text:
Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic/Roots

Introduction

Obtaining square and cubic roots are the most complex operations studied within Elemental Arithmetic. The eastern abacus is very well adapted to obtaining square roots by a direct and efficient procedure, but unfortunately the same cannot be said with reference to cube roots which, although possible, require a tortuous path full of comings and goings that it is prone to errors.

Cargill Gilston Knott (1856 - 1922), one of the fathers of modern seismology, was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who served nine years as a professor of mathematics, acoustics and electromagnetism at the Imperial University of Tokyo; after which he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by Emperor Meiji in 1891. During his stay in Japan he came into contact with the Japanese abacus which he studied in depth and without a doubt he used professionally in his own work as a teacher and researcher. The result of this study was a famous 55 pages article written in 1885 about it, which for a long time has been the best informed account in English, and obligatory reference, on the history and foundations of soroban. The next two chapters in this book develop and expand on Knott's vision of the traditional methods of obtaining square and cube roots, the vision of a western scientist and mathematician, offering both a theoretical and practical approach illustrated with several examples.

Chapters
This part of the book consists of the following chapters:

 * Square root
 * Cube root

Checking your exercises
Obtaining square and cubic roots with the abacus can be a somewhat long process and during the learning phase it is interesting to have a tool that allows us to control whether we are doing it correctly.

Square root
For square roots you can try the excellent Murakami's Square root tutor with Kijoho, a JavaScript application that you can run directly in your browser or download to your computer from its GitHub repository. You just have to enter the root in the small input box on the left and repeatedly press the "next" button on the screen to see the development of the process step by step.

File knott.bc
And mainly for cube roots, the following BC code may help, copy and paste it to a text file and call it knott.bc:

File: sr200703.bc
/*    Example: square root of 200703 Use: $ cat sr200703.bc |bc -l knott.bc   or        $ bc -l knott.bc < sr200703.bc

print "\nSquare root of ", 200703, " = ", sqrt(200703), "\n\n"

/*    Decompose in pairs of digits (will be alpha): 20, 07, 03

Initialize (first step) alpha = 20 b = int(sqrt(alpha)) r0 = alpha - b^2 a = 0 tf = r0/2 print "First root: ", b, ", First half-remainder: ", tf, "\n" print "==================\n\n"

/*     Main: Repeat for each pair of digits (alpha)...

alpha =07 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha =03 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha) /*   For additional digits continue with alpha = 00 alpha =00 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha =00 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha =00 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha =00 mute=knott2(tf, a+b, alpha)

Output:

Square root of 200703 = 447.99888392718122931160

First root: 4, First half-remainder: 2.00000000000000000000

=
=====

New dividend: 203.5 Revising down, b = 4 New root: 44, New half-remainder: 35.5

=
=====

New dividend: 3551.5 Revising down, b = 7 New root: 447, New half-remainder: 447.0

=
=====

New dividend: 44700.0 Revising down, b = 9 New root: 4479, New half-remainder: 4429.5

=
=====

New dividend: 442950.0 New root: 44799, New half-remainder: 39799.5

=
=====

New dividend: 3979950.0 New root: 447998, New half-remainder: 395998.0

=
=====

New dividend: 39599800.0 New root: 4479988, New half-remainder: 3759928.0

=
=====

File cr488931400152.bc
/*   Example: cube root of 488931400152 Use: $ cat cr488931400152.bc |bc -l knott.bc   or        $ bc -l knott.bc < cr488931400152.bc

print "\nCube root of ", 488931400152, " = ", cbrt(488931400152), "\n\n"

/*   Decompose in triplets (will be alpha): #   488, 931, 400, 152

Initialize (first step)

alpha = 488 b = int(cbrt(alpha)) r0 = alpha - b^3 a = 0 tf = r0   print "First root: ", b, ", First remainder: ", r0, "\n" print "==================\n\n"

/*   Main: Repeat for each triplet (alpha)...

alpha = 931 mute = knott3(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha = 400 mute = knott3(tf, a+b, alpha) alpha = 152 mute = knott3(tf, a+b, alpha)

/*   For additional digits continue with alpha = 000

Output

Cube root of 488931400152 = 7877.99999999999999999871

First root: 7, First remainder: 145

=
=====

New dividend: 145931

a) /a:  20847   rem1: 2 b) /3:   69490   rem2: 0 b = 9 d)  :   -1610     b = 8 d)   :   7090 e) *3:  21270 f) *a:   14891 g) -b^3: 14379

New root: 78 New remainder: 14379

=
=====

New dividend: 14379400

a) /a:  184351   rem1: 22 b) /3:   614503   rem2: 1 b = 7 d)  :   63603     b = 7 d)   :   63603 e) *3:  190810 f) *a:   1488340 g) -b^3: 1487997

New root: 787 New remainder: 1487997

=
=====

New dividend: 1487997152

a) /a:  1890720   rem1: 512 b) /3:   6302400   rem2: 0 b = 8 d)  :   0     b = 8 d)   :   0 e) *3:  0 f) *a:   512 g) -b^3: 0

New root: 7878 New remainder: 0

=
=====


text:
Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic/Roots/Square root

Theory
Let $$x$$ be the number of which we want to obtain the square root $y=\sqrt x$ ; Let's consider its decimal expansion, for example: $x=456.7890123$. Let's separate its digits into groups of two around the decimal point in the following way

$$x=456.7890123=4\cdot 56\cdot 78\cdot 90\cdot 12\cdot 30\cdot 00\cdot 00\cdots$$

or, in other words, let's define the sequence of integers $$\alpha_i$$

$$\alpha_1=4, \alpha_2=56, \alpha_3=78, \alpha_4=90, \alpha_5=12, \alpha_6=30, \alpha_7=00,\cdots$$

and let's build the sequence $x_i$ recursively from $x_0=0$

$$x_i=100x_{i-1}+\alpha_i$$

and let $$y_i$$ be the integer part of the square root of $$x_i$$

$$y_i =\lfloor \sqrt x_i \rfloor$$

i.e. $$y_i$$ is the largest integer whose square is not greater than $$x_i$$. Finally, let us call remainders to the differences

$$r_i=x_i - y_i^2 \ge 0$$

For our example we have: Let's see that, by construction, $$x_i$$ grows as $$10^{2i}$$ (two more digits in each step), in fact the sequence $$x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}$$: (0, 400, 456, 456.78, 456.7890, etc.) tends to $$x$$ $\left( x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}\rightarrow x\right)$ or $x = \left( \lim_{i \to \infty}x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}\right)$. By comparison, $$y_i$$, as the integer part of the square root of $$x_i$$, grows only as $$10^i$$ (one digit more each step). As $$y_i$$ is the largest integer whose square is not greater than $$x_i$$ we have $$r_i=x_i - y_i^2 \ge 0$$ as above but

$$x_i-(y_i+1)^2 = x_i-y_i^2-2y_i-1<0$$

by definition of $$y_i$$, or

$$r_i=x_i - y_i^2 < 2y_1+1$$

multiplying by $$10^{4-2i}$$

$$x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}-(y_i\cdot 10^{2-i})^2<(2y_i+1)\cdot 10^{4-2i}$$

but as  $$y_i$$ grows only as $$10^i$$, the second term tends to zero as $$10^{-i}$$. With this

$$x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}-(y_i\cdot 10^{2-i})^2\rightarrow 0$$

and $$x_i\cdot 10^{4-2i}\rightarrow x$$ so that we have

$$y_i\cdot 10^{2-i}\rightarrow y=\sqrt x$$

For other numbers, the above factors are: $$10^{2k-2i}$$ and $$10^{k-i}$$, where $$k$$ is the number of two-digit groups to the left of the decimal point, negative if it is followed by 00 groups (ex. $$k=-1$$ for $$x=0.00456$$, $$k=-2$$ for $$x=0.00000456$$, etc.).

This is the basis for traditional manual square root methods.

Procedure
We start with $$i=0$$, $$x_0=0$$, $$y_0=0$$, $$r_0=0$$.

First digit
For $$i=1$$ and $$x_1=\alpha_1$$, it is trivial to find $$y_1$$ such that its square does not exceed $$x_1$$ through the use of the following table of squares that is easily retained in memory as it is only a subset of the multiplication table. In the case of the example we find $$y_1=2$$.

Rest of digits
For $$i>1$$, we have $$x_i=100x_{i-1}+\alpha_i$$ as defined above and we try to build $$y_i$$ in the way:

where $$b$$ is a one-digit integer ranging from 0 to 9. To obtain $$b$$ we have to choose the greatest digit from 0 to 9 such that:

or

if we write $$a=10y_{i-1}$$. Expanding the binomial we have

or

The left side of the above expression may be seen as simply the previous remainder with the next two-digits group appended to it, and the parenthesis of the last term as twice the previous root with digit b appended to it. In our example, for $$i=2$$ we have 56 on the left and the above expression is

which holds only for $$b=0$$ or $$b=1$$ so that 1 is our next root digit but, how can we proceed in the general case without having to systematically explore every possibility ($$b=0, 1,\cdots, 9$$)?

Here Knott distinguishes two different approaches:
 * Preparing the divisor
 * Preparing the dividend.

Preparing the divisor
This corresponds with the above expression

And it is the strategy usually used with paper and pencil and can also be implemented, of course, on the abacus. In the above expression, if we see the left part as the dividend and the parenthesis as the divisor, b is the first digit of the division

but since we don't know b yet, we approximate it using only the main part of the divisor

This gives us a guess as to what the value of b might be, but we need:

 * 1) Verify that the value thus obtained is correct, or, where appropriate, correct it up or down as needed.
 * 2) Obtain the next remainder to prepare the calculation of the next digit of the root.

Both steps require subtracting $$(20y_{i-1}+b)b$$ or $$20y_{i-1}b$$ and $$b^2$$ from $$100r_{i-1}+\alpha_i$$; checking that we are not going to negative values and that what remains is less than $$2y_i+1$$ (otherwise we would have to revise $$b$$ up or down). If we do this correctly, what we are left with is the new remainder $$r_i$$. It should be noted that, as we proceed in the calculations ($$i$$ increasing) $$b$$ is progressively a smaller and smaller contribution to the divisor $$(20y_{i-1}+b)$$; so the process indicated above will look more and more like a mere division.

This is the method proposed by Takashi Kojima in his second book: Advanced Abacus - Theory and Practice, and that you can see described in Square roots as solved by Kojima in Totton heffelfinger’s website, works to which I refer the reader to see explanations and examples. What follows here, for purposes of illustration, is a sketch of how the calculation might be started in our example: $$x=456.7890123$$

As can be seen, twice the root grows to the left of the abacus to the detriment of the radicand / remainder and the groups of two figures still unused. This is contrary to what happens with the rest of the elementary operations on the abacus, where the result sought replaces the operand (or one of them). For this reason, the traditionally preferred method for obtaining square roots seems to have been the following, where we will see the root appear directly on the abacus, not its double.

Preparing the dividend
Starting again with

dividing by 2

This modified expression will allow us to directly obtain the square root in the abacus following practically the same procedure as above with only keeping half-remainders on our instrument. Here, with square roots, the change is almost trivial, but it will be more important when dealing with cube roots. As can be seen in the above expression, neglecting the term b^2/2 we obtain a guess of $$b$$ by simply dividing the extended half-remainder $$(100r_{i-1}+\alpha_i)/2$$ by the previous root $$y_{i-1}$$ (in fact $$10y_{i-1}$$). After that, we need again:

 * 1) Verify that the value thus obtained is correct, or, where appropriate, correct it up or down as needed.
 * 2) Obtain the next half-remainder to prepare for the next digit of the root.

This is done by subtracting $$10y_{i-1}b$$ and b^2/2 from the half remainder, and this makes it convenient to memorize the following table of semi-squares:

Fortunately, since 2 is a divisor of our base (10), the decimal fractions in the table have a finite expression; which will not happen when we try to extend this procedure to cube roots and we have to deal with thirds of cubes. According to Knott, this makes cube roots a problem that is not well suited to being treated with abacus.

Examples
Here three examples are presented, for additional examples please see Further reading and specially External resources below.

Square root of 961
In this example we have two groups of two figures: 09 and 61. The first group informs us that the first digit of the root is 3.

There are two ways to start square roots:
 * Aligning the groups to the left of the abacus from column B and using the traditional division to obtain the semi-remainder.

 * This is the form used in the old books and also the one used in Murakami's Square root tutor with Kijoho (see below External resources).

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Courier; line-height: 1.10em;"

! Abacus !! Comment
 * + Using traditional division
 * ABCDE
 * 0961
 * Align the radicand with B
 * 30961
 * Enter first root digit in A
 * -9
 * Subtract the square of first root digit (9)
 * 30061
 * 30305
 * Divide the remainder B-E by 2 (帰除法)
 * }
 * Subtract the square of first root digit (9)
 * 30061
 * 30305
 * Divide the remainder B-E by 2 (帰除法)
 * }
 * 30305
 * Divide the remainder B-E by 2 (帰除法)
 * }

 * Aligning the groups to the left of the abacus from column A and using in-situ division, as explained in chapter: Division by powers of two, to obtain the semi-remainder.

 * This method is somewhat faster.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Courier; line-height: 1.10em;"

! Abacus !! Comment
 * + Using division in situ
 * ABCDE
 * 0961
 * Align the radicand with A
 * -9
 * Subtract the square of first root digit (9)
 * 0061
 * 0305
 * Divide in situ the remainder by 2
 * 30305
 * Enter first root digit in A
 * }
 * 0305
 * Divide in situ the remainder by 2
 * 30305
 * Enter first root digit in A
 * }
 * 30305
 * Enter first root digit in A
 * }

From here, the state of the abacus coincides and we can continue:

Root of 456.7890123
Our example above...

The root 2137… (21.37…) is appearing on the left. See chapter: Abbreviated operations to see how to quickly approximate the next 4 digits.

Conclusion
The method explained as: Preparing the dividend is known as 半九九法 (Hankukuhou in Japanese, Bàn jiǔjiǔ fǎ in Chinese) that we freely translate here as the Half-remainder method and is by far the most convenient to use, at least for two reasons:

 * 1) The root, and not its double, replaces the operand (radicand) as in the rest of operations on the abacus.
 * 2) (The most important) Dividing by numbers that start with 1 is awkward. Think of the first group of two digits, its value is between 1 and 99 and determines the first figure of the square root. For values of the first pair between 25 and 99 (75% of the cases) the first digit of the root is between 5 and 9 and its double begins with one! Therefore, if we use the method preparing the divisor, we will be dividing by numbers that begin with 1 in 75% of the cases. On the contrary, if we use the method preparing the dividend, only in the case that the first group is 1, 2 or 3 (3% of the cases) will we have to divide by numbers that start with one.

The superiority of the half-remainder or preparing the dividend method is undeniable.

External resources

 * Murakami's Square root tutor with Kijoho, a JavaScript application that you can run directly in your browser or download to your computer from its GitHub repository. You just have to enter the root in the small input box on the left and repeatedly press the "next" button on the screen to see the development of the process step by step. So you can generate as many examples or exercises as you want.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic/Roots/Cube root

Theory
Let $$x$$ be the number of which we want to obtain the cube root $$y=\sqrt[3]x$$ ; Let's consider its decimal expansion, for example: $$x=456.7890123$$. Let's separate its digits into groups of three around the decimal point in the following way

or, in other words, let's define the sequence of integers $$\alpha_i$$

and let's build the sequence $$x_i$$ recursively from $$x_0=0$$

and let $$y_i$$ be the integer part of the cube root of $$x_i$$

i.e. $$y_i$$ is the largest integer whose cube is not greater than $$x_i$$. Finally, let us call remainders to the differences

For our example we have: Let's see that, by construction, $$x_i$$ grows as $$10^{3i}$$ (three more digits in each step), in fact the sequence $$x_i 10^{3-3i}$$, i.e. 0, 400, 456, 456.789, 456.789012, etc. tends to $$x$$ ($$x_i 10^{3-3i}\to x$$). By comparison, $$y_i$$, as the integer part of the cube root of $$x_i$$, grows only as $$10^i$$ (one digit more each step). As $$y_i$$ is the largest integer whose square is not greater than $$x_i$$ we have $$r_i=xi-y_i^3\geq 0$$ as above but

by definition of $$y_i$$, or

multiplying by $$10^{3-3i}$$

but as  $$y_i$$ grows only as $$10^i$$, the second term tends to zero as $$10^{-i}$$.

and $$x_i\cdot 10^{3-3i} \to x$$ so that we have

For other numbers, the above factors are: $$10^{3k-3i}$$ and $$10^{k-i}$$, where $$k$$ is the number of three-digit groups to the left of the decimal point, negative if it is followed by 000 groups (ex. $$k=0$$ for $$x=0.00456$$, $$k=-2$$ for $$x=0.000000456$$, etc.).

This is the basis for traditional manual cube root methods.

Procedure
We start with $$i=0, x_0=0, y_0=0, r_0=0$$.

First digit
For $$i=1, x_1=\alpha_1$$. It is trivial to find $$y_1$$ such that its square does not exceed $$x_1$$ through the use of the following table of cubes that can be easily retained in memory. In the case of the example it is $$y_1=7$$

Rest of digits
For $$i>1$$, we have $$x_i=1000x_{i-1}+\alpha_i$$ as defined above and we try to build $$y_i$$ in the way:

where $$b$$ is a one-digit integer ranging from 0 to 9. To obtain $$b$$ we have to choose the greatest digit from 0 to 9 such that:

or

if we write $$a=10y_{i-1}$$. Expanding the binomial we have

or

The left side of the above expression may be seen as simply the previous remainder with the next three-digits group appended to it. If we evaluate the term on the right for each value of $$b$$ and compare with the left term we have: and it is clear that the next figure of our root is a 7 but, how can we proceed in the general case without having to systematically explore every possibility ($$b=0, 1,\cdots, 9$$)?

Here Knott distinguishes two different approaches:

 * Preparing the divisor
 * Preparing the dividend

Preparing the divisor
This correspond with the above expression

And it is the strategy usually used with paper and pencil and can also be implemented, of course, on the abacus. In the above expression, if we see the left part as dividend and the parentese as divisor, $$b$$ is the first digit of the division

but since we don't know b yet, we approximate it using only the main part of the divisor

This gives us a guess as to what the value of $$b$$ might be, but we need:

 * 1) Verify that the value thus obtained is correct, or, where appropriate, correct it up or down as needed.
 * 2) Obtain the next remainder to prepare the calculation of the next digit of the root.

You can see an example in Tone nikki blog, see also Modern approaches below.

Preparing the dividend
Starting again with

we prepare the dividend by dividing $$1000r_{i-1}+\alpha_i$$ (the next three-digits group appended to the previous remainder) by $$3a$$

As usual, we don't know $$b$$ and we can't evaluate the parentheses on the right, but we can get a clue about $$b$$ by approximating the parentheses by its main part $$a$$ and use it as a trial divisor.

so that

After that, we need again:

 * 1) Verify that the value thus obtained is correct, or, where appropriate, correct it up or down as needed.
 * 2) Obtain the next remainder to prepare for the obtention of the next digit of the root by evaluating $$1000r_{i-1}+\alpha_i-3a^2b-3ab^2-b^3$$.

Please note that:

 * Divisor 3 is involved in the prepared dividend and this leads to non-finite decimal fractions.
 * The division by $$a$$ not only worsens the above, but also makes the prepared dividend specific to the current step, since the value of $$a$$ evolves with the calculation of the different figures of the result.

This did not occur in the calculation of square roots and, as a consequence, the process of obtaining cube roots is much more complicated and requires a complex cycle of preparation-restoration of the dividend that, following Knott, can be represented by the following scheme:

 * a) Divide by $$a$$.
 * b) Divide by 3.
 * c) Obtain $$b$$ as the first digit of the division of the above by $$a$$.
 * d) Subtract $$b(a+b)$$ (Equivalent to subtracting $$3a^2b$$ and $$3ab^2$$ in $$1000r_{i-1}+\alpha_i-3a^2b-3ab^2-b^3$$).
 * e) Multiply by 3.
 * f) Multiply by $$a$$.
 * g) Subtract $$b^3$$.

In our example ($$x=456.7890123$$), using traditional division and traditional division arrangement (like Knott does), working the two first digits:

Notes:

 * a) It is unnecessary to extend the division by 7 beyond the current three-digit group. The 4 in G is a division remainder meaning 4/7.
 * b) The same can be said of division by 3. It is carried out up to column F and the remainder (1) is temporarily added to column G. The value (5) in said column is a strange hybrid meaning 1/3 and 4/7 . It does not matter, it will be reabsorbed in steps e) and f).

Modern approaches
Members of the Soroban & Abacus Group modified the technique described by Knott to adapt it to modern soroban use. The result is allegedly faster at the expense of being less compact and requiring an abacus with more rods to store intermediate data. The simplicity of having the result directly substituting the radicand is also lost.

You can also find a compilation of modern methods for both square and cube roots in Tone Nikki (とね日記) by a Japanese blogger (Author's name does not appear to be available).

Examples of cube roots
The following examples are all worked using traditional division and traditional division arrangement. Components of the dividend preparation-restoration cycle are labelled with a), b), etc as detailed above.

Cube root of 157464
Clearly, if the remainder is zero and there are no more (not null) groups to add, the number is a perfect cube and we are done. Root is 54.

Cube root of 830584
Root is 94.

Cube root of 666
Now we continue using Abbreviated operations. We need to divide the remainder (7497) by three times the square of the current root ($$3\cdot87^2=22707$$)

Cube root of $$48^3-1 = 110 591$$ to eight digits
The first triplet 110 is between 64 and 125, so that the cube root of 110 591 is between 40 and 50. First root digit is 4

First digit:

Second digit:

Third digit:

Fourth digit:

Now we finish the calculation using abbreviated operations. We need to divide the remainder (68105601) by three times the square of the current root (4799). The first four digits of the result are appended after the ones already obtained; for instance:

As we can see, we have obtained a result with 7 correct figures.

Note: We found above that with root 48 we could not subtract $$8^3=512$$, or we had a negative remainder (-1). This might seem unfortunate since it forced us to undo part of the work and correct the new root figure downwards, but in practice what we find is a fortunate result: the small remainder (-1) tells us that 48 was a excellent approximation (by excess) to the root, opening a new way to solve the problem. In fact, what we have is:

or

where we can use

so that

compare to $$\sqrt[3]{110591}=47.999855323638$$. We could have thus achieved great precision with little effort!

From elementary arithmetic to numerical analysis
The abacus is currently studied as a traditional art or as a means to develop numerical and cognitive skills in general, it is not expected that in the computer age it will be used as a calculator to solve real world problems. But if that were the case and you had to solve a large number of cube roots (something unusual) you might want to move from traditional methods or basic arithmetic to modern numerical analysis methods and try the Newton-Raphson method. You can find an adaptation of this method to the abacus in jccAbacus ...

Appendix: Cubes of two digits numbers
This can help you practice two-digit cube roots.

Example: $$ \sqrt[3]{250047} = 60 +3 = 63 $$


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User:Max Milas

Max Milas is a PhD student in international human rights law at the University of Muenster, Germany. I work at the chair of Professor Niels Petersen as a research assistant. At the chair, I coach University of Muenster's team at the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition and organize the university's Constitutional Law Moot Court.

My research interests are:

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User talk:Max Milas

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User:Admazzeo

Biography
Aaron Mazzeo is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and a Faculty Fellow at the Honors College at Rutgers University. He was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and he completed his undergraduate (S.B.) and graduate degrees (S.M. and Ph.D.) at MIT in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Prior to joining the faculty at Rutgers, he had internships at ASML and the Milliken Research Corporation, worked for then-startup company Fusion Optix, and performed research in precision and manufacturing engineering, soft robotics, paper-based microfluidics and electronics. The Mazzeo Research Group, or Rutgers Lab for Machines, Manufacturing, and Mechatronics, focuses on flexible and disposable electronics for mechanical and biological sensing, soft-hard robotics, cold plasma-based disinfection and treatments, and in-space manufacturing. His group has published in top journals including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials, and Applied Physics Letters. Funding has come through the NSF, NASA, the USDA, the DoD, and DARPA. Aaron has received an NSF CAREER Award, NASA MSFC Summer Faculty Fellowships, an A. Walter Tyson Assistant Professorship Award through the School of Engineering, a Rutgers Engineering Governing Council's Professor-of-the-Year Award, and a Rutgers Presidential Fellowship for Teaching Excellence. He and his family have also appreciated living and participating as members of the Rutgers Honors College community. Through the Honors College and the School of Engineering, he is starting an initiative with crowd-sourced living content to facilitate project-based learning in self-taught and instructor-led environments.

Websites

 * Profile on Rutgers Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Website
 * Google Scholar
 * Research Group

Wikiversity

 * Robotic Mechanics and Modeling
 * Dynamics
 * Wikiversity Contributions

Wikibooks

 * Mechanics of Materials
 * Wikibooks Contributions

title: User:Admazzeo


text:
Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

This is a wikibook for the 2004 Nintendo GameCube video game, Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, as well as its New Play Control! re-release for the Wii.

Appendices

 * /Controls/
 * /Bosses/

title: Donkey Kong Jungle Beat


text: Category:Book:Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

title: Category:Book:Donkey Kong Jungle Beat


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Donkey Kong Jungle Beat/Bosses

There are four different types of bosses. The list compromises of either a gorilla, a Hog, a Roc, or a Tusk (robotic elephant). Every boss has 500 HP, and will become angry and start using new moves when lowered to 300 HP. Each boss looks similar to others in the same category, except with different colors.

Kongs
Kongs are the only close range bosses, and also have Kong at the end of their names. DK has to dodge their punches, then punch back at them, over and over again in a Punch Out!! manner. For the apes in the later kingdoms, DK may have to dodge many times to avoid their attacks. Despite the fact that they all have the surname Kong, they do not seem related to Donkey Kong.

Lists of Apes (in the order they appear)
 * Dread Kong (Appearance: Banana Kingdom (1st Kingdom))
 * Karate Kong (Appearance: Pineapple Kingdom (6th Kingdom))
 * Ninja Kong (Appearance: Apple Kingdom (12th Kingdom))
 * Sumo Kong (Appearance: Star Fruit Kingdom (16th Kingdom))

Rocs
Rocs are simple giant birds guarding their egg and their Kingdom. They're based on the mythological Roc. Originally, the first one can only shoot long ranged feathers, which can be destroyed by clapping. The ones that appear later on can shoot giant blue fireball-like rocks (such as the ones found in the level Banshee Swamp) and gain a black aura around the egg to prevent from attacking their egg immediately. Rocs are defeated when DK jumps up to its egg using any means necessary and pounds its egg to defeat them.

Lists of Birds (in the order they appear)
 * Scruff Roc (Appearance: Orange Kingdom (2nd Kingdom))
 * Fleet Roc (Appearance: Lemon Kingdom (7th Kingdom))
 * Hard Roc (Appearance: Cherry Kingdom (9th Kingdom))
 * Thunder Roc (Appearance: Lychee Kingdom (14th Kingdom))

Hogs
Hogs are nimble warthogs that have electrical powers and an affinity with coconuts. They will slash DK if he gets too close, and will throw out a few coconuts. The player must then counter by making jump up to the coconuts then clap, allowing Donkey Kong to quickly hit the coconut into the hog, stunning it. The player must then move Dk to the stunned Hog, allowing the player to beat the bongos to damage the warthog. Later in the game, the Hogs will gain abilities, such as shooting electric balls.

Lists of Hogs (in the order they appear)
 * Rogue-Hog (Appearance: Watermelon Kingdom (3rd Kingdom))
 * Mo-Hog (Appearance: Strawberry Kingdom (5th Kingdom))
 * Bloat-Hog (Appearance: Melon Kingdom (11th Kingdom))
 * Gloat-Hog (Appearance: Pear Kingdom (13th Kingdom))

Tusks
Tusks are giant robotic elephants that stand still like turrets (thus the name of the first boss, Turret Tusk), and are Kings for four of the areas. At first the tusks merely shoot cannon balls at various angles from their trunks, but will later on fire a laser out of their trunk ( starting at making Grave Tusk angry), send flaming cannon balls (starting at making Torch Tusk angry), or even gang up on Donkey Kong with two Tusks at once (Final meet with King Tusks at Chili Pepper Kingdom). To defeat the Tusks, DK must pick up nearby plants holding pineapple bombs, and when the Tusks suck inward to prepare to blast cannon balls. This will damage the tusk, and a heart will appear on the Tusk, along with five pineapple bombs shot out of its trunk. Donkey Kong can then damage it further by picking them up and throwing them at the heart, where they will attach and eventually explode, damaging it heavily. If Donkey Kong throws a pineapple bomb without it being sucked up, it will barely damage the boss.

List of Tusks (in the order they appear)
 * Turret Tusk (Appearance: Apple Kingdom (4th Kingdom))
 * Grave Tusk (Appearance: Grape Kingdom (8th Kingdom))
 * Torch Tusk (Appearance: Peach Kingdom (10th Kingdom))
 * Double Tusk (Appearance: Chili Pepper Kingdom (15th Kingdom))

Other
Cactus King and Ghastly King are the final bosses of the game (Cactus King is a weaker version of Ghastly King, the final boss). Both are large gorillas. Donkey Kong can fight Cactus King once he has twenty-two crests, and has beaten the J barrel, while Ghastly King can be fought once 51 crests have been obtained. A short stage called "VS Ghastly King" or "VS Cactus King" involving Mini-Turret Tusks and Ninjapes must be overcome before landing in an area where the boss can be seen. Cactus and Ghastly King are and fight pretty much the exact same way, and their appearance is/are the same. They attack the same way too, but Ghastly King can shoot a green fireball that can be destroyed with a clap, and has a flip kick when Donkey Kong jumps high in the air. As you face him he will walk toward Donkey Kong and use a number of kicks adjusting to height that can easily be countered.

title: Donkey Kong Jungle Beat/Bosses


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Template:OpenRewi/Example

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text: File:Scruff Roc DKJB.jpg

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Template:OpenRewi

This page lists all design templates that are used uniformly for all OpenRewi textbook series.

title: Template:OpenRewi


text: Donkey Kong Jungle Beat/Controls

title: Donkey Kong Jungle Beat/Controls


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South Park: The Stick of Truth/Flower for a Princess

Find the daffodil along the left side of the fence in Cartman's backyard. Collect it and present it to Kenny. He will reward you with a friend request.


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Locations/Donkey Kong Island

Donkey Kong Island (AKA DK Island or the DK Isles) is the fictional home of Donkey Kong, his family, friends, and several enemies. It first appears in Donkey Kong Country.

Bio
While it's considered a tropical island, snowfall reaches its higher elevations. This mountain also features a desert area.

Locations
Among the known areas on Donkey Kong Island are:

 * Kongo Jungle: The largest jungle on the island, and home to Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Cranky Kong, and the majority of their animal friends. It was the first world in Donkey Kong Country and has appeared in many Donkey Kong and |Mario games since.

 * Monkey Mines: Mines that border on ancient Kremling-built temples.

 * Vine Valley: A temperate forest along the cliff-side to Gorilla Glacier. Kremling temples are also built here, as well as an ape-constructed tree town. There's even a small tropical jungle nestled here.

 * Gorilla Glacier: The snowy peak of Donkey Kong Island. Among the snow and ice caverns is another tree town.

 * Kremkroc Industries, Inc.: This was once a lush area on the island, but when Kremlings built their high-pollutant factories, most of the vegetation died off. Famous for its green-colored lake. It can be assumed that Kremkroc has since been shut down. However, Kremling presence is common.

 * Chimp Caverns: Caverns nestled into the mountainside of DK Island. Mines are also prevalent here.

 * Kremlantis: The heart of the ancient Kremling temples, Kremlantis was an offshore mini-island to itself. Unfortunately for the Kremlings, it partially submerged generations ago.

 * Monkey Mountains: High-reaching mountains that touch the clouds.

 * Chimpanzee Clouds: The clouds that can be accessed from Monkey Mountains. There are several floating platforms and devices set against the backdrop of the sky that allow for (risky) movement.

 * Big Ape City: The only urban part of the island to be found. Skyscrapers, apartment complexes, and construction sites make up the city. Also known as the Big-City or Big City.

 * The Northern Kremisphere: While the Northern Kremisphere is considered a location in itself, many feel that it's actually a territory of DK Island. If so, it would be a separate landmass from the main island.

Donkey Kong 64 Stages
This game featured completely different levels than the original Donkey Kong Country and Donkey Kong Land, with many levels taking place on both DK Island and the newly-rebuilt Crocodile Isle. However, most of the DK Island stages parallel some area that actually existed in the original SNES game (Examples: Kongo Jungle to Jungle Japes, Vine Valley to Fungi Forest, Gorilla Glacier to Crystal Caves, etc.).

Neighboring Islands
There are several neighboring islands of Donkey Kong Island. These include:

 * Crocodile Isle: The home and birthplace of the Kremlings, it was accidentally destroyed by Diddy and Dixie Kong at the conclusion of Donkey Kong Country 2. When it was standing, it was the closest neighbor to DK Island, and therefore meant frequent Kong/Kremling interaction. The Kremlings now primarily live on DK Island. In Donkey Kong 64 Crocodile Island returned, this time in a much more mechanized form.

Other Appearances

In the animated series based on the game, Donkey Kong Island was called Kongo Bongo Island and looked like a crescent island rather than the shape of Donkey Kong's head. However, it is believed to be the same island, but with a different name. Like Dinosaur Land in the Super Mario World cartoon, some location names were different on the show. For instance, Gorilla Glacier was called the White Mountains.


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Enemies/Klaptrap

Klaptraps are a species of fictitious crocodilian from Nintendo's Donkey Kong series of video games. Klaptraps are affiliated with the Kremling Krew, but unlike most other Kremlings, which are anthropomorphic, Klaptraps are more low-slung, and resemble real-life alligators, albeit brightly coloured ones with large heads. They made their first appearance in Donkey Kong Country, and they have remained much the same in all later appearances, except for Donkey Konga, although the original blue coloration has become more rare.

Klaptraps were also changed slightly in Donkey Kong 64 in that they were made to be puppy-like creatures who groweled and chomped at the player, and yelped upon being attacked.

It's worth noting that Klaptraps are not the same as the Snapjaws from Donkey Kong Jr. (although they are based on them), or the similar enemies the Klampons from Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest and the Krimps from Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! despite appearances. However, the Donkey Kong Country 2 instruction manual said Klampons are the bigger brother of Klaptrap. Krimp is either another brother of Klaptrap (possibly the bigger brother of Klampon), or a new, unrelated species.

In Donkey Kong 64, King K. Rool is shown stroking a pet Klaptrap, similar to Ernst Blofeld's cat. The game also features a giant red Klaptrap that appears only in one cutscene. In the mini-game 'Beaver Bother', a green Klaptrap is actually controllable. Its only abilities are to jump (with A) and gnash its teeth (with B).

The Klaptrap biting noise in Donkey Kong Country was, according to the Rare scribes (May 12 2005), produced by one Mr. Peilio of Rare. He did this by banging his teeth together. In Donkey Kong 64, this sound was replaced with a more generic one.

Fighting Klaptraps
A Klaptrap can sometimes be defeated with a simple bounce on the head, although attacking the mouth front-on is not advised. However, there are many variations.

In Donkey Kong Country, it is possible to avoid a normal blue Klaptrap using Expresso the Ostrich (who had long legs that elevated him above the reach of Klaptraps). That game also features purple Klaptraps which jump whenever the players do. Some fans called these Klaptraps "Jumping Klaptrap".

Donkey Kong 64 disposed of ordinary blue Klaptraps altogether, instead featuring a green variety whose jaws pursue the player even after the creature's demise, and a near-invincible purple variety.

Klaptraps are invincible in the 100m Vine Climb in Donkey Konga. These Klaptraps crawl along vines like Snapjaws, and have much more realistic body proprtions than before. Like the ones in Donkey Kong Country, these Klaptraps come in blue and purple varieties.

Other appearances
Klaptraps seem to be the most popular Kremlings with third party developers, as they are the Kremlings that appear most often in non-DK series Nintendo games.

Klaptraps are seemingly invincible nuisances in the Donkey Kong-based stages of Super Smash Bros. Melee, and touching them often proves fatal. Interestingly, these Klaptraps are only seen swimming, though in an extremely ungainly manner. There is also a Klaptrap trophy.

In Mario Power Tennis, Klaptraps are featured as a hazard in the Donkey Kong Jungle stage. They can be zapped by bouncing the ball off a glowing area of the opponents' court. Since this is a sport game, a Klaptrap attack is more annoying than dangerous, slowing the player down.

In Mario Superstar Baseball, Klaptrap is a hazard in the outfield of DK's stage.

Klaptrap makes a cameo in Mario Party 7 as a hazard in one of the Pyramid Park events.

Cartoon Klaptraps
In the Donkey Kong Country animated series, which sets up a different continuity from the games, Klaptraps are perhaps the most different of all the Kremlings in portrayal from their video game counterparts. In the show, Klaptraps are even smaller than in the games, and they are stored inside the Klap-Blasters, the guns used by the Kritters. Because of that, the Klaptraps are used as ammunition, but are quite formidable, because they get so hungry in there, that they chow down like termites at whatever the Kritters shoot at, ranging from the walls of Cranky Kong's cabin to Bluster Kong's hair.

One particular Klaptrap named Junior shares the hunger of the other KlapTraps, but is too big to fit in a Klap-Blaster (he is roughly the size of Diddy Kong). Ironically, Junior relies on dentures to eat, and he often whines and complains about the hunger if they are confiscated. Junior makes his first appearance in the episode "Booty and the Beast", where DK and Diddy are captured attempting to retrieve the Crystal Coconut from Kaptain Skurvy. Junior shows up and, having had his dentures confiscated by Skurvy, sets them free. In the fight that follows, Junior retrieves his teeth and gobbles down Skurvy's ship (although it still manages to appear in the pirate's subsequent appearances). In the episode, it is also shown that Junior (and perhaps other Klaptraps) can even chew through iron: he ate a large cannonball and merely left the core, much like eating an apple.


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Enemies/Manky Kong

Manky Kongs are one of the obstacles in the Donkey Kong Country game series. They are the only apes in the series that work for King K. Rool.

Background
It is believed that the Manky Kongs were originally jealous of Donkey Kong's huge Banana Hoard and so they took off from DK Isles. It is unknown why they had teamed up with King K. Rool. Manky Kongs throw barrels (sometimes TNT barrels) at both DK and Diddy Kong every time they run into them, similar in fashion to the original Donkey Kong arcade game. Manky detests all Kongs, and attacks them on sight. However, their barrels are very weak and they can be defeated relatively easily.

Strategy
Diddy can easily defeat Manky with his agile summersaults. He can also be defeated by Rambi the rhino, Winky the Frog, or sometime Enguarde the swordfish (by a GBA gameshark for the GBA version) in some stages. Manky Kongs have relatively limited intelligence and are not too difficult to injure. They are minor enemies, and nothing more than a diversion. To a skilled player, Manky Kongs are harmless.

Kong Family Relations
It has been pointed out by fans that Manky bears a vague resemblance to Lanky Kong, from Donkey Kong 64, due to his name and color, though this seems unlikely. Such claims are unsupported and have not been confirmed by Rareware or Nintendo. It goes without saying that Manky Kong is no longer on good terms with any of the Kongs on DK Isles, and as such is not important in any plot lines. The manual for the SNES version of Donkey Kong Country describes them as "Kong reject orangutangs."


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Kongs/Tiny Kong

Tiny Kong is a character in the Donkey Kong series, who first appeared in Donkey Kong 64 for the Nintendo 64. She is a Kong who has blonde hair and pigtails. She is officially known as Dixie Kong's younger but taller sister, and is a cousin to Chunky Kong and Kiddy Kong. She should also not be confused with the more common character, Dixie Kong.

Background
Tiny Kong was a Kong who is depicted as ‘cool’ in a very 1960’s manner through her clothing (a beanie hat and flower-patterned overalls. She also inexplicably wears shoes) and is a member of the Kong family. Tiny is the sister of Dixie Kong. She aids Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Lanky Kong and Chunky Kong in their mission to defeat K. Rool and his Kremling army in Donkey Kong 64. Tiny’s most notable feature is her ability to shrink down to a mouse’s size with the aid of the magical Crystal Coconuts. She is fairly stumpy, but her small size allows for a rather quick running speed. Despite her ponytails and all of the tricks that she is able to perform, Tiny is actually the weakest Kong in the group.

In her final fight with K. Rool, Tiny Kong attacks the Kremling king by shrinking to her smaller size and tickling his toes. She does so by entering through a hole in his left boot, and shooting them with feathers. Tiny's major boss fight in the game is with Mad Jack, a giant evil Jack In The Box (although she can be used in the fight against King K. Kutout)

Cranky Kong states on Tiny – ‘‘"I thought this was Dixie Kong until she told me that she is Dixie's younger sister. Bah, kids these days all look alike! You'll probably recognize Dixie's trademark hair spin technique, but Tiny can also shrink in size--although I reckon that one's nothing more than a marketing gimmick and won't even be in the game!"’’ This shows her relations including the content of language.

Appearances
In Donkey Kong 64, Tiny was rescued by Diddy Kong in the game’s second level, Angry Aztec. This was her first appearance in any game chronologically, but since other Donkey Kong Country games have been remade, she has appeared in positions set before this first appearance. Her outfit was a white T-Shirt, blue overalls, and white shoes.

Tiny's color is purple, she can make use of a crossbow firing feathers, and she plays the Saxophone. Tiny is extremely nimble, but quite weak in terms of attack power.

Tiny made a minor appearance in the Game Boy Advance version of Donkey Kong Country 2. In two of Funky Kong’s missions, players race to rescue Tiny from Zingers as she yells "Help!"

Tiny also appears in the Game Boy Advance version of Donkey Kong Country 3 in one of Funky Kong’s motorboat challenges.

In a trailer for the now-cancelled Donkey Kong Racing originally designed for the Nintendo GameCube, her appearance was redesigned with a different face, different fur and five fingers.

It is reported that she will appear in the upcoming racing games Diddy Kong Racing DS for the Nintendo DS and DK Bongo Blast for the Nintendo Wii. In Diddy Kong Racing DS, she appears to have a more teenager-like look and wears a spaghetti-strap shirt, sweat pants, flip flops, and some wrist wear. She is also portrayed as taller than Diddy (and, presumably, Dixie). The reason for this change is currently unknown.

DK rap verse
This Kong’s got style, so listen up dudes She can shrink in size to suit her mood. She’s quick and nimble when she needs to be She can float through the air and climb up trees. If you choose her, you’ll not choose wrong With a skip and a hop, she’s one cool Kong.


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Locations/Banana Hoard

The Banana Hoard is a fictional collection of golden fruit featuring in the Donkey Kong game series. It has been stolen a number of times, forming the main plot of the Donkey Kong Country games, and Donkey Kong 64, specifically. The Banana Hoard has an uncanny ability to appear far larger than it is. For example, though it is meant to consist of only 201 Bananas, it often looks more like it is in excess of 1,000 bananas. The current owner of the Hoard is Donkey Kong, who at present resides as King of DK Isles.

The Rareware Banana
Since Donkey Kong 64, all of the Golden Bananas in the Banana Hoard have had a little Nintendo insignia on the side. However, the 201st Golden Banana, held by the Banana Fairy, has a Rareware logo on the side instead. This banana is a secret, and is required to achieve the game's 101% completion rating.


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Wikibooks:WikiProject OpenRewi - Open Legal Science/Cheat sheet

A list of the most important wiki syntax commands to copy can be found in this cheat sheet. Our style guide  describes in detail what the individual parts are used for.

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Title !! Code !! Visualization
 * + Source code to copy & paste
 * Basic formatting ||, this is an  ,   and  .||This is a bold text, this is an italic text, this is an underlined text and this is a strikethrough text.
 * Headings ||
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B. Heading

 * Lists ||
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 * This is a bulleted list
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 * Footnotes || In Corfu Channel, the ICJ found state responsibility on the part of Albania. || In Corfu Channel, the ICJ found state responsibility on the part of Albania.
 * Link to other chapter ||  ||Text that should appear for the link to other chapters
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Mario franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Eyerok

Eyerok is a large, sentient hand made of sand. It appears as a boss in the video games Super Mario 64 and Super Mario 64 DS.

When Mario (or Yoshi, Luigi or Wario in Super Mario 64 DS) enters the pyramid in the Shifting Sand Land level, he will have to go through a long, hard maze, but if he makes it through, he will slide down a tunnel and enter a room where Eyerok rests. There are actually two Eyeroks, and they resemble large hands made out of stone, except that they have an eye on each of them, serving as their weak spot. They talk slowly, and finish each other's sentences (like Iggy and Lemmy Koopa in the cartoons), and are angered by Mario's intrusion, which causes them to awaken. They can attack together, and can slam their fist or shove Mario off the edge. After they are defeated, they explode, and a Star appears from the stone coffin behind them. They do not appear to die, however - after their defeat, they say that Mario is allowed to be the king of the pyramid for a day. They appear again in Mario Kart DS, where Mario must shoot green shells at their eye to hurt them.


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Super Mario 64 DS/Power Flower

The Power Flower is an item exclusive to Super Mario 64 DS that allows the character to use a special power for a short period; Yoshi breathes fire, Mario Inflates and floats, Luigi can walk through gates, and Wario becomes metal and invincible.

title: Super Mario 64 DS/Power Flower


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Super Mario World/Items/P-Balloon

The P-Balloon is a yellow balloon with a letter P on it. When Mario or Luigi collects a P-Balloon he swells up like a balloon, allowing him to float across large gaps that would otherwise be uncrossable. The P-Balloon has a set timer, and Mario or Luigi will start to flash when the timer is ending.

The P-Balloon also appeared occasionally in the Super Mario World television cartoon. In the episode "Mama Luigi", when Luigi gets flattened by a spiked pillar coming down from the ceiling in Bowser's Castle, Mario rolls him up like paper and restores him to normal by placing him right next to a nearby P-Balloon. (In the actual game, Bowser's Castle doesn't have any P-Balloons.)

title: Super Mario World/Items/P-Balloon


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Super Mario World/Items/Cape Feather

The Cape Feather is a power-up that allows Mario or Luigi to fly through the air using a yellow cape. Strategically timed presses of directions on the control pad are required for maximum altitude and length of time before the player returns to the ground.

title: Super Mario World/Items/Cape Feather


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Super Mario Bros. 3/Items/Tanooki Suit

The Tanooki Suit is one of the power-up suits in Super Mario Bros. 3 on the Famicom or the Nintendo Entertainment System gaming console.

When wearing it, Mario becomes Tanooki Mario. Like the Super Leaf power-up, after a running start it allows Mario to jump up and fly/glide in the air for a certain period of time. The Tanooki Suit differs in its unique ability to transform Mario into a statue for a few seconds, during which he is invincible but unable to move. In statue form, he can destroy some otherwise invincible enemies by landing on them.

If Mario uses a P-Wing while wearing the Tanooki Suit, he keeps the suit while gaining the permanent flight ability of the wing.

The Tanooki Suit is most certainly inspired from the Japanese tanuki, a racoon dog that has a mischevous behavior and shapeshifting powers in Japanese mythology.

title: Super Mario Bros. 3/Items/Tanooki Suit


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A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Subcon

Subcon (derived from Freud's 'subconsious') is the mysterious dream land in which the American version of Super Mario Bros. 2 (Super Mario USA in Japan) takes place. This land is inhabited by many denizens that have since become regulars in the Mario series, such as Shy Guys and Snifits. This game also introduces many game-exclusive bosses, such as Tryclyde, Fryguy, and most notably Wart.

Subcon is also the name of the pixie like inhabitants of this land, which have been captured by Wart. This land has never made an appearance since Super Mario Bros. 2, but several enemies appear in other games, such as Birdos, Ninjis, Bob-ombs and Pidgits. The last reference to Subcon was the Super Smash Bros. Melee stage Mushroom Kingdom II.

title: A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Subcon


text:
Category:Book:A-level Mathematics/AQA

These are pages of the  book dealing with the AQA examining body.

title: Category:Book:A-level Mathematics/AQA


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User talk:R.Boorman

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, R.Boorman!

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(my degree is 50% maths, so we have something in common) Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 19:43, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:R.Boorman


text: Category:Book:Flux Database

title: Category:Book:Flux Database


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Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time

Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time is a 2005 role playing game for the Nintendo DS, and Wii U virtual console.

Contents

 * Gameplay
 * /Controls/
 * Story
 * /Plot Summary/
 * /Characters/
 * Walkthrough
 * /Hollijolli Village/
 * Meta
 * /About/

title: Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time


text: Category:Book:Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time


text: Category:Book:Globish

title: Category:Book:Globish


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Cookbook:Spinach Fritters

These are delicious and healthy spinach fritters.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup Greek yogurt
 * 1 cup wheat flour
 * 3 handfuls of spinach and rocket leaves
 * 3 eggs
 * 1 teaspoon baking powder
 * 1 teaspoon minced garlic
 * 1 tablespoon olive oil
 * Salt to taste
 * Ground black pepper to taste

Equipment

 * Frying Pan
 * Mixing bowl
 * Spatula
 * Spoon

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the yogurt, flour, minced garlic, olive oil, salt and pepper in the mixing bowl.
 * 2) Chop the spinach and rocket leaves, and add them to the mixing bowl.
 * 3) Mix in the baking powder.
 * 4) Preheat a frying pan, and grease with olive oil.
 * 5) Dollop spoonfuls of batter on the pan to make a few fritters about 3 cm apart from each other.
 * 6) Cook fritters until the bottoms of the fritters are golden brown. Flip the fritters with a spatula, and cook until the second side is golden brown. Remove from the pan.
 * 7) Repeat the cooking steps until all the batter is used up.
 * 8) Enjoy and share with friends and family!

title: Cookbook:Spinach Fritters


text: Category:Book:Microsoft SQL Server 2005

title: Category:Book:Microsoft SQL Server 2005


text:
Talk:World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft Classic
Given that this restored guide was deleted around the time World of Warcraft Classic was restored to, I propose renaming this guide to World of Warcraft Classic as was done with the renaming of Runescape to Old School RuneScape. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 06:41, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:World of Warcraft


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/ImperialMetricDiscrepancy


text:
User talk:2400:4052:2C80:4600:D554:AFD4:B11D:AA3E

Welcome!
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text:
User:Jonathan5566/huggle.yaml.js

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 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be carefull
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
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 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
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 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

title: User:Jonathan5566/huggle.yaml.js


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide

This wikibook features history and trivia regarding the Star Fox series, created by Argonaut,, and others. The guide also has information on recurring enemies, characters, locations, and other subjects.

Games

 * Star Fox (1993)
 * Star Fox 64 (1997)
 * Star Fox Adventures (2002)
 * Star Fox: Assault (2005)
 * Star Fox Command (2006)
 * Star Fox 64 3D (2011)
 * Star Fox: Zero (2016)
 * Star Fox Guard (2016)
 * Star Fox 2 (2017)

/Characters/

 * Andrew Oikonny
 * Beltino Toad
 * Bill Grey
 * Fara Phoenix
 * General Pepper
 * James McCloud
 * Katt Monroe
 * Krystal
 * Leon Powalski
 * Panther Caroso
 * Peppy Hare
 * Pigma Dengar
 * Prince Tricky
 * ROB 64

/Villains/

 * Andross

/Locations/

 * Corneria
 * Venom

Vehicles

 * Arwing
 * Blue Marine
 * Great Fox
 * Landmaster
 * Wolfen

Groups and Factions

 * /Star Fox team/
 * /Star Wolf/

title: Star Fox franchise strategy guide


text: Category:Book:Star Fox franchise strategy guide


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Star Wolf

Star Wolf is a fictional team of mercenaries in the Star Fox series of video games. They are led by Wolf O'Donnell and are considered the chief rivals of the Star Fox team. The Wolfen is the team's primary spacecraft, which is very similar in both appearance and capabilities to Star Fox's Arwing.

Members

 * Wolf O'Donnell — The leader of Star Wolf, and Fox McCloud's chief rival. Sometimes called "Lord O'Donnell".
 * Leon Powalski — The only member of Star Wolf other than Wolf himself to remain from the original team, as of Star Fox Command. He generally targets Falco Lombardi.
 * Pigma Dengar — An extraordinarily greedy pig, who is kicked off the team between Star Fox 64 and Star Fox Assault. He was originally a member of the Star Fox team, but betrayed Peppy Hare and James McCloud, handing them over to Andross. In Star Fox 64, he attempts to shoot down Peppy since they once worked together.
 * Andrew Oikonny — Andross' nephew. He leaves Star Wolf after the events of Star Fox 64 to avenge his uncle's death and continue his legacy. His primary target in Star Fox 64 is Slippy Toad.
 * Panther (Caroso in Assault, Caruso in Command, Caluroso in Japanese versions of both games) — A ladies man who joins Star Wolf before the beginning of Star Fox: Assault. In Assault, he attempts to flirt with Krystal several times.

Star Fox 2
In Star Fox 2, Star Wolf is employed by Andross to stop Star Fox. The Star Wolf team in this game consists of Wolf, Leon, Pigma, and a monkey named Algy (Who might be a concept version of Andrew Oikonny and yet looks like Dash Bowman, Andrew's second cousin). The player encounters different members of Star Wolf in one-on-one all-range battles depending on the difficulty level selected in the game. Regardless of difficulty, however, the player must fight Wolf as the final battle before going on to face Andross. Wolf is the only one to escape with his ship intact, swearing that he'll be back one day.

Star Fox 64
In the opening of Star Fox 64, it is revealed that Pigma Dengar was once a member of the Star Fox team, then consisting of himself, James McCloud, and Peppy Hare. At one point, Pigma betrayed the team and handed James and Peppy over to Andross. Peppy was able to escape, but James is supposedly killed. Pigma flies for Star Wolf in this game.

Hired by Andross to destroy the Star Fox team, Star Wolf always attacks the player in at least one mission. The team is one of the game's more difficult sets of enemies. The team attacks on Fichina (mistakenly labeled as Fortuna in the American and in the European versions), where they can be easily defeated by performing a loop whenever a team member is directly behind the player. Later, at Bolse Station, if any Star Wolf members are left undefeated at Fichina (or the player bypasses Fichina altogether), the remaining team members attack again here. Finally, if the player reaches Venom via the difficult path, Star Wolf returns in upgraded ships (each member piloting a Wolfen II) for a much more difficult battle. They will attack regardless of whether or not the player fought and defeated them at Fichina. All the members will attempt to barrel roll enemy fire, however they barrel roll a lot more often on the Venom battle. Charge shots and bombs no longer damage them, and it's very hard to even hit them charge shot anyways. They now use double lasers, so their shots do more damage. It's interesting to note that during the dogfight between Star Fox and Star Wolf on Venom, the majority of the Star Wolf team sports mechanical facial devices of some kind, while Wolf has a bandage across the top of his snout and over the right side of his forehead. Whether this is to indicate injuries the team has suffered at some point in the past or simply as necessary equipment for their new Wolfen II fighters is unknown, although it may be because the team possibly had their ships destroyed in Fortuna by Star Fox, thus hurting them.

Team Members:
 * Wolf O'Donnell
 * Leon Powalski
 * Pigma Dengar
 * Andrew Oikonny

Star Fox: Assault
After Andross's defeat in Star Fox Adventures, Star Wolf uses an abandoned space station in the Sargasso Space Zone as a hideout. Pigma is kicked off the team for his excessive greed, and Andrew has also left the team to prepare his own rebellion against the Cornerian army. A new member, Panther Caroso, is recruited to the team to bring the total membership to three members by the time Star Fox: Assault begins.

In one of the missions in Assault, Star Fox takes over the hideout while searching for Pigma. Star Wolf shows up to engage Fox, Falco and Krystal (Slippy is inside the station and is uninvolved in the battle). Later, on Corneria, Fox finds himself surrounded by Aparoids, but the Star Wolf team comes to his aid, with Wolf personally taking responsibility for saving his rival. ("If anyone's gonna tan your hide, it's gonna be me", says Wolf in this scene.) He also gives Fox some advice: "Don't hesitate. When the time comes, just act." Star Wolf helps Star Fox again during the missile attack to the Orbital Gate, and one last time in the Aparoid homeworld, fighting alongside their rivals and then "sacrificing" themselves to ensure Star Fox can reach the Aparoid Queen.

In this game, Wolf wears a futuristic eye patch rather than the one he wore in Star Fox 64 and his cameo in Super Smash Bros. Melee. Subsequently, this is his appearance in Star Fox Command.

Team Members:
 * Wolf O' Donnell
 * Leon Powalski
 * Panther Caroso

Star Fox Command
Star Wolf appears once more in Star Fox Command, though when, how and why they appear depends on which path the player chooses. On the default path through the game, Star Wolf once again attacks the player as in Star Fox 64, but after being defeated, the relationship between the two teams turns more or less positive. In other paths, the Star Wolf team members even become playable and work cooperatively with Star Fox to fight the Anglar Empire.

In a significant plot development, most paths through the game show Krystal having joined the Star Wolf team. In addition, her relationship with Panther varies depending on the chosen path (with the default ending to the game showing her leaving Fox to be with Panther instead). The main plot of the team, however, is to clear their names by defeating the Anglar.

Also, as ROB 64 and the Great Fox always remain with the player, if the player chooses to follow any Star Wolf-exclusive storyline (without Fox or any other "hero" characters to supervise), ROB joins the Star Wolf Team. He fulfills the same role he did while working with Star Fox and its members, however Wolf and his companions often treat ROB as an annoyance or an unwanted accessory.

In Command, each Star Wolf member flies a different ship, each with its own control panel and unique abilities.

Team Members:

 * Wolf O' Donnell (Ship: Wolfen)
 * Leon Powalski (Ship: Rainbow Delta)
 * Panther Caruso (Ship: Black Rose)
 * Krystal (Ships: Cloud Runner / Cornerian Fighter)
 * ROB 64 (Ship: Great Fox)


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Locations

The |Star Fox (also known as Lylat Wars) series of video games from Nintendo features a number of fictional planets and locations. The majority of these belong to the Lylat System, the central system in the Star Fox games.

Aparoid Homeworld
The Aparoid Homeworld is home to both the aparoid race, including the queen. It is featured in Starfox: Assault, the fourth installment of the Starfox franchise comprising the two final levels of the game. The Starfox team destroys the Aparoid Queen using a self-destruct program, created by the character Beltino Toad, Slippy’s father. This leads to the destruction of the entire planet.

Aquas
Aquas is an underwater-based level in Starfox 64, where Fox McCloud uses the “blue-marine”, a sub-marine designed by Slippy, to destroy a bio-weapon created by Andross. In Star Fox Command, four missions are played on this planet and Slippy's fiancée, Amanda, also appears here. All the ships have been upgraded to allow underwater navigation, as the battles which occur here are fought in Arwings, or the pilots' respective aircraft.

Area 6
Area 6, which is also known as “Venom Airspace”, is one of the final levels in Starfox 64. Area 6 is a region of space surrounding Planet Venom (home to Andross), protecting the planet from allied fire. The Starfox team have to decimate Planet Venom’s defense lines in order to reach the planet and defeat Andross. At the end of the level is a “boss”, known as the Gorgon. Area 6 has not been seen in any other game, apparently due to its destruction.

Black Hole
The Black Hole, seen only in Star Fox, was caused by Andross' experiments. It is stated that Fox's father (named James McCloud) is last seen there, and has subsequently gone missing. This explanation is contradicted in Star Fox 64 which states that McCloud is captured by Andross when sent to investigate Planet Venom with Pigma Dengar and Peppy Hare, who together made up the original Starfox team. The Black Hole has not appeared since Star Fox.

Bolse
Bolse, is a defense satellite to the Planet Venom, in Starfox 64. The Starfox team successfully destroys the satellite and head for Planet Venom’s defences. If the team fails to destroy the rival Starwolf team in the earlier “Fortuna” level (or bypases the planet entirely), then any remaining members of Starwolf will assault the team while they try to complete the task of destroying the satellite. Bolse is not mentioned in any Star Fox games after that.

Cerinia
Cerinia is the home planet of Krystal; all the planet's inhabitants, including Krystal's parents, are dead. It is implied that the planet itself was destroyed as well; however, very little is known about Cerinia. None of the Star Fox games to date have gone into further detail; Cerinia is only mentioned briefly in the manual of Star Fox Adventures.

Corneria
Corneria is the fourth planet of the fictional Lylat System, and is the most important planet in the Lylat System from the |Star Fox series of video games. The planet is featured in all five Starfox games (as well as the unreleased Starfox 2) and is the location which most animal life-forms occupy. On the planet, the two seemingly largest corporations are /Space Dynamics (a defense contractor to the Cornerian Military, similar to Boeing or Lockheed-Martin), and Lunastone Hotels.

Fichina
Fichina is the Japanese name for the planet mistakenly called Fortuna in the English translation of Star Fox 64. Fortuna is an icy-barren winter world that the Star Wolf team make their first appearance on in Starfox 64.

In Star Fox 64, the mission on Fortuna is to regain control of a Cornerian base that Andross has captured. After enemy ships begin to leave the base the team learn that a bomb has been planted there. Before they can send someone to disarm it, the Star Wolf team launches an attack. If the player can shoot down all of the Star Wolf ships before the bomb goes off, Fox will fly inside and "take care of the bomb", otherwise the base explodes.

In Star Fox: Assault, the planet's name is translated to Fichina, and it is correctly identified as a separate Planet from Fortuna. The planet's appearance appears the same as in Star Fox 64, with the added hazard of a blizzard of which Fox Mcloud has to stop. The player has to destroy all three shield generators in order to break the shield surrounding the climate control center. Once this task has been achieved, Fox will then head inside the climate control center where he'll be attacked by security robots. Surviving their attacks, Fox will then be rescued by wing mate Falco; riding his wing Fox shall destroy the aerial enemies menacing the Arwing. Finally, Fox and Co. will have to destroy some live engineering apparatus before it explodes.

Fichina appears again in Star Fox Command, with a battle with Star Wolf taking place here as in Star Fox 64, and the revealing of Peppy Hare's only daughter, Lucy Hare.

Fortuna
Fortuna is a green planet full of many different and giant life forms. Andross's plans with Fortuna were to gain control of the creatures and use them as living weapons. He succeeds with the Monarch Dodora in the original Starfox.

In cancelled game Star Fox 2, the battle takes place in an ocean. The boss, like all of the Star Fox 2 bosses fought in the cores of planets, is a giant reactor.

In Star Fox 64, due to a translation error, Fichina was renamed Fortuna for the American version of the game. Fichina is the planet's name in the Japanese version.

Fichina's name was translated correctly for Star Fox: Assault, and Fortuna is a separate planet. The Fortuna in Star Fox: Assault resembles its counterpart in the SNES Star Fox game. Instead of being a barren snow-covered environment, it is a rainforest-style planet. Andrew Oikonny is defeated on Fortuna, before returning in Starfox Command. Starfox have their first encounter with the deadly Aparoids on this planet.

Katina
Katina, known as Katarina in the Japanese version of Star Fox 64, is a barren planet except for a number of Cornerian bases.

In Star Fox 64, the Katina mission is a homage to the last battle scene in the movie Independence Day. The name of Fox's friend, "Bill Grey," is also derived from William Grey, the General in Independence Day. As with the movie, Bill's fighter squadron and the Star Fox team are menaced by an enormous alien mothership armed with dozens of fighters.

Later in Star Fox: Assault, Katina features in the main game when it is revisited by the Star Fox team after they receive a distress signal from the surface. Upon landing however, Fox is ambushed by Aparoids and must fight them off. Pigma Dengar then appears at the end of the level and steals the core memory from the defeated boss. Katina appears again in Starfox Command; in several of the missions that take place on it, Bill Grey is a playable character. One other notable mission that takes place on Katina involves Fox having to work together with Team Star Wolf, and Krystal's inner conflict reaching its climax.

Kew
Kew is briefly mentioned in one of the Star Fox Command endings. The only information known about Kew is that it is not located in the Lylat System, but at some point in the future Fox visits it for unknown reasons. In the Japanese version, it is located in a galaxy called Krazoa, and is called "Que".

Macbeth
Macbeth first appears in the original Star Fox. Andross uses the planet's interior as a munitions dump. The leader of the Venomian troops there is called the Spinning Core.

In Star Fox 64, the Macbeth stage centres around the train that is carrying resources. In Starfox 64, Macbeth is one of two areas where the Landmaster tank is used instead of the Arwing. The planet is very different in appearance to the original Starfox game. The boss is Mechbeth: a giant kit-life robot attached to the train. If the player manages to hit an eight-part switch, the railroad tracks shift, and the train is sent raging towards a fuel bunker. This ending does not only eliminate the need to fight Mechbeth, but also sends the player to Area 6. If Fox Mcloud defeats Mechbeth manually, it will lose control and crash into the locomotive. If Fox does not kill Mechbeth fast enough, the train will reach the supply depot and a flaming Mechbeth will kill Fox.

In the cancelled Star Fox 2 Macbeth is a superheated planet completely covered in bubbling magma.

Meteo
The Asteroid Belt exists near planet Corneria. It is originally in Star Fox, where it appears to form a natural barrier to Andross' invasion fleet. Andross deploys the 'Rock Crusher' and 'Blade Barrier' to clear a path through it. Andross' fleet is faced directly afterward on the easy mission path.

In Star Fox 64, the Asteroid Belt was renamed the Meteo Asteroid Field. Meteo is very similar to its counterpart in the SNES Star Fox, including the 'Meteo Crusher' as the end boss, which bears a striking resemblance to the 'Rock Crusher'. In subsequent games, Meteo is not referred to by its name, and is instead called the generic "Asteroid Belt."

In Star Fox Assault, Pigma hides from the Star Fox team in an Asteroid Belt located in the Lylat system, although it is not referred to as Meteo.

In Star Fox Command, the Asteroid Belt is located again near Corneria. Several missions take place here, most notably the final mission in the first storyline of the game. Asteroid clusters located on this map will form a unique "terrain" challenge as moving past them on the command map greatly decreases the character's movement ability and slightly randomizes the character's flight path.

In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, the Lylat Cruise stage flies through Meteo.

Meteor
The Battle Base Meteor (to give its full name) only features in Star Fox and is an artificial asteroid created with the plan to build an amusement park on it called "Meteor Land." Andross captures it turns it into a base, using a vehicle called "Dancing Insector" as a sentinel.

Orbital Gate
During the aparoid attack in Starfox: Assault, the Orbital Gate is being defended by Cornerian forces (with the much needed help of team Starfox, and Star Wolf). Beltino Toad and other federation Scientists were working on a self-destruct program forStar Fox to give to the Aparoid Queen.As a large army of aerial Aparoids attack, later with a collection of powerful missiles. If you fly around the Gate, there are the Cornerian Ships flying nearby. In Command, there is a circular space station in the Asteroid Belt, where Beltino Toad can be found.

Out of This Dimension
A bonus area in the original game, Out of This Dimension is an area of space populated by sheets that fold themselves into paper planes and origami creatures. The background consists of colourful planets with faces on them moving back and forth rapidly. The boss is a giant slot machine, and the boss music is "When the Saints Go Marching In". This area has not reappeared in any other game. Once the boss is defeated, the background stops moving and the credits appear, (while the player is still flying), and then "The End" appears.

Papetoon
Papetoon is the home planet for Fox McCloud. Papetoon was first introduced in the Nintendo Power Star Fox comic. In this comic, is the location of team Star Fox's hideout, which they refer to as their "den". Papetoon is also mentioned in one of the nine endings in Command as being a planet at the edge of the Lylat system.

Sargasso Space Zone
The Sargasso Space Zone, also known as the Sargasso Region and Sargasso Hideout, is the third level in Star Fox: Assault. The Sargasso Space Zone is “a hideout for all sorts of criminals” and is owned by Fox’s rival Wolf O’ Donell. The player has to destroy a number of transfer devices, before Starwolf return to the area. What follows is classic laser shoot out between the Starfox and Starwolf teams.

Sauria (Dinosaur Planet)
Sauria, known as Dinosaur Planet in Starfox Adventures, is a planet inhabited by dinosaurs and is the setting for Star Fox Adventures.

Sauria is a majestic planet of multiple environments in the far reaches of the Lylat System. It houses several tribes of dinosaurs and unique vegetation.

In Adventures, Sauria is thrown off-balance, causing four key areas to abandon their surface and orbit around the planet. This upset would have caused the planet to explode, threatening the rest of the Lylat System. Hence, Fox McCloud is sent to Sauria to prevent its impending destruction. It is there that he meets Prince Tricky of the EarthWalker tribe, along with Krystal, who becomes trapped on the planet after she arrived to solve the planet’s problems. Fox is successful in restoring the planet and rescuing Krystal.

In Star Fox: Assault, the peace is broken when the Aparoids invade the planet. Several of the native dinosaurs are infected and killed upon the invasion, and the Star Fox team are sent to front the invaders. only 1 tribe was fully wiped out: The Sharpclaw Tribe. In the level, there are some infected HighTop and ThornTail Dinosaurs. The area of Sauria was supposed to be like the Walled City, as seen in Star Fox: Adventures. After wiping out the Aparoids on Sauria, Fox and Krystal are reunited with Tricky, who has become King of the EarthWalker tribe.

Sauria is mentioned a few times in Star Fox Command. Also seen in Ending 2: Good Bye, Fox.

Sector X
Sector X is one of the three nebulae featured in the Star Fox games, although in the original Star Fox it was completely different as it lies close to Corneria.

In Star Fox 64, this area is an enormous cloud of blue gas (red in Star Fox Command) that forms a giant X; this is where Andross had hidden one of his secret weapons. The base here is oddly abandoned and partially destroyed, with only automated defences remaining; a formidable automated 'interceptor system,'. If Slippy is thrown to Titania, the team will be forced to go there.

In Sector X, the Starfox team can find a secret weapon at the end of the stage or warp to Sector Z by opening all of the gates inside of the base. If the Katina mission had previously been successfully accomplished, Bill Grey will help to open some of the gates.

Sector Y
In Star Fox, Sector Y is home to giant aquatic life forms which have adapted to the harsh vacuum of space.

In Star Fox 64, this area is a yellow nebula that forms a giant letter Y, and is the site of a ferocious battle between Cornerian and Venomian fleets.

In Star Fox 64 ' s Sector Y mission, they have to backup the squadron from the enemy armada in the base. If the player successfully destroys 100 or more enemies, the Cornerian fleet emerges intact from the battle and can go on to Katina, freeing Star Fox to investigate the bio weapon on Aquas. Otherwise, the team will have to go Katina themselves and aid in its defense.

It appears briefly in Star Fox: Assault in the asteroid field during the battle with Pigma and in a cut-scene, and in Star Fox Command.

Sector Z
In Star Fox, Sector Z is the designation for an area in orbit of Macbeth where Andross intends to build a supply base to supplement his stores in the planet's core. In order to keep the construction a secret from the Cornerians, a cloaking field is set up which hides most of the construction materials. This has the side-effect of making the area dangerous to navigate.

In Star Fox 64, this area is a cloud of a red/orange gas (pink in Star Fox Command) that forms a giant Z. It is part of Venom's air defense zone and is covered by a battery of six powerful long-ranged missiles. The Great Fox itself comes under attack from these missiles during the stage, hence the mission's name, "The Ambush of Great Fox". If the player defeated the Zoness stage prior to Sector Z, Katt Monroe comes to assist the player at the climax of the level, helping to destroy the missiles.

If any missile hits the Great Fox during this stage, it loses a wing and the player will be forced to take the easier alternative of the next level. During the ending sequence, the damaged Great Fox can be seen.

Sector Z is featured as a stage in the Nintendo 64 game Super Smash Bros. The characters fight atop the Great Fox while laser-firing Arwings fly in occasionally and can be used as platforms, but the Arwings will almost always barrel-roll to shake them off after being ridden.

Solar
Solar is a star/planet (depending on the game) comprising molten rock and fire-based oceans similar in appearance to the sun. While referred to as the Lylat System's star in the English manual of Star Fox 64, it is not in the Japanese version, and is further more called a planet in Star Fox Command. It features as a level in both Starfox 64 and Starfox Command. In Starfox 64, the player's space-shooting ship, known as the Arwing, will take automatic damage due to the intense heat of the planet - the amount varies based on how close one flies to the surface. However, in Starfox Command it does not take any damage.

In the unreleased Star Fox 2, Andross has his base constructed in the outer stratosphere of Solar. In Star Fox 64, Andross develops a bio-weapon on the planet, which the Starfox team has to destroy. In Star Fox: Assault it can be seen in alot of the worlds as a bright bright star with a red ring around it. In Star Fox Command, the Anglar forces build a large solar-powered defense satellite on the star. By teaming up with Wolf O'Donnell, Fox and Falco tip the weapon into the molten surface, where it melts.

Titania
Titania is a harsh desert world. The once-beautiful planet was transformed into a sandy wasteland.

In the original Star Fox it is a barren planet fitted with a Weather-Control Unit. If deactivated, it causes the Titanian climate to turn into an eternal blizzard of snow. Titania in the Star Fox comic is not a desert world but a frozen world instead, possibly showing the reason why a Weather-Control Unit was needed. The boss is the mechanical Professor Hangar.

In Star Fox 64, Titania is one of the two missions played with the Landmaster tank. Fox deploys his team to rescue Slippy after a daring attempt to take out Andross' secret weapon causing the character to hurl to the surface of Titania. The Starfox team discover that the seemingly barren planet is actually plagued with robotic life forms and enemy fighters all belonging to Andross. When the team find Slippy, he is being held captive by Gollick, a large-boned creature vaguely reminiscent of the first game's Fortuna boss, Monarch Dodora, who appears as one of Titania's bosses in Command.

Titania also makes an appearance in Star Fox: Assault as a multiplayer stage. It is larger than any other multiplayer-only map.

In Star Fox Command, Titania is the location of Andross' ghost. The twisted scientist creates a secret device intended to purify the Venom Sea and make the planet more hospitable. The device is guarded by one of Andross' bio-weapons, awaiting the right person to claim it.

Venom
Venom is the fictional planet that represents evil in many games of the Starfox series. It serves as the Homeworld of the villainous Andross in Star Fox and Star Fox 64, and as his base of operations. In both games it is the setting for the final level. In StarFox Command, it is the base of operations for the Anglar Emperor.

Warp 1
Warp 1 is a secret level in Star Fox 64, not visible on the map. Warp 1 can take the player to Katina by flying through seven warp rings at the end of Meteo. Instead of a space background, it has swirling pastel colours, and instead of battle music it has an array of different sounds. The obstacles are mostly spinning white boxes and cubes, however there are occasional asteroids. As the characters move in Warp 1 their ships leave multi-coloured shadows behind them.

Warp 2
Warp 2, though lacking asteroids, is similar to Warp 1, and is also a secret area in Star Fox 64. Although easier to get to, it is more difficult to navigate than Warp 1 because of its giant X- and square-shaped girders. The player can use Warp 2 to travel from Sector X to Sector Z by shooting open four gates on the left path of Sector X. If the player came to Sector X from Katina, Bill will also help open the gates.

Zoness
Zoness is a planet Star Fox 64. It is also featured in Star Fox: Assault as an un-lockable multiplayer stage.

In Star Fox 64, Andross has facilities on the planet as well as numerous spotlights to prevent any sneak attack against him. The player can execute a successful sneak attack on the planet by destroying all the searchlights. The sea itself is covered in platforms and large, corroded tanker ships.

Once a vacation spot of the Lylat system, Andross' experiments, and his pollution from the level's boss, Sarumarine, has turned the planet into a toxic dump.

In Star Fox: Assault the Zoness Sea Base is a dark, stormy area that appears to have recovered from the 64 pollution. This is also shown in the Corneria level, on a billboard proclaiming "Zoness Water Quality Environmental Conference". It is also on the multiplayer-stage as well.

In early footage of the level from the Shoshinkai software exhibition (included on a promotional video in the first issue of N64 Magazine), Zoness had a clean ocean and a clear blue sky.

Zoness does not appear in Star Fox Command.