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Lombard/Articles

In Lombard there are definite, indefinite and partitive articles. The definite article indicates a subject already clear and named in the speech, while the indefinite one indicates a new and undefined subject. Thepartitive article is simply the plural of the indefinite and indicates an indefinite number of subjects while in the singular it is used for uncountable nouns. For example in the sentence "l'è vegnuda denter ona mosca, la mosca l'e andada in sul cavagn con dent del pan" you will find all the terms of the article.

There is no univocal form for all the Lombard variants, neither for the definite articles, nor for the indefinite ones.

Note on pronunciation

 * El is used in Milan and parts of western Lombardy (eastern and southern Brianza, Lodi, Pavia, Lecco, Lake Como, Valchiavenna, Sondrio), eastern Lombardy (Brescia, Crema, Cremona), in the Novara area and in lower Ossola and in the Canton of Ticino (Bellinzona, Locarno, Valmaggia). Depending on the area, the pronunciation can vary in these ways:
 * [ɛl] in Milan, Lodi, Brescia, Lecco and Lario, Cremona, Sondrio.
 * [al] in Bellinzona, Locarno, Valmaggia, Vallassina (e.g. Canzo), Crema, southern areas of the province of Brescia and Bergamo (e.g. Treviglio), Novara, southern Ossola, upper Valtellina (e.g. Tirano, Poschiavo), Valchiavenna.
 * [əl] in the Province of Pavia and in the lower Lodi area.
 * [ər] in some scattered places in the Province of Pavia.
 * [ol] is used in Bergamo, Como, Varese, in Verbano and Ossola, and in most of Canton Ticino. Depending on the area, the pronunciation may vary in the following ways:
 * [ul] in Como, Varese, Canton Ticino, Verbania, Domodossola and in some Bergamo valleys.
 * [ol] in Bergamo and in Valtrompia (Province of Brescia), in Valsassina and in some scattered areas of Canton Ticino.
 * [ur] in the area around the town of Varese and in the valley of Blenio (Switzerland).
 * La is generally used throughout the Lombard-speaking area. However, there are some variations of pronunciation:
 * [ra] in Tortona, Vigevano and in the Vogherese area, as well as in the Val di Blenio, in the Lugano area and in other scattered areas of the Canton of Ticino.
 * [lɛ] or [rɛ] in some towns of Ticino.
 * [a] in the Busto Arsizio area and in the village of Indemini, on the Ticino bank of the Verbano.
 * I as a plural feminine definite article is used in the central part of Lombardy, in eastern Piedmont and in almost all of Italian-speaking Switzerland.
 * Le is used in Brescia, Cremona in the Valtellina, in Lodi and in western Trentino. In Valtellina and in the rustic Cremonese dialect it is pronounced [li].

Use of the definite article

 * In the more rustic and archaic Lombard the definite article is not used in front of possessive adjectives (therefore mè pader instead of el mè pader).
 * The definite article is often used in front of some toponyms, whether they are villages, mountains or rivers.
 * Most rivers require the feminine definite article:
 * la Tos, not el Tos
 * la Sesia, not el Sesia
 * la Quisa, not el Quisa
 * The definite article is also used in front of personal nouns (e.g. el Peder, el Carlo, la Ninin, la Giovanna).

Notes on pronunciation

 * Un (feminine una) is used exclusively in the Province of Bergamo (and in some of its vicinity, such as Premana), in Antrona valley (Piedmont) and in Bregaglia valley. Depending on the geographical areas it is pronounced in the following ways:
 * [yn] (f. ['yna]) in Bregaglia valley.
 * [y] (f. ['øna]) in the Bergamo area. Before a vowel it is often pronounced [øn].
 * [in] (f. ['ina]) in Antrona valley.

 * on (feminine ona) is used in western Lombardy, in Canton Ticino and in eastern Piedmont. It is generally pronounced [a] (f. ['a]). However, in the written form of the new Lombard orthography there is often a tendency to standardize the article by writing "un" also in western Lombard.

 * en is used in the Brescia area, in the Province of Cremona and in the upper Valtellina (eg Tirano). It is usually pronounced [ɛn] or [an].

title: Lombard/Articles


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Template:Wt/lmo/-Vls

Vls

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Wt/lmo/-Vls


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Template:Wt/lmo/-VB

VB

title: Template:Wt/lmo/-VB


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Toc

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Talk:Mirad Grammar/Word Families

Can't shut off italics
The beginning of Mirad Grammar/Word Families is with italics turned on until the end of the book. I see nowhere in the source text where I have turned on italics. What gives? Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) Tyoyafud (discuss • contribs) 22:16, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mirad Grammar/Word Families


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Oscar Wilde

Oscar Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright who lived in the Victorian Era, a time of great wealth inequality. He was widely known as a society wit and as an advocate of the Aesthetic Movement, which advocated "art for the sake of the art." The Happy Prince and Other Tales and its follow-up, the fairy-tale collection A House of Pomegranates are part of his early work, written after the birth of his two sons, Cyril and Vyvyan. Wilde's best-known work for adults (Lady Windermere’s Fan, The Importance of Being Earnest, and The Picture of Dorian Gray ) was published during the last decade of his life.

After losing a libel case against the marquess of Queensberry, who had accused him of being a "sodomite," Wilde had to serve two years of prison with hard labor, after which he moved to France. He died penniless in Paris, of meningitis, on November 30, 1900.


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Ken Liu

Ken Liu was born in 1976 in Lanzhou, China and spent most of his childhood with his grandparents. His mother received her PhD in chemistry, and is a pharmaceutical chemist, while his father is a computer engineer. The family immigrated to the United States when Liu was eleven years old. They lived in various states before settling in Waterford, Connecticut. Liu attended Harvard College, where he studied English Literature and Computer Science. Upon graduation, he worked as a software engineer for Microsoft. He later received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 2004 and worked as a corporate lawyer and eventually became a high-tech litigation consultant.

Liu also is famous for writing science fiction and fantasy fiction. He has won the Nebula, Hugo, and World Fantasy awards and top genre honors in Japan, Spain, and France, among other countries. Liu has also translated the works of multiple Chinese authors into English.


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Ray Bradbury

Ray Bradbury is one of the best-known 20th Century fantasy, horror, and science-fiction writers in the United States. He is famous for his novel Fahrenheit 451 and the short story collections The Martian Chronicles and The Illustrated Man. (See the Recommended Reading section at the end for more information on these works).

Bradbury was born in Waukegan, a small town in Illinois, in 1920, and lived most of his life in Los Angeles, California, where he died in 2012. A writer with unlimited imagination, Bradbury was interested in science, especially in life in other planets, though he “challenged the limits of the science fiction itself” by adding fantastical notions and a lyrical tone to his stories, which “restored wonder to a genre that, without him, might have proven dull, indeed.” While he specialized in narratives, Bradbury also wrote drama, poetry, and even musical compositions. Several of his works have been translated to many languages around the world.


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LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Interval Quadratic Stability

An LMI to determine the quadratic stability of a system with parametric, interval uncertainties.

The System
Consider the system with Affine Time-Varying uncertainty
 * $$ \begin{align} \dot x(t)&=(A_0+\Delta (t))x(t)\\ \end{align} $$

where
 * $$ \begin{align} \Delta (t) = A_1 \delta_1 (t)+...+A_k \delta_k (t)\\ \end{align} $$

where $$ \delta_i (t) $$ lies in the intervals
 * $$ \begin{align} \delta_i (t) \in [\delta_i^-,\delta_i^+]\\ \end{align} $$

where $$ x\in\mathbb{R}^{m}$$ and $$ A\in\mathbb{R}^{mxm} $$.

The Data
The matrices A and $$\Delta$$ are known.

The Optimization
This optimization problem ensures quadratic stability of the system with k interval uncertainties using $$ 2^k $$ LMI constraints.

$$ \delta (t) $$ lies in the hypercube. The vertices of the hypercube define the vertices of the uncertainty set

 * $$ V := \Biggl\{ A_0 + \sum_{i} A_i \delta_i,\ \delta_i \in \{\delta_i^-,\delta_i^+\} \Biggl\} $$

$$ (A+\Delta,\boldsymbol{\Delta}) $$ is quadratically stable over $$ \boldsymbol{\Delta} :=Co(V) $$ if and only if there exists a P > 0 such that

 * $$ \begin{align} \Biggl(A_0 + \sum_{i} A_i \delta_i \Biggl)^TP + P\Biggl(A_0 + \sum_{i} A_i \delta_i \Biggl) < 0 \quad for \ every \quad \delta_i \in \{\delta_i^-,\delta_i^+\}^k \end{align} $$

The LMI
$$ \begin{align} P>0, \quad \Biggl(A_0 + \sum_{i} A_i \delta_i \Biggl)^TP + P\Biggl(A_0 + \sum_{i} A_i \delta_i \Biggl) < 0 \quad for \ every \quad \delta_i \in \{\delta_i^-,\delta_i^+\}^k \end{align} $$

Conclusion
Quadratic Stability Implies Stability of trajectories for any $$ \Delta $$ with $$ \Delta \in \boldsymbol{\Delta} $$ for all $$ t \geq 0 $$ Quadratic stability is conservative. Stability does not imply quadratic stability. Interval uncertainty is a special case of polytopic uncertainty.

Implementation
Example of implementation of the LMI https://github.com/MichaelDobos/LMI/blob/main/intervalquadraticstability.m

Related LMIs

 * Polytopic Quadratic Stability
 * Discrete-Time Quadratic Stability


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Lentis/Risk Compensation

Risk Compensation is the theory that people will adjust their behavior based on perceived levels of risk, acting more cautious if the level of risk seems high and less cautious if they feel safer.

Introduction
Risk compensation is the idea that individuals will adjust their behavior in response to perceived changes in risk. For example, if a person is wearing a seatbelt, they may drive more recklessly because they feel safer and more protected. This theory has been used to explain why safety measures, such as seatbelts or safety helmets, may not always result in a reduction of accidents or injuries.

However, risk compensation is highly context specific and not true in general. In fact, many studies have found that safety measures can and do reduce accidents and injuries. Additionally, the theory does not take into account other factors that can affect an individual's behavior, such as education, awareness, and societal norms. For example, self-protection might not have been the only reason people wore masks during COVID-19.

Origins
Modern use of the term "risk compensation" comes from road safety research in the 1970's on efficacy of regulations. The Peltzman effect is named after economist Sam Peltzman, who first proposed the concept in a 1975 paper published in the Journal of Political Economy. In the paper, Peltzman argued that when regulations are put in place to make something safer, people may respond by engaging in riskier behavior. This compensatory behavior can offset the safety benefits of the regulation, resulting in no net change in the overall level of accidents or injuries.

Later research has shown that the Peltzman effect can be highly context-specific, and its effects may vary depending on the specific regulations and the populations they are intended to affect.

Risk homeostasis
Risk homeostasis theory is a significantly more constrained version of risk compensation proposed by Gerald J. S. Wilde, stating that every person evaluates the environment with a set target level of risk, and that people will always adjust their behavior so that their perceived risk level matches their target risk level. Assuming this to be true, it can be concluded that long-term overall safety and actual taken risk can only improve if peoples’ target level of risk is reduced. Wilde primarily presents his theory using road safety, but mentions other applicable domains including smoking and flood prone area settlement, stating that risk homeostasis is likely universal.

Risk homeostasis theory has faced significant criticism, with authors especially noting the per capita motor vehicle death rate notably dropping in the years directly before the theory was introduced and criticizing Wilde’s exclusion of many extremely convincing contrary findings e.g., motorcycle helmets and vehicle design standards. However, the theory has still found application to various contexts, including understanding casualties in the maritime shipping industry and understanding effective information security user interventions e.g., awareness campaigns and policies.

Antilock brakes
Multiple studies in Europe and North America have concluded that the introduction of antilock brakes increased driver risk-taking. Most notably, a study conducted on taxis in Hamburg found drivers who drove taxis that were equipped with antilock brakes tended to perform more abrupt road maneuvers (such as turns and stops), and a similar study conducted by the University of South Florida on drivers in Washington state found that drivers whose cars had airbags and antilock brakes were willing to driver faster and perform quicker lane changes on highways. Researchers conjectured that the increased risk of these behaviors offset any safety benefits of airbags and antilock brakes, which is why no significant change was found in accident rates in both cases. However, a study released in 2013 by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that motorcycles featuring antilock brakes were 31 percent less likely to be involved in a fatal crash over models without antilock brakes.

HIV/AIDS
PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for HIV is the term used to describe HIV negative individuals at a high risk of HIV infection taking antiviral drugs to help prevent HIV infection. The likelihood of individuals undergoing HIV PrEP engaging in risky condomless sex more often is often examined in HIV PrEP effectiveness studies. In an early placebo-controlled trial where subjects were told they were receiving HIV prevention drugs, condomless sex slightly decreased across all participants and PrEP reduced HIV infection by 44%; in analyzing 18 similar placebo-controlled trials, no evidence of any increased risky sexual behavior was found and PrEP reduced HIV infection by about 70%.

While examining HIV PrEP risk compensation in placebo-controlled trials can be useful, it has been recommended to create robust trials specifically analyzing HIV PrEP risk compensation behavior and to analyze possible HIV PrEP risk compensation behavior outside of controlled trials i.e., open-label trials where participants are aware if they’re receiving HIV PrEP. One open-label international study found that condomless sex among HIV PrEP users was slightly higher (25% vs 20%) but PrEP usage still reduced HIV infection by 51%; another open-label United Kingdom study found that condomless sex among HIV PrEP users was notably higher (21% vs 12%) but PrEP usage still reduced HIV infection by 86%.

While HIV PrEP has been thoroughly shown to effectively limit HIV infection, with increases in individuals’ risky sexual behavior not notably diminishing HIV PrEP effectiveness, increased condomless sex among HIV PrEP users may significantly contribute to high rates of other STIs. For example, one meta-analysis found HIV PrEP users were about 25 times more likely to acquire gonorrhoeae, 11 times more likely to acquire chlamydia, and 45 times more likely to acquire syphilis.

Vaccination and other pandemic prevention measures
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, some have suggested that risk compensation may be a factor in the continued spread of the virus. For example, if people believe masks are effective in stopping the spread of COVID-19, some individuals may be more likely to engage in risky behavior, such as attending large gatherings and ignoring social distancing guidelines. This effect may be exacerbated by "pandemic fatigue," and as the novelty of the threat wears off. One study found that people were more likely to stand or sit closer to someone if they were wearing a mask, although this effect was seen less in older populations.

However, a meta analysis in the British Journal of Medicine found that mask-wearing was not correlated with a decrease in hand washing. The authors went on to argue that people are likely to engage in protective behavior during a pandemic, because of fear, anxiety, and a desire to protect oneself and others. As a result, individuals may combine safe behaviors, such as mask-wearing and social distancing, because of concerns about their own health and the health of those around them.

Research methods
Though Risk Compensation has gained acceptance as a social phenomenon, many have questioned its validity over the years. Sam Peltzman's seminal 1975 paper argued that automobile safety regulations cause drivers to drive less carefully, causing them to offset any benefits the safety device(s) might provide, and in some cases accident rates may even increase. Researchers began finding issues with Peltzman's as early as 1977, when a Behavioral Scientist at the Insurance Institute for Highway safety discovered that the Vehicle Accident Data that Peltzman used as his primary evidence was observationally-gathered data that stood as a proxy to empirical data. When Peltzman's analysis was repeated with an empirically-gathered dataset, there was a marked decrease in vehicle accident rates after safety measures were introduced. Similar analyses in recent years have also found that empirically gathered data do not support Peltzman's hypothesis. Many have observed that most case studies that demonstrate Risk Compensation show increased risk-taking after a decrease in perceived risk, but there are very few examples of decreased risk-taking after an increased in perceived risk. Others have noted that most examples demonstrating Risk Compensation come from Road Safety, Sports or Public Health, and have argued that Risk Compensation may not be a universally applicable concept.

Risk compensation as a political tool
Ever since Peltzman's 1975 paper, advocates of individual freedom have used his hypothesis to argue against the introduction of new rules and regulations. In an analysis of techniques used throughout history to defend status quo, economist Albert O. Hirschman details the "perversity thesis", which states that well-intentioned rules and regulations ultimately exacerbate the problems they were designed to solve. Science journalist Tim Requarth contends that opponents of government intervention and the welfare state tend to use this argument because it supports the implementation of a free-market capitalist economy, and that such anti-interventionist arguments are the primary reason for Risk Compensation's continued relevance despite empirical evidence to the contrary.

Conclusion
Risk Compensation is a social phenomenon that is of interest to anyone studying or making decisions involving risky behavior. Because there is contention about whether or not Risk Compensation occurs universally and to what extent, it may be wise to perform an empirical study in any given field before making decision affecting the level of risk in that field. Because Risk Compensation describes an effect on people's behavior, it has also been used as a bargaining point for various social groups to further their agendas.

Further Research to improve this chapter
Those wanting to improve this chapter should consider expanding the section on risk compensation used as a political tool. In particular, examples of risk compensation being used to further agendas would strengthen this section. More examples of risk compensation are also useful, but any analysis should recognize that risk compensation is context specific and not a general rule. Other variations of Risk Compensation and their supporting argument could also be a useful additions.

title: Lentis/Risk Compensation


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Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in candid photography

Candid photography is shooting style, where the spontaneity of the situation is taken as the basis.

General information
It is the exact opposite of staged photography; has some similarities with street photography, but the latter does not exclude that subject noticed the camera lens aimed at him (and managed to react emotionally), while an unbiased photograph implies the opposite. The decisive factor is the lack of posing.

Ways of implementation
You will need spontaneity, speed of reaction and a camera, that is always at hand; in addition — a certain talent for seeing the situation, and sometimes just luck — when the photographer is in a certain place just at the right time.

It is more convenient to use point-and-shoot, which are small in size, or use a camera built into a mobile phone.

If you are a supporter of "serious equipment", usually distinguished by its large size, you can use a model with an angle-change viewfinder, that changes the angle, which will allow you to take photos even while standing with your back to the intended object. But it is better, nevertheless, to dwell on the previous version.

Should know
In some African countries aborigines do not like to be photographed, in particular, unexpectedly, without warning. In the Comoros and Ethiopia, locals may react aggressively to a camera lens pointed in their direction. You can make sure of that with a. Never point the lens at an Ethiopian in uniform, be it a policeman or a military officer.

Those who speak Russian can read the article by the author of the textbook, which is published in Wikisource, by clicking on the link below.

Wikisource

 * Почему эфиопы не любят фотографов, или Цена эфиопской души (in ru)


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User:Alrami12

Education in Uzbekistan

adviseurhfiuefio

title: User:Alrami12


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LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/Damping Improvement of a F-16 Aircraft through Linear Matrix Inequalities

Damping Improvement of a F-16 Aircraft through Linear Matrix Inequalities

Introduction
The dynamic response characteristics of an aircraft are highly nonlinear. Generally flight control systems have been designed using mathematical models of an aircraft linearized around several operating points, the controller parameters are programed in accordance with the flight conditions. Among all the techniques presented in control, the linear matrix inequality becomes a possible tool to solve various optimization problems of the F-16 aircraft. The main advantage of this technique is to allow the simultaneous treatment of various performance and robustness requirements. This is because of the emergence of interior point algorithms for the solution of convex optimization problems, which made it possible to solve the linear matrix inequalities much faster and more efficiently.

The System
$$ \begin{align} \dot{x} &= Ax + Bu\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} y = Cx \end{align} $$

where x is the state vector, y is the output vector, and u is the input vector and these are given by.

$$ \begin{align} \dot{x} = \begin{bmatrix} \dot{\Phi}\\ \dot{\beta}\\ \dot{P}\\ \dot{R}\\ \dot{\delta_a}\\ \dot{\delta_r}\\ \end{bmatrix} , y = \begin{bmatrix} \Phi\\ \Beta\\ P\\ R\\ \end{bmatrix} , u = \begin{bmatrix} \delta_a\\ \delta_r\\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

Here Phi, Beta, P, R, delta_a, delta_r represent the aircraft's roll angle, the angle of side slip, roll rate, pitch rate, aileron and rudder deflections respectively. The structure of the controller to be used to control the F-16 aircraft is pre-defined, which is an important feature, considering the practical application of control systems. the restricted structure is given by the following transfer function.

$$ \begin{align} K_{y_k \rightarrow u_l} = \frac{a_{y_k \rightarrow u_l} \cdot s^2 + b_{y_k \rightarrow u_l} \cdot s + c_{y_k \rightarrow u_l}}{s^2 + (p_1+p_2) \cdot s + p_1 \cdot p_2} \end{align} $$

In this work, we work with predefined poles and we determine the gains and the zeroes given by the values of ayk_ul, byk_ul and cyk_ul of the controller constrained to feasible values. The control method comprises of applying an output feedback control to the F-16 system. The controller can be written in state space form as.

$$ \begin{align} \dot{x_c} &= A_c \cdot X_c + B_c\cdot y\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} u = C_c \cdot X_c + D_c\cdot y\\ \end{align} $$

Where A_c and B_c are given by

$$ \begin{align} A_c = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 & 0\\ k & j & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 & 0\\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot &    \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ \cdot & \cdot &  \cdot &   \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ \cdot & \cdot &    \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ 0 & 0 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & k & j\\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} B_c = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 & 0\\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot &    \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ \cdot & \cdot &  \cdot &   \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ \cdot & \cdot &    \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\\ 0 & 0 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

Where k = -p1*p2 and j = p1+p2, p1 and p2 are the poles of the system. Applying the controller to the model, we obtain the following description of the system in closed loop:

$$ \begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \dot{x}\\ \dot{x_c} \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} A + B\cdot D_c\cdot C & B\cdot C_c \\ B_c\cdot C & A_c \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} x\\ x_c \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

using the design of dynamic controllers the above problem can be rewritten as a static state feedback output problem as:

$$ \begin{align} \dot{x_m} &= A_m \cdot X_m + B_m\cdot y_m\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} y = C_m \cdot u_m\\ \end{align} $$

where Am, Bm Cm and the static controller output Kc is given as follows:

$$ \begin{align} A_m = \begin{bmatrix} A & B\cdot C_c\\ 0 & A_c \end{bmatrix} , B_m = \begin{bmatrix} B & 0\\ 0 & I \end{bmatrix} , C_m = \begin{bmatrix} C & 0 \end{bmatrix} , K_c = \begin{bmatrix} D_c\\ B_c \end{bmatrix} \end{align} $$

Output Feedback Control
Applying the control law Um = Kc.y, we can change the position of the system poles in the closed loop as

$$ \begin{align} \dot{x_m} &= (A_m + B_m\cdot K_c\cdot C_m)\cdot x_m = A_cl \cdot x_m\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} A_cl\cdot Q &= A_m\cdot Q + B_m\cdot K_c\cdot C_m\cdot Q\\ \end{align} $$

The above system equation is linearized by considering the following variable transformation

$$ \begin{align} K_c\cdot c_m\cdot Q &= N\cdot C_m\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} A_cl\cdot Q &= A_m\cdot Q + B_m\cdot N\cdot C_m\\ \end{align} $$

Linear Matrix Inequality
$$ \begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} f\cdot A_cl\cdot Q + f\cdot Q\cdot A_cl^T & g\cdot A_cl\cdot Q + g\cdot Q\cdot A_cl^T\\ g\cdot A_cl\cdot Q + g\cdot Q\cdot A_cl^T & f\cdot A_cl\cdot Q + f\cdot Q\cdot A_cl^T \end{bmatrix} < 0 \end{align} $$

where,

$$ \begin{align} A_cl\cdot Q &= A_m\cdot Q + B_m\cdot N\cdot C_m\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} Q\cdot A_cl^T &= Q_m\cdot A_m^T + C_m^T\cdot N^T\cdot B_m^T\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} f &= \sin\theta\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} g &= \cos\theta\\ \end{align} $$

$$ \begin{align} 2\cdot \alpha\cdot Q + A_m\cdot Q + B_m\cdot N\cdot C_m + Q\cdot A_m^T + C_m^T\dot N^T\cdot B_m^T < 0\\ \end{align} $$

Conclusions
The above methodology can be used for pole placement of linearized systems around various operating points of the complex plane, defined by the region of the intersection of the linear matrix ineequality. The controller used in the above methodology has a fixed structure. When applied to the pole placement through the linear matrix inequality to the lateral F-16 aircraft system, there was an improvement in all the properties considered for specific performance conditions.


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Wikijunior:Raspberry Pi/Introduction to Minecraft: Pi Edition

Minecraft: Pi Edition is a stripped-down version of Minecraft created by Mojang specifically to teach programming on the Raspberry Pi by including an API for the Python programming language. It is a popular tool though it was discontinued by Mojang in 2015.

Installation
Minecraft: Pi Edition was licenced to the Raspberry Pi Foundation exclusively for the Raspberry Pi and cannot be acquired (legitimately) elsewhere. It is preinstalled on Raspberry Pi OS (and the older Raspbian) images.

Unofficial projects
Minecraft: Pi Edition Reborn is an unofficial modification project designed to bring new features to Minecraft: Pi Edition and port it to other platforms.

Anti-griefing measures
Minecraft: Pi Edition allows players to enter other servers and potentially cause disruption. This can be mitigated using the Unified Firewall command.


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Anton Chekov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904) was a Russian writer now internationally famous for his plays and short stories, partly thanks to the translations of his work by Constance Garnett into English. As a playwright, he is considered a key representative of early modernism. His plays The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard, for example, are said to "present a challenge to the acting ensemble as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a 'theatre of mood' and a 'submerged life in the text'."

While studying for his medical degree, Chekov began to author comedic sketches of Russian life for humorous journals to support himself and his family. The publication of the autobiographical story "The Steppe" (1888), marked his move to more serious subjects and tales, among them “Neighbors” and “Ward Number Six” (1892), “An Anonymous Story” (1893), “The Black Monk” (1894), “The Murder" and “Ariadne” (1895), “Peasants” (1897), the trilogy “The Man in a Case,” “Gooseberries,” and “About Love” (1898) and "The Lady with the Dog" (1899), all of which helped build his reputation as the "master of the modern short story."

See links to the full text of these and other short stories under "Further reading" below.


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Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in panoramic photography

Panoramic photography is a catch-all term that characterizes a set of methods that make it possible to obtain images with a viewing angle of up to 360º.

General information
Panoramic (or wide-format) photography contributes to the display of objects that cannot be captured in the frame using regular and wide-angle lenses.

It can be horizontal (more often), or vertical; used for shooting natural and urban landscapes, interiors of buildings.

The advantage over a photograph taken with a wide-angle lens is the absence of distortion: if in landscape photography they are almost invisible, then in interior photography, alas.

Ways of implementation
Many modern cameras (including the simplest) have a panorama photo function, the algorithm of which differs depending on the model used.

 * 1) By instantaneous automatic docking of several sequentially made frames, where an auxiliary horizontal line and a small fragment of the previous frame allows you to minimize errors. The variant, where docking is noticeable (in this case, three frames) can be seen here: example.
 * 2) Some models offer to move the lens smoothly (as when shooting a video), resulting in a panoramic photo.
 * 3) There is such a variation: when the “panorama” mode is set, the camera captures standard frames that should be joined on the computer. The disadvantage of this method is that if the number of frames on the flash drive is in the hundreds or even thousands (as happens with the author of this textbook in long expeditions involving visits to ten or more countries), it is easy to confuse the frames intended to be combined with the rest, and delete part of them by mistake.

In addition to the above methods, you can create a horizontal panoramic image using a camera that doesn't have such a function: will need a tripod with a rotating head.

For an in-depth study of the topic, see the "Panoramic cameras and methods section" of the Wikipedia article.

Gallery
The photos were taken during the author's 200-day solo expedition (2014 - 2015).


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Julio Cortázar

Julio Cortázar was an Argentine-Belgian author, best known for his short stories, poetries, and novels. He was one of the authors at the forefront of the Latin American Boom, a literary movement from the 1960s to 1970s where Latin American works became popular throughout the world. This movement was heavily influenced by the effects of the Cold War. Many novels written during this period were defined by its unique portrayal of time and uses of magical realism, which is also what makes Cortázar's stories so appealing.

Cortázar lived in Argentina during his childhood until early adulthood, when he moved around in various parts of Europe. In Argentina, he was a professor of French literature briefly until he had to resign due to political pressure from Peronists, who were supporters of the authoritarian party at the time. They often used education as a means of propaganda to further their agenda, thus Cortázar had no place as a professor. This incident might be a source of inspiration for his seemingly anti-Peronist short story, "House Taken Over", which he wrote in the same year he lost his profession. Later, Cortázar settled in France, where he primarily stayed until his death. There, he was also an active supporter in combating the abuses of human rights in Latin America.


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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Carmen Maria Machado

Carmen Maria Machado is an American writer born in Allenton, Pennsylvania, in 1986. She is best known for her short story collection Her Body and Other Parties and the award-winning memoir about abuse in a lesbian relationship, In The Dream House. One of Machado’s favorite genres is horror because as a “transgressive space,” she explains in an interview, it

 * tells us a lot about who we are, what we are, and what we, individually and culturally, are afraid of.” Another of her interests is writing about sexual pleasure:

 * I feel like it’s not often done well....I’m tired of reading really dreadful sex scenes where everyone’s miserable and then eventually maybe one person has a reluctant orgasm. I thought, What if I tried to have a scene where people had sex and it was great? My characters do have sex in varying emotional states, and with various results.

While Machado admits to having cried while completing some of her most personal writing, she determinedly balances her expressions of vulnerability with bluntness so as not to seem soft or sentimental.


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Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States

Introduction
Over the last several decades, solar photovoltaic modules have grown in popularity as a choice for clean energy generation. Increased use has led to the challenge of dealing with the large volume of waste produced by end-of-life (EOL) solar panels; the cumulative mass of EOL panels is projected to reach 80 million tons by 2050. A sustainable solution to this problem is required for solar panels to maintain their reputation as a clean energy source, one of the technology's main appeal. With no current federal regulations mandating a sustainable solution in the U.S., state legislations have begun to approach the challenge with diverse strategies.

This chapter describes current and proposed solutions to solar panel recycling in the United States.

Technical Obstacles
Solar panel photovoltaics require different processing depending on panel composition and manufacturing procedures. Two main processes exist for the different types of solar technology: crystalline silicon (c-Si) and thin-film panels. For c-Si panels, the aluminum and glass is first disassembled with 95-100% recovery. Thermal processing, physical separation and chemical etching is used to separate modules and silicon with 80-95% recovery. This process occurs at high temperatures requiring high energy inputs. Thin-film panels are shredded, physically separated with vibration and rinsing, and chemically separated using strong acids. This is also an energy intensive process that results in 90-95% recovery of glass and semiconductor material.

The biggest technical challenges with recycling photovoltaic cells are high energy input, use and disposal of harmful chemicals, and lack of homogeneity in panel composition and construction. As more research is being done in photovoltaics, panel composition could change, making established recycling facilities obsolete. Panel construction can change to be more recyclable, but current technology requires recycling infrastructure that can handle difficult disassembly.

Economic Obstacles
Solar panel recycling is not currently economically favorable. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory reports that the cost to recycle one photovoltaic module ranges from 15 to 45 USD, whereas disposal in a non-hazardous or hazardous landfill can cost less than 1 or 5 USD, respectively. Solar panel waste contains many valuable components that could make recycling economically viable, but there are no current methods to extract them cheaply and on a large scale. Such an economic obstacle requires technical advancement over the long term and policy changes for immediate effect.

Washington
In 2017, Washington State legislature passed a renewable energy bill that included the Photovoltaic Module Stewardship and Takeback Program. The bill mandates the establishment of a "convenient, safe, and environmentally sound system," financed by the manufacturers, to recycle all solar panels sold in the state after July 1, 2017. Washington is the first state to implement a takeback program.

The takeback program hopes to implement solar panel recycling as the norm for EOL modules by asserting that the modules are destined for recycling. The program also protects the consumer incentive for solar panels by placing the financial responsibility on the manufacturer. This strategy makes solar panel recycling easy and accessible for owners, but it could discourage solar panel sales in Washington since it is the only U.S. state to have these restrictions.

California
California classified solar panels as universal waste in 2020. Universal waste includes products containing non negligible amounts of hazardous materials like pesticides or batteries. Universal waste is more regulated than e-waste, the label for most household electronics despite generally containing more hazardous material. Regulations for universal waste make it difficult to implement recycling processes as they are not allowed to use water, chemicals or heat.

Alternatives to recycling include disposal in a landfill or transportation to another state. To be disposed in landfills, the panels must be verified to contain no hazardous materials using the record of manufacturing materials or a laboratory test costing the consumer around $1,500. Exporting panels to states with less regulation dissuades consumers from coordinating end-of-life procedures since it cannot be done locally.

California is making progress by passing legislation targeting panel classification, but the decision for universal waste is criticized as it discourages consumers from electing sustainable options such as recycling due to complicating processing options.

Rhode Island
Rhode Island proposed a bill, H5524, in February, 2021 requiring solar panel manufactures to recycle their equipment at end-of-life. This bill was supported by environmentalist groups and based on legislation for hard-to-dispose-of-products like mattresses, paint cans and light bulbs. The bill was openly opposed by local solar groups like Green Development LLC and Northeast Clean Energy Council. They stated it would discourage photovoltaic manufactures from participating in the RI market unless neighboring states passed similar legislation, which would create economic hardship for established RI-based companies. The bill failed in June, 2021 after a study by the House Environment and Natural Resources Committee suggested vetting solar panel recycling before making new proposals.

North Carolina & New Jersey
North Carolina House Bill 479 tasks the North Carolina Environmental Review Commission to investigate matters related to the decommissioning of utility-scale solar projects, which are defined to be ground-mounted solar power projects directly connected to the electrical transmission grid for sale. This includes many types of solar panels, solar arrays, buildings, facilities, and any other infrastructure involved in the project. The Environmental Review Commission reported the findings and recommendations of the study to the General Assembly, and the data will be taken into account for any future laws or regulations regarding solar panel end-of-life management within the state.

Similarly, the New Jersey Legislative also created a bill calling for the creation of a solar panel recycling commission to investigate options for recycling and other end-of-life management for solar panels and solar energy generation structures. Although these investigations provide useful estimates for things like the necessary infrastructure to support recycling, which can inform future programs, they do not mandate any new regulations which makes their impact unclear.

Hawaii
In the 1990s, the federal government became more involved in the research and development of solar energy. Grants and tax incentives were given out to homeowners to encourage the installation and use of solar systems. Solar panels installed in the 1990s are nearing the end of their thirty years life span and will start requiring disposal. In 2008, the legislature passed Act 204, Session Laws of Hawaii, commonly referred to as the "solar water heater mandate", that requires new homes to utilize solar water heating.

A bill was proposed to require the Hawaii State Energy Office and the Department of Health to conduct a comprehensive study, to determine the best practices for the disposal and recycling of solar panels and other appliances dependent on solar energy. The study will address (1) the number of aging solar panels in Hawaii that will need to be disposed of or recycled, (2) the type and chemical composition of those solar panels, (3) the best practices for the collection, disposal, and recycling of photovoltaic waste for adoption across local, national, and international communities, (4) whether a fee should be charged for the disposal or recycling of solar panels, and (5) any other issues that the state office of energy and the department of health consider appropriate for photovoltaic waste disposal and recycling.

The bill passed in the House of Representatives in February, 2022 and has been transmitted to the Senate where it is currently awaiting approval before being introduced to the governor.

Solar Energy Industries Association
The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) is the national non-profit trade association of the solar-energy industry in the United States. SEIA has taken the lead for the responsible disposal of solar panels by establishing takeback and recycling programs nationally. SEIA works with regulators to develop implementable legislation and manageable processes for compliance. SEIA's PV Recycling Working Group partners with major solar manufacturers and installer-developers such as First Solar, SunPower, Flex, JinkoSolar, Panasonic, SolarCity, and Trina Solar in order to establish a network of cost-effective recyclers that can responsibly manage PV waste and end-of-life disposal of PV panels.

Tom Kimbis, SEIA's interim president, claimed that he wants "to make the entire solar industry landfill-free by establishing a national network of collection points, recycling facilities and an easy-to-use consumer web portal, this proactive program will help drive down the cost of recycling for all parties involved. This means the environment wins and so do our solar consumers and companies."

SEIA's photovoltaic recycling program consists of three major steps. First, the SEIA member gathers information on the equipment that will be recycled. Then, the SEIA member choose a recycling partner from the many companies that SEIA can connect them with. Finally, they prepare documentation and arrange for the collection, transportation, and drop-off of the equipment to the recycling partner. Finally, the equipment is recycled according to the chosen recycling partner's policies.

Conclusions
Solar panel recycling is a social, technical and economic issue. The United States' decision to allow states to elect their own EOL legislature for photovoltaics has resulted in varied progress across the country. The SEIA and takeback programs by local solar companies have started to manage the growing volume of retiring panels despite the lack of direction from legislature. For lasting and equivalent options to be available to PV consumers across the U.S., more funding for standardized takeback programs and research into recycling processes must be demanded by consumers to their state governments. The future of solar panel recycling can help maintain solar energy's green characteristics, but progress must be made in all aspects of EOL programs and processing.


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Lentis/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing

Peer-to-Peer Networking
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing is a distributed application architecture that equally distributes workloads, computing resources, and media access between peers. This architecture prioritizes connectivity and communication between users. Each system involved within a P2P network is said to be a node, which contributes to greater system performance. Resources such as processing power, CPU/GPU utilization, storage, and network bandwidth are made accessible to other nodes within the network, without the need for a centralized server or host. When a node requires a task, it is another node that supplies the resource, creating a siloed and bidirectional environment where the consumers are also the suppliers.

The lack of a central server allows a P2P configuration to be more cost efficient than traditional server architecture, since a network can be created through existing computers. Further, failure of one of the acting node computers won't disrupt the rest of the system as each terminal can function independently from others. Downloads can be interrupted without failure, as they are being drawn from hundreds of sources at once rather than a single server. P2P gives networking control entirely to the user, allowing for distinct permissions and access throughout the system.

Comparison to Client-Server Architecture
Rather than a communication focus, client-server systems focus primarily on data access. They are a centralized system where one dedicated host accounts for media/connection access for other systems, called in this case clients. Data transfer is handled specifically by the host to clients, however, data can also be collected from a client to their host. The host server/system requires a constant strong connection and needs to account for bandwidth and system capabilities depending on client access and needs. This is currently the most utilized system with the advent of the world wide web and ensuing web browsers of the late 1990s. This architecture is mainly utilized in modern internet use for the following reasons:

Centralized Data and Security
Owners of servers are explicitly in control of file access, delivering filtered and limited data to users. In addition, those using servers are able to provide safeguards during the transfer and storage of needed information. Developments such as administrator privileges and 2-factor authentication provide greater security and allow for smoother access to data. A high level of security allows for the safest options to browse the internet, providing the user with a simple browsing experience.

Scalability
Servers can be scaled by the addition of greater resources. This includes additional computing power, more servers, and expanded bandwidth and connection capabilities through available infrastructure.

Accessibility
Features such as full system capability, server-based backups, expedited file sharing, and no need for user-side security provide a platform for all users to have their desired experience accessing the likes of a website, database, or other form of server system with client-server architecture.

1969 - ARPANET
Connected between UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UC Santa Barbara and the University of Utah, ARPANET was a prime example of early internet being Peer to Peer. This development signified the technical foundation of the internet.

1979 - Usenet
Based off of the Unix to Unix-Copy Protocol, this network allowed Unix based systems to connect to one another, exchange media, and then disconnect. This system was the precursor to many forums, where thousands of users formed newsgroups to exchange information.

1999/2000 - Napster and Limewire
Development of the 2 primary media file sharing platforms responsible for the transformation of internet use in the context of media streaming. Both allowed millions of early internet users to connect directly to those with desired files, establishing a limitless peer to peer system for data access. Despite their controversy, this was the beginning of the shift towards modern data use and user relationships with the internet.

2000 - Gnutella
Gnutella is a protocol which greatly streamlined node access and the file downloading process in P2P networks. This is done through a process called query flooding, where nodes connect to related neighbors iteratively to quicken the file search.

2000 - Freenet
Freenet allowed for greater anonymity via file and user encryption. Nodes were still utilized, however sought after data and the access process were protected actions not understandable by other users. This later evolved into the darknet and subsidiary access levels of modern internet infrastructure.

2001 - Bittorrent
A client developed to further expedite media access and download. This is done by installing parts of a file from multiple sources, notated as the swarm. This usage of P2P networking was praised and heavily used for its efficiency in distributing large files, and became a centerpiece for modern media pirating systems.

2009 - Bitcoin
A decentralized cryptocurrency based on the blockchain, a digital ledger of transactions that is replicated and distributed across a large network of computer systems, or nodes, to record and secure information. The use of a P2P system to create a currency with the ability to be universally exchanged soared in popularity and still continues its effect on modern digital currency and economy.

The Future of P2P Networks: Blockchains
Today, peer to peer networks are most notably used to support blockchains, enabling cryptocurrencies and their related technologies. The P2P network is used to store relevant blockchain information and is made available to all users who would like to connect. Each node that is connected to the network works to validate transactions, ensuring trust throughout the system, as there is an underlying assumption that an individual node is trustworthy. A network can only be compromised if one entity controls more than 50% of all nodes. This is infeasible for large P2P networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

The added security of P2P networks allows for new innovations to emerge on blockchains. The Ethereum blockchain is known for its different subsets of networking technologies. Financial transactions is what cryptocurrencies are best known for, but in the future there are many more uses. Cryptocurrencies used to have to create their own blockchains and methodologies, today Ethereum allows for the creation of cryptocurrencies on its blockchain. Anyone with an internet connection can create a cryptocurrency through the use of a smart contract.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are also built on the Ethereum blockchain. These organizations allow for nodes to communicate and make decisions based on membership. This happens anonymously and allows for transparency, as all information on the voting and actions is stored publicly in a P2P network. These organizations often collect money from their members and then decide what to do with it, from donating to charity, to gambling, the options are endless. Intriguingly, this is a new methodology for creating non-profit organizations. However, anonymity does attract bad players, so this technology can be used for nefarious purposes.

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are hyped up to be the future of cryptocurrencies, and by extension P2P networks. They allow for the proof of ownership of a digital asset, much like a deed to a house. However, value is only generated by perception when there is a lack of government regulation. NFTs are only valuable because other nodes in the network believe they are. NFTs have other uses than just ownership of digital art. They can be used to prove ownership of anything, in the future deeds, loans, and stock holdings could all be NFTs. This adds security because of the P2P network, the data is stored on thousands of nodes, so if one goes down it persists.

The Rise & Fall of Napster
Napster was created as a music file-sharing computer service in 1999 by Shawn Fanning, a freshman at Northeastern University. CD sales were at an all time high in 1999, a time where an entire album must be purchased to listen to just one hit song. In an attempt to combat the high cost of music ownership, Fanning utilized peer-to-peer networking to decentralize the music industry and provide music for free with his service, Napster. Users were able to browse local discs of neighboring computers directly for mp3 files before downloading them free of charge.

Within one year of Napster's creation, the company claimed its membership reached more than 20 million users, fully disrupting the music industry. The program removed the need for physical music purchases and filtered massive amounts of revenue away from artists and record labels. The heavy metal band Metallica filed a suit in April 2000 against Napster for copyright infringement against protected materials. Publicity from numerous similar court cases increased rapidly, encouraging others in the music industry to join in the suit against the program. In February of 2001, the U.S. federal appeals court ruled against Napster in their knowledge of direct infringement through its near 80 million users. The service was shut down in July 2001, attempted to become a subscription based model, but had already lost its appeal to users. Although ineffective in the short term, Napster manage to alter the music industry forever and lead to the streaming based music services we now have today.

title: Lentis/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing


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Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in style of pictorialism

Pictorialism is a movement in photographic art, whose proponents, by manipulating the original image, give it additional features of artistry, as a result of which the photograph becomes similar to painting.

General information
The style of photographic art,, whose name comes from the word "pictorial", arose in the West at the end of the 19th century; it was a reaction to the recognition of photography as a static display of reality that had nothing to do with art. Probably, in those years, the concept “photo artist” (that is, a master of artistic photography) was born.

As a rule, in photographs belonging to this style, the image is blurred to one degree or another, which contrasts them with straight photography; and the shades are monochromatic, ranging from browns to pale blues.

Ways of implementation
The 21st century, in contrast to the period when the style was born, offers the author a wide range of opportunities for photo processing: first of all — a variety of graphic editors, however, “grandfather methods” can also be used if desired. At the same time, you need to remember that the original photo work must contain elements of artistry, otherwise post-processing will be powerless.

Blurry contours, ambient lighting, smooth transitions, preference for night and foggy scenes - these factors will help you in your work. For shooting, you should choose landscapes, portraits, nudes — these are the themes that prevailed in the works of the founders of the style.

I would like to remind you that this manual is intended to familiarize you with the basics of photographic art. Those who wish to study the subject in depth, including the historical premices to the emergence of the style, may refer to the encyclopedic article.


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Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike

Introduction
The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike took place from August 21 to September 9, where prisoners across the United States went on strike by coordinating sit-ins, hunger strikes, work stoppages, and commissary boycotts. Prisoners wanted to draw attention to poor prison conditions and exploitative labor practices. The first calls for the strike began in April after a prison riot at Lee Correctional Institution left seven inmates dead and 17 injured. Six of the seven prisoners killed were African-American. The violence was permitted for hours, making it the deadliest prison riot in the United States of the last 25 years. Inmates in at least 17 states were expected to participate in the strike, but protests were only demonstrated in four states. Nonetheless, the strike garnered national media coverage, sharing the issue of the inhumane treatment of prisoners with a larger audience. The start date of the strike was chosen to mark the 47th anniversary of the death of Black Panther member George Jackson. Jackson was shot in a prison yard during an escape attempt in California on August 21, 1971. The strike's end date recognized the deadly Attica prison uprising of September 9, 1971 in New York.

The strike can teach us about ways of making issues visible, especially issues that are traditionally hidden from the public. These include the existence of modern slavery and dehumanization of prisoners in the U.S.

Participants
The strike was initiated by Jailhouse Lawyers Speak (JSL), a collection of imprisoned people who fight for human rights. JSL provides prisoners access to legal education and other resources. They hope to improve human conditions in prisons, provide prisoners access to rehabilitation and voting services, and address racism in the U.S. justice system. JSL released the list of 10 demands and planned the strike. The strike was also supported by the Incarcerated Workers Committee (IWOC), a prison-led union of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). IWOC works to end prison slavery, end the criminalization and exploitation of the working class, and amplify the voices of working inmates. Opponents of the strike included prison officials, who subjected prisoners involved in the strike to severe punishments. More broadly, prison strikes and an end to cheap prison labor hurts the material interests of state governments and prison systems, which benefit the most from prison labor.

Demands
The following were the demands listed by the IWOC :

 * 1) Immediate improvements to the conditions of prisons and prison policies that recognize the humanity of imprisoned men and women.
 * 2) An immediate end to prison slavery. All persons imprisoned in any place of detention under United States jurisdiction must be paid the prevailing wage in their state or territory for their labor.
 * 3) The Prison Litigation Reform Act must be rescinded, allowing imprisoned humans a proper channel to address grievances and violations of their rights.
 * 4) The Truth in Sentencing Act and the Sentencing Reform Act must be rescinded so that imprisoned humans have a possibility of rehabilitation and parole. No human shall be sentenced to Death by Incarceration or serve any sentence without the possibility of parole.
 * 5) An immediate end to the racial overcharging, over-sentencing, and parole denials of Black and brown humans. Black humans shall no longer be denied parole because the victim of the crime was white, which is a particular problem in southern states.
 * 6) An immediate end to racist gang enhancement laws targeting Black and brown humans.
 * 7) No imprisoned human shall be denied access to rehabilitation programs at their place of detention because of their label as a violent offender.
 * 8) State prisons must be funded specifically to offer more rehabilitation services.
 * 9) Pell grants must be reinstated in all US states and territories.
 * 10) The voting rights of all confined citizens serving prison sentences, pretrial detainees, and so-called "ex-felons" must be counted. Representation is demanded. All voices count.

Strategic Visibility
Strategic visibility is how groups bring awareness to a cause when opponents try to hide the issue. Though the ultimate goal of the 2018 U.S. Prison Strike was to secure the 10 demands, a crucial step toward achieving this goal was making their cause more widely known.

Building visibility for prison issues was especially challenging because of the limitations placed on inmates' communication. Internet access is sometimes permitted in low-security prisons. Otherwise, written correspondence is the most popular form of communication among inmates. Prisoners can receive in-person visits by friends and family, but they are usually behind a divider and over the phone. A prisoner is allowed up to 300 minutes of cell phone calls a day from a list of approved callers, and these phone calls are usually subject to monitoring and recording.

Despite these limitations, prisoners managed to spread their agenda. After JSL announced the strike via Twitter, the IWOC developed low and high-tech methods to spread the word about the strike. Inmates passed information to outside contacts using contraband cellphones, and IWOC members promoted the strike's agenda on Facebook and Twitter. For what they lacked in high-tech methods like internet access and social media, prisoners found low-tech ways to pass their message. Strategies included publishing information in inconspicuous newsletters and simply spreading the word by mouth. Opponents used techniques to prevent the use of these tools such as subjecting prisoners involved in the strike to solitary confinement, removing communication privileges.

The effective organization of these groups managed to garner support in prisons, jails, and detention facilities in at least 17 states. The prisoners were able to bring widespread attention to their issue by positioning themselves publicly and raising awareness within their confined walls.

Islands of invisibility
Striking prisoners succeeded in gathering national attention. Their strategies can help inform the ways others make seemingly invisible issues visible.

It has become easier than ever for people to bring visibility to important issues. In most public places, there are cell phones that quickly record previously hidden events. The filming of the murder of George Floyd in 2020, for example, helped spark mass protests and marches in summer 2020. This media brought more visibility to the issue of police brutality than any other previous event and sparked one of the largest protests in U.S. history. Polls showed that upwards of 26 million people protested during the Black Lives Matter protests of 2020.

But there remain various locations and causes that have not yet reached widespread visibility. Crimes such as rape and sexual assault committed during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine have often remained unknown to the public and unpunished by authorities. Dietary supplement company USPlabs sold supplements with dangerous doses of synthetic stimulant methylhexanamine (DMAA); the company was only scrutinized after DMAA was found in the bodies of two deceased U.S. military soldiers. In both cases, the broad availability of cell phones in most settings did not apply, and issues could not be documented and shared with a larger audience.

Similarly, the rights and issues of prisoners are not often considered by most people. The issues of the incarcerated are physically hidden from the view of the general population, and cell phones are not nearly as accessible to prisoners. Thus, prison-related issues were not among the top 18 issues for voters during the 2022 congressional midterm elections.

The U.S. prison strike teaches us tactics for illuminating islands of invisibility. For instance, widespread action helps gain momentum for movements. If a single prisoner, or even a single prison, decided to strike for weeks, there would likely have not been widespread coverage by large media organizations. However, due to the strike's status as a nationwide event, it became a notable story. Once a movement gains enough involvement, it cannot be ignored by those in power.

The strike also wielded social media and an online presence to gather support. Strike organizers Jailhouse Lawyers Speak released their original press release outlining strike demands, a plan of action, and ways to support the strike. This tweet received nearly 2,800 likes and over 2,700 retweets JLS maintains a website where they post about the current issues they are fighting for, including this strike's stated goals. IWOC also keeps an article about the prison strikes, listing demands, endorsers, and ways to support strikers. The internet and social media are simple ways to reach a broad audience; anyone with an internet connection can view public posts and articles.

Finally, activists used strike coverage by established media outlets to guarantee attention from the public. News outlets such as The New York Times, Vox, Newsweek, and USA Today published articles about the strike in 2018. These organizations regularly reach a broad audience hoping to stay up-to-date on the current largest stories. With these outlets covering the strike, this helped the event gain legitimacy and delivered visibility about the strikers' issues to readers nationwide.

Prison Labor as Modern Slavery
Penal labor is a widespread practice across many U.S. prisons. Prisoners are put to work daily in return for paltry wages. This resulted in item two on the list of demands from the IWOC. The forced labor and poor pay is often referred to as "modern slavery" by inmates participating in the protests and strike organizers. Several states do not pay inmates at all. This free prison labor is exploitative when inmates are coerced, forced, or threatened with punishment if they refuse to work. This leads to an inherent power imbalance as prisoners cannot directly challenge abuses from behind bars. This exploitative practice is legal because of the exception in the U.S. Constitution's 13th amendment that allows involuntary servitude "as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus, prisoners have no constitutional rights and are unprotected from forced labor. The average pay in state prisons is $0.20 an hour, however Louisiana's hourly pay stoops as low as $0.04. These jobs may be difficult and dangerous, and inmates with no basic labor protections receive little or no training.

By studying the conditions to which prisoners are subjected, a person can see that slavery is prevalent around the world. It can take many forms, such as human trafficking. Anti-Slavery International defines modern slavery as an individual being exploited by others, for personal or commercial gain. They essentially lose their freedom after being tricked, coerced, or forced. The Democratic Republic of Congo supplies more than 60% of the world's cobalt, which is used in lithium-ion batteries and found in cell phones, electric vehicles, and other electronics. This is obtained at the hands of more than 255,000 miners, 35,000 of those being children as young as six, working in slave labor in the dangerous Congo's cobalt mines. Similar to the the prison strike, this important issue gained momentum and media coverage after International Rights Advocates filed a lawsuit against Apple, Google, Dell, Microsoft, and Tesla on behalf of 14 Congolese families. These tech giants were accused of aiding the mining companies that enforce dangerous working conditions and resulted in their children being killed. Therefore, more investigations were being launched and media outlets even traveled to Congo themselves to see the child labor firsthand. This shed a light to the horrid realities that the Congolese faced and made more people become aware of the blood and sweat that created their smartphones.

Dignity
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." Simply being human means you deserve respect, value and to be treated ethically. However, prisoners rarely have this case from the moment they put on their uniform. After the uniform change they become a number; losing their humanity and identity immediately. A famous example of this can be seen with the Stanford prison experiment. The deindividualization seen might be on the extreme side, but it highlights how those in power take control against people they deem insignificant. To apply this to current conditions an example would be the labor conditions prisoners have to face. A report from the American Civil Liberties Union shows that :

 * 65% of prisoners report working behind bars
 * 76% of prisoners report facing punishment such as denial of sentence reductions, loss of family visitation, solitary confinement, etc. if they refuse to work
 * Prisoners have no control over work assignments, get paid mere pennies at most institutions instead of minimum wage, do not receive work training, are denied workplace safety, and more.

They lose their dignity and rights by being treated unethically as cheap labor. IWOC realizes this and as part of their demands asks prisons to improve these conditions and realize prisoners are human beings, the same human beings who are born equal in dignity and rights.

Conclusion
During the 2018 U.S. Prison Strike, organizers grew a movement through the use of low- and high-tech methods. These methods can generalize to other issues traditionally hidden from the public.

The strike highlighted the issues of modern slavery in the U.S., and the fact that slavery is a fact of life throughout the modern world. The strike brought attention to the idea that prisoners deserve human dignity, and that the incarcerated should maintain many of the basic labor rights guaranteed to people outside of prisons.

Future research into the strikes could discuss the historical background behind labor and the prison-labor movement. Such research could also discuss the history of systemic racism behind the current state of U.S. prisons.

title: Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike


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Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy

The Line 3 Pipeline is a 1031-mile crude oil pipeline, running from Hardisty, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin. Built in the 1960s, the original pipeline was corroded and required ongoing maintenance. In 2014, Enbridge announced plans to rebuild the Line 3 pipeline to address safety and maintenance concerns and to increase the oil capacity. The construction of the replacement pipeline was met with opposition from environmental groups and Native American communities in the United States. As of October 2021, the replacement pipeline is complete and fully operational.

History
The Line 3 pipeline was originally built in the 1960s and began operation in 1968. Since completion, the capacity of the pipeline has varied between 760,000 barrels per day and the current capacity of 390,000 barrels per day. The pipeline was initially built and owned by Lakehead Pipeline Company, which later became Enbridge.

Oil Spills
From the early 1970s to 1991, the Line 3 pipeline had 16 oil spills, resulting in around 4 million gallons of oil spilled. The largest of these was on March 3, 1991, when 1.7 million gallons of crude oil spilled onto the frozen Prairie River near Grand Rapids, Minnesota due to a rupture in the Line 3 pipeline. If the river had not been frozen over, the oil would have contaminated the Mississippi River just two miles downstream. To this day, it is still the largest inland oil spill in the United States. Cleanup efforts were led by government agencies including the U.S. Coast Guard, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Minnesota Department of Emergency Management, and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

Pipeline Replacement
Due to safety concerns regarding the degradation of the Line 3 pipeline, it has been transporting around 390,000 barrels of oil per day since 2010, significantly less that the 760,000 barrels per day capacity. In 2014, Enbridge submitted plans to invest $7.5 billion to install a new 1,031-mile, 36-inch diameter pipeline and deactivate the existing 1097-mile pipeline from Edmonton, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin. After years of delays due to public opposition, Enbridge completed the pipeline replacement and the new pipeline began service on October 1, 2021. The new pipeline averages 760,000 barrels of oil per day with a capacity of 844,000 barrels per day.

Army Corps of Engineers
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued a permit to Enbridge, Inc., for impacts to waters due to the construction from Line 3. The Corps claimed the approval was science based. The Corps analysis included very little independent evaluation of the risk of oil spills at the approved crossings. The Corps asked the judge to toss the lawsuit from native tribes and environmental groups.

Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended replacing Line 3. In 2016, Enbridge agreed to a settlement with the EPA over Michigan and Illinois oil spills caused by Enbridge pipelines. In this agreement the government required Enbridge to replace the Line 3 pipeline.

Enbridge
The Line 3 pipeline is owned by Enbridge, a multinational pipeline company founded in 1949 that owns pipelines throughout the U.S and Canada. It is North America's largest natural gas utility by volume and third largest by active customers. The CEO and president of Enbridge is Al Monaco.

American Petroleum Institute
Enbridge CEO, Al Monaco is also a Director and member of the American Petroleum Institute (API) Executive and Finance Committees. API is the largest U.S. trade association for oil and gas and contributes about 75% of funds to the Republican Party every two year election term with 25% going to the Democratic Party. Mike Sommers, the API president and CEO, argued that "restricting pipeline development and shutting down safe pipelines that deliver affordable energy to the world is the exact opposite thing that we should be pursuing right now" in regard to the Line 3 protests.

Minnesotans for Line 3

Minnesotans for Line 3 is a grassroot organization started to support the Line 3 pipeline. They're an organization of thousands of members and have had 70 public meetings over the past six years. They believe the pipeline was a significant boost to economy during its design and construction due to the purchase of local materials for construction and use of local hotels and restaurants. They argue that Line 3 creates thousands of construction jobs and new business opportunities for project planning.

Ojibwe Tribe
Many Native American communities have established reservations in Northern Minnesota and nearby regions of Canada through treaties with the U.S. and Canadian governments. One community, the Ojibwe tribe, has opposed Line 3 because the proposed route of the new pipeline crosses over protected land. They have voiced concerns that the construction of the pipeline would jeopardize wildlife and resources that have been promised to them through land treaties.

Several Ojibwe bands have taken legal action against Enbridge in Minnesota courts. In 2017, the White Earth and Red Lake bands, along with the support of environmental groups, filed a lawsuit that attempted to block Minnesota’s approval of the new Line 3 pipeline. The Mille Lacs, Red Lake, and White Earth bands were also a part of a joint effort in which the Minnesota Court of Appeals reversed the Public Utilities Commission's approval of the proposed Line 3 project. Most recently, tribal council chairman Kevin Dupuis Sr. characterized the Line 3 revitalization project as “evil,” and that the Ojibwe is “confounded that [they] are being forced to choose between two evils as both routes pass through [their] lands - the Fond du Lac Reservation and the 1854 Ceded Territories.”

Environmental Groups
Several environmental groups have resisted Enbridge’s planning and construction of Line 3. One group, the Sierra Club, maintains a campaign entitled “Beyond Oil” whose mission is to advocate for a future without the need for infrastructure to transport fossil fuels. The Sierra Club was instrumental in organizing a movement to block construction of Line 3. On June 7, 2021, over two thousand people gathered at the construction site in Minnesota calling for federal representatives to revoke Enbridge’s building permits.

Another environmental group, Honor the Earth, aims to raise awareness and support for environmental issues that are significant to Native American communities. In response to Enbridge's plan to rebuild Line 3, Honor the Earth’s Executive Director Winona LaDuke issued a statement portraying the construction project as a “crime” and urging state and federal officials to issue an environmental impact statement of the pipeline. Both the Sierra Group and Honor the Earth joined the Ojibwe community in 2017 to file an appeal to block the pipeline’s approval in Minnesota.

Environmental Impact
The pipeline exposes a new part of the state to a potential oil spill which would threaten lakes and rivers. It crosses 227 bodies of water including the Mississippi river twice and is a watershed for 18 million people. The new pipeline has the capacity to carry more oil. The additional oil transported is equivalent to total CO2 daily emissions of 20 million cars every year. The oil also contains harmful carcinogens like benzene. The oil is Alberta’s tar sands which emits three times as much global warming pollution compared to conventional crude oil. Alberta tar's sand mining for Line 3 will demolish a region in Alberta the size of Florida. Enbridge building a new pipeline leads to the current pipeline being abandoned in the present state. This puts the environment at risk from corrosion and leftover oil. The construction of the pipeline has settler colonialism based environmental justice issues. It threatens 20 wild rice lakes within just a mile of Line 3 where native people harvest this sacred food.

Outcomes
While the Line 3 revitalization project in Minnesota has mostly concluded, dispute caused by the pipeline continues to be an ongoing issue. The new pipeline started operating on October 1, 2021 and is expected to increase Enbridge’s export capacity of oil from Western Canada to the U.S. by about 370,000 barrels of oil per day. Protesters continue to express opposition to the pipeline to Enbridge and local politicians while environmental organizations, interest groups, and Native American communities challenge the pipeline’s permits in federal and tribal courts. The state’s environmental impact assessment of the project concluded that the pipeline’s carbon output could be up to 193 million tons of carbon per year.

title: Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy