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Lentis/Internet Witch Hunts

The Internet Witch Hunt is a phenomenon where mob psychology and scandals spreading on the Internet mobilizes hundreds of thousands, if not millions of users into harassing and targeting individuals or groups who holds unorthodox or unpopular views. This can sometimes spill into real life when victims’ personal information and families/employers get involved.

Salem Witch Trials and Its Relation to the Internet Witch Hunts
The Salem Witch Trials was commonly referred to as one of the biggest fiascos in American legal history, and became a touchstone for times when a hysterical community is willing to presume those accused of a crime before proven innocent. Although the last hanging of an accused occurred in September of 1692, America has never stopped hunting “witches”; it has simply found different “witches” to pursue. Widespread fear that an evil faction of society will infect the masses has oftentimes led the country to continue to take part in “witch hunts”.

Why People Participate
Social media has evolved into a platform for advocating social justice, becoming a place for users to declare their political views and affiliations on, because social media has become a powerful tool for regular people to spread information about world events and politics faster than ever before. However, this can lead to the spread of misinformation due to publications without sources or verification.

Thoughts and misconceptions that the public may consider when they are actively online are:

 * Netizens are often virtually anonymous, and thus, remain unaccountable for their rudeness and general actions online
 * They are at a distance from the target of their anger and tend to antagonize distant abstraction more easily than in-person interlocutors
 * It’s easier to be nasty in writing than in speech, hence the practice of leaving angry notes, such as the notes left onto the windshields of cars parked in saved parking spaces
 * Social media conversations do not happen in real-time, therefore netizens can write lengthy monologues, which tends to strengthen their arguments
 * The bad examples being set the media, teaching people the wrong ways to talk to each other, where the skills of good listening and conversation is fading

Mob Psychology
Mob psychology is the concept that individuals can be influenced by their peers to think in a certain way. Studies have found that a group of like-minded individuals can collectively become more polarized in their opinions. This is because when an individual has their opinions reflected in their peers, those opinions are then strengthened.

People also use the beliefs of those around them to judge whether certain actions are correct, a concept known as social proof. One famous example is Robert Cialdini’s Petrified Forest experiment, which showed visitors were more likely to steal petrified wood from Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park when wood theft was normalized.

Vigilante Justice
A vigilante is a private citizen who takes on a law enforcement role without legal authority. When a vigilante or a group of vigilantes targets a criminal, this is called vigilante justice. Often taking the form of mobs, vigilantes rise due to a lack of faith that existing institutions, such as the justice system or police, will act in a satisfactory manner.

Vigilantism on the Internet
On the Internet, there is no overarching justice system, and so cyber vigilantism is rampant. Often, it is left to website owners and moderators to decide how to control the content that is hosted, and so sites will vary in quality of moderation. The Internet also particularly encourages vigilantism because of its inherent anonymous nature, making users more confident. The lack of structure combined with this anonymity highly encourages vigilantism.

 * One way the Internet changes vigilantism is cyber crowdsourcing. The nature of the Internet means that many people can contribute to a single cause, such as tracking down personal information that can help solve a crime or facilitate persecution of an individual. As it is very easy for people to participate, this encourages mass efforts.

 * Vigilantism on the Internet can have further consequences than its physical counterpart as well. Ordinary citizens conducting cyber vigilantism are not usually formally trained in the justice system, so cyber vigilantism could cause more anarchy and chaos overall. The disorganized nature of the Internet means that movements are much harder to control and could have more unintended consequences in general.

Echo Chamber
An echo chamber is an environment where someone encounters beliefs or opinions that tend to only coincide with their own, creating a situation where their existing views are reinforced with the exclusion of alternative ideas. In these environments discontent or hatred of other groups beliefs can be amplified, potentially leading to targeting of those groups or individuals. Calls for action against the perceived offenders resonate with the members, instigating someone to attempt harm.

Celebrity Influence
Social media allows for an environment where fans can attach themselves to celebrities with an illusion of intimacy. The emotional connection the fans create allow themselves to be easily influenced by the suggestions of their favored celebrity.

This influence is often used for beneficial outcomes. Such as Lady Gaga mobilizing her fans against the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy or The Vampire Diaries actor Ian Somerhalder's fund raising and petitions for environmental activism and animal rights through Twitter. It is easy to determine how the same emotional connection can mobilize fans towards more malicious actions (See Demi Burnett below).

Tracking Users Through Technology and Data
Finding personal information such as home addresses, phone numbers, and employers of a witch hunt target is not always difficult. What may take one person several days to discover, hunter groups of tens to thousands can discover in hours. The found data is often shared for comparison on forums, creating a thorough profile of the target. One such example was a wrongly accused man thought to be part of the Boston bombing; the forum still exist on Reddit (r/findbostonbombers), but can only be accessed by invite.

Some common methods include:
 * Comparing user names across social media platforms
 * Following linked and shared postings across social media platforms
 * Reviewing all posted content of the target for potentially self leaked personal information
 * Requesting email addresses on less secure sites
 * Asking others on targets friends list for more information, often using deceptive motives
 * Using Facebook or similar platform to determine employers, city they live, and personal identifying information
 * Sites such as whitepages.com or peoplefinder.com can provide addresses, phone numbers, and known relations

Anonymous
Anonymous is a group of Internet vigilantes, known to mobilize through the messageboard 4chan. Anonymous has been involved in many famous examples of Internet vigilante movements, such as tracking down the owner of Dusty, a cat who was filmed being abused, and sending his details to the police.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement groups hold a relationship with Internet vigilantes similar to their relationship with normal vigilantes. As civilians lack formal training, they can be detrimental to legal investigations by attacking individuals who are misidentified as criminals, causing damage to innocent people and drawing attention away from the actual criminals. However, the crowdsourcing nature of cyber vigilantes can also help law enforcement reach potential criminals sooner.

Justine Sacco
Justine Sacco was a PR executive for IAC who posted a Tweet shortly before boarding a flight to Africa that read: “Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. Just Kidding. I'm white!”. Afterwards, Sacco was fired and denounced by the media and celebrities, who encouraged their followers to do the same.

Demi Burnett
Demi Burnett was a contestant on Bachelor who received a hateful message. She posted a message to twitter and told her followers to “do your thing”. Followers found the offenders employer, posted negative yelp messages to establishment, and sent direct Facebook messages asking for the employer to punish the offender. The author of the hateful message was subsequently fired. Demi congratulated her followers for the results.

Sunil Tripathi
Sunil Tripathi was a student at Brown University. On April 15, 2013, the annual Boston Marathon was the subject of a terrorist bombing. Sunil had disappeared a month before, and surveillance photos released by the police led Internet users to identify Sunil as a suspect. These users then spread rumors of Sunil’s possible involvement, leading to news vans staking out the Tripathis’ family home and reporters flooding them with calls. Ultimately, the witch hunt derailed the official hunt for the Boston bombing suspects, as the police were forced to release the photos of the actual suspects, causing them to commit further murders in order to escape investigation.

Conclusion
As mentioned before, the Internet Witch Hunts were a result of widespread fear that an evil faction of society will infect the masses, such as the Salem Witch Trials debacle. This widespread fear developed into a behavioral nudge, where the behavior of society has never stopped hunting “witches” and had been reinforced with “positive” outcome, such as the justice of vigilantism on the Internet and activism. With that, various methods of witch hunt mobilizations emerged that strengthen these behavioral nudges.

Although these nudges led participants to believe that they are contributing to social justice, in reality, they are harassing and targeting individuals or groups, which can spill into real life when victims’ personal information and families/employers get involved. “Hunters” can track users through the use of technology and data. This describes manifest functions and latent functions, where the intended purpose has negative impacts. Rather than seeking justice and targeting others because of the influence others around them, participants should consider the X-Y Problem and research and dig in to what is actually causing the problem and why a particular person or group is being targeted, rather than just accepting the answer provided to them and formulating assumptions and opinions based on that answer.

title: Lentis/Internet Witch Hunts


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Talk:MeGUI/x264 Settings

It would be nice if each setting on this page documented the min and max possible values, the default, and the recommended value (if it differs from the default). This would help those using the settings to know what the upper/lower bounds are. It would also allow those creating tooling around these settings to more easily maintain them, or potentially even automate parts of their development/testing against these settings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:MeGUI/x264 Settings


text:
Talk:Lentis/Technology and Incarceration in the United States

Steps to take: 1. Edit Introduction to reflect new direction of chapter, expand on history of prison section to include material presented to class, edit conclusion to reflect changes in chapter, edit who participates section to include more relevant content 2. Reformat "Proponents" and "Opponents" sections to reflect new technologies that have been added since chapter was created. Consider adding new participants as well, though the existing ones seem pretty extensive.

From reviewing our classmates' feedback on our presentation, seems like something we lacked overall was incorporating inmates' opinion, perspectives, and agendas in our analysis of the use of technology in  prisons.

Opponents and Proponents sections no longer make sense as way to format impact of technology on prisons, since educational tablets now make up only a very small sector of this. I will create a subsection for Educational Tablets within the Implementation of Technology section and incorporate the key points of the tablet section into that. I will also get rid of parts of Opponents/Proponents sections that no longer make sense, such as sections that talk about recidivism (which has already been covered).


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LMIs in Control/pages/CT-SOFS

In view of applications, static feedback of the full state is not feasible in general: only a few of the state variables (or a linear combination of them, $$y= Cx(t)$$, called the output) can be actually measured and re-injected into the system. So, we are led to the notion of static output feedback

The System
Consider the continuous-time LTI system, with generalized state-space realization  $$(A,B,C,0)$$

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\ y(t)&=Cx(t)\\

\end{align}$$

The Data

 * $$A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}, B\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times m}, C\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times n}$$

 * $$x\in\mathbb{R}^n, y\in\mathbb{R}^p, u\in\mathbb{R}^m$$

The Optimization Problem
This system is static output feedback stabilizable (SOFS) if there exists a matrix F such that the closed-loop system $$ \dot x = (A-BKC)x $$ (obtained by replacing $$u = -Ky$$ which means applying static output feedback) is asymptotically stable at the origin

The LMI: LMI for Continuous Time - Static Output Feedback Stabilizability
The system is static output feedback stabilizable if and only if it satisfies any of the following conditions:

 * There exists a $$K\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$P\in\mathbb{S}^n$$, where $$P>0$$, such that

\begin{bmatrix} A^TP + PA - PBB^TP & PB+C^TK^T \\ KC+B^TP & -1 \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}$$

 * There exists a $$K\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$Q\in\mathbb{S}^n$$, where $$Q>0$$, such that

\begin{bmatrix} QA^T + AQ - QC^TCQ & BK+QC^T \\ CQ^T+K^TB^T & -1 \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}$$

 * There exists a $$K\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$Q\in\mathbb{S}^n$$, where $$Q>0$$, such that

\begin{bmatrix} QA^T + AQ - BB^T & B+QC^TK^T \\ B^T+KCQ^T & -1 \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}$$

 * There exists a $$K\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$P\in\mathbb{S}^n$$, where $$P>0$$, such that

\begin{bmatrix} A^TP + PA - C^TC & PBK+C^T \\ K^TB^TP & -1 \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}$$

Conclusion
On implementation and optimization of the above LMI using YALMIP and MOSEK (or) SeDuMi we get 2 output matrices one of which is the Symmeteric matrix $$P$$ (or $$Q$$) and $$K$$

Implementation
A link to the Matlab code for a simple implementation of this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/yashgvd/LMI_wikibooks

Related LMIs
Discrete time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability Static Feedback Stabilizability

title: LMIs in Control/pages/CT-SOFS


text:
LMIs in Control/pages/DT-SOFS

The static output feedback (SOF) problem has been investigated and analyzed by many people and the literature concerning this topic is vast. In practicality, it is not always possible to have full access to the state vector and only a partial information through a measured output is available. This explains why this problem has challenged many researchers in control theory. Here is a systematic approach for the SOF control design for discrete time linear systems.

The System
Consider a discrete-time LTI system, with state-space realization $$(Ad, Bd,Cd, 0)$$,

 * $$\begin{align}

x_{k+1} = A_dx_k+B_du_k\\ y_k=C_dx_k \end{align}$$

$$x_k\in\mathbb{R}^n$$ is the state, $$y_k\in\mathbb{R}^p$$ is the measured output, $$u_k\in\mathbb{R}^m$$ is the control input.

The Data
$$A_d\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}, B_d\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times m}, C_d\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times n}$$ are the constant matrices of appropriate dimensions.

The Optimization Problem
The full state is not measurable and only partial information is available through $$y_k$$ which can used for control purposes.

We have to find a static output feedback gain with respect to
 * $$u_k = -K_dy_k,$$

where $$K_d\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ is the output feedback gain such that the final closed loop system is asymptotically stable.

The LMI: LMI for Discrete-Time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability
The discrete time system considered is static output feedback stabilizable under any of the following equivalent necessary or sufficient conditions.

 * There exists a $$K_d\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$P \in\mathbb{S}^n$$ where $$P>0$$ such that

\begin{bmatrix} -P & (A_d+B_dK_dC_d)P \\ ((A_d+B_dK_dC_d)P)' & -P \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}.$$

 * There exists a $$K_d\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times p}$$ and $$P \in\mathbb{S}^n$$ where $$P>0$$ such that

\begin{bmatrix} -A_dPPA_d^T & A_dP+B_dK_dC_d & A_dP \\ (A_dP+B_dK_dC_d)' & -1 & 0 \\ PA_d^T & 0 & -P \end{bmatrix}$$$$\begin{align}< 0\end{align}.$$

Conclusion
If it is feasible we obtain a output feedback gain matrix $$K_d$$ such that the closed loop system is asymptotically stable. While implementing the optimization problem the following conditions are assumed to be satisfied
 * The Transfer matrix and its inverse are both analytical a s=0
 * The matrix $$C_dA_d^{-1}B_d$$ is non-singular
 * The triple $$(A_d,B_d,C_d)$$ are reachable and observable.

Implementation
A link to the Matlab code for a simple implementation of this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/yashgvd/LMI_wikibooks

Related LMIs
Continuous-time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability

title: LMIs in Control/pages/DT-SOFS


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User:Franziska.UCL/sandbox

Despite the US being a secular state, Christianity Dualism (mind/soul and body)

Libertarian Indeterminism - Truth based on Internationalist Dualism :

This argument is born out of idea of a particular truth - Mind-Body dualism and asserts that the mind exists independently to the body with the ability to perceive, think and choose freely and act upon the body. This idea of interaction dualism is credited to Descartes --> link to discipline of philosophy of mind?

Truth in this argument is that the world is not fully described by physical forces and so a rejection of naturalism.

(Libertarian Indeterminism - Quantum Mechanics

Truth in this argument is that there is randomness and indeterminacy on an atomic and subatomic level which would necessarily mean that our actions and decisions are not predetermined or even possible to know were the entire particular configuration of the body and brain to be known allowing free will to exist.[4] Yet this is a different argument to the previous libertarian indeterminism argument with a different basis of truth and a different moral consequence.)

Truth in Free Will
Christianity is characterized by its view that humans not only consist of a material body, but also a distinct nonmaterial soul that connects them with God, who is entirely nonmaterial. (Ref) Vastly shaped by Rene Decartes, this substance dualism is opposed to the idea of materialism or monism, which claim that humans just like everything in the world, are made up of and governed by physical laws. Dualism allows for the existence of free will and the freedom of humans to choose alternative paths in life, because they are not merely tied to physical matter.

Further assumptions within Christianity give allusions to the its belief in free will. Christians like Karl Barth and John Cobb argue in favor of human actions and intentions being not merely subject to deterministic factors, but free choice and self-determination. These assumptions back the Christian belief in moral freedom, which shall ultimately lead to humans sacrificing themselves for their neighbor‘s well-being. Therefore, despite assigning human individuals self-determination, the Christian belief encourages Christian individuals to free themselves from their selfish will and transcend to selflessly doing good for other people as God wishes. Marthin Luther formulates this paradox as the Christian individual being „free lord of all; subject to nome“ whilst being a „dutiful servant of all, subject to all in love.“

This notion enables Christians to explain the

title: User:Franziska.UCL/sandbox


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group1/Power/Power in Disney influence over society : cultural appropriation, gender roles

Power in Disney: How Disney used and uses cultural appropriaton in their movies, and how it builds Disney's influence.
Possible angles of research

- Gender studies: Power animation as a male-dominated industry in the 20th century (capitalism --> economics)

- Visual studies/ Film studies: How are cultures represented via animation movies (cliché features of cultures used by Western ppl) "outdated cultural depiction"

- Sociology: gender/race/ethnicity, use of racist images, why was it okay in the 20th century USA to use these images (general opinion and morals), how it increased the power of the US

- Psychology: What image of their own culture is reflected to them, Other bad effects of these depictions: Body image - influences on young girls

- History (especially American Studies): apologising/altering past, accepting past mistakes

- (Public relations?): To what extent is a ‘warning’ effective, what else needs to be done by Disney to reduce the impact of these images

(Possible intro: "That's the power of Magic", Disney Campaign)

What disciplines did Disney’s power shape?

 * Disney’s power shaped Film Studies by imposing recurring themes in film studies: those of princesses, marriage, fidelity... (somehow Disney's power has made white Christian values the norm in children's cartoons) AND by making it normal and acceptable to use racist images in children’s movies
 * Disney’s power shaped Gender Studies using its soft power (unconscious influence on people) to create predefined roles for men (straight, strong, insensitive, heroic) and women (straight, sensitive, thin, family-oriented) as "the dream"
 * Hence shaped Sociology because it helped constructing a gender image
 * Disney’s power shaped History and International Studies being one of the largest companies in the United States, which sells and develops the most on the globe so as to become the image of the country and its ideas (white supremacy) since the 1930s
 * Disney’s power shaped Economics by being the second biggest media company in the world (irrelevant to the subject?)

Plan:

 * 1) Disney’s power shaped economics: first then second media company = a huge influence
 * 2) Disney’s power shaped film studies: and created recurrent themes in animation (race and gender)
 * 3) Disney’s power shaped gender studies (sociology): by using these recurrent themes to influence children mentalities on what they should aspire to become

Power of psychology and economics have shaped Disney's princesses over the years


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Wikibooks:Correct typos in one click

This page helps users correct probable typos in one click. As of October 2019, over 11000 typos were fixed on Wikipedia.

After adding  to Special:MyPage/common.js and doing a hard refresh, you will have the following buttons on this page:
 * 1) Replace - changes the article according to the offered replacement
 * 2) Type - if offered replacement isn't accurate, you can type the right replacement
 * 3) Move to talk - moves paragraph to article talk
 * 4) Remove - removes paragraph from this list

The script is using paragraph's number so you should go bottom up to prevent "paragraph is missing" notification.

Additional lists:

Desktop scroll to bottom

Mobile scroll to bottom

title: Wikibooks:Correct typos in one click


text:
User:Uziel302/typo.js

var p_n = mw.config.get('wgPageName'); var pn = p_n.replace(/_/, ' ');

if ( p_n.match(/^Wikibooks:Correct_typos_in_one_click$/) || p_n.match(/^Wikibooks:Correct_typos_in_one_click\/[0-9]+$/) ) { $(function{	function reloadNotify(msg) {		mw.notify(msg).done(function{ window.location.reload; });	}

function removeSection(section, basetimestamp, starttimestamp, summ) { var api = new mw.Api, pagename = this.curPage; api.postWithToken('csrf', {			action: 'edit',			title: pn,			summary: summ,			minor: 1,			basetimestamp: basetimestamp,			starttimestamp: starttimestamp,			text: '',			section: section		}).done(function(d) {			if (d && d.edit && d.edit.result == 'Success') {				mw.notify('Removed');			}		}); }	function removeSectionAfterCorrection(section, basetimestamp, starttimestamp, summ) { var api = new mw.Api, pagename = this.curPage; api.postWithToken('csrf', {			action: 'edit',			title: pn,			summary: summ,			minor: 1,			basetimestamp: basetimestamp,			starttimestamp: starttimestamp,			text: '',			section: section		}).done(function(d) {			if (d && d.edit && d.edit.result == 'Success') {			}		}); }

function archiveToTalk(articleName, sectionTitle, content) { var talkPage = new mw.Title(articleName).getTalkPage, newContent = content.replace(/== .+? ==\n+/, ''); return new mw.Api.post({action: 'edit', minor: 1, title: talkPage.getPrefixedText, summary:'removed', token: mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'), section: 'new', sectiontitle: sectionTitle, text: newContent+' (from Correct typos in one click)\n'}).then(function(d){ mw.notify($('', {href: talkPage.getUrl, target: '_blank'}).text('Successfully archived')); }); }	function saveChange1(articleName, content,suspect,correction) { return new mw.Api.post({			action: 'edit', 			minor: 1, 			title: articleName, 			summary: suspect+'->'+correction+' - Fix a typo in one click',			token: mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'), 			text: content			}).done(function(d){ 			mw.notify($('', {href: 'https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title='+articleName+'&diff=curr&oldid=prev', target: '_blank'}).text('Success! Click to view the edit'));			 }); }	function saveChange(e) { var articleName = $(this).parents('h2').find('.mw-headline').text, sectionNum = $(this).parent.find('a').attr('href').match(/section=([0-9]+)/)[1], api = new mw.Api; api.get( {action:'query',prop:'revisions',titles:mw.config.get('wgPageName'), rvprop:'content|timestamp',rvsection:sectionNum, curtimestamp: 1}).done(function(data){				for(var rv in data.query.pages)				{					var sectionText = data.query.pages[rv].revisions[0]['*'],					basetimestamp = data.query.pages[rv].revisions[0].timestamp;					if ((sectionText.indexOf('== '+articleName+' ==') !== 0) && (sectionText.indexOf('== '+articleName+' ==') !== 0)) {						reloadNotify('passage unavailable');					} else {						if (sectionText.indexOf('{{#lst:')!=-1) {							removeSection(sectionNum, basetimestamp ,data.curtimestamp, '/* '+ articleName +' */ ');						} else {							var	articleText='undefined',newArticleText='undefined',suspect='undefined',correction='wow',oldcontext='wwowo',newcontext='undefined';							suspect=sectionText.replace(/.*\n.*?(.*)?\-><.*\n.*\n.*/, "$1");								correction=sectionText.replace(/.*\n.*?><!\-\-(.*)?\-\-.*\n.*\n.*/, "$1"); oldcontext=sectionText.replace(/.*\n.*\n.*? (.*) .*\n.*/, "$1"); console.log(oldcontext);

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title: User:Uziel302/typo.js


text:
User:Inessellami/sandbox

https://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2013/07/pregnancy-and-social-interactions.html

Disembodying Women: perspectives on pregnancy and the unborn

-The human fetus as an engineered construct of modern society

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/how-do-we-normalize-pregnancy/ -Showing that pregnancy didn’t happen right after giving birth -Many symptoms/problems come with pregnancy (gestational diabetes, hypertension, paranoia) that are still considered as a shame

Pregnancy is considered as the essence of the maintain of the human race. We need women to make humanity persist through time, which makes them an important component of our society. Women are so important that their body tend to be seen as a collective property, “a commodity reproducing the raw materials of society”.

https://qz.com/759987/our-modern-obsession-with-pregnancy-is-just-another-attempt-to-control-womens-bodies/ https://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/A-qui-appartient-le-corps-des-femmes-enceintes-3097024

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/10/opinion/sunday/get-the-epidural.html?emc=eta1&_r=0

https://parenting.nytimes.com/pregnancy/natural-birth

Who owns the pregnant body ?
The notion of rites of passage was first introduced by ethnographer, Arnold Van Gennep. It is an individual's passage from a group to another, that is usually accompanied by a ceremony. Van Gennep distinguishes three stages in a rite of passage: separation, liminality and aggregation. Separation is when the individual leaves his or her initial group. Then, liminality comes as "between and betwixt" stage, where the individual has left his old group but hasn't joined the new one. Moms-to-be experience a very confusing stage of liminality. They are teared between their old life and their future as mothers, and all the responsabilities that motherhood implies. Pregnant women usually feel an anxiety and a fear during this floating moment when they are "pre-moms": new subjects come up such as breasfteeding, childbirth. Pregnant women also have new activities such as childbirth classes or reading baby books. . This anxiety during the liminal stage is amplified by the changing behavior of people, that reminds moms-to-be that they are entering a new sphere of the society.

Changing behaviors usually come with uncomfortable remarks from random strangers just like "drink more water", or touching the belly. This constant attempt of being nice may also be seen as a crossing of the social boundaries, explained by an attempt to domesticate the pregnant body. It is a way to regulate and put rules over women who are providing the "raw materials of society". Thus, the pregnant body is not an individual property anymore, it belongs to the society through a series of constraints, rules, beliefs and traditions, that makes it a special element in the society.

Pregnancy has a sacred character: arbitrary rules and constraints are an expression of the sacred social status of pregnant women. . Depending on the ethnicity and religion, a pregnant women must obey to rules that are supposed to protect her as a fragile body. She must be preserved from evil spirits just like in Jamaica, where Duppies can steal the fetus' spirit if the mother moves too much. There are also many alimentary constraints that are not scientifically proven to be harmful for the baby. For instance, in many African countries, pregnant women are not supposed to eat pineapple, so that the baby doesn't get a scratchy skin, like the fruit. . Society forces moms-to-be to act for their baby's wellbeing, no matter what is costs on their physical and psychological freedom. This can be seen with the obsession of natural childbirth. Choosing an epidural or a C-section has almost become a shame. . Sometimes for medical reasons, women can't have a natural childbirth. They usually feel anxiety and shame because they think their body is not able to do the most basic action of pregnancy. But this pression about natural childbirth comes essentially from society, because in general thoughts, what is natural is automatically better.

Also, today, women are not only supposed to act good for their babies' wellbeing. They are also supposed to look good and stay fit. Pregnancy has in fact, become an attribute of sexiness because of Hollywood's conception of it. After being hidden and considered as a shame during the nineteenth century, pregnancy has gained freedom on TV screens, and Hollywood through its romcoms sells a sexy and attractive image of pregnancy, which is far from reality. . Moreover, Hollywood stars are also embracing the sexy pregnancy through magazine covers (More Demi Moore in 1991), looking more stunning than ever. Not to mention how getting back in shape after pregnancy has become important. This sexualisation of the pregnant body is well illustrated by the MILF (Mother I'd like to fuck) phenomenon, that is increasing on Pornographic websites.

Pregnancy is then the liminality stage of a rite of passage, which is motherhood. With all these social constraints whether it is on their habits, actions or way of looking, pregnant women loose the control of their body for the sake of social power. In addition to the hormonal effects over their body such as nausea, they also have to respect rules and codification from the society. In this way, some women feel alienated from their pregnant body. In other terms, it is not about living pregnancy anymore, it is about performing it as pregnant women don't have any biologic, psychologic or sociologic power over their bodies.

Conclusion
To round it up, we can say that pregnancy has a bivalent link to power. On one hand, it exerts a symbolic power in our world: it is the humankind's keeper. In that sense, it has been celebrated and sacred since the dawn of time. On the other hand, this symbolic power can be supplanted by other conceptions of gestation, making pregnant bodies 'objects' of power. Medicine made pregnant bodies their guinea pigs, whereas society wants took it over with codifications. Nations and states understood the power of pregnancy and know what they are playing for, which made them highly control it for economical and geopolitical reasons.

Conclusion
Do pregnant women own power ? --> No

Philosophically, power exerts a hold over something or someone. Weber would say that power is "the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance” . Pregnancy is one of the phenomena that has always fascinated and challenged our conceptions of life: women are the keepers of the human specie renewal. Thus, pregnant women are supposed to be the power holders of the humankind. But many disciplines like medecine, biology, sociology, anthropology or politics, have given to pregnancy variable conceptions, that makes us question if pregnancy is really empowering women.

Giving birth empowers women. Women are the keepers of the human specie renewal. Thus, pregnancy defines a great part of the women role in the society. Pregnancy has also a political and economic role in the State and can be influenced by medias and government which retains most of the power. Pregnancy in human is characterized by a very long time until giving birth compared to the other apes, and also by the immense pain that accompanies it which can be lethal. The World Health organisation estimates that 830 women in a year die of complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Pregnancy empower the women body but also can lead to its death by giving birth which is a striking contrast. We can see that pregnancy is intrinsically linked to power and thus, can be studied in many disciplines in order to understand better this relation.

Part my
The notion of rites of passage was first introduced by ethnographer, Arnold Van Gennep. It is an individual's passage from a group to another, that is usually accompanied by a ceremony. There are three stages in a rite of passage: separation, liminality and aggregation. Moms-to-be experience a very confusing stage of liminality. It is a "between and betwixt" stage, where the individual has left his old group but hasn't joined the new one. "Pre-moms" are teared between their old life and their future as mothers. Pregnant women usually feel anxiety during this floating moment. It is amplified by the people's changing behavior.

Changing behaviors usually come with inappropriate actions like touching the belly. This constant attempt of being nice may also be seen as a crossing of the social boundaries, explained by an attempt to domesticate the pregnant body. It is a way to regulate and put rules over women who are providing the "raw materials of society".

Pregnancy has a sacred character: arbitrary rules and constraints are an expression of the sacred social status of pregnant women. . Depending on the ethnicity and religion, a pregnant woman must obey to rules that are supposed to protect her fragile body. Society forces moms-to-be to act for their baby's wellbeing, no matter what is costs on their freedom. For instance, choosing an epidural or a C-section has almost become a shame. . This pressure about natural childbirth comes just because in general thoughts, what is natural is automatically better.

Also, today, women are not only supposed to act good for their babies' wellbeing. They are also supposed to look good and stay fit. Pregnancy has in fact, become an attribute of sexiness because of Hollywood industry. It has gained freedom on TV screens through romcoms. They sell a sexy and attractive image of pregnancy, which is far from reality. . Stars are also embracing the sexy pregnancy through magazine covers (More Demi Moore in 1991).

Pregnancy is then the liminality stage of a rite of passage, which is motherhood. With all these social constraints, pregnant women loose the control of their body for the sake of social power. In this way, some women feel alienated from their pregnant body. In other terms, it is not about living pregnancy anymore, it is about performing it.

title: User:Inessellami/sandbox


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in the advertisement of tobacco

Hi! I think we need to focus more on TRUTH in the introduction and it seems like there are too many disciplines. The word limit is only 1200 words!Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 16:36, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

I am thinking on writing about teenagers in the sociology section. Also, do you think the fact that people trusted doctors should be included in the medical section or in the psychology section? Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 16:44, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Do you think that it is important to talk about bans, prices and taxes and how effective they are (or not)? Or is that off topic? Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 16:48, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

I think that the paragraph about research on tobacco is the great way to link it to ban and regulations. However, we should not go into to much details about it because it does not refer to "truth". We should say that given the true facts based on science knowledge discovered in the 20s century, government had to react to prevent citizens, and then introduce regulations and the ban of advertising. Claramichel18 (discuss • contribs) 17:45, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

I agree! I did consider discussing law as another disciplinary approach, but it is probably just not as relevant; since its primary focus is not truth or advertisement; it is however good if we mention how at the end governments tackled the issue of truth in advertisement by banning it/putting restrictions on it (due to also increased medical research, and more and more "undeniable facts")Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 17:54, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

I cut this out :

2.1.	Sociology Peers (age, family, social class, ethnicity…) individual who is being targeted? Why are some ppl more affected? More susceptible to be targeted. Advertisement in a way (we see the cigarette)

2.2.	Psychology media (movies, series ex Peaky Blinders) global who is being aimed at?

One of the popular examples was mitigating negative effects of tobacco, or even making claims of positive effects on the smoker's health. Popular examples are advertisements using medical professionals as advocates for smoking - physicians assuring you smoking Luckies protects the throat; reduces irritation and cough, doctors recommending Camel cigarettes or advertisements proposing cigarettes as a way of losing weight. Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 18:11, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

other stuff that was cut out : In the past objective truth was an issue due to two things: lack of actual research or simply false information spread by tobacco firms in order to increase their profit.

With increasing medical research through the century, and more and more universally recognized negative health effects related to smoking, governments tackled this issue by various restrictions on advertising - resulting into a complete ban of advertising tobacco products in most countries at the end of the century. Moreover, recently there has been an increase in anti-advertising, with vivid images of smoking related diseases on the boxes, different warnings about smoking, etc. One of the successful anti-smoking campaigns took place in Florida, where their anti-smoking advertising campaign, the so called “truth” campaign, "exposed the duplicity and manipulation of the tobacco industry"[2]. This became “truth’s” rebellion. By making truth a brand they successfully exposed the marketing techniques of tobacco firms, that promoted misleading information about health effects of smoking. Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 15:04, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Medical Approach In the 1920's and 1930's doctors noticed a rise of lung cancers. Upon asking the patients questions, they realized that most of them were smoking, encouraging research of the smoking related causes of lung cancer. They published their article in 1950 stating that smoking had negative health consequences, lung cancer among them. Since then, more research has been done. In fact, « In 1990 the US Surgeon General concluded that smoking was the most extensively documented cause of disease ever investigated but governments worldwide have been ambivalent and slow in taking action to reduce smoking. ». (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00483.x). The biological approach to smoking has been taken seriously by scientists who have investigated the issue. Nowadays, it is undeniably true that smoking has major health consequences such as breast cancer, ectopic pregnancies, heart diseases and more.

regulations (taxes, bans...) because of truth. MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES, RESEARCH, HOW TRUTH (FALSE CLAIMS) AFFECTED PUBLIC HEALTH, RESTRICTIONS (LAW?) Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 15:25, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Marketing techniques (economic view?)- Women

- Children, infants

- selling sex, more attractive

- cartoons (Camel) for children

- health claims (inbetween)

- teenagers

Truth was an issue in the advertisement of tobacco for the large part of the 20th century, since lack of research and lack of universally accepted facts allowed tobacco firms to incorporate misleading and untruthful claims in their advertisement to appeal to the consumers. The issue of truth in advertisement of tobacco had and has a far-reaching consequences as discussed in medical and sociological approach. By studying the methods of marketing in tobacco industry through historical and psychological perspective, we can see the truth as a big issue with many implications on individuals, interpersonal relations, and society as a whole.

SourcesLumos394 (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

..... Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 15:43, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

https://cejph.szu.cz/pdfs/cjp/2011/02/03.pdf I'm adding this link to an interesting article about how tobacco advertisement is targeted at women.Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

I cut out the law approach that we were thinking of writing, as we said it is not link to our work much.

I edited some of the intro and the historical approach, however it is still not there yet. Also when I tried to upload some images as examples I couldn't, because of the author's rights I guess - you can either search for the images already used in wikibooks (where I did not find anything relevant to our topic) or you can upload them if you have special status as a Commoner or Administrator or something. We should ask Nicola how we can do it, if we can do it, since images would be great to showcase the examples.Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 02:03, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

I also went over the prominent figures part in psychological approach; now, for women I do not have that much material, I have babies to attract them, losing weight claims, and cigarettes as a way to make them more attractive. This might be enough, but I do not have an actual research how this affected women's consumation of cigarettes if you know what I mean. I haven't read your article yet, but is there something in this way?

Also, we need more sources and citations!!

+ sociological approach can be incorporated to the psychological one, I just do not know how to do it in the nice manner - since we mention targeting different social groups, etc. - but it is obviously connected with psychology. It might be best if we just stick to psychology alone?

Moreover, I have problems with medical approach. It is a big topic, but we still have to link it to the advertisement and truth, and it also comes at a very end, while we already talk about certain medical issues. Should we might put it in the beginning? Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 02:37, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Looking at the article now, it looks promising! Did you maybe pick some points out of the things that might be relevant to the topic? Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 02:40, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

So, we have one major thing to do - we have to focus more on the truth within the discipline - so for example, how psychology sees truth, and why it is not enough, and we need also the "truths" of other disciplines for example from medical approach. I will replace the historical approach with medical one, since in terms of the truth that makes more sense (as we discuss). Then we have therefore two major disciplines: medicine and psychology and truth (objective and subjective) within them. Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Perfect!! I think it's also interesting to use the terms we saw in the lecture: normative, subjective,objective, empirical truths...as it will reinforce our arguments.Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 17:37, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Perfect for the "introduction" about truth in our disciplines, it is very clear and well linked to our subject. Well done team ! Claramichel18 (discuss • contribs) 16:45, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Hard with the picture adding, at worst we would not be able to add any. Anyway, I sought it was relevant for our work and show evidence of 20's century advertisements.Claramichel18 (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

I found a good website for the women's section!! It also shares a lot of images that illustrate our point. Take a look at the "believe in yourself" image http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images.php?token2=fm_st025.php&token1=fm_img0541.php&theme_file=fm_mt012.php&theme_name=Targeting%20Women&subtheme_name=Let%27s%20Smoke%20GirlsMariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 17:37, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Great, I also found out how to insert images! Thanks for the link!Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 17:41, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

So I managed to insert the images and write the descriptions for them; I will work on the psychological approach and provide maybe a bit more and then introduction and conclusion. We also need more references and research supporting the claims and make a list of sources. But otherwise we are good:)Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 18:18, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

final touches
Did some revision, I think we are almost there yet, though I think we need to more clearly explain our claim/reasoning in advertisement aiming at women.

Also references and sources! Lumos394 (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

I'm going to do the sources by 9 pm tonight, so don't worry about it!

And also, I proofread our work and corrected some mistakes

We need to check word count tonight!!

other than that, I think we did pretty good!:) Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 17:07, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

Alright, I just counted all the words we have ( putting out pictures caption and everything that will no count at the end). We have 1228. I don't know if this 30 words more is an issue. Do you think ?Claramichel18 (discuss • contribs) 18:32, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

I took care of that, we should be at 1177 words now! I think we really have to respect the word count!!I also made sure the word structure was okay:) ahh sorry, I wasn't logged in with my username!! But it was me who typed this!!Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 23:00, 8 December 2019 (UTC)


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User:Uziel302/common.js

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User:Uziel302

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Wikibooks:Correct typos in one click/7

Old School RuneScape/Skills/Mining
charos->charas? (replace) context: for a small part of the ores. While wearing the ring of charos charos (U) from the Garden of Tranquility quest, this amount is halved and players also won't have to

Wampanoag/Sea and rivers
cheape->cheapen? (omit) context: nor so cheape cheape, that any great trade is like tobe made of it, untill the {English} themselves arefit to follow the fishing.The Natives venture one or two in a Canow,

Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/demm
checkig->checking? (omit) context: // cardioid checkig checkig - thx to Hugh Allen    //sprawdzamy Czy punkt  C jest w głównej kardioidzie     //Cardioid in squere

Hawaiian Monarchs/Kamehameha I
cheifs->chiefs? (swap) context: in the sky would come before the birth of a “killer of cheifs cheifs. ” Alapa’i, the chief of the island of Hawai’i, heard about this prophecy and ordered the baby Kamehameha to be killed. Kamehameha’s parents, C

World Cultures/Culture in Africa/Culture of Tunisia
chelha->chulha? (replace) context: a daily dialogue between Tunisians and within the family. The chelha chelha, meanwhile, is spoken by less than 1% of the population, mainly in the semi-Berber villages of the south, including Chenini, Douiret, Matmata, Tamezre

Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Chemistry Blogs and Discussion Groups/Listserves, Discussion Lists, and Newsgroups for Chemistry
chemed->chimed? (replace) context: Education Discussion List. Send the message: subscribe chemed chemed- l firstname lastname to: listproc@mailer.uwf.edu CHEM-EDUCATION, a list for UK academics involved in teaching chemistry, particularly at the higher ed

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1929 01 04
chemies->chemise? (swap) context: The chemies chemies of the G.P.O. Clock; fromthe studio, “Our Serial Story.” 5.10 p.m.:David MKissock, ’cellist. 5.17 p.m.: “Sun”news service. 5.22 p.m.: Pianof

Radiation Oncology/Anal canal/Overview
chemor->chomer? (swap2) context: **Salvage: APR 53% alive vs. chemor chemor +/- RT 19% alive**Conclusion: Salvage APR has curative potential, chemo and RT salvage disappointing==Adenocarcinoma==*Rare Cancer Network: (197

The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages/Trading Sequence
cherring->charring? (replace) context: tell the Funny Joke to the sad boy Dekadin. In return for cherring cherring him up, he gives Link the Touching Book.== Magic Oar==[[File:Zelda Ages Trading Magic Oar.png|thumb|left

Final Fantasy VII/History and Contributors
chices->chaces? (replace) context: some work on Wall Market walkthrough (notably the items and chices chices), and did some Wutai area, Northern Cave area training info on my IP (forgot to log in, darn)And also a lot of other smaller contributors and other an

Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Unsustainable Growth
chieftans->chieftains? (omit) context: by a Paramount Chief, who is elected for life. Although chieftans chieftans continue to be important amongst their communities, from 2004 onwards, they have started working alongside local administrations whose members are ele

Baby Care and Development
chiliness->chilliness? (omit) context: Babies need to be protected against chiliness chiliness and other potential endangerments which can influence the health of the little ones. == See also ==* Sexual Health/Pregnancy== Medical Disclaimer

A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore
chilse->chiles? (swap) context: chewing gum, chilse chilse. PhUibertia heterophylla. Towunla. It is used for food, being eaten raw with salt.Apocynaceae. Dogbane Family.Apocynum cannabinum. Wicha. Indian hemp,

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23
chimea->chimera? (omit) context: 11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea chimea. National Anthem.2GB, SYDNEYTheosophical Broadcasting Service.Wave Length, 316 Metres.FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.MORNING SESSION.10 a.m. —Music.10.10 a

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1922 08 18
chises->chaises? (omit) context: chises chises M.F.W., Anchoria Y.D.E.,Anchorton G.D.W.L., AncobraY. Ancula E.L.L., Andalu-sian X.1.C., Andalasier G.D.P.F.,Andes M.R.Q., AndorinhaAndree E.N.N., Ann

Science: An Elementary Teacher’s Guide/Weather, seasons, and climate
chlorofluorocarbos->chlorofluorocarbons? (omit) context: *Artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbos chlorofluorocarbos (CFCs).Climate ranks by their contribution to the greenhouse gas effect:water vapor, which contributes 34–70%carbon dioxide, which contributes 9–2

Oracle Database/Spatiotemporal Databases
choisis->chorisis? (omit) context: Les modes d'indexation choisis choisis par Oracle pour les données spatiales sont l' {{cite web|site=Oracle.com|url=https://docs.oracle.com/html/A8880

Ossicle/Otology
cholestatoma->cholesteatoma? (omit) context: - through dehiscence in bony canal (30%) or erosion by cholestatoma cholestatoma lt;br>Labyrinthitis - 2' fistula in Lateral SCC. Can be serous or suppurativePetrositis

Brahmin Tamil/Lesson8
chollu->cholla? (replace) context: Apo vishayath ei chollu chollu. Ena ku avasaram aa pahnam veendi iruku, anupi tharuve a ?Ethrrei veehnam, epo veehnam chollu.

Lentis/Placebos/Nocebos
cholocystokinin->cholecystokinin? (replace) context: nocebo response, and that this might be caused by a cholocystokinin cholocystokinin- incuced increase in anxiety. Other researchers (e.g. Kim et al. 1998) have also emphasized the role of cholecystokinin in anxiety	===The nocebo effect

Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/Endocrine System
chomaffin->chromaffin? (omit) context: it releases secretions directly into the blood stream. The chomaffin chomaffin cells of the medula are the main source of circulating water-soluble catecholamines derived from the amino acid tyrosine: adrenaline (epinephrine) and

Lentis/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States
chondriotin->chondroitin? (swap) context: studied the labeled claims of eleven DS that contained chondriotin chondriotin sulfate and found that the percentage of claimed chondriotin

Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Salinity/measuring chloride concentration
choride->chloride? (omit) context: * choride choride indicator solution (10%w/v potassium chromate OR 4.2%w/v potassium chromate with 0.7%w/v potassium dichromate) in dropper bottle (caution - this reage

Middle School Science/Biology/Nucleus
chormatin->chromatin? (swap) context: nuclear membrane.It has few pores The nucleus has chormatin chormatin reticulum and a nucleolus. 1xuytq7kzhl98jl6lgvf5bfop1ptv0u        Calculus/Some

Applied History of Psychology/Mindfulness Based Therapy - principles, theory, and key figures
chornic->chronic? (swap) context: of physical and mental health problems including cancer, chornic chornic pain, fibromyalgia, depression, anxiety, and disordered eating (for review see Baer, 2003 and Grossman et al., 2004).Two similar programs have been de

OpenSSH/Cookbook/Host-based Authentication
chost->chest? (replace) context: debug1: userauth_hostbased: cuser fred chost chost desktop1. pkalg ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 slen 100 [preauth]...debug3: mm_answer_keyallowed: key_from_blob: 0x76eede00debug2: hostbased_key_allowed: chost

Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/Mandelbrot set/chaotic part
chotic->chaotic? (omit) context: * other orders inside chotic chotic bands==sequences=====Sharkovsky sequence inside chootic

Ict-innovation/LPI/110.1
chris->chrism? (omit) context: chris can execute commands in the command alias SOFTWARE on all machines# Members of the Linux wheel group can execute any command as root on any machineThe
 * 1) chris

The Mojavi 3 Book/Tutorials/Global Templating - The Decorator Pattern
christma->christmas? (omit) context: First off, we're going to need a great big christma christma. .ehh..template to decorate. While I won't get into breaking down and factoring our global template, keep in mind that this is not the only way to do t

Sustainable Business/Managing external factors
chrities->charities? (omit) context: Incorporated Society (and status with the chrities chrities commission)==Tax compliance==All businesses must pay tax. Plan in advance to meet your tax obligations based on your financial forecasts. Failing to c

Structural Biochemistry/Neurons
chroid->choroid? (omit) context: produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 60-80% of CSF comes from chroid chroid plexus and rest from extrachrodial sources. 5.Schwann cells: Schwann cells' functions are very similar to oligodendrocytes. They myelinate neurons wit

Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Histone Modifications
chromitin->chromatin? (replace) context: High orders of chromitin chromitin structure can be directly affected by Histonemodifications. Removal of Histone tails by tryspin

Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins/Membrane Curvature
chromosphore->chromosphere? (replace) context: liposomes of varied sizes, which then labeled with a chromosphore chromosphore and immobilized by streptavidin. The fluorescence intensity was used to measure the individual liposomal diameters. Another chromophore was used to ta

Sensory Systems/Visual Anatomy
chromphore->chromaphore? (omit) context: It consists of protein called opsin and a bound chromphore chromphore called the retinal. The main building blocks of the cone cell are the synaptic terminal, the inner and outer segments, the interior nucleus and the mi

Accordion/Anglo German Concertina
chromtic->chromatic? (omit) context: included in design. The concertina does not provide a full chromtic chromtic scale. This technique involves developing 'false' or approximate base chords that sound appropriate, even if they are not musically sound. The cost of

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1922 08 18
chronism->achronism? (omit) context: chronism chronism to the other, a very highnote will at first appear; this willfall in pitch until it suddenly dis-appears and the music or speechcan be heard in its pl

Introduction to Paleoanthropology/Dating Techniques
chronometic->chronometric? (omit) context: The most commonly used chronometic chronometic method is radiocarbon analysis. It measures the decay of radioactive carbon (14C) that has been absorbed from the atmosphere by a plant or animal pri

MapleStory/Thief Guide
chronos->chronons? (omit) context: to do so in their high 40s. (addon) Consider killing the new chronos chronos family of monsters as they can drop tobis,

Grsecurity/Appendix/Grsecurity and PaX Configuration Options
chroots->cheroots? (omit) context: ====Deny double-chroots chroots= ===GRKERNSEC_CHROOT_DOUBLE Related sysctl variables: :kernel.grsecurity.chroot_deny_chrootchiks? (replace) context: you meet, unlike Bandit who steals Baby Mario, Baseball Boy chuks chuks Yoshi Eggs and smashes Yoshi with his baseball bat when he gets close, he is defeated the same way Banidt is. Zeus Guy appears much later in the gane,

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1929 01 11
churia->choria? (replace) context: churia churia, Korea, Japan, Formosa, Hongkong,Macao, Canton, Philippine Islands, BritishNorth Borneo, Sarawak, Straits Settlements,Sumatra, Sourabaya, Batavia, Bal

A-level English/The Miller's Prologue and Tale/Past Paper Questions
churles->charles? (replace) context: Prologue Chaucer informs us that the Miller told his churles churles tale "in his manere". Explore the ways that the Miller's character is reflected in The Miller's Tale.==4==What do you find interesting a

Japanese History/The Meiji Period
chusa->chuse? (replace) context: chui or first lieutenant, tai or captain, shosa or major, chusa chusa or lieutenant colonel, taisa or colonel, shosho or major general, chujo or lieutenant general, taisho or general, and gensui or field marshal (GlobalS

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1929 01 11
cials->ciels? (replace) context: cials cials. The chief stimulus I had was to makethe service a success as a public service. Ithink, therefore, there was something to besaid for the old 8.8. C.,

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23
ciated->coated? (replace) context: ciated ciated Committee on Physics andEngineering of the Council, researchwork has been undertaken. It isknown that conditions in the upperatmosphere have a very ma

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1922 08 04
ciates->coates? (replace) context: ciates ciates the limited pocket of manyenthusiasts.The cost of the material runsinto a few pence, and from prac-tical experience this mountinggives excellent servi

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Radio in ANZ/Issues/1923 05 30
ciation->cibation? (omit) context: ciation ciation will exercise. In addition to this it will safeguardthe legitimate interests of radio experimenters,and so pave the way for smooth and satisfactory wo

A-level Mathematics/OCR/D1/Node Graphs/Spanning Trees
cicling->circling? (omit) context: use any method you want to indicate members of S, such as cicling cicling. Below is table 2, with vertex 4 marked as a member of S.{| border="1" cellpadding="2"|+ table 2|-| ||1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1922 08 18
cillations->collations? (replace) context: cillations cillations. To overcome these disturbingeffects, the regeneration should bereduced, as by loosening the ticL-for coupling. When this leaves thecircuit in too crit

A-level Biology/Human Health and Disease/smoking and disease
cilliated->ciliated? (double) context: The damaged cilliated cilliated epithelial cells are replaced by scar tissue, thickening the airways and making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. Infections also

Cell Biology/Cell types/Eukaryotes
cillium->cilium? (double) context: force in a direction perpendicular to the cilium's axis. A cillium cillium may also act as a signal-receiving "antenna" for the cell. Cilia that have this function are nonmotile, and there is only one per cell. Memb

Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/MandelbrotSetExterior/ParameterExternalRay
cimport->comport? (replace) context: from cysignals.signals cimport cimport sig_checkfrom sage.rings.complex_field import ComplexFieldfrom sage.functions.log import exp, logfrom sage.symbolic.constants import pidef external_ra

Question Bank for High School Science/Biology/CBSEPMT2007
cinereria->cineraria? (replace) context: *(b) water hyacinth, Prosopis cinereria cinereria *(c) nile perch, Ficits religiosa*(d) Ficits religiosa, Lantana camara.89. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents*(a) a cavity in the ovule in

Introduction to Sociology/Social psychology
cinty->canty? (replace) context: Comparison of an Asian city and a North American cinty cinty. Psychologia, 22, 79-83*Gillis, J. S., & Avis, W.E. (1980). The male-taller norm in mate selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6,

Proteomics/Protein Separations - Centrifugation/CENTRIFUGAL FRACTIONATION OF TISSUES AND CELLS: BASIC APPROACHES AND INSTRUMENTATION
cinvection->convection? (replace) context: The Most common cause of unwanted cinvection cinvection is temperature variation in different parts of the centrifuge tube.*Nature of Tissue Fractions Produced by Differentail centrifugationThe approaches t

Fluid Mechanics Applications/B-12:Role of braking system in automobiles
cinverts->converts? (replace) context: (8)Master Cylinder-A device that cinverts cinverts the non hydaulic

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1929 01 04
cious->scious? (omit) context: cious cious pirates. NIGHT SESSlON.—(Announcer: C.J. O’Connor. Accompanyte: Agnes Fortune.) 6.50p.m.: Madame Soward. “French Without Tears.”7.5 p.m,: Stoc

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23
cipes->capes? (replace) context: cipes cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst.11.30 a.m. —-Close down.MIDDAY SESSION.12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.12.3

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1925 08 28
ciple->caple? (replace) context: ciple ciple of the floating automobile axle is relievedof all strain. The end plate is of heavy speciallyrolled brass, highly polished and nickel finished.The Ele

Artificial Intelligence/My research results
circit->circuit? (omit) context: and non encountered values that are given as input. Else if a circit circit has learned by memorization it can give right output for previously trained values, but may give out erroneous output for previously nonencountered in

Structural Biochemistry/Histology
circulte->circulate? (omit) context: until after Bichat's death did the word histology began to circulte circulte. Histology derives from two Greek words, Histo, meaning tissue, and logo meaning study. However, some consider Rudolph von Kolliker the actual father

EverQuest/Zones
cirular->circular? (omit) context: entering the zone, the traveler would then move into a huge cirular cirular area between the outer rock wall and the arena itself. The only entrance into the Arena proper is on the opposite side of the building, to make sure p

Parapsychology/Sources/Survival After Death and Mediumship
cised->cased? (replace) context: cised cised in much the same manner. Evidence of this sort does notsuggest telepathy, it suggests the actual presence of the allegedcommunicators, and if it stood

Radiation Oncology/NSCLC/Randomized
cispaltin->cisplatin? (swap) context: resected NSCLC, patients with ERCC1- tumors benefit from cispaltin cispaltin, while ERCC1+ tumors do not. ERCC1+ tumors have a better overall OS*NCI-Canada JBR.10 / INT (1994-2001) -- Surgery +/- cisplatin and vinorelbine

Radiation Oncology/Anal canal/Overview
cisplain->cisplatin? (omit) context: patients, treated with RT or CRT with 5-FU/mitomycin or cisplain cisplain. Median CD4 358. HIV+ younger (48 vs. 62), male (93% vs. 25%), early stage, large-cell histology. **Outcome: CR HIV+ 92% vs. HIV- 96%; 5-year OS HIV+

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1924 01 04
civilis->civilise? (omit) context: Probably every new development in civilis civilis- ation has met with opposition from all quar-ters.Men have been killed and tortured for be-liefs and theories which are now establishedfacts in the eve

Transportation Planning Casebook/Sydney Metro (Northwest)
civils->cavils? (replace) context: of the track laying in Skytrain from the surface and viaduct civils civils works and new built stations of Bella Vista and Cudgegong Road. The after construction fitting works such as the railway services, carparks, bridge st

Emergency Medicine/Arterial
cladicant->claudicant? (omit) context: treatment is necessary, the patient may be treated as a cladicant cladicant. Class II: Urgent revascularization is necessary.Class III: Amputation is the only treatment to be considered. pk2m5lkog4n

Science: An Elementary Teacher’s Guide/Weather, seasons, and climate
clamatic->climatic? (replace) context: Commonly they change very often and we can hear about this clamatic clamatic chang changes on the weather forecast on TV every day. They can move from mild to extreme winds in just hours. Some good examples of local winds are s

World of Dinosaurs/Cladograms
claodgrams->cladograms? (swap) context: This class uses claodgrams claodgrams as puzzles.* We will ask students to read, remember, and reconstruct some cladogram features.* This is because the cladogram puzzles are useful tools

The Geology of Indonesia/Sulawesi
clatics->clastics? (omit) context: to this collision, the deposition of post-orogenic coarse clatics clatics of mostly molasse type sediments took place in the Late Neogene times. The molasses are mostly marine, but partly are terrestrials as indicated by the

Exercise as it relates to Disease/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults
clealy->cleanly? (omit) context: amount. In the Australian physical activity guidelines clealy clealy state "all healthy adults aged 18-65 years should participate in moderate intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 30 minutes on 5 da

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Henry Sutton/Notes
clebration->celebration? (omit) context: Sutton's father provides the harmonium for clebration clebration of Christian Association at Brown Hill BROWN HILL.— Our correspondent writes: The third annual celebration of the Christian A

Radiation Oncology/Skin care
clense->cleanse? (omit) context: **Randomized. Arm 1) skin clense clense with mild unscented soap vs. Arm 2) soap + aloe very multiple times daily. **Outcome: No difference if dose <27 Gy; for dose >27 Gy, longer time

Proteomics/Post-translational Modification/Proteolytic Processing
clevage->cleavage? (omit) context: proteins nsp3 and nsp4. It was found that PLP1 processes clevage clevage site to release 1 to release nsp1 whereas PLP2 released nsp2 and nsp3. Also by using hexa ubiquitin substrate and ubiquitin vinylsulphonate inhibitor

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 30
clined->clinged? (omit) context: clined clined to agree with the old Philoso-pher who says, “there seemed to besomething necessary to life in thatpart of the husk of the wheat grainwhich appears

Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Carotid artery
clinicall->clinical? (double) context: **Conclusion: Prevalence of carotid artery disease is clinicall clinicall significant, and warrants aggressive screening*Prince of Wales Hospital; 2001 (Hong Kong) PMID 11745291 -- "Incidence of carotid stenosis i

Maxima/Installation
clisp->clasp? (replace) context: ./configure --enable-clisp clisp # or:   --enable-sbclmakemake checksudo make installmake clean This procedure does not create a deb package.===Using git=======maxima/xma

Applied Robotics/Sensors and Perception/Open CV/Basic OpenCV Tutorial
clist->clast? (replace) context: $ uvcdynctrl -d video1 --clist clist Listing available controls for device video1: Hue  Exposure  Gain  # Get a value$ uvcdynctrl -d video1 -g 'Exposure'60  # Set a Value$ uvcdynctrl -d

Linux Applications Debugging Techniques/Building the toolkit
cloog->colog? (swap) context: --with-cloog cloog= /opt/lpt/cloog-ppl-0.15.11-bin LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/lpt/mpfr-2.4.2-bin/lib:/opt/lpt/mpc-0.8.1-bin/lib:/opt/lpt/gmp-4.3.2-bin/lib:/opt/lpt/ppl-0.11-bin

Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer
clorectal->colorectal? (omit) context: however, a healthy lifestyle does not guarantee developing clorectal clorectal cancer as there are other many risk factors involving this type of cancer.Current medicine has a way to treat this type of cancer by surgically removi

The Voynich Manuscript/F2r
clored->chlored? (omit) context: thickness, awkward shape (cf. top right leaf). Light-clored clored with a dark vein grossly painted along the middle.: Leaves: Dark overpaint, shaped like a triangular fan with five lanceolated fingers.: Stalk: medium

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1946 01
closin->closen? (replace) context: to B rita in. H e says sign als of V L C -10 w ere fa ir a t closin closin g a t 5.25 p.m ., b u t a t 5 o’clockth e y w ere inclin

Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme Regulation/Enzyme Cascades
cloting->clothing? (omit) context: blood clots. This precise regulation is owe to the fact that cloting cloting factors are short-lived and diluted in blood vessels. They are quickly removed by the liver.== Sources ==Berg, Jere

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Territory List
cluckin->clucking? (omit) context: cluckin bell is found# Financial# Downtown, just east of #97# Downtown, just east of #98# Esplande East, just north of #99# Esplande east, just east of #100#
 * 1) Downtown just north of #95 where cluckin

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1939 03
cluded->clouded? (omit) context: cluded cluded w ere cards or le tte rs fromEAQ, CR7AA, Radio Lee (B elgian

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1922 09 15
cludes->clades? (replace) context: cludes cludes a transmitting set, singlevalve receiver, short wave receiver,wave meter, and a single stageamplifier. The aerial is 80 ft.long, on two iron masts 50

The Zebrafish in Toxicology/Testis location
clustes->clusters? (omit) context: give rise to a generation of spermatogonia B, which occur in clustes clustes of four or more cells. After a limited number of proliferative cycles, spermatogonia B [B] enter meiosis to give rise to spermatocy

Data Mining Algorithms In R/Clustering/RockCluster
clustred->clustered? (omit) context: It accepts as input the set S of N sampled points to be clustred clustred (that are drawn randomly from the original data set), and the number of desired clusters k. The procedure begins by computing the number of links betw

Aros/Developer/Docs
cmake->comake? (omit) context: gcc-multilib libsdl1.2-dev byacc python-mako libxcursor-dev cmake cmake zsh mingw64Do all of these operations under home directory of your user or another directory where your user has write permissions.Specifically, in a

Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/def cqp
coallesce->coalesce? (double) context: points]] : this occurs when two singular points coallesce coallesce in a double singular point (parabolic point) [http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07120 The bifurcation diagram of cubic polynomial vector fields on C

Planet Earth/6i. Earth’s Surface Processes: Sedimentary Rocks and Depositional Environments.
coarsing->coursing? (replace) context: intersection of a major river and the sea. They exhibit a coarsing coarsing upward in grain sizes, cross-bedding, ripple marks caused by tides, and clay and mud that flares upward through coarser overlaying grains. There is al

Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Biological Membranes
coccobacili->coccobacilli? (omit) context: septum formation will lead bacteria to the formation of coccobacili coccobacili or cocci. However, bacteria has a negative control that blocks septum formation when lateral wall elongation is not completed. This will help keep c

Horticulture/Summer Squash
coccoons->cocoons? (double) context: Burn borer-infected vines, and till area to disturb any coccoons coccoons. If rotation is not possible, use a winter cover crop such as rye, vetch, or pea to enrich the soil.==Harvesting==Cut the stems with a sharp knife. Su

Ossicle/Otology
cochea->cochlea? (omit) context: - cochea cochea is single curved tube. Cochlear aqueduct is patent. High risks of otic hydrocephalus and meningitis. Also risk of CSF leak from spontanous

Human Physiology/Appendix 1: answers to review questions
cochlearis->cochlearius? (omit) context: of the afferent sensory fibre receptor of n. cochlearis cochlearis through release of glutamate.The loss of energy in transduction is partially re-gained by the size of membr. tympani compared to the size of foramen o

Field Guide/Scorpions
cocroach->cockroach? (omit) context: it hunts its prey at night. It feeds mainly in crickets and cocroach cocroach. ===== Enemies =====The bark scorpion is hunted by many species of reptiles, birds, and other invertebrates: like Snakes, spiders, wildboar, rodents an

Structural Biochemistry/Actin Assembly during Endocytosis
cofflin->coffling? (omit) context: of additional amphipysins and dynamin. Lastly, the proteins cofflin cofflin and coronin are employed to dissemble the actin filaments once the job of endocytosis is completed and the vesicle is well within the cell. The entire

An Introduction to Molecular Biology/DNA the unit of life
cohesins->cohesions? (omit) context: compacted and segregated to daughter cells. Condensins and cohesins cohesins are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome proteins that aid in the condensation of sister chromatids and the linkage of the centromere in sister chroma

Field Guide/Reptiles/Spain
colepterans->coleopterans? (omit) context: The western three-toed skink eats arthropods: arachnids, colepterans colepterans and hemipetrans.

History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23
colered->colored? (replace) context: teresting colered colered folderabout “Ever-Ready”Radio Batteries. It illus-trates

High School Engineering/Water and Disease
colessus->colossus? (replace) context: - colessus colessus + cholera- colitis{We can prevent waterborne diseases by|type="[]"}- washing our hands+ public health education- vaccinations- visits to the

Metabolomics/Applications/Disease Research
colinic->cholinic? (omit) context: can attract leukcytes. This provides an explanation for the colinic colinic inflammation that CD patients experience, and also offers a possible means of alleviating the negative symptoms of CD in patients. In general, bacteri

title: Wikibooks:Correct typos in one click/7