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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Peter Robert Challen/Notes

1865 11
Challen offers a reward for missing mail carrier (Telegraph Office, Buninyong, 10 km south of Ballarat) "£2 REWARD.— Mysterious Disappearance of Thomas Ryan, the Boy who carried the mails to and from Buninyong, Whim Holes, and Hardie's Hills. He is 12 years of age, fair complexion. Was dressed in a suit of shepherd's plaid and black cloth cap with French peak. He was last seen at Whim Holes on the morning of 18th inst. Any person giving information that will lead to his recovery, or bringing him to either of the undersigned will receive the above reward. Thomas Webb, Mail Contractor, Buninyong Railway Station, or P. R. Challen, Telegraph office, Buninyong."

1869 11
Challen appointed as Telegraph Officer at Cape Schanck with General Post Office from 1 Oct 1869 TELEGRAPH OFFICER. THE Govenor in council has been pleased to sanction the undermentioned appointment, viz.:- P. R. CHALLEN to be Officer in charge of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts at Cape Schanck, from the 1st October, 1869, vice G. Day transferred. JOHN A. MacPHERSON, Chief Secretary. General Post Office, Melbourne, 4th November, 1869.

1870 04
Challen transferred from his position as manager of electric telegraph and collector of imposts at Cape Schanck, replaced by a lady "The following appointments are gazetted:— Messrs Clement Hodgkinson, C.E., Charles Rowand, C.E., Clement Wilks, C.E., and William C. Kernot, M.A., C.E., to be a Board of Examiners for the examination of surveyors requiring to obtain certificates of compe-tency as surveyors of land and works; Messrs James Anselm Grieve, of Gray Town, during residence at Gray Town, and Arthur George Wade, of Coleraine, during residence at Coleraine, to be commissioners for the Supreme Court of Victoria for taking affidavits within the colony; Sergeant Percival Renon, of the Kyneton troop of V.V. Light Horse, to be lieutenant; Miss Sarah Bowie to be acting manager of electric telegraph and collector of imposts at Cape Schanck vice P. R. Challen, transferred; Mr W. L. Archer to be acting manager of electric telegraph and collector of imposts, also acting postmaster, at Maldon, during the absence on leave of T. Reed; Mr Asher Ellis to be acting manager of electric telegraph and collector of imposts, also acting postmaster, at Buninyong, during the absence on leave of G. A. Firman."

1870 07
Challen's marraige notice "MARRIED. Challen — Pearson — On the 16th July, by special license, at Christ Church, Geelong, by the Rev. George Goodman, Peter Robert, eldest son of the late Charles Challen, to Florence, only daughter of the late William Sharp Pearson, stationer, Sydney, New South Wales, and niece of Pearson Brothers, Stationers, Bishopgate-street within, London."

1870 09
Challen appointed as acting manager Electric Telegraph, Linton's with General Post Office from 25 August 1870 '''COLLECTORS OF IMPOSTS. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. THE Governor in Council has been pleased to sanction the undermentioned arrangements, viz.:- P. R. CHALLEN''', to be Acting Manager of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts, also Acting Postmaster at Linton's, from the 25th August 1870, vice J. B. Scurfield relieved. F. W. RACKHAM resumed duty as Manager of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts, also as Postmaster, at Penshurst, on the 6th September 1870. THO. T. A'BECKETT, Commissioner of Trade and Customs. General Post Office, Melbourne, 9th September 1870.

The reason for Challen's Linton appointment above due to embezzlement charge upon his predecessor "POLICE. CITY COURT. Thursday, 15th September. (Before Mr Gaunt, P.M., the Mayor, and Messrs Doane, Lewis, and Dyte, J’s.P.) . . . John Barwise Scurfield was then charged with having at Linton, on 24th August, feloniously embezzled the sum of £55 17s 1d, moneys belonging to the Government of the colony of Victoria. Detective Eason, who conducted the prosecution, intimated that the prisoner had been arrested at Northcote. Thomas Reynolds James, inspector of the postal service, residing at Melbourne, gave evidence showing that he knew the prisoner, and that he had been in the employ of the Government as post and telegraph master at Linton. The Government Gazette, folio 2257, contained the appointment. The rules for the prisoner’s guidance in the discharge of his duties in connection with the money-order branch were put in, as also the prisoner’s receipt for the same. Witness also produced a book of regulations for the guidance of the prisoner as postmaster. The 32nd clause of the amended regulations related to the prisoner’s duties in reference to remitting the money-order moneys. The 82nd clause also had reference to the banking of the same, showing that all surplus money should be forwarded by draft. Witness recollected 8th April last; audited the prisoner’s books at Linton on that day (books produced). The money-order book was then quite correct; wrote a statement to that effect, and the prisoner signed it (statement produced). That was witness’ last visit to the Linton office till 24th August last. The prisoner, in carrying out his orders, had to forward a monthly and also a daily statement to the head of the department. (Monthly receipts from the comptroller to the prisoner from 8th April up to the end of July put in, and all stated by witness to be correct.) On 1st August the prisoner, according to the books, ought to have had in his possession £55 9s 9d, not including postage stamps or telegraph money. The next remittance made by the prisoner was on 6th August, when he remitted £26 7s 3d. The comptroller drew the prisoner’s attention to a remittance not having come in due course, and on 16th August the prisoner replied that the reason he had not sent the remittance was that the local banker was absent, and the money would be remitted on his return. In consequence of the non-remittance of the money promised, witness came to Linton on 24th August. Saw the prisoner in the post-office. Asked him how it was that he had not remitted the money in accordance with the regulations. The prisoner thereupon became very excited, and went into an adjoining room, he soon came out again, and said there was no use concealing the fact, he had taken the post-office money to pay his private debts, and had not been able to replace it. Witness then made an audit and found cash due to the department, £55 17s 1d; everything was correct unless the money-order book. Detective Eason said there was a difficulty in the case, as the department could not part with the books, but the witness would prove the accounts by the money-order slips. (Seventeen slips handed in.) Witness certified to their accuracy. The slips included transactions from 1st to 24th August. Witness produced a daily statement signed by prisoner on 24th August, and charging himself with £56 10s 11d as owing to the department. Detective Eason said that he had a written statement by the prisoner to the postmaster, wherein the offence was admitted. (Statement put in and perused by the magistrate, but not read aloud.) The prisoner admitted that the statement was made by him. Witness said he reported the matter to the department, and handed over the charge of the Linton office to Mr Challen, and left him all the books, documents, and moneys connected therewith. In reply to Detective Eason, the prisoner intimated that he did not wish to put any questions to the witness. Peter Robert Challen gave evidence showing that he was postmaster at Linton. Recollected 25th August; took charge of the office on that day. Knew the book produced marked D. Saw the statement attached to the book; it was made out by Mr. James. The prisoner was in the office at the time. Witness received £13 9s from Mr James in presence of the prisoner. Found no moneys there since. Took charge of everything at the office. Found all the rules and regulations at the office as usual. The books and documents had not since been from under witness' control. Heard Mr James’ evidence, and it was generally correct. The prisoner declined to put any question to this witness. Detective Eason wished to have it put in the depositions that the statement referred to was merely a copy of the statement of the general deficiency. Wm. Edward Frazer, bank accountant at Linton, gave evidence showing that he knew the prisoner as postmaster at Linton; he (the prisoner) kept the public account at the bank (New South Wales). There was no other bank at Linton. (Pass-book between the bank and the prisoner produced by witness.) On 18th July last the prisoner’s account was closed. He on that day paid in moneys, and also took out the balance. He had not since had any dealings with the bank, or made any application to draw any money. In reply to the usual question by the magistrate as to whether the prisoner wished to make any statement, he intimated that he wished to reserve his defence. He was then committed for trial at the next Circuit Court, Ballarat, on 4th October. He applied to be admitted to bail. Detective Eason said he wished to make his worship acquainted with the fact that arsenic was found among the prisoner’s effects. The prisoner, in reply to the magistrate, said that he had got the arsenic through the coach driver. He (the prisoner) had bought sixpence worth for medicine for a dog. The arsenic was obtained from Mr Corinaldi, Smythesdale, and was sent for through the coach driver. The prisoner requested his worship to take into consideration the delicate state of his health in fixing the amount of security, as also the matter as to his having a family. Bail was allowed in two sureties of £100 each."

1870 10
The above matter is concluded, Challen's predecessor receiving 6 months without hard labour "CIRCUIT COURT. Thursday, 6th October. (Before His Honor Mr Justice Williams.) The Circuit Court sat at nine o’clock. . . . EMBEZZLEMENT.— John Barwise Scurfield was indicted for that he did on the 24th day of August, whilst employed in the service of the Queen, take into his possession and embezzle the sum of £55 17s 1d. A second count of the indictment charged the prisoner with stealing the abovementioned moneys. The prisoner pleaded not guilty, and was defended by Mr McDermott. Mr Adamson having briefly stated the case, voluminous evidence was produced, from which it appeared that the prisoner was in the position of postmaster and telegraph-master at Linton, and had the control of the money-order office there. He had directions to forward all moneys except those which he absolutely required for the service of the office. On 30th July the balance held by the prisoner was £55 9s 9d, and up to the 24th he issued 17 money-orders, for which he received £45 7s 11d. During the same period he paid four orders to the amount of £17 9s 6d. On 6th August prisoner remitted to the head-office £26 7s 3d. On 24th August the debit in his case was £56 10s 11d, less 13s 10d accounted for. He had been twice directed to make up his debit balance, and on 24th August the inspector of postal establishments, Mr Thomas Reynolds James, visited the Linton branch. Prisoner then admitted that he had taken the money to pay private bills, and was short in his cash. He had endeavored to prevail upon the Government to look over his offence for the sake of his wife and family. Mr McDermott for the defence pointed out that all prisoner’s accounts were correct, and that he had only been guilty of keeping back money. His Honor Mr Justice Molesworth, he pointed out, had given the opinion that the mere keeping back of money for a little time was not strictly embezzlement. His Honor in his summing up of the evidence, considered that the charge of embezzlement might as well be at once struck from the books if the opinion was held that the mere stoppage of money was not embezzlement. The jury retired, and returned into court with a verdict of guilty and a recommendation to mercy. In consequence of good character his Honor passed a sentence of six months' imprisonment in the Ballarat Gaol, without hard labor."

1871 06
Challen transferred from Linton Post Office '''COLLECTORS OF IMPOSTS. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.''' THE Governor in Council has been pleased to sanction the undermentioned arrangements, viz.:—
 * John Weatherhead, Postmaster, Gaffney's Creek, to be also Acting Manager of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts at that place from the 26 May 1871.
 * Miss Martha McDonagh to be Acting Manager of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts, also Acting Postmistress, at Linton, from 1st June 1871, vice P. R. Challen, transferred.
 * John Dobson, Postmaster, Dandenong, to be also Acting Manager of Electric Telegraph and Collector of Imposts at that place from the 1st June 1871.

Tho. T. A'BECKETT, Commissioner of Trade and Customs, General Post Office, Melbourne, 12th June 1871

1871 09
Birth of Challen's first child Robert William Pearson Challen "BIRTHS. CHALLEN.— On the 6th inst., at 11 Palk-street, Emerald-hill, the wife of P. R. Challen of a son — both doing well."

1873 11
Death notice for Challen's mother-in-law "DEATH. PANKHURST.— On 18th November, at the residence of her son-in-law, P. R. Challen, Stead-street, Emerald-hill, Elizabeth, relict of the late Joseph Pankhurst, also relict of the late William Sharpe Pearson, stationer, of Sydney, aged forty-four years, after a protracted and painful illness. Home, Sydney and Geelong papers please copy."

1874 08
Challen not mentioned in report of establishment of Telegraph Electrical Society of Victoria, but almost certainly a founding member (soon presented a paper to fortnightly meeting) "MELBOURNE. 8th August. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) . . . I called attention recently in your columns to the establishment in the Indian Telegraphic Service of a school of instruction in the higher branches of telegraphy. With the last few days several of the officers of the Victorian Telegraph Department have established a similar society under the name of the Telegraph Electrical Society. Messrs G. Jimbert (sic, Smibert), D. J. McGaurin, D. Mickle, and H. W. Jenvey are the committee of management, and it is proposed to publish the transactions of the society at periodical intervals. The first paper will be read at the Athenaeum, on Wednesday next by Mr Daniel, the subject being, 'The Object, the Use, and the Working of the Telegraph Electrical Society.'"

1874 11
First quarterly report of the Telegraph Electrical Society states Challen delivered a paper on "Statical Electricity and the Methods used for producing it" "A Telegraph Electrical Society has been formed by the officers of the Electric Telegraph Department, and from the first quarterly report, just submitted, it appears that the society now numbers 89 members — 38 town and 51 corresponding members. In the inaugural address read by the hon. secretary, Mr. L. S. Daniel, the objects of the society are thus defined — 1. The acquiring of knowledge of the higher branches of telegraphy; 2. The acquiring of knowledge of electrical science in the abstract; 3. The keeping the members informed of the movements and changes that are taking place in the great centres of telegraphy. Members are restricted to officials of the Post and Telegraph department, one reason being that if strangers were admitted, there might possibly be objections raised to their being allowed access to the telegraph operating room, where the practical experiments are sometimes carried on. The meetings of the society are held on the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month. During the quarter, papers have been read by Mr. G. Smibert, on 'The Theories of Electricity;' by Mr. D. J. McGuaran, on 'Duplex Telegraphy;' by Mr. H. W. Jenvey, on 'Electrical Resistance,' and on 'The Adjustment of Morse Instruments;' by Mr. L. S. Daniel, on 'Aldini's Bovine Battery;' and by Mr. P. R. Challen, on ' Statical Electricity and the methods used for producing it;' several of these subjects being elaborately demonstrated by experiments. A special meeting was held on the 16th September at the Chief Telegraph Office, when Mr. McGuaran showed, on a circuit of 90 miles, the method of working the ' duplex' system of telegraphy; messages being sent with perfect facility in contrary directions on the one wire simultaneously."

1875 02
Challen attends Telegraph Electrical Society of Victoria and exhibits his "powerful electric machine" "TELEGRAPH ELECTRICAL SOCIETY. A lecture was given last night, at the Athenaeum, by members of the Electric Telegraph department, who have formed themselves into a society for the purpose of studying the science which they are daily engaged in putting to practical use. There was a good attendance, and the hall was fitted up with apparatus used in transmitting messages. A telegraph station was fixed on the platform, another in the gallery, with an intermediate station in the body of the hall. Some very powerful machines were placed on the platform, the best of which belonged to a member of the society. Mr. Turner, Deputy Postmaster-General, opened the proceedings by stating that while so many used the telegraph few knew how the power used was produced and controlled, and to explain this was the object of the lecture. Mr. Daniel, the secretary of the society, then illustrated the nature of electric telegraphy, pointing out that no one knew what electricity was, but it was called a current or fluid. He explained that electricity was produced by a battery, like the one on the platform, containing vessels or cells, in which zinc and platinum were immersed in a solution of acid. Electricity had, he said, the peculiar property, if passed round a bar of iron, of making the iron a magnet, thus producing electromagnetism. The attraction acting on the key or armature produced the clicking noise that formed the telegraphic signal, which, according to its length, constituted the telegraphic alphabet. Insulators were exhibited and explained, and the use of the lightning-arrester, to prevent the ingress of lightning, was shown, Mr. Daniel pointing out that atmospheric electricity had a peculiar power of jumping from one point to another, and so the arrester, consisting of three points, one of which is connected with the telegraph wire, attracts the lightning and carries it into the earth outside the telegraph office. Dynamic electricity, Mr. Daniel said, had not the same tendency to fly off. Several messages were sent by the Morse system to and from various parts of the hall, and were read by sound. The duplex system, Mr. Daniel explained, was the sending of two messages in contrary directions at the same time on the same wire. The Wheatstone machine commonly used in offices was shown, and then Mr. P. R. Challen exhibited his powerful electric machine, with which several interesting experiments were performed. Some torpedo exploders were fired by electricity to show the manner in which they are used in warfare, and to cause explosions in engineering works. Haselmayer's drum trick was to have been explained, but the battery that should have set the internal mechanism in motion refused to give any sign, and so the trick was not performed. The inductorium battery was induced to act at the last moment, and some beautiful experiments by means of the sparks it emitted were exhibited in the darkened hall. The lecture was very interesting, and could not fail to enlighten those present as to the system of working the electric telegraph. Votes of thanks terminated the proceedings."

1876 07
Challen demonstrates Edison's "Etheric Force" at a meeting of the Telegraph Electrical Society of Victoria, arguably Australia's earliest example of wireless transmission "ETHERIC FORCE. At the usual monthly meeting of the Telegraph Electrical Society, held at the chief telegraph office on Wednesday evening some experiments were made, highly interesting to students of electricity, on the newly discovered 'etheric' force. According to a paper on the subject read by Mr. L. S. Daniel, this force is developed in the core of an electromagnet by the process of magnetisation and demagnetisation, caused by 'make and break' contact, by an ordinary telegraph key, of a strong battery passing through the coils of the electromagnet. The force can then be led by a metal wire to any desired point and its presence plainly shown by a spark more or less brilliant. This spark, indeed, is the only indication that has as yet been obtained of the existence of this so called etheric force, and for some years past it has occasionally been noticed by persons experimenting in electricity, but it was not until November last that Mr. T. A. Edison, a well known electrician of New York, was induced to experiment on it, and be found it exhibit such singular properties that he has been led to look upon it as a new electrical force, distinct from known dynamic and static electricity. According to accounts received, this force ignores insulation, and shows not the faintest indication of its presence on the galvanometer or on the electrometer. The wire leading it from the magnet has been taken outside the laboratory, carried along a wet ditch, and on being brought back has emitted its spark as if it had been carefully insulated. A glass rod introduced into the circuit does not act as an obstacle to the passage of the spark. These statements are so opposed to the known action of electricity that some doubt, and even ridicule, was at first cast upon Mr. Edison's alleged discovery, but many students of electricity having investigated it (notably Dr. G. A. Beard, of New York, who has contributed an able paper on the subject to a recent number of the Quarterly Journal of Science), it has been demonstrated that the statements are in the main correct. The experiments made at the Telegraph Electrical Society's meeting on Wednesday evening, and which were conducted by Mr. P. R. Challen, showed conclusively the existence of the so-called force, and sparks were distinctly drawn from the core of an electromagnet to a distant point through a wire, which included in its circuit a glass rod over 18in. in length. A good earth connexion, however, introduced into the circuit effectually stopped the transmission of the spark. Not a trace of any current from the magnet was observable on the galvanometer. It was resolved to continue the investigation of this novelty in electrical phenomena, which, though probably it will be shown to be easily accounted for and of no practical use, may possibly be the means of determining more closely the relation known to exist between dynamic and static electricity."

1876 08
Challen elected to committee of management at annual meeting of the Telegraph Electrical Society "The annual meeting of the Telegraph Electrical Society was held last night, at the chief Telegraph-office. The report for the past twelvemonth shows the society to be in a steadily progressive condition. Eighteen meetings were held, at which papers were read — On 'Magnetism and Electricity,' by Mr. Geo. Smibert on 'Wheatstone's Alphabetical Instrument,' by Mr. H. Quarry; on 'A New Automatic Repeater,' by Mr. D. J. McGauran; on the 'Morse Instrument,' by Mr. L. S. Daniel; on 'Local Batteries, ' by Mr. S. R. Deverell; on the 'Quadruplex System,' by Mr. D. J. McGauran; on 'Spagnoletti's Electrical Semaphore,' by Mr. K. L. Murray; and on 'Edison's Newly Discovered Force,' by Mr. L. S. Daniel. These papers, with other electrical intelligence, have all been printed and issued to the country members. The election of a committee of management having taken place, resulted in the return of Messrs, Mickle, Smibert, Challen, and Cumming. Mr. L. S. Daniel was unanimously re-elected secretary."

1876 10
Challen assists in a lecture on the Moon the Melbourne Catholic Young Men's Society "A lecture on the 'Moon' was delivered by Mr. Thos. Harrison to the Melbourne Catholic Young Men's Society in St. Patrick's Hall, on Wednesday evening. He gave illustrations by the sciopticon of the moon under various phases. Mr. P. R. Challen and Mr. Patching assisted. The Rev. D. F. Barry occupied the chair."

1877 03
Birth notice for Challen's fifth child Grace who sadly lived only 14 days "Births. . . . CHALLEN.— On the 25th ult., at Edinburgh-cottage, Queen-street, Emerald-hill, the wife of P. R. Challen of a daughter."

1877 08
Challen elected to committee of management of Telegraph Electrical Society at its annual meeting "The annual meeting of the Telegraph Electrical Society was held last night at the metropolitan telegraph office. There was a good attendance of members. The society has now entered on its fourth year, and according to the annual report read by the honorary secretary, continues to possess all the elements of vitality. Seven new members were elected during the past year, and pamphlets containing the latest electrical intelligence have been distributed among the members. The financial report showed the society to have a balance in hand of £25. Efforts are being made by some members to produce the latest telegraphic wonder, the telephone; although not yet successful, they are still sanguine of success. The election of officers of the society for the ensuing 12 months resulted in the re-election of Mr. L. S. Daniel as hon. secretary, and of Messrs. P. R. Challen, J. D. Doyle, H. W. Jenvey, and G. Smibert as members of the committee of management. A special vote of thanks was given to the hon. secretary for his labours during the past year."

As previous, a little more detail about issues with accommodation "The Melbourne Telegraph Electrical Society held its fourth annual general meeting last night at the Elizabeth-street Telegraph Office. The preliminary business consisted of the election of office-bearers, and Mr. L. S. Daniel was unanimously re-elected to fill the joint office of honorary secretary and treasurer. Messrs. P. R. Challen, J. D. Doyle, H. W. Jenvey and Geo. Smibert were chosen to form the committee of management for the ensuing year. Financially speaking, the society is still successful, but its operations have for some time been restricted for want of a suitable room, fitted with galvanic batteries and other scientific appliances, in which experiments could be conducted. It is, however, hoped that the Government will provide the necessary accommodation, so that the officers of the Victorian telegraph service may keep pace with the rapid progress now being made in the science of telegraphy."

1878 02
Challen the key player in early telephony experiments by Victoria Posts and Telegraphs, Henry Sutton in the wings "THE TELEPHONE. Very interesting and successful experiments with the last great revelation of science, the telephone, were made on Sunday at the Ballarat and Melbourne telegraph offices simultaneously. Sunday was selected as the day for experiment, not that the gentlemen operating have not due respect for the fourth commandment, but because on that day only the telegraph lines are not used, and the work of important scientific trial of a great discovery can be carried on without interruption. At the Melbourne office Mr James and a few other gentlemen attended at 11 a.m., the time agreed upon, while Messrs Bechervaise, Challen, Blandford, Macaw, Whitelaw, with a few gentlemen specially invited, and the representatives of the Press, occupied the Ballarat office. Mr P. R. Challen, a clever electrician employed at the Melbourne office, and a member of the Torpedo Corps, is, we are informed, the gentleman, who constructed the first telephones ever seen in Victoria, from some of which results completely satisfactory have been obtained. He obtained his idea of the instrument from the description of Professor Bell’s given by the Scientific American, though he never anticipated obtaining the results detailed by some American papers. Mr. Challen’s telephone is constructed thus:— A magnetised steel bar about 6 inches long forms the core; at one end of this, thin silk-covered copper wire, in quantity proportionate to the resistance of the line, is wound; the core is then enclosed in a wooden case; close to and in front of the coil of wire a very thin plate of iron called the diaphragm is fixed, and the upper part of the wooden case forms a kind of bell or sound concentrator. The ends of the copper wire are connected with the telegraph or connecting wire between the two persons who wish to talk, and each person having a telephone, communication is established. The person speaking holds his telephone to his mouth, letting it touch his chin, and speaks into it in a clear, distinct manner. The sound causes the diaphragm to vibrate, and these slight vibrations so affect the magnetised steel bar that by an electromagnetic effect a current of electricity is created in the encircling coil of wire. Flashing along the line of communication to the second telephone, it passes reversely through the coils, and affecting the magnetism of the bar causes the diaphragm to vibrate and produce sounds similar to those shouted into the sending telephone. The sound itself does not travel, but, by an application of that marvellous agent electricity, is reproduced. In 1861 one Reiss, of Frankfort, constructed a telephone which transmitted musical sounds, and anticipations of it seem to have existed for very many years. Professor Bell brought it to its present pitch, and by experiments such as are now being made all over the world, we may hope to reach in earnest that imaginative account given in jest by an American journal, wherein it was stated that a large audience could sit in a room and listen to a concert given in another room 30 miles away, the sound coming by telephone with as much distinctness as though the audience and the singers were only 30 feet apart. Messrs Bechervaise and Challen acted as conductors of the experiments here, and a lively conversation with the Melbourne operators commenced. On placing the telephone to the ear to listen for the answer, the words came in a faint thin tone, but one so exquisitely clear that the very inflexions of the speaker’s voice could be noticed. 'Cooey,' from its open, vowel sound, could always be heard, but sibilant and guttural sounds did not always come plainly. At times the answers were wonderfully distinct, every word falling on the ear with refreshing clearness. The voice always, however, seemed to be refined, and, as it were, thinned away until the sounds seemed to come from fairy-like creatures seated in the recesses of the telephone. The voice of Mr Bechervaise was recognised by Mr. James, and friendly greetings were exchanged. The Melbourne men said that it rained, and asked to be cheered with a song. They were regaled with 'Hold the fort,' the strains of which they did not recognise! Whether this was due to the slips of the singers, or to want of knowledge of religious matters on the part of the hearers, remained an open question. The Melbourne operators then sang ‘'God Save the Queen, taking different parts. The melody came through with the utmost distinctness, the tenor voice sounding remarkably clear. The fairy sounds were so attractive that 'Encore' was shouted from this end and the peal of laughter that burst from the lips of those who had been singing was plainly audible here, 100 miles from the vocalists. Conversation followed, and everyone had a chance of hearing for himself the replies from Melbourne. At half past 12, after the most successful experiments yet made, an appointment was made for 3 o’clock, and the parties separated. At 3 a large party, including a few ladies, assembled in the Ballarat office, and experiments made again. A flute was played at the Melbourne end, a telephone being placed on it. At this end the sound resembled 'horns of Elf-land faintly blowing,' every note coming with a purity and distinctness very pleasing. Communication now began to change for the worse, and frequently words and whole sentences of a speech seemed to be arrested, or to only reach the ear in a series of funny crackles. It was stated that heavy rain was falling, and that disturbing electrical influences were prevalent, so that the second sitting was closed early. Mr Challen will, we believe, remain here, and some more experiments may be made tonight. The success attending the operations here is apparent when we state that from Sydney to East Maitland only 'Cooey' would travel, and that from Melbourne to Albury, 190 miles, only an occasional word could be communicated. Here ordinary conversation could be heard, though the telephone had to be held closely to the ear. Challen has substituted for a magnetised piece of steel with soft iron core, as Professor Bell uses, a piece of steel without the iron. Mr H. Sutton, who made a very good pair of telephones on Professor Bell's principle, and who used them on Sunday, found them inferior in power to Mr Challen's."

1881 09
Challen, already Postmaster at Heathcote, appointed as receiver and paymaster with General Post Office from 13 September 1881 RECEIVERS AND PAYMASTERS. THE Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council, has been pleased to make the following appointments, viz.:— P. R. CHALLEN, Postmaster at Heathcote, to be also Receiver and Paymaster at that place, vice H. J. T. Tymms transferred; H. J. T. Tymmns, Postmaster at Charlton, to be also Receiver and Paymaster at that place, vice T. Holderness. BRYAN O'LOGHLEN, Treasurer. Treasury, Melbourne, 13th September 1881.

1886 10
Challen, already Postmaster at Talbot, appointed as receiver and paymaster with General Post Office from 25 September 1886 RECEIVERS AND PAYMASTERS. M. GLENTON, Postmaster, Heathcote, to be also Receiver and Paymaster at Heathcote, vice P. R. Challen transferred; P. R. Challen, Postmaster, Talbot, to be also Receiver and Paymaster at Talbot, vice H. B. Jones transferred; H. B. Jones, Postmaster, Belfast, to be also Receiver and Paymaster at Belfast, vice J. Thwaites relieved; J. T. R. DALTON to be Acting Receiver and Paymaster at Maryborough, during the absence on leave of W. R. Anderson. D. GILLIES, Treasurer. Treasury, Melbourne, 25th September 1886.

1890 03
Challen, already Postmaster at Creswick, appointed as receiver and paymaster with General Post Office from 11 March 1890 RECEIVERS AND PAYMASTERS. HIS Excellency the Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council, has been pleased to appoint A. L. FLINT, Postmaster, Heathcote, to be Acting Receiver and Paymaster and a Collector of Imposts at Heathcote during the absence of H. A. Halliday; S. L. VINCE, Acting Postmaster, Charlton, to be Acting Receiver and Paymaster and a Collector of Imposts at Charlton during the absence, through illness, of E. Mirams; M. GLENTON, Postmaster, Talbot, to be Receiver and Paymaster and a Collector of Imposts at Talbot, vice P.R. Challen; P. R. CHALLEN, Postmaster, Creswick, to be Receiver and Paymaster and a Collector of Imposts at Creswick, vice W. W. Williams transferred. D. GILLIES, Treasurer. The Treasury, Melbourne, 11th March, 1890.

1894 07
Challen appointed as Honorary Assistant Inspector of Fisheries DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS. Honorary Assistant Inspectors of Fisheries. HORACE MORGAN MUMFORD, Constable of Police (No. 2623), PETER ROBERT CHALLEN, REGINALD GREENE, CHARLES LINTOTT GREENE, WILLIAM WILSON, THOMAS ROBERT JAMES, and ROBERT HENRY GLEDHILL. To date from commencement of duty in each case.

1896 02
Challen one of only two officers (the other Henry Walter Jenvey) authorised to sign certificates of competency in Telegraphy for Victoria '''PUBLIC SERVICE ACTS. REGULATIONS.''' CHAPTER III, APPOINTMENT TO THE CLERICAL DIVISION, Section 59 (II.) and 59 (III.) EXAMINATIONS AND TESTS.— LOWER CLASSES.
 * 1. Candidates for employment in the Clerical Division will be examined in the following subjects:- Full Mark Value.
 * 1. Handwriting: to be valued for clearness, regularity, simplicity, moderate size, and rapidity ... 200
 * 2. Arithmetic: the First Four Rules (simple and compound), Reduction, Practice, Vulgar, and Decimal Fractions ... 500
 * 3. English: Spelling; to be tested by writing from dictation, and the correction of mis-spelt passages ... 200
 * 4. English: Simple Composition, and the correction of grammatical errors ... 200
 * 5. English: Parsing, Analysis and Derivation of Words ... 300
 * 6. Geography: Outlines of Physical and Political Geography, and the Geography of the Australasian Colonies (particularly Victoria) in moderate detail ... 400
 * 2. Any candidate who fails to obtain half marks for any one of the first four subjects will be rejected. To qualify for appointment, a candidate must obtain at least 1,000 marks in all.
 * 3. Candidates for employment in the Clerical Division in the under-named offices must, prior to registration for examination, comply with the following conditions to the satisfaction of the Board, namely:—
 * (a) Telegraph Operator.— The production of a certificate of competency from the Secretary or an Inspector of the Post and Telegraph Department, or from any officer duly authorized by the Secretary for the Post and Telegraph Department to sign the same; (Refer Note)
 * (b) Compositor.— The production of evidence of having served apprenticeship as a compositor, and a certificate of competency from the Government Printer, the Superintendent, or the Printing Overseer at the Government Printing Office;
 * (c) Assistant in Public Library.— The production of evidence of having passed the Ordinary Matriculation Examination of the University of Melbourne (or some examination which the Board may judge equivalent) in Greek, in Latin, and in French or German;
 * (d) Architectural and Engineering Draughtsman.— The production of a certificate of competency from the Secretary or Inspector-General of the Public Works Department; or in the case of Architectural Draughtsman, from the President of the Victorian Institute of Architects or the President of the Architectural and Engineering Association, Melbourne ; or for Engineering Draughtsman, from W. C. Kernot, Esq., M.A., C.E., Professor of Engineering, Melbourne University, or the President of the Victorian Engineers' Association, the Chairman of the Municipal Engineers' Board, or the Chairman of the Board of Examiners for Engineers of Water Supply;
 * (e) Inspector of Stock.— The production of a certificate of competency from the Chief Inspector or Acting Chief Inspector of Stock;
 * (f) Survey Draughtsman.— The production of a certificate of competency from the Secretary for Lands or Surveyor-General, or Chief Draughtsman of the Lands Department, or from the Secretary for Mines, or from the Chief Engineer for Victorian Water Supply, or from the Chief Draughtsman, Titles Office, Law Department, or from the President of the Victorian Institute of Surveyors.
 * NOTE.— The following officers have been authorized by the Secretary for the Post and Telegraph Department to sign certificates of competency in Telegraphy:- H. W. Jenvey, electrician, and P. R. Challen.

1900 11
Challen, already Postmaster at Maryborough, appointed as receiver and paymaster with General Post Office from 23 November 1900 RECEIVERS OF REVENUE AND PAYMASTERS. The persons named hereunder to be Receivers of Revenue and Paymasters at the places respectively mentioned, viz,:-
 * Castlemaine - JAMES D. FINEGAN (Acting Postmaster), Acting, during the absence of A. Wolfe on leave.
 * Daylesford - WALTER VEITCH, vice H. P. Stephen transferred.
 * Maryborough - PETER R. CHALLEN (Postmaster), vice F. Duncan relieved.
 * Tallangatta - MICHAEL F. O'DEA, vice W. Veitch transferred.
 * Tungamah - MARY J. BOXELL (Acting Postmistress), Acting, during the absence of M. J. Guthrie on leave.

1901 02
Challen temporarily appointed Returning Officer, Mining Board Elections, Maryborough DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND WATER SUPPLY. Returning Officer, Mining Board Elections, P. R. CHALLEN to act as Returning Officer for Mining Board Elections in the Maryborough Mining District temporarily vice D. Harkness, relieved.

1901 11
Challen, now with PMGD, also appointed by State of Victoria as Receiver of Revenue and Paymaster for Maryborough DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURER. Receivers of Revenue and Paymasters. The persons named in the subjoined schedule (who are officers of the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia) to be also Receivers of Revenue and Paymasters for the State of Victoria at the places and from the dates respectively mentioned, that is to say:- Schedule. ..
 * Place - Maryborough
 * Name - P. R. Challen
 * To date from - 1st to 20th March


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2020/August

Changing a "directory"
Hi, In the Oberon book, I've been advised to change "Oberon/S3/" to "Oberon/ETH Oberon/". This is more than one change. There is at least one directory and several pages under Oberon/S3/. Most of these pages are original as created by me or have been revised once or twice by me. Few or none have been changed by another editor. I understand how to move a page to a new location. Alternatively I can create a new page and mark the old one for deletion. Pertinent question: is a deleted page archived or deleted absolutely? Deletion would avoid the clutter of links from moving. Which is preferable in this case: move or recreate and delete? Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:16, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

 * A few miscellaneous technical points, fwiw.
 * An admin can move a page and all its subpages, and can do it without leaving redirects behind.
 * We ordinarily prefer to move pages, to keep the edit history; partly for copyright purposes, but also as, really, historical record of the evolution of the page.
 * Deleted pages remain in the wiki database; they're visible to admins, and can be undeleted.
 * --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:27, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks Pi zero.
 * "An admin can move a page and all its subpages, and can do it without leaving redirects behind."
 * A third possibility I had failed to notice.

 * "We ordinarily prefer to move pages, to keep the edit history; partly for copyright purposes, but also as, really, historical record of the evolution of the page."
 * OK; to respect advised name usage, please move Oberon/S3 and everything below that to Oberon/ETH_Oberon. (Or "Oberon/ETH Oberon" if the underscore is implicit.) After the move I can search out links to S3/* and fix them. Earlier today I should have requested such a move for the sitemap page rather than recreate the page and request deletion. Similarly in earlier cases.

 * "Deleted pages remain in the wiki database; they're visible to admins, and can be undeleted."
 * Absolutely appropriate. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 16:31, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Done. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

 * , thanks for the help; and, incidentally, isn't "@J.Doe" social media syntax? Why not just "J.Doe,"? ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:55, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I believe it did start from social media, yes. See Template:Ping. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:01, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

Redirection?
Hi, I have a request which I'd describe as "creation of a redirect". I created the page Oberon/Contributors. Subsequently salvaged the old ETH Hall of fame to Oberon/hall. Later incorporated Contributors into the hall page. Now I wonder: can Oberon/Contributors redirect to Oberon/hall? A page move won't accomplish the objective. Duplicating the information from one page to the other will lead to update errors. So probably administrative assistance is needed. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:47, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You can do this yourself by adding #REDIRECT Oberon/hall to the Contributors page. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 17:00, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis
The FileExporter and FileImporter will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. How does it work?

Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link "Move file to Wikimedia Commons" on the local file page.

Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's configuration file which is created and maintained by each local wiki community.

Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons.

If you want to know more about the FileImporter extension or the Technical Wishes Project, follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: Max Klemm (WMDE) 09:13, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Aspies Book interest/participation
If you feel it concerns you or your interests please consider contributing to Aspies Book. If you know somebody with Asperger's/ASD or who identifies as an Aspie please let them know about the book.

I'm interested in feedback for this book. Is it really Abnormal Psychology it belongs to as a category? Could it need more categories or maybe it doesn't belong to any category? Regardless, any feedback and/or participation is appreciated! Datariumrex (discuss • contribs) 11:49, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, every book should be on at least one shelf. It's related to psychology, and only a small fraction of the population are of that type so the plain meaning of the word "abnormal" would seem to apply; therefore, Shelf:Abnormal psychology seems to me a plausible choice. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:32, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

New Book out of (parts of) existing CC-BY-NC-SA - PDF Ebook: More Than Words Training Manual
Hello everybody!

Recently the trans-european MORE THAN WORDS project's final results have been published. I myself have been involved in the creation of a Ebook (published unter CC-BY-NC-SA) and got clearance for a transfer into Wikibooks. It's a training manual for intercultural work using nonverbal methods, available online if you look for training manual integrating creativity More than Words Especially the included exercises and training-Descriptions are open to be further developed and Wikibooks seems to be the ideal place to do so. Important: While the text contents are Creative Commons, the images are not (it says so explicitly on the first page). Anyway several fotos could be published under CC Licence by the time.

Anyway there are some questions, as I would like to advance quickly (now that it receives a lot of attention and possible support in the social environment of the Project), as I am new to Wikibooks (but not to Wiki-projects in general), and as it is certainly an exceptional

 * Should I first start to copy chapters in my user Namespace?
 * Any Ideas how to refer to the original PDF on every Page?
 * Should the exercises each get a page/Chapter of their own?
 * How to treat chapters that not yet have been transferred into Wikibooks?
 * Would people recommend to start it with the exercises only and use a different Title in the meantime?
 * Do you think that the Shelf:Communication is best fitting?

Btw: Some parts already have been translated into other languages, so there's a chance to also start versions of the book in Polish, Hungarian, Italian, German.

Thank you! --Dan-yell (discuss • contribs) 09:41, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, unfortunately the license CC-BY-NC-SA is NOT compatible with Wikibooks. You will need to go through the process to get clearance to republish it here rather than just copy it. That is, you need to treat it as a copyright work and get specific approval from the copyright holders. Why? Because of the NC part of the license - Wikibooks allows commercial use, the license you are proposing to copy from does not allow commercial use, hence they are incompatible. Please don't copy anything until you have resolved this as it will be deleted. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 11:37, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot, QuiteUnusual, for the quick reply! That is, of course, a clear situation. I will continue communication with the creators and publishers to see if the republication (maybe of only some text parts) will be possible. --Dan-yell (discuss • contribs) 08:43, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Update: I am getting agreements for publications. Yet more Questions:
 * How does the republication have to look like? Any even easier way, using maybe an email from the publisher or something?
 * Does it matter if there is CC-ba-sa 3.0 or 4.0? And GFDL is a must?
 * --Dan-yell (discuss • contribs) 18:19, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Jupyter Notebooks in WikiBooks
Is it possible to use Jupyter Notebooks with either WikiBooks or Wikiversity? Mediawiki mentions this experimental extension.

Jupyter notebooks will be great for creating programming exercises, especially for Computing Shelf. Maybe this use case is better suited for Wikiversity. Are there any alternatives to Jupyter that maybe be more suitable for wikis (and is already being used to satisfy this use case)?

Regards, BishtSarthak (discuss • contribs) 15:03, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I know virtually nothing about Jupyter notebooks. But I would note, that according to Special:Version, the Extension:NotebookViewer is not installed. Also Wikiversity doesn't seem to have it either.
 * As for alternatives, I really don't know. But apart from using the standard wikitext editor, you can also go to Special:Preferences and enable Visual editing, which is certainly worth a try, and the "New wikitext mode" to enable easy switching between the two. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:29, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Problem with Fullscreen mode in wikiEd
I enabled wikiEd in my Preferences. So far everything except Fullscreen button seems to be working. When I click the fullscreen button the editing window takes up the whole window but it is placed underneath the regular window text. i.e., the global wikibooks sidebar is still there. At first so was all the regular header info for the page and I could not click any editor button including the button to toggle to and from fullscreen. I mostly like the button layout in the wikiEd and would like to work in fullscreen sometimes as I frequently work on an ipad. I haven't done any windows programming in a long time but it looks like the global page layout stuff got updated and now interfers with the assumptions the wikiEd code made. --Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In general, you'll find it easier to get help on technical features by asking on Wikipedia as it has a more active community of technical specialists. They can hunt out the answer with the MediaWiki team. However, as the software configuration is different here on Wikibooks, they may not see the problem on Wikipedia and often the answer is that MediaWiki has been developed in a way that creates problems and incompatibilities for all non-Wikipedia projects. That is the sad truth of the focus - the big project gets the goodies, we get the problems. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 07:40, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Important: maintenance operation on September 1st
Read this message in another language •  m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020

The Wikimedia Foundation will be testing its secondary data centre. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems.

They will switch all traffic to the secondary data centre on Tuesday, September 1st 2020.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in MediaWiki, all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future.

You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.

 * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, September 1st. The test will start at 14:00 UTC (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday September 2).
 * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

Other effects:

 * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
 * There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. Please share this information with your community. Trizek (WMF) (talk) 13:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Dangerous page
When I was reviewing some pages, PSP/Official Extras is somehow flagged as dangerous. Any idea what's causing that? --Sigma 7 (discuss • contribs) 02:59, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Google has decided the page is dangerous, but afaics they provide no information that would be useful to us, as a good-faith information provider, in determining exactly why they've decided that. I'm thinking of providing the urls without links, if I can remember how to do that, but then I also don't know how long it would then take for Google to decide to reassess.   --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:54, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * My guess is that pspdemocenter.com (which has since gone) was reported by Sony for malware, maybe because it hosted unauthorized PSP software. I have replaced it with another link which is up, hopefully when Google crawl it it wont flag it further. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 05:37, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Newbie questions about creating a book.
I have some questions about creating a new wiki book. I would like to create a “Culinary Arts” textbook which would be comparable to and with the detail of the textbooks used by professional Cooking schools but meant for non-professionals. I installed mediawiki on my computer and began developing the book. I now have a well defined structure and have begun fleshing the pages out but now I’m running into issues like not having the needed wikibooks templates. So now I’m interested in using my account here that I resurrected from mediawiki from years ago.

So here are the questions...

Should I just start building the book on my user page until I’m sure it is viable?

Or should I just formally start a new book?

It appears that I can clip a great deal of the material from Wikipedia then format the clipped material into a textbook format. Is that legal and/or appropriate?

Also, there will be much of the technical material that I can get from the wiki book cookbook which would also need to be reformatted and edited. The Cookbook has much good info but seems very encyclopedic though informal. Is that ok to have so similar of a book?

I’m assuming that any pages I create in my user space will be globally visible. Do I need to make the pages look like what they would in the final book or do I need to prefix every page with my username?

Thanks in advance for your help.

EddieM0710 —Preceding undated comment added 01:44, 19 August 2020.

 * Hi,  Pages to be used from Wikipedia should be requested for import.  You may want to take a look at Using Wikibooks, which includes info about how to create a book. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 05:08, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, the stuff I need would be 1 or 2 paragraphs from a large page. I’m not understanding why the page should be imported by an administrator when I can simply copy and paste the paragraph and underlying refs. I would be looking at hundreds of imports with most of it being deleted.

 * Also, did I reply to this correctly. I sort of expected a reply button. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eddiem0710 (talk • contribs) 13:38, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The conditions of copyright of Wikipedia do not allow material to be copied without attribution. That's the basic hang-up.  The usual solution is to import pages from Wikipedia at need; granted, that is most practical when one is importing most of a certain Wikipedia page to a particular Wikibooks page.  You're saying you'd be drawing small(ish) passages from hundreds of Wikipedia pages? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:55, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * yes. For instance, under ingredient definitions I would have an entry for salt. I expect I would only need a couple of paragraphs from the Wikipedia related article to composition and it’s importance to cooking. The material incorporated would probably highly edited and additional connecting material added. I would want to keep the external references as references for the book. I expect I would do something similar for most entries in the book. Thus probably hundreds of imports. I certainly don’t mind giving Wikipedia due acknowledgement. I’m doing little more than organizing and editing and really expect no acknowledgement.

 * Is that an appropriate way to develop a book?

 * I’m still struggling with what is ok and what isn’t. Here is a page/chapter I’ve been working on to see what I can do. Much of the text was copied from several Wikipedia articles and edited for more of a book feel rather than a research paper. Knives please take a look at it and tell me what you think. Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The outline of Culinary Arts looks plausible to me. There's some interesting food for thought (er... actually didn't intend a pun there) in how to arrange the relationship of this book to our existing Cookbook.  That is presumably a topic to discuss at Talk:Culinary Arts.  The Cookbook page itself could be improved; I see it doesn't even use our shelving system, nor is it immediately obvious how to make it do so, something I really should try to redress (in my copious free time), and Cookbook:Table of Contents seems to me to rather fail to advertise the actual outline of the thing, such as it is.  I agree that it's rather encyclopedic.  There are also some aspects of Wikibooks that are set up on the rather arrogant assumption that Cookbook is the only thing here on its subject, e.g. Cooking is a redirect to the Cookbook ToC.

 * Thoughts on the matter of importing and merging large numbers of Wikipedia articles for the sake of borrowing a sentence here and a sentence there, or alternatives thereto? (Also, ?) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * We might avoid a few imports with WikipediaCredit. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 11:13, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * part of the reason I am struggling is that it seems way overkill to import the whole Wikipedia article. What seems appropriate to me is that I should copy what I need, freely edit it removing all the wiki links, maintain any references it uses and add another reference back to the Wikipedia article. I wanted my final book to look like any other printed textbook when done and referencing this way would look appropriate. Btw... I didn’t want to beat up the cookbook too much because I thought it may be an important someone’s sacred project. But there is a lot of good info there.

 * I suggest you do what I did. Copy the text into your page and in the edit summary insert a permalink to the Wikipedia source. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 13:41, 26 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
User talk:OCaraQueEdita

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, OCaraQueEdita!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Cheers Jules  (Mrjulesd) 08:16, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:OCaraQueEdita


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression

This article is a critical analysis of the article: The effects of exercise and social support on mothers reporting depressive symptoms: A pilot randomized controlled trial. (Armstrong K, Edwards H, 2003)

Background of Research
Postnatal Depression (PND) is a severe condition in childbearing women postpartum where the brain system will intervene in the depressive state of women.

Research into PND and discovering further options for prevention and treatment, is crucial. PND affects 10% of women in Australia during childbearing. Therefore, assessing other forms of prevention/treatment other than traditional counselling and medications, involving exercise interventions to decrease PND experiences for women. Exercise is known to provide improvements in depressive symptomology, though this theory has not yet been assessed on the women who experience PND.

Where is the research from?
The certain research conduction was published in the International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. This fully refereed journal is Australian and New Zealand based Mental Health Nursing, examining current trends and developments for practise and research within mental health.

The authors are both apart of the Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Nursing research. Kylie Armstrong has a PHD and written a handful of articles based on nurse and clinical practise of related topics. Helen Edwards has a PHD also, along with several articles in the field relating to mental health, child abuse, nurse and clinical practise and many more. With the fields of research that are associated with the authors is considered advantageous to the knowledge provided within the article.

What kind of research was this?
The research for this study was conducted in the form of a pilot Randomised Controlled Trail (RCT), which used multi-intervention programme for a group along with the control group to be used for later comparisons.

RCT that are strong and well-designed are able to assess whether an intervention provides strong enough evidence of a cause-effect relation and will enable change of practise to enhance patient outcome, therefore improving research effectiveness

What did the research involve?
The study involved women 21-30 years of age with children between the ages of 6 months and 12 months, with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS) of ≥12. These women were recruited using two methods; 1. Health professional recommendations, 2. Self-recommendation. The women were randomly allocated to a multi-intervention or non-intervention group, following the completion of pre and post fitness testing and fitness questionnaires, the questionaries assess general well-being, depressive symptomology and anxiety.

Women allocated to the multi-intervention group were encouraged to attend three pram walking sessions for 30-40 minutes per week. This was to be exerted at a moderate intensity (60-75% of APHR – age predicated heart rate). Women allocated to the control intervention group were asked to perform the circular walking test at the start and end of the programme alongside the completion of the assigned questionnaires. These women were also offered phone support at week 6, encouraged to contact researchers for further concerns and continue any usual regime or social activities in place.

Limitations:

Firstly, women were found to be reluctant to participate due to the stigma involved in PND. Using the methods for recruitment of self-recommendation in this instant would have made the recruitment process challenging. Although, using a health professionals’ encouragement and suggestion to be a part of the study was smart as the women see the health professionals’ to be respected enabling them to trust their decision.

Secondly, the Cornish Walking Wheel Fitness test (CWW) was not a validated test to be using on the control group, as it had no been lab-based treadmill tested. This can make the comparison of the groups difficult and inaccurate for the selected control group.

Furthermore, attendance is always a significant limitation in studies. As the women were already threatened by the stigma associated with their PND, along with living with 6-12-month-old babies, it is crucial to use ways to help encourage this. The study does show that attendance for exercise sessions sat at 66%. As these sessions also considered the children, the highest percentage for non-attendance was due to child/children sickness.

Lastly, the results show very little movement in the results of the SSI Social Support Interview, as the questionnaires were believed to not be sensitive enough to detect proper changes in the women. Theis section of the study is important for the decrease of stigma, as women should be able to help relate to the other women of the multi-intervention, allowing them to relay their feelings and emotions on one another.

=Basic Results =

The results showed that regardless of group placement, women would see an improvement over time. Although the women placed in the multi-intervention group did see significantly higher improvements at a faster rate at the 6- and 12-week check ins, the improvement of the control group still retained in the moderate to severe range.

The table provides Means and Standard Deviations of four scoring techniques used for comparison between the two intervention groups which was provided.

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Social Support Interview (SSI)

The scores implicate the improvements between intervention groups. This study shows prof their hypothesis was correct, with significant change in scores for the multi-intervention participants. These results also support their findings for improvements in the control intervention group at the end of the 12 weeks, although these were not as drastic.

Conclusions
As the study is smaller scale, it is unable to deem applicable and limited for the population of women with PND as a whole. The exercise encouraged is only a selected type of exercise to be accounted for the improvements of these women and their depressive symptomology. In future, further exercise opportunities could be used to enhance these results for women of a larger population. Although overall the 30-40-minute exercise and social support did show significant improvements for the women and this is encouraging for other studies to focus on using exercise to further enhance theses methodologies. Further, more work with social support will also encourage a better result, focusing on the encounters of the women.

Recent research does however further support the theory of exercise interventions as another prevention and treatment for reducing the severity of PND in childbearing women.

Practical advice
Research supports the idea of exercise reducing depressive symptomology. This study proves that for women with PND. There are no major risks stated, as the exercise encouraged isn’t overly challenging, although there is mention of stretching pre and post session.

Effects of Exercise on Depression

Further information/resources
Additional resources have been added below to further read for any interest or support.

Using Exercise to Tackle Postnatal Depression

Women’s Help; Postnatal Depression

Postpartum Depression Support Organisations

Postnatal Depressive Scale


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User talk:UnistudentM

Welcome, UnistudentM!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (discuss • contribs) 10:02, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:UnistudentM


text:
Transportation Geography and Network Science/Freight rail networks

Freight rail networks are one of the networks transport goods by using railway networks.

U.S.
America railroads started to build 190 years ago and have become an essential part of America’s development.

Why choose freight rail?
Rail freight can make sure that a number of cargos can be hauled at the same time while shipping. It can transport goods as many as they can to reduce the cost. Rail transportation can ensure that goods are transported in a single batch of trucks. Furthermore, rail can provide the most cost-effective cost mode to ensure that goods can be delivered if it needs to be transported for a quite long distance. Besides, different goods such as cars, manufacture goods, and flowers can be transported at the same time rather than transporting them separately. Flexibility is also the main choice for rail transportation. This is because the railway network can cover the furthest countries, and it is possible to transport trucks to all parts of the world by truck. Rail freight transportation can ensure that the goods can be delivered to those areas which have the most convenient location of delivery as possible because some areas are way too far and have poor infrastructure such as roads for other types of transportations to develop. Meanwhile, during transportation, safety is a crucial factor to be considered. Rail transportation is regarded as the safest way to ship goods since railways are safe and containers can be provided to protect the goods so that theft can hardly happen. == Freight train names == Unlike the passenger train, the freight train is hardly ever named.
 * Super C
 * “Juice Train”
 * Reilex
 * Eurasian Land Bridge

Freight railway network developed in America
America’s first railroad was built in 1830. Nowadays, there are almost 140,000 miles of freight routes in operation. The U.S. freight rail network is widely regarded as the largest, safest, and most cost-effective freight system in the world. On the seven Class I railroads, they produce nearly $80-billion freight rail industry. It provides more than 167,000 jobs in the United States and provides side benefits that other modes of transportation cannot provide, including reduced road congestion, fatalities on highways, fuel consumption, greenhouse gases, logistics costs, and public infrastructure maintenance costs.

The technology used in freight rail networks
=== Innovative “Ears” === For a long time, ultrasound technology is used in freight railroads to examine the track whether it is health, like the way a doctor examines the health of a human body. This technology helps people to test the track where they cannot find by their bare eyes before the dangerous happens during the transport. Although ultrasonic technology has been proven to be effective, rail freight researchers have recently questioned whether they can further improve safety by listening to (rather than just looking for) track defects. When a train travels on any section of the track, energy is transmitted from the train through the track to the underground. These energies can be measured as a series of sound waves, which are collectively called acoustic features. The acoustic characteristics of the track depending on the health of the track. In 2013, scientists installed fiber optic cables next to the test track of an industry test facility in Colorado. As the train ran overhead repeatedly, they began to listen to the sound characteristics of the track. The track is designed to break the rules, and once it is done, the experts will get the data they need. Specifically: the sound characteristics of a healthy track, the sound characteristics of a broken one, and the sound characteristics of a nearly broken.

Sci-Fi “Eyes”
In recent days, railroads can be monitored from the sky. This cannot be imagined in the past 20 years ago. For example, the BNSF Railroad Company flew unmanned aerial vehicles or drones on tracks in parts of Texas and Oklahoma and installed high-definition video cameras, which were flooded several years ago. Security experts monitored the drone's video input to see exactly where the rails were washed away and to check the condition of the iron bridges, some of which were hit by debris. By identifying the location of the damage, BNSF was able to safely deploy employees after the flood receded and quickly restore the safe operation of the railway line. Today, Class I railways across the country are deploying drones for various safety and environmental purposes. In remote areas, drones are used to explore thousands of miles of tracks to ensure that freight trains continue to safely traverse this unforgiving terrain. Drones are also used to test air quality to ensure compliance with federal and state environmental regulations, and to inspect bridges and telecommunications infrastructure.

Extra Reading

 * A Short History of U.S. Freight Railroads
 * British Railways
 * Rail Freight Transportation: How To Save Thousands Of Dollars & The Environment
 * [|Rail freight transport]]
 * Railroad 101
 * Freight Rail Overview
 * The Eyes & Ears of Freight Rail


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User:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 1

Welcome to the sandbox for Approaches to Knowledge seminar group 1, which meets on Thursdays at 3-4pm.

Below are links to pages on the issues that we will be covering in the first half of term.

History

Evidence

Truth

Power

Week 1 - Introductions


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User:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 2

Welcome to the sandbox for Approaches to Knowledge seminar group 2, which meets on Thursdays at 4-5pm.

Below are links to pages on the issues that we will be covering in the first half of term.

History

Evidence

Truth

Power

Week 1 - Introductions


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User:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 1/Week 1 Introductions

Please post your contribution of one truth and two lies below. Remember to sign with your username!
My home country is the source of circa 6% of Europe's freshwater reserves. Toffee is my favourite sweet. There is no fake news. HMaloigne (discuss • contribs) 13:49, 25 September 2020 (UTC)


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User:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 2/Week 1 Introductions

Please post your contributions of one truth and two lies below. Remember to sign with your username!
My home country is the source of circa 6% of Europe's freshwater reserves. Toffee is my favourite sweet. There is no fake news. HMaloigne (discuss • contribs) 13:48, 25 September 2020 (UTC)


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User:IN-rsuhr

Roger W. Suhr
Hello, I have been working with IBM mainframes for many years and I am currently a Systems Programmer in the great State of Indiana (USA). I will be trying to use this wiki to publish some of my general systems programming work for IBM z/OS. Let's see how this goes.

Thank you

title: User:IN-rsuhr


text:
User talk:Arundquist77

We sent you an e-mail
Hello ,

Really sorry for the inconvenience. This is a gentle note to request that you check your email. We sent you a message titled "The Community Insights survey is coming!". If you have questions, email surveys@wikimedia.org.

You can see my explanation here.

MediaWiki message delivery (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arundquist77


text:
User talk:Korrawit

We sent you an e-mail
Hello ,

Really sorry for the inconvenience. This is a gentle note to request that you check your email. We sent you a message titled "The Community Insights survey is coming!". If you have questions, email surveys@wikimedia.org.

You can see my explanation here.

MediaWiki message delivery (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Korrawit


text:
User talk:Atlas.Spheres

We sent you an e-mail
Hello ,

Really sorry for the inconvenience. This is a gentle note to request that you check your email. We sent you a message titled "The Community Insights survey is coming!". If you have questions, email surveys@wikimedia.org.

You can see my explanation here.

MediaWiki message delivery (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atlas.Spheres


text:
User:Hgantunez

The Basics of Copyright Law - The Right after the Copy – Copyright ©

First of all, I wanted to play with the words, saying that it is important to remember that the “right” to “copy” is giving credit to its author. Given credit to an author, is the right thing to do.

1.	What is the purpose of copyright at all? The main reason for copyright law to exist is to protect creative works. These works can be books (the most common work associated with the word, copyright), media (films, videos, etc.), art (in all forms, paintings, music, sculptors, etc.), and multiple other forms of original creation. Actually, one of the most common words associated with copyright law is the word, 'original,' originality defines the work of an author. But, what about the work that has been copied, reused, or, adapted? The answer to this question is one of the reasons we are discussing here the basics of copyright law. As our class content states:"Copyright law is the area of law that limits how others may use the original works of authors (or creators, as we often call them) — works spanning the spectrum from novels and operas, to cat videos, to scribbles on a napkin"."Copyright Basics" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.1 on copyright law, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law.

The purpose of copyright and the creative commons movement. As it is the default for copyright law that "all rights reserved", creative commons changed the purpose to "some rights reserved", and this has been done with the intention that authors can continue creating their work but at the same share with others, and allow others to reuse their production under certain conditions. These conditions have been defined the Creative Commons licenses that are currently in use, and that can be used for reuse of already produced materials, or, creative works. "Copyright Law" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted/paraphrased content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2. Copyright law, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law.

So far, it is clear that Creative Commons don't pretend to abolish the copyright laws. On the contrary, it wants to promote, and cultivate the sharing of knowledge, and creative works among others, so, more can be generated, and renovated, and re-created.

2. On the other hand, there is another important question to keep in mind: what is copyrightable and what is not? The answer to this question can be found by looking at the sources of information that will inform the consumer of what is copyrightable, or, free to copy, free to modify, free to reuse, and so on. At this point and with the intention to set the context that will answer the major question here, there is need for question, which is also a distinction, are 'ideas' copyrightable, if ideas are free, then, they don't need to be copyrighted. However, ideas that end in the production of works of art, literature, sciences, inventions, etc., will be copyrightable. This main argument has been stated very clear in the content of the readings for the Creative Commons certificate, which reads: "Copyright does not protect facts or ideas themselves, only the expression of those facts or ideas." "Copyright Basics" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez took the quotation directly from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.1 on copyright law, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law. As it has been discussed here, not all works are copyrightable, especially, the world of ideas, which is great, because ideas exist to be shared. A world without ideas will be a dull one.

3.In order to add to the discussion of the topic of copyright law, there is need for another question: "what is the relationship between copyright and other methods of protecting intellectual property? Copyright is as the gold standard to protect intellectual property, and it is probably the most well-known method. But as the section 2.4 in the creative commons course states: "Copyright is not absolute. There are some uses of copyrighted works that do not require permission. These uses are limitations on the exclusive rights normally granted to copyright holders and are known as “exceptions and limitations” to copyright." "Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2. Copyright law, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law.

Expanding on this exceptions and limitations mentioned above, it is probably useful to present some examples, and where in the world these concept apply, or, are followed. As a Wikipedia article cites: "Two important examples of limitations and exceptions to copyright are the fair use doctrine found in the United States, and the fair dealing doctrine found in many other common law countries." "Limitations and exceptions to copyright" From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright#:~:text=Two%20important%20examples%20of%20limitations,many%20other%20common%20law%20countries.&text=Even%20copyright%20maximalists%20might%20interpret,or%20%22exceptions%22%20to%20it. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]. Unported license. CC BY SA 3.0 3.In order to add to the discussion of the topic of copyright law, there is need for another question: "what is the relationship between copyright and other methods of protecting intellectual property? Copyright is as the gold standard to protect intellectual property, and it is probably the most well-known method. But as the section 2.4 in the creative commons course states: "Copyright is not absolute. There are some uses of copyrighted works that do not require permission. These uses are limitations on the exclusive rights normally granted to copyright holders and are known as “exceptions and limitations” to copyright." "Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2. Copyright law, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law.

Although the concept of 'fair use',is not as simple as it sound, it basically a doctrine in the United States law that allows the use of copyrighted material without the need to ask first for permission from the person/institution/publisher company etc., who is the copyright holder. On the other hand, the concept of 'fair dealing' basically means that depending on the purpose of the use, the amount used of the original work, and also, the overall impact on the market of this original work; the individual using the original work to produce its own is protected by a general exception of the copyright law. The fair dealing is commonly used in countries that have a British legal history. In conclusion, 'fair use' and 'fair dealing' are examples of exemptions and limitations of copyright law. "Fair use" From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Unported license. CC BY SA 3.0

On the other hand, there are at least two "other methods of protecting intellectual property": trademark law and patent law. These are two common methods that are established by law, and that are used to protect the rights of their authors, or, creators (as in the case of companies such as Coca-Cola which is the trademark for a popular cola drink. No one can use the Coca-Cola logo, or, any other imagery related to the product without infringement the trademark law. The patent law protects their creators against a copy, or, reproduction of their inventions, in such cases, the author has a monopoly of its creations. Examples include Apple's cell phone, which is a unique product of Apple, and although there are imitations, there is only one Apple iPhone. Other types of intellectual property rights include trade secrets, publicity rights, and moral rights as a few examples. "Copyright Basics" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted content for this paragraph from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.1 on copyright basics.

4. At this point, it is time to reflect on the applications to the content discussed above. And, the most valid question is: how a person receives copyright protection for their work? The answer to this question is very important because the protection of author's right is an important step in promoting the Creative Commons movement, because it is not the intention to abolish all rights, but to promote the sharing of creative works. It is important to know that under international law copyright protection is automatic. It is important than authors make it clear that their work is protected under copyright law. An article from Copyrights Witness website, 'How do I protect my work?' recommends at least the following four steps: authors should ensure their work is properly marked; the work is registered, supporting evidence exist, and if there are co-authors, then, have an agreement between co-authors. "How do I protect my work?" from Copyright Witness. Licensed by CC NC ND. How these above mentioned recommendation conciliate, or, work in the context of the Creative Commons vision of sharing, and the promotion of free access. In this context, there is a note I found in the Creative Commons certificate course that reads: "...Creative Commons licenses and public domain tools depend on copyright in order to work." "Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez cited content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.4. So, it can be said that Creative commons works in conjunction with the current copyrights laws, in the United States, and the rest of the world through international copyright law. Ultimately given credit to others for their work is part of the work in a free share society.

5. The current discussion on copyright law will be incomplete without talking about, the public domain, what is it? "The public domain consists of creative works that are not subject to copyright. This is the pool of publicly available material from which new creativity and knowledge may be built." "The Public Domain" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez quoted this content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.3 The Public Domain, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law. In this context, the public domain is like the oceans that are full of water surrounding the earth, they are an immense source of creative works that can be used for pure creation. For this category, a sole creation of license has been created by the Creative Commons movement, it is also a legal tool, and it is called, CC0 ("CC Zero"). This is a great tool that allows creators (authors) to put their works to the service of the public (hence, the name, public domain). "The Public Domain" is a derivative of the September 2020 Creative Commons Certificate Course by Creative Commons, licensed CC BY 4.0. Giovanni Antunez adapted/paraphrased this content from the Creative Commons Certificate Course Unit 2.3 The Public Domain, adding it to his Wikibook on the Basics of Law.

The public domain has not been free of controversy, there has been friends, and enemies of the idea. Some have seen the public domain as a threat to their monopoly, and control of creative works; and others have probably welcomed the public domain as the new era of access to resources that in the past would be never been released of their copyrights. A recent example is the Smithsonian article 'For the First Time in More Than 20 Years, Copyrighted Works Will Enter the Public Domain,' which celebrates that for the first time, celebrated works of the famous photographer, Robert Frost will be made available to the public as public domain. For the First Time in More Than 20 Years, Copyrighted Works Will Enter the Public Domain" Glenn Fleishman Smithsonian Magazine, Jan. 2019. This is only one example of the many other that express the joy of so many people who has seen the world of the public domain become a reality, especially for those believers, and follows of the Creative Commons movement.

As a conclusion, this essay had covered a brief and concise overview of the following topics: the purpose of copyright, what is copyrightable and what is not, the relationship between copyright and other methods of protecting intellectual property, exemptions to copyright like fair use or fair dealing, how a person receives copyright protection for their work and, the public domain. There is more that can be written, and it should be written about these topics, but for now, this can be seen as a good beginning and it is open for discussion and revisions.

Giovanni Antunez September 2020

Next: add references, check the citations for proper format. Add images, or, color.

title: User:Hgantunez


text:
User talk:Jstoobz

Welcome, Jstoobz!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (discuss • contribs) 23:05, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jstoobz


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User:Rozzychan/Collections/Biology part1

Answering the Big Questions of Life

 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Introduction
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Taxonomy
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Atoms and Molecules
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Microscopes
 * Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/organelles


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Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/cell transport

Cellular Transport
The plasma membrane forms the border of a cell. It is a barrier made of phospholipids that separates the inside and outside of the cell. Most molecules can not pass through the barrier without help. There are many structures floating within the plasma membrane that aid the entry and exit of substances into the cell. The process by which items enter and exit the cell is called cellular transport.

The main part of all membranes is a lipid bilayer

The lipid molecules keep separate from the water by forming a liquid barrier that hydrophobic proteins can dissolve in.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Transport across a membrane can be done by endocytosis where the membrane wraps around an object and takes it into a cell as a vesicle. This is how many protists eat their food. The membrane flows around the food and merges forming a food vacuole that will merge with a lysosome to digest the food.

When the food has been digested, it will merge back with the membrane and eject the undigested wastes is a process called exocytosis. Many cells without cell walls eat and drink this way. Cell eating is called phagocytosis and cell drinking is called pinocytosis.

Receptor mediated endocytosis requires membrane proteins called receptors to recognize and bind to a molecule outside of the cell before it is enveloped and brought into the cell in a vesicle.

Membrane Proteins
Proteins have many functions, but many of them are involved in cellular transport as pumps and channels. Pumps and channels are transmembrane proteins (they cross the membrane) that allow objects to pass through. Channels usually allow specific molecules to travel passively through the membrane by diffusion. Pumps carry objects through the membrane but require payment in the form of energy from molecules such as ATP.


text: User talk:Rafie M

title: User talk:Rafie M


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User:Dr Hara Prasanna Das/sandbox

No Argument Please….

Dr Hara Prasanna Das

Love and Peace is the goal of life for all. Each one of us wish to lead a peaceful and joyful life. But most of the times our thought and action do not match in creating a climate of understanding and trust. Hence the argument starts which never leads to peace. We all know it well still we like to argue than to discuss on any issue. The reason being very simple. We want to prove our worth by dominating on others through words. Loud voice, hard words with a mix of negative thoughts add fuel to arguments. That spoils the peace of mind as well as our interpersonal relations.

Patience to Listen

It is a fact that most of us do not have the patience to listen actively to the expression of others. Instead, we get excited to express our thought and feeling to others. When we do not have the interest to listen to others, then why others will listen to us. If we listen actively, what others are speaking to, then we will be able to understand the meaning behind their words. Our focus should be on the message, but not on the person or his attitude. Once we understand clearly the message and the purpose behind, then we can visualize the nature of our next action. We will be able to reply in a very positive way as per the need of the situation. Effort to understand each other depends on our patience to listen for understanding. Hence we must learn the art of listening. That will keep the argument away from our conversation.

Admitting Own Mistakes

No one is perfect in this world. We all have both positive and negative qualities. We are expected to commit mistakes in our work irrespective of power, position, education, richness or age groups. Even if we take all precautions in any work, we are liable to commit mistake. But many people do not admit their mistake. Rather they start justifying their mistakes and make all efforts to prove them right. There starts the argument which makes the situation more complicated than to solve the issue. As observed, wise persons in true sense, admit their mistakes and learn from that. This creates a climate of understanding and mutual respect. There is no scope of argument in such cases where one admits his mistake and shows the attitude of learning. Mistakes are the source of learning in our life. lets realise this act accordingly.

Love for Peace

We all need peace in life. But peace is not a commodity to be purchased in market. Peaceful mind brings all success in life. That is the foundation for achievements in every aspects of our life. We love peace, but most of the time our action breaks all peace. We create the climate for argument and fight which ends in the break up of our relation. Peace never happens where argument prevails. If we have the goal to gain peace then we will never prefer to argue. Rather we will make all efforts to avoid argument and go for discussion, negotiation to solve the crisis. It depends on our attitude, either to search for peace or insist on argument to exhibit our strength. This is the ego factor which kills our mental peace. The so-called educated people know this well, but never realise the truth of life. Love for peace is to be proved in our action. Argument will never ensure the peace in life at any cost. Now the choice is ours. If we need a peaceful and joyful life, we must avoid argument on any issue. Rather we must love to have discussion with the attitude of share and care. Mutual trust and understanding will pave way for a peaceful and effective life. hence no argument please.

title: User:Dr Hara Prasanna Das/sandbox