also has an entry at Chinese Wiktionary (with no known meanings listed), combines 贝 (meaning shell, and later shell money — as supposed in the Sino-Tibetan etymology notably including a similar phonetic in the Kachin language, and a not dissimilar Proto-Zhuang-Tai record) with 佥 (meaning a gathering), and is thus in a rough semantic sense plausibly a term used for local markets in the region where the use of shells as currency was widespread and well documented — to Westerners, famously allegedly by Marco Polo — through at least the Yuan dynasty.  The character is actually 𧸘 in Unicode however that usually only displays as an empty box (sometimes known as "tofu") on most computers owing to font limitations on rare Chinese characters. Mandarin pronunciation (as irrelevant as that may be for a source of this age) is alleged by Chinese Wiktionary (probably direct from the Unicode Unihan database) as being liàn, biǎn, or jiǎn — for what that's worth... the earlier two having some plausible phonetic similarity with the Proto-Sino-Tibetan and Proto-Zhuang-Tai, respectively. My probably reliable general comprehension is that the closing consonant is the least reliable portion of a character's phoneme when brought forward to Mandarin from ancient pronunciation, with many closing sounds (evidenced for example with final 'k' in Cantonese, which is more honest with respect to Tang Dynasty pronunciations) dropped entirely or morphed in to softer variants. Thus instead of (lian or bian or jian) we can vaguely reconstruct the phoneme as follows — (l or b or j) + (possibly an ee type sound, or some longer form or dipthong variant thereof) + (optionally some kind of closing consonant: probably not n). We can probably get some further input from an appropriately experienced linguist here.  (Update: September 2017. User:Justinrleung pointed out that "When it refers to the administrative division, it is read as jiǎn (based on Song dynasty《唐書釋音》九儉切)." ... clarifying "Hanyu Da Zidian cites 唐書釋音 for the  for 𧸘. I've checked 唐書釋音 at Chinese Wikisource and its corresponding scanned version; it seems to use 瞼 instead of 𧸘. 唐書 itself (editions: 欽定四庫全書, 武英殿二十四史, 摛藻堂四庫全書薈要) also uses 瞼 instead of 𧸘. That said, Hanyu Da Zidian also cites Gu Zuyu (a Qing dynasty scholar), who says 𧸘 is pronounced as 簡". So there you have it: jian.) ) (六𧸘; liù jian) Describing Dàhé City (大和城); Lóngkǒu City (龍口城); Dàlǐ City (大厘城); Yángxiefai City (陽苴咩城), Téngchuān City (邆川城); Méngshěchuān (蒙舍川) (Qúliǎnzhào (渠斂趙) and Shíhéchéng (石和城), Báiyá City (白崖城) and Bólòngchuān (勃弄川)).
 * 6) Chapter 6: Cities and towns of Yunnan (云南城镇; yúnnán chéngzhèn) Yúnnán City (雲南城; ie. modern Yunnanyi), Nòngdōng City (弄棟城), Tuodong City (柘東城), Jìnníng Prefecture (晉寧州), Shíchéngchuān (石城川), Ānníng Town (安寧鎮), Níngběi City (寧北城), Tiěqiáo (Iron Bridge) City (鐵橋城), Kūnmíng City (昆明城), Yǒngchāng City (永昌城; ie. modern Baoshan), etc.
 * 7) Chapter 7: Products of regions under Yunnan governance (云南管内物产; yúnnán guǎnnèi wùchǎn) Planting and harvesting patterns, rice, wheat, barley, rice alcohol, plows, agricultural taxation, silk production, origin of silk production, cultural norms for wearing silk, Clothing of Neighbouring Areas, Kham Tibetan textile production, Salt, Xuánzōng's Attack of 749, Further Notes on Salt, Shēngmá (升麻), Tōnghǎi (通海), Ānníng (安寧), Lángjǐng (郎井), Lǎndǎn City (覽賧城), Lúnán (瀘南), Kūnmíng City (昆明城), Tibetan salt preparation by charcoal, Nanzhao salt preparation by evaporation, Lóngqièhé River (龍怯河), Liǎnxún (斂尋), Míqián Well (彌潛井), Shāduī Well (沙追井), Ruòyē Well (若耶井), Huìnì Well (諱溺井), Jiànchuān (劍川), Xìnuòdèng Well (細諾鄧井), Líshuǐ City (麗水城), Luójū Well (羅苴井), salt cake size standards, salt in trade, Tea, Trees, Herbs and Fruits, tea of Yínshēng City (銀生城), herbal drink of the Méngshè Barbarians (蒙舍蠻), lychee, betel-nut (Areca catechu), hēlílēi (unidentified black tree-borne fruit), coconut, sugar palm, Yǒngchāng (永昌; ie. modern Baoshan), Líshuǐ (麗水), Zhǎngbàng (長傍) and Jīnshān (金山), Dàlí City (大厘城), tangerines, Níngdǎn (寧賧), Líshuǐ City (麗水城), jackfruit, muskmelons of Seoul (Korea), realgar, orpiment, qīngmùincense, huògēnuò wood, the mí vine, wild mulberry wood, military bowmaking, Gold panning, method of panning, relative value of nuggets, laws and taxes on gold, the sand punishment, forced labour, Silver, Tin, Amber, Horses, method of raising horses, stables vs. paddocks, Rhinoceros, pit traps for rhinos, thunderstorms when killing rhinos, military use of rhino hides, Tigers, use of skin as clothing, relative coloration by habitat, Musk, Buffalo, different species of buffalo and their range, Deer, Fish and Water Animals, fish, geese, ducks, great pheasants, reed-birds, crocodiles, kingfishers, magpies, mallard ducks, pigeons or doves, crows, mynahs, Elephants, Culinary Resources, pigs, goats, cats, dogs, mules, donkeys, leopards, rabbits, geese, ducks, cooking preferences, Weaponry, the duó qiào, the zhū gě, the 'Duóqiào that Fell from Heaven', the Yùdāo, use of poisons, smelting.
 * 8) Chapter 8: Native barbarian customs (蛮夷风俗; mányí fēngsú) Clothing, tóu náng (頭囊) headgarb, caochang (曹長) skirts, tiger skins (大蟲皮) / boluo skins (波羅皮), qūjū (佉苴) belts, female hair ornaments, Women and courtship, the Nanzhao harem, imperial harems, music and courting of youth, wedding matters, Festivals and holidays, winter holidays, courtship in nature, lunar new year, other holidays, Dining, wine drinking etiquette, the popularity of geese, the équē (鵝闕) dish, tableware of kings and commoners, Weights, Measures and Currency, Barbarian chǐ (尺), Barbarian lǐ (裏), measure-weights, silk bolt lengths, field sizes, manner of commerce and barter, Architecture, ordinary houses, barns, Funerary rites, White Barbarian burials, Mengshe and Black Barbarian cremations, cremation vessels, Spoken languages, standardization and relative popularity, similarities with Middle Chinese, negotiation by xingnuo ('walking promise') messenger, Western Cuan vocabulary, Eastern Cuan vocabulary, Military Culture, military provisioning, military behaviour, military policy.
 * 9) Chapter 9: Points on the southern barbarians (南蛮条教; nánmán tiáo jiào) Southern customs, military culture ...
 * 10) Chapter 10: Countries beyond the southern barbarian borders (南蛮疆界接连诸蕃夷国名; nánmán jiāngjiè jiēlián zhūfān yí guómíng) Mínuò (彌諾國) and Míchén (彌臣國), Biāo (驃國), Kūnlún (昆侖國), Roman Brahman Country (大秦婆羅門國), Little Brahman Country (小婆羅門), Midnight Country (夜半國), the Country of the Queen (女王國), Water Zhenla (水真蠟國) and Land Zhenla (陸真蠟國), Nánzhào (南詔), the Tibetan Tubo Dynasty (吐蕃).  (Guess before we got there: Given the previous translator Gordon H. Luce's focus on Burmese history, this is probably the area he was most interested in. Judging from his map, the text covers the Mon Kingdom of Dvaravati, the Pyu of Burma, and the upper Brahmaputra valley / Assam region. Note also that Chapter 2 contains probable reference to Cambodia and Champa (Zhenla), chapters 2, 3, 4 and 6 reference Tibet, chapters 1, 4 and 6 reference what is now north Vietnam, chapters 4 and 6 references Myanmar, chapter 6 references India, Persia (Iran), and probably either Thailand or Cambodia.) Chapter 7 draws allusion to fruit of Seoul, Korea.

title: Manshu


text:
Manshu/Chapter 1

蛮书/卷01

Translator's note

In general for many portions I am confident of a reasonable translation. However, there are also more than a few areas where I am certain there are errors: to what degree, however, I am less sure. In general you should be able to interpret the confidence of translation by the depth of notes and/or mapping around the passage(s) in question. The final portion is particularly murky. The sections are of my own construction.

Differences with previous Gordon H. Luce Translation
I am currently (December 2015) reviewing this portion of the translation against Gordon H. Luce's Previous English Translation. This should allow the detection of errors and/or points of disagreement for further investigation and comment. The following list excludes systemic and stylistic differences and focuses on objective issues.

 * Correct title
 * Luce titles the chapter Road-stages within the Frontiers of Yunnan, whereas we use Distances within Yunnan and at its Borders.

 * Specific errors
 * In the note regarding the demarcation of borders, Luce's translation appears to mistranslate the reign year as 43, whereas we calculate 44—45. The recalculated year is placed by us within the body of the translation, whereas Luce omits it entirely.
 * After identifying the correct pronunciation of Xiefai based on the transliterator's note, Luce's translation continues to identify the place name using a modern Mandarin pronunciation (Jumie).
 * Luce's translation improperly assumes intermediate place names and place name suffixes while describing the route from Annam to Guyong, specifically creating the nonexistant place Hsia-pu and the nonexistant suffix -pu to Guyong. This is because Luce failed to understand that there was a section of rapids in this part of the river forcing dismount from boats, and the -pu he could not comprehend was emphasizing walking to compensate rather than travel by boat.
 * Luce drops the "via Denglu" place name entirely as the route proceeds from Guyong.
 * Luce wrongfully asserts Jiangchuan as 'District headquarters', with no evidence whatsoever.
 * Luce wrongfully reads the last character of the place name Báishì (白士) — ie. 士 shì — as the visually similar and relatively common yet distinct character 土 (tǔ). He also erroneously provides this mistaken version in handwritten Chinese.
 * Luce reads the ancient Sichuan prefecture toponym 巂 as sui instead of xī, which according to my dictionary should be the correct reading.
 * Luce misreads the description of inspectors on the Sichuan portion of the Chengdu to Yunnan route as "official civil and military".
 * Luce runs together the interpretation of subsequent statements regarding areas "beyond" (meaning under non-Chinese control — ie. west of) Yaozhou (modern Yaoan, north-west of Chuxiong) and the roads to the modern Guizhou and Guangxi regions.
 * While describing the upper Yangtse in the route toward modern Dali from modern Sichuan, Luce implies that his Lu-shui is another reference to the Lu-chiang (瀘江) river rather than a place name, which seems more likely.
 * In Luce's translation, a rope-bridge is ascribed to the Ch'ing-ch'u-p'u—T'sang-p'ang portion of the route. However, in the digital version of our Palace Museum Library edition source text, a firmly placed full stop attributes this bridge instead to the Jiāpíguǎn (伽毗館)—Qīngqúpù (清渠鋪) portion. Without additional sources, we err in favour of our edition but note this point of contention for future readers.
 * Luce translates a phrase referring to a route stage in steep mountains as "dangerous and steep" where there is apparently no evidence for the "danger" concept in the text.
 * Discussing Lòngdòng city (弄棟城), Luce ascribes an historical affiliation with both Yáozhōu (姚州) and Xīchuān (西川), whereas we consider this an unlikely reading and assert the former as current at the time of writing, and the latter as a previous political affiliation.
 * Luce ascribes a third character to the historical military commander-in-chief of Yaozhou, Zhāng Qián (張乾), calling him Chang Ch'ien-t'o. We side with our source edition's interpretation and consider this character separately.

Chéngdū (成都府) to Yángxiefai (陽苴咩城)
Note that the borderland region between modern Yunnan proper and the Sichuan basin through which this section's route passes is historically inhabited by the Yi. The Yi were both powerful and independent until after the Yuan Dynasty when their princess made a deal with the invading Mongols. They wore impressive armour, examples of which can be seen online here at Sichuan University Museum and here at Harvard, or in person at the Anthropology Museum of Yunnan University on Beimenjie in Kunming.

Politics
Note that this entire portion is taken to have been a latter explanatory diversion, and not part of the main body of text.

The Stone Gate (石門) and the Kunming-Xichuan Route (昆川至雲南)

(note: here we shall have a new map! currently under development...)

title: Manshu/Chapter 1


text:
Manshu/Chapter 2

蛮书/卷02

Translator's note
In general I am confident of a reasonable translation. The sections are of my own construction. Maps are yet to draw, and cross-referencing with existing identifications of some foreign names will be required.

title: Manshu/Chapter 2


text:
Manshu/Chapter 3

蛮书/卷03

Translator's note
This section is relatively difficult to translate given the frequency of weird nomenclature, some nontrivial grammar structures with inadequate context, and the degree to which the geographical context jumps about. I am doing my best but you should regard the below as mostly questionable.

title: Manshu/Chapter 3


text:
Manshu/Chapter 4

蛮书/卷04

Translator's note
This section appears to be quite fun and a lot easier than the last chapter — thank deity-of-choice for that! The sections and their titles are of my own creation.

Western Cuàn (西爨) and the Eastern Cuàn (東爨) or Cuàn (爨) and their historic domains
(note: definitely need to draw a map in here)

The Máng Barbarians (茫蠻; ie. Pyu?) south of Yǒngchāng (永昌城; ie. modern Baoshan)
This section may refer to the Pyu city-states of upper Burma.

This section almost certainly requires additional splitting; however further interpretation on internal context changes must be done to achieve this.

title: Manshu/Chapter 4


text:
Manshu/Chapter 5

蛮书/卷05

Translator's note
The title and introduction of this chapter uses a very rare character. I presume the meaning is "markets". The character in question, which can be viewed at the internet archive's scanned copy of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries《四库全书》edition (courtesy of Zhejiang University Library and archive.org) and which also has an entry at Chinese Wiktionary (with no known meanings listed), combines 贝 (meaning shell, and later shell money — as supposed in the Sino-Tibetan etymology notably including a similar phonetic in the Kachin language, and a not dissimilar Proto-Zhuang-Tai record) with 佥 (meaning a gathering), and is thus in a rough semantic sense plausibly a term used for local markets in the region where the use of shells as currency was widespread and well documented — to Westerners, famously allegedly by Marco Polo — through at least the Yuan dynasty. The character is actually 𧸘 in Unicode however that usually only displays as an empty box (sometimes known as "tofu") on most computers owing to font limitations on rare Chinese characters. Mandarin pronunciation (as irrelevant as that may be for a source of this age) is alleged by Chinese Wiktionary (probably direct from the Unicode Unihan database) as being liàn, biǎn, or jiǎn — for what that's worth... the earlier two having some plausible phonetic similarity with the Proto-Sino-Tibetan and Proto-Zhuang-Tai, respectively. My probably reliable general comprehension is that the closing consonant is the least reliable portion of a character's phoneme when brought forward to Mandarin from ancient pronunciation, with many closing sounds (evidenced for example with final 'k' in Cantonese, which is more honest with respect to Tang Dynasty pronunciations) dropped entirely or morphed in to softer variants. Thus instead of (lian or bian or jian) we can vaguely reconstruct the phoneme as follows — (l or b or j) + (possibly an ee type sound, or some longer form or dipthong variant thereof) + (optionally some kind of closing consonant: probably not n). We can probably get some further input from an appropriately experienced linguist here.

(Update: September 2017. User:Justinrleung pointed out that "When it refers to the administrative division, it is read as jiǎn (based on Song dynasty《唐書釋音》九儉切)." ... clarifying "Hanyu Da Zidian cites 唐書釋音 for the for 𧸘. I've checked 唐書釋音 at Chinese Wikisource and its corresponding scanned version; it seems to use 瞼 instead of 𧸘. 唐書 itself (editions: 欽定四庫全書, 武英殿二十四史, 摛藻堂四庫全書薈要) also uses 瞼 instead of 𧸘. That said, Hanyu Da Zidian also cites Gu Zuyu (a Qing dynasty scholar), who says 𧸘 is pronounced as 簡". So there you have it: jian.)

Introduction
This is apparently not part of the original text, because it consists of one short clarifying note and the rest is entirely latter-day comments; ie. those referencing later texts and those known from markup style to be added by later transliterators.

title: Manshu/Chapter 5


text:
Manshu/Chapter 6

蛮书/卷06

title: Manshu/Chapter 6


text:
Manshu/Chapter 7

蛮书/卷07

Translator's note
Translation is complete but it has not yet been rechecked.

Musk
]

title: Manshu/Chapter 7


text:
Manshu/Chapter 8

蛮书/卷08

Translator's note
There is a substantial amount of linguistic material here which would benefit from analysis by appropriately skilled academics or native speakers.

title: Manshu/Chapter 8


text:
Manshu/Chapter 9

蛮书/卷09

Translator's note
This section has been started and seems at first to be very connected in terms of content to the end of Chapter 8.

title: Manshu/Chapter 9


text:
Manshu/Chapter 10

蛮书/卷10

Translator's note
The translation of this section has begun but is incomplete. The sections are of my own creation.

title: Manshu/Chapter 10


text: Template:Translation header

title: Template:Translation header


text:
Manshu/Outstanding Work

For the convenience of others here are listed any potentially useful tangents for further research that came to mind during my interpretation of the text.

 * Historical comparative phonetic analysis Many names of places, regions, people or objects transliterated in to Chinese could be evaluated on the basis of major linguistic groups in the region against reconstructed period pronunciation in order to obtain further insight in to identities or probable/possible semantics/etymologies.
 * Attribution of origin for each piece of the text Apparently this edition of the text was compiled from fragmentary surviving portions. Finding out precisely where each portion came from would assist with a more fine-grained evaluation of some of the text's contents.
 * Evaluation of prior and subsequent usage of toponyms An evaluation of the prior and subsequent use (or otherwise) of certain geographic names in the text, notably those about the region such as those used for foreign kingdoms of Southeast Asia may assist with more carefully evaluating the text. Certain portions, for example, are extremely detailed in a geographic sense whereas others are almost ridiculously vague. This suggests that some information may have been sourced from other, earlier or contemporary texts. Geographic information was certainly compiled from sources of vastly differing quality.

title: Manshu/Outstanding Work


text:
Manshu/Influences

Cartographic
The fairly detailed geographic knowledge of the region detailed in the text does not seem to be widely adopted the dynasties following the Tang. One example is the much-lauded map of China in the Forest of Stelae （碑林） in Xi'an, sometimes considered a marvel of Song Dynasty cartography, which shows a very confused and very blank view of the region. Only the Stone Gate (石门) and Qujing (曲靖) are shown in relatively correct locations. Lake Dian (滇池) and an unidentified place known as Black River Mouth (黑水口) are shown bordering a south-easterly flowing river, directly to the west of Annan (安南府; ie. Hanoi) which, while probably referring to the Red River (红河), veers southward more like the Mekong River (澜沧江) and spuriously misses its mark, where it should have flowed through Annan (安南府) and onward to the South China Sea.

This may suggest that the Manshu (蠻書) was not widely reproduced or distributed, pointing to it being more of a Tang period political text prepared prior to the Tang armies' invasions rather than a broadly distributed dossier. The Yunnanese region was probably of limited interest to the majority of literate Chinese of these periods, being remote, relatively dangerous and possibly of limited trade value and historical/political significance.

title: Manshu/Influences


text:
Manshu/Translator's Note

Other sources
Other sources for the Nanzhao period that could inform the translation include the following.

 * Stelae (碑)
 * The Dehua Bei (德化碑): A very large format inscribed tablet that is (was?) housed in a village between modern Dali and Xiaguan. My impression is that this chiefly records an account of Nanzhao's battles with the Tang.
 * A significant collection of stelae at the Dali Museum, including those in Sanskrit, some of which are not currently on display. It is unclear how to gain access to a list of these or published impressions.
 * Graves
 * There are a lot of funerary goods from different periods available. Some may hold information pertaining to the events or places described within the text.
 * Grottos (石窟)
 * Shizhongshan Grottos (石钟山石窟) in Jianchuan (剑川) county, today the southern portion of the Shibaoshan (石宝山) complex. Some famous historical poet fellow said the north has such-and-such famous Buddhist carvings (Something huge, like Datong), and the south has Shibaoshan. Well, it's so small they couldn't possibly have been drawing a literal equivalence but historically people from other places were still impressed. These days in my view the main draw is the undocumented yoni or oversized female genitalia, a rarely discussed if set-in-stone (and thus not quite concrete!) Hindu cultural link. Sixteen caves created from 850—1179 contain 139 statues including statues of kings, illustrations depicting politics of the monarchy, and statues of Guanyin, Pusa, and Mingwang. "The most representative items are Xi Nuluo Ji Hou Fei (illustration of Xi Nuluo with his queen and concubines), Yi Mouxun Yi Zhen Tu (illustration of Yi Mouxun discussing political affairs), Mingwangtang Badahufa Tu (illustration of the eight diamond-kings, or bodhisattvas, in their representations as fierce guardians of Vairocana), and Huayan San Sheng (illustrations of Vairocana, Manjusri, and Samantabhadra). These carvings not only reflect the influence of Buddhist principles but also show that the Nanzhao Dali rulers possessed a considerably high religious status." — more info from Academica Sinica in Taipei over here and over here.
 * Jizushan (鸡足山) in Binchuan (宾川) county has some inscriptions in Tibetan, which probably date from later periods. However, it may also have records from the Nanzhao period within its various constructions.
 * Illustrated scrolls... featuring black-skinned people with funny topknot hairdos.
 * Extract_of_the_Nanzhao_Tujuan_scroll.jpgNanzhao Tujuan (9th—10th century, 31.5cm x 5.8m) held at the Yurinkan Museum (有鄰館) in Kyoto, Japan. I don't think I have ever seen this published. I flew to Japan in April 2016 but could not view it or acquire a copy. Apparently it "describes the story of Xinuluo, the founder of Nanzhao. In it, he worships an iron post with eight other tribal leaders and was assured by Guanyin that his wife would attain Buddhahood. Later, Guanyin appears seven times to enlighten the Nanzhao Kingdom, making it the guiding regime of the entire southwest region of China." — Academica Sinica. Another report from an old page at Massey University, New Zealand claims this is "a scroll which bears dates corresponding to AD 899 and 946, but is probably a 12th-century copy of a 9th-century original - illustrated and analyzed in Chapin & Soper’s article."
 * Extract_of_Zhang_Shengwen's_Huajuan_Scroll.jpgZhang Shengwen - Huajuan (張勝溫 畫卷) (1180; 30 cm x 16m; held at the National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院) in Taiwan). Allegedly  it "depicts the King of Nanzhao Dali Kingdom as worshiping the Buddha, and the Buddhist Diagram of the Dharmadhātu. This piece expresses an even more complicated and blended view of Buddhist cosmology and offers an extra account of the development of Dali Kingdom's Buddhist monarchy." — Academica Sinica. There are fragments of this online, hopefully, a high-resolution version will eventually be made available. I bought a copy of this at the National Palace Museum in 2010 — however it may be the Tujuan scroll and is currently in storage on another continent and inaccessible.
 * Other texts
 * The Nanzhao Yeshi (南詔野史) is a history of Nanzhao reportedly published in the Ming Dynasty by but possibly of earlier origin. It appears to be divided into a former (上卷) and later (下巻) scroll. The former has three parts, and the latter has four. It was produced in 1775. An edition was produced by the Yunnan People's Publishing House in 1990 under the title 南詔野史会証. Most but not all of this edition is available online at Nagoya University. A second, alleged complete copy of the text is available online at ctext.org.
 * The Yiwu Zhi (异物志; literally: "Record of Foreign Matters"), also known as the Jiaozhou Yiwu Zhi (交州异物志), Nanyi Yiwu Zhi (南裔异物志), Jiaozhi Yiwu Zhi (交趾异物志) and Yangyilang Zhushu (杨议郎著书) amongst others, is a treatise written by Eastern Han court advisor Yang Fu (杨孚) covering the people, geography, fauna, rice cultivation, fruit, trees, grass, bamboo, insects and fish of the South China Sea region. It is the first written Chinese account of the Lingnan area's produce, production methods, and Aboriginal customs. The Book of Sui and the New Book of Tang both cite from the Yiwu Zhi but from the time of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) the book became lost, although scattered references to it remain in works such as: Beitang Shuchao (北堂书抄)，Taiping Yulan (太平御览)，Extensive Records of the Taiping Era，Yiwen Julie (艺文聚类)，Commentary on the Water Classic，Qi Min Yao Shu，Guangyun, Taiping Huanyu Ji，Hailu Suishi (海录碎事)，Compendium of Materia Medica，Guang Qunfang Pu (广群芳谱)，Guangdong Xinyu (广东新语), and Guangzhong Tongzhi (广东通志) amongst others. In the first year of the Qing Daoguang Emperor (1821), Zeng Zhao (曾钊) produced a version of Yangyilang Zhushu (杨议郎著书) from ancient textual sources than in 1849 the Yiwu Zhi. In March 1947, The Commercial Press in Shanghai published a compendium of works based on the Yiwu Zhi followed in 1991 by the Guangdong Publishing Group (广东省出版集团) issuing the Lingnan Cultural Archive (岭南文库), which included Wu Yong zhang's (吴永章) work Yiwu Zhi Jiyi Jiaozhu (异物志辑佚校注).

About the translation
Hi there. I'm not a 'professional translator' but have lived in the Yunnan area on and off for 15 years and have some (very) limited academic background in ancient Chinese history and maintain it as an interest. Regarding this text, there are allegedly pre-existing translations in English, French and Vietnamese. I have also learned of a recent annotated publication of a different but related text — Fan Chuo, Yunnanzhi Buzhu (Supplementary annotation to the Record of Yunnan), annotated by Mu Qin (昆明 雲南人民出版社).

None of those works were viewed or consulted before or during the preparation of this translation, with the exception of the introduction to Gordon H. Luce's 1961 publication for which I received an online source after translating up to chapter 4 already. Basically it confirms my own impressions, which is a good sign, though it has some errors and has helped me to realize many of my own.

I've also been drawing maps as I go to help narrow down identifications and visually clarify geographic references, visiting some of the locations, and incorporating vintage imagery to add some context and depth to the text.

I hope you enjoy the translation. If you would like to get in touch with comments, corrections or suggestions then you are welcome to leave me a message. The translation began in Feburary 2015 and is progressed through 2018 to about 90% completion, at least as far as a 'first run' translation plus 10% of the secondary process of reviewing the translation against the previous English translation by Gordon H. Luce. This worryingly but thankfully turned up some interesting errors in the digital source text. I took field trips to some of the areas discussed, flew to Japan to try to look at a related source (but the 'museum' was locked and locals had no idea of how to gain access or if it was ever open!), and plan to do another field trip as well. I sure hope someone gets some use out of all this work!

Unfortunately some Wiki person decided to come and delete all of the maps on the basis they did not believe backgrounds topography was fair use. These were a cornerstone of the text and are now lost until I can obtain once more access to the original data which is in another country. It is doubtful if this will occur in the near term. Thus, the heart of the translation has been destroyed. I am so deeply saddened by this that I cannot continue.

However, it is heartening that multiple people did contact me with sympathy and support. In 2022 I was made aware of not one but two new translations, after this work. The first is also a 2022 creative commons licensed translation by Mr. Ludwig M Brinckmann of Yunnan Explorer which credits this translation and adopts a similar mode of presentation, and the second is a translation by the late Professor Bu Shaoxian of Dali University which was apparently completed in 2015 but only published in 2018. Therefore, should you be a scholar interested in furthering your knowledge of the text, those are probably excellent resources and no doubt in many ways superior to my own imperfect and now tragically cartographically eviscerated efforts.

Editions of the original
The real original is lost. The existing editions are partial or recompilations.

Chinese Wikipedia notes at least eight editions of the source text.

We are using a digital version (complete with its own newly introduced errors!) derived from the Wu Ying (Palace Museum Library) Jewelled Edition《武英殿聚珍版》. The transliterators of that version often refer to a Nanzhao chapter in the History of the Later Tang Dynasty 《新唐書》, which has some similar content but with which nontrivial semantic differences exist, and generally appear to trust these as well-reasoned corrections. They also draw corrections from Comprehensive mirror to aid in government《資治通鑒》, Book of the Eight Zhao 《八詔篇》 and other sources.

The existing (Gordon H. Luce) English translation is also based on the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries《四库全书》 — as well as a second source text only identified in broken Wade-Giles Pinyin as Chien-hsi-ts'un-she ts'ung k'o (from which a previous, lost translation was made by the same author). It is assumed that the French and Vietnamese versions are also most probably based on one of the first three.

 * Yongle Encyclopedia《永乐大典》— Commissioned by the Ming dynasty emperor Yongle in 1403 and completed by 1408.
 * Complete Library of the Four Treasuries《四库全书》— Height of the Qing Dynasty in the 18th century CE. This version is available online via Zhejiang University Library and archive.org.
 * Wǔyīng diàn jùzhēn bǎn (roughly Wu Ying (Palace Museum Library) Jewelled Edition)《武英殿聚珍版》— a movable type edition compiled in 1774, the basis of our translation.
 * Línláng mìshū cóngshū《琳琅秘书从书》
 * Jiànxīcūn shě cóngshū《渐西村舍从书》
 * Yúnnán bèi zhēngzhì《云南备征志》
 * Zhībùzú zhāi《知不足斋》
 * Mánshū jiàozhù《蛮书校注》— Published by the 中华书局 in 1962.

Differences with Gordon H. Luce's Previous translation
As well as specific differences in translation, this translation has the following benefits.

 * Typographic improvements

 * Paragraph-by-paragraph comparison of the source text, the translation and Luce's previous translation.
 * Inline Chinese.
 * Introduction of logical sections.
 * Bold place and personality names.
 * Use of modern Hanyu Pinyin.
 * Inset antique imagery for greater background context.
 * Numerous notes describing background information, research and translation-related decisions.
 * Hyperlinks to external references.

 * Superior maps

 * Our maps include both Chinese and English (using standard modern Hanyu Pinyin, except where a differing ancient pronunciation has been established), are based on accurate modern topographic satellite mapping, and are divided by route for additional clarity.
 * Translator's note: Note this cornerstone of the text was eviscerated by destructive wiki people, thus to my great dismay and alarm is no longer present.
 * Luce's previous translation, by contrast, offered Wade Giles romanizations on only a single line-drawn map for the whole volume which inexplicably appears to feature many place names that have no presence in the text whatsoever, while skipping over those that do.

title: Manshu/Translator's Note


text:
World History/Technology

Prehistoric Technology

 * Hunting
 * Agriculture
 * Domestication
 * Fire
 * Cooking
 * Architecture
 * The Wheel
 * Stone work
 * Bronze work
 * Iron work
 * Art
 * Clothes
 * Simple roads and trails

Ancient Era

 * Simple Machines
 * Wheeled Vehicles
 * Astronomy
 * Aqueducts
 * Writing
 * Laws
 * Lathes
 * Water Mills
 * Crop Rotation
 * Magnetic Compass
 * Arithmetic
 * Trigonometry
 * Papyrus and Paper
 * Portions of Algebra
 * Portions of Calculus
 * Bookkeeping
 * Novelty Automata
 * Aeolipile
 * Antikythera mechanism
 * Paved roads
 * Medical Isolation

Medieval Era

 * Algebra
 * Calculus
 * Printing Press
 * Pinhole camera
 * Silk
 * Inoculation
 * Quarantine

Industrial Revolution

 * Machine Tools
 * Practical Photography
 * Practical Steam Engines
 * Steam locomotives
 * Difference engine
 * Steamboats
 * Telegraphs
 * Hot Air Balloon flight

Second Industrial Revolution and Machine Age

 * X-Rays
 * Mass production of steel
 * Practical electrical machines
 * Telephones
 * Fax machine
 * Radio
 * Bicycles
 * Automobiles
 * Airplanes
 * Early Practical Digital Computers
 * Practical Film & Movie Theaters

1930's-1955

 * Practical Radar
 * Practical Jet Aircraft
 * Practical Television broadcasting
 * Atomic Bombs
 * Atomic Power
 * General purpose programmable digital computers
 * Foundational concepts of Machine Intelligence
 * Supersonic manned aircraft
 * Operational Cruise Missiles
 * Long Range Ballistic Missiles

1955-1970

 * Artificial satellites
 * Human Spaceflight
 * Practical Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
 * Early Computer Networks
 * Green Revolution in Agriculture
 * Point-contact transistors
 * Integrated circuits
 * Early Video Games
 * Practical Industrial Robots

1970-Present Day

 * Popular Personal Computers
 * Handheld and wearable computers
 * Cellular Telephones
 * Internet protocol suite
 * Modular Space Stations
 * Practical Digital Cameras

title: World History/Technology


text:
Bikol/Singular and Plural Nouns

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

In Bikol, the plural form of nouns is often indicated by adding the word "mga" before the noun. "Mga" is a specific plural marker. It is pronounced as mah-NGAH.

Example

Using numbers or other words expressing quantity. Example

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Singular and Plural Nouns


text: Lun Yu/Printable version

title: Lun Yu/Printable version


text: Category:Book:Green and Sky Blue Animal Alphabet


text:
Cherokee/Resources

Old and Unclassified Links

 * Cherokee NT Online (Cherokee Bible Digitalization Project)

 * English/Cherokee Dictionary
 * Cherokee Language Lessons
 * Cherokee Language Online
 * Cherokee Language Yahoo Group
 * Echota Cherokee Revitalization Project
 * Cherokee Wiktionary, ,

title: Cherokee/Resources


text: DChip/Printable version

title: DChip/Printable version


text: A Beginner's Python Tutorial/Printable version


text:
Cherokee/Tone

Cherokee Tone Explained in One Minute
By default, all Cherokee vowels have a low flat pitch. Three other types of pitch, or tones, each used for different reasons, can change the default tone. They are (1) the lowfall tone, arising from the use of pronouns, which starts at the default low and goes lower (glides to a lower pitch); (2) the superhigh tone, which starts high and rises higher, associated with adjectives and dependent clauses; and (3) the high tone, associated with a word's internal stress, whether arising as a core component of the word or from an attached prefix. Tones, grammar rules, and affixes interact within a word in a largely predictable yet intricate system.

Cherokee Tone in More Detail
One cannot comprehend the beauty of Cherokee tone without first understanding its canvas. The basic unit of time in Cherokee is the mora, which is the length of any syllable containing a short vowel. If a syllable contains a long vowel, it is two moras long. Some tones (i.e. types of tones) in Cherokee last for one mora, and others for two moras. Yet others last for the whole syllable, regardless of its mora number. This property—which unit of time a type of tone is associated with—is a tone's "domain." The domain can be one mora, two moras, or one syllable.

One must also think of the Cherokee tonal system as having one default tone, a low tone with a domain of one mora, that is automatically realized on every syllable unless a marked tone is required to be realized there instead.

A marked tone arises in Cherokee speech or is changed (e.g. through pitch alternation or spreading) for one of two possible reasons: (1) the word or word part (morpheme) inherently has a certain tone or tone process that surfaces as a marked tone; or (2) a grammatical or phonological feature requires a tone or tone process resulting in a marked tone. To understand the entirety of Cherokee tonology, one needs to understand the intricacies of each type of tone or tone process, including its causes or uses, realization, conditions for change, and effects on coincident and neighboring tones. Every tone or tone process is unique in behavior, which is one reason learners have historically found Cherokee tone so challenging. However, if you look at this fact as testament to the richness of the language and embrace the intricacies of the tonal system, you will have a much better learning experience.

True Tones
The below table identifies the four true tones of Cherokee. They are called true tones because they arise directly from their sources. This is in opposition with surface tones, which represent additional tone contours arising from the interactions between true tones or from other downstream processes, such as spreading.

The pitch numbers indicates the approximate height of pitch in the realization of the tone on its domain. For example, a low tone is given the (somewhat arbitrarily) pitch assignment of 2. For a single mora, "2" is appropriate. For a low tone on two moras (on a long vowel), "22" is written to indicate the length. For the lowfall tone, "21" is written to indicate that the pitch starts at the same level as called for by a low tone but then glides lower.

All notations use the vowel /a/ for demonstration. The first element of the pair indicates the notation for a short (or in the case of lowfall, underlyingly short) syllable with the specified tone, while the second element is for a long syllable.

Surface Tones
Below are a list of surface tones in Cherokee. These are results of the application and interaction of true tones and do not arise alone from meaningful sources.

Inert Tones
Some suffixes (and maybe other morphemes) carry high tones that cannot be attributed to one of the three high tone types discussed here. This may also be the case for non-derived nouns. They are “inert” tones because they do not change. H1, H2, and H3 are specific to verbal morphology—so you won’t confuse them with the inert tones—but they are “active” in the sense that they move around or are realized differently in different circumstances. The learner should simply memorize the inert tones as they come up—they are essentially fully lexical.

Tonicity
Tonicity is an important concept in Cherokee tonology. It is a property that applies to every inflection of a verb, every noun, and every adjective. Whether a form is tonic or atonic depends on certain factors.

Firstly, why does tonicity matter?

Tonicity governs the realization of two types of tone: lowfall associated with pronominal tonic lowering (PTL), and the major high tone (H1). If an inflection is tonic, then any lowfall resulting from PTL will be realized (i.e. present), and any major high tone H1 not otherwise limited will be realized high. If an inflection is atonic, then any lowfall resulting from PTL will not be realized, and any H1 will be realized low.

Tonicity is determined for an inflection by following this order of questioning:

 * 1) Is the assertive ("ASR," a.k.a. experienced past) suffix (-vv́qi) used? If so, the inflection is tonic. If not, move on to the next question.
 * 2) Does the inflection use any of the tonicizing prepronominal prefixes, namely the iterative, special partitive, relative, or combined cislocative? If so, the inflection is tonic. If not, move on to the next question.
 * 3) Does the inflection use any of the detonicizing prepronominal prefixes, namely the regular partitive, irrealis, translocative, single cislocative, or negative? If so, the inflection is atonic. If not, move on the next question.
 * 4) Is the inflection indicative? If so, the inflection is tonic. If not (i.e. if it is imperative or infinitive), then the inflection is atonic. (Nouns and adjectives are also lumped in with the non-indicative forms.)

This is to say, at the most basic level, indicative inflections are tonic, as opposed to imperative or infinitive inflections (or nouns and adjectives). However, if any prepronominal prefixes are used in the inflection, the determination of tonicity defers to them. The only higher power in tonicity determination is the presence of the -vv́qi suffix, which automatically makes an inflection tonic, even if it has a detonicizing PPP, for instance.

Also, note that questions 2 and 3 cannot be flipped in order. That is to say, in the presence of both tonicizing and detonicizing PPPs for any particular inflection, tonicizing trumps detonicizing.

A flowchart lays out these rules more clearly.

Lowfall from Pronominal Tonic Lowering (PTL)
Pronominal prefixes starting with a vowel will see a lowfall on that initial vowel in a tonic environment. If the underlying vowel is short, the lowfall lengthens it. Remember that this, though, is a general property of the lowfall and not unique to this particular source. When PTL occurs concurrently with a high tone, it seems that a falling tone results. This high tone may be H1 or H3. (H2 would not be able to collide with PTL due to location restraints.)

Lowfall from Long-i Prefixes
Regardless of tonicity, pronominal prefixes beginning with a long /i/ always see a lowfall on that vowel. "Always" refers to the fact that tonicity does not govern the realization of this lowfall. Note that in tonic environments this lowfall will appear identical to PTL. One could argue that in tonic environments PTL also applies on top of the long-i-derived lowfall, which is intuitively true, but this fact does not affect any surface pitch movement, for supposedly the double application of a lowfall simply results in a lowfall—there is no distinct "double" lowfall realization.

Lowfall from Laryngeal Alternation (LA)
The laryngeal grade of most /hC/ clusters, where C represents any nonglottal consonant, is the disappearance of the /h/ and concurrent assignment of a lowfall tone on the preceding vowel. See the Laryngeal Alternation article for more details about this process.

Superhigh on Adjectives
All adjectives carry a superhigh tone.

title: Cherokee/Tone


text: Category:Book:Manshu

title: Category:Book:Manshu


text:
Bikol/Family

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

Bikol, like most Austronesian languages, is gender-neutral. The third-person pronoun siya is used for both "he" and "she", as well as "it" in the context of being a neuter gender. Native nouns also feature this characteristic, normally with the addition of lalaki ("male") or babayi ("female") to the noun to signify gender in terms such as aking lalaki ("son") or babaying kanding ("she-goat").

However, because Bikol has had over three centuries of Spanish influence, gender is usually differentiated in certain Spanish loanwords by way of the suffixes -a (feminine) and -o (masculine). These words mostly refer to ethnicities, occupations, and family. Some examples are: Bicolana/Bicolano (Filipina/o) and their derivative nicknames Pinay/Pinoy, tindera/tindero (vendor), inhinyera/inhinyero (engineer), tita/tito (aunt/uncle), manang/manong (elder sister/brother), and lola/lolo (grandmother/grandfather). A few gender-differentiating pairs originate from Chinese, mostly relating to kinship terminology such as ate (big sister) and kuya (big brother).

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Family


text:
Manksi

Manksi is an auxlang for all of India's languages. It is written in the Latin script but also occasionally in the Devanagari script.

The language is combined with all of the official languages in India, making it the most easiest language for speakers of any indian language.

Contents
Manksi/Lesson 1 - Greetings, introductions, and goodbyes.

Manksi/Lesson 2 - Identifying objects.

Manksi/Lesson 3 - Asking directions.

Manksi/Lesson 4 - Ordering food.

Manksi/Lesson 5 - Review #1

title: Manksi


text:
Manksi/Lesson 1

Vocabulary
Amasa - hello

Alavida - goodbye

annjae - me

annjaeni - my

aapma - you

aapmani - your

naan - name

haiya - is

tumu - what

Introduction
Manksi is very similar to English, and the grammar is relatively easy.

Conversation
Amasa!

Amasa!

Aapmani naan haiya tumu?

Annjaeni naan haiya John!

Annjaeni naan haiya Micheal.

Alavida!

Question particle
If you are familiar with chinese, tumu is exactly like the word 什么, for those who are not familiar, let’s put an answer. “Your name is ___”, now, to ask “What is your name”, you would say “Your name is what”, which basically says, “Annjaeni naan haiya tumu?”.

title: Manksi/Lesson 1


text:
Manksi/Lesson 2

Vocabulary
it = this

ana = that

medi = table

kampyootar = computer

pensil = pencil

apil = apple

kuka = dog

billa = cat

mar = and

kee = plural marker

Conversation
it haiya tumu?

it haiya medi.

mar ana haiya tumu?

it haiya kukakee mar billakee.

Plural marker
The plural marker is “kee”, it is referring to two or more things.

title: Manksi/Lesson 2


text:
Manksi/Lesson 3

Vocabulary
kahaa = where

bana = left

seeda = straight ahead

sahi = right

MakDonald = McDonalds

restorena = restaurant

ya = or

Conversation
MakDonald haiya kahaa?

MakDonald haiya bana?

Restorena haiya kahaa?

Restorena haiya seeda ya sahi.

Where?
Kahaa has the same grammar purpose for “tumu”, expect it’s for where.

Articles
there is no “the” or “a”, this is what makes it the most easiest language for indians.

title: Manksi/Lesson 3


text:
Manksi/Lesson 4

Annjae = I/me

caahani = want

postissh = try

pala = fruit

sabzee = vegatable

salaad = salad

bargar = burger

hyamabargar = hamburger

cheezabargar = cheeseburger

cammach = spoon

zaroora = need

illai! = no!

cappita = not

prati = to (eg. You don’t need a spoon to eat a hamburger.)

khao = eat (verb)

dyanavaad! = thank you!

shuk! = thanks (informally)

Conversation
Annjae caahani postissh bargar.

Hyamabargar ya cheezabargar?

Hyamabargar, dyanavaad!

(The waiter gives him a cheeseburger.)

Illai! Annjae caahani postissh hyamabarger! cappita cheezabargar!

(The waiter gives him a hamburger.)

Cammach haiya kahaa?

Illai! Annjaeni cammach!

Illai! Aapma cappita zaroora cammach prati khao bargar!

title: Manksi/Lesson 4


text: Category:Clarified butter recipes

title: Category:Clarified butter recipes


text: Category:Book:Manksi

title: Category:Book:Manksi


text:
User:USERNAME W90

My subject subjective what is it?

title: User:USERNAME W90


text:
WikiLang/Writing systems

A writing system is a method of visually representing verbal communication based on a script and an orthography or set of rules regulating its use.

title: WikiLang/Writing systems


text:
User talk:Sriveenkat

--ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ (discuss • contribs) 06:35, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sriveenkat


text:
User talk:Thabiso Rekhotso I

How to help our children to be safe worldwide
Lot of children wen't missing last year, and even this dozen's of them still wen't missing. Help these people to find their families please. Thabiso Rekhotso I (discuss • contribs) 08:07, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thabiso Rekhotso I


text:
User talk:39.50.198.232

This isn't Wikipedia
We don't have articles, we have books. So creating one line stubs for each dinosaur as standalone pages is incorrect. Please read Using Wikibooks to understand how this project works. Thanks - MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 08:30, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:39.50.198.232


text:
User talk:39.50.198.134

This isn't Wikipedia
We don't have articles, we have books. So creating one line stubs for each dinosaur as standalone pages is incorrect. Please read Using Wikibooks to understand how this project works. Thanks - MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 08:30, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:39.50.198.134


text:
Bikol/Animals

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Animals


text:
Inclusive Data Research Skills for Arts and Humanities/Section 1

Data Skills Session

Facilitators: Gauti Sigthorsson (U. of Roehampton), Carla Fernandez (UAL), Harry Solomons (UAL, LCC)

= Session Summary = This session supports the overall aim of today's event, to co-create inclusive data skills assets and materials for arts and humanities researchers with Wikimedia UK and the DAReS project team. The theme of this session is "What works for Arts & Humanities practitioners when working with data?" Therefore, we aim to explore arts and humanities-specific approaches to data, tools, methods and research outputs. Facilitators will work with the following themes as starting points. Participants are welcome to move between groupings as they wish:

What counts as data in arts and humanities? Facilitator: Harry Solomons. Focusing on the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data, this session unpacks what counts as data in the arts and humanities, including quantitative and qualitative data, as the most readily apparent form of data in social sciences. Case studies, data sources and primary/secondary data considered, along with specific case studies.

How can you tell stories with data? Facilitator: Carla Fernandez. Focusing on data visualisation as both a research method and a practice, this session focuses on the route to exploration, discovery and the storytelling of information. Explore, Discover, Explain.

Data Practices Facilitator: Gauti Sigthorsson. This session focuses on key data skills questions to connect arts and humanities projects or topics to specific tools and methods

 * What implications do choices of tools and methods have for inclusion/exclusion?
 * It is necessary to give less privileged groups/communities voices through new ways to access existing data/content platforms.
 * The Wikimedia/wiki book or a university department could create a new system of accreditations to allow those groups to access the many block/paywall websites.
 * What works for artists and humanities researchers when working with data?
 * Methods, techniques, tools: What are the tools of choice for you as arts and humanities researchers and/or practitioners?
 * What data and digital research skills are most relevant for arts and humanities practitioners/researchers?
 * The existing data/research supplied by those knowledgeable in their fields/themes can allow new practitioners to develop those subjects further, adding the many missing voices. Also, translating the many existing works from other continents, namely from the Global South, could add much value to make the current Arts and humanities texts more factual.

External link to Google Doc: Document for drafting


text:
Inclusive Data Research Skills for Arts and Humanities/Section 2

Session plan: Data epistemologies and decolonial approaches
Brief session description:

One of the challenges we face as arts and humanities researchers who want to engage with data-oriented computational tools and methods is that these are usually embedded within scientific as well as colonial disciplinary priorities and biases which can be very hard to unpick and work with in critical research. In this session, we focus on asking: What kinds of thinking, epistemologies and colonial practices come with data tools, skills and methods? How can we engage decolonial approaches to data for arts and humanities? How might we move towards empowering forms of data research? To meet these challenges we will work in small groups around these specific related problems:

Sub-themes:

 * Deconstructing data methods and decolonising approaches: What are some ways we can approach and utilise data methods using a decolonial lens?
 * ·Leads: Pushpi Bagchi and Annie Mackinnon

 * Data agencies: How do we approach data research methods in ways that are empowering for marginalised and excluded groups?
 * Leads: Christine Gibson and Zoetanya Sujon

Each of these groups will engage these questions and work to identify what these challenges look like in research and their experience. The aim is to better understand these areas and co-create collaborative resources for sharing across Arts and Humanities and with under-represented groups.
 * Data inequalities and power: What are power inequalities in data methods and skills? How can arts and humanities research challenge these inequalities?
 * Leads: Leah Junck and Maitrayee Basu


text:
Inclusive Data Research Skills for Arts and Humanities/Section 3

Brief session description
A core challenge for arts and humanities researchers interested in pursuing data-oriented research is finding ways to navigate their research pathways. During the DAReS project thus far, the research journey was important for both inclusion and data skills. This includes challenging the structural inequalities that limit arts and humanities researchers’ access to data skills but also figuring out ways to plan, design and identify sources of funding. This session critically engages with these challenges, hacking the research journey itself, the solutions to common problems, with the objective of forming a self-sustaining network of arts and humanities researchers potentially co-launching projects.

The objectives of this section were to:

 * 1) Co-develop three data-oriented arts and humanities research projects, which have potential to develop into funding applications and conference panels
 * 2) Creating a self-sustaining community of arts and humanities researchers interested in data and digital research
 * 3) Co-write a research journey guide for arts and humanities researchers interested in data and digital research, using Wikibooks as a tool.


text:
Inclusive Data Research Skills for Arts and Humanities/Section 4

Feedback and Reflection

During the Hackathon our wonderful IT support (Iza) will be hosting a feedback and reflection booth. This will be a place to stop and leave a note about the day, the project or the wiki book. You can use paper and pens, leave a video or audio note or log on to our padlet and leave a comment digitally. Even if you just want to say ‘Hi’.

Padlet for reflection and feedback


text:
Inclusive Data Research Skills for Arts and Humanities/Agenda for the Day

Inclusive Data Research Skills Hackathon for Arts and Humanities (DAReS)
Thank you for signing up to our Hackathon on Friday 26th January 2024. We look forward to welcoming you on the day, and to collaborating on co-creating a Wikibook on inclusive data skills and materials for arts and humanities researchers with Wikimedia UK and the DAReS project team. You can find out more about the DAReS project here

Agenda

 * 9:00-10:00 Coffee and breakfast
 * 10:00-11:00 Welcome and orientation
 * 11:30-13:00 Parallel sessions Data skills Data Epistemologies and Decolonial Approaches Hacking the research journey
 * 13:00-14:00 Lunch
 * 14:00-15:30 Parallel sessions continued
 * 16:00-17:15 Wrap up
 * 17:15-18:00 Optional social


text:
Cookbook:Paksiw na Bangus (Milkfish Stewed in Vinegar)

| Cuisine of the Philippines

Ingredients

 * 1 kg whole milkfish
 * 1 medium carrot, sliced
 * 1 medium bitter melon (ampalaya), sliced
 * 2 heads garlic, slightly pressed
 * 3 large green chiles, halved
 * 1 tbsp salt
 * 1 tsp peppercorns
 * 180 ml (¾ cup) vinegar
 * ½ cup water

Procedure

 * 1) Clean the milkfish by removing the scales, gallbladder, and gills. Do not remove the intestines and liver. Using scissors or a knife, remove the fins and tails. Rinse and cut diagonally into 5 pieces, then pat dry.
 * 2) Combine the carrots, bitter melon, garlic, and chilies in a heavy pot.
 * 3) Arrange the sliced milkfish on top of the veggies. Sprinkle with salt and peppercorns.
 * 4) Pour vinegar and water into the pot, cover, and boil for 5–8 minutes.
 * 5) Reduce the heat, and simmer gently for another 8–10 minutes.
 * 6) Remove from heat and serve with garlic or fried rice. Enjoy!


text:
Talk:Introduction to Computer Information Systems/Computers in Your Life

"From voice-powered personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Cortana ... "
Re: "From voice-powered personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Cortana ... "

 * Siri I have heard of Siri, I think it is a sort of voice-operated google. You ask Siri what "search-term-X" means and it tells you what google would have answered in written language. It is an Apple proprietary product, I think.

 * Alexa I remember more vaguely. It gives/gave the rank of websites in terms of their pageviews. I don't know who operates Alexa, but it is probably a commercial product, I think. I am not aware of the connection between Alexa and voice operated assistants.

Ottawahitech (discuss • contribs) 17:13, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Cortana I have no idea and the English Wikipedia has a disambiguation page that gives one 5 choices of articles, but none about a voice-powered personal assistant. The closest I can find is "Cortana (virtual assistant), virtual assistant from Microsoft"


text:
Antenna Television/Market Listings/Arkansas

Counties
Arkansas Oklahoma
 * Benton
 * Carroll
 * Crawford
 * Franklin
 * Logan
 * Polk
 * Washington
 * Sebastian
 * LeFlore

Counties

 * Clay
 * Craighead
 * Greene
 * Independence
 * Lawrence
 * Jackson
 * Randolph
 * Searcy

Counties

 * Cleburne
 * Garland
 * Jefferson
 * Lonoke
 * Ouachita
 * Pope
 * Pulaski
 * Saline
 * Stone
 * Van Buren
 * White


text:
User talk:Me Lendroz

Recipe formatting
Hi @Me Lendroz! Thanks for your recipe contribution. In the future, please make sure recipes conform to the recipe template. This includes linking, correct headings, and other formatting. You can see my corrections on your latest contribution as an example. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 20:23, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @Me Lendroz again, could you please make sure to format recipes correctly? This includes:
 * Including and  at the top of the page
 * Making sure the header is "Procedure", not "Preparation" or something else
 * Including all relevant recipe categories
 * Linking to ingredient pages in the ingredients list
 * Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Me Lendroz


text:
Bikol/Grammar

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Word connectives or “ligatures” are a unique part of the Bikol language that are used to link two words together.

There are a variety of grammar patterns that require words to be connected by ligatures.

The first pattern to learn, is that you should connect nouns and the adjectives that describe them using ligatures.

For example, in the phrase: “beautiful maiden”, the words “beautiful” and “maiden” should be connected with a ligature in the Bikol language.

Two types of ligatures:

1.) If the first word ends in a vowel, the ligature -ng is attached to the end of that word to connect it to the next word.

Example: daragang magayon (beautiful maiden)

2.) If the first word ends in any consonant including the letter "N", the word na is used to connect two words.

Example: magayon na daraga (beautiful maiden)

Quiz: 1.) halangkaw + harong (tall house) 2.) kamot + maati (dirty hand) 3.) turog + ikos (sleeping cat) 4.) naglulukso + aki (jumping child) 5.) mayo + kwarta (no money)

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Grammar


text:
User talk:27.7.185.15

--Xania   talk 06:44, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:27.7.185.15


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...f6

=Caro-Kann f6=

This has been tried quite a few times, but chances of success are low.

Epilogue
The f6 Caro-Kann is a rare line that weakens the kingside and hinders the development of the king's knight, but prepares an e5 push.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...f6/5. Ng3

=Caro-Kann f6=

This refutes the f6 line.

Epilogue
Ng3 is an interesting but important move that allows the e5 pawn push, but gains a huge lead in development after '''5...e5 6. Nf3'''.


text: Category:Book:Austronesian languages

title: Category:Book:Austronesian languages


text:
User talk:UjuiUjuMandan

Welcome!
Welcome, UjuiUjuMandan!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 08:16, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:UjuiUjuMandan


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Nxe4/4...Bf5/5. Ng3/5...Bg6/6. h4/6...h6/7. h5

=Caro-Kann=

This move attacking the bishop again is inferior due to it wasting two tempi on moving the h-pawn.

Nimzowitsch Variation: 7...Bh7 8. Rh4!?
The Nimzowitsch Variation is a rare line of the Caro-Kann that develops the rook early but creates some complications for black.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4

The idea of this sneaky move is to setup a tactic that wins a knight if black's not careful.

Main Line - 6...Nbd7
The best move and the refutation. Black develops the other knight and supports the other knight.

The Trap - 6...Bg7?? 7. e5!
If black goes for the normal dragon theme, they lose a tempo with. e5! as the move 6. f4, in fact prepared e5.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4/6...Bg7

Black fell for the trap of 7. e5!.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4/6...Bg7/7. e5

White still isn't winning the knight, but "trading pawns" is met with that fate!


text:
User:Jitendra Suryavanshi (Author)

Jitendra Suryavanshi is a talented and versatile Indian author, columnist, and YouTuber, born in Uttar Pradesh, India. With a unique writing style, he has gained recognition for his ability to explain complex concepts in a concise and engaging manner, making learning accessible to a wide audience.

title: User:Jitendra Suryavanshi (Author)


text:
History of Economic Thought/Introduction

The history of economic thought is a fascinating journey that spans centuries, weaving through the intellectual landscapes of different cultures and eras. At its core, economic thought explores the ways societies allocate resources to meet their needs and desires. Our journey begins in ancient times when philosophers like Aristotle contemplated economic principles. Aristotle, in his work "Politics," delved into the concept of oikonomia, focusing on household management and the exchange of goods.

Fast forward to the 18th century, and we encounter the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, notably Adam Smith. In his seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations," Smith laid the groundwork for classical economics. He introduced the invisible hand concept, arguing that individuals pursuing their self-interest unintentionally contribute to the overall well-being of society through the market mechanism.

The 19th century witnessed the rise of various economic theories. Karl Marx, a German philosopher and economist, developed the theory of communism, critiquing capitalism for its inherent class struggles. Concurrently, neoclassical economists like Alfred Marshall emerged, emphasizing the role of supply and demand in determining prices and resource allocation.

The Great Depression of the 1930s spurred the development of Keynesian economics, named after John Maynard Keynes. Keynes advocated for government intervention to manage economic downturns, challenging the laissez-faire approach. His ideas gained prominence, influencing policies during the post-World War II era.

The latter half of the 20th century witnessed the rise of monetarism, led by economists like Milton Friedman. Monetarists argued for controlling inflation through the manipulation of the money supply, challenging Keynesian orthodoxy. This period also saw the emergence of behavioral economics, incorporating insights from psychology to understand economic decision-making.

As we step into the 21st century, new economic paradigms continue to emerge. Development economics focuses on addressing global inequalities, environmental economics grapples with sustainability, and behavioral finance explores the psychological factors influencing financial decisions. The digital age has given rise to discussions about the gig economy, automation, and the impact of technology on traditional economic structures. The evolution of economic thought continued to unfold in the 20th century with the advent of new theories and perspectives. The aftermath of World War II saw the establishment of the Bretton Woods system, named after the conference that took place in 1944. This system set the stage for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, institutions designed to stabilize and reconstruct the global economy.

During this period, the neoclassical synthesis emerged, integrating Keynesian ideas with neoclassical economics. Economists like Paul Samuelson played a pivotal role in reconciling the seemingly disparate views, emphasizing the importance of both market forces and government intervention in maintaining economic stability.

As the 20th century progressed, the focus shifted towards development economics. Scholars like Rostow and Prebisch explored the dynamics of economic growth in developing countries, highlighting the role of industrialization and the challenges posed by unequal global trade.

The 1970s marked a turning point with the rise of supply-side economics. Influenced by thinkers like Arthur Laffer, this perspective argued for reducing tax rates to stimulate economic growth. Concurrently, the oil crisis and stagflation challenged existing economic paradigms, leading to a reevaluation of policy approaches.

The latter part of the 20th century also witnessed the emergence of environmental economics as a distinct field. Concerns about resource depletion, pollution, and climate change prompted economists to incorporate environmental considerations into economic analyses. This led to discussions about sustainable development and the need for balancing economic growth with environmental preservation.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and a shift in economic ideologies. The triumph of market-oriented reforms and the spread of globalization became defining features of the late 20th century. Institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) gained prominence, advocating for free trade and economic liberalization.

Entering the 21st century, the global financial crisis of 2008 prompted a reassessment of economic models. Questions about the stability of financial markets and the role of regulatory frameworks gained renewed attention. Economists like Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman contributed to discussions about the implications of the crisis and the need for reform.

In recent years, the digital revolution has introduced new dynamics into economic discussions. The gig economy, characterized by temporary and flexible employment, challenges traditional labor market models. Issues of income inequality, technological unemployment, and the impact of artificial intelligence on work are subjects of ongoing debate within the field of economics.


text:
User talk:212.219.118.148

A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP1
A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP1 - Wikibooks, open books for an open world 212.219.118.148 (discuss) 12:02, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.219.118.148


text: Category:Ricotta recipes

title: Category:Ricotta recipes


text: Category:Salami recipes

title: Category:Salami recipes


text: Category:Butter sauce recipes

title: Category:Butter sauce recipes


text: Category:Brown butter recipes

title: Category:Brown butter recipes


text:
Open Scholarship Press

The Open Scholarship Press makes relevant open social scholarship research and output available openly to academics and non-academics alike. Its mandate is threefold:

 * Curate and republish foundational, significant open access work in open social scholarship—and publish select important new and emergent work in the area—as objects of intervention aligned with stated goals of the Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE; https://inke.ca/) Partnership and its members and employing established and emergent methods pertinent to them.
 * Publish open access journal issues related to work undertaken by Canadian Social Knowledge Institute (https://c-ski.ca/) entities, as objects of intervention and academic record aligned with shared open social scholarship goals.
 * Provide a space for INKE Partnership researchers and partners to model collaborative, open scholarly practices that effectively meet the interests and needs of an engaged public for humanities and social sciences research in particular.

The Open Scholarship Press has published foundational research scans and curated volumes of reprinted, open access material on PubPub and Wikibooks. Further details are available here.

Open Scholarship Press Collections
The Open Scholarship Press Collections feature four individual, book-length annotated bibliographies with analytical overviews covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training.

Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes
The Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes feature four individual primers, book-length curated volumes of essential readings, following an analytical introduction, covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training.

Other Publications Aligned With and Supporting OSP Volumes
These related publications have been part of the research and design process associated with these Open Scholarship Press volumes.

title: Open Scholarship Press