text:
Simple Guide to Minecraft/Creative

Creative mode is a thrilling and boundless gameplay experience in Minecraft, offering players the freedom to unleash their creativity and build without limitations.

In Creative mode, players have access to an extensive inventory of items and blocks from the start. There are no restrictions on resources, allowing players to build magnificent structures and landscapes without the need for gathering or crafting. This mode is ideal for players who want to focus solely on their imaginative endeavors.

The day-night cycle in Creative mode does not affect gameplay, as there are no hostile mobs to contend with. Players can freely explore the vast and diverse biomes, such as lush forests, towering mountains, expansive deserts, and shimmering oceans. These environments serve as a canvas for players to shape their visions and construct breathtaking creations.

With an abundance of blocks and items at their disposal, players can build structures of any scale and complexity. From grand castles and towering skyscrapers to intricate redstone contraptions and sprawling cities, the possibilities are limited only by the imagination. Creative mode empowers players to experiment with different architectural styles, experiment with landscaping, and create stunning works of art.

Collaborative multiplayer in Creative mode allows players to join forces with others, working together to bring their collective visions to life. By sharing resources and ideas, players can collaborate on ambitious projects, constructing entire worlds that showcase their combined talents.

Creative mode also encourages players to engage in imaginative gameplay beyond construction. They can experiment with redstone circuitry, creating elaborate mechanisms and contraptions. Players can design puzzle maps, adventure maps, or mini-games, sharing their creations with others to enjoy.

In this mode, the focus is on unrestricted creativity, enabling players to shape their own virtual realms and explore the endless possibilities within Minecraft. With the absence of survival elements, players can fully dedicate their time to constructing awe-inspiring structures, fostering their artistic skills, and indulging in the limitless potential of their imaginations.

Creative mode is the ultimate outlet for expression and invention in Minecraft. It offers an immersive and liberating experience where players can transform the world according to their wildest dreams, making it a paradise for builders, architects, and anyone seeking an unbounded sandbox for their creativity to thrive.

For more information, please see the Survival Tutorials page.

title: Simple Guide to Minecraft/Creative


text:
User:SunderB/Draft:Spectroscopy/HII Regions/Ionisation and Temperature

Assumptions

 * Ionisation always occurs from the ground state, also known as Case B Recombination - unlikely for ionisation from higher states as they have shorter lifetimes
 * Ionisation occurs as soon as an electron reaches the ground state - constant supply of high energy electrons
 * Energy is distributed across all components of the plasma quickly, so gas temperature is approximately equal to electron temperature - due to large number of particle interactions

Recombination and Ionisation Rates
To model recombination, we consider that:

 * The overall recombination rate is proportional to the number densities of protons and electrons, and that $$n_pn_e \approx (n_e)^2$$
 * The rate in which electrons recombine into different energy levels varies. Each energy level has its own recombination rate coefficient $$\beta_n$$, which is dependent on temperature.

Combining these two points gives:

$$\frac{dN_R}{dt}=(n_e)^2\times\beta_n(T_e)$$

To get the total recombination rate, we can sum up the number of recombinations into all the energy levels. Assuming Case B recombination:

$$\beta_B(T_e)=(2\times10^{-16)})T^{-\frac{3}{4}}$$

To model ionisation, we consider that:

 * Ionisation rate is proportional to the number density of neutral hydrogen atoms $$n_H$$
 * Ionisation rate is also proportional to the number of ionising photons $$J$$

Therefore, the ionisation rate can be modelled as:

$$\frac{dN_I}{dt}=\alpha_0n_HJ$$

where $$\alpha_0\approx 6.8\times10^{-22}$$m2 is the photoionisation cross-section.

In equillibrium, these two rates are the same:

$$(n_e)^2\times\beta_N(T_e)=\alpha_0n_HJ$$

Fractional Ionisation
To determine the degree of ionisation in the region, we can look at the fractional ionisation $$x = \frac{n_e}{n}$$.

By using $$n=n_p + n_H$$ and assuming $$n_e\approx n_p$$ we get:

$$\begin{align} x &\approx \frac{n_e}{n_e + n_H}\\ xn_e + xn_H&=n_e\\ xn_H &= (1-x)n_e\\ n_H &= \frac{1-x}{x}n_e \end{align}$$

Therefore:

$$\begin{align} (n_e)^2 \beta_n(T_e)&=\alpha_0\frac{x-1}{x}n_eJ\\ x^2n^2\beta_n(T_e)&=\alpha_0(x-1)nJ\\ \therefore \frac{x^2}{x-1} &= \frac{\alpha_0J}{n\beta_B(T_e)}=\frac{\alpha_0Q}{4\pi r^2 n\beta_B(T_e)} \end{align}$$

Using typical values, it can be found that $$(1-x)$$ is approximately $$3.4 \times 10^{-5}$$.

This suggests that H!! regions are very strongly ionised throughout the whole region, and that they have quite hard edges.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Shia Islam/Printable version

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text: Supplementary mathematics/Printable version


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text:
User talk:Shuoli1999

Comments on Shuo's wiki page entry
Summary of the wiki entry:

The wiki page in the simplified Chinese language consists mainly of 3 sections. Section 2 is on Jellyfish. Section 3 is on Octopus and Section 4 is on the role of the association cortices in sensory processing. They are translations of the corresponding Sections in English. In general, the translations are precise and simple.

General comments:

 * 1) The language is a bit stiff. Quite strong evidence of 'translated text'. If possible breaks long sentences into shorter ones.
 * 2) When translating relative clauses such as where, that, which, sometimes it is necessary to break into 2 sentences and make it clear what the clause is referring to. For example, this sentence is not clear: 凹陷眼和狭缝眼在起搏器活动（伞盖脉动）和控制游泳方向方面的作用尚不清楚，可以在未来的实验中进行阐释，其中特定的眼睛类型被选择性地使其失去功能. what is 其中 referring to?
 * 3) The octopus section is well translated.
 * 4) Remove 'Central nervous system' Section 3.4. It's the same as 3.3.
 * 5) Unify the citation style. Some citation is before the period symbol .  some are after. I would say put all before.
 * 6) The arrangement of the figures can be improved. make the thumbnails slightly bigger and make the text surround them.

Suggestions on details:

 * 1) Hyperlinks for jumping to the Figures are not working (图1，图2， etc).
 * 2) Section 2.2, move the abbreviations (ULE, LLE, PE, SE) closer to their respective Chinese names:位于垂直中线的上晶状体复杂人形眼（ULE）和下晶状体复杂人形眼（LLE） 凹陷眼（PE）和狭缝眼（SE）
 * 3) End of Section 2.2: do not use  ;    Make them into separate short sentences.
 * 4) 箱形水母是否具有彩色视觉? -> 箱形水母是否具有色彩视觉？
 * 5) Weird grammar: 有一种假说提出，取决于水母身体和触手收缩的速度和强度的游泳速度，是由负责视觉信息高阶处理和整合的独特神经元群的起搏器活动所控制的.
 * 6) In the octopus section, the word 'reject' is better translated into 排斥 than 拒绝.
 * 7) The numbers, for example, 3.5x10^8 is better written into 35亿 (3.5 billion), similar applies to numbers which can be written into 百万 (million), 万 (10k), etc.
 * 8) 所有这些元素都向心性地向神经节发送它们的进程. --> 所有这些元素都将他们的过程向心性地向神经节发送.
 * 9) 注意到，在实施刺激前手动创建弯曲会更容易引起弯曲的传播. --> 人们注意到，当在刺激之前人工施加弯曲时，弯曲的传播更容易启动.
 * 10) 由于失神经支配的章鱼触手的伸展 --> 由于失去神经支配的章鱼触手的伸展
 * 11) 在本维基教科书中，人体解剖学（add link）和生理学 (add link) 部分中描述的感觉系统在神经系统中执行特定的功能.
 * 12) The first sentence in 4.3.2 is repeating. Remove it.

Zuowen Wang (discuss • contribs) 11:25, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shuoli1999


text: Category:Book:Mirad Lexicon

title: Category:Book:Mirad Lexicon


text: Category:Book:Infrastructure as Code - vSphere, Packer, and Terraform


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text: Category:Book:Vocabularies in prominent Indian languages


text:
Simple Guide to Minecraft/Overworld/Biomes

= Important Biomes in the Overworld = The Overworld in Minecraft is a vast and diverse realm, consisting of various biomes that shape the landscape and offer distinct environmental conditions. Each biome has its own set of features, resources, and mob spawns, providing players with unique exploration experiences. Here are some of the notable biomes you can discover in the Overworld.

Forest
Forests are lush biomes characterized by tall trees, dense foliage, and abundant wildlife. They are home to various animals such as rabbits, wolves, and ocelots. Players can gather wood, leaves, and saplings from the trees, as well as hunt animals for food and resources. Forests often have clearings, making them ideal for building structures and establishing settlements.

Desert
Deserts are arid and dry biomes with vast stretches of sandy terrain and scarce vegetation. These biomes are challenging to navigate due to their lack of water sources, limited food options, and the presence of hostile mobs such as husks and desert zombies. However, deserts are known for their valuable resources, including cacti, sand, and, occasionally, desert temples containing rare loot.

Plains
Plains are expansive and relatively flat biomes characterized by grassy landscapes and scattered trees. They are home to a variety of animals, including horses and cows, making them excellent areas for animal farming. Players can gather abundant resources such as wheat, flowers, and tall grass, which can be used for breeding animals or crafting various items. Plains are also popular locations for building farms and villages.

Mountains
Mountains are majestic biomes featuring towering peaks, steep cliffs, and snowy slopes. They provide breathtaking views and challenging terrain for adventurous players. Mountains are rich in valuable resources like coal, iron, and emeralds, making them ideal for mining expeditions. Players may also encounter mountain goats, which can be sheared for their wool. Building structures within mountains can be a thrilling and rewarding endeavor.

Ocean
Oceans are vast bodies of water that stretch across the Overworld, offering expansive aquatic exploration opportunities. They are home to marine life such as fish, dolphins, and turtles. Oceans contain various underwater structures like shipwrecks and coral reefs, which hold valuable loot and vibrant coral blocks. Players can fish for food, harvest kelp and seagrass, and even construct underwater bases to delve into the depths.

Snowy Tundra
Snowy tundras are frigid and snowy biomes, characterized by icy plains, frozen lakes, and sparse vegetation. These biomes pose additional challenges due to their low temperatures, which can cause players to suffer from falling in powder snow,making them take damage and be trapped,making leather boots a must. Polar bears and stray cats can be found in snowy tundras, providing unique interactions. Valuable resources like packed ice and snow can be harvested for building purposes or crafting snow-related items.

Conclusion
The Overworld's biomes offer a diverse range of environments, each with its own distinct features and resources. Exploring these biomes allows players to gather valuable materials, encounter different wildlife, and embark on exciting adventures. Understanding the characteristics of each biome is crucial for survival and thriving in the vast and dynamic world of Minecraft."


text:
Simple Guide to Minecraft/Nether/Biomes

= Important Biomes in the Nether = The Nether in Minecraft is a dangerous and otherworldly dimension filled with treacherous terrain and unique biomes. These biomes, distinct from those in the Overworld, present formidable challenges and valuable resources for intrepid adventurers. Here are some of the notable biomes you can encounter in the Nether:

Nether Wastes
Nether Wastes is the most common and barren biome in the Nether, characterized by vast expanses of crumbling terrain, lava lakes, and towering basalt columns. It is a desolate and dangerous place, with hostile mobs such as zombie piglins and ghasts lurking about. Nether Wastes provide a steady source of netherrack, gravel, and glowstone, which are crucial for various Nether-related crafts and building projects.

Soul Sand Valley
Soul Sand Valley is a haunting biome filled with towering basalt pillars, soul sand, and blue flames. The air is thick with a bluish mist, and ghasts frequently roam the area. Skeletons and wither skeletons also spawn here, presenting additional challenges. Soul Sand Valley is renowned for its unique vegetation, including soul sand, soul soil, and twisting vines. Players can also find fossils buried beneath the soul sand.

Crimson Forest
Crimson Forest is a vibrant and eerie biome characterized by towering crimson stems, twisting vines, and dense foliage. It is inhabited by hostile piglins and hoglins. Nether wart, a crucial ingredient for brewing potions, thrives in this biome, along with crimson fungi and warped fungi. Players can harvest these resources and also encounter the imposing hoglins, which drop valuable items like leather and porkchops.

Warped Forest
Warped Forest is a surreal and otherworldly biome filled with warped fungi, warped stems, and warped nylium. It emanates an ethereal blue glow and is home to passive endermen. This biome offers a peaceful respite in the dangerous Nether, allowing players to collect warped fungi and shroomlights. Warped Forests are also known for their unique warped wart blocks, which can be used for decorative purposes.

Basalt Deltas
Basalt Deltas is a harsh and volcanic biome consisting of vast fields of basalt, blackstone, and lava. It is a treacherous environment with frequent lava falls and magma cubes. Basalt Deltas provide a bountiful supply of basalt and blackstone, which can be used for construction and crafting purposes. Players must exercise caution due to the abundance of lava and hostile mobs like ghasts and skeletons.

Conclusion
The Nether's biomes offer a perilous and distinct environment from the Overworld, presenting unique challenges and rewards for brave explorers. Navigating through these biomes allows players to gather valuable resources, encounter dangerous mobs, and unlock new crafting possibilities. Understanding the characteristics of each Nether biome is crucial for survival and successful traversal within the enigmatic dimension of Minecraft.

title: Simple Guide to Minecraft/Nether/Biomes


text:
Simple Guide to Minecraft/Villager Trading

Villager trading is a gameplay mechanic in Minecraft. It allows players to engage in a bartering system with non-player characters (NPCs) known as villagers. By trading various items and resources with villagers, players can acquire valuable goods and items that can aid them in their Minecraft adventures.

Overview
Villagers are humanoid NPCs found in villages, which are generated structures in the game. They have distinct professions that determine the type of trades they offer. Some common professions include farmers, librarians, blacksmiths, and clerics. Each profession offers different trade options, making it essential for players to interact with various villagers to access a wide range of items.

To initiate a trade, players must find a villager and right-click on them. This opens a trading interface that displays the available trades. The trades are represented by a series of slots, with each slot showing an item or resource that the player must offer to the villager in exchange for the listed item.

Trading Mechanics
When interacting with villagers, players can view the initial trade options available. However, it is important to note that the available trades can change over time. Villagers refresh their trades at specific times, often during the Minecraft day, so players may need to wait or manipulate the game mechanics to unlock new trade options.

Each trade has a cost associated with it. The cost can vary and may include items such as emeralds, other resources, or even specific items obtainable through other means. Players must ensure they have the required items or resources to complete the trade successfully. Upon completing a trade, both the player and the villager receive experience points, allowing the player to level up and potentially unlock new trades with the same villager.

Emeralds and Trading
Emeralds are the primary currency used in villager trading. They can be obtained through various means, including mining, trading with other villagers, or by curing zombie villagers. Players can then use emeralds to purchase items and resources from villagers. The number of emeralds required for a trade can vary depending on the item's rarity, the villager's profession, and the specific trade.

Furthermore, emeralds have their own value, as players can trade them with villagers for other valuable items or resources that are not easily obtained through other means. This creates an interdependent economy within the game, encouraging players to explore and interact with villagers to acquire rare and useful items.

Expanding Villager Trading
Players can expand their villager trading options by creating dedicated trading halls or villages. By providing workstations such as lecterns, crafting tables, or brewing stands, players can assign villagers to specific professions, thereby unlocking a wide range of trade options. This allows players to have easier access to specific items they may need or desire, enhancing their overall gameplay experience.

Conclusion
Villager trading is an integral part of Minecraft, providing players with a unique bartering system and access to a variety of valuable items and resources. By interacting with villagers, players can trade their surplus resources and emeralds for useful tools, enchanted items, rare materials, and much more. The trading system adds depth and complexity to the game, rewarding players for exploring and engaging with the vibrant world of Minecraft.


text: User:RescueEMT153/Collections/EnglishGrammarBook


text:
User:RescueEMT153/Collections/English Grammar Book 1

English grammar pages

 * English Grammar

 * Chapter 1. Basic Parts of Speech
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Nouns
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Pronouns
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Adjectives
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Adverbs
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Prepositions
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Verbs
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Interjections
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Conjunctions
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Determining Parts of Speech
 * English Grammar/Basic Parts of Speech/Basic Parts of Speech Test

 * Chapter 2. Subject and Predicate
 * English Grammar/Subject and Predicate
 * English Grammar/Subject and Predicate/What is a Sentence
 * English Grammar/Subject and Predicate/Subject and Predicate
 * English Grammar/Subject and Predicate/Direct and Indirect Objects

 * Appendices
 * English Grammar/Appendix A

 * Related Books
 * English in Use
 * Rhetoric and Composition/Grammar and Mechanics


text:
User:RescueEMT153/Collections/English Grammar

 * Rhetoric and Composition
 * English in Use
 * English Grammar


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text: Talk:Professionalism/The Nestlé Infant Formula Scandal


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Sources of International Law/General Principles

Review: June 6, 2023
Your chapter provides a comprehensive and engaging overview of general principles of law. I found the chapter to be comprehensive and well-researched, leaving little room for critique or further comments. You successfully covered the essential elements of general principles of law, ensuring that students are equipped with a more than solid foundation in this area. The structure of the chapter was skillfully organized, presenting the complex concepts of general principles in a clear and concise manner. The language used was accessible and student-friendly, making it easier for students to grasp the intricacies of the topic. Your efforts to simplify the subject without compromising its substance were evident, allowing students to comprehend and engage with the material more effectively.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specific. To view these comments, open your chapter page and click "Edit" in the top-right menu bar.

Some minor things:

 * You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.
 * There are some issues with the formatting of the footnotes, which are not always consistent with the OSCOLA citation style. To ensure the chapter is fully compliant with OSCOLA, you should review the formatting of the footnotes and make the necessary corrections.
 * Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 15:05, 6 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Simple Guide to Minecraft/Controls

A table of contents has been provided, please use it to find the instructions for your device.

= Computers =

Movement
WASD - Use the W, A, S, and D keys to move forward, left, backward, and right respectively.

Spacebar - Press the spacebar to jump.

Shift - Hold down the shift key to crouch or sneak, which allows you to move more quietly and avoid falling off edges.

Double Tap - Double-tap and hold the W key to sprint. This increases your movement speed but consumes hunger.

Interactions
Left Mouse Button - Use the left mouse button to break blocks or attack mobs.

Right Mouse Button - Use the right mouse button to place blocks or use items.

Number Keys - Press the number keys to select items in your hotbar.

E - Press the E key to open the inventory or chest.

Q - Press the Q key to drop an item from your inventory.

Middle Mouse Button - Use the middle mouse button to pick up a block from the inventory or creative menu and place it in your inventory or chest.

Inventory and Crafting
Shift + Left Click - Hold down the shift key and left-click to quickly move items between your inventory and chests.

Right Click + Drag - Right-click and drag to split a stack of items in half.

Crafting Table - Place items in the 3x3 crafting grid of a crafting table to create new items.

Furnace - Place fuel and items to be smelted in a furnace to convert them into different materials.

Chat and Commands
T - Press the T key to open the chat window and type messages to other players.

/ - Use the forward slash (/) to enter commands. For example, "/gamemode creative" changes your game mode to creative.

These are the basic controls in Minecraft. Remember that some controls may vary depending on the platform you are playing on.

= Consoles =

Movement

 * Left Stick - Use the left stick to move forward, backward, left, and right.
 * A Button - Press the A button to jump.
 * B Button - Hold down the B button to crouch or sneak.
 * Double Tap - Double-tap and hold the left stick forward to sprint.

Interactions

 * Right Trigger - Use the right trigger to break blocks or attack mobs.
 * Left Trigger - Use the left trigger to place blocks or use items.
 * Directional Pad - Use the directional pad to select items in your hotbar.
 * Y Button - Press the Y button to open the inventory or chest.
 * X Button - Press the X button to drop an item from your inventory.
 * Left Stick (Click) - Click the left stick to pick up a block from the inventory or creative menu and place it in your inventory or chest.

Inventory and Crafting

 * Right Bumper + A Button - Hold down the right bumper and press the A button to quickly move items between your inventory and chests.
 * Right Bumper + X Button - Hold down the right bumper and press the X button to split a stack of items in half.
 * Crafting Table - Open the crafting table interface to place items in the 3x3 crafting grid and create new items.
 * Furnace - Open the furnace interface to place fuel and items to be smelted and convert them into different materials.

Chat and Commands

 * D-Pad Up - Press the D-pad up button to open the chat window and type messages to other players.
 * Start Button - Press the start button to open the game menu, where you can access various options and settings.
 * D-Pad Left - Press the D-pad left button to open the command window and enter commands. For example, type "/gamemode creative" to change your game mode to creative.

These are the basic controls in Minecraft on consoles. Keep in mind that specific controls may vary slightly depending on the console you are playing on.

= Mobile, Tablets, and iPads =

Movement
Virtual Joystick - Use the virtual joystick on the screen to move forward, backward, left, and right.

Jump Button - Tap the jump button to jump.

Sneak Button - Tap the sneak button to crouch or sneak.

Double Tap - Double-tap and hold the virtual joystick forward to sprint and add Ghostdragon1050 and LamboGirl244538

Interactions
Tap and Hold - Tap and hold on the screen to break blocks or attack mobs.

Tap and Release - Tap and release on the screen to place blocks or use items.

Toolbar - Swipe left or right on the toolbar to select items.

Inventory Button - Tap the inventory button to open the inventory or chest.

Drop Button - Tap the drop button to drop an item from your inventory.

Pick Block Button - Tap the pick block button to pick up a block from the inventory or creative menu and place it in your inventory or chest.

Inventory and Crafting
Drag and Drop - Drag and drop items between your inventory and chests.

Split Stack Button - Tap the split stack button to split a stack of items in half.

Crafting Table - Tap the crafting table icon in the inventory to open the crafting table interface and create new items.

Furnace - Tap the furnace icon in the inventory to open the furnace interface and smelt items.

Chat and Commands
Chat Button - Tap the chat button to open the chat window and type messages to other players.

Pause Button - Tap the pause button to open the game menu, where you can access various options and settings.

Command Button - Tap the command button to open the command window and enter commands. For example, type "/gamemode creative" to change your game mode to creative.

These are the basic controls in Minecraft Pocket Edition. Keep in mind that the controls may vary slightly depending on the specific version and device you are playing on.

title: Simple Guide to Minecraft/Controls


text:
User:Minerh

How is your life

title: User:Minerh


text:
Cookbook talk:Lemon Mille-feuille

Incomplete?
I suspect that this recipe is incomplete based on the instructions for the lemon filling. It seems like it ought to be cooked somehow—I've never seen a filling/frosting that incorporates flour without cooking it at some point. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:41, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Lemon Mille-feuille


text:
Cookbook:Classic Mince Pies

Ingredients

 * 4 pounds beef, boiled and chopped
 * 1 pound suet
 * 2 pounds granulated sugar
 * 2 pounds raisins
 * 4 pounds chopped apples
 * 1 pint wine
 * 1 pint cider
 * Mace
 * Nutmeg
 * Orange zest
 * Pie dough

Procedure

 * 1) Combine beef, suet, sugar, raisins, apples, wine, and cider until thin enough.
 * 2) Add mace, nutmeg, and orange zest to taste.
 * 3) If not sweet enough, add more sugar.
 * 4) Form pies with the pastry dough and filling.
 * 5) Bake pies.
 * 6) Warm the pies before serving.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Butter may be used instead of suet.
 * The apples may be stewed and the cider reduced.

title: Cookbook:Classic Mince Pies


text:
Cookbook:Mince Pie with Meat I

Ingredients

 * 1815 g (4 lb) lean beef, diced
 * 454 g (1 lb) butter, lard, or vegetable shortening, diced
 * 907 g (2 lb) white granulated sugar
 * 907 g (2 lb) fruit mix
 * 1815 g (4 lb) cored and sliced apples
 * 350 ml wine
 * 250 ml cider
 * 1 citrus fruit (e.g. orange), zested and juiced
 * ¼ teaspoon ground mace
 * ¼ teaspoon ground nutmeg
 * 5 packets of shortcrust pastry dough

Procedure

 * 1) Sear diced beef in a pan until well-coloured (this can be done in batches). Set aside until cool.
 * 2) Combined all ingredients except dough in a bowl. Mix well (this step can be done in batches).
 * 3) Use the pastry dough to line 3 deep, greased pie pans (or 5 greased muffin pans, for tartlets) and create pie shells.
 * 4) Place shells into oven and set to 150 °C (300 °F). Bake until lightly golden. Remove from oven and let rest until cooled.
 * 5) Fill pie shells with filling mixture until level or slightly mounded above the rim. Trim with excess pastry.
 * 6) Bake at 150 °C (300 °F) for 45 minutes per tray (or 35 minutes per muffin tray).

title: Cookbook:Mince Pie with Meat I


text:
Cookbook:Mince Pie Tartlets with Pork

Ingredients

 * 400 g white granulated sugar
 * 300 ml wine
 * 250 ml cider
 * 1 orange, zested and juiced
 * 1 lemon, zested and juiced
 * ¼ teaspoon ground mace
 * ¼ teaspoon ground nutmeg
 * 1 cinnamon stick
 * 1 vanilla pod
 * 1 kg fruit mince mixture
 * 800 g cored and sliced apples (from about 12 large apples)s
 * 2 packets shortcrust pastry dough
 * 1 kg lean pork mince
 * 100 g butter

Special equipment

 * 3 greased muffin tins

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 150 °C (300 °F).
 * 2) In a pot, bring the sugar, wine, cider, orange, and lemon juice to a simmer. Add mace, nutmeg, and cinnamon. Split the vanilla pod and scrape seeds into pot. Discard vanilla pod.
 * 3) Stir in sliced apples and fruit mix.
 * 4) Grease the muffin tins, and line with pastry dough to make tartlet cases. Trim to fit.
 * 5) Place cases into oven, and bake until lightly golden. Remove from oven and let cool.
 * 6) Melt butter in a pan. Add minced pork, and sauté until browned.
 * 7) Remove cinnamon stick from the fruit mixture, and mix in the pork.
 * 8) Using a tablespoon, fill tartlet cases with the filling—it will probably be mounded.
 * 9) If desired, trim with excess pastry.
 * 10) Bake each tray at 120 °C (250 °F) for half an hour.

title: Cookbook:Mince Pie Tartlets with Pork


text:
User:Tobin.gerome/sandbox

Only eleven years after the electromechanical computer was created, the world's first design for a computer virus was born. John Von Neumann, a mathematician and engineer, gave a series of lectures at the University of Illinois about the theory of self-replicating computer programs. However, it would not be until the early 1970’s that the first functional computer virus would be created. This virus, named “Creeper,” was the first computer program to spread and self-replicate, and was deleted by “Reaper,” the world's first anti-virus software. This cycle of a computer virus being created, and an anti-virus being written to combat it has been going on for over fifty years.

However, with recent developments in machine learning, the classification and removal of malware may end up being entirely automated. A majority of new malware is built upon existing malware, and classifying the type is often the first step towards eradicating it. Deep learning programs have shown exceptional performance in dentification tasks, and, at the 9th New Technologies, Mobility and Security conference, an artificial neural network used to analyze imagery was shown to have “better than...state of the art performance” when it came to identifying malware.

What ways do today's antivirus programs identify malware, and what are their flaws?
Anti-virus programs usually go about detection using a few methods, such as sandboxing, heuristic detection, and real-time detection. Sandboxing runs programs in a virtual environment and records what the program does. If the program is deemed non-malicious, the antivirus software then runs it on your actual computer. While this technique is effective, it is slow and resource heavy, and therefore is not used in many user-side antivirus programs. Heuristic detection, or “genetic detection” is the process of identifying viruses by checking for similarities with already existing viruses. This method is effective but relies entirely on the limited databases used by the antivirus software. Real-time detection is the process of scanning a file when it is being downloaded or opened. This is the method that most anti-malware programs use. The biggest issue with this is that if the virus is not previously known, the antivirus will not flag it.

What are some deep learning antivirus programs, and how do they work?
Shallow machine learning programs predict the relationship between two variables and are used in many cybersecurity programs. However, new advances in deep learning technologies have led to neural networks outperforming even the best shallow learning algorithms. At the 9th New Technologies, Mobility and Security conference, an artificial neural network used to analyze imagery was shown to have outdone the winners of the Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge. This system converts files into binary, and then turns the binary into a grayscale image, at which point the neural network scans it for similarities with other malware. This system had a 99.97% success rate on a dataset of over 10,000 malware samples. The neural network model used in this method is a convolutional neural network, which is based on the visual cortex of animals. Another neural network program, the FO-SAIR (Factional-Order Susceptible-Antidote-Infected-Removed) framework, has shown great success in removing viruses. This program is modeled after organic disease treatments, and is a modified version of the SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) framework. FO-SAIR is examined through stochastic optimization, a method that generates random variables to simulate an actual system. This program is one of the most cost-efficient antivirus methods, as it creates “antidotes” at a rate dependent on how much the virus has spread, and deletes these antidotes after they have no more use. As powerful as these programs are, they are limited by hefty storage requirements, and by the time it takes to train them. While effective, this makes them not a reasonable option for an everyday consumer.

Wont hackers have access to deep learning too?
As technology becomes more accessible, both the quantity and quality of malware have skyrocketed. Former general manager of Australia's Computer Emergency Response Team Graham Ingram stated that “We are getting code of a quality that is probably worthy of software engineers[,]” in reference to the skill of newer malware authors. However, there are several key factors that make deep learning more suited for antiviruses than malware. The need for both substantial computing power and a very large dataset make deep learning inaccessible to many people. This is especially true for malware authors, as large datasets of antivirus software is much harder to find than large datasets of viruses, meaning it would be harder to train a virus on antiviruses than it would be to train an antivirus on viruses. In addition, according to MathWorks, deep learning is used to “perform classification tasks directly from images, text, or sound[,]” which is useful for identifying, but not hiding, malware. While both malware authors and antivirus authors will have access to deep learning, by its nature it is more suited for antiviruses than malware.

Conclusion.
Machine learning has advanced rapidly over the years and has impacted many fields; both those directly connected to technology and those that are not. As this technology continues to be improved upon, it will be used more and more frequently. This will especially be the case in the field of cybersecurity, as the deep learning programs are showing very high levels of success, especially compared to most modern antivirus programs. As machine learning grows more advanced, it will become the leading approach to cybersecurity due to its speed and accuracy in malware classification.

title: User:Tobin.gerome/sandbox


text:
Talk:A-level Accounting

Deleted sub-sections
I was confused when I opened the A-Level Accounting page and realised that all the links(except one) to the sub-sections of the page had turned red. I made enquiries and a conclusion was drawn. Those sub-sections(topics) of the section had simply been deleted, why? Wiki mclover (discuss • contribs) 21:52, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi @Wiki mclover! I took a look at the deleted pages, and there was no meaningful content on any of them. I imagine that's why they were deleted. Does this answer your question? —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:34, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, there is no need to create empty pages. Leave the red links and create the pages when there is content ready to be added.--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 00:54, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:A-level Accounting


text:
Short introduction to the use of cutting plotter machines

This book is a very short introduction to cutting plotters, include the description and use of a cutting plotters, starting from zero knowledge about the topic.

The cutting plotter machines that this book works with are made by American manufacturer Cricut, the models worked with are: Cricut Maker (1, 2 and 3), Easy Press (Heat press) 1 and 2, Cricut Joy, Cricut Explore (1, 2 and 3), Cricut Autopress, Cricut Hat Press, Cricut Mug Press.

But the information in this book may be applied to similar cutting plotter machines such as the ones developed by Silhouette, Graphtec Corporation, and other companies.

Introduction
Plotters are machines that produce vector graphics drawings and in other cases cut the graphic on a material.

Vector graphics are a form of computer graphics in which visual images are created directly from geometric shapes defined on a Cartesian plane, such as points, lines, curves and polygons. This allow machines to easily draw or cut a pattern since they follow a defined geometric shape, polygons or formula, therefore the lines represented by vector graphics can accurately be represented, modified and resized facilitating its use in printing and cutting hardware. Vector graphics are an alternative to raster or bitmap graphics, with each having advantages and disadvantages in specific situations due to the use of random lines without any patter or defined direction.

Plotters draw lines on paper using a pen, or in some applications, use a knife to cut a material like vinyl or leather. In the latter case, they are sometimes known as a cutting plotter.

Cricut is a cutting plotter, this is a machine that instead of drawing designed vector graphics, it cutsthem in a selected material that can be vynil, paper, wood, etc. Cricut name is derived from the word "cricket" (a small, hopping insect that produces a chirping sound and "cut" since it main functions is to cut materials (paper, vinyl, metal wood, etc).

Cutting plotters can be used to create monograms, labels, text, decals, stickers, banners, decorations greeting cards and iron-on t-shirts.

Cricut heat presses allow to transfer ink into other materials, using iron on vynil or ink material.

Cricut is not a printing machine, but a printed can be connected to the software and the user can print from the software to connected printers, when a printer is available.

Design Space (Software)
The software used by Cricut to create the designs is Design Space, it is a freeware software. Many of the options in the software are free, except the options with a green icon, which is how the company gets the revenue to continue developing its machines and its software.

https://design.cricut.com/#/

Once Design Space is installed, open the software and sign in typing the email and password or create a new account. In order to save the documents users can create an account choosing a name and choosing a password and using their email to validate their account.

When pressing the option new project, user access to a new canvas or workspace... The canvas can also be accessed From the menu besides the option home. In the canvas new graphics can be used or created with the templates, shapes, image or text options, phrases or editable images.

Many icons and graphics are free, the graphics with a green cricut icons are non free but they can be buyed on the the software Design Space, which is the business model of the company.

Users can also upload their own svg files created with graphic vector software such inkscape and illustrator, or download images from sites such as freesvg, devianart and similar websites, this items will be stored in the uploaded section not in my stuff section.

In the top menu user can access the section my stuff of Design Space that is the area where all the user projects ore creation are stored and can be accessed from any computer with an internet connection.

Other options that can be modified are the text font or size, also can be added effects a background, etc.

Layers
When more than one image is used in a canvas (area of work), they can be overlaped in layers. The control of the layers are located in the right of the canvas, from it users can move a graphic to the the front and the second image or graphic or text in the canvas can be in the back or completely or partially hidden by the frontal image, or combined, etc. using the options at the bottom of the layers menu.

The eye icon will indicate what layer will be visible.

Requirements
The requirements to complete a cricut work are the following:

A computer or laptop with Cricut Design Space software installed, an internet connection is optional. A cricut machine Materials to print the work: A cutting mat, a material to cut (vynil, paper, fabric or others) A tape paper (Transfer paper) to separate, retrieve and store cutted material.

Materials
Classic materials to cut using cutting plotter machines are Vinyl in many colors with mate, glossy, metallic tones, also permanent vinyl and other materials such card stock, thick paper, wood, metals, etc. The use of the classic materials usually require a mat.

Many cutting machines are able to work with smart materials, cutting mat is not necessary, such are smart polymers (smart vinyl), smart iron, among others. These materials can be also be bought in many art material stores such as: Jo-Ann, Michaels, Blic, Amazon, among others. Cricut maker started using smart materials with its third model, Cricut maker 3.

Blades
The cricut machine comes with a standard blade but other blades can be used to cut more materials, some examples are:

Rotary blades for many softer materials. Fine point blade for wood and leather non-ferrous blade for cooper and aluminum Ferrous blades for iron and stainless steel or cast iron Diamond blade for some other metals.

Cutting process
After creating the graphic or text, or selecting it from my stuff section or from the downloaded section, click on Make it and choose and option, if you have a mat, clic the option on Mat.

Put the material (vynil, fabric, etc) on the mat, in the area intended to cut the graphic or text, tape can be added to hold the material to the grid.

In the prepare area of Design space move the graphic or text according to the position on the mat, and press continue.

Select a base material, it can be Cardstock or vynil, etc. Selecting the right material will allow the printer to apply the right pressure to the material and will be less likely that the cut of the material is done with wrong pressure taking the text or graphics out of the material.

The button to enter the mat will blink in the cricut machine, put the mat near the printer and press the button so the cutter can measure the mat.

If maker 3 not recognized use Maker 3: 5 USB option. continue. If that does not work, unplug and plug the usb cable or check that the cutting machine is connected to a energy source and turned on, and that the USB cable is connected from the cricut machine to the computer where Design Space software is installed.

Sometimes the text or object in the canvas change from the position that was originally selected, some times the can go to the center or to the right side, in this cases users can either move the vinyl to that position in the mat or also choose the edit option or move the items to the area of the canvas where our vynil is located in the mat.

The play button will blink, press it to start the cutting process. Clic in the option done to finalize the work.

Take out the cut material and put it on the tape paper to used when necessary.

Other options
Choosing the correct pressure will result in better outcomes and will avoid to cut the mat.

When the materials used are stronger such wood or metal, users can modify the pressure choosing the option add more pressure, or less in case that the pressure is too high.

A margin can be added to the text to used as part of the cut, or to make the extraction of the graphic or text easier. With applications of layers changes can be made to fuse or separate margins and graphics.

Edition of works
Works previously created can be accessed from my stuff, edited and modified.

Works that have being already cut, can also be modified and edited from the edit section.

Text creation
Select the text option and type any text, then clic in the option make it, on mat confirm, continue, choose the material (vynil, etc), choose pressure (default, or more or less), the cricut machine will measure the mat. Press the button to load mat.

Other options: offset to cut a surrounding area to easy the removal of the area or in to create an sticker to paste first take thee external area out of the vynil, then transfer the text and surrounding area, and finally remove the surrounding area or use it as part of the work.

Choosing the right material will allow the cutting machine to cut the material without removing while cuttin, mixing the pieces or damage the final work.

The text can be resized by clic on the text and expanding or reducing its size from the corner of the text area, this will allow to select the proper area for the vynil. If the cutter cannot cut small text, it can be resized to a size that the cutting machine can work properly.

The use of layers will allow to create different ways of cutting, the layers can be combined, one can be in the back one in the front, etc. For example when using a surrounding area, if the text is not shown in the canvas, the cutting plotter will only cut the surrounding area.

The different layers can also be cut in different times, for example the text can be cut first and after it the surrounding area, but it can also be done at the same time in order to not need to calculate the correct area in the mat that match with the previously cut text or surrounding.

Fixing the vinyl to the mat with the use of vynil will also allow to prevent movement of the vynil during the cutting process.


text:
Talk:Public International Law/International Economic Law/Monetary Law

Review: 14 June 2023
Dear Kanad,

Thank you for this informative and extremely well-written chapter! Since I am really not familiar with the subject matter, I only added minor comments. Maybe one overall comment or feedback: I really enjoyed the introduction and conclusion, where you paint the broader picture and link the IMS to general questions and concepts of IL. To someone unfamiliar with the field, the parts in between seem a bit technical and not so easy to follow. I was wondering whether it would be possible to leave out some of the details and instead strengthen the links to broader questions for this short introductory chapter - but again, I am really not a specialist.

Best,

Raffaela

--Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 07:36, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: June 07, 2023
One of the chapter's notable strengths is its comprehensive coverage of all the essential aspects of international monetary law. Beginning with a historical overview, you provide students with a solid foundation by tracing the evolution of monetary law through different eras. Moreover, the chapter effectively highlights the key institutions that play pivotal roles in shaping international monetary law. Another commendable aspect of your chapter is the manner in which you explore the intricate relationship between international monetary law and the global capitalist system. Also, your careful explanation of the various legal instruments, such as treaties and agreements, ensures that students have a solid understanding of the legal rules governing monetary regulation at the international level.

I found your writing style to be incredibly engaging, as it effortlessly explains complex concepts in simple terms without compromising the delivery of detailed knowledge. This enables students to engage in a comprehensive study of monetary law while enjoying a smooth reading experience.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specific. To view these comments, open your chapter page and click "Edit" in the top-right menu bar.

Some minor things:

 * Note that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, summary, further readings
 * You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.
 * Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 10:15, 7 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Patterns Of Screen Writing/Singing voice

Saying hello 😁😗
Hi, my name is Symbol Mosieleng. I am a new contributor.....😗😙☺😚 I am glad to be here Ynsbbdhdh (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 7 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Mexican Rice II

Ingredients

 * 1 cup uncooked white rice
 * 1 fresh red chile, seeded and finely diced (or 1 dehydrated chile that has been rehydrated)
 * 5 tbsp Ancho Enchilada Sauce, strained through a medium mesh
 * 1 ⅔ cups chicken broth
 * 4 cloves of garlic, peeled and crushed
 * ½ small onion, peeled and finely diced
 * 1 tablespoon oil or lard

Procedure

 * 1) Sauté garlic, onions, and red chile in oil over medium heat for about 1 minute.
 * 2) Add in the rice and stir frequently until rice begins to brown.
 * 3) Mix chicken stock and chile sauce in another saucepan and bring to a boil. When mixed, make sure liquid mixture equals out to 2 cups of liquid.
 * 4) Add chicken stock and chile sauce mixture to rice and bring to a boil.
 * 5) Reduce heat and bring rice to slow simmer. Cook for 25–30 minutes with the lid on.
 * 6) Remove lid and fluff rice with a fork.

title: Cookbook:Mexican Rice II


text: User:Germany Poul Ah

title: User:Germany Poul Ah


text:
History of the World/Why should you study history?

Everyone lives in the now and their goal is to plan for the future in better ways. Of course, planning for the future is a bit difficult and you need to think a little bit. How should people plan for the future and how to make progress in the future?

People can predict the future 100% through history, which is the past life of people or even their ancestors.

The Past Teaches Us About the Present:
History is a tool that, in addition to studying people in the past, can also examine and predict the future. Of course, you can study people's mistakes in history and then correct them. We will not repeat the mistake twice in the future.From history, past events that happened thousands of years ago can be used as a means to prevent it from happening again in the future. For example, the history of health was very important before now, and we were able to treat diseases that were known as terrible diseases before, but we can treat them well.In addition, we can expand science and by studying the history of science and knowing the scientists before us and by studying about their discoveries, we can expand the discoveries before us and we can invent science. History is also about the study of previous races that migrated, this study can be the main reason for the migration of ethnic groups and their racial composition and their language, and we can find out where the ethnic groups that live today originated from before. History also deals with the study of religions, which causes Which prophet does it belong to and when did this religion come into being and what events did it have.


text:
Axis & Allies/Classic

Axis & Allies Classic is the original version of Axis and Allies. Released in 1984 by Milton Bradley as the first game of its Gamemaster series, the game laid down many of the conventions of the Axis & Allies series, which later games would expand and revise on. Classic would also receive a computer game adaptation in 1998.

Objective
Axis & Allies Classic can be thought of as a more complex version of Risk. Set against the backdrop of World War II (more specifically spring 1942), the game is played with between two and five players, each of whom assumes command of the five major players of the war - the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, Imperial Japan and the United States. The nations are split between two alliances - the Axis consist of Germany and Japan, whilst the Allies consist of the Soviet Union, the UK and the US.

There are three different ways to win the game:

 * For the Allies to win the game they must control both of the Axis capital cities - Berlin and Tokyo.
 * For the Axis to win, they must achieve one of two objectives - either they must capture two of the three Allied capitals of London, Moscow and Washington D.C. for a military victory, or they must capture enough territories that their combined economic value exceeds a value of 84 (we will learn more about this later) for an economic victory.

Setup
To set up the game, each player is given a reference chart, which details how their units are set up at game start and basic instructions for gameplay. Then using each reference chart as a guide, each player's units are set up on the board.

Before we can learn how to play the game, it is worth taking a look at the board. The board of Axis and Allies Classic depicts a (somewhat warped) map of the world, centered on the Old World. The board is divided into areas of land and sea, which are further divided into land territories and sea zones.

Each of the land territories is given a colour denoting who owns that territory at game start:

 * The Soviet Union is red-orange,
 * Germany is grey,
 * the United Kingdom is tan,
 * Japan is yellow,
 * and the United States is green.

Each of the land territories has its name written on it or somewhere nearby, and most non-neutral territories also have a number assigned to them. This number represents the territory's value in Industrial Production Certificates (IPCs), which are the currency of the game. The IPC number is higher for industrialised territories than for more rural ones - for example, the Germany territory is worth 10 IPCs, whilst Evenki National Okrug in the Soviet Union is only worth 2 IPCs.

There are also a number of territories coloured in cream - these territories are neutral, are not controlled by any player and do not have an IPC value. Moving military units into these territories will incur a one-time penalty of 3 IPCs on the player that violated the territory's neutrality. Once a neutral territory has been violated for the first time it is no longer considered neutral and will be treated like any other non-neutral territory henceforth.

Along the top edge of the board, and at the bottom-right corner, one can find a number of zoomed-in views of specific territories on the board. These are used to reduce clutter by providing additional room to place units.

Basic Gameplay
A game of Axis & Allies Classic is split into rounds. In each round the five countries will each take a turn to move their military units, attack their opponents' territories and defend their own territories. The five countries take turns in a strict turn order - first the Soviets, then Germany, then Britain, then Japan and finally America. Each turn is divided into six phases:

 * 1) Roll for research / Purchase units
 * 2) Combat moves
 * 3) Conduct combat
 * 4) Non-combat moves
 * 5) Mobilise new units
 * 6) Collect income

Types of Units
The military units in Axis and Allies Classic come in ten different types, which are split into four groupings - land units, naval units, air units and industrial complexes. Each unit (aside from the industrial complexes) is assigned an attack, defense and movement number that will affect how the units can move and perform in combat. An Axis & Allies Classic set also comes with chips, small plastic tokens that can be used to denote more than one of a given unit. They come in two colours - grey and red - and with a unit placed on top, a grey chip denotes one additional unit and a red chip five additional units.

Infantry
IPC cost: 3

Attacks on: 1

Defends on: 2

Can move: 1 territory

Infantry are the cheapest unit in the game. They aren't very good attackers, but masses of them can be devastating if used correctly.

Armor
IPC cost: 5

Attacks on: 3

Defends on: 2

Can move: 2 territories

Armor are powerful attacking units that have the ability to blitz through unoccupied territories.

Antiaircraft artillery
IPC cost: 5

Attacks on: 0

Defends on: 1

Can move: 1 territory

Antiaircraft artillery have the ability to fire at attacking aircraft during battle and bombing raids. Keep in mind there can only be one antiaircraft gun per territory.

Battleships
IPC cost: 24

Attacks on: 4

Defends on: 4

Can move: 2 sea zones

Battleships are the most expensive unit so far, but their attack and defense are the best of all units.

Aircraft carriers
IPC cost: 18

Attacks on: 1

Defends on: 3

Can move: 2 sea zones

Aircraft carries are ships with special decks from which aircraft can take off and land.

Submarines
IPC cost: 8

Attacks on: 2

Defends on: 2

Can move: 2 sea zones

Submarines are the wolves of the sea - they have access to two powerful abilities when attacking than can be used to surprise the enemy.

Transports
IPC cost: 8

Attacks on: 0

Defends on: 1

Can move: 2 sea zones

Transports are ships that have the ability to carry land units across oceans. Each transport has two cargo slots which can be occupied by up to two infantry or an infantry and armor unit.

Fighters
IPC cost: 12

Attacks on: 3

Defends on: 4

Can move: 4 territories or sea zones

Fighters are air units that can give the edge to any attacking force - land or naval.

Bombers
IPC cost: 15

Attacks on: 4

Defends on: 1

Can move: 4 territories or sea zones

Bombers are air units that can conduct bombing raids on enemy industry to destroy enemy IPCs.

Industrial complexes
IPC cost: 12

Industrial complexes are special units that serve as the point of entry for all units purchased during a player's turn. Unlike most other units they do not take part in any form of combat, but they can be damaged by bombing raids.

Gameplay in Detail
As already stated, each player's turn is divided into seven phases:

Phase One: Roll for Research / Purchase Units
In this phase the player will be allowed to spend the IPCs they have on hand to attempt to research new technologies. If a player wants to attempt research they must purchase dice to do so - each research die costs 5 IPCs. Once the IPCs have been spent each research die is rolled - if a 6 is rolled that player's country makes a technological breakthrough. Otherwise the player has failed in their research and must wait until their next turn to try again. After the research dice are rolled any dice that rolled 6 are rolled again - this determines what new technology the player acquires (these will be explained later): If when rolling to determine the technology acquired a number comes up for an already-researched technology, the die is rolled again. Once a technology is acquired it will remain in the player's possession for the remainder of the game. Also researched technologies are an individual benefit and players cannot share technologies with their allies.

The player will then use the remaining IPCs they have on hand to purchase new units for their military. The player is allowed to spend these IPCs any way they like, and they do not necessarily have to spend all of their IPCs. Once the units have been purchased the IPCs are returned to the bank and the purchased units are placed just off the board, to be placed on the board later.

Phase Two: Combat Moves
In the second phase the player will move their military forces into hostile territories to engage in combat. The player may move as many units as they like, paying attention to to that unit type's movement number, which determines how many territories that unit may move per turn.

Phase Three: Conduct Combat
In the third phase the player will fight all of the battles they have initiated. The details behind combat will be explained later.

Phase Four: Non-Combat Moves
In the fourth phase the player will move military units in non-combat ways to reinforce their hold on their empire. They may only move units that have not already been moved in that player's turn, and units may only be moved onto friendly territories. In addition, any air units that took part in combat will need to be landed during this turns by moving them to a friendly territory or aircraft carrier.

Phase Five: Mobilise New Units
In the fifth phase the player will place all the units they purchased in turn one on the board. Land and air units may only be placed on territories with an industrial complex, and sea units may only be place don a sea zone adjacent to a territory with an industrial complex.

Phase Six: Collect Income
In the sixth phase the player will collect IPC income form their territories. Once this phase is complete the player's turn is over and the next player takes their turn.

title: Axis & Allies/Classic


text: Category:Book:Representation Theory

title: Category:Book:Representation Theory


text: Category:Book:Riemannian Geometry

title: Category:Book:Riemannian Geometry


text: Category:Book:The Main Principles of English Phraseology


text: Category:Book:Topological Vector Spaces

title: Category:Book:Topological Vector Spaces


text: Category:Book:Universal Algebra

title: Category:Book:Universal Algebra


text: Category:Book:Users Guide to Hartshorne Algebraic Geometry


text:
User talk:Sammy2012

Welcome, Sammy2012!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 07:34, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sammy2012


text:
User:Peak999

Hi i love editing media and learning new things.

title: User:Peak999


text:
User:Francis.bonga/sandbox

= Caught in the Web: Exploring How Social Media Persuasive Strategies Can Lead to Addiction = Social media platforms drive surges of dopamine to the brain to keep consumers coming back over and over again. The shares, likes and comments on these platforms trigger the brain’s reward center, resulting in a high similar to the one people feel when gambling or using drugs

-DR. NANCY DEANGELIS, CRNP, Director of Behavioral Health

The world of social media is constantly evolving, particularly when it comes to teenagers who are often at the forefront of these changes. There is no denying that it has been very valuable and useful in terms of communication, entertainment and sharing of information. However, just like the moon, it also has its dark side. In 2022, Pew Research Center conducted a survey among teenagers about how much time they spend on social media:"a majority of U.S. teens (55%) say they spend about the right amount of time on these apps and sites, while about a third of teens (36%) say they spend too much time on social media. Just 8% of teens think they spend too little time on these platforms. Asked about the idea of giving up social media, 54% of teens say it would be at least somewhat hard to give it up, while 46% say it would be at least somewhat easy. Teen girls are more likely than teen boys to express it would be difficult to give up social media (58% vs. 49%). Conversely, a quarter of teen boys say giving up social media would be very easy, while 15% of teen girls say the same. Older teens also say they would have difficulty giving up social media. About six-in-ten teens ages 15 to 17 (58%) say giving up social media would be at least somewhat difficult to do. A smaller share of 13- to 14-year-olds (48%) think this would be difficult."As you can see from this data, 54% of teenagers said that it will be difficult for them to give up social media. One of the reasons why is how engaging social media has become. It was purposely designed to get the most time from its users, their manipulative tactics were constructed to persuade the users to stay connected online.

Addictive Design
Let's identify some of the common tactics or tricks social media has been doing. The first is the “like” button, a simple feature that can make its users feel socially validated by different users and urges them to post more content to get the most likes from their friends. It creates this illusion of rewards that can make them come back to get more. And the second is the “pull to refresh,” which mimics the addictive nature of slot machines. This trick will give its users endless content on on their social media news feed. Every time it reaches the end of their news feed, it will suggest to its users to pull down, to create fresh content that is based on the things they view online. Video platforms like YouTube and Netflix follow the same idea; they automatically play the next movie or episode for their users.

In addition to these common techniques, algorithms can create social media bubbles. As Wendy Rose Gould states in her article “Are you in a social media bubble? Here's how to tell” there are two types of social media bubbles. The first is the self-perpetuated bubble, which is created by the user itself, filtering or choosing only contents that what the user think is right. A neuroscientist, Don Vaughn from the University of California-Los Angeles explains that humans tend to surround themselves with like-minded individuals, creating their own “bubble” of beliefs and opinions. The second type is filter bubbles; this term was coined by Eli Pariser who is an author and internet activist. On a 2011 TedTalk presentation, he explained that filter bubbles depend on the things that you do. This algorithm will then decide what contents to show in your social media feed. To simply explain, what filter bubble means, it is a computer algorithm that gathers all your personal information, including things you like, watch, and buy online. Using these data, it will create this personalized world based on the information that it collected. It chooses contents for you, without knowing what gets filtered out.

Furthermore, from the data and information social media companies have gathered comes another persuasive tactic, which is called targeted ads. This may seem a small thing, but it does contribute to social media addiction. Targeted ads are digital advertisements that are designed based on our likings and interests. Advertisers can collect your data through your web history, recent location from Google maps, even from Android phones. Another way they gather its users data is from “[https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/definition/cookies#:~:text=A%20cookie%20is%20a%20piece,returned%20to%20a%20particular%20website. cookies].” Every time that you click “accept” cookies on different webpages, these websites will instantly store your information and data. In addition, social media companies collect our data without our knowledge to provide the most interesting content that will keep us scrolling to their apps. This tactic is a win-win situation for them and the advertisers, but not for its users.

Strategies for breaking free from social media addiction
Without a doubt, these persuasive techniques have led its users to social and digital addiction, affecting their mental and psychological health. Bernard Marr, a well-known author from Forbes suggests 7 ways to help curb social media addiction: In addition to that, disabling or deleting the apps that consume vast amounts of your time can be another way too. By doing this they can now focus and dedicate their time exploring new activities and hobbies. Taking responsibility and being held accountable you can help them break free from social media addiction. These are just a few steps on how to break free from social media, just remember that it starts with you. By doing this it can help not only you but also the people around you.
 * Reset your brain’s pathways and gain perspective on your relationship with your screens by doing a digital detox of 12-24 hours
 * Set aside a certain amount of time each day to just be still with your thoughts
 * Put your phone in automatic “bedtime” mode, which will turn off all notifications at a certain time of night
 * Set time limits for apps or websites using tools like Freedom or Space
 * Consider turning off all notifications on your phone
 * Delete your most distracting or time-consuming apps from your phone
 * Set up a “one screen” rule in your house, which means you can’t use more than one screen at a time (i.e. no watching TV while scrolling through your social media feeds!)

Conclusion
Social media addiction is something that has been affecting the lives of teenagers. According to the data presented, more than 54% of teenagers said that they will have a hard time giving up using social media. These persuasive tactics that social media companies have designed, were not just to improve their platform but to get the time and attention of its users, specifically teenagers, because all of them have access to social media. This paper aims to give you a better understanding of what these tactics were. By taking responsibility and actively seeking alternative activities, you can help them regain control of their relationship with you and find a healthier balance in their lives. Breaking free from social media addiction starts with you, and the benefits extend not only to yourself but also to the people around you.

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User:The labs

Welcome! The following is a list of books completed or to be started:

Short introduction to the use of sewing machines

Short introduction to the use cutting plotter machines

Short guide to printing objects using 3D printers

Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines

title: User:The labs


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User talk:Kbsfh

--Xania   talk 01:16, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

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User talk:Glash music01

A page you created, Hitanshi Husain, has been deleted. This is Wikibooks, not Wikipedia. Encyclopedia articles belong on Wikipedia.--Xania   talk 02:54, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

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User:Junaedkhn/sandbox

Junaed Ahmed Khan

Introduction
“Targeted advertising is a form of online advertising that focuses on the specific traits, interests, and preferences of a consumer. Advertisers discover this information by tracking your activity on the Internet” according to GCFGlobal.org. Social media and search engine sites are the most used platforms for this kind of advertisement. Tech companies, such as Google, Meta, TikTok and other tech giants collect information about users, based on their likes, dislikes, video watching history and groups or pages they follow. These companies then sell this information to the advertisement agencies, or they use it to show their users, selected and specific advertisements, based on their interest, as Madhumita Murghia, a British Indian journalist, explains on her Ted Talk.

The collection of personal information by tech companies for the purpose of targeted advertising is a controversial topic. Some experts think targeted advertising is useful for both consumers and companies. They believe that when advertising is categorized, people can reach out faster to what they want, rather than shuffling here and there, and companies also can reach their goal easily. Take for example, if someone needs to buy shoes and they search on for a shoe store, he/she can see results from the region situated thousands of miles away from them, which is useless and a waste of time. In the meantime, if they can see an advertisement targeted for them, it would be from a location they can reach easily. On the other hand, some experts believe that targeted advertising makes people more stubborn and aggressive. It encourages people to stick to their beliefs and discourages them from considering other points of view. Imagine that you are a political conservative who is constantly being targeted with ads from liberal organizations. These ads may feature images of violent protests or angry mobs, and they may use inflammatory language. Over time, this exposure to negative messages about liberals could make you more likely to view them with suspicion and hostility.

Our dependence on the web has led to the collection and sale of our personal information by big tech companies to advertising firms, compromising our right to privacy. This essay will explain how targeted advertising affects our lives negatively and how we can stop being targeted by the advertiser. And, to what extent targeted advertising is beneficial for consumers and how far does it fulfill the desire of advertisers.

Disadvantage of targeted advertising
While the internet is the most used location to target someone for advertising, social media is its hot spot. People spend most of their Internet time on social media and hence, most of their spendings for online advertisements is invested on social media advertisement. According to Statista, digital research and forecasting site, social media advertising had been expanding since before the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has increased the usage of social media, especially for video content, which has caused exponential growth in social media advertising. The market share of Facebook amounts to an estimated 16% of the social media advertising market and the selected region in 2022. Arwa Mahdawi, a regular columnist of The Guardian and award-winning author criticized big tech companies for how they collect and sell the data of their users. She identifies that the targeted advertising as “one of the world's most distracting trends.” In her 2019 essay, she revealed some of the disadvantages of targeted ads which are also relevant in recent times. She explains that targeted advertising is not as effective as advertisement companies think it is. Take for example, when someone buys a car from Facebook marketplace and following this activity, it starts showing ads of car showrooms. How worthy these ads could be? Someone who just bought a car will not buy another car the next day! Targeted advertising is also one of the mostly ignored items. because it has led to a proliferation of fake news and click baits.

It is also a matter of concern how targeted advertising affects our national life. Especially in the United States, political leaders and candidates spend plenty of money to reach those people who they think can accept their appeal for voting for them. Politicians approach the tech companies at the time of election, as there is already information about the specific regional peoples, and candidates then spend billions on advertising. CNN correspondent Casey Tolan reports that candidates in some of the highest-profile midterm races in North Carolina Senate in 2021, used Facebook and Instagram ads, targeting to aim messages at voters based on their music tastes, sports fandoms, shopping destinations and television habits. Samuel Woolley, professor and researcher at the University of Texas-Austin, argued that Meta should put even more restrictions on how campaigns can target users. People's personal data is being used without their consent to try to influence their behavior, such as their voting choices of their beliefs about certain issues. This is a violation of privacy and the right of individuals to make their own decisions. However, if this data is used in a way that does not harm people's privacy, it could be a valuable tool for political campaigns.

Psychological effects
Targeted advertising can contribute to the formation of what Eli Pariser has called information filter bubbles, where users are exposed only to content that aligns with their existing beliefs and interests. This can lead to a narrowing of perspectives, reduced exposure to diverse viewpoints, and potential impact on democratic processes. Pariser, a expert who is mostly known for his research on tailoring information and filtered advertisements, has been concerned about people's negative psychological change. In his 2011 TED talk, he argues that filter bubbles make people more stubborn. He explains that when people are only exposed to the same kind of information repeatedly, their brains become accustomed to it, and they start to see it as the only option. This can make them unaware of the wider world and lead them to develop negative beliefs and a stubborn mentality. While Pariser is primarily concerned about data privacy, his findings also raise concerns about the impact of targeted advertising on our brains. Data privacy and targeted advertising are connected, as he argues that targeted advertising can be used to manipulate our thoughts and behavior, and it can negatively impact our ability to think critically and make informed decisions.

Benefits of Targeted Advertising
Although targeted advertising has many drawbacks, it can also have positive consequences on some occasions. Willson Lau, Sr., SEO Marketing Manager of Adroll, an online advertising company, illustrates their view that targeted advertising is beneficial for both advertisers and consumers. According to him, it saves consumers time and at the same time benefits companies to reach their goal. When companies advertise the same item repeatedly to the same people, it compels the person to think about the product. As a result, most of the time they buy it or decide to have it later. The advertising company believes people nowadays also want to find exactly what they need. As targeted advertising is based on consumers’ information, it is more likely to be accurate to what they need, rather than a random promotion to an anonymous person. For example, if you are looking for a new pair of running shoes and you see an ad for running shoes on a web site that you visit regularly, you are more likely to click on the ad and learn more about the shoes. In addition, Jiwoong Shin, a professor of marketing at Yale University, conducted team research on targeted advertising. They found that targeted advertising is most beneficial when the information about the people who are being shown the ads is more accurate. Shin's research shows that tech companies play a more significant role in targeted advertising than those that are doing it.

Conclusion
Targeted advertising benefits companies to reach their goal fast and easily while it violates people's right of privacy. Privacy is the most valuable thing in someone's life. It is one of the fundamental rights as well. Most of us are introverts and even those who are not, also have concern about their privacy. Hence, advertisements that violate people's privacy, either directly or through tech companies, are never acceptable. Besides privacy rights concerns, when people are obsessed with the same typical advertisement over and over, they are blinded by many. What I mean by “blinded” is, they are not able to see many other objects that they might prefer to have. It might be goods they use for themselves or the people they chose to serve the nation.

To avoid targeted advertising, experts recommend not clicking on or following ads, and to opt out of the algorithmic tracking systems that companies use to collect and use your data. They suggest, even not to watch the following videos that are suggested by YouTube, Instagram, or Facebook. And it can be avoided manually, in the setting option of certain apps or sites.

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