text:
User:Hendrina Nghiliwa

wikibooks is a wikimedia project hosted by the wikimedia foundation for the creation of free content digital textbooks and annotated texts that anyone can edit. This project was created solely in July 2003 HISTORY BY PERIOD - ANCIENT HISTORY 50%.svg - Proported Ancient Worlds - Wikijunior:Ancient Civilizations - MODERN HISTORY 25%.svg - The Cold War — HISTORY BY REGION - AFRICAN HISTORY - Ethiopian History - ASIAN HISTORY - Israeli History 25%.svg - Japanese History - Philippine History - Japan's Foreign Policy Toward Vietnam 1978-1992 - EUROPEAN HISTORY 100 percent.svg - Wikijunior Kings and Queens of England - History of Greece -

The Holocaust - MIDDLE EASTERN HISTORY - Iranian History - OCEANIC HISTORY - Australian History - New Zealand History 75% developed as of Jan 4, 2008 - Political History of New Zealand - WESTERN HISTORY - Canadian History - History of Embrun - Latin-American History - US History 75% developed  as of Feb 14, 2005 - History of Edmeston, New York - WORLD HISTORY 50%.svg - United Nations History —

THEMATIC HISTORY - HISTORY OF THE ARTS - Art History 25%.svg - Western Music History - HISTORY OF RELIGION - History of Christianity - History of Islam - HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY - History of Computers - The Computer Revolution - GUIDES FOR HISTORIANS - How to write a research paper in History 50%.svg - Knowledge Engineering for Historians - MISCELLANEOUS HISTORIES - AP United States History - Biography of Nikola Tesla - Historical Disasters and Tragedies -

History of Historical Writing 25%.svg - The Rowers of Vanity Fair - The Seven Wonders of the World - Warfare - Wikijunior:Introduction to History.

wikibooks is a wikimedia project operated by the same group of people who run wikimedia, in other words wikibooks is a collaborative book authoring wedsite. User from all over the world work together to write text books and other types of institutional books on many topics. wikibooks has an ability to offer free and open access to information .wikibooks offer a different genle of textbooks written by volunteers ,it can be by a teacher to facilitate knowlege building activities where the products of student learning can be shared and used beyond the course.

title: User:Hendrina Nghiliwa


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nd4/4. Nxd4

4. Nxd4
Instead of accepting the gambitted pawn, white declines it and instead trades the knights in the center.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Hay, Jonathan!

'''Hay, Jonatan! Mirad by the Direct Method'''

Hay, Jonatan! (Hello, Jonathan!) is the story of a young Englishman who goes to visit his friend in another European country...or so it would seem.

Aa jub bi Jiyob.
Twob byaseye be dom. Ha twob dreye jubdyes. Ha twob teate dom.

Duven ha twob byaseye be dom? Va, it byaseye be dom.

Duven ha twob byaseye be...twob? Vo, it voy byaseye be twob. It byaseye be dom.

Duven ha twob byaseye be bixpur? Vo, it voy byaseye be bixpur. It byaseye be dom.

Duven ha jubdyes dreye ha twob? Vo, ha jubdyes voy dreye ha twob. Ha twob dreye ha jubdyes.

Duven ha dom teate ha twob? Vo, ha dom voy teate ha twob. Ha twob teate ha dom.

Ha twob byaseye duham? It byaseye be un dom. Ha twob dreyeye duhas? it dreye jubdyes. Ha twob teate duhos? Ha twob teate ha dom. It byaseye be dom, ay it dreye jubdyes, ay it teate dom.

Duven ha twob byaseye be jubdyes? Vo, it dreye be jubdyes. Duven ha twob teate twob? Vo, it voy teate twob; it teate dom.

Ha twob se aga. Ha twob se fia. Ha twob se tepaza. It texeye. It texeye ayv ha dom. It texeye: "Ha dom se duhos? Duven ha dom se fia?  Duven ha dom se aga?

Duven ha twob dreye dom? Vo, it voy dreye dom; dom se aga. It dreye jubdyes; Ha jubdyes voy se aga.

Duven ha jubdyes texeye ayv ha twob? Vo, jubdyes voy texe. Ha twob texe. Ha twob texeye ayv ha jubdyes, ay it texeye ayv ha dom.

Ay it dreye be ha jubdyes. It dreye ayv ha dom. It dre: "Ha dom se fia ay ha dom se aga."

It texe: "Ha dom se fia." It texe van ha dom se fia. It texe: "Ha dom se aga." It texe van ha dom se aga. It texeye ayv ha dom ay it texeye ayv ha jubdyes.

Duhos se ha jubdyes? Ha jubdyes se hos ha twob dreye; it dreye be ha jubdyes. Be ha jubdyes, ha twob dreye ayv ha dom. Be ha jubdyes, ha twob voy dreye ayv ha bixpur; ha twob se be ha dom, voy be ha bixpur. It voy texeye ayv ha bixpur; it texeye ayv ha dom, ha dom Munih.

Duhos se ha dom? Has se Munhen. Duhom se Munhen? Has se hom ha twob byase. Ha twob byase duhom? It byase be Munhen.

Va, Munhen se aga dom, ay fia dom. Ha twob texe van Munhen se fia dom, ay it texe van has se aga dom. Ha twob se tepaza. It de: "Hay, Munhen." It se fia twob!

Ha twob byase ay texe: "Duhom se ha bixpur?" It teate...it teate ha bixpur! It texe: "Ha bixpur!" Hij it voy texeye ayv ha jubdyes ay voy texeye ayv ha dom; it texeye ayv ha bixpur!

Drevyab
Erduni :

 * ser......se......seye
 * byaser.....byase.....byaseye
 * drer.....dre.....dreye
 * teater...teate...teateye
 * texer....texe....texeye
 * der......de......deye

Sunduni :
 * ha twob
 * ha dom
 * ha jubdyes
 * ha bixpur

Nemduni :
 * Munih

Avduni :
 * it (ha twob)
 * has (ha jubdyes)
 * duhos?
 * hos

Dida dun i:
 * duhos? (ha bixpur)
 * duhom? (be ha dom)
 * duven...? (va, vo)

Ebduni :
 * be
 * ay
 * van
 * ayv

Aduni :
 * ha
 * fia
 * aga
 * tepaza

Ayduni :
 * voy
 * hij
 * hom
 * duhom?

Yokduni :
 * va!
 * vo!
 * hay!

Sagduni :
 * a = 1
 * aa ( . )
 * e = 2
 * ea (. . .)
 * i = 3
 * ia (.. . )

title: Hay, Jonathan!


text: Category:Book:Hay, Jonathan!

title: Category:Book:Hay, Jonathan!


text:
User:Veronika N David/sandbox

Wikibooks

WHAT IS WIKIBOOKS

Wikiboooks is a wiki based wikimedia project hosted by the wikimeedia foundation for creation of free content digital textbooks and annotated text that anyone can edite.

WHAT DOES WIKIBOOKS OFFER

wikibooks is a collaboration book authoring website, where users fom all over the world together to write textbooks and other types of instructionalbooks on many topics. that is the principle of wikibooks; ant one can edit it. wikibooks contains substanial content, it is well-formatted and the wikibooks community has decide to feature it on the main group. wikibooks is for textbooks, annotated texts, instructional guides, and manual. wikibooks can be used in a traditional classroom,an accredited or respected institution, as a part self learning.

HOW COULD A TEACHER USE WIKIBOOKS IN HIS/HER CLASSROOM

as a teacher incorporating wiki into the classroom provides a very different kind of online experience for a student. as a teacher you must design specifically for use in the classroom, a social platform that as a classroom management tool which keep students and teacher organized on task. teacher can also use wikibooks to create assignments and share resources. a teacher can use wikibooks as a learning tool for student, its communication tool for teacher. wikibooks can be created to keep parents informed and post assigments and other class related content. wikibooks can be used to share summary to student.

title: User:Veronika N David/sandbox


text:
User:Bible stories/sandbox

The use of wiki books in classrooms
Incorporating wiki into the classroom provides a very different kind of online experience for your students. Essentially, you put them in the driver’s seat.

By giving students more control over a project’s outcome, you are encouraging them to be producers, rather than just consumers, of information. This reversal of roles ultimately helps student master content.

On the road to effective use of wiki in the classroom, your first step is to find a wiki site suitable for you and your students.

Check out this short video by YouTube user Vanessa Van Edwards for a short overview of what a wiki is and how it can be a beneficial educational tool for teachers.

 * 1) Historical Figures Instead of just another boring academic paper on an historical figure, make research and documentation fun by creating wiki fan pages. Students can add and edit text, post photos and famous quotes, as well as links to the references they used.
 * 2) Student as Editor Turn grammar into a challenging and competitive game. Have students use wiki to edit text with grammatical errors. Teachers can put students into groups and those with the most edits wins.  Individual edits can also be counted.
 * 3) Join the Debate Team Using a written set of guidelines, teachers post topics that students can argue by using wiki online forums. Teachers will monitor the discussions/debates while students learn online debate etiquette.
 * 4) Create a Collaborative Story Start with one sentence pulled from a hat, “The girl looked beyond the dusty field and saw a team of horses approaching, their riders hands tied behind their backs.” From here, students add and edit text to create a story. Set a minimum amount of words each student must submit. Chances are, you’ll actually have to set a maximum amount of words.

References

title: User:Bible stories/sandbox


text:
User:Kenandjo21

welcome to WikiBooks.Wikibooks it's good Plat form where teachers takes some information and textbook  to teach  their  learners in the class...on wikibooks,you can view the complete contribution history of each student ,and determine when they are making their edits,and what quality each individual edit has.you can see how students are communicating together on talk page ,and you can see how pages dynamically improve as a result of these interactions.books on wikibooks are textbook,and are ultimately designed to provide a free quality alternative to traditional printed textbooks.this is a major benefits to schools and students that cannot afford traditional textbooks.It should come as no surprise then that some teachers around the world print and use wikibooks in the classroom.

title: User:Kenandjo21


text:
User talk:Kenandjo21

WikiBooks is very helpful when it comes to reachers.teachers use this platform to take some extra information and textbooks that they actually use in their classroom.

WikiBooks
WikiBooks education Kenandjo21 (discuss • contribs) 19:24, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kenandjo21


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4

= Scotch Gambit =

5...Nxe4
Black takes the bait, well aware of the pressure on the e-file that follows. However, due to the knight on f3, it is not possible to immediately attack the knight; White must pin the knight to the king first.

What follows is a very open, sharp, and tactical game, centered on the e4-knight's pin.

The only sensible response is 6. Re1.

Players have also tried sacrificing their knight with 6. Nc3 for a swift attack on the kingside.

Theory table

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

6. Re1!
White pins the greedy knight on e4. As f5 would be too slow and Qe7 is still a major piece pin, d5! is the only sensible followup.

d5 is only temporary, however, as Bxd5! followed by Nc3! taking advantage of both pins on the heavy pieces equalizes. An immediate Nc3 is an option as well, though less common.

Theory table

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1/6...d5

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

6...d5!
d5! simultaneously defends the e4-knight and attacks the c4-bishop. However, instead of retreating, White may try the move Bxd5! with hopes of Qxd5 Nc3! attacking the pinned knight on e4 and the queen, and cannot be captured as dxc3?? Qxd5! wins the queen.

A rarer followup is Nc3!! with the intention of dxc3 Bxd5! winning the knight on e4.

Theory table
.

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1/6...d5/7. Bxd5

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

7. Bxd5!!
White plays the astounding Bxd5!! which seems to blunder a bishop. However, after Qxd5, Nc3! takes advantage of the two heavy piece pins and wins back the piece with a fork.

The only (natural) followup is 7...Qxd5.

Theory table
.

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5 7. Bxd5


text:
Cookbook:Peanut Butter

Peanut butter is a spread made from roasted ground peanuts.

Characteristics
Peanut butter is often classified as either smooth/creamy or chunky—chunky peanut butter has small pieces of peanut remaining in it, while smooth peanut butter has been fully ground to eliminate any remaining pieces or grit. Peanut butter may also be either natural or stabilized. Natural peanut butter is simply ground peanuts with optional flavoring, and this type will eventually separate into solid and oil layers. Stabilized peanut butter includes stabilizers such as hydrogenated fats to prevent the separation of the oil from the peanut solids.

Production
Peanut butter can be made at home by grinding roasted peanuts in a blender or food processor until smooth. Salt and/or sugar can be added, and some commercial types include additional stabilizers.

Use
Peanut butter can be used simply as a spread or incorporated into a variety of dishes and baked goods.

title: Cookbook:Peanut Butter


text:
Radiation Oncology/Patient Robot Interactions

Patient - Robot Interactions

Frameworks

 * Karel Capek (1920) - Rossum's Universal Robots ([w:R.U.R.|Wikipedia link])
 * Origin of the word 'robot' used in a play, where artificial people (roboti) are created. Initially happy to work for humans, eventually there is a hostile rebellion, and extinction of human race, and beginning of something new ...

 * Asimov (1942) -- Three Laws of Robotics
 * 1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
 * 2) A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
 * 3) A robot must protect its existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law

 * Stefan Schaal, University of Southern California (2007) Paper link
 * 1) Action: motor control
 * 2) Interaction: human-robot or robot-robot interactions to accomplish a goal
 * 3) Engagement: cognitive and psychological aspects of interaction

 * European ACCOMPANY robotic care project
 * 1) Autonomy: being able to set goals in life and choose means
 * 2) Independence: being able to implement one’s goals without the permission, assistance or material resources of others
 * 3) Enablement: having, or having access to, the means of realizing goals and choices
 * 4) Safety: being able readily to avoid pain or harm
 * 5) Privacy: being able to pursue and realize one’s goals and implement one’s choices unobserved
 * 6) Social connectedness: having regular contact with friends and loved ones and safe access to strangers one can choose to meet

Literature

 * Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; 2021 PMID 34574861 -- "Robots in Healthcare? What Patients Say" (Valles-Peris N, Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 21;18(18):9933. Paper link
 * Interviews using online platforms. 13 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. None of the patients interacted with any robots they knew about during their stay
 * Variety of opinions. Patients preferred health care interactions with real people. However, ok to introduce robots for some caregiving tasks
 * "Well being perspective" - robots lack properties that are considered indispensable to 'good care', such as smile, touch, empathy, etc and thus are not appropriate in this domain
 * "Responsibility perspective" - robots are ok to automate tasks of the 'health system', such as scheduling, queueing, etc particularly during COVID pandemic when humans were overloaded

 * Tufts University
 * 2021 PMID 32421077 -- "Assistive Robots for the Social Management of Health: A Framework for Robot Design and Human-Robot Interaction Research" (Chita-Tegmark M, Int J Soc Robot. 2021;13(2):197-217.)
 * Framework for socially assistive robots interacting with people with health conditions, in terms of (a) changing how the person is perceived, (b) enhancing the social behavior of the person, (c) modifying the social behavior of others, (d) providing structure for interactions, and (e) changing how the person feels
 * 2019 PMID 31199297 -- "Effects of Assistive Robot Behavior on Impressions of Patient Psychological Attributes: Vignette-Based Human-Robot Interaction Study" (Chita-Tegmark M, J Med Internet Res. 2019 May 19;21(6):e13729.) Paper link
 * Interviews using vignettes about behaviors of assistive robots (patient-centered vs task-centered). 180 participants, using Amazon Mechanical Turk platform
 * Scenarios describing robot actions as patient-centered ("It is difficult for the patient to observe the treatment plan") vs task-centered ("The patient shows high levels of treatment non-compliance") were perceived as robots having higher emotional intelligence (EI) but also caused people to form more positive impression of the patient (SS). However, no impact on trust of the robot or acceptance of the robot, when it behaved in a task-centered way
 * Conclusion: Robots could be used to enhance human-human relationships in the health care context


text:
Afaan Oromo/Translations

Girma: Tariku, how are you?

Tariku: How are you? Are you well?

Girma: I'm well, thank God. How are you?

Tariku: I'm good, thank God. Where are you headed?

Girma: I'm going by the school.

Tariku: What are you doing tonight?

Girma: I have to go study.

Tariku: Alright. I'll see you soon.

title: Afaan Oromo/Translations


text:
Template:Print version/Preload

Called to preload a printable version from.

title: Template:Print version/Preload


text: Aros/Printable version

title: Aros/Printable version


text:
Magar/Verbs

Verbs[जाटक]:- Verb is a word that denotes the doing, being & becoming of someone of something.

Example :-

 * Eat- v1, Jyāke [ज्याके]

 * Ate- v2, Jyā [ज्या]

 * Ate- v3, Jyācha [ज्याच]

 * Eating- v4, Jyāmana/Jyāchai [ ज्यामन/ज्याचई]

 * Eats- v5, Jyāle [ज्याले]

 * Go- v1, Nungke/Ānke [नूङ्के/आन्के]

 * went- v2, Nungä/Ānā [नूङा/आना]

 * Gone- v3, Nungcha/Āncha [ नूङ्च/आन्च]

 * Going- v4, Nungmana/Nungchai [नूङमन/नूङ्चई]

 * Goes- v5, Nungle/Ānle [नूङ्ले/आन्ले]

 Verbs :-

 * Appear - Dāngke [डाङ्के]
 * Arrive - Tārāke [टाराके]
 * Beat - Dunke [डूङ्के]
 * Bloom- Wātke [वाट्के]
 * Construct - Khāske [खास्के]
 * Cry - Rāpke [राप्के]
 * Cut - Cheke [चेके]
 * Drink - Gāke [गाके]
 * Feed - Khāske [खास्के]
 * Fly - Bhurke [भूर्के]
 * Give - Yāhke [याह्के]
 * Kill  - Sātke [सा‌ट्के]
 * Laugh - Retke [रेट्के]
 * Leave - Dāske [डास्के]
 * Listen- Seke [सेके]
 * Look - Onske [ओंस्के]
 * Meet - Dupke [डूप्के]
 * Play - Geske [गेस्के]
 * Pour - Kāke [काके]
 * Put - Dāke [डाके]
 * Reach - Tāhāke [ताहाके]
 * Remember- Ārmitke[आर्मीटके]
 * Run - Kherke [खेर्के]
 * Say - Deke [डेके]
 * Search - Pāke [पाके]
 * Sit - Úke/Nguke/Muke [ऊके/ङूके/मूके]
 * Sleep - Miske [मीस्के]
 * Take - Lāke [लाके]
 * Take Away- Ālke[आल्के]
 * Walk - Whāke [व्हाके]
 * Write - Rikke [रीक्के]
 * Write - Rikke [रीक्के]

title: Magar/Verbs


text:
MATLAB Programming/App Designer

App designer is the latest way to design MATLAB app GUI starting R2016a with aim to replace the MATLAB GUIDE.

The new features of App Design as followed To start, type  on the Command Window.
 * A more modern look-and-feel design environment with richer drag-and-drop conveniences
 * New features like a tree component, date picker, layout manager, and an automatic reflow option to make your app responsive to different screen sizes without having to write complex resizing logic
 * Its programming model is more robust for managing data within an app by using a MATLAB class-file
 * Apps built with App Designer can be run in MATLAB Online and deployed to the web for easier sharing and access via a web browser on desktops, tablets, or mobile devices.

You can see the App Designer starting up as shown.

But in this examples, we are going to start by open up a Blank App

Once open up Blank App, place the components on the Design Views canvas as shown

title: MATLAB Programming/App Designer


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1/6...d5/7. Bxd5/7...Qxd5

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

7...Qxd5
Qxd5 recaptures the bishop. Now the only sensible response by White is Nc3, using the d1 to d5 pin and the e1 to e8 pin to fork the queen and double attack the knight.

As mentioned, the only move for White is 8. Nc3.

Theory table

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5 7. Bxd5 Qxd5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1/6...d5/7. Bxd5/7...Qxd5/8. Nc3

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

8. Nc3!
Nc3! uses the queen to queen pin as well as the rook to king pin to fork the Black queen and knight, which will fall the next turn. Black most commonly moves the queen to a5 or h5.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5 7. Bxd5 Qxd5 8. Nc3'''


text:
Cookbook:Nondairy Milk

Nondairy milks and creams are products that mimic the taste and texture of milk. They are frequently used as vegan substitutes for dairy milk or for those who have a dietary intolerance to milk. However, no one nondairy milk can be used as a perfect substitute for milk. Many varieties of nondairy milk can be purchased commercially, though some will be hard to find and must be made at home.

Characteristics
The primary characteristics shared by most nondairy milks are a creamy consistency, neutral or mild flavor, and off-white color.

Grains/seeds

 * Oat milk
 * Hemp milk
 * Rice milk
 * Quinoa milk
 * Flax milk

Nuts

 * Almond milk
 * Cashew milk
 * Macadamia milk
 * Hazelnut milk
 * Walnut milk
 * Pistachio milk

Legumes

 * Soy milk
 * Peanut milk
 * Pea milk

Other

 * Potato milk
 * Tiger nut milk
 * Coconut milk
 * Banana milk

Production
Generally, many varieties of nondairy milk are made by soaking their primary ingredient in water before blending into a smooth mixture. The solids are then strained out, and additional thickeners, stabilizers, sweeteners, and/or flavorings may be added to reach the final product.

Use
In addition to being consumed on their own, nondairy milks can be used in many of the same applications as milk, although no nondairy milk will be a perfect substitute. The behavior and properties of a given nondairy milk will depend on its ingredients, and some experimentation may be needed to achieve the desired results when substituting nondairy for dairy.

title: Cookbook:Nondairy Milk


text:
Cookbook:Peanut Butter Cookies (Egg-Free)

This variant of peanut butter cookies has no egg or baking soda, and uses vegetable oil instead of butter/margarine; it adds honey.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup (120 ml) peanut butter
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) honey
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * ¼ cup vegetable oil
 * ¼ cup brown sugar
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla
 * 1 ¼ cups (300 ml) whole wheat pastry flour (other flours likely work fine)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 375°F.
 * 2) Cream all ingredients except flour together.
 * 3) Add flour and mix sparingly—it should be dry enough to form into balls by hand without sticking.
 * 4) Form into walnut-sized balls and place on ungreased cookie sheet.
 * 5) Flatten with a fork by pressing the tines of the fork across the cookie. Repeat going in the other direction to make a criss-cross pattern.
 * 6) Bake for about 8–10 minutes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If low on brown sugar, substitute white sugar plus 1 tablespoon of molasses.


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/Creating portrait photographs

Portrait — a photographic image of a person, made fragmentary or full-length, where the focus is on the face.

Varieties and subgenres
A self-portrait is a picture of yourself, done with the help of a tripod or improvised means.

A family portrait is a picture of married couples, somethimes with children and other relatives (see Gallery, row I, Photos 3 & 4).

A group portrait is the same as a family portrait, but the people being photographed are not related (see Gallery, row I, photo 5).

Costume portrait is a portrait in which the person being photographed is dressed in stylized clothes of past centuries, costumes of fictional characters, etc. (see Gallery, row II, photos 3 & 5)

Headshot is a new term for a portrait taken with a digital camera, where the head and a small part of the shoulders occupy all the space of the frame (see Gallery, row I, photo 2; row II, photo 4).

Interesting results can be achieved by combining portrait and night photography. The background can be, for example, a view from the bridge to the night city; or an evening street decorated with neon lights. The flash is not needed, but the being portrayed should pose still for a few seconds, — during the action of exposure. It should be noted that if there are moving objects in the background — people or cars — their image will be blurred.

Approach methods
Creative — the primordial image is subsequently processed.

Open — the photograph is taken without the subject's knowledge (see Gallery, row II, photo 1).

Ecological — the subject is depicted in a familiar, peculiar environment (see Gallery, row II, photo 2).

Constructive — when the photographer builds an idea around the subject (see Gallery, row I, photo 1).

Lighting
Studio shooting presupposes the use of several options for the arrangement of light sources, the incorrectly application of which will appear deep shadows on the face, in addition, other mistakes are possible, therefore, for the photographer taking the first steps in portrait photography, it is advisable to practice in nature, using natural, — front and side, — sunlight. It is not a good idea to works at the midday, but if necessary, need turn on the forced flash. Use a sun lens hood to prevent side light from entering the lens (causing glare in the image).

Shutter speed and aperture values
Wide open aperture (f/2; f/2.8) will provide a shallow depth of field. If you focus on the subject's eyes, the rest of the face will be slightly blurred, allowing the eyes to stand out.

In good sunlight, a shutter speed of 1/125 s is sufficient. But first, you can practice in the automatic shooting mode.

Lens selection
You can use any lens for portraiture - a standard lens, a long focal length lens, a wide angle lens, but if you use the latter, remember that shooting at close range will lead to distortions: the person being photographed will not look like himself, as if he's a visitor House of mirrors.

Recommendation
It is desirable to position the subject so that he or she is looking into the lens: looking intently at the viewer will be a positive factor in drawing attention to the photo and person portrayed.

A portrait should evoke emotions, feelings, memories, to some extent revealing the inner world of the depicted.

More
You can do portrait photography in your own city or neighborhood, but the results will be much more interesting if you travel around the world with camera, in particular, using the method of hobo tourism, as the author of this material.

Gallery
Works by the author of the textbook, taken on a Papuan expedition


text:
Cookbook:Suya Spice

Suya spice, also called yaji spice, is a West African spice blend made primarily of garlic powder, onion powder, ginger, bouillon, paprika, chile pepper, and peanut powder. It may also contain uda and/or ehuru. It is commonly used in Nigerian street food, such as suya skewers.

title: Cookbook:Suya Spice


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2022/August

2409:4053:60C:D76A:0:0:16B8:48A4
Seems to only be interested in spamming, as seen on Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/East Indian. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:54, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

 * They also seem to be engaged in the same behaviour under Abhay singh uttam. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 13:00, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

WikiMedia banned user removes delete tag
On Haftevan. I don't want to get into an edit war, so I'm requesting somebody to block the IP and delete the page. Thanks. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:02, 16 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
Introducing Julia/Games

Julia has been used to make some games, and some of them are listed below, and packages helpful for game making.

GameZero.jl is a package to make games. Overseer.jl is an Entity Component System. AlphaZero.jl is a clone of Deepmind's AlphaZero algorithm, which was to "master the games of chess, shogi and go" (and is also useful as AI for other board-games; the algorithm is a successor to DeepMind's AlphaGo program). Deepmind's successor of it MuZero (which makes it more general also handling 2D video games), has also been cloned with MuZero.jl.

List of games
Most are not registered, while this one is:

pkg> add Gloria

Others are not registered and may need installing like this:

pkg> add https://github.com/c42f/Gameoji

Example games for GameZero.jl:

https://github.com/SquidSinker/GZExamples

Some no longer install in current Julia (only older pre-1.0 version):

https://github.com/zyedidia/SpaceShooter.jl

title: Introducing Julia/Games


text:
User talk:Kim Soriano

ICT

title: User talk:Kim Soriano


text:
User:Kim Soriano

Radio and television have been used widely as educational tools since the 1920s and the 1950s, respectively. There are three general approaches to the use of radio and TV broadcasting in education: [21]

direct class teaching, where broadcast programming substitutes for teachers on a temporary basis; school broadcasting, where broadcast programming provides complementary teaching and learning resources not otherwise available; and general educational programming over community, national and international stations which provide general and informal educational opportunities. The notable and best documented example of the direct class teaching approach is Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI).This consists of “ready-made 20-30 minute direct teaching and learning exercises to the classroom on a daily basis. The radio lessons, developed around specific learning objectives at particular levels of mathematics, science, health and languages in national curricula, are intended to improve the quality of classroom teaching and to act as a regular, structured aid to poorly trained classroom teachers in under-resourced schools.” [22] IRI projects have been implemented in Latin America and Africa

title: User:Kim Soriano


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. O-O/5...Nxe4/6. Re1/6...d5/7. Bxd5/7...Qxd5/8. Nc3/8...Qa5

= Scotch Gambit Accepted =

8…Qa5
8…Qa5 moves the queen to safety. Now White can capture the knight on e4, while Black often soon castles queenside. However, Black remains up a pawn for the moment.

Nxe4 is the more common capture.

Theory table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5 7. Bxd5 Qxd5 8. Nc3 Qa5'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...e5/5. Nb5/5...d6

= Pelikán and Sveshnikov Variations = d6 defends the d6 square with the bishop, and can continue their development smoothly. The knight on b5 now seems to be doing nothing more than attacking d6 and possibly c7 if Black plays very badly, but otherwise is too overextended, so in the future Black plays a6 to prepare b5.

N1c3 is most common.

Theory table
'''1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 e5 5. Nb5'''


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in reportage photography

Reportage photography is a genre used to illustrate articles published in newspapers, magazines, and online publications, where objectivity in depicting reality is paramount and artistic merit is secondary.

General information
Reportage photography used in journalism and photojournalism has some similarities with documentary, street and genre photography. However, if the last three genres contain elements of aesthetics and compositional solutions, the photo reportage only captures this or that event, while allowing slight margin of error.

It genre used primarily in illustrating news articles, visually supplementing materials about political and sporting events, military operations, popular festivities, etc. But can also be applied in other aspects of journalism.

Ways of implementation
To create photo works in the reportage genre, you need keep abreast of last events, attend events and keep your camera ready in everyday life.

Don't carry bulky equipment, interchangeable lenses, and even more so a tripod. When shooting reportage, speed is important, and voluminous equipment will become a burden.

If your camera has the ability to adjust exposure time and aperture, remember that  by changing settings manually, you can improvise, focusing on the central object of the frame — this is a plus, but an interesting moment can be missed — significant minus.

Try, if possible, to do without a flash: it will draw too much attention to you, as a result, people who notice the photographer may look unnatural.

If you don't plan to become a reporter by supplying material to the media, it's better to choose another genre for yourself.

Example with commentary
In the photograph from the newspaper presented above, five Indians are visitors to the historical and archaeological complex Qutb Minar: three of them are in the foreground, and the rest are only partially visible which is unacceptable in any genre of photography that claims to be artisty, but is acceptable in reportage shooting.

Gallery
Photographs by the creator of this article, travel journalist Viktor Pinchuk

Links
An example of the use (placement) of reportage photographs in a newspaper article


text: Category:Book:Basics of fine-art photography

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User talk:Aishik Rehman

Welcome, Aishik Rehman!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 04:31, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aishik Rehman


text:
User talk:R. Henrik Nilsson

Mass edits
The block is to get you to pause and read this because of the disruption your edits are causing. It is not a "punishment". While we appreciate your work here, because you lack the +reviewer right, your minor edits are sending masses of pages to the pending changes queue, where someone else will need to review them. This creates more work than you are saving by making the edits in the first place. If you want to continue making these edits, please request the +reviewer right at WB:RFP. Thanks MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 10:31, 4 October 2022 (UTC)
 * FWIW it's the autoreview, not the review permission. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 22:27, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:R. Henrik Nilsson


text:
Magar/Adverbs

Adverb[मीजाटक]:- An adverb is a word which is used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples :-
 * When- Sen [ सेन ]
 * Now- Chāhāt/ Innāng [ चाहाट् /(चाहाँ) / इन्नाङ]
 * Here- ilāng [ इलाङ ]
 * There- Holāng [ होलाङ ]
 * What- Hi [ ही ]
 * Why- Hike [ हीके ]
 * How- Kuta [ कूट ]

title: Magar/Adverbs


text:
User talk:192.168.1.ip

hello
not fog 5 103.137.24.152 (discuss) 13:46, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.168.1.ip


text:
User:ID260USPEDIA/sandbox

@LaviniaWilliams.Born in Ogidi, British Nigeria, Achebe's childhood was influenced by both Igbo traditional culture and postcolonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the University of Ibadan, where he became fiercely critical of how European literature depicted Africa. Moving to Lagos after graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) and garnered international attention for his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart. In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through the publisher Heinemann, with whom he began the Heinemann African Writers Series and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as Ngwasĩ wa Thiong'o and Flora Nwapa. Achebe sought to escape the colonial perspective that framed African literature at timetim, and drew from the traditions of the Igbo people, Christian influences, and the clash of Western and African values to create a uniquely African voice. He wrote in and defended the use of English, describing it as a means to reach a broad audience, particularly readers of colonial nations. In 1975 he gave a controversial lecture, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", which was a landmark in postcolonial discourse. Published in The Massachusetts Review, it featured criticism of Albert Schweitzer and Joseph Conrad, whom Achebe described as "a thoroughgoing racist."https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chinua-Achebe

(Wikipedia )

title: User:ID260USPEDIA/sandbox


text:
User talk:ID260USPEDIA

Wikibooks
@Sheehama Pombili @AlbertinaElagoID260USPEDIA (discuss • contribs) 16:38, 4 October 2022 (UTC) "Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbeɪ/; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as the dominant figure of modern African literature. His first novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart, his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the so-called "African Trilogy"; later novels include A Man of the People (1966) 2and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). @Aune Kristofina] He is often referred to as the"father of African literature",although he vigorously rejected the characterization.

@TinlazopedBorn in Ogidi, British Nigeria, Achebe's childhood was influenced by both Igbo traditional culture and postcolonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the University of Ibadan, where he became fiercely critical of how European literature depicted Africa. Moving to Lagos after graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) and garnered. International attention for his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart. In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through the publisher Heinemann, with whom he began the Heinemann African Writers Series and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as Ngũgĩwasa Thiong'o and Flora Nwapa. Achebe sought to escape the colonial perspective that framed African literature at the time and drew from the traditions of the Igbo people, Christian influences, and the clash of Western and African values to create a uniquely African voice. []

title: User talk:ID260USPEDIA


text:
User:YlmbWP/sandbox

Hello and Welcome to the Big Book of fun Science Experiments!

''This book is about science experiments that you can do in the home and experiments that you can nag your teacher to do in school. These experiments are easy to do and help in understanding various things about science.''

= Contents =

Featured Experiments

 * Slime recipes

Yucky gooey slime! Isn't it just great?! We love it!

 * Red cabbage indicator
 * Red cabbage indicators are great for showing if something is an acid or base. It's that exciting!

 * Pinhole Camera

Want to be able to see the sun and solar eclipses clearly without hurting your eyes? Then this is for you!

Raisin Dance

Make those raisins dance. And the best bit is - after you finish your experiment, you can eat the raisins!

Other Experiments
Chemistry

 * Acid Investigations - It is ACID! Isn't it cool?
 * Baking Powder and Lemon Squash - A chemical reaction that you can drink; and you don't get chemical burns!
 * How A Bath Fizzer Works, and How To Make One - Learn how that fizzer works, and make one with stuff you can get from your kitchen or a craft store. Children may enjoy making the salts in this chemistry experiment.
 * Chromatography of inks
 * Electricity from Lemons - Yep, those juices you put in your highly conductive drinking water have the potential to store electricity! Amazing!
 * Fun with Baking Powder and Vinegar - Bombs and fire extinguishers on the same page? You can do both with these two.
 * Explosive foam - Use magnesium and HCl to get really explosive soap bubbles
 * Grow Your Own Crystals - Just what every kid needs: Your own crystals!
 * Power a boat with soap - The best part is: it is a boat powered with ordinary soap!

Biology

 * Grow Your Own Fungi - Don't have a garden? Never mind, you can create your own miniature one on a slice of bread.
 * Guide a Termite - Make them obey your every command!
 * Keep your mouse warm - Ever had those days where you get to your mouse and you find the worst thing ever; that your mouse is — A LITTLE CHILLY? Well avoid such day wreckers in the future with this fun experiment.
 * Make a colorful flower - How to dye a white carnation flower pretty colors.

Physics

 * Build your own periscope - WOW! It now takes even LESS energy to look around corners. What an age we live in!
 * How to make a Needle float, and How to make it sink - Learn that a steel needle can float in fresh water, but cannot in soapy water.
 * Make a floating compass - Who needs a store-bought compass when you can make your own?
 * Make a spinning paper helicopter - You can make a helicopter out of paper! Does one need any other reason to do this experiment?
 * Make a switch - Make a device to turn lights on and off.
 * Making rainbows in liquids - Have the time and skill to remain still in order to see pretty colors in liquids? Then this is most certainly for you!
 * Test floating - Always make sure things float BEFORE you use them as a life preserver!
 * The fantastic squirting egg - Want to annoy other people by squirting them with eggs and not even put enough energy into it to crack an egg? Then this is for you!
 * Oobleck - Make a substance that is both a liquid and a solid.
 * How to Make an Electromagnet - Make a real electromagnet from stuff you probably have lying around the house!

Other

 * Write secret messages - Do you fancy being a spy when you grow up?

= Slime Recipes =

Do you like making slime? We do, here are some simple experiments of how to make some:

 * Place 2 tablespoons of PVA (polyvinyl acetate) glue in a zipper-type plastic bag and add an equal quantity of water.

 * Add 1 or 2 drops of food colour, if you want.

 * Add 1/2 teaspoon of saturated borax solution. (Borax can be bought in a pharmacy, or nag your science teacher to do this at school)

 * Squeeze the bag to mix the contents

 * When the slime has mostly formed, reach in and take out the slime. Don't be shy, it will not hurt you!

 * Knead the slime to make it smooth.

 * Puuuuuuurfect!!! You have made your slime! It should be a bit like putty.

Similar Experiments
Another type of slime you can make, using cornstarch and water, is Oobleck.

= Red Cabbage Indicator = An acid and base indicator is a chemical that shows whether different chemicals are acids (like lemon juice) or bases (like baking powder). This is called a chemical's pH. You can make an indicator using red cabbage juice. The cabbage juice changes color depending on how acidic or basic (alkaline) the chemical is. The pH level is indicated by the amount of hydrogen (the "H" in "pH") ions in the tested chemical. Hydrogen ions are protons that had their electrons stripped off them (since hydrogen atoms consist of one proton and one electron).

We often use a test like this to make sure swimming pools are kept at the right pH. If the water in a swimming pool is too acidic or too basic (alkaline), it can damage pool equipment, bathing suits, or stop the chlorine that keeps pools clean from working properly.

pH is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. Neutral chemicals have a pH of 7. Acidic chemicals have a pH of 1-6. Basic (alkaline) chemicals have a pH of 8-14.

Safety
As with all experiments, you should always get help from an adult. Some acids and bases can hurt your skin, so you should wear:

 * Rubber gloves
 * An apron
 * Safety glasses (regular glasses, sunglasses or swimming goggles are okay if you don't have safety glasses).

If you get chemicals on your hands or gloves, do not touch your eyes! Wash your hands after completing the experiment.

What You Need

 * A red cabbage
 * A knife or grater
 * A medium sized bowl
 * At least 4 small cups
 * Chemicals to test such as lemon juice and baking powder or soda
 * coffee filter

Step 1

 * Have a parent, guardian, or teacher help you cut or grate between a quarter or a half of the cabbage into small pieces.
 * Put the cabbage into a medium sized bowl.
 * Pour water over the cabbage. You can use cold water, warm or boiling water. Boiling water will work the fastest, but only boil the water if you have an adult to help you.
 * Let the cabbage sit in the water for a while (30-45 minutes), until the water turns a deep purple colour. You can stir the mixture to speed up the process.

Step 2

 * Using a coffee filter or a fine sieve, strain the juice into a cup. It should be deep bluish purple in colour.
 * Pour equal amounts of the strained liquid into small plastic cups. These are your 'test tubes' in which you will test different chemicals.

Step 3

 * Set one of your cups ('test tubes') aside. This is your control. It already contains water, which usually has a pH of 7. This means that water is neither an acid nor a base.
 * Assemble some testing chemicals (some good ones to try are below).
 * Label each cup with the name of the test chemical each cup will contain, so you will remember what you put in each cup.
 * Which chemical do you think is the most acidic?

Step 4

 * Pour, drip or spoon a small quantity of each test chemical into the cup labeled with its name.
 * Observe the change in colour of the juice. If the juice turns reddish, the chemical you are testing is an acid. If the water turns bluish, the chemical you are testing is a base. If it stays the same, the chemical is neutral, like water.

Some Chemicals to Test

 * Lemon juice
 * Baking powder or soda
 * Milk
 * Yogurt
 * Vinegar
 * Soap

Observations

 * Arrange your cups from red, to pink, to violet, to purple, to blue, and to green. You might not have all of these colors, but that's okay.
 * The cup that is most red is the most acidic. The cup that is the most blue or green is the most basic (alkaline). Which chemical is the most acidic? Which is the most basic (alkaline)?

= Pinhole Camera =

You will need these things:

 * A Long Box (The longer the box the bigger the picture will be)
 * A Pin or Needle
 * Some Glue
 * Some Tin Foil
 * A Ruler
 * A Pair of Scissors

How to Make the Pinhole Camera
Step 1: Cut a square hole in the top of the box on the smaller end that is about 1 by (use your ruler!)

Step 2: Draw a line around the hole with some glue, then put a square on tinfoil on top so that the hole is covered.

Step 3: Once the glue is dried, poke a tiny hole in the tin foil with the pin.

Step 4: Cut a hole on the long side of the box so that you can see the bottom of the inside of the box.

How to Use the Pinhole Camera
Next time you know there is going to be a solar eclipse, point your pinhole camera towards the sun. The light will shine in through the pinhole and out onto the bottom of the box. Looking right at the sun can hurt your eyes, so using a Pinhole Camera is a fun and safe way to watch eclipses. = Raisin Dance =

Step 1
Get a clear drinking glass (or beaker). Fill it with a bubbly and clear drink like Sprite.

Step 2
Get raisins and add them slowly and keep putting them in the beaker.

What Happens?
The raisins rise up to the top, then fall down, and then rise to the top again. It's like they're dancing.

The Science Bit
The bubbly drink that you used is packed full of a gas called Carbon Dioxide (CO2). There's so much CO2 that it bubbles out of the drink. That's what makes it fizzy.

When you drop the raisins in, some of the bubbles stick to the raisins. Since the bubbles are trying to rise up out of the drink, they pull the raisins along for the ride. Once a raisin gets to the top, the bubbles come out of the drink and pop. Since the raisin doesn't have bubbles holding it up anymore, it falls back down where the process starts all over again.

Don't forget to clean up! You can still eat the raisins and drink the soda. = Acid Investigations =

Foods

 * Lemons
 * Oranges
 * Grapes
 * Grapefruits
 * Tomatoes

Drinks

 * Fruity drinks
 * Fizzy drinks.

Experiment:

 * First get a glass of milk.
 * Then slice a lemon in half and squeeze one half until the drops of lemon juice come out.
 * Have the glass of milk ready underneath.
 * Then taste.
 * Is there any difference?

Principle
The milk should taste considerably different because the small quantities of juice from the lemon have large quantities of Citric Acid. Citric Acid is common in many foods because it cheap and potent (meaning that it has a strong taste).

Acidity is a measurement of the activity of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. This is measured on something called a “pH” scale, where anything below a 7 is an acid, anything above a 7 is a base. When the acid and base mix, they create a reaction, which breaks bonds between the molecules of the acids and bases. In some cases, this reaction can produce heat (which is why many cartoons show acids as being able to burn through steel and other materials).

= Baking Powder and Lemon Squash =

 * 1) Take out a clean shiny glass.
 * 2) Add lemon, orange, or summer fruits squash and pour it in.
 * 3) Take a pinch of baking powder.

If you use the summer fruits squash, which is pink, the frothy bubbles will be pink!!

Watch your amazing experiment bubble!

= How a Bath Fizzer Works, and How To Make One = A bath fizzer or bath-bomb is a mixture of perfume or scent mixed an alkaline and an which reacts in water.

Ingredients
Look at the ingredients on baking powder: These usually just contain sodium bicarbonate which may be written as NaHCO3 but may also contain lemon juice or citric acid (H8O7). These are the alkaline and acid you need. Citric acid is the main ingredient of fizzy lemon or orange drink crystals and bath salts. in Europe, citric acid is often listed as as E330, bicarb is E500.

Some pharmacists stock boxes of pure crystalline sodium bicarbonate and refined citric acid crystals, but these things are cheaper and more easily sourced simply by reading the labels on various powder products sold in ordinary shops. The wanted product should be the main (ideally only) ingredient, but expect to find colour, flavour and texture products mixed.

Experiment
The 'best' mixture will depend on the exact nature of the products you can find, but a good starting point is an equal mixture of both ingredients, which we call 1:1 ratio of 50%. You may have try different mixtures: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, until the most lively reaction occurs, particularly with baking powder, which often contains rice flour.

Swirl the two dry powders together and then, with clean wet hands, squeeze them into a ball. The moisture on your hands will react with the outer layers, which will feel funny and form a sort of shell. Don't do this if you have cuts or grazes, because it can hurt. Once the ball has set, place it on a dry surface, wash your hands thoroughly and dry them. Getting just the right moisture to make the ball 'set' will require a bit of trial and error!

Now take some water that is as hot as is comfortable for a bath, drop the ball into it, and watch what happens!

Finally try adding some aromatic cooking powder such as dried lavender, vanilla or nutmeg. That's it!

= Chromatography of Inks = Get some filter paper - use a coffee machine filter or ask your science teacher for some (say please, it isn't free) - water and pens. First you put pen marks on the filter paper then stand it upright in a beaker of water then all the colours will separate.

Depending on chemical properties of the components of the ink, some colors may travel further up the paper and some inks may separate so that individual components can be seen.

bn:Wikijunior:মজার বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা

title: User:YlmbWP/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Pesto

Pesto alla genovese, commonly abbreviated to pesto in English, is an aromatic green condiment made from basil. It is traditionally made using a mortar and pestle to achieve a creamier end result, though it is now often made in a food processor as a shortcut. It is frequently used as a pasta sauce.

Composition
In its most traditional formulation, pesto is made from basil, garlic, parmesan or pecorino cheese, pine nuts, and olive oil. Variations, however, may substitute other leafy greens for the basil and cheaper nuts for the pine nuts.

Recipes

 * Pesto I
 * Pesto II
 * Nettle Pesto
 * Sting'in Nettle Pesto
 * Cookbook:Spinach Pesto Linguine

title: Cookbook:Pesto


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/Creating stylized retro photo works

Retro style photography is an author's work that artificially imitates photographic images created many years ago.

About the genre and methods of implementation
The genre has no clear temporal boundaries of the displayed theme. Photography can be imitating any period, — from invention of photocamera to, for example, the 1980s; it is much more difficult to recreate a stylized picture of the ancient period or primitive communal system, but theoretically possible

You can achieve the retro effect by artificially wear out the image, but initially you need to photograph a scene "from the past", in which should be present, for example, household items of bygone times, people dressed old-fashioned with once popular hairstyles...

To transform the original photo works, use graphic editors that have ready-made filters, or (if they are not available) use special textures of an old faded  paper, scratched metal etc.

Need to be aware
According to Wikipedia, retro is a style, but “retro photography” is already a genre.

Currently, there are no data on photographers who specialize exclusively in this genre

Gallery
A series of photographs taken by author of the textbook in China (April, 2013) during a long expedition that included 9 countries.


text:
Circuit Idea/How to Invent Circuits

contents - understand - present - stage

Once we can understand and present existing electronic circuits, we would like to create, synthesize, and even invent new circuits using heuristics. This skill is needed not only by designers and inventors but also by teachers in the field of circuit engineering. Therefore, this story discusses the technology of the invention of electronic circuits.

Types of Inventions
Pseudo-invention. We have already used this imaginative invention to effectively present the operation of electronic circuits. As a result, we have accumulated a set of circuit engineering tricks and techniques with which we can truly invent new electronic devices.

Subjective new invention. As a result of the understanding and presentation of electronic circuits, things that have already been invented are most often "invented", which usually causes the ridicule of others ("invented the wheel"). Indeed, society does not directly benefit from these subjective inventions. But they are extremely useful to get a deep insight into the essence of phenomena, to realize the meaning of technical solutions and to form inventive thinking.

True invention. If we have a chance, we can reach a real invention - an objectively new technical solution unknown to this moment not only to the inventor but also to everyone. In terms of the creative process, there is no difference between the individual forms of invention. Only the material benefits for the inventor and society are different.

Technology of Inventing
Here we will sequentially disclose the steps of the invention using for illustration the exemplary circuit of our op-amp inverting summer. The story of this invention will not be entirely authentic but will be largely imaginary. Therefore, it will not fully correspond to the actual path taken by the inventor of this circuit. Since the device has long been invented and exists, this is again a pseudo-invention in a sense but now it is much closer to a true invention. To do this, we will temporarily forget that the device has already been invented and replay the stages of its invention. This approach is justified here because the point of this chapter is more to show the way the inventor thinks, the way they move when come up with the new idea, and not so much the idea itself.

The difference between inventing and building circuits is that in inventing there is no ready-made solution to the problem and the end result is not known, while in building the scenario that the presenter follows is clear. In other words, there is an element of the unknown in invention.

We can accomplish the invention of the exemplary device using heuristics in the following steps.

Stage I: Inventing the circuit structure
1. Formulate the task that the electronic device must perform. Two ways of setting the task are possible:

 * The first is to passively wait for the task to be "dropped from above". Here the first danger lies, because the task may not be formulated correctly.

 * The second way is to set the task ourselves - for example, we are dissatisfied with some circuit and want to improve it.

For the purposes of this work, we assume that the task is assigned to us in the first way and it is: Create a voltage summing device (voltage summer).

2. Start by solving the task. We begin with the obvious solution – the first one that would occur to us to deal with the task at hand and that we can find in the literature.

In the specific case, we choose the simplest way to sum the voltages – by connecting the input voltage sources in series according to KVL, and thus assemble the most elementary possible series voltage summer. Its device is extremely simple - only a loop (piece of wire).

3. Usually a problem occurs. In most cases of practice, the first solution is not suitable (otherwise we would be satisfied with it and would not make an invention).

In the specific case, we come across the basic problem of the common ground for analog circuit engineering, which consists of the following. The individual stages of the devices in the circuit engineering (input sources, load, etc.) are usually connected with one of their outputs to the common ground of the system (the point with zero reference voltage). In the case of a two-input summer, assuming that the input sources are connected to the common ground, the output (load) remains "floating". The rule is that in order not to cause a conflict (short circuit) between the input voltage sources when we try to connect them in series, only two of the stages should have a connection to the common ground.

4. Look for a solution to the problem. But we cannot find it among the existing solutions in the literature. We try to find a solution to the problem in the literature but the existing solutions are usually compromises and do not satisfy us. In the case of the two-input summer, for example, we would be suggested to include in its output a converter with a differential input and an unbalanced output, which is complicated and expensive.

5. Reveal the technical contradiction. To get to the heart of the matter, we need to uncover the technical contradiction. It usually sounds paradoxical (for example, something must both exist and not exist). In the case of the summer, it turns out that the input voltage sources must be connected in series and parallel at the same time, which is practically impossible.

6. Look for the new idea. Thus we come to the actual part of the invention, which can be carried out in the following sequence:

 * Apply one of the principles we know so far to build electronic devices (from the principles collection).
 * Stimulate the emergence of new ideas in every possible way. For this purpose, we use all possible methods to stimulate creative thinking and avoid meeting with "idea killers".
 * Let new ideas "crystallize" calmly, without pouncing on them while they are still unformed. This, the most important stage of the invention of the voltage summer, can be carried out in the following steps:

STEP 1. As soon as the series way of summing voltages, according to Kirchhoff's II law, does not work for us, then we try the parallel way of summing currents, according to KCL. Just as the loop is the most elementary voltage summer, the node is the most elementary current summer. It has the advantage that the input current sources and the load are connected to the common ground.

STEP 2. However, we want to sum voltages. So we need to convert them to currents by including voltage-to-current converters between the voltage input sources and the summer inputs.

STEP 3. However, the summer made in this way has a current output, and we want it to be voltage. Then we include the opposite current-voltage converter in the output. We can reinvent it from the Ohm's elementary electrical circuit but powered by a current source (ie, we now assume that the current determines the voltage). To do this, we vary the current as an input and measure the voltage as the output value.

7. Next problem occurs. However, it turns out that the voltage drop VR across the resistor R affects the operation of the circuit. The currents through the input resistors depend not on the input voltages themselves but on the difference between them and the output voltage.

8. Reveal the new technical controversy. In the voltage summing circuit, it is: The voltage VR (the resistance R) must both exist and not exist because it is useful to the load but harmful to the input sources.

9. Look for the next new idea. We begin again to look for a solution to the problem in the surrounding reality. For the specific case, we notice many situations in our daily life, in which a harmful disturbance prevents us from realizing a certain goal: we get sick - we start taking medicine until we recover our health; we are tired - we rest; we get hungry - we eat; we spend money - we work hard to recover it; a weight appears in the left pan of the scale - we destroy it with an "antiweight" in the right pan; we commit a violation and immediately pay the fine, etc.

10. Derive the following inventive principle. We summarize the examples and thus derive a new inventive principle, which we can figuratively call "compensation of disturbance by anti-disturbance". In our electrical example it reads: Support the input sources with an additional voltage VS = VR, which actively copies the voltage drop across the resistor R and compensates it.

11. Apply the principle in the specific circuit diagram. Now it remains only to apply the principle in our particular device. To do this, we break the circuit and include a compensating voltage source in series with the resistor R. It produces a voltage of the same value, which compensates for the damage done by the resistance R. To get a better feel for the idea, at this first stage we take on the functions of an active follower - we change the voltage so that it is always equal to the drop VR across the resistor R (empathy).

Now it remains to solve the last problem - where to get the output signal, i.e. where should we plug in the load? At the output of the current summer (position 1) the voltage is already destroyed and therefore it is pointless to include the load there. The resistor R has the output voltage we need but if we connect the load to it (position 2) two problems arise. First, the load will divert some of the current through itself (especially if it is low-impedance). Second, the load is "floating" (ungrounded). So where is the output of this circuit?

If we go back to the above analogies and remember how we acted in all these cases, we will find that we often use an indirect rather than a direct assessment: the amount of medicine we take gives us an idea of our disease; how tired we are is understood by how long we rest; the amount of food we swallow shows how hungry we were; the sum of the weights in one pan of the scale gives an estimate of the unknown weight in the other pan, and so on. These examples allow us to refine the principle of "removing disturbance by anti-disturbance" into the principle of "measuring disturbance by anti-disturbance": An idea of the value of a harmful disturbance gives us indirectly the value of the useful "anti-disturbance" by which we have destroyed it.

Now we know where to take the output signal of the inverting summer - the compensating voltage at the output of the op amp is an exact inverted copy of the original voltage and this will be the output of the circuit. In this way, we supply the load from the "copy" and not from the "original". Thus, the load draws current from the auxiliary and not from the input source.

Stage II: Exploring the circuit operation
First we prepare the circuit for the study (as before). We then examine it sequentially in the following steps, looking for unusual inputs:

1. Consistently vary the parameters of the circuit individual elements at a constant value of the input quantities. What this actually means is that we temporarily abandon the traditional circuit inputs and look for new entry points. We can use rather unusual "inputs" - the supply voltage, the output of the circuit, "harmful" quantities (for example, the temperature), etc.

 * In our inverting summer circuit we can start varying the resistance of the resistor R ie. the value of the harmful disturbance. The op amp responds to this by changing its output voltage accordingly. So we invent the resistance-to-voltage converter and convert the disturbance into an input signal. Of course, a more common application of this phenomenon is the scaling of the output signal.
 * Then we can change the resistance of the input resistors (R1, R2...). We get resistance-to-voltage converters again, but with opposite characteristics. Thus, we can individually adjust the weighting coefficients of the individual inputs.
 * If we change the resistance of the load, we will be convinced again that the circuit behaves as a constant voltage source.

2. Deepen the study by simultaneously changing several signals or circuit parameters. In practice, we are most often limited to two quantities, which we change unidirectionally (common mode) or oppositely (differentially).

 * If, for example, in the circuit of the inverting summer we change the input voltages simultaneously and in the opposite direction, the output voltage will not change - an idea for a differential circuit.

 * In the same way, we can change the resistances of the input resistors simultaneously and in the opposite direction - we get a differential resistive sensor, etc.

Stage III: Summarizing the results
We can use the ideas gained in inventing one particular electronic circuit and in inventing other analogous circuits (as we did before). This is how:

1. Try to find commonalities between the principles underlying the invented device and other electronic devices already invented. All sorts of other parallel OOB circuits can be devised by applying the same idea (assisting the input source and using the offset voltage as the output signal). Examples: "ideal" ammeter, current-voltage and voltage-current converters, inverting amplifier, integrator and differentiator, logarithmic and antilogarithmic converter, etc.

2. Add the principle to the collection of principles for inventing electronic devices. In the specific case, we first formulated the universal (non-electrical) principle of removing disturbance by "anti-disturbance", which we then further developed into the principle of measuring disturbance by "anti-disturbance". Then we concretized it in the circuit principle of compensating voltage by "anti-voltage" and measuring voltage by "anti-voltage".

3. Draw a block diagram of the device implementing the principle and add it to the collection of block diagrams.

Web resources
Here are some circuit stories showing the process of inventing specific circuits:

Battery backup voltage regulator (an invention story) 3-LED voltage indicator (an inventor's story)

title: Circuit Idea/How to Invent Circuits


text:
User:Shui8

Welcome to my Page.

title: User:Shui8


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook

DThis is community work on AI Art Generation Handbook, the purpose of these is in basis is to provide basic guidelines for the users on knowledge how-to generate better AI images to fulfill the needs. The only limit is only your imagination !

title: AI Art Generation Handbook


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/Art Medium

All of the images generated here are generated using the same terms : Javan rhinoceros wearing a business suit screaming aloud with hands on the cheek while seeing the stock price crash

All of the art-medium are randomly selected without any aesthetic preferences.

However, take note that the AI Art generation technology is still evolving and may look different from the initial version to the version you are using today.

Note: If you have any ideas or any ways to make the images shown as intended / any of the medium that I left out upon, you can put your comment at Discussion Tab above.

title: AI Art Generation Handbook/Art Medium


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/Creating ruins photographs

Ruins photography is a genre (or sub-genre) of photographic art, the main theme of which is the depiction of abandoned, partially destroyed structures.

General information
This genre, which overlaps with architectural and landscape photography, is relatively recent. Popular among some photographers in the West, where sometimes referred to as "ruin porn". In Russia, the study of abandoned objects is engaged in stalkers, but they sometimes don't have a camera and set themselves other goals.

The main subject of photography is abandoned buildings of recent past: hospitals, bomb shelters, barracks, hotels, industrial plants, automobile cemeteries, prisons, etc. A side theme is the "mastering" of abandoned buildings by nature (see photo right). Historical monuments of architecture can sometimes serve as the subject of the genre, but only as an exception.

Ways of implementation
The process has similarities to Architectural photography, but if you are going to photograph underground objects or bunkers, you will need a flash, sometimes a powerful one, depending on the size of the object being photographed.

About where and how to find "photogenic" ruins, it is difficult to say: it depends on your location and willingness to overcome distances. Exept this you may have to buy additional equipment. As an option — to become a traveler, practicing hobo tourism, where sometimes you have to spend the night, or even live for a while in the ruins of abandoned houses.

Interesting fact
Abandoned buildings sometimes serve as a backdrop for creating works in nude photography, what can be classified as the intersection of the two genres.


text:
User talk:43.246.137.51

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 19:30, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:43.246.137.51


text:
Minecraft/Netherite

The strongest mineral in Minecraft.

Obtaining
To obtain it, you can smelt ancient debris to netherite scraps, and craft 4 netherite scraps with 4 golden ingots.

Use
While it cannot be crafted with to make tools on a crafting table, you can use a smithing table to combine it with diamond tools, weapons, and armour.

You can also use 9 netherite ingots to craft a netherite block, or 1 netherite ingot to craft a lodestone.

title: Minecraft/Netherite


text:
Minecraft/Minerals

Minerals are special resources found underground in stone. The types are listed below.

title: Minecraft/Minerals


text:
Cookbook:Friggione (Onion and Tomato Relish)

Friggione is a Bolognese relish that dates back to the 19th century. It cooks slowly on the stovetop, until the onions and tomatoes are very soft. Although it takes at least two hours to cook, it requires relatively little hands-on time.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg (2 pounds) cipollini or yellow onions, roughly chopped
 * 500 g (1 pound) tomatoes
 * Olive oil

Procedure

 * 1) Heat enough olive oil into a heavy saucepan to cover the bottom (probably about 30 ml).
 * 2) Cook the onions in the oil over low heat for at least 1 hour, until they are soft. Stir occasionally to keep them from sticking, and add a little more oil if necessary.
 * 3) While the onions are cooking, blanch the tomatoes in boiling water for about 10 seconds each to loosen the skin. Peel the tomatoes and discard the skin.
 * 4) Roughly chop the tomatoes into a few large pieces.
 * 5) Stir the tomatoes into the onions. Cook for at least another hour, stirring occasionally.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Serve hot or warm as a relish for crusty Italian bread, over pasta, or with meat.
 * Friggione can be refrigerated and re-heated just before serving. This is a good dish to make in advance.
 * So long as there are at least as many onions as tomatoes by weight, the proportion can be varied from equal amounts (a very tomato-y version) to as little as 1 part tomato per 10 parts onions.
 * Look for sweet yellow onions and tomatoes that have more flesh than seeds.
 * The recipe scales well, with double or even triple the amount of onions and tomatoes for a crowd. You will need to stir it more frequently in a very large pot to help it cook evenly.


text:
Minecraft/Pillager Raid

A pillager raid is an event that occurs in villages after killing a pillager captain and obtaining the "bad omen" debuff.

What happens
Up to seven waves of increasing difficulty occurs. Each wave, enemies spawn from one direction to attack the village. To progress to the next wave, you must kill all the enemies.

If you manage to beat every wave, you will get the "hero of the village" buff, which decreases the emerald cost of all villagers' items by up to 5 emeralds, but cannot decrease the cost to below 1.

Enemies
The following enemies can spawn in a raid:
 * ../Pillager/
 * ../Illager/
 * ../Evoker/
 * ../Witch/
 * ../Ravanger/ (only on wave 5 +)

title: Minecraft/Pillager Raid


text:
User talk:Wd-Ryan

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Wd-Ryan!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started.

  Getting help
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.

  Made a mistake?
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.

  Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

(Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

title: User talk:Wd-Ryan


text:
Minecraft/Pillager

{{minecraft/mob|health=20|spawning=In outposts and patrols.|cat=Illager|damage=9
 * intro=Pillagers go around, looking for villages and players to be raided by other illagers later on.
 * des=They will attack you with a crossbow, which may be enchanted. Sometimes they may spawn riding a ravanger, but only during a raid.
 * drops=*0 - 1 arrows
 * crossbow (rare)

 * end=

Patrols
Sometimes, in certain biomes, including plains and savanna, several pillagers will spawn in a group. One of them will be a captain.

Captains
A captain is a pillager with a banner on its back. Killing them will give you the bad omen debuff, which will cause a raid to start the next time you enter a village.

}}

title: Minecraft/Pillager


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Illager

The following mobs are illagers.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Illager


text:
Cookbook:Groundnut Butter Soup

Groundnut butter soup is a common food in West Africa but is most eaten by Ghanaians

Ingredients

 * Peanut butter
 * Ginger
 * Fresh chile pepper
 * Onion
 * Garlic
 * Chicken or beef
 * Salt
 * Stock cube
 * Onion, chopped
 * Bay leaves (optional)
 * Fresh tomatoes, chopped
 * Tomato paste
 * Smoked dryfish, cleaned

Equipment

 * Stove
 * Knife
 * Pot/Dutch oven
 * Blender

Procedure

 * 1) Combine peanut butter and water in a Dutch oven or saucepan. Stir until a thick but slightly runny paste forms.
 * 2) Heat the peanut butter mixture over high heat. When the quantity is reduced and oil begins to form on top, turn the heat to medium and stir. Make sure to stir it regularly to avoid it from getting fried at the bottom of the pan.
 * 3) Stir until a smooth texture develops. Remove from heat and let it cool for a while.
 * 4) Put chopped ginger, chili pepper, onion, and garlic cloves in a blender. Blend until a smooth texture develops.
 * 5) Clean, then cut your chicken or beef into the appropriate pieces. Use salt and stock cube to season meat.
 * 6) Combine the meat with the blended ingredients, a chopped onion, bay leaves, and fresh tomatoes in a Dutch oven or saucepan. Toss everything together to coat the meat well.
 * 7) Place pot over high heat, cover, and cook for approximately 10 minutes. Turn heat to low, and cook for about 15 minutes, or until onion and tomatoes are soft and tender.
 * 8) Blend the tomato paste and onion until smooth. Pour over the meat, then boil for about five minutes. Add the dry fish.
 * 9) Thin the cooked peanut butter paste with a small amount of water. Blend until well-combined.
 * 10) Pour peanut butter mixture over meat, and cook for about 25 minutes, or until chicken is cooked through and oil has risen to the top of the soup. Discard bay leaves.
 * 11) Serve hot with white rice or fufu.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * You can serve groundnut soup with rice balls (omu tuo), fufu, ampesi, akple, plain rice, pounded yam, or plain rice.

title: Cookbook:Groundnut Butter Soup


text:
User:Alexander achie004

My name is Alexander Achie and am a student, I love editing and writing

title: User:Alexander achie004


text:
User:Loganhurndon

wikipedia

title: User:Loganhurndon


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in travel photography

Travel photography is a genre that involves the depicting of nature, people with their traditions and customs, historical objects; in other words, everything that deserves to be captured during a visit to one or more countries.

General information
This genre is rooted in the research activities of scientific expeditions of the past centuries. Today everyone can creating photographs with views of distant countries: both the tourist from the category of vacationers (in order to fill the family album with memorable pictures), and the professional photographer (for subsequent publication of works in printed editions, or holding personal photo exhibitions). It should be noted that (regardless of skills and abilities) travelers, in particular supporters of Long intercontinental trips and expeditions, whose routes include visits to places where seldom have been foreigners, have a better chance of capturing something extraordinary.

Travel photography intersects with landscape and genre photography, as well as street photography and some other genres.

Ways of implementation
There is no universal scheme for achieving success. Buy a ticket to the islands of Oceania, or to Africa, planning to visit 5-10 exotic countries during the trip, and then luck will smile at you. Be prepared for overnight stays at construction sites, cemeteries, in public toilets, possible infection with tropical fevers and other unforeseen circumstances. Before leaving, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the text of the textbook on hobo tourism.