text:
Talk:Shelf:Philosophy

Proposal to move content not conforming to current definition of "philosophy" to alternative shelves
Several books within the "Philosophy" shelf do not belong there. The common definition of philosophy in the present day is a discipline that attempts to reason about various things through rigorous reason and logic. This is the definition used by wikibooks itself, as per the header in Category:Shelf:Philosophy:

"Books on this shelf deal with philosophy: the study of problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, justification, truth, justice, right and wrong, beauty, validity, mind, and language. Many other disciplines study such things. However, philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument rather than, for example, experiments."

It matches the rough definition of Encyclopedia Britannica:

"Philosophy, (from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience. Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many civilizations."

Importantly, philosophy is speculative and based on reasoning, not authoritatively assertive. As such, statements must follow rigorous logic and reason, making no definitive claim on reality unless it can be fully logically proven. Competing philosophies can live side-by-side for as long as either are not fully disproven. Although assertions indeed often form the starting point of logical reasoning, the philosophical part is the part that follows an assertion. Never can a sound philosophical theory claim the underlying assertion to be true without proof.

An authoritative assertion does not make an attempt at a proof, and does not come to the conclusion that we don't know for sure. Instead, they are part of a fixed worldview, a doctrine, and in a subset of cases, a religion.

Certain books in this shelf currently cover only authoritative assertions, without using them to apply logic and reasoning to gain further understanding. A good example of this is the book "Alchemy". The book, as it is currently written, does not use logic and reasoning to deduce conclusions; as such, it is not philosophy, even though the practice once might have been counted as such historically. In fact, since alchemy makes claims about the physical world, it acts at the same level of abstraction as science and engineering, rather than the more abstract discipline of philosophy. Using the scientific method, alchemy has in fact been disproven and is now commonly seen as pseudoscience. The only way for alchemy to hold true, is to authoritatively assert that alchemy is true: as such, it is neither based on abstract reasoning and logic, nor does it match physical observation.

Since there may still be use for such a book as a reference, for example as a historical predecessor to chemistry (like how the geocentric model of the universe preceded the heliocentric model, both of which have been disproven as they were preceded the more complete view we have today), or as a reference to cultural practice, or to catalog nonconforming worldviews. Even so, regardless of whether alchemy is true or not, it does not belong in the shelf Philosophy, since it is authoritatively assertive. I would propose moving this, and other such authoritatively assertive books to a new shelf: perhaps named "Alternative Worldviews". Potential other shelves could include, "Spirituality", "Doctrines", "Culture", "Historic Worldviews" and so forth. The exact naming is up for debate.

Other books in this shelf like Alchemy, which are not based on abstract reasoning but on concrete (non-abstract), alternative, and authoritatively assertive worldviews, include:

 * Ba Zi (In its current authoritatively written form, it is not a philosophical treatise, but a cosmological astrology. I suggest it be moved to a shelf like the proposed "Alternative Worldviews", or perhaps a shelf like "Astrology" or such. It can also be seen as a historic reference, in which case it may have a place in "History".)
 * Mysticism (In its current written form, it acts well as a religious or cultural reference, but not as a philosophical treatise, as it does not use logic and reason to support assertions. Instead, it merely states the assertions that mysticists believe in or their cultural practices, but does not consider a critical, systematic approach to draw logical conclusions within the realm of philosophy. I suggest it be moved into a shelf like the proposed "Alternate Worldviews".)
 * I Ching (Similarly to Ba Zi, in its current authoritatively written form, it is not a philosophical treatise, but a reference guide of ancient divination. It is a good historical and cultural reference, and furthermore can be a useful addition to the proposed "Alternate Worldviews" shelf, but it does not approach the subject with the critical logic and reasoning required to be considered a philosophical treatise. Like alchemy, the geocentric model, and so forth, it competes on a less abstract level with science and engineering, rather than with the more abstract levels of epistemology, metaphyics, ethics, and so forth, unless someone edits the book to focus more on the abstract aspects of ancient Chinese commentaries and avoids authoritative assertions about the physical world.)
 * Alchemy (As I already covered, this is an authoritatively assertive text about a practice that has been disproven by science. It furthermore does not attempt to undermine the foundation upon which science stands through rigorous and sound argumentation, like solipsism might.)

For each of these, a more knowledgeable person than me may write an actual philosophical treatise on some of these subjects, such that they do belong in the current shelf. I do hold the opinion that non-western or even fringe philosophical ideas would be a great addition to the Philosophy shelf, provided they are actual philosophical treatises, and not authoritative assertions. As such, they must abide by the critical rigor and logic required of any philosophical treatise. I would welcome such book projects with great interest, should contributors be interested in writing them. But as the books I listed are currently written, they do not belong in the Philosophy shelf, and I propose they be moved to a more appropriate shelf.

Please note here that I am judging only the appropriateness of the topic, scope, style, and target audience of the books as they currently are formatted and outlined, and am not judging on non-neutrality/bias, flawed arguments, quality, or completeness. There may be books present in the shelf that have flawed, biased or unbalanced arguments, but in and of themselves do attempt (biasedly) to approach the subject matter from a perspective of critical reasoning. Any such problems with these books would have to be discussed in the respective book's discussion pages themselves, and are out of scope for this proposal. Mazimil (discuss • contribs) 12:48, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shelf:Philosophy


text:
User talk:2600:4040:7A3E:B200:654C:7A7A:791C:F66

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 13:39, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Blocked
You cannot edit for 2 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 13:44, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cookbook:Beef Stroganoff

Here are two variations on beef stroganoff:
 * Traditional Beef Stroganoff
 * 20-Minute Beef Stroganoff

title: Cookbook:Beef Stroganoff


text:
Cookbook:Quick and Easy Beef Stroganoff

This meal takes roughly 45 minutes to make and yields great left-overs.

Ingredients

 * 2 packages (around 1.5–2 lb / 750–1000 g) bite-size beef
 * 1 can (8 oz / 250 g) cream of mushroom soup
 * ½ can (4 oz / 125 ml) beef broth
 * 1 tub (8 oz / 250 g) sour cream
 * 1 bag (16 oz / 500 g) egg noodles
 * Salt to taste
 * Pepper to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Cook egg noodles in a large pot according to directions.
 * 2) While egg noodles cook, season the beef with salt and pepper and brown the meat in a skillet unless it is already cooked. Low and slow makes a tender product. If meat is already cooked, heat the meat in the microwave or in a skillet.
 * 3) Drain egg noodles.
 * 4) Mix cream of mushroom soup, beef broth, and sour cream in the pot used for the egg noodles. Season the sauce with salt and pepper keeping in mind that many of the ingredients contain plenty of salt.
 * 5) Add noodle mixture with beef and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Pre-cut stew meat is preferred for the beef. Left-over steaks cut into pieces work well. Ground beef browned in a skillet can also work if you have it around.

title: Cookbook:Quick and Easy Beef Stroganoff


text:
Cookbook:Barbecue Sauce II

Ingredients

 * 1 cup ketchup (catsup)
 * ½ cup molasses
 * ½ teaspoon "concentrated" liquid smoke flavoring

Procedure

 * 1) Mix everything in a pot.
 * 2) To use, heat the sauce with some pre-cooked meat in it.

title: Cookbook:Barbecue Sauce II


text:
Cookbook:Julia Child's Boeuf Bourguignon

From Mastering the Art of French Cooking Volume 1. Child recommends serving this dish "in a casserole, or on a platter surrounded with steamed rice, risotto, or potato balls sautéed in butter", and also states that "buttered green peas or beans could accompany it, and a good red Bordeaux wine". She also points out that this is a dish that benefits from a day in the refrigerator.

Ingredients

 * 6 ounces (170 g) of chunk bacon
 * 3 ½ tablespoons olive oil
 * 3 pounds (1360 g) lean stewing beef, cut into 2-inch cubes
 * 1 carrot, sliced
 * 1 onion, sliced
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * 2 tablespoons flour
 * 3 cups red wine, young and full-bodied (like Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhone or Burgundy)
 * 2 ½–3 ½ cups brown beef stock
 * 1 tablespoon tomato paste
 * 2 cloves mashed garlic
 * ½ teaspoon thyme
 * 1 crumbled bay leaf
 * 18–24 white onions, small
 * 3 ½ tablespoons butter
 * Herb bouquet (4 parsley sprigs, ½ bay leaf, ¼ teaspoon thyme, tied in cheesecloth)
 * 1 pound mushrooms, fresh and quartered

Preparation

 * 1) Remove bacon rind and cut into lardons (sticks ¼-inch thick and 1½ inches long). Simmer rind and lardons for 10 minutes in 1½ quarts water. Drain and dry.
 * 2) Preheat oven to 450°F (230°C).
 * 3) Sauté lardons in 1 tablespoon of the olive oil in a flameproof casserole pan over moderate heat for 2–3 minutes to brown lightly. Remove to a side dish with a slotted spoon.
 * 4) Dry beef in paper towels; it will not brown if it is damp. Heat fat in casserole until almost smoking. Add beef, a few pieces at a time, and sear until nicely browned on all sides. Add it to the lardons.
 * 5) In the same fat, brown the sliced vegetables. Pour out the excess fat.
 * 6) Return the beef and bacon to the casserole and toss with ½ teaspoon of salt and ¼ teaspoon of pepper.
 * 7) Sprinkle on the flour and toss again to coat the beef lightly. Set casserole uncovered in middle position of preheated oven for 4 minutes.
 * 8) Toss the meat again and return to oven for 4 minutes; this browns the flour and covers the meat with a light crust.
 * 9) Remove casserole and turn oven down to 325°F (160°C).
 * 10) Stir in wine and 2–3 cups stock (just enough so that the meat is barely covered).
 * 11) Add the tomato paste, garlic, herbs and bacon rind. Bring to a simmer on top of the stove.
 * 12) Cover casserole and set in lower third of oven. Regulate heat so that liquid simmers very slowly for 3–4 hours. The meat is done when a fork pierces it easily.
 * 13) While the beef is cooking, prepare the onions and mushrooms.
 * 14) Heat 1½ tablespoons butter with 1½ tablespoons of the oil until bubbling in a skillet.
 * 15) Add onions, and sauté over moderate heat for about 10 minutes, rolling them so they will brown as evenly as possible. Be careful not to break their skins. You cannot expect them to brown uniformly.
 * 16) Add ½ cup of the stock, salt and pepper to taste, and the herb bouquet.
 * 17) Cover and simmer slowly for 40–50 minutes until the onions are perfectly tender but hold their shape, and the liquid has evaporated. Remove herb bouquet and set onions aside.
 * 18) Wipe out skillet and heat remaining oil and butter over high heat. As soon as you see butter has begun to subside, indicating it is hot enough, add mushrooms.
 * 19) Toss and shake pan for 4–5 minutes. As soon as they have begun to brown lightly, remove from heat.
 * 20) When the meat is tender, pour the contents of the casserole into a sieve set over a saucepan.
 * 21) Wash out the casserole and return the beef and lardons to it. Distribute the cooked onions and mushrooms on top.
 * 22) Skim fat off sauce in saucepan. Simmer sauce for a minute or two, skimming off additional fat as it rises. You should have about 2½ cups of sauce thick enough to coat a spoon lightly.
 * 23) If too thin, boil it down rapidly. If too thick, mix in a few tablespoons stock. Taste carefully for seasoning.
 * 24) Pour sauce over meat and vegetables. Cover and simmer 2–3 minutes, basting the meat and vegetables with the sauce several times.
 * 25) Serve in casserole, or arrange stew on a platter surrounded with potatoes, noodles or rice, and decorated with parsley.


text:
Cookbook:Cheese Sauce II

Ingredients

 * 2 tablespoons margarine or butter
 * 2.5 tablespoons flour
 * 1 cup milk
 * 1 cup grated cheese (pizza, mozzarella, or cheddar)
 * Dash of mustard
 * Dash of nutmeg

Process

 * 1) Melt margarine/butter, and mix together with flour to make a roux.
 * 2) Add milk, and warm in microwave or on stovetop.
 * 3) Add cheese while heating and mixing. If using microwave, heat and mix in 20 second increments until cheese is incorporated smoothly.
 * 4) Add mustard and nutmeg, then mix

title: Cookbook:Cheese Sauce II


text:
Cookbook:Yemenite Charoset II

Ingredients

 * 300 g dates or date spread, finely chopped
 * 300 g raisins, finely chopped
 * 100 g dried figs, finely chopped
 * 200 g toasted sesame seeds
 * 1 pomegranate
 * 100 g almonds
 * 100 g walnuts
 * 10 g black pepper
 * 20 g cumin
 * 10 g ground cinnamon
 * 10 g ground ginger
 * A few kernels of cardamom (shelled, making use of only their inner black seeds)
 * Sweet red wine

Procedure

 * 1) Separately pound all ingredients except the fruits in a mortar and pestle.
 * 2) Mix all dry ingredients together (walnuts, almonds, sesame seeds, etc.), then mix all wet ingredients together (raisins, dates, figs, etc.).
 * 3) In a large bowl, mix all ingredients together with ones hands and fingers.
 * 4) At Passover, smaller servings are dished out to all diners. A dash of red wine or grape juice or vinegar is added directly to each smaller dish shortly before dipping one's matzah into the charoset.

title: Cookbook:Yemenite Charoset II


text:
Cookbook:Carrot Cake II

Cake

 * 450 ml (14 fl oz) vegetable oil
 * 400 g (14 oz) plain flour
 * 2 tsp bicarbonate soda
 * 570 g (1 lb 4 oz) granulated sugar
 * 290 g (10 oz) eggs
 * 1 pinch of salt
 * 12 g (½ oz) ground cinnamon
 * 530 g (1 lb 3 oz) carrots, peeled and grated
 * 150 g (5 oz) walnuts, chopped

Topping

 * 200 g (7 oz) cream cheese
 * 150 g (5 oz) granulated sugar
 * 100 g (3½ oz) butter

Procedure

 * 1) Mix all the ingredients together in a food processor for 5 minutes.
 * 2) Pour batter into a cake tin 26 cm (10½ inches) in diameter.
 * 3) Bake at 160°C (325°F/Gas 3) for 45 minutes.
 * 4) Check to see if the cake is cooked, then remove from the oven and allow to cool for 10 minutes in the tin.
 * 5) Unmold cake and place it on a cooling rack.
 * 6) For the topping, place the cream cheese, sugar and butter into a mixing bowl and cream together until smooth and soft.
 * 7) Spread frosting over the cake using a palette knife.

title: Cookbook:Carrot Cake II


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pancakes II

Ingredients

 * 1 cup (140 g / 4.9 oz) all-purpose bleached flour
 * 2 teaspoons white granulated sugar
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ½ teaspoon baking powder
 * ¼ teaspoon baking soda
 * ¾ cup (185 ml / 6.3 oz) buttermilk
 * ¼ cup (60 ml / 2 oz) milk
 * 1 standard (50 g) egg
 * 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 * vegetable oil for brushing griddle
 * 8 tablespoons miniature chocolate chips

Procedure

 * 1) Heat a large non-stick skillet or griddle over low heat while preparing ingredients.
 * 2) Mix flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, and baking soda in medium bowl.
 * 3) Microwave buttermilk and milk in a 2-cup glass measuring cup until room temperature (20 to 30 seconds).
 * 4) Whisk in egg, butter, and vanilla.
 * 5) Add wet ingredients to dry ingredients and whisk until just mixed.
 * 6) Return batter to measuring cup, stirring in a teaspoon or two of water, if necessary, to make a thick but pourable batter.
 * 7) Increase heat to medium and generously brush skillet or griddle with oil.
 * 8) When oil starts to spider, but before it starts to smoke, pour in batter, about ¼ cup at a time, to make pancakes. Work in batches, if necessary, to avoid overcrowding.
 * 9) Sprinkle 1 tablespoon miniature chocolate chips on uncooked side of each pancake as it cooks.
 * 10) When pancake bottoms are golden brown and tops start to bubble (2 to 3 minutes), flip pancakes.
 * 11) Cook until pancakes are golden brown on remaining side.
 * 12) Repeat, brushing skillet or griddle with oil.
 * 13) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pancakes II


text:
Cookbook:Traditional British Brewed Tea

Here's a traditionalist view on how to make it, which shares much with George Orwell's essay, "A Nice Cup of Tea".

Ingredients

 * Loose-leaf tea
 * Milk (traditionally full-fat, but semi-skimmed will do)

Procedure

 * 1) Bring freshly drawn water to a boil in a kettle.
 * 2) Meanwhile, prepare your teapot. A stainless steel pot may be used, but earthenware is preferred. Add some hot water and let the warmth pervade the pot. Drain off the hot water. Remember to take the pot to the water, never the water to the pot.
 * 3) Add the tea, measured according to the size of the teapot and the strength of tea you prefer. In a large teapot (serving 4 cups), 2 teaspoons will give a fairly weak tea, perhaps enough to console one for a lost umbrella on a rainy day, and 2 should be strong enough for being stood up on a Friday night. A broken heart may need 6.
 * 4) Add the water as soon as it boils, and leave it to stand for 5 minutes (and no longer) before serving.
 * 5) Add milk to taste. If you are familiar with the strength of tea you make and the size of the cups, you can follow the 'milk in first' technique. Otherwise, add milk to the tea, to ensure you get the right colour.
 * 6) Add sugar according to taste and the extent of the emotional crisis you are trying to overcome.
 * 7) Serve with a biscuit or two, and prepare to feel much better.

title: Cookbook:Traditional British Brewed Tea


text:
Cookbook:Maharashtrian Deep Fried Chickpea Dough Curry Snacks (Pakoda)

Ingredients

 * 5–6 onions, peeled and sliced thin
 * 2–3 green chiles, washed and finely diced
 * Salt
 * ½ tsp turmeric powder
 * ½ tsp chile powder
 * 1 tsp ground cumin
 * 1 tsp ground coriander
 * Gram flour
 * Oil

Procedure

 * 1) Combine onions and chiles. Mix in salt, and let sit 10–15 minutes.
 * 2) Mix in turmeric, chili powder, cumin, and coriander. By this time the onion mix should be moist due to added salt and spices. If a moister mix is required, allow to stand another 5 minutes.
 * 3) Start adding gram flour to the onion mix a little at a time. The mixture should not be dry. Add the flour just to absorb the moistness. You should end up with a somewhat sticky mixture.
 * 4) Heat sufficient oil in a wok or frying pan. Once heated sufficiently, carefully take around 2–3 tbsp of hot oil and add to the onion and gram flour mix. Mix well.
 * 5) Drop a few small to medium chunks of dough at a time in the medium hot oil. Fry until it gets a golden brown colour. If you have used 4–5 large onions and a medium wok you are likely to need 3–4 batches of frying to finish the mixture.
 * 6) Serve hot with green chutney or tomato ketchup.


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/Belgium

The prompt used is

To ensure fair judgement, following steps are done

(i) All of prompts are generated 2 times with 8 images each

(ii) Images selected is randomly selected using this dice

(iii) No extra settings are selected except for changing Fooocus resolutions into 1024*1024 pixels


text:
A Guide to Discord/Community programs

Partners
Discord Partners are Discord servers that are chosen by Discord staff to act as "role models" for other servers. The Partnership program offers better support and additional benefits to servers that meet its requirements. Applications can be submitted by visiting the "Partner Program" tab. At this time, Discord is no longer accepting new partner applications. Common servers chosen for the Partnership program are those affiliated with subreddits, social personalities, content creators, non-profit organizations, or large communities.

Requirements

 * The server must be a Community server
 * The server must be at least eight weeks old
 * The server must have at least 500 members
 * The server must have at least 50 users who regularly communicate per week
 * The server must have at least 100 users who are online per week
 * The server must have a minimum of %20 Week 1 retention over a period of 8 weeks
 * The two-factor authentication requirement for Server Moderation must be enabled. This can be accessed by clicking on "Server Settings", then navigating to "Moderation"

Benefits

 * Partner badge will be displayed next to the server's name and the server owner's username and profile
 * Server vanity URL and a custom invite splash page
 * Higher bit-rate VIP servers for voice channels
 * Ability to add the server to the Server Discovery page
 * Free Discord Nitro and a Discord Partner hoodie for the server owner
 * Access to the Private Discord Partners server
 * Priority contact with Discord Support

Server Verification
Server Verification offers many of the same benefits as Discord's Partnership Program. However, Verification is reserved for servers owned by music artists, esports organizations, publishers, and game developers. Community servers are not eligible for verification.

Benefits

 * Verified badge next to server name
 * Server Vanity URL and custom invite splash page
 * Higher bit-rate VIP servers for voice channels

Hypesquad
The Hypesquad are members of the Discord community who are extra enthusiastic about the platform, and are selected to promote the platform both online and at events around the world. Hypesquad members are sorted into three houses: Balance, Bravery, and Brilliance, distinguished by a badge next to their username.

To join the Hypesquad, navigate to "User Settings", "Hypesquad", and "Join Hypesquad", then take a 5-question personality quiz. You will be sorted into a house based on your answers. You can retake the quiz if you are unhappy with your results.

Hypesquad Tiers
Online Tier

 * Be a part of either Bravery, Brilliance, or Balance houses
 * Respective Hypesquad house badge for your Discord profile
 * Hypesquad email updates
 * Competitions and merch giveaways
 * House challenges

Event Attendee Tier

 * Access to an exclusive Hypesquad Events server
 * Hypesquad Events badge
 * Hypesquad T-shirt, stickers, and pins (link received in acceptance email)
 * Meet and hangout with Discord staff at events

Event Coordinator Tier
 * Quarterly swag box for distributing at events

title: A Guide to Discord/Community programs


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/Italy

The prompt used is

To ensure fair judgement, following steps are done

(i) All of prompts are generated 2 times with 8 images each

(ii) Images selected is randomly selected using this dice

(iii) No extra settings are selected except for changing Fooocus resolutions into 1024*1024 pixels


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/Germany

The prompt used is

To ensure fair judgement, following steps are done

(i) All of prompts are generated 2 times with 8 images each

(ii) Images selected is randomly selected using this dice

(iii) No extra settings are selected except for changing Fooocus resolutions into 1024*1024 pixels


text: Talk:Wikibooks Stacks

title: Talk:Wikibooks Stacks


text:
UNO/UNO Flip!

UNO Flip!, released in 2020, is a competetive variation of UNO that uses a double-sided deck and a special Flip card. The light side plays like standard UNO, but the dark side has tougher action cards.

Basic Gameplay
The cards in an UNO Flip deck have two sides: a "light side" with white numbers and symbols, and a "dark side" with black numbers and symbols. The light side uses the standard UNO colours of red, blue, green and yellow, whilst the dark side uses pink, purple, orange and teal.

To begin the game a dealer is selected, shuffling the deck and dealing seven cards to each player. These cards must be dealt so that the players are looking at the light side of their cards, and the dark side is facing their opponents. Then the draw pile is placed down dark side up, and a discard pile is started, light side up.

The players must make sure all of the cards in their hand are facing the same way at all times - light with light and dark with dark.

The pre-2018 rules for starting action cards are applied in this game, with modifications for the different action cards.

Draw One
This card replaces the Draw Two from standard UNO. It acts the same way, but the drawing player only draws one card. If turned up at the beginning of play the starting player draws one card and loses their turn.

Reverse
Acts the same as in standard UNO. If turned up at the beginning of play the turn order immediately reverses - the dealer plays first, then play proceeds counterclockwise.

Skip
Acts the same as in standard UNO. If turned up at the beginning of play the starting player loses their turn and the following player plays.

Wild
Acts the same as in standard UNO. If turned up at the beginning of play the starting player selects the colour that begins play.

Wild Draw Two
This card replaces the Wild Draw Four from standard UNO. It acts the same way, but the drawing player only draws two cards. The card can be challenged like a Wild Draw Four, with the penalty being for the guilty player to draw the two cards instead and the false accuser drawing four cards. If turned up at the beginning of play the card is returned to the deck and a new card is flipped.

Flip
When this card is played the players immediately turn their hands around so they are playing with the opposite side. The draw and discard piles are flipped to match. The new side will remain in play until another Flip card is played. If turned up at the beginning of play everything is immediately flipped so the dark side begins play.

Draw Five
When this card is played the next player in turn order must draw five cards from the draw pile and lose their turn.

Reverse
Acts the same as on the light side.

Skip Everyone
When this card is played every other player loses their turn and the player who played the Skip Everyone is allowed to play again.

Wild
Acts the same as on the light side.

Wild Draw Colour
This card plays like a normal Wild, with the addition that after the player who played the card selects a colour, the next player must continously draw cards from the draw pile until they obtain a card of the selected colour, which they show to everyone else as proof. The drawing player must do this even if they already have a card of the selected colour. Then they lose their turn.

A Wild Draw Colour can be challenged - the penalty is that the guilty player must draw until they get the colour, and the false accuser must draw until they get the colour plus two extra penalty cards.

Flip
Acts the same as on the light side.

Other Minor Rules

 * If after a flip a Wild card appears on the top of the discard pile the next player in turn order selects the colour that continues play.

Scoring
Unlike standard UNO scoring 500 points is the default win condition in UNO Flip!. Cards are scored as follows:

title: UNO/UNO Flip!


text: Category:Book:Portland, Oregon

title: Category:Book:Portland, Oregon


text:
Wikijunior talk:Asia/Armenia

History section being too complicated
[For anybody reading this page and finds the "history" section to be too advanced]

I'm aware that the history section I've written for Armenia is too complicated for Wikijunior, and I plan on reducing this 'essay' (if you will) to a rudimentary review of Armenian history - to which this will be placed in the intro. I figure a fair custom we could implement is the history of each country can be briefly summarized in its intro page, since many other Wikijunior:Asia pages have this outline (Wikijunior:Asia/Sri Lanka, for example).

If anyone is willing to work on this and/or have suggestions for how to go about with this, please feel free to leave your thoughts here. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:36, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * For reference, the history section was this. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 17:06, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Asia/Armenia


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...g6

= Bishop's Opening - Sideline 2... g6? = The opening line '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 g6''' is a deviation from standard opening principles in chess. The move 2…g6? is considered weak because it allows White to seize control of the center with 3. d4 quickly. This move attacks the pawn on e5 and prepares to develop the knight to f3.

After '''3. d4!,''' White plans to continue with 4. Nf3, aiming to put more pressure on the central square e5. Black cannot respond with 4... Bg7?? because 5. Nxe5 Bxe5 6. dxe5 would lead to White winning a pawn due to the pin on the e5 pawn.

White could also consider a long-term plan of advancing the pawn on a2 to a5 (via a4) to control the b6 square. This move could potentially limit Black's queenside development and create weaknesses in Black's pawn structure.

Overall, this sideline in the Bishop's Opening leads to a superior position for White due to Black's neglect of central control and weak pawn structure.

Theory table
. '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 g6?'''


text:
User:Mi Declaración

Book

title: User:Mi Declaración


text:
Cookbook:Biscuit Mix for Backpacking

Mix

 * 1) Mix everything together to get a coarse texture.
 * 2) Keep in refrigerator until leaving for camping/backpacking trip.
 * 3) Divide into 2–4 cup portions in baggies or other container for convenient use.

Biscuits

 * 1) Mix 2 cups mix with ½ cup water, milk, or condensed milk to use.
 * 2) Knead gently for no more than 5 times, or biscuits will be tough.
 * 3) Roll out about ¾ inches or 2 centimeters thick.
 * 4) Cut into biscuit-size circles.
 * 5) Place in preheated Dutch oven, starting at the wall and working toward the center.
 * 6) Replace lid, turning about ⅛ turn for a good fit.
 * 7) If heat is right, biscuits will be done in about 15 minutes; if browned in 10 minutes or less, the centers may not be done.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * About 2 cups of mix will pretty well fill a 12 inch Dutch oven.
 * Place a few more coals or charcoal briquettes on lid than beneath it.
 * Preheat Dutch oven until lightly smoking; a moistened finger tapped lightly on the metal will sizzle.

title: Cookbook:Biscuit Mix for Backpacking


text:
Cookbook:Maharashtrian Baingan Bartha (South Indian Eggplant with Chili)

Ingredients

 * Oil
 * 1–2 large eggplants
 * 1 handful plus some more finely chopped green onion, both white and green parts
 * 2–3 tsp finely-chopped green garlic (optional)
 * ¼ cup fresh peas
 * Cumin seeds
 * Rai (mustard seed)
 * Salt to taste
 * 1–2 green chiles broken into 2–3 pieces each
 * ¼ teaspoon turmeric (optional)
 * ½ teaspoon red chile powder (optional)

Raw method

 * 1) Wash, then wipe dry eggplant. Apply some oil on the surface of each one of them.
 * 2) Blacken eggplants over direct heat. Alternatively, char-roast in an oven or over a fire to infuse smoke.
 * 3) Once the skin is blackened and comes away on touch, let them cool a bit and then peel the burnt skin. Reserve the drippings.
 * 4) Mash the eggplant flesh by hand until smooth. Transfer flesh to a large bowl.
 * 5) Mix in the green onion, green garlic (if using), peas, and salt to taste.
 * 6) Heat some oil in a pan. Once heated sufficiently add rai, then cumin seeds, then green chilies. Let the chilies fry for 10–12 seconds.
 * 7) Pour this spice mix onto the eggplant mixture in the bowl. Mix well and serve with bhakri and thecha/kharda below.

Frying method

 * 1) Follow steps 1 through 5 as directed above.
 * 2) In the step 6 above add turmeric after chilies. Add the eggplant mixture to the pan of tadka. Sauté for about 1–2 minutes. If required add some of the reserved eggplant drippings to moisten the bharta.
 * 3) Serve hot.

Kharda/thecha (accompaniment)

 * 1) Wash and dry about 10–15 green chilies and half handful of fresh coriander. Peel 5–7 cloves of garlic; break the chilies in to 2–3 pieces each.
 * 2) Heat about 1–1½ tbsp of oil on the griddle (tava).
 * 3) Once heated sufficiently add chilies and garlic (make sure you have exhaust turned on and working).
 * 4) Fry them for 30–40 seconds over low heat. Turn the heat off. Now add salt to taste. Put this mix in a blender along with chopped coriander and blend it roughly.
 * 5) Thecha is ready to serve. While serving put some raw groundnut oil on each serving. This is very very hot dish depending the chilies used. Eat and handle carefully!


text:
Cookbook:Baingan Bartha (South Indian Eggplant with Chili) II

Ingredients

 * 2 medium Dutch aubergines
 * Oil (use mustard oil or a blend for best results)
 * Garlic, chopped fine
 * Ginger, chopped fine
 * 1 medium Spanish onion, chopped
 * ¼ teaspoon mustard seeds
 * ⅓ teaspoon cumin seeds
 * ¼ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * 100 g tomato paste or 4 medium ripe tomatoes, finely diced
 * 2–3 coriander stems, finely chopped (reserve the chopped leaves as garnish)
 * Chopped green chilli, as desired
 * Salt to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Peel and steam the aubergine until the flesh is tender. Mash and reserve.
 * 2) Heat some oil in a pan, and add mustard and cumin seeds. Sauté for 10 seconds, then add finely chopped garlic and ginger. Sauté until the ginger and garlic turn yellow.
 * 3) Add chopped onion and sauté until the onion is translucent.
 * 4) Add the aubergine mash, turmeric, coriander stem, tomato paste, and salt. Cook on medium heat for 20 minutes.
 * 5) Garnish with chopped coriander and serve.
 * 6) To smoke the bharta for a more robust flavour, light a small piece of charcoal and place it over a piece of foil placed inside the dish. Pour about ¼ teaspoon of oil and cover the dish immediately. Leave to infuse.


text:
Cookbook:Simple Soup Dashi (Japanese Soup Stock)

This dashi can be used to make a miso soup similar to those served in restaurants in North America.

Ingredients

 * 3 large handfuls dried, smoked, thinly-shaved skipjack tuna (katsuobushi)
 * 4–5 ea. 4-inch (10 cm) long sheets of kombu seaweed
 * 4–8 cups (1–2 liters) water

Process

 * 1) Cut small gashes into the kombu. Do not wash the kombu; the white powder on the exterior is actually natural, crystallized MSG and gives the soup flavour.
 * 2) Place the kombu into the water and bring it to a boil, skimming the surface periodically
 * 3) Just as the water begins to simmer, remove the kombu (this may be re-infused with less water a second time to make a lower-quality dashi suitable for cooking)
 * 4) Let the stock cool down for approximately 5 minutes
 * 5) Add the flaked tuna and stir, returning to heat
 * 6) Permit it to boil for about 30 seconds and remove from heat
 * 7) After a few minutes, the fish will sink to the bottom. Strain the stock through a fine mesh filter (cheesecloth works well), squeezing the fish to extract every bit of juice (this may be re-infused as well)
 * 8) Store in the fridge for up to 5 days, and in the freezer for up to 6 months


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...b6

= Bishop's Opening - Sideline 2... b6? = The position after the moves '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 b6?''' is generally considered weak and slightly unusual as it doesn't immediately help in developing black's minor pieces or controlling the center of the board. The primary weakness this move creates in Black's position is a lack of central control. The traditional moves 2...Nc6 or 2...Nf6! contest the center and allow for quicker development of the pieces, but 2...b6 does not. Furthermore, the move 2...b6 could potentially weaken the c6 square, which could be exploited in the future.

White's plan usually involves a standard development with 3.Nf3! followed by 0-0, d4, and c3. White's plan of rapid development and central control can help to exploit the 2...b6 weaknesses and gain an early advantage. This plan allows White to quickly develop his pieces, aiming to control the center with a pawn at d4, and prepare for a potential pawn storm with c3 and d4. The Knights are well placed on f3 and c3, the Bishop on c4 is eyeing the f7 square, and the King has been tucked away safely by castling. This setup provides a solid foundation for White to launch an attack, putting pressure on Black's position.

Meanwhile, Black's slower development and lack of central control can allow White to seize the initiative early on in the game. The key for White will be to capitalize on these advantages while maintaining a solid position and preparing for any counterattacks that Black might launch.

Theory table
. '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 b6?'''


text: Template:Highlight round

title: Template:Highlight round


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Template:Brackets

{{Documentation | content =

This template provides way to wrap content in double square brackets.

Examples:
 * {{brackets|test}} produces: {{brackets|test}}
 * {{brackets|test{{!}}more}} produces: {{brackets|test{{!}}more}}
 * {{brackets|:ja:山本五十六}} produces: {{brackets|:ja:山本五十六}}

Function
This template is a simple wrapper around the  and   HTML entities that produce starting and ending double brackets, respectively.

Limitations
The template cannot output just the starting double bracket or just the ending double bracket. You will have to use either  or   to achieve this.

title: Template:Brackets


text: Template:Transclusionless

title: Template:Transclusionless


text: Template:DEFAULTSORT

title: Template:DEFAULTSORT


text: Template:Caution

title: Template:Caution


text:
Template:DEFAULTSORT/doc

 is a magic word used to modify the sequence of pages shown on category pages. The given sort key in a specific page is used to determine that page's position in all category pages where the page is listed. Note: The specific page will still be listed with its original title, regardless of the modified sort order. The sort key can be overridden for specific categories, if their [Category:] tags contain a differing individual sort key.

It is not necessary to use DEFAULTSORT at all if the article or page should be alphabetized according to its title (which is true for most articles).

For background information on how the pages in a category are ordered, see and.

Understanding DEFAULTSORT
By default, pages listed on a category page are sorted by. It is possible to set a different sort key by using the magic word.

In the case of multiple default sort key tags, the last DEFAULTSORT on the final rendering of a page applies for all categories, regardless of the position of the category tags. This also means that a DEFAULTSORT tag included from a template is not effective if another DEFAULTSORT tag occurs later on the page, even if the later DEFAULTSORT tag is also "hidden" (included by another template).

Placement
When using DEFAULTSORT to modify the default sort key, the magic word should be placed at the left margin of a new line, immediately above the line which begins the list of categories. For example, the last lines of a typical article titled Forename Surname could look like:

Final section
Final line of content in "final section".

TemplateData
{	"description": " is a magic word used to modify the sequence of pages shown on category pages. Please use rather than, with a colon (\":\"), not a pipe symbol (\"|\"). This uses the magic word directly instead of using the template to call the magic word.", "params": { "1": {}	} }

title: Template:DEFAULTSORT/doc


text: Transwiki:Mbox

title: Transwiki:Mbox


text: Transwiki:Pp-move

title: Transwiki:Pp-move


text: Transwiki:Pp

title: Transwiki:Pp


text: Transwiki:R template-protected

title: Transwiki:R template-protected


text:
Transwiki:Message box/ombox.css

/* */ .ombox { margin: 4px 0; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;   /* Default "notice" gray */ background-color: #f8f9fa; box-sizing: border-box; }

/* For the "small=yes" option. */ .ombox.mbox-small { font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; }

.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b32424;   /* Red */ background-color: #fee7e6;   /* Pink */ }

.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b32424;   /* Red */ }

.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500;   /* Orange */ }

.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #fc3;      /* Yellow */ }

.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc;   /* Purple */ }

.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #a2a9b1;   /* Gray-gold */ }

.ombox .mbox-text { border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 100%; }

.ombox .mbox-image { border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; text-align: center; }

.ombox .mbox-imageright { border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; text-align: center; }

/* An empty narrow cell */ .ombox .mbox-empty-cell { border: none; padding: 0; width: 1px; }

.ombox .mbox-invalid-type { text-align: center; }

@media (min-width: 720px) { .ombox { margin: 4px 10%; }	.ombox.mbox-small { /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 238px; } }

title: Transwiki:Message box/ombox.css


text: Category:Sweetener recipes

title: Category:Sweetener recipes


text: Category:Recipes with meat substitutes

title: Category:Recipes with meat substitutes


text: Category:Root vegetable recipes

title: Category:Root vegetable recipes


text: Category:Cookbook equipment

title: Category:Cookbook equipment


text: Category:Cookbook Equipment

title: Category:Cookbook Equipment


text: Category:Cookbook help pages

title: Category:Cookbook help pages


text: Category:Cookbook special pages

title: Category:Cookbook special pages


text: Category:Cookbook/Units of measurement

title: Category:Cookbook/Units of measurement


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for import/Archives/2023/June

Javagony
Could an admin please import Javagony Turing-completeness proof from esolangs.org to Javagony/Proof that Javagony is Turing-complete? Thanks in advance, - 🇺🇦 Слава🇺🇦Україні 🇺🇦 Героям🇺🇦Слава🇺🇦 (talk)🇺🇦 13:49, 27 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Since I have completed the rest of the book, and since the last request got archived before getting a response, I will boldly ping an admin. . - 🇺🇦 Слава🇺🇦Україні 🇺🇦 Героям🇺🇦Слава🇺🇦 (talk)🇺🇦 13:05, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Was this ever taken care of? —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:50, 15 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Template talk:Unit of measurement

Update request per category move
Since Category:Cookbook/Units of measurement has been moved to Category:Cookbook units, an update to this template is needed.

should be changed to

Thank you for your attention. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 11:48, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Marking as ✅ by Kittycataclysm, for record's sake. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:30, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Unit of measurement


text:
User:WriterKaren

Horror and fantasy books are my hobby

Harry Potter addicted fan

title: User:WriterKaren


text:
Color theory/Algorithms

Gray conversion
Python code

= References =

title: Color theory/Algorithms


text:
Color Theory/Algorithms

"color operations should be done ...to either model human perception or the physical behavior of light" Björn Ottosson : How software gets color wrong

color conversion

 * sRGB to linear conversion
 * AMPAS Academy Color Encoding System Developer Resources

linearisation
Steps
 * read value ( from sRGB)
 * linearize and widening your intensity (convert 8-bit integer to 16 bit integer of float)
 * process image
 * delinearize and convert to 8-bit
 * save as sRGB

When you're reading an sRGB image, and you want linear intensities, apply this formula to each intensity:

float s = read_channel; float linear; if (s <= 0.04045) linear = s / 12.92; else linear = pow((s + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);

Going the other way, when you want to write an image as sRGB, apply this formula to each linear intensity:

float linear = do_processing; float s; if (linear <= 0.0031308) s = linear * 12.92; else s = 1.055 * pow(linear, 1.0/2.4) - 0.055;

Stages:
 * applying the inverse of the sRGB nonlinear transform function f_inv
 * doing computations
 * then switching back by f

For colors in sRGB in range 0.0 to 1.0 this can be done by applying these functions component wise (provided in C-like pseudocode):

float f_inv(float x) { if (x >= 0.04045) return ((x + 0.055)/(1 + 0.055))^2.4 else return x / 12.92 }

float f(float x) { if (x >= 0.0031308) return (1.055) * x^(1.0/2.4) - 0.055 else return 12.92 * x }

Convertion between HSL and sRGB
Converting an HSL color to sRGB in JavaScript.

Converting sRGB Colors to HSL

Converting from linear sRGB to Oklab
A color in Oklab is represented with three coordinates Lab:
 * L – perceived lightness ( a unitless number in the range [0,1] )
 * a – how green/red the color is
 * b – how blue/yellow the color is

It's corresponding polar form is called Oklch.

The standard coordinate can also be transformed into polar form ( Lch), with the coordinates:
 * L = lightness
 * c = chroma
 * h = hue

 * $$C = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$$

 * $$h^{\circ}=\text{atan2}(b,a)$$

In reverse direction:

 * $$a=C\cos(h^{\circ})$$

 * $$b=C\sin(h^{\circ})$$

Converting from linear sRGB to Oklab in c++

Image conversion

 * color convert from colorjs library

C code

Gray conversion
Python code

matrix multiplication
matrix multiplication. (This is more readable than inlining all the multiplies and adds). The matrices are in column-major order.

Mix colors
Methods
 * simple interpolation of the sRGB values (gamma-corrected values). Lerp
 * interpolation on linear values makes the red-green gradient better, but at the expense of the back-white gradient.
 * Hue Interpolation ( in HSV, HSB) . We could convert RGB to HSV and lerp each of the H, S, and V components. This is also pretty bad.
 * separating the light intensities from the color
 * Luminosity Interpolation: The best way is to lerp in perceptually linear colourspace ( LAB, OKLab, HCL...). The default color space for mixing (and gradients) in CSS is oklab

Goal: The intensity of the gradient must be constant

Code:
 * d3js: interpolate color in js
 * R colorRamp function

simple interpolation
Mix 2 RGB colors ( naive and wrong form)

//This is the wrong algorithm. Don't do this Color ColorMixWrong(Color c1, Color c2, Single mix) {  //Mix [0..1] // 0   --> all c1   //  0.5 --> equal mix of c1 and c2   //  1   --> all c2   Color result;

result.r = c1.r*(1-mix) + c2.r*(mix); result.g = c1.g*(1-mix) + c2.g*(mix); result.b = c1.b*(1-mix) + c2.b*(mix);

return result; }

Simple interpolation of the sRGB values, particularly the red-green gradient is too dark in the middle.

Intuitively, lerping ( linear interpolations) draws a straight line between two points in the colourspace being used. However, a straight line in the colourspace usually does not result in a perceptually linear interpolation.

interpolation on linear values
RGB colors on computers are in the sRGB color space. And those numerical values have a gamma of approx 2.4 applied.

Without applying the inverse gamma, the mixed colors are darker than they're supposed to be.

In order to mix the colors correctly you must first undo this gamma adjustment. Correct steps are:
 * undo the gamma adjustment ( Invert sRGB gamma compression, InverseSrgbCompanding)
 * apply your r,g,b mixing algorithm above
 * reapply the gamma ( Reapply sRGB gamma compression, SrgbCompanding)

//This is the wrong algorithm. Don't do this Color ColorMix(Color c1, Color c2, Single mix) {  //Mix [0..1] // 0   --> all c1   //  0.5 --> equal mix of c1 and c2   //  1   --> all c2

//Invert sRGB gamma compression c1 = InverseSrgbCompanding(c1); c2 = InverseSrgbCompanding(c2);

result.r = c1.r*(1-mix) + c2.r*(mix); result.g = c1.g*(1-mix) + c2.g*(mix); result.b = c1.b*(1-mix) + c2.b*(mix);

//Reapply sRGB gamma compression result = SrgbCompanding(result);

return result; }

The gamma adjustment of sRGB isn't quite just 2.4. They actually have a linear section near black - so it's a piecewise function.

Helper functions: Color InverseSrgbCompanding(Color c) { //Convert color from 0..255 to 0..1 Single r = c.r / 255; Single g = c.g / 255; Single b = c.b / 255;

//Inverse Red, Green, and Blue if (r > 0.04045) r = Power((r+0.055)/1.055, 2.4) else r = r / 12.92; if (g > 0.04045) g = Power((g+0.055)/1.055, 2.4) else g = g / 12.92; if (b > 0.04045) b = Power((b+0.055)/1.055, 2.4) else b = b / 12.92;

//return new color. Convert 0..1 back into 0..255 Color result; result.r = r*255; result.g = g*255; result.b = b*255;

return result; }

And you re-apply the companding as:

Color SrgbCompanding(Color c) { //Convert color from 0..255 to 0..1 Single r = c.r / 255; Single g = c.g / 255; Single b = c.b / 255;

//Apply companding to Red, Green, and Blue if (r > 0.0031308) r = 1.055*Power(r, 1/2.4)-0.055 else r = r * 12.92; if (g > 0.0031308) g = 1.055*Power(g, 1/2.4)-0.055 else g = g * 12.92; if (b > 0.0031308) b = 1.055*Power(b, 1/2.4)-0.055 else b = b * 12.92;

//return new color. Convert 0..1 back into 0..255 Color result; result.r = r*255; result.g = g*255; result.b = b*255;

return result; }

The color blending in linear RGB space is good when colors are equal RGB total value; but the linear blending scale does not seem linear - especially for the black-white case. Using interpolation on linear values rather than gamma-corrected values makes the red-green gradient better, but at the expense of the back-white gradient.

separating the light intensities from the color
Steps
 * calculate L (lightness) for an RGB color:
 * calculate only the Y (luminance) of CIE XYZ and use that to get L
 * That gives L as 0-1 for any RGB
 * Then to lerp RGB:
 * first interpolate linear RGB,
 * fix lightness by lerping the start/end L
 * scale the RGB by targetL / resultL

LAB
How to generate a smooth color gradient between two colors.

The intensity of the gradient must be constant in a perceptual color space or it will look unnaturally dark or light at points in the gradient. You can see this easily in a gradient based on simple interpolation of the sRGB values, particularly the red-green gradient is too dark in the middle. Using interpolation on linear values rather than gamma-corrected values makes the red-green gradient better, but at the expense of the back-white gradient. By separating the light intensities from the color you can get the best of both worlds.

Often when a perceptual color space is required, the Lab color space will be proposed. I think sometimes it goes too far, because it tries to accommodate the perception that blue is darker than an equivalent intensity of other colors such as yellow. This is true, but we are used to seeing this effect in our natural environment and in a gradient you end up with an overcompensation.

A power-law function of 0.43 was experimentally determined by researchers to be the best fit for relating gray light intensity to perceived brightness.

Algorithm in pseudocode:

Algorithm MarkMix Input: color1: Color, (rgb)  The first color to mix color2: Color, (rgb)  The second color to mix mix:   Number, (0..1) The mix ratio. 0 ==> pure Color1, 1 ==> pure Color2 Output: color: Color, (rgb)   The mixed color //Convert each color component from 0..255 to 0..1 r1, g1, b1 ← Normalize(color1) r2, g2, b2 ← Normalize(color1)

//Apply inverse sRGB companding to convert each channel into linear light r1, g1, b1 ← sRGBInverseCompanding(r1, g1, b1) r2, g2, b2 ← sRGBInverseCompanding(r2, g2, b2)

//Linearly interpolate r, g, b values using mix (0..1) r ← LinearInterpolation(r1, r2, mix) g ← LinearInterpolation(g1, g2, mix) b ← LinearInterpolation(b1, b2, mix)

//Compute a measure of brightness of the two colors using empirically determined gamma gamma ← 0.43 brightness1 ← Pow(r1+g1+b1, gamma) brightness2 ← Pow(r2+g2+b2, gamma)

//Interpolate a new brightness value, and convert back to linear light brightness ← LinearInterpolation(brightness1, brightness2, mix) intensity ← Pow(brightness, 1/gamma)

//Apply adjustment factor to each rgb value based if ((r+g+b) != 0) then factor ← (intensity / (r+g+b)) r ← r * factor g ← g * factor b ← b * factor end if

//Apply sRGB companding to convert from linear to perceptual light r, g, b ← sRGBCompanding(r, g, b)

//Convert color components from 0..1 to 0..255 Result ← MakeColor(r, g, b) End Algorithm MarkMix

Python code by Mark Ransom

The default color space for mixing (and gradients) in CSS is oklab

perceptually uniform gradient

 * color-gradient-algorithm by Roman Frołow
 * perceptually-smooth-multi-color-linear-gradients by Matt DesLauriers
 * color-gradient-algorithm-in-lab-color-space
 * pereptual-color by Olivier Vicario

How to Programmatically Lighten a Color ?

 * SO Q&A

How to convert hsl color to name ?

 * Lea Verou: human-colours: A set of functions you can use to translate the HSL colour notation to human readable text.
 * Trying to map the correct human colour names to hsl-hue values by VASILIS VAN GEMERT
 * Trying to map the correct human saturation names to hsl-saturation values.

Examples:
 * hsl(120,100%,50%) = A highly saturated green
 * hsl(120,65%,25%) = A rather saturated, dark green.

spline gradient

 * spline gradient in js by Matt DesLauriers

title: Color Theory/Algorithms


text:
Category:Templates that add a tracking category

__HIDDENCAT__


text: Template:Chess diagram 8x10

title: Template:Chess diagram 8x10


text: Template:Paragraph break

title: Template:Paragraph break


text: Template:Chess diagram 10x10

title: Template:Chess diagram 10x10


text: Template:Raumschach diagram

title: Template:Raumschach diagram


text: Template:Chess diagram 6x6

title: Template:Chess diagram 6x6


text: Template:Chess diagram 5x5

title: Template:Chess diagram 5x5


text:
Template:Bughouse chess diagram

 {| style="border:1px solid #b0b0b0; background-color:#f9f9f9"

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="border: 1px solid #b0b0b0" ' '
 * colspan=3 |

 * }
 * style="line-height: 1.4; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; padding: 2px" |
 * }
 * style="line-height: 1.4; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; padding: 2px" |
 * }

title: Template:Bughouse chess diagram


text: Template:Alice chess diagram

title: Template:Alice chess diagram


text: Template:Tamerlane chess diagram

title: Template:Tamerlane chess diagram


text:
Transwiki:Chess diagram/doc

These templates shows a chess diagram, a graphic representation of a position in a chess game, using standardised symbols resembling the pieces of the standard Staunton chess set. The default template for a standard chess board is Chess diagram. This documentation covers all related templates.

Templates
There are several standard chess diagram templates:

There are also templates for chess variants:
 * Template:Chess diagram (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram small (square size 22x22 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 4x4 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 4x5 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 5x5 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 5x6 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 6x6 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 8x10 (Capablanca Chess square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 8x10 small (Capablanca Chess square size 22x22 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 9x9 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 10x10 (square size 26x26 px)
 * Template:Chess diagram 10x10 small (square size 22x22 px)
 * For other board sizes, use {{#invoke:chessboard mxn|board|cols=|rows=
 * Template:Alice chess diagram (Alice Chess, square size 22x22 px)
 * Template:Bughouse chess diagram (Bughouse chess, square size 22x22 px)
 * Template:Omega Chess diagram (Omega Chess with 10x10 board + 4 corners, 22x22 px)
 * Template:Tamerlane chess diagram (Tamerlane chess with 10x11 board + 2 citadels, 22x22 px)
 * Template:Raumschach diagram (5x5x5 board for one type of Three-dimensional chess, 22x22 px)
 * Template:3D chess diagram (3x8x8 board for some types of Three-dimensional chess, 22x22 px)

Syntax
The syntax is basically the same for all chess diagram templates.

Parameters:

 * – defines horizontal alignment (floating) of the whole table, must be  or   (or nothing)
 * – the text which appears above the diagram, may be empty;
 * - specifies the size of each square in pixels, the default is 26.
 * - specifies whether the rows are numbered. Options are: left, right, both (default) or neither.
 * - specifies whether the columns are lettered. Options are: top, bottom, both (default) or neither.
 * – define corresponding squares of the chessboard, see below;
 * – the text which appears beneath the diagram, may be empty; optional – can be left out (currently not in the other templates)

A square is defined by the name of piece or empty parameter. The names of the pieces are those given in algebraic notation:

 * [[Image:Chess kll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess kld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess kdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess kdd45.svg|26px]] k = king
 * [[Image:Chess qld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess qll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess qdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess qdl45.svg|26px]] q = queen
 * [[Image:Chess rll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess rld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess rdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess rdd45.svg|26px]] r = rook
 * [[Image:Chess bld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess bll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess bdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess bdl45.svg|26px]] b = bishop
 * [[Image:Chess nll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess nld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess ndl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess ndd45.svg|26px]] n = knight
 * [[Image:Chess pld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess pll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess pdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess pdl45.svg|26px]] p = pawn

These letters are combined with either "l" for Light=White, or "d" for Dark=Black. So "kl" is White's king, and "nd" is Black's knight.

An empty square is written either using underscores, spaces, or nothing at all. Two spaces are recommended.

 * [[Image:Chess d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess l45.svg|26px]] = empty square

Fairy Chess
There are also some fairy chess pieces available. In general, there is no convention for which inverted piece to use, but in general one should use something similar to how the fairy piece moves (e.g. a camel should use an inverted knight icon).
 * [[Image:Chess all45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess ald45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess adl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess add45.svg|26px]] a = archbishop (princess)
 * [[Image:Chess cld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess cll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess cdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess cdl45.svg|26px]] c = chancellor (empress)
 * [[Image:Chess fll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess fld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess fdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess fdd45.svg|26px]] f = inverted king
 * [[Image:Chess gld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess gll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess gdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess gdl45.svg|26px]] g = inverted queen (grasshopper)
 * [[Image:Chess mll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess mld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess mdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess mdd45.svg|26px]] m = inverted rook
 * [[Image:Chess Bld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess Bll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess Bdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess Bdl45.svg|26px]] B = inverted bishop
 * [[Image:Chess sll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess sld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess sdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess sdd45.svg|26px]] N = inverted knight (nightrider)
 * [[Image:Chess hld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess hll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess hdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess hdl45.svg|26px]] h = inverted pawn
 * [[Image:Chess eld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess ell45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess edd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess edl45.svg|26px]] e = elephant
 * [[Image:Mann_white_on_light_(an_icon_of_the_chess_piece).png|26px]] [[Image:Mann_white_on_dark_(an_icon_of_the_chess_piece).png|26px]] [[Image:Mann_black_on_light_(an_icon_of_the_chess_piece).png|26px]] [[Image:Mann_black_on_dark_(an_icon_of_the_chess_piece).png|26px]] M = mann (alternate symbol)
 * [[Image:Centaur on white squares.png|26px]] [[Image:Centaur on dark squares.png|26px]] C = centaur or amazon

Omega Chess pieces:
 * [[Image:Chess zll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess zld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess zdl45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess zdd45.svg|26px]] z = champion
 * [[Image:Chess wld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess wll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess wdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess wdl45.svg|26px]] w = wizard
 * [[Image:Chess tld45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess tll45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess tdd45.svg|26px]] [[Image:Chess tdl45.svg|26px]] t = fool (for Omega Chess Advanced)

Other suitable images include:

Other symbols
You can also use "xx" for a black cross, "ox" for a white cross, "xo" for a black circle on an empty square or "oo" for a white one.

 * [[Image:Chess xxd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess xxl45.svg|26px]] xx = black cross/x
 * [[Image:Chess oxd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess oxl45.svg|26px]] ox = white cross/x
 * [[Image:Chess xod45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess xol45.svg|26px]] xo = black circle
 * [[Image:Chess ood45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess ool45.svg|26px]] oo = white circle

When showing movement directions on the board, arrows are available

 * [[Image:Chess uld45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess ull45.svg|26px]] ul = up & left
 * [[Image:Chess uad45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess ual45.svg|26px]] ua = up
 * [[Image:Chess urd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess url45.svg|26px]] ur = up & right
 * [[Image:Chess lad45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess lal45.svg|26px]] la = left
 * [[Image:Chess lrd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess lrl45.svg|26px]] lr = left & right
 * [[Image:Chess udd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess udl45.svg|26px]] ud = up & down
 * [[Image:Chess rad45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess ral45.svg|26px]] ra = right
 * [[Image:Chess dld45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess dll45.svg|26px]] dl = down & left
 * [[Image:Chess dbd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess dbl45.svg|26px]] db = diagonal as black
 * [[Image:Chess dad45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess dal45.svg|26px]] da = down
 * [[Image:Chess drd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess drl45.svg|26px]] dr = down & right
 * [[Image:Chess dwd45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess dwl45.svg|26px]] dw = diagonal as white

Numbers can also be added to squares by using "x0" for 0, "x1" for 1, "x2" for 2, ..., "x9" for 9.

 * [[Image:Chess x0d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x0l45.svg|26px]] x0
 * [[Image:Chess x1d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x1l45.svg|26px]] x1
 * [[Image:Chess x2d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x2l45.svg|26px]] x2
 * [[Image:Chess x3d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x3l45.svg|26px]] x3
 * [[Image:Chess x4d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x4l45.svg|26px]] x4
 * [[Image:Chess x5d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x5l45.svg|26px]] x5
 * [[Image:Chess x6d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x6l45.svg|26px]] x6
 * [[Image:Chess x7d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x7l45.svg|26px]] x7
 * [[Image:Chess x8d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x8l45.svg|26px]] x8
 * [[Image:Chess x9d45.svg|26px]][[Image:Chess x9l45.svg|26px]] x9

Standard diagram
This diagram is recommended for common use as a main diagram in the articles on chess openings, endings, games, positions etc. See the corresponding code below.

Diagram with both captions
It may be convenient to use this in the articles on chess problems. Please note that in the header and footer you can use bolds or italics. You can also use  to break the lines.

Diagram without captions
See the corresponding code below. If you don't want the captions, just remove them, but don't delete the second "|" pipe character for the caption above; it is possible to delete the last pipe for the longer caption below.

The diagram floats to the left to illustrate the use of the first parameter.

Movement example
This can be used to show how pieces move.

In the board on the right, it is shown that the white queen can go any distance in any of these directions.

Another method for the rook example:

Small diagram
This one may be useful in articles with many diagrams. It uses another template named Chess diagram small.

The small diagrams can have header, too.

Different board size
Chess boards of non-standard dimensions need special templates. There are templates for the following boards:

Alternative way to place the pieces: FEN
It is possible to populate the board using Forsyth–Edwards Notation, instead of positional parameters.

To do this, the "fen" parameter is used. For instance, this is the opening board of a chess game, defined using the "fen" parameter "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR":

It is also possible to show "fairy" pieces using the FEN notation. However, because the FEN notation uses uppercase and lowercase to denote the color of the piece, it is not possible to display the inverted knight fairy piece (denoted by "N") using the fen parameter. Here is a board where the pawns are replaced by fairy pieces:

While the "fen" parameter was first developed and tested with 8x8 boards, support for other sized boards is available. For example, here is the Grand Chess starting positiong represented with an FEN board:

Displaying the board from the Black's point of view
The "reverse=true" parameter causes the board to be shown from Black's point of view, that is, with the h8 square at lower-left corner, and a1 at the upper-right. This works for all sizes of the normal chessboard template, but not for the Alice, Bughouse, Omega, or Raumschach templates. Here, the same FEN notation as in the previous example produces a board with Black's starting position at the bottom.

title: Transwiki:Chess diagram/doc


text: Transwiki:Omega Chess diagram

title: Transwiki:Omega Chess diagram


text:
User:Scorpion2908

Algebra is the part of mathematics in which letters and other general symbols are used to represent numbers and quantities in formulae and equations. Algebra is the branch of mathematics in which abstract symbols, rather than numbers, are manipulated or operated with arithmetic. For example, x + y = z or b - 2 = 5 are algebraic equations, 2 + 3 = 5 and 73 * 46 = 3,358 are not. (Elementary algebra deals with the manipulation of variables as if they were numbers and is therefore essential in all applications of mathematics.) Also we use algebra because Just as multiplying two by twelve is faster than counting to 24 or adding 2 twelve times, algebra helps us solve problems more quickly and easily than we could otherwise. Algebra also opens up whole new areas of life problems, such as graphing curves that cannot be solved with only foundational math skills.

title: User:Scorpion2908


text: Category:Chess diagram templates

title: Category:Chess diagram templates


text:
Chess Variants/Ultima

Introduction
Ultima, also known as Baroque chess, is an eclectic variant where the pieces differ in the powers of capture, rather than their powers of movement.

History
Ultima was created by veteran game designer Robert Abbott in 1962. The rules were initially published in the August 1962 issue of the Recreational Mathematics magazine, and the variant was given the name "Baroque chess" via a contest, but the variant would receive its current name the following year.

In 1968 Abbott made a slight alteration to the rules, adding a new rule that stated a piece on the Nth rank could move no further than N squares. The chess variant community has mostly rejected this change and continues to play Ultima by the 1962 rules, of which the page will detail the most common variation.

Rules
Ultima is played using the same board and pieces as standard chess. However the pieces have different names and movement powers, and most notably all of them capture in a unique way. The pieces are as follows: Before play begins, the players are allowed to decide which one of their rooks will be the immobiliser (that rook is turned upside down), and if they want to switch the positions of their king and withdrawer. After these two factors have been settled, White moves first like in standard chess.

Due to the unique nature of captures in this variant, the end goal is no longer checkmate - the king must actually be captured before the game ends.

The king
The king moves just like his orthodox chess counterpart - one square at a time in any direction. He captures by the traditional method of displacement used in orthodox chess - the king moves into the square of the enemy piece and takes its place.

The pincer pawn
Represented by the pawn, the pincer pawn moves like an orthodox rook. It captures using a technique known as custodial capture – if a pincer pawn makes a move that sandwiches an enemy piece between the pincer pawn and a friendly piece, the enemy piece is captured. There may be no gaps in the formation, and custodial captures can only happen vertically or horizontally – not diagonally. If an enemy piece moves into the formation on its own accord, the capture does not happen.

The long leaper
Represented by the knight, the long leaper moves like an orthodox queen. It captures by means of leaping – as it moves, if the long leaper encounters an enemy piece with an empty square beyond it in the its direction of movement, it may jump over that piece and land on the square beyond, capturing the piece. Multiple pieces may be captured in this manner if there are gaps available to land on.

The withdrawer
Represented by the queen, the withdrawer moves like an orthodox queen. It captures by withdrawing – if it starts the turn adjacent to an enemy piece and moves directly away from it, that piece is captured.

The coordinator
Represented by the rook, the coordinator moves like an orthodox queen. It captures by coordination – after the coordinator has moved an invisible orthogonal cross of squares is drawn from the coordinator’s position, and another such cross is drawn from the position of the friendly king. Any enemy pieces on the two squares where these crosses intersect are captured.

The immobiliser
Represented by an upside-down rook, the immobiliser moves like an orthodox queen. It cannot capture enemy pieces, but instead it can immobilise them. Any enemy piece that is directly adjacent to the immobiliser is immobilised – it will be completely unable to move until the immobiliser moves away.

If a player wishes to, then instead of moving a piece they may have an immobilised piece commit suicide, removing it from the board.

The chameleon
Represented by the bishop, the chameleon (also known as the imitator) moves like an orthodox queen. It captures enemy pieces by using their own powers of capture against them – so it would capture enemy long leapers by jumping over them, for instance. Note that chameleons cannot capture enemy chameleons.

Also, if a chameleon moves adjacent to an enemy immobiliser, the two pieces will freeze each other, leaving both unable to move.

Pieces in detail
These pieces may be confusing, so what follows is a series of diagrams to help you understand.

King
The white king, currently in check from the black withdrawer on d3 moves from c4 to d5, delivering chackmate. Under normal circumstances this would be an illegal move, however the black king is currently being immobilised by the white immobiliser on f4, and so it is not attacking d5.

The king would not be allowed to move to d4 since there it would still be in check from the withdrawer. If the king captured the withdrawer by moving to d3, the result would be stalemate since Black would no longer have any available moves.

Pincer Pawn
The white pincer pawn on g4 moves to d4, capturing the black pincer pawn on d5 and the black immobiliser. The black withdrawer is safe from capture since custodial captures only happen horizontally or vertically, not diagonally. The black chameleon is safe since d2 is not occupied by a white piece. Finally the black long leaper on g3 is safe because it moved into the formation on its own accord, rather than a pawn moving to complete the custodial capture.

Withdrawer
The white withdrawer on g6 moves to d3, capturing the black pincer pawn on h7. The pincer pawn on g7 and the chameleon are safe because the withdrawer did not move directly away from them. Note how the withdrawer also delivers check to the king by threatening to move away on the d-file.

Long Leaper
The white long leaper on d2 jumps to d4, then d6, then d8, capturing three black pieces in the process - namely the pincer pawn on d3, the long leaper on d5 and the coordinator on d7. It could have instead captured the withdrawer with a jump to g5. On the other hand the pincer pawns on b2, f2 and g2 and the chameleon are safe since the long leaper cannot land immediately beyong them.

Coordinator
The white coordinator on d4 moves to f6, and by coordinating with its king on c2 it captures the black long leaper on c6 and the black immobiliser on f2. It could have instaed captured the leaper and the pincer pawn on d2 by playing to d6.

Immobiliser
The white immobiliser on f3 moves to d5, immobilising five black pieces. The previously immobilised black long leaper on g4 is now free to move again. In the process the immobiliser is itself immobilised by the black chameleon on c6. Any of the immobilised black pieces may commit suicide on Black's next turn if they so want to.

Chameleon
The white chameleon on g6 jumps to e6 and then c6, capturing all of Black's non-king pieces in one turn and delivering check. It captures:

 * The withdrawer by moving away from it.
 * The long leapers by jumping over them.
 * The pincer pawns by sandwiching them against friendly pieces.
 * The coordinator by rank/file coordination with the friendly king.

It also delivers check by threatening to step into the king's square.

Sub-variants

 * Maxima, created in 2003, is a larger version of Ultima on an 8x9 board with two extra pieces.
 * Optima is similar to Maxima, with additional pieces and rules.
 * Renaissance uses new pieces and allows captured pieces to be revived by a special technique.
 * Rococco is played on a 10x10 board with an extra piece.

title: Chess Variants/Ultima


text:
User:TPen94

Enjoy reading and writing about decision analysis, probability, uncertainty, risk analysis, and Bayesian statistics.

title: User:TPen94


text:
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This is my sandbox

title: User:TPen94/sandbox


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User:Mrr heart

THE LOVE OF A REAL BEST FRIEND.....(POEM)

Mhm a trust worth friend. What a best friend. You are the most brave and protective friend. Others hate me but you don't. My life was full of pain but you came to my life as a friend.

Thank you for your friendship

title: User:Mrr heart


text:
Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Community

Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Caroline Winter (UVic), Jesse Kern (UBC), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students' Forum), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Graham Jensen (UVic), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with Jon Bath (U Saskatchewan), Jon Saklofske (Acadia U), and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups

Table of Contents
This volume is included in the Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes .

''Where possible, original resources have been uploaded via Wikisource and linked to here. All other original resources are also linked to via this introduction.''

 Introduction: Community-Based and Community-Engaged Open Scholarship

Alyssa Arbuckle

Delivering Impact of Scholarly Information: Is Access Enough?

Heidi McGregor and Kevin Guthrie

Thoughts on Prestige, Quality, and Open Access

Peter Suber

Why We Publish Where We Do: Faculty Publishing Values and Their Relationship to Review, Promotion and Tenure Expectations

Meredith T. Niles, Lesley A. Schimanski, Erin C. McKiernan, and Juan Pablo Alperin

An Overview of the Open Access Movement in Canada

Rosarie Coughlan and Mark Swartz

Data Reuse and the Open Data Citation Advantage

Heather A. Piwowar and Todd J. Vision

Access, Ethics and Piracy

Stuart Lawson

Beyond Open: Expanding Access to Scholarly Content

Alice Meadows

Beyond Open Access to Open Publication and Open Scholarship

John W. Maxwell

Digital Theoria, Poiesis, and Praxis: Activating Humanities Research and Communication through Open Social Scholarship Platform Design

Jon Saklofske

Digital Humanities Futures, Open Social Scholarship, and Engaged Publics

Alyssa Arbuckle and Ray Siemens

The Engaged Humanities: Principles and Practices for Public Scholarship and Teaching

Gregory Jay

Public, First

Sheila Brennan

The Public Digital Humanities

Jesse Stommel

Postcolonial Open Access

Florence Piron

Can Open Scholarly Practices Redress Epistemic Injustice?

Denisse Albornoz, Angela Okune, and Leslie Chan

'''[https://unescochair-cbrsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/OS_For_and_With_Communities_EN.pdf Open Science Beyond Open Access: For and With Communities. A Step Towards the Decolonization of Knowledge]'''

Leslie Chan, Bud Hall, Florence Piron, Rajesh Tandon, and Lorna Williams

Knowledge Organization for Open Scholarship

Julia Bullard

'''[https://dx.doi.org/10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.31 Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science]'''

Angela Okune, Rebecca Hillyer, Leslie Chan, Denisse Albornoz, and Alejandro Posada

Measuring Altruistic Impact: A Model for Understanding the Social Justice of Open Access

Margaret Heller and Franny Gaede


text: Category:Book:Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Community


text:
Chess Variants/Alice Chess

Introduction
Alice chess is a variant where pieces teleport between two boards.

History
Alice chess was created by prolific chess variant creator V. R. Parton in 1953. The variant is inspired by the Lewis Carroll book Through the Looking-Glass, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book involves Alice stepping through a looking-glass and entering a fantastical world, which translates into the variant's main mechanic. Indeed, the variant itself is named after Alice.

Rules
As already stated Alice chess is played with two boards, designated with the letters A and B, laid next to each other at game start. All of the pieces begin the game on board A.

On each turn, a player may choose to move a piece on either board A or B. The piece all retain their typical moves, but once a piece completes its move, it goes "through the looking-glass" and is teleported to the corresponding square on the opposite board. So for example, if a white knight moved from f1 to g3 on board A, would then be teleported to the g3 square on board B.

There are two basic stipulations concerning each move:

 * The move must be legal on the board where it is played.
 * The corresponding square on the opposite board cannot be occupied by another piece, friendly or hostile.

Captures may only be played on the same board that the piece is moving on, since the teleport happens after the piece's move is complete.

When moving on one board a piece is allowed to pass over squares that are occupied by pieces on the other board. For example, in the diagram at left, after White moved Black would be allowed to play 3... Bg1, despite there being a white pawn on f2 on board A, since the move is legal on board B and g1 on square A is unoccupied.

The king is not allowed to make a move on one board, if his teleport to the other board would land him in check. He is also not allowed to use the teleport to escape check - he must move out of check before the teleport. Additionally, you may not make a capture if your piece's teleport would expose your king to check.

You are allowed to escape check by moving a piece on the other board so that its teleport blocks the check.

Castling is permitted as in standard chess, with both the king and rook teleporting to the other board.

There is no en passant.

Sub-variants

 * In Looking-glass Alice chess, the white pieces start on board A as usual, but the black pieces start on board B.
 * Ms. Alice chess allows a player to make a null move, which simply teleports a piece to the other board without moving it.
 * In O'Donohue chess you are allowed to move a piece to a square occupied on the other board - in whcih case the teleport portion of the move is skipped.
 * As its name suggests, Three-board Alice chess uses three boards instead of two. You are allowed to selected which board your piece teleports to.

title: Chess Variants/Alice Chess


text:
Chess Variants/Bughouse Chess

Introduction
Bughouse chess, also known as exchange chess or Siamese chess (not to be confused with Thai chess, makruk), is a variant similar to crazyhouse, but played with four players rather than two.

History
It is not known how bughouse chess developed. What is known is that the earliest references to a bughouse-like variant appeared in the 1930s, and bughouse chess itself first rose to prominence in the 1960s. Its drop mechanic was probably inspired by the drop rule in shogi, Japanese chess.

Due to the fast time controls used for the variant bughouse chess can appear chaotic to an observer. hence the name "bughouse", slang for a mental hospital.

Rules
Bughouse chess is played using two boards, two sets of pieces, and four players. The boards are set up so that the white army of one board is directly next to the black army of the opposite board, and vice versa.

The four players are grouped into two teams of two, with partners sitting next to each other. Team A controls the white army of board A and the black army of board B, and team B controls the black army of board A and the white army of board B.

Both boards play the same as standard chess, with one important addition: whenever a player captures an enemy piece, they hand that piece to their partner, who sets it just off their board as a reserve. On subsequent turns, instead of moving a piece a player may take a piece from their reserve and place it on any unoccupied square on the board. This is called a drop, and counts as that player's turn. A dropped piece immediately begins affecting the game (e.g. a drop can be used to deliver check).

Pawns may not be dropped on the first or eighth ranks, and if a promoted pawn is captured it reverts to being a pawn.

If a rook is dropped on the rooks' typical starting squares (a1 and h1 for White, a8 and h8 for Black), that rook is allowed to take part in castling provided the other conditions for the technique are met.

Pieces in reserve must be readily visible to all players.

Partners are allowed to communicate with each other (e.g. asking for a specific piece), but are not allowed to act on the other board.

As soon as one player is checkmated, resigns, makes an illegal move or runs out of time, the entire game ends and the team containing the losing player loses the overall game.

If two players on opposite teams run out of time or are checkmated simultaneously, the game ends in a draw.

Sub-variants

 * Three-board bughouse, as its name suggests, is played with six players (in two teams of three) and three boards. Upon capturing a piece a player may choose which of their partners to hand the piece to.

title: Chess Variants/Bughouse Chess