text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Locations/Termina

Termina (タルミナ) is a fictional land in the video game The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. It is composed of various environments ranging from swamps and forests to mountains and canyons, all of which surround the main city at its center, Clock Town, in each of the cardinal directions. Termina is an alternate world of the land Hyrule, and as such shares many characteristics, while also featuring a lot of unusual differences. Its name is derived from the Latin terminare meaning "to end", presumably a reference to the land's fated destruction unless Link intervenes.

Geology
Termina resembles an ancient city-state. The lively central city of Clock Town governs the surrounding area, but in the four cardinal directions there are regions outside the jurisdiction of the central city. The Southern Swamp is located south of Clock Town; it is a forested, swampy area inhabited by Deku and ruled by the Deku King. To the north are the tall mountains of Snowhead, the realm of the Gorons. To the west is the Great Bay, which is populated by the noble, fish-like denizens of the water, the Zoras. Also to the west, bordering the Great Bay, is the fortress of the Gerudo Pirates. To the east lie the ruins of the ancient kingdom of Ikana, which houses mostly Stalchildren and other undead creatures.

Social geography
Civil human activity is concentrated in Clock Town and (less so) in Romani Ranch, although there are small numbers spread throughout the other regions as well. Goron activity is centered in the Goron Village in the Northern Mountains. The Zoras' turf ranges all across the bay, but is centralized in Zora Hall. The Gerudo are seldom seen outside of their fortress on the coast of Great Bay. Deku businessmen and mad Dekus are spread sparsely across the land of Termina, but Dekus are typically found only in the Southern Swamp and the Deku Palace. The defunct kingdom of Ikana is inhabited mainly by the undead, except for a ghost researcher and his daughter, as well as a thief named Sakon.

Clock Town
Clock Town is the central hub of activity in Termina, located in the exact center of the land. Inhabited mostly by humans, Clock Town is divided into four major sections: North, East, South and West. There is also a minor area called the Laundry Pool. In each of the main sections there is a guarded gate that blocks a path leading out of town. The town's most notable feature is the Clock Tower for which the city is named; it is located in the exact center of town.

South Clock Town is the town's main plaza. It is connected to all four of the other sections of the city. Every year, the Festival of Time occurs in South Clock Town. The only true building in South Clock Town is the Clock Tower, which is the major attraction and main location of the Festival of Time. Each year at the festival, the tower opens and the top of the tower becomes accessible. There are several empty booths, which are left behind by some of the merchants attempting to flee the impending apocalypse. Branching off from South Clock Town is the Laundry Pool, where Kafei has made his hideout behind the curiosity shop.

East Clock Town is mainly used as both a residential and a recreational area. There are a few game stores, designed for enjoyment, as well as an inn and a "Milk Bar". East Clock Town is dominated by the Stock Pot Inn, an operational hotel which sports a large bell. It is also home to the entrance of the sewer tunnel that leads to the Astral Observatory. The Mayor's House is also located in East Clock Town.

North Clock Town consists of a large park which covers the entire area, except for a Great Fairy Spring. There are always children playing in the park and there are occasional sightings of a Keaton fox. According to the owner of the bomb shop, muggings often occur in this area of town, such as the mugging of the lady who owns the bomb shop, by Sakon the Thief.

West Clock Town is the city's main commercial center. It includes various stores, such as the Curiosity Shop, a pawn shop that is only open at night. Another shop is run by the owner of the Curiosity Shop that deals in basic items. There is also a bomb shop, where Powder Kegs are available. The local post office and a bank are located in West Clock Town, as well as a lottery and the sword training ground. At night, in the game, the two twin dancers from the Gorman Troupe practice their dance for the Carnival of Time.

Termina Field
Termina Field is the name of the large, spacious overworld that encircles Clock Town. A system of roads spanning the field connects Clock Town with the other regions of Termina, including Snowhead, Great Bay, Ikana Canyon and Woodfall. The southern part of the field is lush and very grassy. The southwestern part of the field is also lush and grassy, and is aptly the location of Romani Ranch. The northern part of the field is snowy and features strange, rocky formations that resemble giant mushrooms. The western part of the field is sandy, like a beach, and has two large fountains in front of the western gate to Clock Town. The eastern part of the field is lined with stone pillars and is exceptionally barren, resembling a desert. The Astral Observatory is located in the southeastern portion of the overworld.

Woodfall
The Southern Swamp, also known as Woodfall, is a poisonous swamp in southern Termina. Woodfall's chief species, the Deku Scrub, has established a civilization in the swamp, at the heart of which lies the Deku Palace and Woodfall Temple, the Deku's place of worship, as well as the root of the poison leaking into the swamp's waterways. Local places of business include a Swamp Tourist Center, where Link can pay for a boat tour of the swamp; the Magic Hag's Potion Shop, where a number of potions are sold; and the Swamp Shooting Gallery. Other areas of interest include the Woods of Mystery, a maze-like wood which is very similar to the Lost Woods in Ocarina of Time, and a house with a large underground area housing Gold Skulltullas. Woodfall itself is an apparently extinct volcano that bears strong resemblance to Death Mountain, due to its smoke ring. It is purple in color.

Woods of Mystery
As with the Lost Woods in Ocarina of Time, Link must take the correct path through the Woods of Mystery, or he will be sent back to the entrance; the correct route depends on which day it is. The Woods of Mystery are home to many Snappers.

Deku Palace
The Deku Palace is royal residence of King Deku and the royal family. It contains the King Deku Scrub's chamber and two inner gardens where a Magic Bean salesman lives. To the left of the Palace is a catacomb where many Deku Shrubs reside, and also where the Butler will race Link for a mask.

There is an ongoing rivalry between the Monkeys who inhabit the woods and the Deku of Woodfall, and the poison in the water only makes matters worse.

Snowhead
The Northern Mountain area, known as Snowhead, is the area with the highest altitude in Termina. Snowhead is home to the Goron race, who have an igloo-shaped city on the snowy slopes. On the outskirts of the city is a cabin in which resides a blacksmith. Near the Smithy's house, high on a cliff, is the final resting place of Darmani, a place near a hot spring that provides warmth in the bitter cold of Snowhead. The Gorons' temple is Snowhead Temple, a peak in the mountain range surrounded by a huge chasm. Snowhead Temple is the site whence a bleak, endless winter is originating, which threatens the Gorons' way of life.

Goron Village
The Goron Village is the main home of the Gorons. It consists mainly of a meeting chamber, the Goron Shrine, and a Powder Keg shop. There is a shop inside the meeting grounds, as well. It is also interesting to note that there is a certain location in the village where Stone Tower, which is located in another area of Termina, is visible.

Great Bay
Termina's large coastline, Great Bay, is a peaceful and serene setting (save the fact that the beaches are infested with Leevers). The entrance immediately leads to a beach, with a fisherman's hut on the shore, and kayak-like boats on the sands. Outside of the beach on the water rests the Marine Research Lab. The marine researcher who resides there is well informed on the plight of the Zoras. North of the Lab in the bay lies the Gerudo Pirate fortress, which has proficient security, and is very difficult to enter. Down the beach, and through a cave, is an extension of the beach. Above the waterfall there is a catchment where two beavers live; further up the river that leads to the waterfall is their dam, where they make their home. This area also leads to the entrance of Zora Hall, a concert venue and the home of the famous Zora band, the Indigo-gos. Even further from shore is Pinnacle Rock, a murky place teeming with huge sea snakes, and further still the Great Bay Temple, home of Gyorg, from which stems the pollution and heat in the ocean that prevents the Zoras from hatching their eggs. This area also composes a stage in Super Smash Bros Melee.

Marine Research Lab
A lab situated in the Great Bay, the Marine Research Lab contains a large pool for the Zora Eggs. The building is bulbous with a large hook on the top.

Pirate's Fortress
The Pirate's Fortress is the main hideout of Aveil's Gerudo Pirates. Between the walls and the inner fortress is a moat patrolled by motorboats, and a complicated aqueduct system leads from the moat into the fortress. The pirates have four of the Zora eggs, as well as the Hookshot.

Zora Hall
The Zora Hall is the main residence and concert hall of the Indigo-Gos. Outside the Zora Hall, on an area called Zora Cape, is the residence of the Great Turtle. Each of the songs playing in the individual band members' rooms is from a previous Zelda title.

Pinnacle Rock
A large structure in the open ocean with treacherous waters that will return Link to the entrance, Pinnacle Rock is home to several massive sea snakes.

Ikana Canyon
Ikana Canyon is a barren, desolate, and forlorn area which few but the dead call home. Ikana has a large river flowing through it, which leads all the way down to the Southern Swamp. The ancient castle of Ikana can be easily seen in the distance, but its main gate is closed forever. As Link travels along the river, he will find the Music Box House, a strange dwelling with a waterwheel that makes the music heard in the house play. Also near the river is Sakon's Hideout, a seemingly impenetrable cave in which the thief Sakon hides all of his stolen goods. Further up the hill, Link can see the gigantic Stone Tower, a rock stronghold that dwarfs everything else in the vicinity. There is also a well delves deep into the chilling underworld of Ikana. Near this is a cave full of water, where the river originates.

Ikana Graveyard
The Ikana Graveyard is the graveyard of the deceased soldiers of Ikana who live as Stalchildren. The only living resident is the gravekeeper, Dampé, who only comes out during the day to avoid Stalchildren who wander around at night.

Under the Grave
By having Stalchildren demolish a grave, Link can find two Iron Knuckles, a Piece of Heart, the Song of Storms, a bottle, and a Big Poe.

Ikana Castle
Ikana Castle is the cursed residence of Igos du Ikana, and the main gates are eternally closed. Link must either access this sub-dungeon through the sub-dungeon Beneath the Well or through a crack in the outer wall. Link must complete puzzles to allow light into the dungeon, something that is a recurring theme for solving puzzles in this dungeon and which can be used to slay many of the undead residents.

Stone Tower
A large tower that leads to the Stone Tower Temple. It contains numerous pressure switches that require the use of Elegy of Emptiness to activate. It was the opening of the Stone Tower that caused the dead to become restless and return to this world.

Beneath the Well
Reminiscent of the Bottom of the Well in Ocarina of Time, Beneath the Well is an aptly named sub-dungeon found at the bottom of a well. This sub-dungeon is inhabited by Gibdos, which came to life because they have unfulfilled earthly desires. Giving them what they want enables Link to proceed further in the dungeon. The Mirror Shield is hidden in this dungeon. The area beneath the well was once the inner garden of Ikana Castle.

Underground
Underneath Clock Town, there is a series of catacombs that leads to the portal from Hyrule. The Clock Tower interior houses the entrance to the tunnels, but the other end seems to be accessible from the Hyrule side only.

Temples
Termina contains four major temples, one in each cardinal direction. Each one houses one of the Four Giants, and each became a dungeon after the Giants were imprisoned in them by the Skull Kid. Four masked guardians were placed by Skull Kid to ensure that the Giants were not awoken from their slumber.

Woodfall Temple
A large temple in the southern swamp of Woodfall, dedicated to the Southern Giant. The evil Odolwa, who resides in the temple, is poisoning the waters of the Southern Swamp, and has imprisoned the Deku Princess in the temple.

Snowhead Temple
A large temple in the northern region of Snowhead. The temple is vertically oriented. The evil within the Snowhead Temple is causing a permanent winter in Snowhead.

Great Bay Temple
This temple located in the Great Bay. It appears to house a sophisticated piping system to transport water. The evil in the Great Bay Temple is causing the water to be murky and warm, which may eventually kill the Zora eggs, as they thrive only in cold water.

Stone Tower Temple
A large temple located in Ikana Valley. The evil within the temple is causing the dead to become restless and wander the area.

Humans
The humans living in Termina are the most populous race in the land. They are identical to their Hylian counterparts but have somewhat different beliefs. They quite possibly have no knowledge of the Triforce or the Three Goddesses. Instead they honor the Four Giants who are patron deities to the land of Termina. They also seem to be more technologically advanced than the Hylians. While they live almost everywhere in Termina, their population is largely centered in Clock Town, which is located in the center of Termina.

It is interesting to note that the humans that live throughout Termina are the only race that worries about the impending apocalypse (i.e. the moon crashing into Termina). It can be argued that the reason the humans are preoccupied with the moon is that it disrupts their tourism, is threatening the Festival of Time, and that every other race is too preoccupied with its own problems about the moon. Frequent lines uttered by the humans in Clock Town are things like "The moon's gotten bigger."

Dekus
In Termina, the Deku race is far more advanced than its Hylian counterparts, who seem to have no civilization whatsoever. The Dekus in Termina reside in the Southern Swamp, and they have a great palace in the southernmost region. They are ruled by a monarchy; their king is a very large Deku Scrub whose "hasty decision-making" often leads to trouble. The Dekus have a sacred temple called Woodfall in the central area of the swamp, which appears to be an extinct volcano that somewhat resembles Death Mountain. Only Dekus are permitted entry to the temple, in contrast to the Hylian Dekus who are much more barbaric then their Termina counterparts. Aside from those Dekus that serve the Deku Royal Family are the merchants that roam the land of Termina. An interesting thing about the Dekus is their ability to fly using helicopter-like flowers that they carry or wear on their heads. They also seem to have a poor relationship with the monkeys who inhabit the swamp.

Woodfall, Snowhead, Great Bay, and Ikana Canyon all have individual, unique problems which are all rooted in their temples, and each is rectified once Link defeats the boss. The problem the Dekus of Woodfall face is that their temple is seeping poison into the swamp, and the problem is only intensified because the Deku Princess is held captive by the boss of Woodfall Temple, leading the Deku King to believe that the monkeys are at fault.

Once Odolwa, the monster boss inside Woodfall, is defeated, the water returns to normal and the Dekus make peace with the Monkeys.

The lifestyle of the Dekus seems to both mirror a medieval lifestyle and an entrepreneurial one. Dekus usually live inside the palace or in the catacombs to the east, occasionally leaving their living grounds to visit the temple, but it seems that many Dekus live outside of the Southern Swamp. In the beginning of the game, the Business Scrub to whom Link trades the Moon's Tear seems to have a home that is not in the Southern Swamp. There are Dekus living everywhere in Termina—several reside in Clock Town, one lives in Snowhead, and even one of the denizens of Zora Hall is a Deku. The Butler also says that his son left Woodfall a long time ago.

Gorons
The Terminan Gorons are somewhat different from the Hylian Gorons. The Hylian Gorons live on an active, and therefore hot, volcano, while the Terminan Gorons live in the Snowhead Mountains, where they experience seasonal variations, including extreme cold. During Link's visit to Termina, the climate of the Gorons' habitat is severely affected due to an evil curse. The curse causes a great blizzard to cover the mountains, causing even the hardy Gorons great hardship. Most of the Gorons' hardship revolves around having to deal with the endless winter, and having to cope with the death of their beloved hero, Darmani. The Terminan Gorons are a tribe presided over by an elder. Terminan Gorons have turned their ability to curl up into a ball and roll around into a sport known as the Goron Races. The Gorons of Snowhead live in a double-igloo type structure simply known as Goron Village. Like all Gorons, they enjoy eating rocks. They even appear to have their own version of Dodongo's Cavern, where they gather rock sirloin to eat.

The Gorons suffer from the cold brought on by the evil inside Snowhead Temple, and as soon as Link defeats Goht, the boss of Snowhead Temple, spring will return to the land and the majority of the snow will vanish. For instance, the snow covering the mountain village will turn into springtime grass, and the thick blanket of snow covering the twin islands (outside the entrance of the Goron Racetrack) is turned into a massive pool of water which can be further explored by Zora Link.

The Gorons live in a far more society-influenced lifestyle than their Hylian counterparts. The lifestyle of the Snowhead Gorons slightly mirrors that of the humans in clock town. The Gorons have a residential district where they hold meetings and have a Powder Keg shop, as well as a shop inside the meeting grounds. Outside the district is a far more recreational area, known as the Twin Islands, that houses the entrance to the Goron Racetrack, which gives major insight into the lifestyle and hobbies of Gorons.

Zoras
The Zoras of Termina live in the Great Bay Region, and their main residence is Zora Hall, an offshore island-cavern. In Termina, they tend to be more friendly with outsiders than the Hylian Zoras, and they even have a famous band called the Indigo-Gos. Unlike the Zoras of Hyrule, the Zoras of Termina live in a salt-water environment. In this game, Zoras are born from eggs that must be kept at a certain temperature for them to hatch. Zora children are born without legs or arms, indicating that they might go through an amphibian metamorphosis. Unlike the Zoras of Hyrule, the Zoras of Termina do not seem to have any sort of government at all. Unlike the Zoras inside Zora's Domain in Hyrule, there is no king or princess inside Zora Hall. The Hylian Zoras are also more civilized while the Termina ones are more wild.

The Zoras are suffering from pollution and an increase in temperature of the water, both of which threaten the future of the Zora civilization. The pollution makes it very hard to swim underwater, clouding vision and hindering speed. The sudden increase in water temperature is preventing the Zora eggs, which need very cold water, from hatching.

Zora Hall seems to be more like one big living area for the Zoras, and they use the Great Bay for recreation.

Gerudo
The Gerudo also reside in Termina, but unlike their desert counterparts of Hyrule, they live on the waters of Great Bay and make their livings as pirates rather than thieves. Little is known about the history of the Terminan Gerudo, but it appears that, like the Hylian Gerudo, the race is either primarily or entirely female. The Gerudo pirates inhabit a large fortress in the Great Bay area. They occasionally come into conflict with the nearby Zoras, as is seen in the game when they steal Lulu's eggs from her. They also are consumed by greed. Link sees Aveil, their leader, fantasizing about the riches that they will obtain from the Zora Eggs, she having been persuaded by the Skull Kid that the Zora Eggs would make them rich. Curiously, they have been seen using motorboats and cannons, which suggests that they are more technologically advanced than their Hylian contemporaries.

The Beings of Ikana
Little is known about what the people of Ikana were like in life, except that their kingdom was under constant war. It is presumed that the Ikana died out long before the Skull Kid got his hands on Majora's Mask. Once the Skull Kid opened the Stone Tower, an evil aura started to infest the land and cause the dead to become restless and return to life. It is believed that the Ikana were possibly human, possibly the Terminian counterparts of Sheikah in Hyrule, but in the game, they take on the forms of Stalfos, Poes, Garos, and other undead enemies. Poes are reminiscent of those from the graveyard in Kakariko Village (a thriving settlement formerly consisting of Sheikah and most recently inhabited by humans). Poes are the evil ghosts of deceased humans, Sheikah, and Hylians. The Ikana were ruled by a monarchy, with Igos du Ikana as their last king. When Igos du Ikana was resurrected (presumably by Sharp the Composer) he took the form of a Stalfos, as did his guards, his general Skull Keeta, and his entire army. Other entities took the form of Poes, such as the composer brothers Sharp and Flat (the latter was betrayed by the former). Still others took the form of ReDeads and Gibdos. The mummified Gibdos somehow ended up residing underneath the well, while the Redeads reside mainly in the castle. A certain Gossip Stone in Termina reveals that the ReDead of the palace were once the dancing troupe, hence their dancing when Link wears the masks of a Gibdo or a Garo, or the Captain's Hat. An enemy group from a foreign land, the Garo ninjas, spied on Ikana in their lifetime and continue to do so in death. When one defeats a Garo, they reveal a piece of information and then blow themselves up. They seem to have one or more masters (there are three Garo Masters that appear in the game). An odd, one-eyed, cloaked man appears in Ikana and gives Link information.

Based on the architecture of the Ikana race, the Ikana were probably based on the Incan civilization. In addition, there is a resemblance between the words "Inca" and "Ikana", although it is also possible the name was based on the Japanese word "ikan", which means "regret".

The only living beings in Ikana include the ghost researcher and his daughter, Pamela, Sakon the thief, Dampé the gravedigger, and a Terminian Business Scrub.

Carnival of Time
The Carnival of Time is central to the Terminan calendar. On this day, people wear handmade masks for good luck and walk along a walkway from the festival tower to the Clock Tower, where they sing an ancient song to the Four Giants to wish for a good harvest and luck in the year to come. Anju's Grandmother tells Link that if a couple dedicates two masks to the sun and the moon and get married on the day of this annual festival, their marriage will be a prosperous and a happy one.

The Carnival of Time bears a striking resemblance to Central and South American Saint Mask festivals.

The Four Giants
Anju's Grandmother also tells Link of the history of Termina and the dissolution of the one race into four different races. She also tells the story about the Skull Kid and his lost friendship with the Giants.

The Four Giants seem to be inspired by either the Four Heavenly Kings of Buddhism, or in the Guardians of the directions, similar deities in Hinduism.


text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Races/Fairies

Fairies are a common feature in many Legend of Zelda games. Most regular fairies are small magical creatures who float around on their wings. Sometimes these fairies are capable of speech. There are also "Great Fairies", who are often giant sized and possess more magical abilities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:WilliamUmpleby

An alternative to Wikibooks
I envisioned an alternative to Wikibooks. It has similar functions, but a much different approach that hopefully makes the learning experience better. It would also be an alternative to search engines.

First, the problem with search engines is that they overwhelm us with search results whose credibility and helpfulness can only be known after we clicked and read through them. This makes online in-depth learning overwhelming as we have no idea what to trust, what to read first, and what to learn next. People will eventually find the digestible content at their level if they have enough time, but this is unbearably inefficient.

In this case, Wikipedia does an excellent job providing quality content, but falls short of providing enough context for readers at every level to fully comprehend its material. This is not what it intends to do, anyway. In my opinion, this is where Wikibooks come in. It provides a comprehensive overview of every topic, from introductory to advance (if there is indeed a vertical structure).

Like everything else, it has a few problems. First, it requires a magnitude higher quantity of content, corresponding to exponentially more work that needs to be done. This could result in a drop in quality and quantity, as there just aren’t enough Wikibookians. Second, wiki perhaps isn’t the best format for producing textbooks, as they have more subjective elements (what to teach first, how to make the content more comprehensible, how large should the scope be), and allowing anyone to edit entails simplicity from the platform’s functions, which causes the content to be monotone (only texts and a few images). I cannot tell how much these two problems are influencing the usage of Wikibooks; but I know that I myself only found out this platform exists by casually exploring my Wikipedia account, rather than researching a topic online.

To backtrack a bit, one solution I thought of to search engine’s messy results is that, because when we probe into new topics online a large chunk of our time would be spent on searching and consuming unqualified content, we can document our path and collectively make them into “roadmaps”, showing the latecomers what credible article to read first, what to watch next, which book to read on a specific topic when you already know the basics, etc. The roadmap community does not produce any content except the maps themselves; for each map, they merely collect the best existing content for a given topic and organize them into a visual, logical structure, like that similar to a mindmap. This way, although the initiated still have to spend time ineffectively exploring undocumented areas today, the about-to-initiate people can avoid this pain tomorrow, following the pioneers’ footsteps.

This is similar to Wikibooks, but it has a few unique advantages: because no original content needs to be produced while organizing is much easier than creating, so 1. More maps/books/guides can be made; 2. Maps can have more depth, as they can include books, long articles and research papers; 3. More mediums can be included, e.g., videos, MOOCs, podcasts, so that maps are more engaging.

Like Wikibooks, it has drawbacks: it also needs to be crowdsourced, while people would be wrongly incentivized to include links to their own websites, so we need to have senior contributors polishing maps and subsequently lock them (at least the set-in-stone parts of the maps); we have less control over the content, as we don’t produce them ourselves, and we might not find the exact content we want; it’s more of a self-learning guide and it cannot be used in classrooms, so in terms of education, Wikibooks prevails as it gives guidance to teachers who can freely structure their courses. I would like to think they complement each other.

I would love to hear your thoughts on this, or on how we can restructure information more generally.

I’ve built a sample website (roadmaps.simple.ink, best viewed on a computer) to test the idea, and it will grow into a larger project once iterated a few times. At the moment it's still just structured text with in-text links; it'll be much more visually explanatory once complete. If anyone is interested in joining, you can find my email on the website, and I’ll invite you to the test ground where people can freely experiment with roadmaps on any topic. It's still in its earliest stage, so it's pretty casual and pressure-free, so as long as you're interested in writing and structuring, welcome!

title: User talk:WilliamUmpleby


text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Races/Lorulean

Loruleans are a parallel counterpart to Hylains. Despite sharing many similarities, they often differ in key ways to their Hylian counterparts in both character and custom. They inhabit Lorule.


text:
User talk:73.130.240.188

A page you created, Tilly and Friends, has been deleted. Encyclopedic articles belong on Wikipedia not Wikibooks.--Xania   talk 02:07, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:73.130.240.188


text:
Probability/Joint Distributions and Independence

Motivation
Suppose we are given a pmf of a discrete random variable $$X$$ and a pmf of a discrete random variable $$Y$$. For example, $$ f_X(x)=(\mathbf 1\{x=0\}+\mathbf 1\{x=1\})/2\quad\text{and}\quad f_Y(y)=(\mathbf 1\{y=0\}+\mathbf 1\{y=2\})/2 $$ We cannot tell the relationship between $$X$$ and $$Y$$ with only such information. They may be related or not related.

For example, the random variable $$X$$ may be defined as $$X=1$$ if head comes up and $$X=0$$ otherwise from tossing a fair coin, and the random variable $$Y$$ may be defined as $$Y=2$$ if head comes up and $$Y=0$$ otherwise from tossing the coin another time. In this case, $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are unrelated.

Another possibility is that the random variable $$Y$$ is defined as $$Y=2X$$ if head comes up in the first coin tossing, and $$Y=0$$ otherwise. In this case, $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are related.

Yet, in the above two examples, the pmf of $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are exactly the same.

Therefore, to tell the between $$X$$ and $$Y$$, we define the  cumulative distribution function, or joint cdf.

Joint distributions
Sometimes, we may want to know the random behaviour in one of the random variables involved in a joint cdf. We can do this by computing the marginal cdf from joint cdf. The definition of marginal cdf is as follows:

Similar to the one-variable case, we have joint pmf and joint pdf. Also, analogously, we have marginal pmf and marginal pdf.

{{colored exercise| Suppose there are two red balls and one blue ball in a box, and we draw two balls one by one from the box with replacement. Let $$X=1$$ if the ball from the first draw is red, and $$X=0$$ otherwise. Let $$Y=1$$ if the ball from the second draw is red, and $$Y=0$$ otherwise. {Calculate the marginal pmf of $$X$$. + $$f_X(x)=(\mathbf 1\{x=0\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{x=1\})/3$$ - $$f_X(x)=(\mathbf 1\{x=1\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{x=0\})/3$$ - $$f_X(x)=2/3$$ - $$f_X(x)=(\mathbf 1\{x=1\}+\mathbf 1\{x=0\})/2$$
 * type=""}
 * $$\mathbb P(X=1)=2/3$$ and $$\mathbb P(X=0)=1/3$$.

{Calculate the joint pmf of $$(X,Y)$$. + $$f(x,y)=(1/9)(\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,0)\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,1)\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,0)\}+4\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,1)\}$$) - $$f(x,y)=(1/9)(4\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,0)\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,1)\}+2\cdot\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,0)\}+\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,1)\}$$) - $$f(x,y)=(2/9)(\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,0)+\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(0,1)\}+\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,0)\}+\mathbf 1\{(x,y)=(1,1)\}$$) }}
 * type=""}

For continuous random variables, the definition is generalized version of the one for continuous random variables (univariate case).

Independence
Recall that multiple events are independent if the probability for the intersection of them equals the product of probabilities of each event, by definition. Since $$\{X\in A\}$$ is also an event, we have a natural definition of independence for as follows:

Sum of independent random variables (optional)
In general, we use joint cdf, pdf or pmf to determine the distribution of sum of independent random variables by first principle. In particular, there are some interesting results related to the distribution of of  random variables.

Poisson process
There are several important properties for Poisson process.


text:
Pinyin/Frog

 * 1) Qīngwā

title: Pinyin/Frog


text:
Pinyin/Nanjing

 * 1) Nánjīng

title: Pinyin/Nanjing


text:
Pinyin/Fruits and vegetables

 * 1) shūguǒ

title: Pinyin/Fruits and vegetables


text:
Cookbook talk:Fried Chicken

KFC
I am confused about Cookbook:Fried Chicken, Cookbook:Crispy Fried Chicken, and Cookbook:Crispy Chicken.

I get that Crispy Fried Chicken is Hong Kong/Cantonese. However, Crispy Chicken has no pictures while Fried Chicken looks like the one I'm looking for, but baked. And KFC is fried chicken.

The articles should have links between them and be less confusing.

172.218.5.205 (discuss) 20:17, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Fried Chicken


text:
User talk:47.42.97.0

--Xania   talk 04:04, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:47.42.97.0


text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2022/Jamaica

Introduction
The tramway operates as a timetabled service on rails and shares road space with other traffic. It was an exclusively American development that was brought to the UK from the US in the 1800's. The first British tramway designed exclusively for transporting people and the first to be laid along a street, opened as a trial in Birkenhead in 1860. Jamaica, a British colony from 1655 until 1958, introduced tramways to Kingston in 1869, not far behind Britain. The trams were the main source of transportation until petrol vehicles became competition.

Birth
Jamaica did not have much public transport before the 1840’s. Most travel for goods and for people occurred via water, animal drawn carriages, and for most of the population, by walking. [3] The roads and bridges at that time were in disarray and poorly maintained, despite funding for repairs, because of Jamaica’s complex mountainous landscape and the stormy weather seasons of the island. At that time, it was faster to travel long distances by sea than road, although it was still very inefficient, and the travelers were risking their lives. [4]

The streetcar, or as it known in Jamaica, the tram, came not long after the slave trade ended in 1838. The country was trying to restore the plantation sugar economy, which was suffering. At one point sugar made Jamaica the richest the colonial Caribbean country, but towards the end of slavery in the 1840’s, the British government began to end the monopoly the West Indies had on British sugar. Originally the British government’s tariff on colonial sugar was less than foreign sugar, but when Parliament abolished slavery it decided not to protect the West Indian plantation owners. Initially they had higher rates of tariffs on all foreign sugar, slave-free or not, but then Britain decided to slowly reduce the tariff until there was equity with all countries.

By slowly lowering the tariffs on non-colonial sugar the British government created competition in the sugar market. At this point not only had the price of sugar been reduced, but now the costs of operations increased due to new labor costs. Jamaican plantations couldn’t keep up with the price decline and the greater operating costs. Some colonial entities, such as Guyana, decided to import indentured servants to keep costs low, but that strategy was not successful in Jamaica. Plantation owners were looking for a way to save on costs and one plantation owner, David Smith, realized there was an opportunity in transport. In 1862 Sir Charles Darling's government passed The Tramway Act to regulate construction of tramways. David Smith and his brother proposed a track between Kingston and Spanish Town, with branch lines to Angels, Port Henderson and the Caymanas sugar estate.

David Smith teamed up with the engineer of the island, David Leahy, and approached the government for a 40 mile tramway track. This proposal had with no estimates for costs and no specifications, yet it was approved by the government, and by December of that same year the Jamaica Railway Company was formed. By 1845 the railways were completed from Spanish town to Old Harbour. It was 14 miles long and the first engine ran on steam. Between 1845 and 1869 only eleven miles of railway were added – an extension from Spanish Town to Old Harbour.

In 1863 protests about Jamaica Railway Company’s monopoly began because of constant construction on the road. The road the tram was constructed on was considered the most important road in Jamaica because it was used by most of the population for produce and was the major route from the city to the interior of the island. Leahy, the official island engineer, was also the engineer for the Jamaica Railway Company. He was not only working on the tramway, but he was also the person that approved estimates for construction on the island. The conflict of interests caused him to be suspended and an assembly was then formed to investigate the consequences of the tramline. They determined the part of the tram from Spanish town to Old Harbour was interfering with traffic and hurting the public. The committee believed a railway would better suit the levels of traffic for goods and people and decided tramway should be ripped up and the roads restored.

In 1869 a tramway was finally completed in Kingston. At this point the cars ran on street rails that were pulled by two mules based on the models of an American engineer, Tracy Robinson, and his partner, Sam Burke- the founders of the Jamaica Street Car Company. Tickets were bought at shops on the tramway’s route or at The Jamaica Street Car Company's office. Passenger traffic on the tram line increased from 383,320 in the first full year of operation to 1.9 million in 1891. To provide the service 11 horses were needed for each car, which was very expensive to the operators. The passengers were also frustrated with the slow speed of the tram, so the operators in Jamaica sought a more efficient form of transport.

Growth
The capital moved to Kingston in the 1870s and Sir Anthony Musgrave became governor in 1877. He thought that rail transport would help the islands economy and negotiated a takeover of the Jamaica Railway Company. In 1879 the government purchased all the 26 miles of their existing railway and began a modernization program. Initially, the railway experienced stability and profitability under government control. The economy was thriving due to the citrus and bananas industries, and this began an expansion of the railway westward from Old Harbour to Porus and northward from Spanish Town to the interior district of Ewarton. The Ewarton and Porus lines were built to bring rail transport closer to the sugar estates and the citrus industry. By 1885 the railway was 64 miles.

A large expansion was recommended to the government, but they could not afford the costs, so when an American syndicate, Fredrick Wesson, proposed a sale a bill to transfer the rail was passed. In the Railway Extension Law of 1889, the West India Improvement Company (WIIC),Wesson’s syndicate, agreed to terms to surrender the railway to the government if they failed to construct at the speed required or defaulted on their payments. They expanded under the time constraints and by 1896 Jamaica had 185 miles of railway. Revenues increased but not enough for the syndicate to pay its debts and in 1900 the government took over the railway once again.

Maturity/Death
Internationally people had begun using electricity for transport and by the mid 1890s utility entrepreneurs were looking for their next big profit and set their eyes on the Caribbean where there was little worry of the ugliness of electric tram’s overhead wires. When W.B. Chapmon visited Jamaica he acquired the Jamaica Street Car Company Limited with his partner E.A. H Haggart and The West India Electric Co was formed with $750,000 in capital. They purchased the horse tramway in 1897 and began electrification. To generate electricity, the company gained the rights to develop a hydroelectric station. They built one of the first hydroelectric plants in the world to supply electricity to the city and the tram. Trolley lines were built and in 1899 the West Indian Electric Company Limited provided their first electric service. The new WIEC's president was an officer of the Montreal Street Railway Co. and supplied Kingston’s first 30 electric trams. Kingston's first electric line, from the tram depot on Orange Street to the foot of King Street opened 1899. The electric tram helped influence the migration of Rural Jamaicans to the capital.

Then the Jamaica Public Service Company of Montreal purchased the assets of the West Indian Electric Company, including the mule drawn tramway system. They expanded the power supplied with hydro by building a coal burning plant. During the 1920s and 1930s expanding the tramway was unfeasible due to costs. In Kingston motor bus operators appeared in areas not served by the tram or along the tram routes. The omnibus was more reliable and cost less to operate and because of the buses reliability the passengers started to abandon the tram service.

In 1929 the tram operators tried to influence the government to give them a monopoly in transport to protect them from competition. While they did have a monopoly on passenger transport by tram, they were not protected from other modes. They called attention to the fact that they had requirements based on it's contracts while it's competition, the buses, had no requirements for fares or scheduling. In 1933 a transport commission took on these accusations and did an investigation. They realized that the buses didn’t hurt the street, didn’t need much capital, were quiet, and their expansion could be rolled out or stopped quickly. Trams on the other hand had an immovable route that created traffic. Even though trams had a higher occupation capacity (45 vs.30) the commission favored the ending of trams and recommended that all city transportation go to buses. After another commission in 1938 agreed with the 1933 commission, the Jamaica Public Service Company decided it would not apply for a license to operate transportation services.

The tramlines were scheduled to be removed in 1939 and 1940 but was prevented due to WW2. Tram traffic increased because gas was being rationed, which was the motor buses' fuel. To Jamaica Public Service Company, the increase in traffic was a problem for the company and after the war they decided to stop operations to focus solely on electricity development. In 1948 it was decided only the Rockfort tram service would remain and tram service with the Jamaica Public Service Company ended. In May 1948 Jamaica Utilities Limited took over the franchise for greater Kingston transport with buses.

Jamaica Public Service Co. closed the Kingston tramway system on 10 May 1948. The entire system, all lines, ran until the end. Because of public protest, the Rockfort Gardens line continued operation for a few more month longer, until approximately August 1948

Quantitative Analysis
To identify the birthing, growth, and maturity phases of the Jamaica tramway data on accumulated mileage was collected from 'The Rise and Fall of Railways in Jamaica, 1845–1975.' The data was used then used to fit an S-Curve, which shows the phases of a transportation system and can be used to predict when a system was saturated.

S-Curve equation and parameters: where

St= System size at the time

Smax= System Saturation point

b=slope

t=year

ti= inflection point year

ti was calculated using = c/-b

where c is the intercept

Interpretation
An R square close to 1 is considered a good fit for a line and the results show a .964 indicating that this was a very strong fit. The p-value is greater than 0.05 indicating there is no statistically significant difference between the results and the actual mileage at a 95% confidence interval. According to this model the inflection point for Jamaica was towards 1886 when 64.5 miles had been built. The inflection point can be interpreted as a period in a change of growth for the Jamaica tramway, which tracks considering 10 years later it had tripled it's size. The regression also concludes that the system was saturated at around 218 miles, which is similar to the 216.5 built.


text:
User talk:Jayzor1996

Welcome, Jayzor1996!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 05:38, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jayzor1996


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2022/March

Rollback request
Hello, apology for a 2nd question today. To correct a blunder from a wrong link to a page, I request rollback of Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Applic to the original, timestamped 2022-03-06T19:02:33. Correctness of the change should be apparent from comparison of the page name and the content. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 02:34, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Peter. Looking at the page history I can't see that timestamp. Do you mean you want the page deleted, as Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Games seems already to exist? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I forgot that we're not all on UTC; our time displays can differ. The faulty current page is https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Applic and I want to roll it back to the real Applications at https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Applic&oldid=4038543. If you prefer, I can undo twice.

 * To explain, I caused the problem by inadvertently duplicating a link in the table of contents. Consequently, overwrote the Applications page with the Games page.

 * Incidentally, the confusion of differing time zones would be eliminated by always showing UTC in History. Another instance of simplification appropriate to a worldwide project. Unnecessary embellishments and details cause problems rather than help. Anyways, thanks for the help, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:31, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * ah that explains it, I'm on UTC time. Yes differing time-zones do sometimes create confusion, although in my experience this is pretty rare. I've done this, but as you say all that is needed is to undo the first and then second edits. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:50, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Jules, thanks for the rollback. The page history shows that undo was applied twice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reverting#Rollback suggests you could do the whole rollback in one click. (?) In any case, thanks for restoring the correct content. I've set my time preference to UTC. Regards, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 12 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
German/Grammar/Basic terminology

Basic terminology
It will be helpful to start with an overview of grammatical terminology for those who may be unfamiliar with it. We don't expect anyone to memorize everything here at once, so we will revisit and elaborate on these concepts when they are covered in the corresponding sections.

Grammar concerns the way words, the basic units of meaning, are organized and combined to form sentences, which convey entire thoughts or messages. We'll model sentence structure as a hierarchy with four levels, with words at the bottom and entire sentences at the top, then clauses at the next level down, then phrases down to individual words. Of course you can go further up in the hierarchy, Paragraph, Section, Chapter, etc., or further down, Morpheme, Syllable, Phoneme, etc., but grammar is mostly only concerned with the levels between word and sentence.

Words
What counts as a word is not as simple a question as you might think. First, as we mentioned in the introduction, German often combines words together to form compounds, sometimes for a single use so the result would not appear in dictionaries.

As an example, consider Schwachstelle. This is a compound of schwach, which means "weak", and Stelle, which means "location" or "place". (We'll talk about German's unusual capitalization rules in a bit.) Together they mean "weak point", "weak spot", or "vulnerability". While English leaves both "weak point" and "weak spot" as separate words, German combines them into a single compound word. The single word, "vulnerability", does describe the idea, but note how much easier the German word is to understand once you know how German has put the pieces together. Any German speaking child could tell you what a Schwachstelle might be, but understanding "vulnerability" requires some education.

On the other hand, as we'll see in the section on prefixed verbs, some German words can break apart and the individual pieces can wind up in different parts of the sentence. We'll consider these separated pieces as belonging to the same actual word, since they form a single unit of meaning, whether the word has separate parts or not.

You might think we're being a bit vague about the concept of a word in German. But it seems to be a feature of any natural language that linguistic concepts have edge cases which may or may not fit depending on your point of view. English is no exception, but we won't go into that here because we're focusing on German in this book.

Word types
At each level of our hierarchy there will be ways of classifying what may appear at that level. For words, there are two broad classes, content words and function words. Content words carry most of the actual meaning of a sentence; they tell you what action is taking place, what is doing it, what is being affected, and how, where or when it is happening. Some content words in English are "jump", "bubble", "green" and "clumsily". Content words account for the vast majority of words in a language and are usually longer than function words.

Meanwhile, function words are the glue that helps you to make sense of the relationships between the content words. They also include words to refer people or things that don't need to mentioned by name. Although there are fewer function words, they include most of the frequently used words. Some function words in English are "the", "and", "to" and "she".

There are edge cases where it may be hard to decide whether a word is a function word or a content word, which is an example of what we were saying above: There are always edge cases.

Content words

 * Verbs: Verbs generally describe some action, for example "jump", "chew", "see". They can can also describe inaction or that something has a certain property, for example "remain", "exist", "be".

 * Nouns: Nouns refer to people, things, sometimes abstract concepts, for example "fox", "bubble", "romance", "time". Proper nouns refer to a single person or thing, while common nouns refer to a type or class. For example "man" is a common noun, but "Socrates" is a proper noun. Most proper names are proper nouns, but multi-word phrases, such as "Great Britain" and "New York", are only considered proper names, while single words such as "Germany" and "Boston" are considered both proper names and proper nouns.

 * When used in a sentence, nouns are determined to be singular if only one is being talked about, or plural if there are more than one.

 * While English and other European languages capitalize proper nouns, German is unusual in that it capitalizes all nouns.

 * Adjectives, adverbs and other modifiers: In general, a modifier is a word that is used to describe something else in the sentence. If the modifier is used to describe a noun then it's called an adjective, for example a fox might be described as "quick" and "brown", making "quick" and "brown" adjectives. If the modifier is used to describe a verb, as in how, where or when the action took place, then it's called an adverb, for example "quickly", "here" and "now". Adverbs can also describe the entire sentence, for example "sadly" in "Sadly, the accident had no survivors." In English the distinction between adjective and adverb is fairly clear because there is little overlap between the two; a fox is "quick" but it jumps "quickly". In German the distinction is less clear because most adjectives can also act as adverbs; for example the German schnell can mean either "quick" or "quickly" depending on how it's used. In this book we'll use adjective for a word that modifies a noun, adverb for a word that modifies a verb or an entire sentence, and the generic term modifier for a word that modifies some other part of speech. For example we'll call "strangely" in "You look strangely familiar," an adjective modifier because it modifies the adjective "familiar". Normally it would be called an adverb because of the "-ly" suffix, but this distinction doesn't apply to German.

Function words

 * Pronouns: Pronouns replace nouns when the person or thing being referred to is clear with little or no explanation. Examples in English include "he", "mine", "everyone".

 * Determiners: Most nouns can't appear on their own in a sentence, but have to be introduced by another word. For example you can't just say "Fox jumped." The word "fox" requires another word such a "the", "my", "that" to go with it in a sentence, for example "That fox jumped." The words that fulfill this role are called determiners. Some nouns, such a plural nouns and proper nouns, don't require determiners. There are also common nouns, usually referring to a substance or material, which don't require a determiner even in the singular; these are called uncountable nouns. For example you can say "I like bread." Since "bread" is uncountable, it doesn't require a determiner. An article is a special type of determiner which does little but fulfill the role of a determiner. Articles in English are "the" and "a(n)". Other determiners convey information as well, for example "my fox" refers to not just any fox, but to one that you own.

 * Closely related to determiners are cardinal numbers, since they are also placed in front of nouns.

 * Conjunctions: These are used to connect different related ideas in a sentence into a meaningful whole. An example is the word "and" in "The fox was quick and the dog was lazy." There are two different ideas mentioned in the sentence, one about the fox and one about the dog. But when connected by "and" they join to form a single sentence. Other examples of conjunctions in English are "because", "but" and "while".

 * Prepositions: Prepositions are used to connect a word or phrase to the rest of the sentence, providing additional meaning. An example is the word "over" in "The fox jumped over the lazy dog." The sentence "The fox jumped" is fine in terms of grammar, but it misses the whole point about where the fox jumped. But we can't just add "the lazy dog" by itself, at least without changing the meaning; the "over" connects the dog with the jumping and tells you how they are related.

 * Particles: It seems every language has a collection of odd little words that are difficult to classify, and most of them end up being called particles more by default than because they meet some definition that everyone agrees with. Neither English nor German have many of them; particles in English include "yes" and "no".

Phrases
At the next level in the hierarchy are phrases. These consist of one or more words that form a functional unit. It will become more clear what this means, but one characteristic is that phrases of the same type may be substituted for each other without breaking the rules of grammar. For example, "Paul", "my husband" and "he" are all examples of the phrase type associated with nouns, and the sentences: are equally grammatically correct.
 * "Paul is handsome."
 * "My husband is handsome."
 * "He is handsome."

In non-grammatical language, a phrase is just any string of words, especially if they are frequently used together, for example "agree to disagree". In linguistics, the term fixed phrase is used to describe such a frequently used string when the meaning depends on the exact wording, even to the point that it contains words that are rarely seen elsewhere. "Nook and cranny" is an example of a fixed phrase; the word "nook" isn't all that common on its own, and it's rare to mention a "cranny" without a "nook".

Phrase types

 * Verb complex: A verb complex describes the action taking place. You may also see "verb phrase" and "predicate" used for this concept. Many verb complexes consist of a single verb, but more interesting possibilities exist as well. German, like English, often expresses shades of meaning by combining several verbs, and in that case the entire combination is called a verb complex. An example in English is "would have liked seeing" in "I would have liked seeing her." The main verb is "see", but the additional verbs give you additional information about the circumstances, such as that the "seeing" did not actually take place. Some other examples:
 * help
 * did help
 * would have helped
 * must have wanted to help
 * are all verb complexes.

 * English tends to keep its verb complexes in a single connected piece, but this is not always the case. For example the verb complex in "I want Sheila to see this," consists of "want" and "(to) see". German tends to split up verb complexes more than English. Because of this tendency to split into pieces, we call them verb complexes here instead of verb phrases.

 * Noun phrase: A noun phrase represents an actual person or thing being talked about in a sentence, for example "the man", "my husband", "Paul" and "a red balloon". A noun phrase can consist of:
 * a pronoun
 * a proper noun
 * a common noun, with a determiner if present
 * an adjective followed by a common noun, with a determiner if present
 * more complex combinations
 * Some examples:
 * I
 * Kevin
 * the dog
 * the brown dog over there
 * Almost all sentences include a special noun phrase called the subject. The subject is the "doer" of the action that the sentence describes. Other noun phrases are called objects.

 * Adverbial phrases: This category includes phrases that function like adverbs in a sentence and provide additional information about the action not contained in the verb complex or the noun phrases. This includes adverbs and most prepositional phrases, where a prepositional phrase is a preposition followed by a noun phrase. Information included in an adverbial phrase might include the when, how, and where of the action that takes place. Some examples:
 * quickly
 * in the library
 * in a library full of musty, moldering, old books
 * are adverbial phrases.

 * Predicates: A predicate (at least in this book) is a description of something and is used with certain verbs. The function of these verbs is to link a noun with a predicate. For example, in "The dog is lazy", "lazy" is a description and the verb "is" links "the dog" with this description. (The word "predicate" can have several meanings in grammar depending on the author; as we mentioned above it's also used to mean a verb complex.) Several word and phrase types can be predicates:
 * Adjectives as in "Paul is angry."
 * Adverbs as in "Paul is here."
 * Noun phrases as in "Paul is my husband."

Clauses
Clauses are the level of the hierarchy just below the sentence itself, in fact many sentences consist of a single clause. A clause consists of a single thought or action. A sentence, then, is composed of one or more related clauses, joined to make a meaningful whole. A sentence with a single clause is called a simple sentence. Clauses are typically joined together by conjunctions, though that isn't the only way it's done.

Clause and sentence types
There are several sentence types and each type has it's own variation on the rules of grammar. The most common sentence type is a statement, which simply provides information. Other types include questions, asking for information, and imperatives, meaning requests, instructions and commands. In English you can often tell the difference between types using word order, for example: "He is the doctor," and "Is he the doctor?" use the same words, but you can tell one is a statement and one is a question because of the word order. Punctuation in writing, and intonation in speech provide other clues. Certain words usually appear in questions rather than statements, for example "who" in "Who is the doctor?" Another possible difference is that words can take different forms according to sentence type, for example using "be" instead of "are" in "You be careful," tells you that the sentence is an imperative instead of a statement, as in "You are careful."

Clauses within a sentence have different types as well. The main division is between independent clauses, which can stand by themselves as their own sentences, and dependent clauses which are considered part of another clause. For example, "It's summertime and the living is easy," has two independent clauses, "It's summertime," and "The living is easy." On other hand "Because it's summertime," is not a complete sentence on it's own; at best it's an answer to question like "Why are the fish jumping?" The difference between dependent and independent clause may seem rather abstract for English speakers because there is little grammatical difference between the two. It's important to understand the difference in German though since there are significant differences in word order between the different types.

In some cases a clause may be contained within a phrase, which is supposed to be lower on the hierarchy. For example is noun phrase which contains a couple of clauses within it, and this would seem to contradict the hierarchy given above. But the hierarchy is more of a recursive structure than a strict hierarchy. This greatly increases the power and flexibility of the language, but also creates the possibility of phrases becoming arbitrarily long. (An example of this is the Monty Python skit "Njorl's Saga", where the opening line actually threatens to continue indefinitely. )
 * "my lazy, good-for-nothing cousin-in-law who never worked a day in his life when he could mooch off of one of his relatives"

Inflection, declension and conjugation
As we mentioned in the introduction, words sometimes undergo changes according to their function in the sentence and the meaning of the sentence itself. These different versions of a word are called inflections and inflecting a word is the process of determining which inflection to use in a given situation. For most word types in German, inflected words have a stem or root that usually remains unchanged, and different endings are added according to the situation. The pattern of inflection is determined by the type of word in question. Since the inflection of verbs has a different character than that of words of other types, we say verbs are conjugated while other types of words are declined.

Figures of speech
People don't always follow the rules set out in grammar, especially in conversation. This is because people have a habit of eliminating words that aren't needed to convey meaning, and have an equal capacity to fill in missing pieces when they receive these incomplete messages. For example if you see someone stamping the ground and blowing into their hands, a single word "Cold?" will be instantly understood as "Are you cold?" By itself, the single word "cold" is not a question or even a sentence, so using it as a question is technically incorrect in terms of grammar. But these partial sentences occur all the time when people talk to each other, and no one seems to notice that people are not actually speaking the way they're supposed to. One of the challenges of learning a language is that filling in missing information like this not really something you can learn from a book; it takes practice and familiarity with the patterns of a language. All that can done in a grammar is to tell you what a sentence should look like when all the pieces are filled in; it would be impractical to try to describe every way that words can be left out and how to restore what's missing when they are.

Similarly, most common words have multiple meanings, and sorting out which meaning is intended in a given sentence is also a matter of practice and being familiar with common patterns. In general there are many cases where the result of translating a sentence word for word can result a confusing mess instead of a sensible sentence. In general, the term "figure of speech" is used when the words in a sentence are not in the usual order according to grammar, or mean something other that what you might expect from a dictionary. Idioms, in which a specific phrase means something very different from its literal meaning, fall into this category.

 * Notes

title: German/Grammar/Basic terminology


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Jollof Rice

Nigerian jollof rice is a dish of rice cooked with peppers, onions, and tomatoes, which gives the rice a red-orange color. With several layers of spices, vegetables, and flavors, Nigerian jollof rice is delicious, especially when served hot and garnished with fried beef or chicken.

Ingredients

 * 5 large fresh tomatoes
 * 4 large bell peppers
 * 4 large scotch bonnet chile peppers
 * 2 large onions
 * 5–10 pieces beef or chicken
 * 300 ml groundnut oil
 * 1 medium onion, diced
 * 150 g tomato purée
 * 2–4 stock cubes
 * 4 bay leaves
 * ½ tsp curry powder
 * ⅓ tsp thyme
 * Cinnamon
 * Ginger
 * Garlic
 * Ground crayfish
 * 500 g raw rice
 * Salt to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Blend together the tomatoes, peppers, and the 2 large onions and set aside.
 * 2) Boil, then deep-fry the meat. Set aside.
 * 3) Put a 2-liter pot on the fire and allow any residual water in it to dry. Add the groundnut oil and let it heat up.
 * 4) Add the diced onion and tomato purée. Stir constantly for 3–5 minutes then add the blended pepper mixture.
 * 5) Add about 200 ml of the reserved meat stock, stock cubes, bay leaves, curry powder, thyme, cinnamon, ginger, garlic, and crayfish. Stir for about 10 minutes.
 * 6) Add about 1.2 liters of water and allow to boil.
 * 7) While waiting for the mixture to boil, wash the rice about 3–4 times or until the water is clear, then drain in a sieve.
 * 8) When the pot boils, add the rice and season with salt. Use a wooden spatula to mix everything until you are sure that the rice is not just resting on one spot. Depending on the rice, you may need to add a little more water but remember to stir constantly with the wooden spatula in order to minimize the rice sticking to the bottom of the pot.
 * 9) When you have attained your desired texture for the rice, reduce the heat to allow any residual water to be absorbed.
 * 10) Serve and garnish with the fried beef/chicken.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Jollof Rice


text:
User talk:B.Korlah

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, B.Korlah!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:32, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Thanks for the warm welcome B.Korlah (discuss • contribs) 16:38, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:B.Korlah


text:
User talk:Edriiic

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Edriiic!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:32, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Thanks for the Welcome

 * Thank you for the welcome. I am currently the project lead for the Nigerian Cuisine contest. And I am encouraging participants to create articles on the Wikibook cookbook closing the content gap of African food, especially Nigerian locally made food on Wikimedia projects, especially Wikibook. So I am using this medium to inform you of new editors you might start noticing on Wikibooks. Please be gentle with them as this is their first time editing on Wikibooks :).  Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 09:27, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

 * That's fine. If you encounter any problems please bring them to my attention. I hope you enjoy contributing here! -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:32, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * @Mrjulesd Thank you. Looking forward to a successful contest. Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 12:07, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Mrjulesd please one of the new participants, @Kwalaw reached out to me that she created an article, African Vegetable Soup, but she wasn't logged in, and now it's not showing it was her that created the article with her username, is there anything that can be done? Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 06:24, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I've hidden the IP address there, is that what you mean? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:19, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

Like can it show it was created from her? Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 12:20, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah I see what you mean. What I could do is move the page to User:Kwalaw/sandbox and then delete the page. She could then recreate the page by copying from her sandbox (copy/paste) again to the correct title. A sort of hack, but it would show her as creating it. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:37, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * @Mrjulesd yessss. Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 14:54, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:39, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much. Also we noticed that Wikibook activities done by participants aren't being tracked on the Outreach dashboard. https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Edriiic/Nigerian_Cuisine Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 22:28, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah that's curious. To be frank I'm not experienced at outreachdashboard, and I'm unsure how it all works. It could be that it takes some time for the data to sync, perhaps you have to wait a bit.
 * If you continue to have problems, there is a "Report a problem" link at the top of the page that might be helpful. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:11, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Please also comment if at all possible at WB:PROJECTS. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:50, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * @Mrjulesd Yes, thanks. I have reported the problem. And I am relating the copyright issue to the contributors. Thanks for your support. Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 06:19, 5 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. I've made some further comments there I hope will be helpful. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 08:29, 5 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Mrjulesd how are you doing. Nigerian Cuisine ended on the 2nd of July, and I want to really appreciate all your effort and support shown to the new contributors during the contest, I has been a really interesting 2months editing on Wikibook Cookbooks, and we were really blessed to have your support. Thank you! :) Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 12:22, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

Afro Cuisine 2.0
Hi how are you doing? Following the success of the first project Nigerian Cuisine, the 2.0 of the cuisine project and we are super excited to be back. And as usual, we are asking for the support of the Wikibook admins in supporting the new participants. Thanks, X! Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 07:26, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

Cookbook formatting
Hi @Edriiic. Thanks for your recent contributions to the cookbook! A couple notes: Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:51, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If a piece of equipment or an ingredient is already linked in the bulleted lists, it doesn't need to be linked again in the procedure.
 * Please make sure that the section header for the procedure is "Procedure" and not anything else.

 * Noted. Thanks. Edriiic (discuss • contribs) 20:31, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edriiic


text:
Algebra/Cover

= Welcome To Algebra! = This Wikibook helps you to learn algebra. If you wish to read this book, click the link above.

title: Algebra/Cover


text:
User talk:Panduin2075

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 01:26, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Panduin2075


text:
User talk:Papayapple641

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 01:26, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Papayapple641


text:
User talk:Clawsome3036

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 01:27, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Clawsome3036


text:
User talk:Biocity476

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 01:27, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Biocity476


text:
User talk:Ehkan

Welcome, Ehkan!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 01:29, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ehkan


text:
User talk:Wikipdeia152

hi felix

title: User talk:Wikipdeia152


text:
Cookbook:Ewedu Soup

Ewedu soup is a mucilaginous green soup obtained from cooking ewedu leaves (jute mallow or Corchorus olitorius). The soup is a staple of the Yoruba people of South-Western Nigeria. Ewedu soup can be eaten with amala, fufu, semovita, or wheat.

Ingredients

 * Ewedu (jute mallow) leaves
 * Fermented locust beans
 * Bouillon cubes
 * Salt
 * Additional ingredients, as desired

Procedure

 * 1) Pick the jute leaves from the stalk, and wash them with warm water to get rid of the dirt.
 * 2) Put the leaves in a blender, and blend with little water. Don't add too much liquid, or it will be watery.
 * 3) Pour the blended mixture in a pot. Mix in locust beans, bouillon cube, and salt.
 * 4) Cook for about 2 minutes. Do not overcook—the mixture will continue cooking with residual heat for another minute or two after removed from the heat.
 * 5) Eat with your preferred side dishes.

title: Cookbook:Ewedu Soup


text:
Cookbook:Okoho Soup

Okoho soup is the main traditional food of the central Nigerian Idoma people. It is frequently served at traditional weddings, burial ceremonies, birthdays and other festivities. The soup is usually prepared with bush meat and best served with pounded yam. It can also be eaten with cooked semolina or eba. This soup is usually prepared without the use of oil.

Ingredients

 * Meat (e.g. grass-cutter, alligator, smoked meat)
 * Fresh pepper
 * Onion
 * Stockfish/Dried fish
 * Seasoning cubes
 * Palm oil
 * Okoho stick

Procedure

 * 1) Wash your meat, and put in a pot.
 * 2) Blend your pepper and onion bulb into a smooth paste.
 * 3) Add the paste to the pot, allow to cook for few minutes, then add stockfish and dried fish.
 * 4) Add your seasoning cube and palm oil.
 * 5) Cover with water and allow to cook again.
 * 6) Scrape the okoho stick, hit it hard with a pestle, and shred it. Cover with water, and drain the liquid from the stick.
 * 7) Pour the liquid into the meat, stir well, and allow to cook.
 * 8) Serve the soup.

title: Cookbook:Okoho Soup


text:
User:Kwalaw

I am Kwalaw, a new female Wikimedia volunteer. Please be nice :)

title: User:Kwalaw


text:
Cookbook:Yam and Spicy Egg Sauce

Yam and egg sauce is a Nigerian delicacy enjoyed by every tribe in Nigeria. It can be eaten as breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Egg sauce can be served with fried yam or the boiled one and is found to contain calcium and Vitamins (A and C)

Main ingredients

 * Yam, peeled

Egg sauce

 * Oil
 * Fresh tomatoes, diced
 * Fresh ata rodo chiles, diced
 * Onions, diced
 * Salt, to taste
 * Seasoning of your choice
 * Eggs (as many as you want)

Yam

 * 1) Cut the yam to your desired shape. Please note the shape for boiled and fried are different. Fried has a more light cutting compared to boiling.
 * 2) Either boil the yam in salted water until tender OR salt the yam and fry in groundnut oil until golden brown.

Egg sauce

 * 1) Heat a little oil in a saucepan.
 * 2) Add the diced tomatoes, chile, and onions. Fry for about 5 minutes until softened.
 * 3) Add salt and seasoning to taste.
 * 4) Crack eggs in a clean bowl, and whisk until smooth.
 * 5) Pour the eggs into the pan with the sauce. Cook, stirring, for about 2 minutes or until the egg is cooked.
 * 6) Serve the sauce with the yams.

title: Cookbook:Yam and Spicy Egg Sauce


text:
Cabinet Vision: The Last Mile/Machining Operations

Miters:
Miters can be placed on edges of parts in one of four ways: By using the shape editor, the object tree, the CAM editor, and by applying operations via that "Reports" tab for the part.

When a MIT* Parameter conflicts with the setting of a miter angle set in the Shape Editor, the MIT* Parameter takes precedence over the setting in the Part's Shape.
 * 1) Shape editor:  In the shape editor, click on the edge you want mitered and enter a miter angle for the edge into the bottom input in the left sidebar.  This technique is not accessible to UCSs.
 * 2) Object Tree:  In the Object Tree, you can enter a MITR | MITL | MITB | MITT parameter to the part directly in order to place a miter on the right, left, bottom, or top edge, respectively.  This technique is accessible to UCSs.
 * 3) CAM Editor: The most reliable means of applying a miter to a part edge is to apply a Line operation in the CAM Editor manually, and assign it to the appropriate v-cutter tool.  However, this is only true when the operation is applied to the face of the part that is perpendicular to the z axis of the router.  When attempting to apply Line operations manually to edges and then changing the AY parameter in the object tree so as to orient the operation towards the axis of the spindle, CV stops recognizing the operation.  Applying a Route operation with a v-cutter tool via UCS is also not very reliable, but assigning a LINE operation as opposed to a route via UCS is functional.
 * 4) Apply Operation in Reports:  This technique is similar to the CAM editor, except that you can't choose a "Line" operation. Instead, you choose a "Route", and set the width to zero.  It seems to have the same advantages and pitfalls of the CAM editor.


text:
Talk:Shelf:Operating systems

Unknown completion?
Hi, Oberon is listed under "Uknown completion". Near the upper left corner of the title page, the status bar shows 90% completion. Oberon should be listed under "Books nearing completion". I don't know how the change is made and probably don't have the required authority.

Also, Oberon is an operating system. "Shelf:Oberon" should appear under "Subsections", parallel to Shelf:UNIX. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:24, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shelf:Operating systems


text:
Cookbook:Kids' Vegetable Puree

Kids' vegetable purée is dish of cooked vegetables blended to a creamy paste. It is common to purée entire meals (without use of salt or other additives) to be served to toddlers, babies, and those unable to chew. The vegetable purée can be can be made in a blender, a potato masher, or by forcing the food through a strainer. The vegetables must be cooked, either before or after grinding, in order to improve flavour and texture, remove toxic substances, and/or reduce their water content. Most babies are happy to eat this puree on its own, while for some you will need to add baby milk to the puree.

Vegetable purée can last for up to 48 hours if well refrigerated. To warm it, put in a bowl, cover and microwave until very hot, then leave to cool to a safe temperature. You can also warm it over a pot of hot water.

Ingredients

 * 2 carrots, peeled and diced
 * 1 tomato, peeled, seeded, and diced
 * 100 g (3.5 oz) chicken breast, cut into pieces
 * Cucumber, peeled, seeded, and diced
 * 4 spoonfuls of olive oil
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * Water
 * Baby milk, as necessary

Equipment

 * Blender
 * Bowl
 * Spoon
 * Pot

Procedure

 * 1) Put the carrots, tomatoes, and chicken breast in a pot. Add water to the same level as the ingredients.
 * 2) Cover, and cook on medium heat until the chicken is well done and the carrots are soft.
 * 3) Add the diced cucumber, olive oil, and salt. At this point, you can top up the water to the same level as the ingredients if most of the water has dried.
 * 4) Cover the pot and leave to boil until the cucumbers are soft.
 * 5) Turn off the heat and leave to cool down completely.
 * 6) Blend into a smooth purée using a kitchen blender. No need to add more water.

title: Cookbook:Kids' Vegetable Puree


text:
Cabinet Vision: The Last Mile/General Strategy and Best Practices

There is an order of precedence you should consider when thinking about how to add a new feature to your CV install: First, try the Assembly Method Wizard. Next, try Object Intelligence. Next, look at adding your own Part definitions and assigning them to your own Materials in the Material Schedules. If you're still not there, expand your Catalog with custom configured cabinets that are made smarter with Object Intelligence, maybe also with custom Parts and Materials;  If you need even more power, doctor up some Library Parts with parameterized Operations, and use UCSs only to bring them in with the LibPart function. Then, as an absolute last resort, use UCSs to implement things from whole cloth.

You might be very surprised at what you can accomplish with a combination of Object Intelligence and Library Parts. For example, let's say you want a particular part or machining to exist under certain conditions. Before you immediately run off to the UCSs, consider that you can manually add the part or operation, then go into the Object Tree and set its Qty parameter to an Object Intelligence formula that evaluates to 1 when you want the part or operation, and 0 when you don't want it (which might be 99 percent of the time). When you attempt to create things (especially Operations) in UCSs, you enter an entire nightmare world of things that can and do go wrong, and sometimes even cause your system to become unstable and crash.


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Okra Soup I

Nigerian okra soup, also called ila alasepo, is a stewed okra soup. It is a very popular delicacy among the Yoruba ethnic group of western Nigeria.

Ingredients

 * Stockfish (Norwegian unsalted dried fish)
 * Nigerian smoked dryfish
 * Beef, in small chunks
 * Water
 * 250 g (8.8 oz) okra, finely diced
 * Red palm oil
 * Pumpkin leaves or spinach, washed and chopped
 * 1 spoonful ground crayfish
 * Pepper
 * Salt
 * Tripe (optional)
 * Onion (optional)
 * Shrimp (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Soak the dry fish and stockfish in water, then debone them. Cut into pieces.
 * 2) Starting with the toughest meat first, cook all the meat and fish until done. Add water sparingly and top up as necessary.
 * 3) Heat the palm oil in a separate pot. Add the diced okra and start frying.
 * 4) Add some meat stock to the okra from time to time. Stir until you notice the okra start to draw. This process should take a maximum of 5 minutes to avoid overcooking the okra. Add hot water if necessary to get the consistency you like.
 * 5) When the okra is very elastic, add the chopped vegetables and stir well. Add the meat and fish, ground crayfish, pepper, and salt to taste. Stir well.
 * 6) Cover the pot and leave to simmer and it is ready to be served.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can use frozen okra if that's all you have, but fresh okra is better.
 * To make the okra very smooth, use a blender and blend until it's pureed. You can also cut it with a knife into smaller pieces to make it chunky, use a grater with a large hole shredder, or chop with a food processor.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Okra Soup I


text:
Cookbook:Orunla (Nigerian Okra Soup)

Orunla is a soup made from dried okra. It is often accompanied by dishes like pounded yam, amala, fufu, etc.

Ingredients

 * Beef, cubed
 * Onion, chopped
 * 3 bouillon cubes
 * Dryfish
 * 1 spoon of iru
 * 3 spoons of palm oil
 * Pepper
 * ½ cup dried okra, ground to powder
 * Ground crayfish powder
 * Diced ponmo (cow skin)

Procedure

 * 1) Add beef, onion, bouillon, and salt to a pot. Cover with water, and boil for about 20 minutes.
 * 2) Clean the dried fish with water, and add to the pot.
 * 3) Add the locust bean and palm oil. Adjust salt and pepper to taste, and boil for 5 minutes.
 * 4) Add the dried okra and ground crayfish. Cover the pot, and cook for 5 minutes.
 * 5) Serve with desired accompaniments.

title: Cookbook:Orunla (Nigerian Okra Soup)


text:
User talk:172.56.31.180

--Xania   talk 00:08, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:172.56.31.180


text:
User talk:Kojodavid

A page you recently created, Orunla, has been moved to Cookbook:Orunla as it should be part of the Cookbook. You may also like to add some categories to the bottom of the page (I added 'Beef recipes') so people can find it more easily. --Xania   talk 00:11, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you.pls can u help me add some categories to the bottom,I don't know how to do that. Kojodavid (discuss • contribs) 00:20, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kojodavid


text: User talk:174.78.93.86

title: User talk:174.78.93.86


text:
User talk:Frogfrogribblt

May 2022
--Xania   talk 00:21, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

You cannot edit for 1 week due to vandalism. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 01:27, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frogfrogribblt


text:
Cookbook:Jute

Jute, also called jute mallow, nalta jute, ewedu, or atyever, is a leafy green in the genus Corchorus, especially C. olitorius but also C. tridens. It is part of various cuisines across Africa and Asia. The leaves are slightly mucilaginous and can become somewhat slimy when cooked.

title: Cookbook:Jute


text:
Cookbook:Efo Riro (Nigerian Amaranth Soup)

Efo riro ("mixed greens") is a rich vegetable soup native to the Yoruba people of Western Nigeria. Efo shoko (Lagos spinach) or efo tete (green amaranth) are traditionally used in this soup. However, if these are not readily available where you live, spinach or pumpkin leaves make a very good substitute.

Ingredients

 * Stockfish
 * Nigerian dryfish
 * Shaki (cow tripe)
 * Beef, cubed
 * 2 large bouillon cubes
 * 1 onion, chopped
 * Ground crayfish powder
 * Nigerian smoked fish
 * Tomato stew
 * Palm oil
 * Habanero pepper, sliced thin
 * 600 g green amaranth leaves (efo tete), chopped
 * 2 red bell peppers, seeded and chopped
 * Iru (fermented locust bean) or ogiri okpei, broken apart with fingers
 * Salt

Variation I

 * 1) Soak the stockfish and dry fish for a few hours—the length of time depends on how hard the fish is. When soft, clean the fish, then debone and separate them into small pieces.
 * 2) Place the shaki in a pot, and add enough water to just cover the meat. This soup should have as little water as possible, so add small amounts of water at a time and top it up as you cook.
 * 3) Bring to a simmer, and cook for 30 minutes.
 * 4) Add the dryfish and stockfish pieces.
 * 5) When the shaki is almost done (about 1 hour on high heat), add beef pieces, bouillon cubes, and onions. Cook until all the meat and fish are well done.
 * 6) Mix in the ground crayfish, smoked fish, tomato stew, salt, and palm oil.
 * 7) Cover the pot, and cook on high heat until the oil has changed from red to yellow and very little liquid remains in the pot.
 * 8) Add the habanero peppers and green amaranth. Do not stir.
 * 9) Cook for 2–3 minutes, or until it boils again. The vegetables will continue to soften after you have turned off the heat.
 * 10) Stir and serve.

Variation II

 * 1) Soak the stockfish and dry fish for a few hours—the length of time depends on how hard the fish is. When soft, clean the fish, then debone and separate them into small pieces.
 * 2) Place the shaki in a pot, and add enough water to just cover the meat. This soup should have as little water as possible, so add small amounts of water at a time and top it up as you cook.
 * 3) When the shaki starts to curl, add the dry fish and stockfish pieces.
 * 4) When the shaki is almost done (about 1 hour on high heat), add beef pieces and bouillon cubes. Cook until all the meat and fish are well done. Set these aside.
 * 5) Heat the palm oil in a separate pot. When hot, add the onions and bell peppers.
 * 6) Fry the onions and peppers until softened and reduced in volume (about 15 minutes)
 * 7) Stir in the iru and ground crayfish.
 * 8) Stir in the reserved cooked meat and fish.
 * 9) Stir in the vegetables. Cover and let it heat through.
 * 10) Salt to taste, and take the pot off the stove. Serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The greater the variety of meats and fish you can add to efo riro, the better. Feel free to use as many combinations of fish and meat as you can. Possibilities include snails, ponmo (cow skin), and a variety of assorted meats.
 * When using pumpkin leaves, add water leaves so that the soup will have a mushy texture.
 * Serve the efo riro with pounded yam, garri, semolina, or amala.


text:
Cookbook:Lagos Spinach

Lagos spinach refers to the leafy greens of Celosia argentea. It may also be called quail grass, soko/shoko, celosia, or feather cockscomb.

title: Cookbook:Lagos Spinach


text:
Cookbook:Iru

Iru, also called dawadawa or sumbala, is a West African condiment made from fermented locust beans.

title: Cookbook:Iru


text:
Cookbook:Locust Bean

The African locust bean, also called néré and dawadawa, is a product of the Parkia biglobosa tree. It should not be confused with carob, which also goes by the term locust bean. It is closely related to the bitter bean.

Characteristics
The pod has a red to brown exterior, surrounding a yellow pulp and a seed. Both the pulp and the seed are edible. The seeds are nutritionally valuable, with high fat and protein contents.

Uses
The seed can be fermented into a condiment called Iru.

title: Cookbook:Locust Bean


text:
Cookbook:Stockfish

Stockfish is a dried unsalted fish, originating in Norway. It has become popular in Mediterranean, Russian, and Nigerian cuisines.

Production
Fish, especially cod, are cleaned and gutted before being hung on racks. The fish are left to dry in cold winter air, where they develop a cured flavor. The resulting product is very stable and nutrient-dense.

title: Cookbook:Stockfish


text: Category:Crayfish recipes

title: Category:Crayfish recipes


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Vegetable Soup

Nigerian vegetable soup is a delicacy popular among the Igbo people, although it is now enjoyed by every tribe in Nigeria.

Ingredients

 * Meat (any type), cut in pieces
 * Onions, chopped
 * Stockfish
 * Maggi (bouillon cubes)
 * Salt
 * Fresh bell pepper
 * Ground crayfish
 * Ogili
 * Kpomo, cut in tiny pieces
 * Palm oil
 * Dryfish, cleaned
 * Ugwu leaf, washed and chopped
 * Waterleaf, washed and chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Heat a pot over the fire. Add your meat, onions, bouillon cube, stockfish, and salt to taste. Allow to cook.
 * 2) Blend the fresh bell pepper, crayfish, and ogili into a smooth paste. Pour the paste into the pot with the meat. Use some water to wash out all the blended paste from the blender, and add this to the meat as well; allow to cook for a few minutes.
 * 3) Add the chopped kpomo to the meat, along with palm oil to taste. Leave to cook for 10 minutes.
 * 4) Add the dryfish to the meat mixture.
 * 5) Make sure the liquid in the meat mixture has reduced to some extent. Add the chopped ugwu and waterleaf. Cook for 3 minutes in order to avoid overcooking the vegetables.
 * 6) Adjust the seasoning to taste salt or bouillon.
 * 7) Serve with the swallow of your choice, such as fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Vegetable Soup