text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Challenges Linked with Free Expression Online

Freedom of Expression in Online Platforms
In the digital age, social media platforms serve as critical venues for individual expression. These platforms offer a convenient and expansive space for sharing thoughts and ideas with an unlimited audience. However, content moderation policies on these platforms dictate what is deemed acceptable, restricting the breadth of permissible expression. This has sparked controversy, particularly on platforms like Facebook, which has faced criticism for policies requiring users to use their legal names, thereby hindering anonymous expression—a fundamental aspect of free speech.

This limitation, coupled with the ambiguity of moderation rules, can disproportionately affect minority groups, leading to a sense of exclusion and fostering environments conducive to hate speech. For instance, Facebook's automated systems have mistakenly removed content critical for human rights advocacy, such as documenting war crimes in Syria. Such incidents underscore the tension between maintaining platform integrity and upholding user rights, highlighting the need for transparency and accountability in content moderation.

Altering our Understanding of Free Expression in the Digital Age
The digital revolution has transformed the landscape of free expression. Technological advancements have reduced the costs associated with content distribution, enabling anyone to publish and broadcast their views widely with just a click. While this democratizes expression, it also introduces challenges such as the oversaturation of voices, making it difficult for individual messages to stand out.

Moreover, the intersection of intellectual property (IP) rights and freedom of expression has become a contentious issue. On one hand, IP laws are designed to protect creators' rights, but they can also impede free access to information and restrict fair use, impacting the public domain negatively. On the other hand, the telecommunications sector advocates for broader speech rights to assert control over communication networks, suggesting a need for a balanced approach that respects both creative rights and freedom of expression.

Censorship and Content Moderation Challenges
Governments often impose restrictions on online content, citing reasons such as national security or the suppression of political dissent. These actions raise critical questions about the limits of government intervention and the protection of free speech online. Simultaneously, social media platforms struggle with content removal practices that must balance user rights against preventing harm. Missteps in content moderation can lead to censorship or the unintentional promotion of misleading information, complicating the discourse around digital rights and responsibilities.


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Legal and Ethical Considerations

International Human Rights Law and Freedom of Expression
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) affirm freedom of expression as a crucial human right, establishing a global framework to support the unimpeded exchange of information and ideas across any medium.

National Laws and Regulations on Censorship and Content Control
Various countries implement their own sets of rules concerning online content, addressing issues like defamation, hate speech, and national security. These laws aim to regulate online activities but can sometimes result in overreach, leading to undue censorship and infringement of free speech.

First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In the U.S., the First Amendment provides robust protections for speech, religion, and the press, fundamentally prohibiting government interference in these areas and thereby serving as a cornerstone of American civil liberties.

Communications Decency Act Section 230
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act crucially shields online platforms in the U.S. from being liable for user-generated content. This legal shield has been pivotal in enabling the dynamic growth of the Internet as a platform for free expression and innovation.

Federal Communications Commission Open Internet Order
The FCC's regulations on net neutrality are designed to ensure that internet service providers treat all data on the internet equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, website, or platform.

The Balance Between Free Speech and Protecting Vulnerable Individuals
One of the most pressing ethical challenges in digital communication is finding the right balance between protecting free speech and safeguarding vulnerable individuals from harm, such as hate speech, cyberbullying, and harassment.

Importance of Self-Regulation and Responsible Online Behavior
Ethical online behavior and self-regulation are essential for sustaining a positive digital environment. It is crucial for users and platforms to engage in practices that promote respectful and constructive dialogue.

Role of International Collaboration in Addressing Online Content Issues
Global issues such as misinformation, hate speech, and cyber harassment require robust international cooperation. Sharing best practices and developing joint strategies are vital for addressing these challenges effectively.

Hate Speech and Online Harassment
Combating hate speech and harassment online involves ethical dilemmas wherein platforms must navigate the thin line between censorship and the need to protect community standards and individual dignity.

The Rise of Online Abuse and Intimidation Tactics
The increase in online abuse and intimidation tactics necessitates the development of strategies that prevent such behaviors while respecting free expression rights.

The Impact on Marginalized Groups and Free Expression
Marginalized communities often encounter significant obstacles in expressing themselves online due to prevalent discrimination and targeted harassment. Ethical strategies must focus on amplifying these voices and fostering safer online spaces.

Copyright and Intellectual Property Issues
Navigating the complex landscape of copyright and intellectual property in the digital age presents ethical challenges, especially when balancing these rights with the overarching principles of free expression.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/The Future of Free Expression

Technological Advances
The evolution of artificial intelligence, with strides in machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, is set to profoundly impact content moderation. These technological advancements will likely enhance the efficiency and accuracy of content review processes, reshaping how information is managed online.

Privacy and Security Issues
The integration of AI in content moderation raises significant concerns about personal privacy and data security. Discussions are expected to focus on the methods algorithms use to analyze user data, the potential risks of data misuse, and strategies to safeguard user privacy against these risks.

Censorship and Freedom of Expression
AI's role in content moderation could lead to debates on its impact on freedom of expression. Key discussions will revolve around the criteria used by platforms to censor content and the delicate balance between curbing harmful content and upholding free speech.

Algorithmic Bias and Fairness
Concerns about bias in AI algorithms are paramount, especially regarding data and human biases that could affect decision-making. Ensuring fairness and objectivity in AI requires ongoing adjustments and careful design to minimize these biases.

Social Impact and Ethical Considerations
AI's influence extends to the societal level, affecting the discursive environment, political culture, and social interactions. Discussions will likely explore how these technologies shape human behavior and perspectives, emphasizing the need for ethical responsibility in their deployment.

Investigations and Reporting
Continued investigative efforts by the media and independent bodies will be crucial in uncovering and addressing the realities of manipulation and misinformation on social media platforms.

Speech on Social Media
Public discourse on social media will remain a vital platform for expressing views on media manipulation and misinformation, encompassing a range of activities from posting and commenting to sharing news and research.

Artistic and Literary Expressions
Artists, writers, and creators will play a role in highlighting issues of social media manipulation and misinformation through various mediums, potentially influencing public perception and policy.

Pluralistic Perspectives
The diversity of viewpoints is essential in framing ethical standards. Free expression facilitates the inclusion of a broad spectrum of opinions, fostering comprehensive discussions on ethical matters.

Knowledge Sharing and Transparency
Transparency and the free flow of information are foundational to ethical discourse. Through open communication, society can develop richer and more effective ethical guidelines.

Critical Thinking and Debate
A culture of debate and scrutiny underpins ethical understanding. Encouraging critical examination of various ethical views contributes to deeper insights and more viable solutions to ethical dilemmas.

Critical Thinking Skills
As digital content becomes increasingly pervasive, the ability to critically evaluate information is more important than ever. Educational initiatives should focus on enhancing individuals' skills in verifying the credibility and authenticity of online information.

Online Privacy Settings and Data Protection
Education on digital privacy and data protection is crucial. Users need to understand how to manage their online privacy settings effectively and protect their data from potential threats.

Promoting Responsible Online Citizenship
Fostering responsible behavior online is essential for a healthy digital community. Educational programs should teach internet users about ethical online conduct, including respect for privacy, avoiding misinformation, and adhering to community norms.


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/The Future of Free Expression Conclusion

Conclusion
As we navigate the intricacies of freedom of expression in the digital age, it is evident that the internet acts both as a facilitator of democratic engagement and a medium for notable challenges. Digital technologies have transformed access to information and revolutionized our communication methods, enabling an unprecedented spread of diverse voices and ideas. This has significantly empowered individuals to share their perspectives more freely and broadly, influencing public discourse and policies worldwide.

Yet, this expanded freedom comes with substantial risks. Digital platforms that promote free speech also contribute to the spread of misinformation, provide arenas for cyberbullying, and nurture echo chambers that polarize public opinion. While social media plays a crucial role in fostering engagement and raising awareness, it struggles with issues related to content moderation, privacy, and the potential for censorship. The anonymity afforded by the internet, while protective for some, can also be misused by malicious actors.

Striking a balance between promoting free expression and regulating its abuses is a delicate endeavor. Governments and platforms are tasked with developing policies that prevent harm without violating fundamental human rights. International human rights frameworks offer foundational guidance; however, the specific challenges of digital interactions require more targeted and flexible approaches.

Looking ahead, the application of artificial intelligence and algorithmic content moderation will be central to ongoing ethical and practical discussions. It is vital to ensure that these technologies operate impartially and uphold human dignity. Additionally, enhancing digital literacy and advocating for responsible online behavior is key to building a public that is both informed and capable of discerning the complexities of the digital landscape.

To maximize the benefits of digital technologies while protecting the core values of freedom and dignity, ongoing dialogue about the ethical dimensions of digital expression is essential. Continual reassessment of our legal and societal norms will be crucial. This endeavor demands not only vigilance but also a dedication to innovation and collaboration across various sectors and countries. By doing so, we can ensure that the digital space remains a domain of empowerment rather than a tool for suppression.


text:
Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/PJM Interconnection

Summary
The PJM Interconnection is a regional transmission organization (RTO), overseeing the operation of the power grid and wholesale electricity markets across the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions of the United States. Although it initially served the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland region, earning PJM its name, it provides energy to 13 states today. It falls under the purview of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), an independent regulatory agency under the Department of Energy. PJM stands as one of the largest and most intricate grid operators in North America.

Here's an overview of PJM:

Origins and Development: PJM can be traced back to its inception in the 1920s as the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection (PNI), established to coordinate power transmission among utilities in these states. Over time, it expanded its scope to include utilities from additional states, eventually evolving into the PJM Interconnection in the 1980s.

Independent System Operator (ISO): PJM attained the distinction of being the first ISO in the United States in 1997, thereby segregating grid operation and management from generation ownership. This approach fosters competition and efficiency within the wholesale electricity markets.

Wholesale Electricity Markets: PJM administers the world's largest wholesale electricity market, facilitating the trade of electricity among generators, transmission owners, and various market participants. These markets ensure the dependable and cost-effective provision of electricity to consumers.

Grid Administration: PJM oversees the management of the high-voltage transmission grid, guaranteeing the dependable and efficient transmission of electricity to millions of consumers within its jurisdiction. It coordinates transmission planning, maintenance, and operations to uphold grid reliability and stability.

Integration of Renewable Energy: PJM has taken a pioneering role in incorporating renewable energy sources like wind and solar into its grid. It has implemented market regulations and operational protocols to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewable generation while safeguarding grid reliability.

Challenges and Endeavors: PJM confronts a range of challenges, including evolving energy policies, technological advancements, and shifting market dynamics. It remains committed to addressing these challenges through initiatives such as market reforms, grid modernization efforts, and resilience planning.

In essence, PJM assumes a pivotal role in ensuring the dependable and efficient operation of the electric grid across a vast and diverse region. It facilitates competitive electricity markets while actively promoting the integration of clean and renewable energy resources.

Timeline
1927: The Federal Power Commission (FPC) authorized the formation of the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection (PNI), which later became PJM Interconnection.

1947: The PNI is officially formed as a voluntary association of Pennsylvania and New Jersey utilities to coordinate planning and operations.

1960s-1970s: The PNI expands its membership to include utilities from additional states, becoming the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJMI).

1980s: PJMI continues to grow, encompassing utilities from Delaware and the District of Columbia, and changes its name to PJM Interconnection.

1997: PJM becomes the first independent system operator (ISO) in the United States, separating grid operation and management from generation ownership.

2000s: PJM implements various market reforms and introduces competitive wholesale electricity markets to promote efficiency and reliability.

2001: FERC designates PJM as an RTO.

2002: PJM becomes the first fully functioning RTO in the United States.

2005: PJM launches the world's largest wholesale electricity market, encompassing a large portion of the eastern United States.

2010s: PJM continues to expand its footprint and enhance its grid management capabilities, integrating renewable energy resources and improving grid resilience.

2018: PJM initiates a stakeholder process to address challenges related to state-subsidized resources and their impact on competitive markets.

2020s: PJM faces ongoing challenges related to evolving energy policies, technological advancements, and changing market dynamics while striving to maintain grid reliability and affordability.

2024: PJM implements new market rules and operational procedures to address emerging challenges and ensure the efficient operation of the grid.

Funding and Financing
Understanding PJM Interconnection, one of the largest power grid operators in the United States, necessitates an examination of its distinct organizational structure, revenue sources, and financial systems. PJM maintains a wholesale power market that serves portions of 13 states and the District of Columbia, managing the transportation of wholesale electricity in its region.

Membership Dues: PJM is a membership-based organization whose principal source of revenue is its member utilities. These utilities pay membership fees based on their peak load and market participation. These dues support operating expenses such as system maintenance, market operations, and administrative charges.

Market Revenue: PJM runs a variety of wholesale electricity markets, including energy, capacity, and related services. It generates revenue from market players such as power generators and suppliers by charging market fees, transaction charges, and penalties. These revenues significantly contribute to PJM's financial sustainability by funding operations and grid infrastructure investments.

Transmission finances: PJM derives money from its transmission services. It charges transmission prices to customers of its transmission system, which includes generators, utilities, and other market players. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates these tariffs, which are dependent on criteria such as transmission capacity utilization.

Grants and Federal Funding: PJM may be awarded grants and federal funds for specific initiatives aimed at improving grid dependability, resilience, and modernization. For example, federal entities such as the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may fund cybersecurity projects or grid enhancements. However, such funding typically accounts for a lesser fraction of PJM's total revenue than membership dues and market revenues.

Debt Financing: Similar to many large infrastructure corporations, PJM may use debt financing to fund capital investments in grid expansion, maintenance, and technology improvements. This could include issuing bonds or obtaining loans from financial organizations. Debt financing enables PJM to stretch the expense of big expenditures over time while using its steady revenue streams to fulfill debt commitments.

Investment Income: PJM may generate income by investing its financial reserves in interest-bearing instruments such as bonds, money market funds, or other low-risk assets. This investment income increases financial freedom and can augment incomes from other sources.

Institutional Arrangement - Oversight and Maintenance
Institutional Arrangements:

Regional Transmission Organization (RTO): PJM is an RTO that acts as an independent entity in charge of coordinating the functioning of the transmission grid and wholesale electricity markets within its jurisdiction. As an RTO, PJM is subject to a set of rules, protocols, and governance structures that assure fair and efficient market operations.

Stakeholder Governance: PJM's decision-making process includes input from a diverse group of stakeholders, including utilities, generators, consumers, and state regulators. This stakeholder governance model guarantees that multiple perspectives are taken into account when developing rules, laws, and market designs.

Regulatory Oversight: PJM is overseen by several regulatory organizations, including the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and state public utility commissioners. These regulatory bodies assess and approve PJM's tariffs, market rules, and other critical parts of its operations to ensure regulatory compliance and market efficiency.

Oversight:

Regulatory Oversight: The FERC and state PUCs monitor PJM's operations to maintain regulatory compliance and defend the interests of consumers and market participants. The FERC oversees wholesale electricity markets, while state PUCs are in charge of retail power markets and consumer protection.

Market Monitoring: The PJM has a market monitoring feature that detects and mitigates market manipulation, anticompetitive activity, and other inefficiencies. Market monitoring ensures the integrity and competitiveness of wholesale power markets within the PJM footprint.

Impartial Market Monitor (IMM): The PJM employs an Independent Market Monitor (IMM), who serves as an impartial watchdog over market operations and participant behavior. The IMM presents its findings and suggestions to PJM's stakeholders, FERC, and state regulatory bodies.

Maintenance:

system Operations: PJM is in charge of the transmission system's day-to-day operations, which include grid reliability monitoring, grid congestion management, and grid repair coordination. PJM's grid operators guarantee that the electric system operates reliably and securely, responding to real-time changes in supply and demand.

Infrastructure Investments: PJM is in charge of overseeing grid infrastructure investments that aim to maintain and improve the reliability and resilience of the transmission system. These expenditures include modifications to transmission lines, substations, and other grid infrastructure to handle shifts in power demand and generation patterns.

Market Design and Rules: PJM constantly examines and modifies its market design and rules to reflect changing market conditions, technology improvements, and regulatory needs. This constant maintenance ensures that the PJM wholesale power markets are efficient, competitive, and resilient to interruptions.

In summary, the PJM Interconnection's institutional arrangements, oversight mechanisms, and maintenance practices are intended to ensure the consistent operation of the electric grid and wholesale electricity markets, promote market efficiency, and protect the interests of consumers and market participants.

Narrative of the Case
The PJM Interconnection case is multidimensional, with a focus on its establishment, operational processes, and regulatory monitoring. PJM, which began as the Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection (PNI) in the early twentieth century, has grown into a critical regional transmission organization (RTO) that manages the power grid and wholesale electricity markets in 13 states across the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions of the United States.

At its core, PJM operates as an independent company separate from generator ownership, to ensure the transmission grid's reliability and promote competitive wholesale energy markets. Its construction required a joint effort among participating utilities, first from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with government grants and loans, ratepayer payments, and corporate investments.

Institutional systems at PJM include stakeholder governance, regulatory oversight, and market monitoring measures. Stakeholders, such as utilities, generators, consumers, and state regulators, actively participate in decision-making processes, ensuring that varied perspectives are taken into account when developing rules and operating markets. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and state public utility commissions (PUCs) regulate PJM's operations to protect market integrity and consumer interests.

The oversight of PJM includes day-to-day grid operations, infrastructure investments, and market design. Grid operators at PJM maintain grid stability, control congestion, and coordinate repair efforts to protect the electric system's security. Infrastructure investments are made to improve transmission assets and adapt to changing electricity demand and generating trends. Market designs and rules are constantly examined and revised to reflect changing market situations, technical improvements, and regulatory constraints.

PJM's market monitoring role, as well as the presence of an Independent Market Monitor (IMM), are critical to its operating efficiency. The IMM acts as a watchdog, detecting and reducing market manipulation and anticompetitive behavior while fostering market competitiveness and transparency.

Overall, the PJM Interconnection case demonstrates the value of collaborative governance, effective regulatory oversight, and proactive maintenance in ensuring the electric grid's reliability and promoting competitive wholesale electricity markets across a large and diverse region.

Key Issues
Several key issues affect the PJM Interconnection, ranging from operational challenges to regulatory and market-related concerns. Here are some of the key issues:

Capacity Market Reforms: The PJM capacity market, which assures there is enough generation capacity to satisfy future energy demand, has encountered considerable obstacles. Oversupply, subsidized resources distorting market prices, and FERC rulings on capacity market rules have all driven PJM to propose capacity market design improvements to retain dependability while addressing market distortion.

State Policies and Subsidized Resources: State policies, such as renewable energy mandates and clean energy subsidies, have resulted in an influx of subsidized resources into the PJM market. This influx may affect market prices and reduce the competitiveness of established generators, raising worries about market efficiency and reliability.

Grid Resilience and dependability: PJM has problems in ensuring grid resilience and dependability in the face of catastrophic weather events, cyber threats, and aging infrastructure. It is critical to ensure the grid can tolerate disturbances and recover promptly to provide consumers with a stable electricity supply.

Transmission Planning and Expansion: As the energy landscape changes with the incorporation of renewable energy resources, PJM must make significant transmission planning and expansion efforts to accommodate the altering generating mix. Identifying and investing in vital transmission infrastructure is critical for ensuring the consistent and efficient distribution of electricity across the PJM footprint.

Market Monitoring and Enforcement: PJM's market monitoring and enforcement processes are crucial to maintaining market integrity and competitiveness. Nonetheless, worries regarding market manipulation, anticompetitive activity, and enforcement efficacy remain. Improving market monitoring and enforcement procedures is critical for ensuring fair and transparent wholesale electricity markets.

Grid Modernization and Technological Integration: PJM must address the problems and opportunities that come with grid modernization and technological integration. Adopting innovative technology, such as sophisticated grid analytics, energy storage, and distributed energy resources, can improve grid flexibility, efficiency, and resilience. However, incorporating these technologies into PJM's operations necessitates overcoming regulatory, technical, and market challenges.

Environmental and Climate issues: PJM is under increasing pressure to incorporate environmental and climate issues into its operations and market design. Transitioning to greener energy sources, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting energy efficiency are critical for mitigating climate change and reaching sustainability targets. Balancing environmental aims with grid dependability, affordability, and market competitiveness is a major problem for PJM.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) How does the PJM Interconnection contribute to ensuring grid reliability and resilience across its 13-state footprint?
 * 2) What are the key challenges and opportunities associated with integrating renewable energy resources into PJM's grid?
 * 3) How do state policies and subsidies for clean energy resources impact PJM's wholesale electricity markets and grid operations?
 * 4) What role does PJM play in promoting market competitiveness and ensuring fair market outcomes for all participants?
 * 5) How does PJM address concerns relate to capacity market reforms and the potential impact on reliability and market efficiency?
 * 6) What strategies can PJM adopt to enhance grid modernization efforts and integrate advanced technologies for improved grid flexibility and efficiency?
 * 7) How does PJM collaborate with stakeholders, including utilities, regulators, and consumers, to address key issues and shape the future of the electric grid?
 * 8) What are the implications of evolving energy policies, technological advancements, and climate considerations for PJM's operations and market design?
 * 9) How does PJM balance environmental objectives, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with maintaining grid reliability and affordability?
 * 10) What lessons can other regional transmission organizations and grid operators learn from PJM's experiences and best practices?


text:
Emerging Threats and Future Outlook

Emerging trends in cybersecurity and Future Outlook

This is where continuous challenges and opportunities to the field of cybersecurity currently develop. In a fast-growing world with ever-evolving technology, new vulnerabilities have just come up that would require equally new solutions for mitigation. The view was preventive, considering what might happen in the future with the latest advancement in defense mechanisms. Let us have a look at the latest advances within the cybersecurity field to date and a preview for the next few years of defense of our digital assets.

One of the key shifts that have happened in the landscape of cyber threats can be defined through a change in concerns: from data breaches and financial gain toward inflicting business disruption and reputational damage. One recent survey indicated that most respondents now believe that cyber attackers' efforts are focused on business disruption and inflicting reputational damage. These two factors emerge now as the topmost two worries that then draw attention to a new wave of cyber threats that have in place challenges not only in the context of data loss.

Some of the factors that could drive this shift of tactics by attackers include: disruption that is no less harmful or even more harmful than data theft to the operations of a company. A well-timed cyberattack can bring down critical systems, stall production lines, and result in financial damage. In addition, a tarnished reputation may impact the company for years. Such a cyberattack can lead to gargantuan business and customer trust losses in case sensitive customer data is exposed or the trust in the brand is compromised. Leading organizations are riding the wave of digital transformation with the use of the latest, state-of-the-art technologies. By integrating new technologies into incumbent systems, they enable also a double-edged sword. The multi-valued opportunities are appealing but enhance complexity in IT environments and their vulnerability to cyber risks. Indeed, leaders are in the perennial struggle to get the right balance—maximize the benefits from new technologies, minimize associated cyber risks. Here, we delve into the key emerging trends shaping the cybercrime landscape, along with the challenges they pose for the future:

Supply Chain Attacks
Another tendency that this work reveals is supply chain attacks, that is, an attack of supply chain from an attacker who is trying to compromise the integrity of products and services being offered. Recent happenings, like the SolarWinds breach, epitomize the dire consequences that come with such attacks, attacks that have the potential of bringing businesses to their knees.A group of hackers breached the software development process of SolarWinds, one of the biggest software vendors for managing IT shops. In that manner, they managed to infect its Orion platform with malicious code and subsequently distribute it to thousands of customers, among them governmental agencies and private companies. In the 2022 edition of this report, almost 40% of the surveyed companies got hurt by cyberattacks on their partners, say, suppliers or customers. Attacks brought disturbances not only by themselves but also happened without the companies themselves being the target—their injury was like "collateral damage" in somebody else's cyberwar. Naturally, therefore, almost all the respondents are anxious about the cybersecurity strength of their partners, especially those with access to their data. Supply chain risk is a concern for industries at large and can disrupt critical services.

The report also outlines the possibility of conflict of interests in companies. In such a case, security chiefs (CISOs) report to IT chiefs (CIOs), who may be function-happy in making the budget. However, the report says most CIOs who had undergone severe cyber-attacks tend to become security-conscious. This may indicate the general corporate culture and appreciation of cyber risks at the top. The solution may lie in structuring the right incentives, irrespective of the reporting lines.

The report concluded by stating that better cyber governance practices would be required, with principles developed by bodies such as the World Economic Forum and the National Association of Corporate Directors to allow boards to manage cyber risks.

Advanced Development
Beyond the ever-challenging digital threat landscape lies the most disturbing trend: the proven sophistication that cyberattacks have been taking. In a constant iteration process, the attackers further improved their techniques, improved their approaches, and breached these security systems to exfiltrate sensitive data or disrupt important services. The factors driving this change are numerous: those from potent arsenals of hacking tools at any group's disposal, through proliferation of online forums fostering wider collaboration among cybercriminals, to the more troubling rise of nation-state-sponsored hacking groups.

Future Outlook
Embracing security Awareness

Everyone needs to be aware and involved in building a good security culture. The study finds that increasing awareness among employees regarding the existence of cyber threats is going to be the most influencing aspect in increasing cyber resilience. An informed workforce, enabled to manage cyber risks, strengthens the security position for the organization as a whole. It calls on leaders to empower business leaders further by holding them to account for operational security measures. For example, making security exceptions that require justification by senior executives can shift the mindset towards valuing security. All along, the security team plays a critical role in helping by giving insights and solutions. For instance, considering the vulnerabilities to which the HR team is exposed by using unsecured attachments, the security team may recommend such solutions as secure portals in which to plug the leaks before they cause damage. Good security leadership includes advising and embedding practice for cyber risk management with other business departments. Good security leaders make sure that the cybersecurity requirements are integrated into business unit KPIs, in order to assure enforcement and incentivization towards secure behavior across the organization.

Effortless communications

Rising Cybersecurity Anxieties: This year, there is a larger percentage of security leaders who are anxious about the post-cyberattack recovery of their organization compared to last year's (17%). What is even more interesting is the anxiety in that regard of business leaders, whose worry in that category grew from 16% to 27%. Business leader awareness is growing, and it's probably due to a better understanding of the consequences of cyber attacks—from loss of operation to loss of business partners and reputation.

The Challenge of Communication

In a worrying parallel that is reaching near parity between security and business leaders, the leaders are impeded by a communication problem. Those security leaders who do bridge the gap are expert in translating technical data into clear and meaningful information for the business leader. This difficulty in communication is the result of, among other things, the challenge of translating abstract cyber threats into concrete operational risks. Of course, a word as simple as 'ransomware' will be very easy to understand, but the details of how sophisticated cyber-attacks actually run, especially targeting certain business assets and resources, are much harder to explain.

title: Emerging Threats and Future Outlook


text:
User talk:41.115.125.249

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 01:43, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.115.125.249


text:
User talk:207.192.195.114

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.192.195.114


text:
User talk:199.216.41.76

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:199.216.41.76


text:
Talk:Information Technology and Ethics/Algorithmic Bias and Fairness

Team Info
In chapter AI Ethics, "Algorithmic Bias and Fairness" a new section is created by "Spring Green Team" within Spring 2024 ITMM 485/585 course at Illinois Institute of Technology. The group members are as listed Shalni Seth Gupta(Sgupta100), Madhuri Kethineni(Madhuri Kethineni), Tyler Wyzykowksi(Tylwyz), Jacob Noel(JacobNoel(IIT)) and Rushikesh Sambhaji Patil.Madhuri Kethineni (discuss • contribs) 02:06, 23 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:47.152.45.213

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:40, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:47.152.45.213


text:
The Impact of Information Technology on the Quality of Life

The Impact of Information Technology on the Quality of Life

Information Technology, and advances within it, can affect the Quality of Life of every individual for better or worse. IT can be used to make life easier or more fulfilling, but can also produce challenges to human rights and human worth. These effects are categorized into three broad topics: The effects of IT on an individual’s societal life, political life and economic life.

As IT has brought disparate communities together and kept alive many cultural traditions, it has also created divisions along who has control over IT resources.

As IT has made the sharing of ideas and information easier, it has also led to radicalization, and helped the spread of misinformation.

As IT has improved worker productivity and led to unique and flexible working arrangements, such as remote or hybrid working environments, this has led to an undercutting of wages as many jobs have been outsourced to the cheapest labor pools across the globe. Societal Impacts Information technology development includes the rise of the internet and computers, and this has been a significant development in society. However, it is associated with positive and negative impacts on the society. The development of new technologies such as computers and the Internet has had a profound impact on global social structures including the transportation network, security, economic stability, and general well-being, affecting not only American society but the entire global community. The rapid growth and development of technology have significantly improved almost every human life aspect considering various contexts. Incorporation and utilization of information technology in the health industry have been effective in improving individual wellness and also improving the quality of life to greater levels. First, information technology has been effective in improving environmental wellness through the application of smart home devices that help in energy, water, and other resource conservation. Second, IT has improved the quality of life through enhancing intellectual wellness growth, which is enabled using online learning platforms, which have been effective in improving education accessibility and thus allowing individuals to grow intellectually. Third, information technology has positively impacted society's quality of life by enhancing social wellness connections. This is achieved through social media platforms that help people nurture and cultivate their relationships. However, on the other hand, information technology is associated with other negative impacts on society. First, IT contributes to individuals losing employment, which affects their well-being and living standards. This results in people living in poverty since they cannot meet their basic needs. Second, IT contributes to increased cyberbullying, and this is experienced on social media platforms. This affects individuals' well-being since individuals who experience cyberbullying have mixed emotions, including fear, anxiety, and sadness, and the long-term effects include suffering mental health conditions, including depression. Ultimately, despite being associated with positive societal impacts of improved health and social connections, IT is also associated with decreased quality of life due to cyberbullying and also experiencing job loss.

The digital gap is evident for individuals who have some access to technology: low-performing PCs, unreliable wireless networks, inexpensive internet, and restricted access to information that requires a subscription. Unequal access to digital technology widens the gap between wealthy and poor nations and hinders the advancement of underprivileged areas. Global development and equity initiatives are undermined by this divide, which creates a gulf between those who have access to modern information and communication technologies and those who do not. In addition, not owning a smartphone isolates people from the digital mainstream, preventing them from communicating with their family and friends. The digital gap continues to be a major obstacle to social and economic advancement in a time when the internet is practically necessary.

Furthermore, as we embrace the endless possibilities provided by IT, it is critical that we bridge the digital gap, ensuring that everyone has equal access to technology and its advantages. As we navigate the complexity of the digital age, it is critical to maximize the benefits of IT while also addressing its societal impacts in order to achieve a more sustainable, equitable and rewarding future for all. Political Impacts The integration of Information Technology into daily life has had a huge impact on political ethics as well as people’s thinking and behavior. One of the aspects of technology which helped with this transformation is social media. Being able to use social media on any device with an internet connection, it has become a tool used for political purposes where people gain political information as well as talk about it. It gives people the opportunity to see diverse views regarding politics, and everyone has a chance to speak up even if they are not someone in a position of power. A good thing about this is being able to keep politicians who are in a position of power in check by calling them out if they make a mistake, abuse their power, or simply lie. That said, it is extremely easy for false information to spread. Even so, if people are able to catch the misinformation and call it out, this technology can help affect that person’s reputation. Also, while being able to see diverse political views, social media uses our data to show posts that people might like, which might be of the same point of view. This makes it harder to understand different points of view since all people will see is information that they already agree with. Other than social media, technology also changed the way politicians run for office. The politician’s main goal is to attract voters, and they can use data from technology to target voters via personalized ads. Such data can come from sources such as social media and online browsing. Using this method, politicians can run with a set of proposals with a specific group of voters in mind. This also helps them allocate their resources more efficiently towards reaching the ones who will most likely vote for them. There is a problem with data-driven campaigning though, and it is the fact that it prioritizes winning the election over authentic decision-making. Instead of focusing on addressing and dealing with the biggest issues that society is currently facing, issues that resonate with specific demographics may be taking the front seat, even if they are not the most important for the greater good. Overall, technology has made politics more accessible to people and provided politicians themselves with a strong way of influencing voters and getting their message around, but it also brings ethical challenges such as privacy concerns and the balance of winning the election and serving the interests of the general society as a whole. Ethical guidelines including transparency and accountability are needed to ensure that technology does not have a negative impact on political ethics.

Economic Impacts
The Management of  daily activities and interaction with the world has been profoundly transformed by the integration of information technology into numerous spheres of life. These technologies facilitate enhanced personal and professional lives by introducing revolutionary transformations that produce more individualized, user-friendly, and effective experiences. An examination of the effects of diverse technologies across domains sheds light on their role in fostering a more interconnected and convenient society, as well as in dynamically and transformative tackling intricate challenges.

In order to exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet, IoT technology integrates hardware, software, sensors, and connectivity with physical devices, vehicles, and home appliances, among other objects. As a consequence of this connectivity, intelligent home automation systems, improved security, streamlined energy management, and more customized user experiences have been developed. By the end of 2030, IoT has the potential to add trillions to the global economy, primarily on the manufacturing and healthcare sector. This can further evolve of how technology is already existing. For example, IoT devices such as smart lights and thermostats enhance energy efficiency and convenience, thereby reducing utility costs and enhancing household comfort.

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized the consumer technology sector through the development of more intuitive and human-centric devices. Adaptive learning technologies, personal assistants, and recommendation systems are all powered by AI, which enhances accessibility and day-to-day interactions. Illustratively, AI-powered virtual assistants such as Alexa and Siri facilitate the execution of routine duties through the utilization of spoken instructions, thereby augmenting technological accessibility and productivity across personal and professional spheres.

By delivering scalable resources via the Internet, cloud computing has significantly transformed the field of data management. This innovation has eliminated the requirement for physical infrastructure and facilitated worldwide accessibility to data and services. This technological advancement facilitates telecommuting, real-time collaboration, and the storage and analysis of massive amounts of data, resulting in enhanced flexibility and productivity in both professional and personal spheres. The ease of use provided by cloud services such as Google Drive and Dropbox facilitates the storage, backup, and sharing of data.

The influence of information technology on the healthcare sector has been profoundly revolutionary. Patient care is enhanced through the implementation of AI-driven diagnostics, wearable health monitors, electronic health records (EHRs), and telemedicine, which facilitate preventive medicine, support remote or virtual healthcare services, and increase accessibility to medical information. These technologies enhance health outcomes through the facilitation of ongoing monitoring and data-driven insights regarding patient well-being, thereby resulting in treatments that are more timely and individualized.

Technology has some economic drawbacks. Automation and digitization can displace jobs, raising concerns about job security in some sectors. Since those without technology are left behind, a growing digital divide can worsen social inequality. Technology has a positive economic impact despite these challenges. It boosts innovation, creates new markets and jobs, and makes the world more connected and prosperous. This dynamic relationship emphasizes the need for balanced technological integration and thoughtful policymaking to ensure that technology improves everyone's life.

Impact on Businesses
Information technology (IT) has revolutionized the transport and management of goods along supply chains, making it an important instrument in the transportation and logistics industries. In the transportation and logistics sector, IT technologies are essential for streamlining operations and increasing productivity, from automated procedures to real-time tracking.

Transportation process automation, coordination, and smooth communication are made possible by IT systems. Fleet management systems use telematics and GPS to track vehicles in real time and optimize routes. Communication between supply chain participants is streamlined by electronic data interchange, or EDI. Delivery times are shortened and expenses are decreased with the use of transportation management systems (TMS), which automate freight booking, shipment tracking, and carrier management. Information Technology has a significant impact on logistics and transportation, promoting improvements in responsiveness, efficiency, and transparency. Better visibility into supply chain processes is provided by real-time tracking and monitoring, which enables companies to quickly locate and resolve bottlenecks. Businesses can forecast demand, adjust inventory levels, and avoid stockouts with the use of automated procedures and predictive analytics. This improves inventory management and lowers holding costs. IT systems also make it easier for supply chain participants to collaborate and share data, which improves coordination and resiliency throughout the whole chain.

Looking towards the future, IT will continue to shape the transport and logistics landscape, ushering in new opportunities for automation, connectivity, and sustainability. Emerging technologies such as blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) hold the promise of further enhancing supply chain visibility, transparency, and efficiency. Blockchain technology ensures secure and transparent transactions, while IoT devices provide real-time data on cargo conditions and vehicle performance. AI-powered predictive analytics algorithms help optimize logistics operations, anticipate demand fluctuations, and reduce environmental impact, paving the way for a more efficient, sustainable, and resilient transportation and logistics industry.

The impact of information technology on business operations in transportation and logistics ultimately extends to improving the quality of life for individuals and communities. By optimizing transportation processes, IT systems contribute to smoother and more reliable supply chains, ensuring that essential goods reach consumers efficiently and on time. This reliability enhances consumer satisfaction and confidence in the availability of goods, leading to a more stable and predictable lifestyle. Additionally, the efficiency gains achieved through IT implementation in logistics can result in cost savings for businesses, which may be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices or improved services. Moreover, the reduction of environmental impact through IT-enabled sustainability initiatives, such as route optimization and emissions reduction strategies, contributes to cleaner air and healthier living environments for communities. Overall, the positive impacts of information technology on business operations in transportation and logistics translate into tangible benefits that enhance the overall quality of life for individuals and society as a whole. Conclusion In conclusion, Information Technology (IT) greatly impacts our lives in three main areas: society, politics, and economics. It changes how we connect with others, affecting culture and widening the gap between those who have access to technology and those who don't. In politics, IT allows for more transparency and participation but also raises concerns about privacy and whether politicians are more focused on winning elections than solving real issues. In economics, IT improves efficiency and makes services like healthcare more accessible, but it also replaces some jobs and creates a divide between those who can use technology and those who can't. Overall, while IT brings many benefits, we need to use it wisely to address challenges like job loss and inequality. We must set clear rules to ensure IT improves everyone's lives fairly and responsibly.


text:
Cookbook:Farofa

| Brazilian Cuisine

Farofa is a typical Brazilian dish made of toasted manioc flour. It's usually served as a side dish along with feijoada or grilled meat.

Ingredients

 * 1-2 tbsp butter or vegetable oil, preferrably olive oil.
 * 2 large garlic cloves, minced
 * A few pieces of chopped processed fatty meat (typically bacon)
 * 2 onions, chopped
 * 500 g manioc (cassava) flour or premade farofa mix
 * 1–2 tbsp tempero baiano (see notes)
 * Salt to taste
 * Cilantro to taste, chopped (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Heat a skillet over medium heat. Add the meat and fry for a minute or so. Depending on how much fat is released from it, add up to 1 tbsp of the oil or butter, enough to fry the garlic and onions.
 * 2) Add the garlic, and stir for a minute or so, making sure not to let it burn.
 * 3) Add the onion and seasonings, and cook for about another minute.
 * 4) Add the flour and any additional ingredients. Stir well and continue toasting for a couple minutes more. If using premade farofa mix, stir until the extra ingredients are well-done. If using raw cassava flour, slowly add the remaining butter or oil and stir until toasted and golden.
 * 5) Turn off the heat, and add chopped cilantro if desired. Serve hot to warm.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Additional ingredients may be added for taste and texture. Common additions are green olives, fried plantains, ground ginger, dry textured vegetable protein and onion flakes.
 * Tempero baiano (see notes) is a Brazilian spice mix based on cumin, paprika, cilantro and oregano. If you don't have it, you can add the individual components to taste.
 * Manioc flour or premade farofa mix may already be salted, so taste when adding more salt.
 * Coarse corn flour in flakes can be used as a substitute for the cassava flour.

title: Cookbook:Farofa


text:
Talk:The Impact of Information Technology on the Quality of Life

Created new chapter; by Spring 2024 ITMM 485/585 course at Illinois Institute of Technology

 * Alexandru Chica
 * Dinesh Udayan
 * Kwame Opoku - Appiah
 * Nicholas Quigley
 * Ramsha Rizwan
 * Saikrishna Gundeti


text:
Circuit Idea/Creating a circuit with negative differential resistance

Why does voltage decrease when current increases?
By negative differential resistance, they usually mean a circuit where the current decreases when the voltage increases.

Well, true... But what is the physical meaning of this statement? How does this magic work? Is it something useful and therefore desirable? If so, what can we use it for? Let's understand it thinking as humans and explain it without using meaningless verbal clichés.

Basic idea
The purpose of a negative resistor is to do the opposite of what a "positive" resistor does, i.e. to add rather than dissipate power. True negative resistors do this by adding voltage in series or current in parallel from their own built-in sources. But how is the humble resistor to do so when it does not have that? The only thing it has is resistance and that is something that dissipates power.

But wait, it can reduce its resistance and thus increase the power added by an external source! So the idea in general, as we know it from life, is to initially do something bad and then start reducing it, creating the illusion that we are doing good. In this particular case, the negative differential resistor (NDR) has some initial resistance which creates a voltage drop ("bad"). But then it begins to decrease its resistance as the current increases, thus creating the illusion that it is adding power ("good"). Simply put, NDR acts as a dynamic resistor.

NDR acting this way are called "S-shaped" or "current-driven" while the opposite NDR (tunnel diode, lambda diode, etc.) are called "N-shaped" or "voltage-driven".

Let's now explore this phenomenon in detail through step-by-step CircuitLab experiments, first with a "positive" resistor and then with an S-shaped NDR.

I = 1 mA, V = 1 V, R = 1 kΩ

Simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

I = 1.5 mA, V = 1.5 V, R = 1 kΩ

Simulate this circuit

I = 2 mA, V = 2 V, R = 1 kΩ

Simulate this circuit

The behavior of a 1 kΩ positive resistor matches our intuition confirmed scientifically by Ohm's law. We can see graphically that when we increase the current through the resistor, the voltage across it increases proportionally, and the resistance does not change (R is static). The resistor IV curve does not move.

Conceptual circuit
To understand exactly how NDR does this magic, let's simulate it with a variable resistor R.

I = 1 mA, V = 2 V, R = 2 kΩ: Its initial (static) resistance is 2 kΩ but in this static state we cannot say how much NDR is.

Simulate this circuit

I = 1.5 mA, V = 1.5 V, R = 1 kΩ: When the current rises to 500mA, the trick is that we reduce R by 1 kΩ, and the voltage drop instead of rising, drops.

Simulate this circuit

I = 2 mA, V = 1 V, R = 500 Ω: Then the current increases by another 500 mA, but we reduce R by 500 Ω, and the voltage drops even more.

Simulate this circuit

In the graphical representation, when the current increases, the resistor IV curve rotates counterclockwise, and the voltage decreases. The intersection points lie on the -1 kΩ NDR IV curve (in green).

Why voltage decreases when current increases
The explanation of this mysterious phenomenon (never done in textbooks) turned out to be very simple:

Basically, Ohm's law is a function of one variable (input quantity) - Vout = Iin.R. So as we increase the input current Iin, the output voltage Vout increases proportionally with the factor R (constant). If we begin to vary the resistance at the same time as the current, Ohm's law becomes a function of two variables (input quantities) - Vout = Iin.Rin. Depending on the rate of change of R, we have the following cases:

 * First, if we decrease the resistance at a smaller rate of change than that of the current increase, the voltage will increase but less, and we will have the illusion of lower resistance. An example is a poor quality Zener diode.
 * Then, if we decrease the resistance at the same rate of change as the current, the voltage will not change at all, and we will have the illusion of zero resistance. An example is a perfect Zener diode.
 * Finally, when we decrease the resistance at a higher rate than that of the current, the voltage starts to change in the opposite direction, and we think of it as a negative resistance. An example is a neon lamp.


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual and Augmented Reality   Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies are revolutionizing multiple industries by providing immersive and interactive experiences that enhance learning, optimize medical procedures, transform retail experiences, and broaden the horizons of entertainment. These technologies utilize digital overlays and simulated environments to provide users with real-time information and experiences that are both captivating and educational. This enhances efficiency and effectiveness in a wide range of tasks, from intricate surgical procedures to basic retail shopping.

Common Applications of Virtual and Augmented Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies are becoming more prevalent in different industries, providing distinct applications that enhance experiences and increase efficiencies.

Education
VR in education facilitates the creation of immersive learning environments, enabling students to closely examine historical events, remote planets, or intricate biological processes. This not only enhances the learning experience but also facilitates the retention and comprehension of intricate subjects. Augmented reality (AR) superimposes digital information onto the physical world, allowing students to access interactive and captivating educational content within their actual learning environments.

Healthcare
Healthcare has also seen development here. Surgeons utilize augmented reality to achieve greater accuracy during surgical procedures by superimposing vital patient information and images directly onto their visual field. Virtual reality is utilized in therapy to assist patients in overcoming phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to facilitate physical rehabilitation by providing controlled and secure simulation environments.

Gaming
The domains of gaming and entertainment are widely acknowledged as the most prominent fields where virtual reality and augmented reality find their applications. Virtual reality (VR) offers a completely immersive experience that transports users into captivating and interactive virtual environments. Augmented reality (AR) games, such as Pokémon Go, incorporate digital components into the physical world, resulting in an interactive and captivating gaming experience that spans real-world settings.

Retail
AR revolutionizes shopping experiences in the retail industry by enabling customers to preview products in their personal environment prior to making a purchase. For instance, furniture retailers employ augmented reality (AR) technology to allow customers to visualize how a particular piece of furniture would appear in their living room. This capability aids in facilitating more informed and advantageous buying choices.

Instances of Data Interception and Breaches
Given the nature of VR and AR technologies, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with transmitting sensitive data over networks. These technologies are vulnerable to interception and breaches. The data can encompass personal identification details, location data, biometric data, and even payment information. Exploiting vulnerabilities in the transmission channels or software can allow cyber attackers to gain access to this data, resulting in risks such as identity theft, financial fraud, and unauthorized tracking.

Incidents of Malware and Ransomware Attacks
Malware and ransomware pose significant threats to VR and AR systems, causing potential harm. As an example, due to the interactive nature of these platforms, malware has the ability to manipulate VR/AR environments in ways that can be harmful. This includes introducing deceptive elements or malicious triggers. Ransomware has the potential to prevent users from accessing their VR/AR devices or encrypt their personal data, requiring payment in order to regain access or ensure security.

Unauthorized Access to an Account
A number of VR and AR applications necessitate user accounts to securely store personal preferences, game progress, and other sensitive information. Unauthorized access to accounts can lead to various consequences, such as virtual identity theft, unauthorized purchases, or intrusion into private virtual spaces.

Concerns Regarding Physical Safety
Security vulnerabilities in VR and AR applications may pose potential risks to physical safety. Take, for instance, if an AR mapping application falls into the wrong hands, it has the potential to lead users astray to hazardous locations. In virtual reality, systems that are not well-designed or have been compromised may not accurately map real-world environments. This can be dangerous as users may not be aware of their actual surroundings, potentially resulting in physical injuries.

Invasion of Privacy through Surveillance
Both virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have the potential to be utilized for surveillance purposes. Continuous monitoring capabilities can be achieved through unauthorized access to cameras, microphones, or real-time location tracking features in these devices. There is a potential for a significant invasion of privacy, where individuals' actions in both virtual and real worlds could be tracked and recorded.

Insufficient User Authentication
A significant issue with numerous VR and AR systems is the lack of strong authentication mechanisms, resulting in the potential for unauthorized access and misuse. Insufficient password systems or the absence of multi-factor authentication can create vulnerabilities that could potentially be exploited by malicious actors to gain unauthorized access to devices and the networks they are connected to. Given the distinct interaction models of VR and AR devices, conventional security measures may prove insufficient. This calls for the implementation of novel forms of authentication, such as biometric or behavior-based methods.

Deepfakes
Deepfakes pose a notable and growing concern within the realm of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies, specifically in regards to security and privacy. Deepfakes utilize advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to produce authentic-looking images, videos, and audio recordings. This technology has the potential to be seamlessly integrated into VR and AR environments, which may give rise to a number of significant concerns:

False Information and Trickery
In VR and AR, deepfakes have the ability to generate lifelike avatars or environments that are virtually identical to real ones. There is a risk of spreading misinformation or misleading users into thinking they are interacting with authentic entities or situations. As an example, a deepfake has the ability to create a virtual reality scenario where a well-known person or someone close to you is simulated. This can have an impact on how users perceive and behave, as they are influenced by these deceptive portrayals.

Privacy Violations:
Deepfakes have the potential to infringe upon an individual's privacy by impersonating them without their consent. In the realm of VR and AR, there is the possibility of recreating a person's appearance and voice during virtual meetings or social interactions. This could potentially result in negative consequences such as harm to one's reputation or personal well-being.

= Privacy Concerns = Many user technologies necessitate the gathering of substantial personal data, encompassing biometric information, location data, and comprehensive records of user interactions within virtual environments. The extensive amount of data collected raises various privacy concerns, such as the potential exposure of personal information, surveillance and tracking, and worries about how the data is used and shared.

Data Collection
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have the potential to gather sensitive personal data due to their features and capabilities. Personalized and immersive experiences often require the use of biometric data, including eye movements, facial expressions, and voice samples. As an illustration, the utilization of eye-tracking technology has the potential to enhance the virtual reality experience by dynamically adjusting the focus and perspective according to the user's gaze. Nevertheless, this information can provide valuable insights into an individual's inclinations, objectives, well-being, and other aspects.

There is a risk that arises when sensitive information is not properly protected, which could potentially lead to unauthorized parties gaining access to it or intercepting it. Instances of cybersecurity breaches can result in the exposure of personal data, which in turn can lead to various negative consequences such as identity theft, financial fraud, and potential risks to personal safety. Developers and providers of VR and AR must prioritize data security by encrypting data, implementing strong access controls, and conducting regular security audits.

Surveillance and Tracking
The ongoing tracking capabilities of VR and AR can also be used for less reputable purposes. As an example, the use of location tracking in various AR applications, such as navigation tools or location-based games, can potentially lead to unauthorized monitoring of a user's movements. In a similar vein, VR platforms have the ability to monitor and analyze user behavior and interactions within a virtual environment, allowing for the creation of comprehensive profiles of individual activities.

This information holds value for both businesses seeking to customize marketing strategies or create new products, as well as government organizations focused on surveillance. There is a significant potential for misuse, as these technologies have the ability to systematically infringe on individual privacy rights. There is valid reason for concern, as instances of technology being utilized for surveillance by various entities have been extensively documented worldwide.

Information Usage and Sharing
There is a significant concern regarding the utilization and sharing of collected data. The extensive information gathered by VR and AR technologies is highly valuable for improving user experience and is also sought after by advertisers and data brokers. It is common for users to lack clear information or control over the usage and sale of their data.

It is crucial to have clear and open communication regarding data usage policies and practices. It is important to ensure that users have access to easily understandable and readily available information regarding the collection, usage, sharing, and storage of their data. Incorporating privacy-enhancing technologies like data anonymization and minimization can be effective in reducing the potential risks related to data sharing and retention.

= Security Enhancements =

Updated Encryption Methods
Ensuring the security of data transmitted between devices and servers involved in VR and AR systems is of utmost importance. By employing cutting-edge encryption standards, data of all types - be it biometric, personal, or operational - is safeguarded against interception and unauthorized access. As an example, the utilization of end-to-end encryption can provide a safeguard for communication channels within VR and AR platforms, rendering it exceedingly challenging for unauthorized individuals to decipher the data.

Strong Authentication Mechanisms
In order to ensure that only authorized individuals can gain access, it is crucial for VR and AR devices to include robust authentication systems that require multiple factors for verification. This could involve a mix of factors that the user is familiar with (passwords), possesses (a mobile device), and embodies (biometric data like fingerprints, facial recognition, or voice patterns). These layers greatly minimize the chances of account hijacking and unauthorized access.

Incorporating Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is also recommended in enhancing security in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) systems. Adding an extra layer of security, 2FA ensures that users must provide two different authentication factors to verify their identity before they can access their accounts or devices. This approach greatly reduces the chances of unauthorized access, even if one element, such as a password, is compromised.

Integrating 2FA into VR and AR systems not only boosts security, but also aligns with the ongoing imperative to safeguard ever more advanced and personal digital experiences. With the continuous advancement and integration of VR and AR technologies into our daily lives, it is becoming increasingly important to implement strong security measures such as 2FA. These measures are essential for effectively protecting users and their valuable data.

Latest Firmware update
Staying current with the most recent software updates is essential for maintaining VR and AR systems. These updates frequently include fixes for identified vulnerabilities that could be targeted by malicious individuals. It is important for developers to prioritize automatic and seamless updates, which will alleviate the user's responsibilities and guarantee that all devices are equipped with the latest secure software version.

Technologies that Enhance Privacy
Integrating technologies that prioritize user privacy can have a significant impact. Methods such as data anonymization, which involves removing personal identifiers from the data, and data minimization, which focuses on collecting only the essential amount of data, can be effective in safeguarding user privacy. These technologies provide an added layer of security, making it difficult to trace any potential data breaches back to specific users.

Best Practices
It is highly recommended for VR and AR developers to prioritize secure coding practices and consistently conduct security audits and testing during the entire application development process. This involves conducting threat modeling, code reviews, and penetration testing to detect and address potential security vulnerabilities prior to the software being implemented. Emphasizing the importance of security right from the start is crucial when adopting a 'security by design' approach.

Ensuring the Security of Hardware
Given the nature of VR and AR devices as standalone systems, ensuring the security of both the hardware and software is of utmost importance. This involves the development of tamper-resistant devices and the utilization of secure elements for data storage. Utilizing hardware-based security features can establish a robust basis for ensuring the security of the entire system.

= Laws and Governance = The legal and regulatory landscape surrounding consumer Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies is constantly changing, mirroring the fast-paced advancements in these fields. There are no dedicated federal laws specifically for VR and AR. However, existing laws and regulations can be applied to address issues that may arise from the use of these technologies. These are some important areas of law and regulation that have an impact on consumer VR and AR:

Privacy and Data Protection

 * Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA): This act protects children under the age of 13 in the digital space. VR and AR applications targeting children must comply with COPPA regulations, which include obtaining parental consent before collecting personal information.
 * California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA): While federal law is general, some states like California have taken more specific actions. CCPA gives consumers more control over the personal information that businesses collect about them. This includes data collected through VR and AR platforms.

Consumer Protection Laws

 * Federal Trade Commission (FTC): The FTC regulates deceptive and unfair business practices. This encompasses advertising claims made by VR and AR products, ensuring that consumers are not misled about the capabilities or safety of these technologies.

Intellectual Property Rights

 * Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks: These are crucial for protecting the content created for VR and AR environments, including software, games, and other multimedia content.

Accessibility Regulations

 * Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): As VR and AR technologies become more prevalent, their compliance with ADA standards will be critical to ensure that these technologies are accessible to all users, including those with disabilities.

Health and Safety Regulations

 * Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): This agency could become involved if VR and AR devices are found to pose health risks, such as vision problems, psychological effects, or physical injuries due to prolonged use.

Emerging Legislation

 * Biometric Information Privacy Laws: Some states, like Illinois with its Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), regulate the collection and storage of biometric data, which can include data gathered by VR and AR devices like facial recognition and eye-tracking.

Sector-Specific Regulations

 * Educational and Healthcare Applications: VR and AR applications used in education and healthcare settings may be subject to additional regulations concerning student privacy laws (like FERPA in the U.S.) and health information privacy protections under HIPAA.

= Reference =

 * 1) Parekh, P., Patel, S., Patel, N., & Shah, M. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in medicine, retail, and games. Visual computing for industry, biomedicine, and art, 3, 1-20.
 * 2) Billewar, S. R., Jadhav, K., Sriram, V. P., Arun, D. A., Mohd Abdul, S., Gulati, K., & Bhasin, D. N. K. K. (2022). The rise of 3D E-Commerce: the online shopping gets real with virtual reality and augmented reality during COVID-19. World Journal of Engineering, 19(2), 244-253. "
 * 3) Liarokapis, F. (2006). An exploration from virtual to augmented reality gaming. Simulation & Gaming, 37(4), 507-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878106293684
 * 4) Al-Ansi, A. M., Jaboob, M., Garad, A., & Al-Ansi, A. (2023). Analyzing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) recent development in education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100532.
 * 5) Ryan Calo, Tamara Denning, Batya Friedman, Tadayoshi Kohno, Lassana Magassa, Emily McReynolds, Bryce Newell, Franziska Roesner, and Jesse Woo. Augmented Reality: A Technology and Policy Primer. Technical report, Tech Policy Lab, University of Washington, 2015.
 * 6) Langfinger, M., Schneider, M., Stricker, D., & Schotten, H. D. (2017, July). Addressing security challenges in industrial augmented reality systems. In 2017 IEEE 15th international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN) (pp. 299-304). IEEE.
 * 7) Lebeck, K., Ruth, K., Kohno, T., & Roesner, F. (2018, May). Towards security and privacy for multi-user augmented reality: Foundations with end users. In 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (pp. 392-408). IEEE.
 * 8) David Hopee, ‘A Deep Dive: Law, Virtual Reality And Augmented Reality — Gamma Law’ (Gamma Law, 2017) < https://gammalaw.com/a-deep-dive-law-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-2/ > accessed 23 December 2019.
 * 9) Roesner, F., & Kohno, T. (2021, January). Security and privacy for augmented reality: Our 10-year retrospective. In VR4Sec: 1st International Workshop on Security for XR and XR for Security.
 * 10) Gulhane, A., Vyas, A., Mitra, R., Oruche, R., Hoefer, G., Valluripally, S., ... & Hoque, K. A. (2019, January). Security, privacy and safety risk assessment for virtual reality learning environment applications. In 2019 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
 * 11) Langfinger, M., Schneider, M., Stricker, D., & Schotten, H. D. (2017, July). Addressing security challenges in industrial augmented reality systems. In 2017 IEEE 15th international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN) (pp. 299-304). IEEE.
 * 12) Noah, Naheem & Shearer, Sommer & Das, Sanchari. (2022). Security and Privacy Evaluation of Popular Augmented and Virtual Reality Technologies. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.4173372.
 * 13) Dick, E. (2022, June 3). Balancing User Privacy and Innovation  in Augmented and Virtual Reality. ITIF. https://itif.org/publications/2021/03/04/balancing-user-privacy-and-innovation-augmented-and-virtual-reality/
 * 14) Why Are Security Risks in Virtual and Augmented Reality A Major Concern Now? (2024, March 24). ITsecurity Demand. https://www.itsecuritydemand.com/insights/security/why-are-security-risks-in-virtual-and-augmented-reality-a-major-concern-now/
 * 15) Balaban, D. (2024, April 23). VR and AR: Potential security risks to be prepared for. https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/vr-and-ar-potential-security-risks-to-be-prepared-for


text:
Ada Programming/Ada 2022

This is an overview of the major features that are available in Ada 2022, the most recent version of the Ada standard.

New profile
Jorvik is a subset of the Ada tasking capabilities, similar to Ravenscar and which imposes fewer restrictions, removing the following ones compared to the Ravenscar profile:

 * No_Implicit_Heap_Allocations
 * No_Relative_Delay
 * Simple_Barriers
 * Max_Entry_Queue_Length => 1
 * Max_Protected_Entries => 1
 * No_Dependence => Ada.Calendar
 * No_Dependence => Ada.Synchronous_Barriers

New syntax

 * Assignment target name @
 * Square brackets for array aggregates
 * Default initial conditions for types
 * Default generic parameters
 * Declare expressions
 * Reduction expressions
 * Iteration filters
 * Generalized literals

New keywords

 * parallel

New pragmas

 * Admission_Policy
 * All_Calls_Remote
 * Conflict_Check_Policy
 * Elaborate_Body
 * Generate_Deadlines
 * Preelaborable_Initialization
 * Preelaborate
 * Profile now supports the Jorvik profile
 * Pure
 * Remote_Call_Interface
 * Remote_Types
 * Shared_Passive

New aspects

 * Aggregate
 * Allows_Exit
 * Default_Initial_Condition
 * Dispatching
 * Elaborate_Body
 * Full_Access_Only
 * Global
 * Global'Class
 * Integer_Literal
 * Iterator_View
 * Max_Entry_Queue_Length
 * No_Controlled_Parts
 * No_Return (for functions)
 * Nonblocking
 * Parallel_Calls
 * Parallel_Iterator
 * Preelaborable_Initialization
 * Put_Image
 * Real_Literal
 * Relative_Deadline
 * Stable_Properties
 * Stable_Properties'Class
 * Static
 * Static_Predicate
 * String_Literal
 * Synchronization
 * Use_Formal
 * Yield

New attributes

 * 'Enum_Rep
 * 'Enum_Val
 * 'Index
 * 'Object_Size
 * 'Parallel_Reduce
 * 'Preelaborable_Initialization
 * 'Put_Image
 * 'Reduce
 * 'Relative_Deadline

New packages

 * Atomic_Operations:
 * System.Atomic_Operations.Exchange
 * System.Atomic_Operations.Test_And_Set
 * System.Atomic_Operations.Integer_Arithmetic
 * System.Atomic_Operations.Modular_Arithmetic

 * Big Numbers:
 * Ada.Numerics.Big_Numbers.Big_Integers
 * Ada.Numerics.Big_Numbers.Big_Reals
 * Containers:
 * Ada.Containers.Bounded_Indefinite_Holders

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Ada 83
 * Ada Programming/Ada 95
 * Ada Programming/Ada 2005
 * Ada Programming/Ada 2012

|Ada 2022 *Ada 2022 *Ada 2022

title: Ada Programming/Ada 2022


text: Category:Corn flour recipes

title: Category:Corn flour recipes


text:
Talk:Guide to the Godot game engine

Code snippets
Could we add a section to the Misc. chapter for code snippets which are likely to be useful in most projects? General things like a sound playing script to prevent multiple sounds to cut each other off, screen resolution handling scripts, that sort of thing. YuriNikolai (discuss • contribs) 23:20, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guide to the Godot game engine


text:
User talk:2806:290:881E:B17A:3194:6AFD:E079:67DE

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 01:37, 24 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:83.219.49.82

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 09:13, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.219.49.82


text:
User talk:109.128.207.199

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 09:18, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:109.128.207.199


text:
Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Introduction

Before we start • Chord Diagrams & Tablatures • Accessories • Storing


text:
Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Lessons

1) Forming the D chord • 4/4-beat • D-A 2) D-G • Major Cadence • Western Strumming • 3/4-beat 3) G-C-D • Fingering • Campfire Strumming 4) G-Em-C-D 5) Quick Chord Change 6) C-Am 7) Jumps Em-D / G-Am 8) Completion

title: Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Lessons


text:
Guitar/Song Examples

This is a Container for one or more song examples.

Examples are integrated as templates.

They are located as a subordinate page in the main lesson of the volume.  (Appendix of a Diploma)
 * Example
 * or for Summaries

title: Guitar/Song Examples


text:
Template:Bc

<

This template inserts a "BreadCrumb" navigation.

It is embedded with  . (Currently sixteen links can be entered.)

title: Template:Bc


text:
Songbook/template:cross-reference

| =Example=

At least one parameter is required. The parameter is a link to the lesson
 *

 * become

Example 2 (Further lessons)
Further lessons or references are used as additional parameters.
 *

 * results in

Beispiel 3 (Andere Buchtitel)
Der Buchtitel verweist standardmäßig auf das Buch Gitarre (da derzeit die allermeisten Lieder für das Gitarrenprojekt erstellt wurden). Es kann aber auch an andere Bücher angepasst werden
 *

wird zu

title: Songbook/template:cross-reference


text:
Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes

The Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes feature four individual primers, book-length curated volumes of essential readings, following an analytical introduction, covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training. To view any of the curated volumes, click the Wikibooks links below; the texts are also available on PubPub at the links below as well.

Open social scholarship is the creation and dissemination of research and research technologies to a broad, interdisciplinary audience of specialists and non-specialists, in ways that are both accessible and significant to all groups (Implementing New Knowledge Environments Partnership, https://inke.ca/).

''These curated volumes are accompanied by book-length annotated bibliographies in each of these areas as well, following an analytical overview. For these collections, please see the Open Scholarship Press Collections. For an overview of the OSP and related projects, please see the Open Scholarship Press.''

Community

Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Caroline Winter (UVic), Jesse Kern (UBC), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students' Forum), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Graham Jensen (UVic), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with Jon Bath (U Saskatchewan), Jon Saklofske (Acadia U), and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups

This curated volume showcases key reprinted interventions on the subject of community-based and community-engaged open scholarship.

Over the past several decades, academic work has evolved alongside substantial and far-reaching changes in communication and collaboration. One example of this evolution is the rise of open, digital scholarship: a movement that prioritizes access to information, social knowledge creation, and cross-community engagement. Now, in the 2020s, academics and other knowledge workers can produce, publish, and share their research findings much more openly and more publicly than previously possible. Increased open access to research, community-university partnerships, and knowledge mobilization are all evidence of shifting attitudes and practices in academia.

Openness is a mechanism through which to broaden scholarly work into activities that are much more community-based and community-engaged. Centring community-based and community-engaged open scholarship, while considering both efficacious and creative ways to find, share, and publicize academic research, is at the heart of open social scholarship. Such a vision for the transformative potential of scholarly communication speaks to an ardent desire to leave behind the metaphorical ivory tower and to instead refigure postsecondary institutions as verdant sites of collaborative, collective knowledge creation.

Connection

Graham Jensen (UVic), Tyler Fontenot (Independent), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students’ Forum), Caroline Winter (UVic), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with the INKE and ETCL Research Groups

This curated volume includes reprinted critical interventions on the subject of digital knowledge commons or academic social networking sites and the forms of connection and open scholarship that they enable.

The enormous growth of digital knowledge commons and academic social networking sites in the last fifteen years or so has enabled millions of researchers to connect and share their work with others online. But during this same period, the remarkable transformation of digital infrastructure has also raised many questions about the nature and trajectory of scholarly communication and practice. The history of the tension between participation and publication, like the history of the internet itself, can be understood partially in terms of a shift from open to closed and commercialized forms of knowledge exchange. Against the currents of commercialization and weaponization, many individuals and collectives are interested in exploring how platforms can support both participation and publication—all while also remaining open.

As digital knowledge commons continue to proliferate, they will continue to transform scholarly participation and publication, inspiring and embodying novel forms of each. But the evolution of digital knowledge commons—and digital tools and technology more generally—must also be accompanied by continued critical consideration of what creating and maintaining these complex and diverse systems will involve, and mean, for future communities of researchers or creators and consumers of knowledge. This responsibility is and necessarily will be a shared one.

Policy

Caroline Winter (UVic), Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic), Jesse Thomas Kern (UVic), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students’ Forum), Tyler Fontenot (Independent), Graham Jensen (UVic), Alan Colin Arce (U Autónomo del Estado de México), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with Tanja Niemann (Érudit) and Lynne Siemens (UVic), and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups

This curated volume provides a broad snapshot of the open scholarship policy landscape. Most are foundational policies and principles, but examples of theoretical overviews, research studies, and critical analysis are also included.

The open scholarship landscape is complex and always changing, but tracing relevant policy developments helps to define its boundaries, highlight emerging pathways, and bring key features into focus. For instance, more and more national governments, funding organizations, and institutions are developing policies related to open access to research data and publications, which intersect and sometimes conflict in complicated ways. Other forms and types of policies that make up the wider research ecosystem also affect open scholarship policy, such as publishers’ policies about rights retention, international digital infrastructure standards, and institutions’ review, tenure, and promotion guidelines. Given the role policy plays in influencing how researchers work and whether and how they share that work, an understanding of the policy landscape—both its foundations and its emerging trends—is key to advancing open scholarship.

The open scholarship policy landscape is now dotted with many institutional, national, and international open access (OA) policies, with more springing up every year. Implementing policy successfully can be challenging, especially when the context is complex and multifaceted.

Training

Randa El Khatib (UTSC), Alan Colín-Arce (U Autónoma del Estado de México), Vitor Yano (Concordia), Anna Honcharova (European Students’ Forum), and Ray Siemens (UVic), with the INKE and ETCL Research Groups

This curated volume follows the transformation of digital pedagogy to embrace more open and collaborative practices.

With online, digital environments occupying a more central place in higher education, pedagogy has been shifting as well to both take advantage of the unprecedented access to knowledge and prepare students to participate in the digital economy. This transformation is twofold: on the one hand, the world is shifting to more fully embrace open pedagogy that encompasses Open Educational Resources (OERs) such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), open textbooks, syllabi, classroom activities, and other practices and materials to lower barriers for accessing education. At the same time, there is a push in higher education to incorporate digital literacy training so that students are prepared to join the workforce and possess interoperable digital skills upon graduation.

As the world more fully embraces digital environments, this collection is also concerned with the role of universities and training sites to prepare students and engaged publics to meet the needs of the digital world in their own research and work.

title: Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes


text:
User talk:2409:40D2:2F:6631:8000:0:0:0

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:2409:40D2:2F:6631:8000:0:0:0


text:
User:Aazir111

Hi I m imran ali

From Kashmir india

Belongs from good family

Necessary id the mother of invention

title: User:Aazir111


text:
User talk:Aazir111

Aazir111 Imu Kashmir India.

title: User talk:Aazir111


text: Template:Jimbo Wales

title: Template:Jimbo Wales


text:
User talk:41.113.77.137

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 01:02, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.113.77.137


text:
User talk:Rasheed Adeoye Oluwaseun

Adeoye Rasheed Oluwaseun has been deleted. Please read Using Wikibooks to learn about this project and the type of content which is appropriate. Additionally, it is very unwise to use your real name, date or birth and other personal data online.--Xania   talk 03:47, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The account in question is now globally locked (blocked locally to enable autoblock, too). --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:42, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rasheed Adeoye Oluwaseun


text:
User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk/sandbox

Screenshot = own work?
Quick question, Koavf: Is this done properly? https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Google_Trends_of_Overleaf,_MikTex_and_TexLive.png

Thanks :) TimBorgNetzWerk (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't see any obvious problems with it. Screenshots of websites are usually protected by copyright, but this seems like it probably doesn't meet the threshold of originality. So you aren't really the copyright holder, able to freely license it, as it just doesn't have a copyright. (I am not a lawyer and cannot give legal advice.) I think the way to make it better is to add relevant categories, and of course, Wikimedia Commons is multilingual, so it's best to have descriptions and structured data in multiple languages, but that's honestly more of a nice-to-have than a necessity. :/ —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 16:01, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk/sandbox


text:
User talk:176.29.169.120

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:176.29.169.120


text:
A Reference Guide to Cases in the Ukrainian Language/Locative case

The locative case is used to denote where something or someone is in Ukrainian.


text:
User talk:24.51.233.167

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 13:49, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.51.233.167


text: A Reference Guide to Cases in the Ukrainian Language/Printable version


text:
User:Mjchael/TabOpen

 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;border-left:solid 1px #000" width="15" |
 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;text-align:center" width="80" | |
 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;border-right:solid 1px #000" width="15" |
 * style="background-color:#f0f0f8;border-bottom:1px solid #000" width="3" |

title: User:Mjchael/TabOpen


text:
User:Mjchael/TabClosed

 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;border-left:solid 1px #000;border-bottom:solid 1px #000" width="15" |
 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;border-bottom:solid 1px #000;text-align:center" width="80" | |
 * style="background-color:;border-top:solid 1px #000;border-right:solid 1px #000;border-bottom:solid 1px #000" width="15" |
 * style="background-color:#f8f8ff;border-bottom:1px solid #000" width="3" |

title: User:Mjchael/TabClosed


text: User:Mjchael/Projects

title: User:Mjchael/Projects


text:
User talk:STONE(kl)

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:49, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:STONE(kl)


text:
User talk:37.111.181.11

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 11:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:37.111.181.11


text:
User talk:151.47.121.242

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 11:45, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:151.47.121.242


text:
User talk:74.210.171.79

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 14:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:74.210.171.79


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Bh6

= 3. Bh6 - Egg Gambit =

3. Bh6, Sacrifices a bishop and shred&weaken the kingside.


text:
User talk:70.45.81.98

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:57, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.45.81.98


text:
User talk:204.63.137.150

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:58, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:204.63.137.150


text:
User talk:67.230.43.152

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:58, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.230.43.152


text:
User talk:82.76.98.182

April 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 06:16, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:82.76.98.182