text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 15

Write an example question showing the determination of the bond length of CO using microwave spectroscopy

Deriving the Required Equations
When a photon is absorbed by a polar diatomic molecule, such as carbon monoxide, the molecule can be excited rotationally. The energy levels of these excited states are quantized to be evenly spaced. The distance between each rotational absorption lines is defined as twice the rotational constant $$(\tilde{\beta}) $$ which can be measured via the following equation:

$$ \tilde{\beta} =\left ( \frac{h}{8\pi^2c\text{I} }\right )$$

h = plank's constant = 6.626 ᛫10−34 J ᛫ s

c = speed of light = 2.998᛫108 m ᛫ s-1

I = moment of inertia

The energy to required to rotate a molecule around its axis is the moment of inertia $$(\text{I}) $$. It can be calculated as the sum of the products the masses of the component atoms and their distance from the axis of rotation squared:

$$ \text{I} = \sum_{i}m_i\cdot r_i^2$$

Working it out for an heterogeneous diatomic molecule:

$$ \text{I} = \left (m_a\cdot r_a^2\right )+ \left (m_b\cdot r_b^2\right )$$

$$ \text{I} = r_a \cdot r_b \left(m_a + m_b \right)$$

The distance from the atom to the center of mass $$\left(r_a   \text{and}   r_b\right)$$ cannot easily be measure, however, by setting the origin at the center of mass equation can be derive for the two values that uses the bond length $$\left(r_e \right)$$ as a variable:

$$ \left(m_a \cdot r_a \right) = \left(m_b \cdot r_b\right) = \left(m_a \cdot \left(r_a-r_e\right)\right) = \left(m_b \cdot \left(r_b-r_e\right)\right) $$

$$ r_a = \frac{m_b \cdot r_e}{m_a+m_b} $$

$$ r_b = \frac{m_a \cdot r_e}{m_a+m_b} $$

Substituting these equations into the moment of inertia equation:

$$ \text{I} = \biggl(\frac{m_b \cdot r_e}{m_a+m_b}\biggr) \cdot \biggl(\frac{m_a \cdot r_e}{m_a+m_b}\biggr) \cdot \left(m_a + m_b\right)$$

$$ \text{I} = \biggl(\frac{m_a \cdot m_b \cdot r_e^2}{m_a + m_b} \biggr)$$

This equation can be simplified further if we imagine the rigid rotor as a single particle rotating around a fixed point a bond length away. The mass of this particle is the reduced mass $$\left( \mu \right)$$ of the two atoms that make up the diatomic molecule:

$$\mu =\left ( \frac{m_1\cdot m_2}{m_1 + m_2} \right )$$

Simplifying the previous moment of inertia equation, we get:

$$ \text{I} = \mu r_e^2$$

Solving for Bond Length
From here we have everything we need to be able to determine the bond length of a polar diatomic molecule such as carbon monoxide.

First, we must solve for the moment of inertia using the rotation constant:

$$ \tilde{\beta} =\left ( \frac{h}{8\pi^2c\text{I} }\right )$$

$$ \text{I} =\left ( \frac{h}{8\pi^2c\tilde{\beta} }\right )$$

As explained earlier, the rotational constant can be determined by measuring the distance between the rotational absorption lines and halfling it. In the case of the rotational constant is $$193.1281$$ m-1. Plugging this value in we can determine the moment of inertia:

$$ \text{I} =\left ( \frac{6.626 \cdot 10^{-34}}{8\pi^2 \cdot \left(2.998 \cdot 10^8 \right) \cdot \left({\displaystyle 193.1281}\right)}\right)$$

$$ \text{I} = 1.44939 \cdot 10^{-46}$$ kg ᛫ m2

Now that we know inertia, we can rearrange the equation we derived earlier in order to determine the bond length:

$$ \text{I} = \mu r_e^2$$

$$ r_e = \sqrt\frac{\text{I}}{\mu}$$

$$ r_e = \sqrt\frac{1.44939 \cdot 10^{-46}}{\mu}$$

The exact atomic mass of is 12.011 amu and  is 15.9994 amu. As such the reduce mass is calculated to be:

$$\mu =\left ( \frac{m_1\cdot m_2}{m_1 + m_2} \right )$$

$$\mu =\left ( \frac{12.011\cdot 15.9994}{12.011 + 15.9994} \right )$$

$$\mu =6.86062$$ amu

$$\mu =6.86062$$ amu ᛫ $$1.67377 \times 10^{-27}\left ( \frac{kg}{amu} \right )$$

$$\mu = 1.140 \times 10^{-26} kg$$

Plugging in the reduce mass back into our equation we can finally solve for the bond length of a carbon monoxide molecule:

$$ r_e = \sqrt\frac{1.44939 \cdot 10^{-46}}$$

$$ r_e = \sqrt{1.271 \cdot 10^{-20}}$$

$$ r_e = 1.12739\cdot10^{-10} m$$

$$ r_e = 1.12739 \AA $$

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 15


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 16

Write an example question showing the calculation of the frequency of EM radiation emitted when a HCl molecule transitions from the J=1–>0 rotational state.

Example 16: Giving the bond length re=1.27Å, find the frequency of the EM radiation emitted when a HCl molecule transitions from the J=1→0 rotational state

Given the reduced mass (μ) and inertia (I), the energy can be found and subsequently be used to find frequency of the transition.

Note that for rotational states for J=1→0, ΔE is not required as the transition states are in the ground state.

Inertia can be found by using reduced mass of the molecule and their bond length(re = 1.27Å):

$$I=\mu\cdot r_e ^2 $$

where reduced mass can be calculated by the following:

$$\mu=\frac{m_1\cdot m_2}{m_1 +m_2 }$$, where $$m_1=1.00784 u$$ and $$m_2 =35.453u$$

$$\mu= \frac{(1.00784)(35.453)}{1.00784+35.453}=0.9770u$$

Convert to SI units:

$$1u=1.66054\times10^{-27}kg $$, thus

$$\mu=0.9799u\times\frac{1.66054\times 10^{-27}kg}{1u} =1.627\times10^{-27}kg$$

Note that the bond length must also be in SI units,

1Å= 1×10-10m

Bond length = 1.27×10-10m

Inertia can now be calculated:

$$I=(1.627\times10^{-27}kg)(1.27\times10^{-10}m)^2 = 2.624\times10^{-47}kg\cdot m^2 $$

After calculating the inertia, energy can be found:

$$E=\frac{\hbar^2}{2I} J(J+1)=hv$$

and $$\hbar=\frac{h}{2\pi}$$, where h is the Planck's constant.

$$E=\Biggl(\frac{6.626\times 10^{-34}m^2kgs^{-1}}{2\pi}\Biggr)^2 \times \frac{1}{2\times2.624\times10^{-47}kg\cdot m^2}\times1(1+1)$$

$$E=4.240\times 10^{-22}J$$

Frequency of the transmission can therefore be found:

$$v=\frac{E}{h}$$

$$v=\frac{4.240\times 10^{-22}J}{6.626\times10^{-34}m^2kgs^{-1}} =6.40\times10^{11}s^{-1}$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 16


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 17

The force constant of HCl is determined computationally to be 480 N/m. Given this information find the frequency of EM radiation required to excite the HCl molecule from its ground state to its first excited state.

Solution
Given the bond constant (k) of HCl, we use the relationship between fundamental frequency and bond constant to find the bond constant.

$$ \nu_0={\frac{1}{2\pi}} {\left( {\frac{k}{\mu}} \right)}^{1/2} $$

where $$K$$ is the bond constant.

 * $$\mu$$ is the reduced mass of HCl.

To find the reduced mass of HCl the masses of H and Cl are multiplied and divided by the sum of the masses. $$ \mu={\frac{m_1\cdot m_2}{m_1+m_2}} $$ For HCl the reduced mass is calculated as $$ \mu={\frac{1.007842u\cdot35.453u}{1.007842u+35.453u}}

=0.979982u $$ convert to the SI unit of Kg  $$1u=1.66054\cdot10^{-27}Kg $$ $$0.979983u= 0.979983u\cdot1.66054 \cdot 10^{-27}Kg$$ $$\mu= 1.6273\cdot10^{-27}Kg$$ To find the fundamental frequency $$ \nu_0={\frac{1}{2\pi}}\left(\frac{K}{\mu} \right)^{1/2} $$
 * $$= {\frac{1}{2\pi}}\left(\frac{480N/m}{1.6273\cdot10^{-27}Kg} \right)^{1/2}$$
 * $$= 8.6438\cdot 10^{13} hz $$

After finding the fundamental frequency, the Energy at different quantum levels can be found by $$E_v=h\nu_0 \left(v + \frac{1}{2} \right)$$ For the ground state i.e. $$v=0$$ $$E_0=h\nu_0 \left(0 + \frac{1}{2} \right)$$ $$E_0=h\nu_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$$ For the first excited state i.e. $$v=1$$ $$E_1=h\nu_0 \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \right)$$ $$E_1=h\nu_0 \left(\frac{3}{2}\right)$$ The difference in energy between the two states is $$\Delta E=E_1-E_0$$ $$\Delta E=h\nu_0 \left(\frac{3}{2}\right) - h\nu_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$$ $$\Delta E=h\nu_0$$ and Energy is defined as Planck's constant multiplied by frequency $$\Delta E=hv$$ $$hv=h\nu_0$$ $$v=\nu_0=8.6438\cdot 10^{13} hz$$

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 17


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 18

Write an example question showing the determination of the force constant of CO using IR spectroscopy.

Question
Using IR spectroscopy, calculate the force constant of carbon monoxide (CO) and report the value in kN/m.

Solution
To solve this question, the IR spectrum of CO is required. The website, webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ is a database that is available to the public for access to IR spectra. If you are unfamiliar on acquiring an IR spectrum, follow these steps: with the nist website open, go to Search Option -> Name -> Enter: Carbon Monoxide -> Select: IR Spectrum -> Change Transmittance to Absorbance -> Finally, take a screen shot.

The CO IR spectrum earlier acquired is a low resolution rotational-vibrational spectrum. In IR spectrum's, the fundamental frequency can be determined by utilizing the P-branch, Q-branch, and R-branch. Remember that the Q-branch is pure vibrational, which is forbidden, therefore the peak does not exist and is located between the P-branch and R-branch.

Using the website, apps.automeris.io/wpd/ will allow for an accurate collection of data points from the image of the CO IR spectrum taken earlier. For low resolution spectrums, locate the R-branch and P-branch, use the peak maxima as the data point. If you are unfamiliar on acquiring the data points from a image, follow these steps: Open the website -> Load Image -> Choose File -> Open -> 2D(X-Y) Plot -> Align Axes -> Plot Known $$ X_1, X_2. Y_1, Y_2 $$ -> Complete -> Insert Known Values -> Ok -> Add Points -> View Data.

Equation 1: Using the data points from the image, the fundamental frequency can be determined by the following relationship. $$ v_0 = \left( \frac{num_H - num_L}{2} \right) + num_L \equiv num_H - \left( \frac{num_H  - num_L}{2} \right) $$ Where, $$ v_0 $$ is the fundamental frequency $$ (\text{cm}^{-1}) $$ $$ num_H $$ is the highest wavenumber $$ (\text{cm}^{-1}) $$ $$ num_L $$ is the lowest wavenumber $$ (\text{cm}^{-1}) $$

Equation 2: The following equation is used to relate the fundamental frequency to the force constant. $$ v_0 = \frac{1}{2\pi c} \left( \frac{k}{\mu} \right)^{1/2} $$ Where, $$ v_0 $$ is the fundamental frequency $$ (\text{m}^{-1}) $$ $$ c $$ is the speed of light $$ (\text{m/s}) $$ $$ k $$ is the force constant $$ (\text{N/m}) $$ $$ \mu $$ is the reduced mass $$ (\text{kg}) $$

Equation 3: The reduced mass equation is required for relating the fundamental frequency to the force constant. Remember to use exact masses, and since the isotopes were not specified, that means we assume the most abundant version is to be used. For oxygen: $$ ^{16} \text{O}: 15.994915 \text{ amu} $$ For carbon: $$ ^{12} \text{C}: 12.000000 \text{ amu} $$ $$ \mu = \frac{m_1 \cdot m_2}{m_1+m_2} $$ Where, $$ \mu $$ is the reduced mass $$ (\text{kg}) $$ $$ m_1 $$ is the exact mass 1 $$ (\text{amu}) $$ $$ m_2 $$ is the exact mass 2 $$ (\text{amu}) $$ $$ \text{amu} = 1.66054 \text{ x}10^{-27} \text{kg} $$

Equation 4: Rearrange equation 2 to solve for the force constant. $$ k = 4 \pi^2 v_0^2 c^2 \mu $$

The fundamental frequency of CO from IR spectra is determined using equation 1: $$ v_0 = \left( \frac{2176.206896 \text{ cm}^{-1} - 2122.41379 \text{ cm}^{-1}}{2} \right) + 2122.41379 \text{ cm}^{-1} = 2149.310343 \text{ cm}^{-1} $$

The reduced mass of CO is calculated using equation 3: $$ \mu = \frac{15.994915 \text{ amu} \cdot 12.000000 \text{ amu}}{15.994915 \text{ amu} + 12.000000 \text{ amu}} = 6.856208708 \text{ amu} \cdot (1.66054 \text{ x}10^{-27} \text{kg/amu}) = 1.13850088 \text{ x}10^{-26} \text{ kg} $$

The force constant of CO is calculated using equation 4:

$$ k = 4\pi^2 \left( 2149.310343 \text{ cm}^{-1} \cdot \left( \frac{100 \text{ cm}}{1 \text{ m}} \right) \right)^2(2.998 \text{ x}10^{8} \text{ m/s})^2 (1.13850088 \text{ x}10^{-26} \text{ kg}) = 1886.184688 \text{ N/m} $$

$$ k = 1.886184688 \text{ kN/m} $$

Answer: Using IR spectroscopy, the force constant of carbon monoxide was determined to be 1.87 kN/m.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 18


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 19

Write an example question showing the calculation of the frequency of EM radiation required to excite an H atom from ground to n=2 electronic state.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 19


text:
Pokémon Crystal

Strategy Guide

 * /Introduction/

Starting the Game

 * /Options/
 * /New Game/
 * /Beginnings in New Bark Town/
 * /Exploring Route 29/
 * /Welcome to Cherrygrove City/
 * /Exploring Route 30/
 * /Exploring Route 31/
 * /Welcome to Violet City/
 * /Facing Falkner/
 * /Climbing Sprout Tower/

Meta

 * /About/

title: Pokémon Crystal


text: Category:Book:Pokémon Crystal

title: Category:Book:Pokémon Crystal


text:
Pokémon Crystal/Exploring Route 29

Introduction
This is the first of the many routes you will discover in the game. It is relatively safe and straightforward, and makes a good training area for beginners. On the other end of it lies your goal, Cherrygrove City.

Training on the Way
Currently you do not have access to Pokéballs, so right now focus on training up your Pokémon and getting through to the next area. Beat about three Pokémon to raise the level of your starter to level 6. Defeat some more to reach level 7 with relative ease.

If you need to heal, you can head back to New Bark Town to use the healing machine in the Elm Pokémon Lab, use a healing item, or push on to Cherrygrove City to heal there.

Walkthrough
Snake through the ledges to reach Cherrygrove City. In the upper right of the map, a free potion item can be found.

Midway through the route is a northern gatehouse with leads to Route 46. This is a mountainous road with sheer cliffs and can not be traversed from this direction, so simply keep on route 29. Instead continue and forage from a berry tree which can be found in the upper left for a berry. Continue west from here to reach Cherrygrove City.

Items

 * Potion: In the top righthand corner of Route 29.
 * Berry: Berries are found in berry trees throughout the Game.
 * Pink Bow: Get from a person, only after winning one badge and only on Tuesday. Powers up Normal-type Pokémon.

Wild Pokémon

 * Hoothoot - Nite
 * Ratatta - Nite

title: Pokémon Crystal/Exploring Route 29


text:
Pokémon Crystal/Beginnings in New Bark Town

Exploring New Bark Town (Optional)
New Bark town is a sleepy rural town with little to see.

South of the player home is the house where the family of Professor Elm lives.

To the southwest is a generic house.

The real attraction of the town is the Elm Pokémon Lab in the northwest corner of the town. Currently a man with long red hair is sulking in a nook next to the building. Try talking to him if desired, he'll just shove you a substantial distance away when he notices you.

Visiting the Elm Pokémon Lab
When you are ready, enter the lab. Your character will automatically walk to the professor and talk to him. Professor Elm will ask the player to raise a Pokémon to help with his research. Elm then gets an email from Mr. Pokémon, and asks you to further help by meeting with him.

Inside you can pick from three different Pokémon: Chikorita (grass type), Cyndaquil (fire type), or Totodile (water type). Every time you select a Pokéball, you'll see a name, picture, and type given. Confirm the one you want to pick once you are sure.

After picking, you'll have the option to nickname the Pokémon. Nicknaming the Pokémon is a good idea if you want to make it a main party member. The gender of the Pokémon is shown on the upper left of the naming screen.

The player character will then automatically walk to Professor Elm, who explains that Mr. Pokémon lives past Cherrygrove City, a nearby settlement.

No matter which you pick, your Pokémon will be holding a berry, a nice held item. Before you leave the lab, Elm's assistant will stop you to give you a potion for your journey.

Before you leave New Bark Town, there are some optional dialogues you can partake in. Check the lower left bookshelves of the Elm Pokémon Lab for travel tips. Talk to townsfolk if desired, then head on.

When you are ready, go west and enter Route 29.

Items

 * Potion: Get this from the assistant in Prof. Elm's lab.

Pokemon

 * Chikorita: Pick from the three Starter Pokémon in Prof. Elm's lab. [MDN] (M=Morn;D=Day;N=Nite)
 * Cyndaquil: Pick from the three Starter Pokémon in Prof. Elm's lab. [MDN]
 * Totodile: Pick from the three Starter Pokémon in Prof. Elm's lab. [MDN]

Questions

 * Is having a rural lab conductive to some kinds of scientific research? Why?
 * Email was a new and exciting technology for the general public at the time of release. If this game was released today, what technology would be showcased instead to excite the audience?


text:
Pokémon Crystal/About

About this Wikibook
This Wikibook was created in 2006 by an IP user. Shortly thereafter it was deleted.

It was restored in 2021 and developed further from that point.

title: Pokémon Crystal/About


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?

This Wikibooks page critiques “High-intensity exercise during chemotherapy induces beneficial effects 12 months into breast cancer survivorship” by Mijwel et al. (2019)

What is the background to this research?
The primary measures of this study is the effects on high intensity interval exercise on cancer related fatigue. The study also included secondary measures which were the quality of life (QoL), symptom burden, muscle strength, body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness and return to work.

Female breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world. One of the most detrimental side effects of cancer is Cancer Related Fatigue (CFR). In Australia 70-100% of the cancer population suffers from CFR. CFR impairs emotional, cognitive, and physical functions which significantly impacts day-to-day life. A way to combat CRF is through exercise both during and after treatment.

Where is the research from?
All the authors of this paper are associated with the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm Sweden. The Karolinska Instiutet is ranked 36th in world for universities and is renowned for its cancer research. The authors have a wide range of knowledge in the relationship between exercise and cancer including molecular responses to exercise.

The paper was published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship, it has an impact rating of 3.671 in 2019 which ranks it in the top 22.97% of all journal articles.

The funding of the research was provided by four Swedish foundations, Radiumhemmets Research Funds, The Swedish Society for Medical research, Cancerfonden and CancerRehabFonden.

What kind of research was this?
This paper is a perspective study as it is a randomised control trial (RCT). RCT’s are the gold standard for proving cause and effect relationships. As this study is a follow on from a 16-week intervention, the duration of this research is different from other research conducted in the same field.

Measures
The tests stated below were conducted at baseline, 16 weeks and 12 months

Exercise Interventions
Three different categories, resistance training group (RT-HIIT), moderate-intensity aerobic group (AT-HIIT) and the usual care (UC).

Exercise session durations were 60 minutes, supervised by either an exercise physiologist or oncology nurse. The table below highlights the exercise sessions. Borg’s rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was used to determine intensity of exercise. UC participants of this group were given a written copy of American College of Sports Medicines recommendation of the types of exercises they should complete.

Strengths and limitations of methodology
Strengths of the methodology were allowing the AT-HIIT intervention group to choose their mode of exercise and having set targets of intensity to ensure continuity. The use of RPE may be a limitation when comparing to other studies as most report percent intensity for exercises.

Multiple measures were used which were all valid for the population. However, they were self-reported which may increase the likelihood of response bias. The main measure, PFS, is suitable for the Swedish population but is limited in its ability for international comparison of the results to other populations.

Other limitations were that physical activity was not measured objectively, nor did the questions ask about types and intensities of activities. Selection bias may have occurred at the 12 month follow up assessment as participants could choose to attend.

What were the basic results?
The table below describes the significant positive outcomes of both the RT-HIIT and AT-HIIT interventions in comparison to the UC group. The CRF and symptom burden decreased while lower limb and grip strength increased. In the AT-HIIT the effect size for total CRF is small which questions the benefit on CRF. In other sections of the PFS questionnaire the RT-HIIT intervention had a larger effect size in comparison to AT-HIIT. This indicates RT-HIIT could be more beneficial to reduce CRF. Conversely, throughout the paper the authors suggest that the cognitive aspect of CRF in the AT-HIIT group was influential as it may have assisted in the high proportion of participants returning to work, 91% to 69% (p=0.02) when compared to the UC group. This cannot be a causal relationship only a correlation.

Health related quality of life and AT-HIIT
The authors suggest throughout the paper that the AT-HIIT intervention is more beneficial than the RT-HIIT shown through the results in the EORTC-QLQ-C30. This indicates AT-HIIT group may be more effective in increasing QoL.

Cancer related fatigue outcomes
The PFS found that CRF was significantly negatively correlated with both lower limb muscle strength (r=-0.20, p=0.035) as well as cardiovascular fitness (r=-0.25, p=0.005). While the EORTC-QLQ-C30 results for CRF came to the same conclusions for lower limb muscle strength (r=-0.25, p=0.008). This data is not specific to an intervention. Thus, the results are that lower limb muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness can be beneficial for reducing CRF.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study concluded that any supervised exercise is more beneficial to QoL as well as CRF in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in comparison to the usual advice in the long term.

The RT-HIIT group had more significant results in lowering CRF in the PFS, but this may not be comparable outside of the Swedish population. The AT-HIIT intervention results for lowering both body mass and increasing QoL were like many other studies in the field. Further, resistance training may be more beneficial for reducing CRF when combined with either aerobic or high intensity aerobic exercise. Thus, it should be investigated whether a combination of both interventions would be more beneficial in reducing CRF and increasing QoL.

Practical advice

 * Supervised exercise is beneficial while undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.
 * Consultations of a health professional to understand risks and benefits associated with exercising.
 * High intensity aerobic training as well as resistance training might be the most effective plan for reducing CRF and increasing QoL.

Further information/resources
American College of Sports Medicine

Cancer council (Australia) exercise booklet

EX-MED a not-for-profit organisation for safe exercise prescription for people with cancer


title: User:Kwanele22/monobook.css


text:
User talk:74.104.137.109

Thanks!
I just wanted to thank you for your work on Wikibooks strategy guides! Thank you for your help. :) --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 07:04, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Blocked
You cannot edit for 3 month due to repeated bad page creations. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:45, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.104.137.109


text:
Public International Law/Human Rights Law/Human Rights Protection/Arab and Islamic Human Rights System

Author: Adamantia Rachovitsa "Required knowledge: sources of international law; individuals; recurring themes in human rights doctrine" "Learning objectives: understanding the basic substantive and institutional features of the Arab/Islamic human rights mosaic"

This is where the text begins. This template follows our style guide. Please take into account our guidelines for didactics. If you're wondering how to create text in Wikibooks, feel free to check out our guide on how to write in Wikibooks.

Just replace the content above and below with your content.

A. Introduction
The geographies of the  Middle East"'', "Arab region" or "Islamic world" are difficult to capture. Regional arrangements of States involving these geographies do not fall squarely into the orderly and familiar forms of regionalism. Take the example of the League of Arab States: a regional organisation of 22 States across two continents. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation defies geographical distance, bringing together 57 member States (with a population of over 1.8 billion) across four continents. One should also note that a number of States belonging in these regional arrangements are also members to the African Union and parties to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. In these instances, groupings of States are not driven solely by physical proximity but mostly by a  'regionalism of ideas' and various markers of common identity, such as Arab heritage and Islamic solidarity. Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that these regional arrangements are reflected in a diversity of treaties and instruments on human rights.

The sub-chapter starts with discussing two early Islamic human rights documents which, although non-binding, seem to have set the tone for the Arab/Islamic human rights system. The discussion then focuses on the institutional and substantive aspects of protecting human rights in the League of Arab States, including the Arab Independent Committee on Human Rights and the Revised Arab Charter on Human rights. Finally, some insights are highlighted from the more recent Gulf Cooperation Council Declaration on Human Rights.

B. Early Islamic Human Rights Documents
Two Islamic documents concerning human rights protection, which haven taken the form of international declarations and are therefore non-binding, stand out. The first document is the 1981 Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights. It was prepared under the auspices of the Islamic Council of Europe, which is a private, London-based organisation affiliated with the Muslim World League, an international NGO headquartered in Saudi Arabia that tends to support the views of conservative Muslims. The second instrument, influenced by the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, is the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, adopted by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1990. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam was the contribution of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights. In line with the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation's religious nature, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam contains consistent references to Islamic law (also know as Sharia).

Many of the rights and freedoms contained in both the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam and the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights fall short of universal standards, as encapsulated in the international bill of rights, as well as from an Islamic perspective. This is because, in many instances, the language and scope of rights provided in these documents do not measure up to Islamic standards of human rights. Two notable examples of how the rights and freedoms contained in these two documents fall short of universal human rights standards concern the scope of rights of women (e.g. women's right to work, polygamy, right to inheritance, equality of rights in marriage) and freedom of religion.

A defining feature of both the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam and the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights is that they subject the exercise of human rights to Islamic law. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam states that 'all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Sharia' (article 24). The Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights lacks such an explicit clause but clarifies that any reference to law, to which human rights are subordinated throughout the text, denotes Sharia.

An additional notable characteristic of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam and the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights is that they set out a series of individual duties towards society as well as duties of the community towards the individual. Such duties express Arab and Islamic ideals of social justice, and a community-oriented approach to human rights. These ideals and approaches have contributed to the apparatus of positive human rights law and may also advance novel perspectives for conceptualising aspects of human rights law as well as alternative systems for protecting human dignity.

Overall, the rationale for creating the Islamic human rights documents is not clear. Both the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam and the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights were intended to develop an Islamic response to the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Many also argue that the underlying rationale of these Islamic human rights documents as well as the specific encapsulation of rights therein are intended more as rhetorical devices serving political interests, ideologies and (perceived) hegemonic politics and repressive policies of certain autocratic regimes.

C. The Protection of Human Rights in the League of Arab States
The League of Arab States, based in Cairo, has 22 member States. Non-interference in domestic affairs is a key policy of the League of Arab States, which is historically linked to decolonisation and pan-Arab nationalism forged during and in the aftermath of the independence of many Arab States. In contrast to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the League of Arab States is primarily a non-religious organisation.

I. Arab Independent Committee on Human Rights
The Arab Independent Committee on Human Rights (Committee) is a body of the League of Arab States, established in 1998. The Committee meets twice per year in Cairo and consists of one political representative from each member State. According to its mandate, the Committee is responsible for:
 * Establishing rules of cooperation among member States in the field of human rights
 * Formulating an Arab position on human rights issues at the regional and international levels
 * Drafting human rights treaties and assessing the compatibility of agreements with human rights principles
 * Promoting the implementation of human rights
 * Promoting cooperation in human rights education.

Despite its broad mandate on paper, the Committee is limited to considering issues referred to it by specific bodies of the League of Arab States or member States. It has neither a mechanism to consider the human rights situation in member States nor any special procedures.

The Committee may grant certain civil society organisations observer status, but it has set certain restrictive criteria. Civil society organisations must be registered in an Arab country, and in many States the criteria for registering an association are very restrictive. For this reason, few organisations enjoy observer status before the Committee. Those that enjoy observer status find it challenging to engage in a meaningful way. They have limited and untimely access to documentation, limited access to sessions and deliberations, and are not allowed to make statements on agenda items.

II. The Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights
The Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights (Charter) was adopted in 2004 and entered into force in 2008. As of January 2021, 16 out of 22 member States to the League of Arab States' have ratified the Charter. The Charter affirms the universality and indivisibility of human rights (article 1) and contains a clause safeguarding the more favourable level of protection for the individual (article 43). The text of the treaty ensures peoples' right to self-determination (article 2) and safeguards key civil and political rights (articles 5-33) and many economic, social and cultural rights (articles 34-42). There are a few novel provisions, too, such as the right to a decent life for persons with mental or physical disability (article 40).

Nonetheless, the Charter presents certain shortcomings. First, it omits important human rights. For instance, it does not prohibit cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment but only treatment (see article 8(1)). This is troubling, since many States in the region retain corporal forms of punishment that may be in violation of the Convention Against Torture. Some rights are protected only with regard to State parties' own citizens, such as the right to association and peaceful assembly (article 24(6)) and most economic and social rights. Second, the death penalty may be imposed on minors, if stipulated in a State party's domestic law (article 7(1)). Third, women's rights are not sufficiently protected in accordance with international standards.

Fourth, the Charter contains so-called claw-back clauses, as is the case with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

1. The Arab Human Rights Committee
The Arab Human Rights Committee, created in 2009, is the treaty body entrusted with supervising the implementation of the Revised Arab Charter (articles 45-48). The Committee consists of seven independent human rights experts who serve in a personal capacity.

The Committee is responsible for monitoring States' human rights performance and reviewing State reports. The Committee cannot receive individual complaints. States parties are required to submit a report on their compliance with the Charter within one year of ratification, and thereafter every three years. The Committee reviews these reports and issued conclusions and recommendations. Civil society organisations can submit reports and attend meetings. Although the Committee does not require them to have observer status to take part in the reporting procedure, they must have NGO status in their country of origin. Since many State parties have rigid requirements under their domestic law for registering an NGO, many organisations are prevented from accessing the reporting procedure. In practice, the reporting system suffers from huge delays, since States are often late in submitting their national reports. In practice, the reporting suffers from huge delays, since States are often late in submitting their national reports.

2. The Arab Court of Human Rights
In 2014, the League of Arab States concluded the Statute of the Arab Court of Human Rights. The Court's jurisdiction extends over disputes resulting from the interpretation and application of the Charter, or any other Arab convention in the field of human rights involving a member State (article 16). Moreover, upon request of the League of Arab States' Assembly, the Court may also issue an advisory opinion regarding any legal issues related to the Charter or to any other Arab convention on human rights (article 21).

The personal jurisdiction of the Court is severely limited, depriving individuals of the right to access it directly. According to article 19, only State parties may bring applications before the Court. State parties may accept, pursuant to a separate declaration, that a civil society organisation has standing to bring cases on behalf of individuals. As of yet, no States have ratified the Statute.

D. The GCC Declaration on Human Rights
In 2014, the member States of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (also known as Gulf Cooperation Council or GCC), namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, adopted the GCC Human Rights Declaration. The Declaration embodies an expression of the subregional level of human rights protection. Interestingly, this expression comes from States that are dominant actors in the Arab region and associated with the conservative streams of Islamic thought. The text consists of 47 provisions concerning civil and political rights and social, economic and cultural rights. Some of these rights are novel, including article 39 which sets out a joint responsibility for the State and the community with regard to addressing the consequences of disasters and emergencies; and article 4 which criminalises human organs' trade but also frames it as a violation of human rights.

With that being said, the GCC Human Rights Declaration overemphasises the role of domestic law when limiting human rights and subjects the exercise of human rights to Islamic law.

E. Conclusion
The development of the Arab/Islamic system on human rights gives rise to a polymorphous regionalism, wherein human rights documents and treaties capture different geographies and reflect various interests and priorities. The potential for certain novel provisions, as provided in the Arab/Islamic human rights instruments to support, in certain instances, different conceptualisations of human rights law remains largely unexplored in human rights law and practice. The restrictive scope of many of the human rights provided in the early Islamic human rights documents and the Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights and the subjection of the exercise of human rights to domestic law and/or Islamic Law deviate from universal human rights standards. The ineffective functioning of international bodies casts a long shadow over the progressive development of human rights standards in the Arab/Islamic human rights system.

Further Readings

 * A A An-Na'im, 'Human Rights in the Arab World: A Regional Perspective' (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly 701.
 * S Farrar, 'The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Forever on the Periphery of Public International Law?' (2014) 12 Chinese Journal of International Law 787
 * M-M O Mohamedou, 'Arab Agency and the UN Project: The League of Arab States between Universality and Regionalism' (2016) 37 Third World Quarterly 1226


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Public International Law/Human Rights Law/Human Rights Protection/Asian Human Rights System

Author: Adamantia Rachovitsa "Required knowledge: sources of international law; individuals; recurring themes in human rights doctrine" "Learning objectives: to understand the reasons that the Asian human rights system takes a different path comparing to other regions; to get familiarised with the notion of Asian values in human rights law; to highlight the major human rights developments in the ASEAN."

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A. Introduction
Asia is one of the regions in the world which lacks a regional system for the protection of human rights. A few remarks are warranted so as to understand why this is so. Any hastiness of the non-Asian observer in expecting of Asia what may be expected of other regions in the world may be misguided. Conceptualising Asia as a region, that is, a geographical area with sufficient historical, economic, social, religious and cultural cohesion, is a complex matter. Asia consists of a great number of States: 53 members of the Asia-Pacific Group at the UN, out of 193 United Nations (UN) member States, Asia is by far the most populous region in the world: 4.5 billion people out of 7.6 billion on the planet. Asia's self-identification as a continent is also subject to discussion. Despite commonalities among States and peoples, the diversity within Asia is remarkable, perhaps inhibiting a systematic, coherent approach to regional development, at least in the form that this is witnessed in other regions.

The absence of regional human rights instruments and institutions needs to be also understood within the broader framework of Asian States' engagement with international law. Asian States are the least likely to accept international obligations. They tend to be mistrustful of delegating sovereignty, either on an international or regional basis. This is due to the diversity in the continent and the influences of the great powers (China, India and Japan). Historical and cultural reasons as well as the experience(s) of colonialism should not be understated either (e.g., India and colonialism, China and unequal treaties, the trials that followed the Second World War in Japan). These experiences have cemented the perception that international law is primarily an instrument of political power to be used selectively.

Against this background, regional human rights law in Asia is considerably less developed and amorphous compared to other regions. The deepening of human rights law is more likely to occur at the sub-regional level in smaller and more coherent groupings of States. At the same time, Asian States have existing human rights obligations under customary international law and under the UN human rights framework (the UN Periodic Review and obligations stemming from the ratification of UN human rights treaties).

First, this section briefly explains the concept and role of Asian values in human rights law and discourse. The discussion subsequently focuses on the sub-regional level for protecting human rights and, more specifically, the bodies and human rights instruments created by the Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN).

B. The "Asian Values" Debate
An infrequent occasion when Asian States formed and presented a united front on their position on human rights was their contribution to the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights. They drafted and submitted the Bangkok Declaration, which embodies the so-called "Asian values". Asian values is a term coined by Asian officials to contest the Western conceptualisation of civil and political freedoms. A major claim raised in this regard is that communitarian values and duties of the individual towards society should be placed on an equal footing to (or even take precedence over) individual freedoms. Paragraph 8 of the Bangkok Declaration reads:"While human rights are universal in nature, they must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgroun"The 1998 Asian Charter on Human Rights, which is a peoples' charter drafted by civil society in response to the Bangkok Declaration, holds that the idea of "Asian values" legitimises the 'deprivation of the rights and freedoms of [...] citizens, which are denounced as foreign ideas inappropriate to the religious and cultural traditions of Asia'. A distinction is also drawn between Asian values as a 'thin disguise for [...] authoritarianism', on the one hand, and the relevance of bearing in mind the social, economic and cultural contexts in which rights are to be enjoyed, on the other. In other words, it is not debated whether social, economic and cultural contexts have a bearing on the enjoyment of rights (they do) but rather the specific weight of this bearing on the protective scope of rights as well as this weight's potentially disguised abuse for political purposes.

C. Developments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
While the number of human rights developments have taken place (e.g., South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) or are likely to take place (e.g., Pacific Islands Forum) in specific sub-regional corners of Asia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) stands out for its progress. ASEAN is a political and economic union created in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, which were subsequently joined by Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia. In 2007, ASEAN member States decided to deepen their political, security-related, economic and socio-cultural cooperation by creating the ASEAN Charter. Respect for sovereignty, non-interference in domestic affairs and the consensus approach remain the foundational principles of States' engagement. In a surprising move, the protection of human rights and social justice features prominently in the Purposes and Principles of the ASEAN Charter. It was additionally agreed that a human rights body would be established, which eventually became the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR).

I. The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights
The AICHR, established in 2009, is an intergovernmental, consultative body. Its decision-making is based on consultation and consensus, following a non-confrontational approach. The AICHR's mandate is to promote and protect human rights in the regional context, bearing in mind different cultural and religious backgrounds. Its tasks are promotional of human rights with no remit for receiving individual complaints or conducting investigations. According to its Terms of Reference, the AICHR is tasked with: The AICHR has been criticised for lack of engagement with civil society organisations and the general public.
 * Developing strategies and capacity-building
 * Consulting, and engaging in dialogue with other bodies and institutions, including civil society
 * Enhancing public awareness of human rights

II. The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration
Since the 1993 Bangkok Declaration, States in Asian and ASEAN fora have made many unsuccessful attempts to form a consensus on drafting a human rights instrument. These attempts came to fruition in 2012, in the context of ASEAN, with the adoption of the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. The Declaration - a non-binding instrument - provides for both civil and political rights (articles 10-25) and economic, social and cultural rights (articles 26-34), plus the right to development (articles 35-37) and the right to peace (article 38). Following in the footsteps of the Bangkok Declaration, the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration stresses that 'the realisation of human rights must be considered in the regional and national context bearing in mind different political, economic, legal, social, cultural, historical and religious backgrounds' (article 7). The Declaration also emphasises that the enjoyment of human rights must be balanced with the performance of corresponding duties towards other individual and the community (article 6). The rights are drafted almost telegraphically as to their protective scope, and the limitations on human rights provided are broad (article 8). This may be understandable, since declaration are not commonly drafted in the same detail as treaties.

III. Other ASEAN Human Rights Bodies and Instruments
A few other developments in the ASEAN should be noted. The ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children, formally established in 2010, is a consultative, intergovernmental human rights body. It is tasked with promoting and protecting the human rights of women and children upholding rights contained in the Convention on the Elimination of Violence Against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (all ASEAN member States have ratified both treaties). Its functions are very similar to those of the AICHR and include:

 * Promoting the implementation of international and ASEAN instruments on the rights of women and children
 * Advocating on behalf of women and children
 * Assisting, upon request by ASEAN Member States, in fulfilling their international human rights reporting obligations on women and child rights
 * Encouraging ASEAN Member States to collect and analyse sex disaggregated data, and undertake periodic reviews of national legislation, policies, and practices related to the rights of women and children

Like the AICHR, the ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children does not have a specific mandate to receive and investigate (individual) complaints of human rights violations. Decision-making in the ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children is based on consultation and consensus (see article 20 of the ASEAN Charter) which means that the Commission cannot act without the full agreement of all representatives, which means that the Commission cannot act without the full agreement of all representatives.

Finally, in 2007, representatives of the ASEAN member States adopted the ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers. The same year, the ASEAN Committee in the Implementation of the Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers was created, mandated to ensure the implementation of commitments made under the previously-mentioned Declaration as well as to develop an ASEAN instrument on the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers. In 2017, following ten years of negotiations, ASEAN States did adopt the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, a treaty that sets out standards for the treatment of migrant workers in source and destination countries.

D. Conclusion
In the ASEAN the development of human rights both on a normative/substantive level (non-binding and binding human rights standards) and on an institutional level is notable. It remains to be seen though whether the ASEAN example can and will be extrapolated to other sub-regional corners in Asia. The so-called Asian values, as reflected in the Bangkok Declaration and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration, do not necessarily contest the universality of human rights law but rather aim at crafting more political and legal space for deference to national and regional particularities. With that being said, communitarian values or the role of duties of the individual hold conceptually certain untapped potential and therefore merit further study in human rights law.

Further Readings

 * AT Anghie, 'Identifying Regions in the History of International Law', in Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (OUP 2012) 1058
 * T Hsien-Li, 'Adaptive Protection of Human Rights: Stealth Institutionalisation of Scrutiny Functions in ASEAN’s Limited Regime' (2022) 22 Human Rights Law Review 1
 * Y Wahyuningrum, 'A Decade of Institutionalizing Human Rights in ASEAN: Progress and Challenges' (2021) 21 Journal of Human Rights 158

Further Resources

 * The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights publishes Annual Reports, Thematic Studies and Annual Activity Reports.
 * YouTube video, Quick facts about the protection of human rights in ASEAN and by the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights.


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Proto-Turkic/Suffixes used to create new words with new meanings

Welcome to seventh lesson of Proto-Turkic.

Languages belonging to the Altaic group are agglutinative languages. New words are always born from roots.

Suffixes that make nouns (or adjectives, adverbs) from a verb
In order to define the suffixes that make nouns from the verb, we first need a root verb. Nouns (or adjectives, adverbs) formed by this method are in close meaning with the root verb.

*-Xk
Here are some examples:

*uŕa- (“to be taller, to be longer”) → *uŕak (“far; long (time), late”)

*kīči- (“to tickle”) → *kīčik (“itching, tickling”)

*tīre- (“to support”) → *tīrek (“support”)

*sogï- (“to get cold”) → *sogïk (“cold”)

*-Xn
Here are some examples:

*kẹl- (“to come”) → *kẹlin (“bride”)

*yarï- (“to shine”) → *yarïn (“morning, tomorrow”)

*oy- (“to jump”) → *oyun (“game”)

*tüt- (“to smoke, reek”) → *tütün (“tobacco, smoke”)

*-gU
*bur- (“to bend”) → *burgu (“trumpet, horn; pipe (of a plant)”)

See dead verbs for more.

*-Xĺ
*yum- → *yumuĺ (“work”) (from a dead verb, perhaps from *yum- (“to round”))

The same suffix also has a different function. But that is the subject of Suffixes that make verbs from a verb.

*-Ug
*kam- (“to gather”) → *kamug (“all, together”)

*agrï- (“to ache, hurt”) → *agrïg (“ache, pain”)

*köpür- (“dead verb”) → *köpürüg (“bridge”)

*-gAk
*bat- (“to sink; to fit into, get into”) → *batgak (“swamp, marsh”)

See dead verbs for more.

Suffixes that make nouns (or adjectives, adverbs) from a noun
Some suffixes of this type do not change the meaning, and most suffixes have meanings very close to the root.

*-Ig
Here are some examples:

*el (“hand”) → *elig (“hand”)

*siar(ï) (“yellow, white”) → *siarïg (“yellow, white”)

*-lXg
It corresponds to the -ful suffix in English.

Here are some examples:

*kǖč (“power”) → *kǖčlüg (“powerful”)

*köpür (“bridge”) → *köpürlüg (“bridge-ful, with bridges”)

*us (“mind”) → *uslug (“well-behaved, mind-ful”)

*el (“hand”) → *ellig (“fifty; with hand”)

You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want. But of course you can't get a new number by adding it to numbers. :) This is only for the number fifty.

*-sXŕ
It corresponds to the -less suffix in English.

*kǖč (“power”) → *kǖčsüŕ (“powerless”)

*köpürüg (“bridge”) → *köpürügsüŕ (“bridgeless, without bridges”)

*us (“mind”) → *ussuŕ (“mindless, without mind”)

You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want.

*-lXk
It corresponds to the -ness suffix in English.

*kǖčlüg (“powerful”) → *kǖčlüglük (“powerfulness”)

*bẹ (“I, me”) → *benlik (“me-ness, my pair of shoes”)

*kara (“black, dark”) → *kara(n)lïk (“darkness”)

*it (“dog”) → *itlik (“dogness, dog's pair of shoes”)

*yubka (“thin, slender, unsubstantial”) → *yubkalïk (“thin-ness, slender-ness”)

You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want.

*-čI
This suffix is identical to the English suffix -er.

 * *sǖt (“milk”) → *sǖtči (“milkman”)

 * *īĺč (“work”) → *īĺčči (“worker”)
 * *oyun (“game”) → *oyunčï (“gamer”)

 * *sub (“water”) → *subčï (“water seller”)

*-XnčI
Creates ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.

The structure of this suffix may have been provided by the fact that the word takes the previous *-čI suffix after taking the instrumental.

*bīr (“one”) → *bīrinči (“first”)

*üč (“three”) → *üčünči (“third”)

*altï (“six”) → *altïnčï (“sixth”)

It just makes the noun an adjective. For example, it cannot be used as "**bīrinči kẹltim (I came first)". It should be used as follows: "*bīrinči bōlsa kẹltim (I came as being first)". Or there is the word *il(i)k, which you can use in the same sense, although it does not mean exactly the same on its own. (e.g: *il(i)k keltim, I came before).

Suffixes that make verbs from a verb
Such suffixes can answer questions such as who is performing the action, whether it is one person or more than one person, without a second additional sentence. They don't change the meaning of the verb, they just add.

Reciprocal (*-Xĺč-)
This appendix indicates that the action was performed by more than one person. The same sentence can be made without this suffix, but this suffix saves extra words. You can get this meaning by adding this suffix to any verb you want.

It is also sometimes used to mean doing something by oneself in some Turkic languages such as Turkish.

*kör- (“to see”) → *körüĺč- (“to see each other; to meet”)

*bạk- (“to look”) → *bạkïĺč- (“to look each other”)

*ur- (“to beat, hit”) → *uruĺč- (“to beat each other; to fight”)

*seb- (“to love”) → *sebiĺč- (“to love each other”)

Passiveness and Activeness (*-Xn-, *-n-, *-Xl-, -l-)

 * 1) Indicates that a job is done by itself
 * 2) Creates the passive state

First of all, this can be a bit difficult for non-native speakers to understand. Because the use of these suffixes varies according to the consonant in the last letter.

If the consonant in the last letter is t or n, it always takes the suffix *-Xl. If the consonant in the last letter is l, it always takes the suffix *-Xn. However, other consonants may vary from Turkic languages to Turkic languages and are irregular in some Turkic languages. It has been observed that in Turkish, vowel endings always have -n suffix and no -l suffix. On the contrary, the Kazakh word bastaw takes the suffix -l and the new verb becomes bastalw. Since there is no -l suffix in Turkish, başlamak became başlanmak.

In general, *-In is used more like in the first item, and *-Il more like in the second item. In some verbs, a suffix can provide both clauses. For example, since the word *kat- ends with the letter t, it cannot take the suffix *-In and necessarily provides both with *-Il.

*seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebil- (“to be loved, liked (by)”), *seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebin- (“rejoice in oneself”)

*ker- (“to stretch”) → *keril- (“to be stretched (by)”), *ker- (“to stretch”) → *kerin- (“give oneself a stretch”)

*ēn- (“to go down”) → *ēnil- (“to be gone down (by); to go down on one's own”)

*ạt- (“to throw”) → *ạtïl- (“to be thrown (by); to throw on one's own”)

*ạl- (“to take”) → *ạlïn- (“to be taken (by); to take on one's own”)

Causative and Transitivised (*-tUr-, *-t-)
This suffix provides the meaning of making someone do it or causing.

*ol- (“to become”) → *oltur- (“to make someone be, to sit”)

*kẹl- (“to come”) → *kẹltür- (“to cause something come, to bring; to make someone come”)

*öl- (“to die”) → *öltür- (“to make someone die, to kill”)

*seb- (“to love”) → *sebtür- (“to make someone love”)

If it is multiple syllables, it takes the suffix *-t.

*semir- (“to fatten”) → *semirt- (“to cause something fatten”)

*okï- (“to read”) → *okït- (“to make someone read") (Shaz)

If the last letter is t or n, it does not take the letter t even if it is multiple syllables, it takes the form *-tUr.

*ẹlit- (“to hear”) → *ẹlittür- (“to make something heard by someone; to cause someone hear”)

*sebin- (“to love oneself”) → *sebintür- (“to make someone love oneself”)

The word can take from these suffixes twice.

*kẹltür- (“to cause something come, to bring”) → *kẹltürt- (“to make someone cause something come, to make someone bring”)

*öltür- (“to make someone die, to kill”) → *öltürt- (“to cause someone make someone die, to cause someone kill”)

Let's explain with a few examples since it seems confusing.

S/he died. - Ol öltü.

S/he killed him. - Ol anï öltürtü.

S/he had her killed by him. - Ol anï anka öltürtdü.

Negation (*-mA-)
By adding this suffix to the verbs, the meaning of negation is provided.

See next lesson 8: Verbals for more information about negation suffix.
 * *seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebme- (“to not love, not like”)
 * *bar- (“to go”) → *barma- (“to not go”)

*-lA-
Here are some examples:

*tïŋ (dead noun) → *tïŋla- (“to listen; to hear; to consider, meditate”)

*āŋ (“intelligence”) → *āŋla- (“to understand; to hear; to discern”)

*yï̄g (“weeping, crying”) → *yï̄gla- (“to weep, cry”) (Proto-Shaz)

*āb (“hunt”) → *ābla- (“to hunt”) (Proto-Shaz)

*-lAn-
It is provided by the previously mentioned *-lA- and *-n-. This suffix gives the meaning of to have (something). Here are some examples:

*eb (house) → *eblen- (“to have a house; to marry”)

*āb (“hunt”) → *āblan- (“to have a hunt”) (Proto-Shaz)

*-Ar-, *-r-
This suffix gives the meaning of to turn (something). It seems to be used only in colors. Here are some examples;

*kȫk (blue) → *kȫker- (“to turn blue”)

*kara (black) → *karar- (“to turn black”)

*siarïg (yellow, white) → *siarïgar- (“to turn yellow, white”)

*-gA-
Here are some examples:

*kẹr (dead noun) → *kẹrge- (“to need”)

*em (“dead noun”) → *emge- (“to suffer, be tortured”)

Sometimes this verb takes a noun suffix and becomes a noun again, but the suffix *-gAk added to verbs and *-gA- added to nouns should not be confused with each other. For example, *bat- is a verb and becomes a noun by taking the suffix *-gAk. But *kẹr is a noun, and it becomes a verb by taking the suffix *-gA-, and then it becomes a noun again by taking the suffix *-k. In Lir, same noun takes the *-lIg verb deriavtional suffix from noun.

Dead Verbs
We come across dead verbs from time to time in Proto languages. A noun has taken the noun suffix from the verb lives, but the root verb dies when it is not needed enough. Any root used in ancient inscriptions may no longer survive.

Even after splitting into branchs, new roots can be developed. For example, çekmek (to pull) used only by the Oghuz and Arghu today may be a late formation. While havlamak (to bark) in Turkish can be associated with the sound of dogs, the word ürümek (to bark) should have been used more often than havlamak. Because ürümek comes from Old Turkic ür- (to blow) and compare to Mongolic uri- (to blow). This shows that there is a new root born in Anatolia. That's how verbs don't just die, sometimes new roots can be born no matter what century you're in.

Here are some dead verbs from Proto-Turkic language:

*döle- → *dölek (“tranquil, sedate, quiet”)

*topra- (“to turn into dust, dry out”) → *toprak (“earth, soil”)

*süŋ- (“to battle, war”) → *süŋgü (“lance, spear”)

*buŕa- (“to bear a calf”) → *buŕagu (“calf”)

*küde- → *küdegü (“bridegroom, son-in-law”)

*tiakï- → *tiakïgu (“hen”)

*yum- → *yumuĺ (“work”)

*in- → *ingek (“cow”)

*eĺ-(/eĺč-) → *eĺgek (“donkey”)

*čï̄p- → *čï̄pgan (“furuncle; rash, pimple”) (see next lesson verbals for the suffix) Next Lesson: Verbals


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Talk:Public International Law/Law of Armed Conflict

Review: 6 June 2023
Dear authors, Thanks for your chapter! I left a few comments in the text, mainly regarding language and some few regarding the structure. Best, Raffaela --Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 14:26, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: 28 May 2023
Dear Anne and Imdad,

This is a very well-structured and engaging chapter on a crucially important topic. I particularly like the focus on currently debated themes, which I think students will enjoy and which will further spark their curiosity about international law. The main issue with your chapter is that it needs to be shortened by almost 3000 words. I made some suggestions in some parts as to how you could cut words without losing too much content. You can see these edits by clicking on "View history" next to the "Edit/Edit source" buttons. I think it would be great if you could edit the rest of the chapter along similar lines, which will probably already bring the word count down by a lot so that we don't have to lose too much of your wonderfully engaging content.

Warmly,

Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 10:29, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 13, 2023
Your chapter provides an excellent and detailed overview of the most important rules of humanitarian law, starting from their historical development and normative foundation. One aspect that stood out to me was the clarity of the writing style. The language used is simple and easy to understand, yet allows for deeper discussions and analysis. This makes the chapter very accessible to students who are new to the subject but also provides valuable insights for more advanced readers. I also appreciated the effective use of text boxes throughout the chapter. They help to highlight key points and make it easier for students to follow the arguments presented.

One minor criticism I have is that while the chapter hints at some critical analysis of humanitarian law, it does not delve into this in great detail. I would suggest adding at least one paragraph to provide a more thorough discussion of potential criticisms of humanitarian law. Overall, I think the chapter is an excellent contribution to the textbook.

Some minor things:

- Please use OSCOLA as your citation style and make sure you provide full and accurate references for all sources cited. It is important to take the time to ensure that all footnotes are correctly formatted according to OSCOLA.

- You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, summary

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

- Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 07:49, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: 26 August 2021
Dear Anne & Imdad,

Thank you for this first outline! I really like the structure. I find the "Current Challenges" very interesting. Just keep in mind our word limit. This will definitely be a great chapter for students!

In terms of content, I would add "humans" to the actors section and deal with combatants, among other things. Their legal status is often surprising for students without knowledge of PIL.

Technically, you can add yourselves as authors and link to your user page (see, for example, my chapter on Case Analysis). In addition, some of the sub-headings are not yet properly formatted. We have described how to do this here.

Thank you very much for your work and keep it up!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 13:36, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments Max! We shall definitely incorporate them.
 * Imdad IUllah (discuss • contribs) 09:37, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Review: 27.8.21
Dear Anne, dear Imdad, I can see why you had to "select" issues. And I guess you will deal with several topics, which do not appear in your outline, under other headings (e.g. combatant status under "distinction"). I generally like your structure. I feel though that "Interplay with Other Fields of Public International Law" should be an independent C. section and not subsumed to "current challenges". Perhaps the relation between jus in bello and jus ad bellum belonged there as well, and not in section A. But to be honest, I would not object to your keeping your original structure. Best wishes, Tax

Review: 3 December 2021
Dear Anne, Imdad,

I think the chapter is looking great! It gives a good breakdown of the subject matter in a logical way. The structure also flows logically and is very useful in outlining this topic. I particularly like the breakdown under the distinction principle - combatants and military objects, and civilians and civilian objects. Perhaps some mention of IHL and the prohibition to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment, may be worth noting. At the same time, I note your section on the 'interplay with other fields of PIL.' I also especially like the section on challenges to LOAC - which I think gives a good outline of selected issues. - Marko

Review of your draft 9 Feb 2022
Dear Anne and Imdad,

Thanks for letting me read your draft so far, and well done on what you have managed to do so far (it's more than what I have managed with my section to date...!)

I have a few comments which I hope you will find helpful. Mostly, and I am not sure of your word count, I think doing a general intro to LOAC is obviously quite a big topic and hard to cover in a succinct way, so you will have to make some hard choices about what to include and what to leave out, and within that, what weight to give certain topics. I feel that in some places you might need to strip things back to basics a bit more, in order to give yourself enough space/word count to cover everything.

To be concrete, you might consider leaving out the "pre-Geneva Conventions' sub-section and starting just from 'Geneva Conventions and Additional protocols", leaving your first sentence in that para to make reference back to older customs and norms as you already do. Similarly, you could shorten the sub-section on 'customary' law' by making your key point but then referring internally within the textbook to the customary law chapter. Finally, in some places, whole provisions are quoted. I wondered if you could paraphrase these at times to make the same point but save word count?

To provide some more specific, nitpicky, feedback, section by section:

- At the very beginning, would you like to provide a sentence stating in simple, brief terms what LOAC/IHL/JiB is and what it aims to do?

- pre-Geneva conventions: If you choose to keep this section, I would re-consider stating that violence is part of the human condition because in my view, this is debated. The point you make that violence is a historical fact is, however, of course well made. The sentence which ends in '3000 BC' is a little unclear to me linguistically. Is it also perhaps too detailed for your key purposes? I would re-consider the sentence talking about traditional customs being tribal rather than humanitarian. I admit I was confused by this - can't they be both?

- Geneva Conventions and APs: Solferino battle was by all accounts terrible but maybe reconsider is we should describe the violence as "inhumane" if it was soldier on soldier? Suggest to add in the founding of the ICRC before mentioning ICRC as devising laws. 1907 naval laws - yes, but also land war as well, no? Lat sentence referring to a common article - which is it? The footnote doesn't say and I wasn't quite sure which you meant here precisely?

- Weapons law: I think a few of the sentences (especially about the St P Declaration) can be combined? Ensure dates are given for all instruments? Mention Art. 36?

- Customary law: you might like to discuss more explicitly the ICRC's long-term customary law study here?

- Principles of LOAC Section: Would you like to add a sentence or two setting out the framing the IHL is designed as a balance between military necessity and humanitarian protection? Because the rest of your discussion seems to hang off this. Then, in terms of structure, you could consider mirroring this with the structure so that it would look something like this:

Opening introductory sentence - balance of humanitarian concern and military nec.

1. humanity

2. military necessity

3 fundamental rules that reflect these two aspects of IHL:

3.1 Distinction

3.2 Precautions

3.3 Proportionality

4. Protected groups and objects (I would shift that section up higher together with the discussion of the general rules of IHL)

5. Rules on humanitarian relief (you could include this if you want to, but might be too detailed for your purposes?)

6. Weapons law (if you want, you could shift that topic down here as one important set of rules governing warfare.)

- Actors in the LOAC: I am wondering if this section is needed at all perhaps? Could some of this be covered off in an intro description of IHL at the very start, where you explain that it can apply to states and non-state actors, the UN acknowledgment that IHL applies to its forces, and that certain provisions also regulate the activities of humanitarian organisations such as the ICRC etc...?

- Selection of current challenges: In current challenges, have you considered including "Compliance" as a primary challenge? I say this because AW and cyber etc is interesting and certainly a challenge, but the lack of respect of fundamental rules such as protecting civilians and detainees seems more of a dire humanitarian problem right now. The problem of war in cities and EWIPA could also be considered as a key challenge right now? I realise this might mean that you need to reduce the weight a bit of the current sections on AW, AI and cyber.

- Protected groups and objects: have you considered including persons deprived of their liberty? This seems very important in armed conflict. Also rather than just medical personnel, I suppose you mean the entire medical mission, right (i.e. personnel, clinics, ambulances..)

- Interplay section: have you considered counterterrorism? Also, if you wanted to, to save word count, you could also consider including interplay of IHL with other legal frameworks as one of the "challenges" instead of giving it its separate big section?

Apologies - I realise I opened by talking about word count and then suggested a range of additional topics! I hope that some of the above might nevertheless be of use. I am happy to dicsuss anything further with you, and I am looking forward to see how this develops and I would be happy to read it again once it is finalised. All the very best with finishing the draft, Marnie Melldd (discuss • contribs) 00:49, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Dear Marnie,
 * thank you so much for reading our work and writing down detailed comments. Certainly at this stage, a disproportionate focus of this chapter is an issue and we shall do our best to address it in light of your suggestions. Also, you are absolutely right to add/suggest 'compliance' as a challenge and we shall have a second thought on it. Overall, we believe that your comments/suggestions shall help in improving our work. Best wishes! Imdad     IUllah (discuss • contribs) 08:50, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Review: 31/05/2022
Dear Anne, dear Imdad,

I really enjoyed reading your chapter. I have put some comments in the text, which you can see by clicking on the edit mode. But these concern only minor things (sources, doctrinal clarifications, historical background information, formatting as advanced text boxes). I only see one problem that you can still work on a bit and that is the word limit. Some of your parahraphs are still a bit too long. Where I noticed this, I have commented accordingly. Apart from that I enjoyed reading your chapter very much. Nevertheless, this is already a wonderful chapter! Take into account that I am not an expert in LOAC and most of my knowledge comes from three years of Jessup. So please forgive me for any mistakes!

If you have any questions about my comments, Wikibooks, or any other topic, feel free to contact me. I am here to help where I can!

All the best

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 13:33, 31 May 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Law of the Sea

Review: 6 June 2023
Dear authors,

Thanks also from my side for the great chapter. I only left a few comments in addition to what Max & Sué already said. I agree that some words on sea level rise and dispute settlement would be nice; for the latter, you can keep it very short and link to the dispute settlement chapter in part II of the book.

Best, Raffaela --Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: 28 May 2023
Dear Tamsin and Alex,

This is an exceptionally well-written and well-structured chapter, and I think students will greatly benefit from it. I agree with Max in that the chapter could use a few more references so that students know where to look if they want to know more about a specific issue. I would also love to see the historical contextualisation in the beginning be a bit more integrated in the rest of the text, so that it becomes clear how the conflicts - especially between formerly colonised states and former coloniser states - during the drafting process are reflected in the text of UNCLOS and in disagreements over its application and customary status.

Warmly,

Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 11:39, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 14, 2023
Your chapter on international law of the sea is a remarkable resource that provides students with a detailed understanding of this complex area of law. The writing style is beautiful and clear, allowing readers to gain a comprehensive insight into the subject matter. You provide a concise and accessible summary of the key provisions of UNCLOS, enabling readers to develop a solid understanding of this intricate legal framework.

One drawback of the chapter, however, is the limited use of footnotes, with most of the references being to UNCLOS. It would have been more helpful if you had incorporated more citations and references to scholars and cases. Additionally, the authors could have integrated the UNCLOS provisions into the text rather than in footnotes.

In conclusion, the chapter on international maritime law in this textbook is a valuable resource for students interested in this field. The writing style is engaging, and the overview of UNCLOS is thorough and informative.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

Some parts of the chapter are still work in progress. It would be great if you could finish the chapter by the end of June at the latest. The sooner you finish, the better we can review your chapter and the more time you have to use our comments to improve the chapter.

Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, conclusion, further readings

You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 07:34, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: 26 August 2021
Dear Tamsin & Eirini,

Thank you for this first outline! I enjoyed reading your structure. I love your choice of current challenges. You could add a section for interactions between LoS and environmental law.

In terms of content, I would add "dispute settlement" to the first or second section or create a separate section as there are a few special features of LoS compared to PIL.

Technically, you can add yourselves as authors and link to your user page (see, for example, my chapter on Case Analysis).

Thank you very much for your work and keep it up!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 13:45, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Review: 27.8.21
Hey Tamsin and Eirini, I like your outline very much. It seems feasible within the limited word count. I also find it simple and clear; in other words ideal for undergrads, who are the main target audience of the textbook. I wish you will treat us with a couple of "advanced knowledge" tips here and there. I was also wondering whether the status of islands deserved a distinct place in your chapter. But then I realised that your smart structure already allows you to touch upon additional issues, such as islands or piracy. I am co-authoring the chapter on dispute resolution, and I assure you that there are going to be several references to the basics of maritime dispute resolution. Nevertheless, we decided not to have a special section, but rather approach it comparatively. In any case, I think you can spare the extra lines. I am looking forward to reading your chapter. Best wishes, Tax


text:
Talk:Public International Law/International Environmental Law

Review: 14 June 2023
Dear Abbas,

Thanks for the wonderful chapter. I only added some minor comments in the text, in addition to my two co-editors. Probably the main challenge will be tho shorten the chapter.

Best, Raffaela

--Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 09:53, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: 29 May 2023
Dear Abbas,

This chapter shows that you are an expert in the field and it has a lot of potential, but there is still some work to be done. Please restructure the chapter so that it includes less passages on general questions of sovereigny, sources, cooperation etc. and instead links the important principles, which you rightfully highlight, to their existing hard law and soft law sources, to court decisions and political discussions (especially North-South relations). I have also added more comments in the text.

With best wishes, Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 13:23, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 14, 2023
This chapter on international environmental law provides an extremely comprehensive and systematic overview of this area of law. You have done an excellent job of presenting a detailed and thorough examination of the framework governing environmental protection.

While the chapter is well-researched and informative, one area where it could be improved is in its discussion of International Court of Justice decisions (and cases of other tribunals) that relate to international environmental law. Incorporating some analysis of ICJ decisions would enhance the chapter's analysis and provide students with a more nuanced, doctrinal understanding of the subject.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

Some minor things:

- Please use OSCOLA as your citation style and make sure you provide full and accurate references for all sources cited. It is important to take the time to ensure that all footnotes are correctly formatted according to OSCOLA.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: conclusion.

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

- Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text.

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 16:45, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: 26 August 2021
Dear Abbas,

Thank you so much for submitting your first outline. I like it a lot, especially your part about current challenges!

I have a few remarks, but – as I'm not an expert in environmental law – you're more than welcome to reject my ideas. First of all, I don't know what the difference is between emergence and generations of environmental law. You could write about both of these developments under "History of environmental law" or "development of environmental law". Additionally, I'm really looking forward to read more about principles of environmental law. With regard to sources of environmental law, there are propably better presentations than the distinction between hard law and soft law.

Thank you very much for your work and keep it up!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 14:00, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Review: 9 February 2023
Dear Abbas,

thank you very much for providing us with a much more detailed version of your very important chapter on international environmental law. You have included important historic developments, relevant instruments and principles. I can see that the last part remains still unfinished, but I can't wait to read it when it is done as the challenges are of much importance.

Please do not be alarmed by the number of my comments. I have been and always will be an extensive commentator. However, the comments are really dedicated at providing you with some assistance in order to improve the content of this very significant chapter. For details, please take a look at the specific comments. Overall, I have the following suggestions:

- include more citations and sources

- stay close to the texts of the agreements and common definitions and sources

- include the polluter pays principle as well as common but differentiated responsibilities

- include a subsection on the diversification of IEL (climate change, biodiversity, waste etc.)

- restructure and shorten where necessary to create a red line in the text

- include and elaborate on the perspective of the Global South throughout the chapter

- shorten the part on sources, but highlight the particular importance and success of soft law for IEL

- include further important sources, particularly in English to reach a bigger readership

I wish you good luck with the continuing writing process! This will be an outstanding and important piece and I can't wait to read it again at a later stage.

All the best,

Verena

--Verena Kahl (discuss • contribs)


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Climate Change Law

Dear Max, Raffaela, and Sue,

I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to extend my gratitude for the valuable time and effort you've dedicated to reviewing my book chapter. Your critical perspectives and suggestions have been integral to the revision process, and I deeply appreciate them.

In line with your observations, the key focus of my revisions has been to condense the text while ensuring the global south perspective remains well-articulated. The chapter has now been reduced by roughly 3,500 words, making it approximately 6,500 words in total. I have made a concerted effort to encapsulate the main ideas in a format that is digestible for students who are new to this field of study.

To improve the interconnectivity within the book, I've added references to other relevant chapters. Additionally, learning objectives and suggested further readings are now included to provide readers with a clear roadmap for study and exploration.

I wish to address your concerns regarding the use of images. Despite my diligent effort to cite the original source, I must confess that I have not been able to obtain explicit permission from the respective publishers. I am concerned that removing these images might detract from the illustrative value they provide for our readers. If this citation alone does not meet the copyright requirements, I would appreciate your advice on how best to proceed.

Your time in reviewing my chapter, and your commendable efforts in steering this ambitious project towards completion, are truly appreciated.

I eagerly anticipate your thoughts on the revised chapter and the images' copyright issue.

Warm regards,

Thalia.

Review: 6 June 2023
Dear Thalia, Thanks also from my side for this fantastic chapter! I only have very few additional comments, mainly related to the illustrations you use or even cerated - I think the licenses/usage rights need to be clarified. Best, Raffaela --Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: 30 May 2023
Dear Thalia,

Thank you so much for writing this thoroughly researched, well-written, and comprehensive introduction to international climate change law, which will hopefully spark students' curiosity in this crucially important topic. Unfortunately, as Max has already said, it needs to be shortened significantly for the book version. Please try shortening the chapter by cutting redundant words, by linking to other chapters where that is possible (e.g. to the chapter on international environmental law for the general introduction to the concept of common but differentiated responsibilities), by moving more advanced content into 'advanced' textboxes and by following Max' suggestions. As you shorten the chapter, please do not cut too much of the content where you present climate change law in the context of transnational activism and from Global South.

Warmly,

Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 14:33, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 17, 2023
Your chapter presented international climate change law in a highly systematic manner, making it easy for students to follow and comprehend its complex concepts. Your writing style is both articulate and engaging, contributing to a pleasant reading experience. One of the chapter's strengths is its ability to allow students to critically reflect on the field of climate change law and recognize global injustices. The language and style of the chapter are exceptionally well-crafted. Your clear and concise writing helps to convey complex legal concepts in an accessible manner, making it suitable both undergraduate and postgraduate students of international law.

The use of images further enhances the understanding of key ideas and adds an additional layer of engagement to the text. Regarding this use of images, we need to verify that the necessary rights and permissions have been obtained for their publication. Additionally, in the print version of the book, we cannot guarantee the inclusion of images due to the publisher's policies. However, for the online version on Wikibooks, they can remain.

However, it is worth noting that your chapter is quite lengthy. While all the information included is crucial, we will need to shorten it to 9,000 words for publication in the book. I have provided comments in areas where reductions can be made without compromising the content's integrity.

Some minor things:

- You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: learning objectives, further readings

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

- Note that I have made some linguistic and stylistic improvements to the text

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 08:17, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: 16 June 2022
Dear Thalia,

I read your outline with great interest! I really like the structure and the evolution of the UNFCCC as you describe it. I believe this is a good focus for this sub-chapter. In light of the word limit, I assume you will keep the introduction rather short? Citing the IPCC assessment report is a good and very up-to-date way of introducing this chapter.

I was wondering whether you will also explain the concept of a "framework" convention? In other fields of law, this is not very common but has received more attention across regimes in the past years. To be honest, and I know there are word limitations, I really like the idea of raising the issue of human rights and climate change in this chapter as well. Especially in 2021/22 many projects and initiatives within UNHCHR have been launched re climate change (and the environment including the climate, eg SR on HR & climate change, etc.). An additional idea, and only if you still have some space left: climate security, which becomes more and more important in this context as well...

I am looking forward to reading more! This will definitely be a great chapter for students!

Best wishes from Hamburg

Anne ADienelt (discuss • contribs) 05:48, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Dear Anne,
 * Thank you very much for your precious time in reviewing my chapter outline. I appreciate all your comments. I coincide on the importance of explaining the concept of a "framework" convention and touching on climate security. I'll do my best to keep the word count within the desired limit as I develop the chapter's content.
 * Best wishes from Mannheim,
 * Thalia Thalia.vu (discuss • contribs) 11:57, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Dear Thalia,

With great pleasure I read your chapter on Climate Change Law! I feel that it touches upon the most important issues, does a really good job in outlining the history and the legal developments, illustrating Global South perspectives and concerns and partly takes also a refreshing critical standpoint.

I reviewed the chapter quite intensively when it comes to commentaries, which is partly my style of research, but also shows that I am really interested in your topic :) I hope you find most of them useful, but they are - of course - just suggestions. Many comments contain suggestions regarding possibilitis of restructuring and/or shortening. If I made little changes in the text, you find them underlined. For further detail, please take a look at the different comments and feel free to reach out anytime in case of questions or when you need further feedback.

I congratulate you on your work and I am really looking forward to read the final version :)

Best,

Verena


text:
Talk:Public International Law/International Law in Cyberspace

Review: 7 June 2023
Dear Pia,

I can only add to this - I really enjoyed reading this excellent chapter and only added some small comments. At times, I think the language could be a bit more efficient in the interest of the word count.

Best, Raffaela

--Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 12:56, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: 31 May 2023
Dear Pia,

I really enjoyed reading your chapter. Please find detailed feedback in the comments. Thank you for being part of the team and contributing this important, well-written, and informative chapter.

With best wishes,

Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 18:27, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 17, 2023
Your chapter effectively balances both depth and accessibility, making it easy for students to grasp the complexity of cyberspace issues in international law. One of the strengths of your chapter is its well-placed emphasis on key aspects. It covers the most significant legal documents, discussions, and events, which is particularly helpful for students to understand the relevance. By providing a contextual background, the chapter students readers to connect theory with real-world applications.

Your discussion of ICJ judgments, state practices, and other sources of international law adds depth to the chapter. By examining these legal authorities, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the legal landscape surrounding cyberspace. The inclusion of such references enhances the textbook nature of the chapter.

Your chapter slightly exceeds the 9,000w word limit. Because incorporating the comments and suggestions may further lengthen the text, I have provided recommendations for potential reductions where appropriate.

Some minor things:

- Please use OSCOLA as your citation style and make sure you provide full and accurate references for all sources cited. It is important to take the time to ensure that all footnotes are correctly formatted according to OSCOLA.

- You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, further readings

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

- Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

If you have any questions on how to use Wikibooks to update your chapter, do not hesitate to contact me.

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 13:10, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: 26 August 2021
Dear Mando, Victor & Milan,

Thank you for this first outline! As this outline seems to be work in progress, a feedback regarding content is difficult. However, I think that you should think of a more sophisticated structure for students. For example, you could start with describing the international regime for law in cyberspace, move on with interactions between cyberspace and other fields of PIL (e.g. human rights law, sovereignty, law of armed conflict) and end with a short outlook on contemporary challenges if you like. Please keep in mind that I'm not an ex--Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 13:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)pert in cyberspace law. Feel free to reject my ideas!

Technically, you can add yourselves as authors and link to your user page (see, for example, my chapter on Case Analysis). In addition, some of the sub-headings are not yet properly formatted. We have described how to do this here.

Thank you very much for your work and keep it up!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 14:26, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Chapter Review:

Dear Mando, Victor & Milan, It seems like that the chapter is progressing well. Looking forward to reading substantively developed parts soon. Best wishes!!! Imdad

Dear Mando, Victor & Milan, Thanks also from my side for the first outline! I agree that it is still difficult to give feedback. However, some initial thoughts:

1) I find the title "Cyberspace" a bit misleading. As such, cyberspace is not a sub-field of international law. Maybe rather choose something along the lines of "the international law governing cyberspace" or "international legal issues in relation to cyberspace"? 2) I don't understand the logic of the current structure and would suggest that you use broader themes for the headings with several sub-titles. What are the broad themes that you would like to discuss? For example several of the issues you bring up relate to the broader issue of "internet governance" (such as sovereignty, jurisdiction and what you discuss under K); another broader title could be "actors", another one "specific legal issues" under which you discuss human rights issues, cyber espionage, cybercrime etc. I think it would be helpful to more clearly guide readers as to how the different aspects of the structure relate to each other and to which broader theme/complex of questions they belong.

Looking forward to reading more on this! --Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 18:43, 31 October 2021 (UTC)