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User:Fadedglint/sandbox

Baja California Peninsula Sonoran Desert Flora and Fauna

Antilocapra Americana Peninsularis

Antilocapra americana peninsularis, also known as the Baja California pronghorn, is a subspecies of pronghorn endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. Antilocapra americana peninsularis is a critically endangered subspecies according to the IUCN with only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild. This subspecies can stand up to 35 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh in at up to 125 pounds. These animal's coloration ranges from golden brown to tan, with white coloration on the jaws, stomach, rump and lower neck. The Baja California Pronghorn is often called los fantasmas del desierto which translates to, “ghosts of the desert,” because their particular coloration in combination with their fast speeds allow them to disappear in the desert. Furthermore, these animal's white underbellies deflect ground heat, keeping them cool. Females are smaller than males, and if horned, retain their spike-like horns for 2-5 years before shedding them. The larger males are longer horned than females, with darker faces. Males' horns are forward-pointing prongs below backward-facing hooks, and outer sheaths are shed annually. These animals are known to live roughly 9-10 years in the wild but may live longer in captivity.

Range
The Baja California pronghorn now only exists in the El Vizcaíno Desert Biosphere Reserve of Baja California and in the Valle de Los Cirios Reserve of Baja California, Mexico. The animals once roamed largely over central Baja California, including areas like the one east of Guerrero Negro named Llano del Berrendo, or Pronghorn Plains.

Cultural Significance
Baja California pronghorn have long-standing ties as a source of sustenance to people indigenous to Baja California. The animals, once widespread, were hunted with bows and arrows, eaten, and skinned to make women’s clothing. The indigenous people, the Cochimí, referred to them as ammo-gokio or ammogokió.

Additional Information
Antilocapra Americana Peninsularis is the fastest hoofed mammal in the world and the second-fastest land mammal. They possess the ability to run at 40-60 miles per hour for over an hour. With 27 foot strides at their top speeds, the Baja California Pronghorn has padded cloven hooves to absorb the resulting shock. When running these animals open their mouth and leave their tongue hanging to consume more air. Their windpipe can reach up to two inches in diameter, funneling air to their enlarged lungs and heart which aid them in oxygen consumption. This unique animal’s oxygen consumption is three times greater than that of comparably sized animals.

Baja California Pronghorn have remarkable eyesight and have the largest eyes of any hoofed animal in North America their size. They have the ability to see for miles. Their pupils can constrict into horizontal slits, which gives them 300-degree vision, protecting them from predators.

Threats and Conservation
The future for these animals remains uncertain. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists their conservation status as critically endangered. Livestock fencing and cattle ranching threaten their livelihood. These obstructions inhibit the animal’s access to favorable habitats and their ability to conduct natural movement. Urban sprawl, human endeavor, and droughts also all threaten populations.

In 1997, the Mexican Government, in cooperation with ENDESU (Espacios Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable), established the Peninsular Pronghorn Recovery Project. This project, working in conjunction with zoos such as the Los Angeles' Zoo’s animal husbandry program, has grown the population of the Baja California Pronghorn to now exceed 420 animals, both captive and wild, in the areas of the El Vizcaíno Desert Biosphere Reserve and The Valle De Los Cirios Reserve.

Fouquieria Columnaris

Fouqueria Coumnaris, also often referred to as a Boojum tree or Cirio tree, is a nearly endemic species of stem succulent tree found in the Baja California Peninsula. These trees have a single or branched tapered primary stem. Their primary stems are armored with hundreds of horizontal secondary branches that are not succulents and are armed with spines. When moisture is available to the tree, leaves and secondary branches may grow. However, the trees are usually leafless during arid periods. In relation to moisture received during winter and spring months, the Boojum will elongate its stem. The Boojum is known to bloom in late summer and autumn, bearing clusters of white fragrant flowers or creamy yellow flowers with a honey scent. The tree is a member of the ocotillo family. The Boojum is reported to grow up to 70 feet tall, with its trunk growing up to 24cm thick.

Range
Fouqueria Coumnaris is nearly endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. The tree grows with the help of moist, cool winds from the Pacific Ocean moderating the arid desert climate. The tree can be found in both upper and lower Baja, California. However, it is most commonly found in the subregion of Vizcaíno. Along the Gulf Coast of Sonora, a small population of Boojum exists with help from the cold waters that replicate the influence of the Pacific.

Name
The plant received its English name from the Southwestern naturalist Godfrey Sykes in 1922. When Sykes encountered the foreign-looking plants, he dubbed them “boojums,” a nod to Lewis Carroll’s poem The Hunting of the Snark. The Spanish name of Cirio, meaning candle, originates from the plant's long tapered look, similar to that of candles at nearby missions.

Cultural Significance
An indigenous group of people native to Sonora, the Seri, believe touching the Boojum tree will cause undesirable, strong winds to blow. Furthermore, botanists used to believe mainland patterns of distribution of the plant indicated that the Seri transplanted the boojum further in the interior. However, given the Seri belief about the Boojum, which they call cototaj, this belief has been called into question.

Additional Information
Fouqueria Coumnaris differs from its relatives in the ocotillo family by growing in the winter. Boojum trees were previously believed to only grow inches per year and reach up to 700 years old. Scientists now know that the plants can grow up to as much as 1 to 2 feet during a wet year. Additionally, repeated photography helped discover that the plants only typically live roughly a century. Large individual Boojum are particularly susceptible to direct hurricane events which cause significant destruction to the Boojum population every few decades.

Notable Boojum
The tallest Boojum on record was in Montevideo Canyon near Bahai de Los Angeles. It was recorded by Robert Humphrey in the 1970s and at the time, was 81 feet tall. Hurricane Nora passed directly over the large boojum in 1997, however, the mighty tree survived.

The University of Arizona recently had to remove one of its diseased Boojum trees. The tree was planted in the 1920s or 1930s after a University of Arizona sponsored Baja California trip. The specimen was a noted member of the Krutch Garden and, at 37 feet tall, one of the largest Boojum in the state. Nurserymen plan to attempt to clone the tree using its tips. This process will be documented and is an opportunity for botanists to evaluate opportunities and methods for cloning Boojums. If the precise genotype is successfully saved, it will be reintroduced into Krutch Gardens.

Threats and Conservation
Fouqueria Coumnaris trees are pollinated by many different insects. A study of over 20 years yielded a wide variety of species from the same Fouqueria Coumnaris trees in both Baja California and Sonora. However, many of these species of insects have not been seen again for many years. This may be caused by a temporal niche separation. Diverse types of pollinators have been recorded every year prompted by unknown environmental circumstances in which further study is needed.

Other known threats to boojum include urban sprawl, expansions of agricultural frontiers, climate change, and harvesting for ornamental wood.

The El Vizcaíno Biosphere Region was created in 1988. This protected area is 9,625 sq. miles and is the largest protected wildlife refuge in Mexico. It is home to some boojum, as well as many other protected species. The El Vizcaíno Biosphere Region borders on the Valle de los Cirios.

The Valle de los Cirios, located near Guerrero Negro on the Baja California Peninsula, is the second-largest wildlife protection area in Mexico. This area was deemed a nationally-protected area in 1980 and encompasses over 9,500 sq. miles. The Valle de los Cirios contains a large population of boojum and is home to the highly endangered Desert Pronghorn. It is listed as a tentative site to become a World Heritage Site.

= Opportunities and Threats =

Climate change
Climate change looms as the largest ecological threat to the Baja California subregion and the entire Sonoran Desert. Unchecked, the effects of climate change in the Sonoran Desert will be far-reaching and widespread throughout all biomes and ecosystems. The Sonoran Desert already finds itself in a drought with at least a 25 to 40% drop in precipitation over the last 50 years. The region has been identified as being within a projected “global hot spot” resulting from climate change, with models demonstrating warming of 5.4-10.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

Increased temperatures place strains on entire ecosystems by undermining food webs. Warming temperatures, among many other factors, will increase evapotranspiration rates, stressing primary producers and the resulting food webs. Slow-moving species such as desert tortoises will have much harder times reacting to the unpredictable weather patterns produced by climate change. Furthermore, species capable of more rapid reaction and migration may attempt to move out of designated protected wildlife areas, such as the Valle de los Cirios area, only to have their movement blocked by human habitat fragmentation.

Opportunities to address climate change exist at every moment of every person’s day on a global scale. From choosing a profession that champions global climate change causes or conducts research to a persons simple daily choices, there is a way for everyone to get involved. A plethora of information is widely available on making more sustainable choices. Other ways to help address climate change are to research and donate to the most effective organizations battling climate change. Practicing responsible civics by researching and voting for environmentally friendly legislation and candidates and starting grassroots environmental movements or joining current movements are all ways of addressing climate change.

Invasive Species

Sahara mustard weed, a large, hardy fast-growing winter annual, along with a with similar invasive grass, Buffelgrass, threaten many of the endemic flora of Baja California and the Sonoran Desert. Sahara mustard started as a localized population before beginning a massive range expansion. The weed is particularly effective at challenging native cacti and perennial shrubs for resources such as light and soil moisture. Furthermore, the weed possesses the capacity to smother native herbaceous plants.

First recorded in California’s Coachella Valley in 1927, by the 1970s the plant was widespread across the Sonoran Desert and Baja California. Sahara mustard mainly kept to disturbed soil and sandy areas until in the 1990s, when it began invading undisturbed desert. In the twenty-first century, the weed again adapted and began invading the steep desert slopes and rocky soils of the Sonoran. It is now known to cause acres of impenetrable thickets in some places, completely excluding any other annuals.

Currently, research is being conducted on the best ways to combat aggressive invasive species such as Sahara mustard weed. The most effective method to date is hand weeding. Though this method is not considered a tenable long-term solution, it has been shown to be useful while research is being developed. The Bureau of Land Management conducts hand weedings, in which they may be looking for local volunteers. Contacting your local BLM office may be one of the best ways to help fight such invasive species.

Endangered Species
Antilocapra americana peninsularis, also known as the Baja California pronghorn, is a subspecies of pronghorn endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. Antilocapra americana peninsularis is a critically endangered subspecies according to the IUCN with only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild.

Combatting climate change may be one of the best ways to help save the pronghorn. High mortality rates, especially during droughts have contributed to the decline of this species. Currently CONANP (Mexico’s National Commission of Protected Natural Areas) is working with American organizations such as the L.A. Zoo to stabilize the pronghorn through the Peninsular Pronghorn Recovery Program in the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve. Consider donating to or contacting these organizations to ask how you can help these animals. Finally, people can raise awareness about antilocapra americana peninsularis.

= Land Use =

Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl is a current threat to the Sonoran Desert portion of Baja California. Cabo San Lucas is a major tourist destination for Baja California. However, developers now have sourced colonial Loreto as a potential location for a tourist and vacation destination. These developing tourism destinations threaten to bring urban sprawl to the lower half of Baja California, increasing the probability of habitat fragmentation for endemic species. Urban sprawl may have secondary detrimental environmental effects. Baja California sources the majority of its energy from power plants, such as those in Rosarito and Ensenada. These power plants are massive contributors to man-made climate change. Increases in tourism and resulting urban sprawl will increase demand for energy from these pants, which run off destructive natural gasses supplied by the United States.

Baja California Peninsula Sonoran Desert

Opportunities and Threats

title: User:Fadedglint/sandbox


text:
User:Fadedglint/

Learning about the Sonoran Desert

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Fadedglint/


text:
User:Alakazam381

Hello

title: User:Alakazam381


text:
Talk:CLEP College Algebra

Pages are too bloated
While I believe my contributions to be generally helpful to the student, I feel the pages should be divided to fit content on to a page. It is my opinion that these pages should be accessible to students will slow internet connections or slow devices. The best solution is to divide the pages according to heading. Take a look at CLEP College Algebra/Algebraic Operations and CLEP College Algebra/Sequences and Series. These are very large pages with a ton of content to get through. The page size alone may be enough to intimidate students as well.

If pages were split according to heading, then under those umbrellas, the pages can encapsulate the lessons, exercises, and summaries separate from the other. This can not only save loading times but also many student's hearts from nearly stopping from the sheer size of the pages. Musical Inquisit (discuss • contribs) 09:22, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Switch Functions to Come Before Equations
I think it is beneficial to switch functions so that they come before the Equations and Inequalities section. For one, some of the equations given therein require students to understand what a function means (a logarithm, the absolute value, the exponential equations, etc.). It would also benefit students to understand functions to intuit equations and changes to them as a result.

I am going to switch the sections, and if nobody seems to like it, then I will stick with the old plan.

title: Talk:CLEP College Algebra


text:
User talk:EASocialist

You seem to be copying material verbatim from a copyright source - can you provide information on why you think the material is licensed for reuse at Wikibooks please. I see a copyright notice on the book (e.g., here) that would mean you can't copy it here. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 11:47, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

The book has open sources on GitHub

EASocialist (discuss • contribs) 09:00, 31 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, but that doesn't mean a lot if the Github version is also a copyright violation. The original author has a copyright notice on the book, unless there is evidence that they released it on Github, then it is still a violation. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

The acception letter from the book's author is only required for the wikibook to be not violated? --EASocialist (discuss • contribs) 06:33, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes an email is required as described into OTRS. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 21:07, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Final warning
Attention, we will have to delete the book Novoslovnica if its original author don't contact Wikimedia OTRS team. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 20:44, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:EASocialist


text:
Cookbook:Lamb Sausages and Grilled Potatoes

This is an easy-to-cook family recipe with sausage as the main ingredient.

Ingredients

 * 12 small potatoes or 10 medium sized ones weighing approximately 971g
 * 30 ml olive oil, for potatoes
 * 3 ml iodised salt
 * 15 ml olive oil, for frying
 * 20 g butter
 * 8 lamb sausages
 * 12 cherry tomatoes
 * 200 g Romaine lettuce, washed and cut into smaller pieces

Equipment

 * Cooking spatula
 * Grater
 * Measuring tools
 * Cake pan
 * Mandoline (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to 200°C (392°F).
 * 2) Rinse the potatoes, and cut into slices 0.5 cm thick using a knife, grater, or mandoline.
 * 3) Put the potatoes in the cake tin, and spread them out. Add the 30 ml of olive oil to cover the entire tin and the potatoes. Sprinkle the salt all over the tin and the potatoes. Bake for 25 minutes in the preheated oven.
 * 4) Heat the 15 ml olive oil and the butter in a pan over medium heat until the butter melts. Add the sausages, and cook for about 10 minutes on high heat. Turn the sausages occasionally so they fry on all sides. Remove from the heat.
 * 5) Toss the lettuce and tomatoes together to make a salad.
 * 6) Serve the salad with the baked potatoes and sausages.


text:
Celestia/Tutorials/Moons

In Celestia, just as it is possible to add planets, asteroids, and comets in orbit around stars, it is possible to put moons around those objects, and even moons on those moons! This tutorial will show you how.

This tutorial assumes you have read the previous page: Simple Asteroids.

Basic definition
"Name" "Sol/Parent Body" { 	Class "class" Mesh "mesh.*" Texture "texture.*" Radius Color [  ] BlendTexture true EllipticalOrbit { 	Epoch Period SemiMajorAxis Eccentricity Inclination AscendingNode ArgOfPericenter MeanAnomaly } 	Albedo RotationPeriod }

We'll go through the parameters one by one. The definition looks very similar to the one given in the Simple Asteroids page, but there are some crucial differences that should be noticed.

Also, at any point you can add a comment to your .ssc code. A comment is started by a  sign and lasts until the next line break. It's a good idea to add comments explaining if you calculated parameters yourself, or if they are guesses.

List of parameters
Generally speaking, most parameters for moons are the same as the ones in asteroids. For the mesh, texture, radius, color, albedo, and rotation, they are the same, so refer to that page for more information. Listed below are the differences.

Names
"Name" "Sol/Parent Body"

This is similar to the definition in asteroids. Here,  just means to put the moon in orbit around some "Parent Body", which in turn orbits "Sol" (the Sun). This hierarchy can extend indefinitely: for the moon of a moon, or a sub-satellite, it would look like this:

"Name" "Sol/Parent Body 2/Parent Body"

Where "Name" orbits "Parent Body", which orbits "Parent Body 2", which orbits "Sol".

Class
Class "moon"

Class "minormoon"

Celestia has two SSC object class for moons:  and. They are pretty self-explanatory:  should be used for the major moons of an object, while   should be used for the minor moons. Minor moons are small, usually irregular, and may have eccentric and/or inclined orbits. Newly discovered moons are generally minor moons; all of the major moons have already been added in the default version of Celestia.

Orbit
EllipticalOrbit { 	Epoch Period SemiMajorAxis Eccentricity Inclination AscendingNode ArgOfPericenter MeanAnomaly }

This bit of code defines how the moon orbits the parent body. Other parameters may be used, such as, but this is the most common format. The key difference from objects orbiting stars (such as the Sun) is that for moons, the unit for  is in kilometers, not astronomical units.

Definition using barycenters
For many minor planets, such as Pluto, their moons are so large relative to the parent body that the common center of mass (the barycenter) is outside of the parent body. For these objects, a special method has to be used so that the two bodies orbit their barycenter.

Here is some sample code:

ReferencePoint "Barycenter" "Sol" { 	EllipticalOrbit { 	Epoch Period SemiMajorAxis Eccentricity Inclination AscendingNode ArgOfPericenter MeanAnomaly } 	Visible true Clickable true } "Name" "Sol" { 	Class "class" Mesh "mesh.*" Texture "texture.*" Radius Color [  ] BlendTexture true OrbitFrame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "Sol/Barycenter" } } 	EllipticalOrbit { 	Epoch Period SemiMajorAxis Eccentricity Inclination AscendingNode ArgOfPericenter MeanAnomaly } 	Albedo RotationPeriod } "Moon" "Sol/Name" { 	Class "class" Mesh "mesh.*" Texture "texture.*" Radius Color [  ] BlendTexture true OrbitFrame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "Sol/Barycenter" } } 	EllipticalOrbit { 	Epoch Period SemiMajorAxis Eccentricity Inclination AscendingNode ArgOfPericenter MeanAnomaly } 	Albedo RotationPeriod }

List of parameters (for using barycenters)
Again, most parameters for moons are the same as the ones in asteroids. For the mesh, texture, radius, color, albedo, and rotation, they are the same, so refer to that page for more information. Listed below are the differences.

ReferencePoint
ReferencePoint "Barycenter" "Sol"

Putting "ReferencePoint" before the name of the object in a SSC file will turn said object into a point that other objects can orbit.

Clickable and Visible
Visible true Clickable true

These are boolean parameters, meaning they can be either be set to  or. If  is set to , then the ReferencePoint's label will be visible. is set to, then the ReferencePoint will be selectable, just like any other object.

Setting the correct orbital frame
"Name" "Sol"

In the above code, you'll notice that the object "Name" looks like it orbits "Sol", even though in reality it orbits "Barycenter" which orbits "Sol". So how do we get it to orbit the "Barycenter" object?

By setting the correct OrbitFrame. In the code below, we tell Celestia to put "Name" in orbit around the Barycenter.

OrbitFrame { EquatorJ2000 { Center "Sol/Barycenter" } }

Be very careful when picking the correct orbital frame. Here, it is set to "EquatorJ2000", which means that the orbital elements are in an equatorial frame. If you are pulling elements from a paper, check to see if the orbital frame is in the equatorial (EQJ2000) or ecliptic (ECJ2000) frame. If it says ecliptic, use this code instead:

OrbitFrame { EclipticJ2000 { Center "Sol/Barycenter" } }

If the orbital frame has a center that is "Something/Something", then the units of  will be days, not years, and the units of   will be kilometers, not astronomical units.

title: Celestia/Tutorials/Moons


text:
Music Theory/Plainsong

Plainsong is a form of music that originated in Christian churches early in the church's history. Christians wanted to praise God in a special way, and so chose to sing the entire liturgy when they held services. At first, with archaic and variant practices, such early plainsong was linked to specific communities and based on folk melody. However, as specific forms of liturgies were cemented, particularly the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, the Liturgy of St. Basil, and the Liturgy of Pope Gregory I (the Mass), plainsong grew to be a formalised and integral part of christian worship.

Notable Features
Plainsong is characterised by a number of key features:

Sonority and Instrumentation

 * It is usually unaccompanied. The phrase "a capella" literally means "from the chapel/church", and implies an unaccompanied texture. In a modern context, sometimes instruments such as the organ can provide basic harmonic support, but this is minimal and very rare.
 * It has a reasonable range. As it is designed to be sung by anyone and everyone in a church congregation, the range of notes for a particular piece of plainsong rarely exceeds one octave, and it is not very virtuosic.

Melody

 * It is melody-driven. At its root nearly all plainsong is a single monophonic line.
 * It is scalic. Where there are leaps, they are at most a perfect 5th. Most plainsong is dependent on scalic motions.
 * It can be very ornate. Melismas on particular words are very common.

Harmony

 * As plainsong is typically unaccompanied, harmony does not apply. Where harmony is used by certain traditions, it is block homophony, and quite simple.
 * Pedal notes and drones are sometimes used to underpin the melody.

Tonality

 * Plainsong used all modes available, with 8 identified for primary use, and 4 others used archaically.

Texture

 * Monophonic. A single solo melodic line is ubiquitous.
 * Homophonic. In certain traditions, harmony (or pedals and drones) are used as a basic accompaniment. The melody drives this.

Structure

 * Strophic. The earliest plainsong hymns (as an example, Tantum Ergo by Thomas Aquinas) are based on repeated verses.
 * Through-composed. Most plainsong is simply designed to match the words, so melodies are not repeated.

Tempo, Rhythm, and Metre

 * Tempo is at natural speech rhythms. In a modern context, plainsong is often sung quite slowly, but it can be sung at a very fast pace.
 * Metres were non-existent when plainsong was written. This was in favour of natural speech rhythms.
 * Rhythms are simple, mainly to do with lengthening certain syllables with longer notes for emphasis.

Composers
It is often difficult to pin down exactly who wrote each piece of plainsong. Certain authors of texts, such as St. Thomas Aquinas, are well recognised. Ironically, even though plainsong is often all painted under the brush "Gregorian chant" it is difficult to categorically say whether Pope Gregory I wrote any plainsong at all. Other composers are know. Hildegard of Bingen is known for her developments based on plainsong. Many composers have been known to use plainsong in their liturgical works.

title: Music Theory/Plainsong


text:
Internet Fundamentals

Table of contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Web browsers/
 * /Search engines/
 * /Culture/

title: Internet Fundamentals


text:
Internet Fundamentals/Introduction

What is the Internet?

 * The Internet is a global Wide Area Network (WAN).
 * A Network is a group of interconnected devices.
 * A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large area.
 * A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area.

What are the main advantages of the Internet?

 * Communication : Electronic mail (Email) and social media.
 * Education : search engines and webpages.
 * Entertainment : online games and online media.
 * Online services : online shopping and online banking.

What are the main disadvantages of the Internet?

 * Threat to personal information : possible loss of name, address, credit card number,...
 * Spamming : unwanted Emails that serve no purpose.
 * Cybercrime : malware, ransomware, stealing of identities,...
 * Virus attacks : cause a system to crash and may delete important data.

History of the Internet

 * In the 1950s, the United States Defense Department formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) with the purpose of developing technology.
 * ARPA’s scientists could not easily communicate or share information, so they created a network of computers, which they called ARPAnet.
 * In the 1970s, the TCP/IP protocol was developed, this protocol allowed the separate networks to communicate with each other.
 * The joining of these networks created a huge WAN which came to be known as the Internet.

What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

 * The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of different websites that can be accessed through a web browser.
 * A website is a group of webpages hosted on one web server.
 * A web server is an Internet server that serves webpages to the web browser.
 * A web browser is an application that displays webpages.

What is the difference between the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet?

 * The Internet is a global WAN, and the WWW is an Internet service.

How the World Wide Web (WWW) works?

 * When a user makes a request over the Internet, the web browser sends this request to a web server, and the web server accepts and responds to it by storing and transferring webpages to the web browser.

How are web pages transferred from servers to clients?

 * Any resource connected to the WWW is identified by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 * A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a WWW page.
 * Example : http://www.example.com/ ...
 * When the URL of a web page is identified, a protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) sends a command to the web server.
 * Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol which enables communication between web clients and web servers.
 * Once the web server has transmitted the requested page, the web page can be displayed with Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML).
 * Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard language for creating and displaying web pages.

History of the World Wide Web (WWW)

 * In 1990, the WWW was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
 * He created three technologies (HTML, URL and HTTP), which allowed to use the Internet to link one document directly to another.

What is needed to connect to the Internet?

 * Internet Service Provider (ISP) : a business that provides a connection to the Internet.
 * Modem : a piece of hardware that allows a device to connect to the Internet over a telephone line.
 * Router : a piece of hardware that allows several devices to connect to a single Internet connection.

Common methods of Internet connection

 * Dial-up : an Internet connection which uses a telephone line and requires a landline.
 * Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) : an Internet connection which uses a telephone line, but doesn’t require a landline.
 * Cable TV : a wired Internet connection which uses Cable TV lines.
 * Wi-Fi : a wireless Internet connection which uses radio waves.
 * Satellite : a wireless Internet connection which uses satellites orbiting the Earth.
 * 3G and 4G : wireless Internet connections which use cellular networks.

What is cloud computing?

 * Cloud computing is the process of storing and using services online, rather than storing them locally on a device.

What are the main advantages of cloud computing?

 * File storage : access files, documents and Emails from any device.
 * File sharing : share files with several people at the same time.
 * Backing up : protect your files.

What are the main disadvantages of cloud computing?

 * Copyright : possible loss of legal rights.
 * Security : vulnerability to security attacks.
 * Storage : expense of storage.

title: Internet Fundamentals/Introduction


text: User talk:StudioMagicFox

title: User talk:StudioMagicFox


text:
History of Brazil

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Preface/
 * 2) /Introduction/

Brazil before Europeans (before 1500)

 * 1) /Pre-Cabraline period/
 * 2) /Indigenous peoples in Brazil/

Colonial Brazil (1500-1815)

 * 1) /The arrival of Europeans/
 * 2) /Exploratory expeditions/
 * 3) /Extraction of brazilwood/
 * 4) /Colonial administration/
 * 5) Dutch Invasion (1630-1654)
 * 6) /Colonial economy/
 * 7) /Foreign invasions and colonial conflicts/
 * 8) /Minas Conspiracy/
 * 9) /Revolt of the Tailors/
 * 10) /Principality of Brazil/
 * 11) /Transfer of the Court and Opening of Ports/

Kingdom (1815-1822)

 * 1) /Elevation to United Kingdom/
 * 2) /Pernambucan revolt/
 * 3) /Revolution in Porto and return of John VI/

Empire (1822-1889)

 * 1) First reign (1822-1831)
 * 2) Regency period (1831-1840)
 * 3) Second reign (1840-1889)

Republic (1889-present)

 * 1) First Republic (1889-1930)
 * 2) Vargas Era (1930-1946)
 * 3) Fourth Republic (1946-1964)
 * 4) Military dictatorship (1964-1985)
 * 5) Sixth Republic (1985-present)

title: History of Brazil


text: Category:Book:History of Brazil

title: Category:Book:History of Brazil


text:
Professionalism/Mike Davidson, Rahul Vohra, and Superhuman

Introduction
Superhuman is a startup email service that ran into trouble in 2019 when its lack of privacy was discovered. Mike Davidson, a former VP at Twitter, revealed that Superhuman was embedding tracking pixels in their emails which logged the time and geolocation every time someone read an email.

Superhuman
Superhuman is a software product that is built to increase user email efficiency and productivity. It has many different uses and features including scheduling messages, organizing mass emails, providing insight from social networks, and follow-up reminders. Accounts typically cost $30 per month, but many users claim that this software saves them money.

One difference between superhuman and other similar products is that only select people can actually purchase a software subscription. In order to create an account, you must either be referred by another trusted user or sit on a waiting list after applying for an account. Even before being granted access, potential clients have to fill out an onboarding survey that details what kind of employees will be using their software. This exclusivity creates prestige for tech companies that are granted access and also allows superhuman to closely monitor who is using their software. This can create a potentially dangerous feedback loop, where Superhuman only has users that are okay with their practices regardless of how ethical or unethical they may be.

Tracking Pixels
Tracking pixels are HTML code snippets that take advantage of how images work in email and allow people to gather information on when people open an email containing the tracking pixel, how many times the email was opened, what kind of email application they use, their operating system, and most potentially dangerous, the IP address of the email receiver. To implement a tracking pixel, normally a small 1x1 pixel image is uploaded to the user's website and then embedded in an outgoing email. Whenever the email is open and the image is requested from the website, all the detailed information is given to the website. This information can be recorded and organized so that a sender can know when, where, and by whom their email was opened. This is why many email applications like Gmail ask you if you are sure you trust loading the images in an email and make you click “load images” or something similar. Not all email applications include this though, such as Yahoo. Many different companies embed tracking pixels in the marketing email they send out.

Mike Davidson
Mike Davidson is a Vice President at InVision, a company that helps design faster software products with clients like PayPal and Amazon. On June 30, 2019, Mike Davidson called out superhuman for unethical features in their software. Mike published a blog post on his personal website called “Superhuman Is Spying on You”. Mike demonstrated that superhuman allows users to add read receipts to emails they send out with tracking pixels. All subscribed users have easy access to this feature, which is also turned on by default.

Davidson's Concerns
In his blog post, Davidson outlined his concerns surrounding Superhuman. Davidson felt Superhuman's "Read Receipts" feature could result in dangerous situations for users and receivers of messages sent with Superhuman because of the log of timestamp and location of message activity available to users. Davidson also took issue with the feature being opt-in by default and the message that this sends to users, suggesting that it creates an underlying theme of surveillance. Davidson cited stalking and harassment as potential consequences of the feature, offering a scenario in which a stalker could use the location data in the log to put their subject in harm's way. Davidson discussed that Superhuman's use of tracking pixels and ethically questionably practices could alter the company's "ethical trajectory" and potentially normalize privacy violations in the technological and personal worlds.

Oppositions to Davidson's Concerns
Some industry leaders, such as Delian Asparouhov, voiced their opinions on Davidson's blog post. Opposers cited naivety and a failure to keep up with evolving technology as the reason some could fall victim to Superhuman's capabilities. They felt Superhuman should not be held accountable for any dangerous situations that emerged from the "Read Receipts" feature. Also among opposers to Davidson's blog post were Superhuman investors, who defended Superhuman and its capabilities.

"Supertracker"
Delian Asparouhov, an opposer to Davidson's blog post, founded "Supertracker", an open-source application that allows users to embed tracking pixels into their emails or website. Asparouhov felt that while Superhuman's capabilities were acceptable, in order to protect their own privacy, independent users could use his software with similar capabilities.

Companies Using Tracking Pixels
Technology that enables read statuses (pixel-tracking) already exists and is widely employed by many.

 * Main automation software: A range of mail automation software, including MailChimp, PersistQ, SendGrid, and MailTrack exist. These are often used by large-scale newsletters and magazines to track open rates and help clients gain insight into who is viewing their publication.
 * Email and Messaging Clients: Apple Mail, Gmail, and Outlook have read receipt features that can be turned on by the user. However, when they are turned on, they indicate than an email or message has been read only if the receiving user has given permission. These send one-time receipts rather than an activity log like Superhuman. Apple Message also has the option for the sender to let the receiver know when they have read the incoming message.

Superhuman's Response
In response to the backlash, Rahul Vohra, CEO and founder of Superhuman posted a blog on the company's website. He identified and responded to four main criticisms, as summarized below.

 * 1) Location data could be used in nefarious ways. Vohra states this was an oversight from neglecting to consider bad actors in Superhuman's design. He then announces that location information will be removed from all previous and future emails sent with the service.
 * 2) Read statuses are on by default. Read statuses will now be off by default. According to Vohra, it defaulted to on because "demand for read statuses is so high that it has now become table-stakes."
 * 3) Recipients of emails cannot opt out. Originally, Vohra points to other services or ways for recipients to prevent email tracking. A later update adds that Superhero now has this feature and instructions to configure it.
 * 4) Superhuman users cannot disable remote image loading. Vohra claims few people had requested this ability, but it will now be prioritized.

Vohra’s Response
In Rahul Vohra’s response, he reflected on the main criticisms and offered a transparent glimpse at the company’s thought process. He offered a seemingly sincere apology that was backed up with immediate changes to alleviate some of the concerns. Some argued that he could have done more, but his response is a great example of recognizing criticisms and a willingness to address them. A sincere and honest response can help continue the discussion and exemplify good faith.

Read Statuses
Read receipts are a common feature in many messaging apps like iMessage, Twitter DMs, and Facebook Messenger. Despite the commonalities, these apps never faced the backlash that Superhuman did. The main controversy stemmed from its collection of location data. As Davidson mentioned, this info could be misused and might constitute an invasion of privacy. Another less-obvious reason is that Superhuman recipients can’t opt-out, while those other services enable people to turn off read receipts. Even after Superhuman disabled location tracking, it remains controversial since the recipients still can’t consent to this tracking beforehand. Since they are automatically opted-in, many recipients are still unaware they’re being tracked and don’t utilize apps that block tracking pixels. Finally, users were automatically opted-in, and studies have shown users are more likely to keep the default option. By having it as the default, it resulted in more people using the service and involuntarily infringing on the privacy of their correspondents. As such, companies should be cautious when choosing default options and only collect necessary data.

Ubiquity Argument
A common defense of Superhuman is that tracking pixels are already widely used. However, there are several flaws with this defense. First, it’s a victim of the belief that something is justifiable because others are doing it. In fact, there are several adages about this, i.e. jumping off a bridge because your friends are. There are several historical cases where a formerly common practice is condemned today (see slavery). Second, it is an example of a technology relatively harmless at scale, but potentially more harmful at the human level. When marketers use tracking pixels, they are assessing the overall behavior in certain demographics and generally not looking at a specific user’s data. Superhuman took this technology to a more personal level; it’s not a spammer or marketer tracking you, but a friend or colleague. Given that personal open-rate data is rarely actionable, it’s unclear why the feature is needed. Therefore, it’s important when designing something to identify what aspects may be individually harmful and reduce them.


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User:Mattpeter

What is OEE
OEE definition stands for Overall equipment effectiveness. Simply what is that? When anyone comes into a production environment, he/she will notice that this word is commonly used. And if the OEE is used, the production teams do have a set target to achieve
 * the daily OEE in each machine and
 * separate OEE scores according to the machine types as well.

Before the introduction of many of the lean concepts, mainly, most of the companies measured only the hourly output. The drawbacks of this method included hidden costs associated with it. When the OEE concepts came in the Japanese production lines like Toyota, it played a significant role in saving a substantial amount of money for large scale companies, and did wonder in most of the KPIs. what is a KPI?

Therefore, let’s look at the concepts behind the OEE. They can be elaborated as below.

The basic equation for OEE has three components:

 * Availability
 * Performance
 * Quality

And the equation comes as below;

OEE formula

The value of these equations generally gives in percentage. A slight impact on one of the components can lead to a decrease or increase in the OEE. It is essential to have to give attention to all three pillars without excluding any. The components definitions can elaborate as below;

OEE = (Availability factor×Performance factor×Quality factor)

Availability factor The availability factor is related to time, mainly. The availability factor defines as;

Availability factor = (Operating time÷planned production time)

OEE-Availability Factor As a company that focuses on maximizing the profit would like to minimize its downtime as much as possible.

When it comes to the planned production time, the mandatory intervals need to be excluded. As an example, if we take a company that works on a shift basis for 9 hours and has 2 hours for lunch, Dinner.. etc. The planned production time would be 7 hours. It does not always be intervals. Sometimes a compulsory fire drill, training can take into account.

Operating time is the time that excludes all the downtime of machinery. The machine downtime may vary, and a higher downtime will reduce the operating time.

Some identified Downtime can give as below;

Machine maintenance Changeovers Electrical failures Raw material jamming Performance factor The Performance factor is all about the production quantities. The performance factory defined as;

OEE-Performance factor Here the ideal run rate has to monitor before any calculation. When it comes to the calculation of the ideal run rate for machine two types of calculations need to consider;

Performance factor = (Total Pieces×Ideal run rate)÷Operating time

A machine which has one unique product A machine which has multiple type products When a machine has only one unique product, then it is easier to get the quantity of the Ideal pieces during that time. Merely taking the cycle time around 10 minutes on a particular day every 2 hours and getting the mean value is an ideal option to reduce any human error for time measuring.

OEE- Ideal Production Quantity As you can see that it requires a tides calculation. Hence, it has so much of changeovers the downtime will be high, and it will reduce the performance factor.

Quality factor The quality factory is simple as that it is all about the quality;

Quality factor = (Good Pieces produced)÷(Total pieces produced)

OEE-Quality factor The quality is depending on the product totally. From my personal experience, when I was in the plastic department of my company, a recycle (hospital) brought up to produce. The virgin PP and recycled PP did show a more significant impact on the quality. After that, as an OEE standard, the quality department has changed the rejection criteria, and it affected the OEE efficiency. As you can see, this is just one example, and it depends on the company’s decision to set, which is to select and neglect.

Why OEE is vital for the production In a production line only getting the targets pcs per day or week may be achieved but if there is only the pcs/time factor considered

How organizations use OEE When we considered some organizations at the start, they want to jump into a world-class OEE value. But in practice, it is not easy, and it needs not to have the 85% value to have a smoothly running plant. I have observed this error in most of the production factories

When they fix the amount of 85% and try to achieve the world-class value in every day, the following issues will occur, if they machine does not have the capability to reach the amount of 85%

Devices will start to breakdown Product quality goes down Planned production will not be able to deliver Therefore, it is vital to understand the fact that every machine does not need to have 85% maybe 70% will just do fine. In order to come up to the 85% world-class OEE benchmark. The following can be done;

IF the machine does have old, depreciated parts, the new replacement has to make to avoid breakdowns Setting up a quality management system to monitor and track down data. Then improvements can be made according to it Proper TPM of machines according to a cycle Have to take cycle times in lower performance machines, if a worker maneuvering issue is there take actions for that Have shift basis on the production requirements World-class standard OEE The general accepted world-class OEE value is 85/100. This figure is not standard in a factory environment where electricity failures, intermittent machines breakdowns occur.

In order to get a world-class value for OEE, it is required to have the following

Practical difficulties of using an OEE The main key point here is an identical machine may work perfectly without even achieving the

If your factory does not use it. How to start and use OEE

If any section of your organization does not use OEE, then The preparation of an OEE to a whole plant would take a lengthy period. This is mainly due to the below reasons;

Lack of knowledge in OEE in production people The uncertainty of giving a target to all the machines The level of quality taking for calculation Time availability issues. Here it has to mention that the time availability can differ according to the plant. Some organizations tend to give adjustment times for the OEE. Which increases the availability factor. In my opinion, I think

Bonus trick New efficiency method to get checked the real efficiency finically

This is a method we used in our manufacturing plant when we needed to uplift the efficiency. The issue was we were able to achieve the OEE, but our monthly accounts did have a high labour cost, especially for high overtime payment.

OEE performance factor/man-day Mainly in most of the companies, they do measure there OEEs but does the OEE only gives the efficiency factor. From my experience, I have found a new solution to this. Like the one who found this technique, I would like to name it as PE Method. Which performance efficiency method.

Let’s briefly go to the method here. First, I will describe what a man-day is Man-day is the total amount of minutes a production line works. As a company, you cannot have a continuous lengthy process since you will have to give breaks to the workers according to their fatigue. Generally, in most of the countries, 10 hours is known as the general production time, which includes the 1-hour lunch break and two separate 15-20 minutes breaks in the morning time as well as in the evening time.

Therefore, in terms of minutes, if we calculate a man-day for the above scenario, it will come as 480 minutes. Then if we divide it by four hundred and eighty minutes, it will be 1.

Now considering the overtime, we can calculate the man-day like the below.

Manday Calculation

Man-day = (Total production time of the worker- leave time)÷Total minutes for a man-day

It is important to note that if someone takes a half-day or short leave take to reduce those time to calculate the man-day. As an example, if someone takes a short leave of 90 minutes from the general shift, the man-day must be calculated as well. As a practice, it is better to first calculate worker’s man-days, which

Applies leaves and then finally calculate the common man-days later.

As an example, if the factory has around 300 people on a day and if ten people take leaves and the rest of the 290 people work as in the normal way. First, calculate the man-days of the leave taken people and then calculate for the rest of the workers, IT would be a much easier way.

Performance Efficiency(PE) By using the above info, I will introduce the new value PE value;

PE = Overall Equipment effectiveness÷some of all workers man-days

Performance efficiency equation By using the above equation, the calculation can be processed. Now, after doing this, it is essential to know that you will not be able to set a PE value like world-class Overall equipment effectiveness. It would require to take at least initial values for a particular machine for around 30 days and get the PE values for each device accordingly. Now set an average value for the PE, and from there, onward continue to continuous improvement techniques to improve the PE value to a particular value.

Why this PE value is better than the OEE The thing in OEE is that even if a machine gives only the performance of the machine, but if we consider the number of people used for an operation, it will provide you with the hidden performance issues of the company.

In a sense, if the organization wants to reduce the overtime payment and optimize the production line, the PE value method is an excellent way because the labour cost is a burden for most of the organization in which can cause so many problems due to the rising of it.

Conclusion The OEE is a great way to measure the factory performance. The OEE does not have to be at the world-class level every time. Cause during sometimes the OEE differs, but still, the machine will be able to produce the results. To monitor that look into the above PE value where it would do wonders for your company in the longer run.

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence

title: User:Mattpeter


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Cookbook talk:Lamb Sausages and Grilled Potatoes

Minorax, thank you for moving this Cookbook: page + other edit comments
Minorax, thank you for moving the page. This is the 2nd recipe that I made that had to be moved, I think I've learnt something by now so that I will not put a new recipe as a separate Wikibook and instead put it into the Cookbook: namespace.

Now about your next edit I understand you linked to Cookbook: namespace articles which I appreciate as a sort of indirectly teaching me how to edit the recipes I contribute to, not linking as much as I use to do to Wikidata items directly from a Cookbook: recipe and instead linking to Cookbook: equipment/ingredient pages or create them if I have information to contribute, I look forward to contributing such information. Datariumrex (discuss • contribs) 06:58, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Execution
In this section users can add how long it took for you/the users to cook a certain version of this recipe (using a permanent link is advised or noting the date it was cooked). To save space we use maximum 2 lines per user. This might serve as a way to see if the recipe is too complex, if it takes too much time(would help as feedback in optimizing steps).

 * First time I cook this meal, with measurements: 971 g potatoes.


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Transportation Planning Casebook/Western Harbour Tunnel / Beaches Link

The Western Harbour Tunnel and Beaches Link is a proposed north-south motorway in Sydney, between Burnt Bridge Creek Deviation at Balgowlah (A8) and Westconnex M4-M5 Link at Rozelle interchange, with connection to Warringah Road Underpass (A38) at Frenchs Forest, Gore Hill Freeway and Lane Cove Tunnel at Artarmon, Warringah Freeway at Cammeray and City West Link at Rozelle. This motorway program is designed to provide an alternative link from Westconnex M4-M5 Link to Northern Beaches, and it is mainly funded by NSW Budget.

The main route consists of:

The Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade project and the Beaches Link and Gore Hill Freeway Connection project are delivered as two separate but coordinated construction packages.

Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade
Western Harbour Tunnel which stretches from the Warringah Freeway at Cammeray, across Sydney Harbour, to the WestConnex interchange at Rozelle. The new Western Harbour Tunnel will be the second road tunnel to travel under Sydney Harbour. It is to be a 6.5-kilometre six-lane tunnel connecting the Warringah Freeway in North Sydney with the WestConnex Rozelle Interchange as well as the M4 and the M5 beneath the harbour. As well as the new tunnel it also includes a 9-kilometre upgrade of road surfaces for connecting motorways, 4 kilometres of which will include an upgrade of the Warringah Freeway. The aim of the Western Harbour Tunnel project is to relieve congestion in the existing harbour tunnel as well as on the Harbour Bridge, this would also ease congestion existing on the Anzac Bridge and the Eastern Distributor. As well as easing congestion, other targeted benefits of the project include the following:
 * A new western bypass of the CBD
 * Create a third harbour crossing and relieving pressure from the Harbour Bridge and tunnel
 * Faster and more efficient journeys across Sydney
 * A continuous (southbound) bus lane on the Warringah Freeway
 * Greater resilience against incidents and breakdowns on the road network

Beaches Link and Gore Hill Freeway Connection
Beaches Link which provides an alternative to the Spit Bridge for the Northern Beaches, connecting through to the Warringah Freeway and Gore Hill Freeway, which will create a single roadway along with the Western Harbour Tunnel to the WestConnex roadways system from the Northern Beaches. The new Beaches Link will involve over 11 kilometres of new tunnels in addition to approximately five kilometres of upgrades to road surfaces. The main portion of the proposed tunnel will stretch from Cammeray to Balgowlah, connect to the Western Harbour Tunnel and be three lanes each way. It will also have connections to Wakehurst Parkway and the Gore Hill Freeway, each to be upgraded to two lanes in each direction. The proposed benefits of the new tunnels and roadway systems include the following:
 * A link between the Northern Beaches and the rest of the Sydney area
 * A link from The Spit to Falcon Street bypassing 19 sets of traffic lights
 * Decrease in congestion on Military Road, Warringah Road and Eastern Valley Way
 * Improved connections to Sydney Trains and the new Sydney Metro from North Sydney to the CBD
 * An opportunity for express bus services
 * Faster and more reliable links to key centres (such as Macquarie Park and St Leonards)
 * Less traffic on local streets

Annotated List of Actors
== Timeline of Events ==

Maps of Locations
Overall, the Western Harbour Tunnel will extend under Sydney Harbour and connect to the WestConnex roadway system at the Rozell Interchange and the Warringah Freeway in North Sydney. The Northern Beaches Link Tunnel will also connect with the Warringah Freeway at Cammeray and the Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon and lead on to the Western Harbour Tunnel.

Project Significance
The policies and legislation that may affect or be abided by are largely dictated by the nature of the project. When establishing the necessity for the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link upgrade, the project team had to determine if the project was of state significance to receive support from several governmental initiatives aimed at encouraging the expansion of Sydney’s infrastructure.

It was determined from the assessment committee that the project would be an integral component of assisting Sydney’s traffic network in several capacities:

 * Economic

 * 1) Sydney CBD possesses 40% of Sydney’s employment, which is heavily reliant on reducing peak congestion and efficient movement of people. Will also strengthen the operational capability of current and future public transportation means.
 * 2) Expanding Sydney’s dense economic centres to increase future capacity for growth.
 * 3) Improving supply chain efficiency and productivity through increased access and congestion alleviation. Improved delivery times for freight and shipping of products and materials.
 * 4) The upgrade will seek to increase traffic performance within the “Global Economic Corridor” which encompasses the regions from Macquarie Park to Sydney Airport via the CBD; an arc of lucrative business contributing to 41% ($195 Billion) of NSW’s GDP.

 * Network Reliability

 * 1) Overall decrease in travel times around Sydney’s congested metropolitan district by heightening the resilience of existing expressways, linkages, main arterial thoroughfares and other primary connections
 * 2) Reduce periods of peak congestion around CBD and northern beaches areas
 * 3) Offer alternative routes of traffic flow and emergency detours in the event of accidents to promote usual network flow, reduce system strain and prevent widespread gridlock.

 * Lifestyle

 * 1) Creation of new transport routes to service each side of the Harbour Bridge (Sydney CBD), Northern Beaches, North Sydney, Warringah Area and Gore Hill. With over 630,000 trips made through the CBD itself and over 1.2 million journeys made to its surrounding suburbs, the project would be a major asset to future-proofing the existing network.
 * 2) Contribute to the creation of the Western Sydney Bypass via WestConnex.
 * 3) Address future congestion concerns with an anticipated population boom from current 4.3 million inhabitants to around 6 million by 2031 - around a 30% increase in on-road users.

Governmental Intervention Policies
In light of the above considerations, the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link is poised to be of great state significance, making it relevant to numerous federal and state-run policies and programs attempting to subsidise projects of this nature. Specifically, the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link project was pertinent to the following:

Future Transport Strategy 2056 (NSW Government, 2017)
The Future Transport Strategy 2056 sets out a plethora of plans and strategies aimed at guiding transport investment over the next 40 years within NSW, with the vision of advancing the network connectivity, mobility and circulation of the state’s transport system. By 2056, it has been predicted that NSW will be home to over 12 million people, consequently making Sydney similar to the megacities of London and New York. In order to withstand the estimated 28 million daily trips, the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link is but one puzzle piece in this long term plan.

Long Term Transport Master Plan (Transport for NSW, 2012)
The Long Term Transport Master Plan seeks to marry both future land-use planning and transport planning into one integrated approach to strategise decision making around all modes of transport including road, rail, bus, ferries, light rail, cycling and walking. The Plan ensured that the spatial resources consumed by the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link were used effectively and that the purpose of the project kept users at its core.

NSW State Infrastructure Strategy (Infrastructure NSW, 2012)
The NSW State Infrastructure Strategy was first proposed in 2012 as a 20-year plan to prioritise projects that would aid in nurturing culture and business development within Sydney and other population hubs just as Newcastle and Wollongong. With secondary aims of providing additional housing choices and improving societal connectivity, the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link project was very effective at achieving those outcomes.

NSW ‘Making It Happen’ Plan (NSW Government, 2015)
The NSW ‘Making It Happen’ Plan describes a list of 30 priorities that have been formulated to improve several industries of the state from health and education, to infrastructure and the economy. In particular, the infrastructure priority describes the need to improve road reliability by setting a target of having “90% of peak travel on ket travel roads on time”. With the potential to re-route a significant portion of cross-harbour traffic and streamline travel to the north and west Sydney, the project sits at the core of achieving that target.

Implementation Policies
In order to develop the scope of a project, assess its feasibility, and be granted construction approval for implementation, numerous state policies must be addressed. The Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link is no exception to this legislature as any state-significant infrastructure project has to abide by them.

State Environmental Planning Policy Infrastructure (2007)
The characteristics of the Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link is that of a megaproject; being built on government-owned land under a public state body - the Roads & Maritime Service (RMS). All new infrastructure planning of this nature is required to follow the State Environmental Planning Policy Infrastructure (2007) (ISEPP) which is in place to assist the NSW Government, private infrastructure companies as well as local council and communities to simplify planning processes. It does this by bypassing the usual development consent procedures. In fact, the ISEPP will permit the development of any road infrastructure project on any land under a public authority without consent The Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link satisfied these conditions to streamline the planning process.

Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (1979)
Similarly, the magnitude of the project will draw the attention of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (1979) (EP&A Act) which will ultimately guide the design of the project to mitigate environmental impacts, facilitate the sustainable development of land and promote the amenity of the built environment. The sheer size of the project means it will typically cause significant impact to the environment and local ecosystems. Consequently, the EP&A Act will demand the composition of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) which will outline several key areas that must be identified, assessed and responded to. These areas, with strategies and resolutions intended to mitigate impacts to each area, often shaping the final design.

Planning Guideline for Major Infrastructure Corridors
The Planning Guideline for Major Infrastructure Corridors (PGMIC) falls under the umbrella of the ISEPP and is a sub-policy directly targeting the protection and development of these “ linear corridor(s) of land required to support the delivery of major infrastructure at some time in the future” The Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link has had its corridor designated in both the Future Transport Strategy 2056 and Long Term Transport Master Plan for quite sometime before its construction, and the PGMIC outlines procedures for its land acquisition, exact alignment and complex project delivery. Large infrastructure corridors require immense planning spanning over several years to ensure their construction is feasible, responsible and does not inhibit future development.

Overview
The Western Harbour Tunnel is a substantial infrastructure project in regards to size but is also quite notable as it is the first North-South road crossing since the Sydney Harbour Tunnel, which opened in the 1990s. Both the Harbour Tunnel and Sydney Harbour Bridge experience very high levels of congestion as they support approximately 80 percent of the traffic crossing Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.

These two roadway system projects are said to be part of the NSW Government’s historic investment in roads infrastructure - their $51.2 billion integrated transport solution (Future Transport Strategy 2056). It is part of their initiative to prepare the Greater Sydney Region to become a place where jobs, education and services become more accessible, and often reachable by vehicle or public transport within 30 minutes.

As part of the strategy to create a faster and more reliable network, the new roadways system is aimed to facilitate connections to public transport hubs and return local roads to their communities. It is also targeted to make it possible for public transport lines, motorists and freight movements to cross Sydney more easily by bypassing the CBD and avoiding dozens of traffic lights on the way, bringing down travel times and congestion.

However, there is some scrutiny over whether a new tunnel or roadway system is the best option for connecting Sydney’s northern beaches to other areas of Sydney. Due to the fact that the northern sector is unlikely to generate large toll-paying traffic volumes, greater government subsidies would be required to build the proposed tunnels and system. It is suggested that the northern beaches and north shore area could possibly benefit more from a new rail line. This is also a concern due to the issue of possible induced traffic growth, being that rather than easing congestion and shifting traffic onto the new roads, new trips are actually going to be created.

Statutory Policy Issues
The protection of an infrastructure corridor (reservation) relates to the statutory controls of the land. It outlines the types of development able to be carried out on land inside, or adjacent to the corridor. The creation of this reservation by the agency also requires the agency to identify an aquisition authority for the land reserved. This then in turn automatically triggers owner-initiated acquisition provision under the Land Acquisition (Just Terms Compensation) Act 1991. Clause 94 of the State Environment Planning Policy (Infrastructure) 2007 (ISEPP) also permits the development of any land for the purpose of a road or road infrastructure facilities to be carried out by or on behalf of a public authority without consent. As the project is for a road and road infrastructure facilities, and is to be carried out by or on behalf of Roads and Maritime, the project is permissible without development consent under Part 4 of the EP&A Act.

Environmental and Health Policy Issues
As for all projects, but even more so with major transport infrastructure projects, the Western Harbour Tunnel and Beaches link were subjected to a comprehensive EIS (Environmental Impact Statement). The purposes of these assessments are to evaluate any and all potential social and environmental impact that may transpire during construction or as a result of the project, as well as propose suitable mitigation techniques to circumvent or manage these impacts. Some common issues that are considered include;
 * Traffic flow and congestion
 * Air quality - especially at tunnel entrances
 * Noise and vibration
 * Spoil disposal - during construction
 * Sediment management
 * Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal heritage
 * Flora
 * Fauna and marine ecology
 * Sustainability

There are two environmental impact statements, one each for the Western Harbour Tunnel and the Beaches Link (including the Warringah Freeway upgrade and the Gore Hill Freeway connection). Both of these EISs will address the Secretary’s Environmental Assessment Requirements (SEARs) which were issued in December 2017. The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE) manages the environmental assessment. There is also a public exhibition period where the documents are available to view on the DPIE website and formal submissions on the project are able to be made. The EISs will be reviewed by multiple parties including DPIE, NSW Chief Scientist and Engineer, NSW Chief Health Officer as well as independent reviews before planning approval can be granted.

Air quality is always a strong issue of concern to planners and governments but also local communities. In February 2018 the NSW Government announced stronger measures on emissions from motorway tunnels which resulted in all ventilation outlets of all current and future motorway tunnels located in NSW to be regulated by the NSW Environment Protection Authority. This demands tunnel operators to meet air quality limits and perform monitoring of air quality. Air quality also needs to be managed construction as there are usually temporary increases in emissions, gases and particulate matter related to construction plant and machinery. This would result in temporary ventilation systems being required during construction. The Advisory Committee on Tunnel Air Quality also releases an in-tunnel air quality policy for new road tunnels greater than 1 kilometre in length. This policy sets out requirements for the average tunnel criterion for NO2 concentrations. To assist in the sustainability measures and reduce the effects on climate change The NSW Government Resource Efficiency Policy (GREP) (OEH, 2014c) also requires agencies to reduce the amount of energy, water and waste associated with project construction and operation to in turn reduce greenhouse gas emission and use renewable energy where practical.

The Western Harbour Tunnel and Beaches Link are also one of the first significant transport infrastructure programs in NSW that are required to undergo further checks before planning determination. These checks include the following;
 * The Advisory Committee on Tunnel Air Quality (ACTAQ) coordinating an in-depth scientific review of the project’s air emissions from ventilation outlets.
 * The NSW Chief Health Officer releasing a statement on the potential health impacts of emissions of tunnel ventilation outlets
 * The motorway tunnel project not being approved by the Minister of Planning until the ACTAQ scientific review is considered
 * Existing measured monitoring the air quality inside motorway tunnels remain in place

Land and Heritage Policy Issues
The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage’s Aboriginal Heritage Information System (AHIMS) had conducted preliminary field surveys to identify registered Aboriginal heritage sites, which were found within and surrounding the design development corridor. An Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment would, therefore, be required and is to address the following issues:
 * Establishing the potential for the venture to disturb Aboriginal heritage (sites, objects, remains, values, features or places)
 * Evaluation of the significance of the heritage to the Aboriginal community in consultation with relevant stakeholders
 * Assessment of the degree and significance of impact due to construction and/or operation of the project
 * Mitigation and management measures (including measures to avoid significant impacts and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the mitigation measures) in accordance with relevant guidelines.

For Non-Aboriginal Heritage, no heritage items listed on the World or Commonwealth Heritage Lists were found to be within 100 metres of the design development corridor. However, there are seven State Heritage-listed items within the design development corridor. Possible issues related to construction include structural damage to a heritage item due to vibration and settlement associated with tunnelling or surface works as well as temporary impacts on views to or from heritage items and within heritage conservation areas. To help mitigate these risks, a non-Aboriginal heritage assessment would be prepared as part of the environmental impact statement.

Social Policy Issues
Like many infrastructure projects, there are many social issues that need to be mitigated as well as the potential to create social benefits. Project construction is one of the main issues for communities, often involving the following issues:
 * Potential disruption or lack of access to private properties, businesses or community facilities
 * Temporary loss of community spaces or local roads due to worksite or construction vehicles
 * Potential visual impacts and odour associated with construction and waste disposal

Most areas of concern expressed by communities relate to environmental issues, whether it be visual impacts or health concerns related to air and noise pollution. To address these issues, the Department of Planning and Environment actively engage with all potentially affected stakeholders, including local governments as well as landowners and communities as part of the SEPP (State Environmental Planning Policies) for the corridor. It is also required that the draft SEPP, as well as all supporting material (including the Strategic Environmental Assessment), be subject to public consultation. This exhibition period is a minimum of 28 days. Although there is the potential for socio-economic, land use and property impacts during the construction and operation of the project, it also has the capacity to generate socio-economic benefits such as the creation of additional jobs in construction as well as possible increased business turnover, particularly for food and beverage outlets in close proximity to construction worksites.

Project Funding
Many of the announcements regarding funding to date have covered the Beaches Link and the Western Harbour Tunnel together;

Community Engagement and Feedback
As with many large infrastructure projects, especially those that spread throughout large areas of the community, feedback from those communities are essential to the success of the projects. Both the Beaches Link and Western Harbour Tunnel projects received feedback on their proposed reference designs, this is recorded in the project databases and was also considered by the project team in preparation for the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) exhibition. As of now, access for both projects are closed for comment.

Narrative of the Case
The Western Harbour Tunnel and Northern Beaches Link projects were proposed in order to provide better connectivity from the North Shore to and past the CBD and to WestConnex for vehicles and public transport, as well as to ease congestion on the pre-existing roadways. The preferred route and concept design were released in 2017 after many proposed routes, this was due to constraints such as steep surrounding terrain as well as nearby heritage sites such as the Sydney Harbour National Park as well as the Sydney Metro infrastructure. Since the announcement of the final route location and the project entering phase 2, there has been a high level of community engagement with people who live and/or work, in and around the project area.

Phase 2 of the project involved considerable studies and fieldwork, including geotechnical investigations, monitoring or noise and air quality as well as plans to ensure the well-being of the local flora and fauna.

The proposed reference design for both projects was released on 26 July 2018 and community engagement was undertaken from then, up until 1 December 2018. The engagement included 20 community information sessions in communities along the alignment such as Balmain, Crows Nest, North Sydney, Mosman, Cammeray and Balgowlah. More than 2,600 people attended the sessions and more than 7,300 items of feedback were received. This included 4,000 comments pinned to two online comment maps. The following design changes were implemented due to community feedback:

 * Maintaining the ramps on Earnest Street in order to keep the connection between Earnest Street and the Warringah Freeway
 * Minimisation of the impact of work at the Ridge Street North construction site
 * Committing to the development of a new public open space with the community at Berry’s Bay
 * Reduction of land use needed at Cammeray Golf Course during construction
 * Minimising visual impact of work by retaining more trees and plantings along project boundaries
 * Moving motorway facilities within Warringah Freeway corridor to reduce impediment on communities
 * Revision of construction staging to reduce the impact on communities at night
 * Improvement of pedestrian and cycle paths along Warringah Freeway

Discussion Questions

 * Why would a roadway system/tunnel have been chosen over a new rail line?
 * Will traffic be shifted to the new tunnels off congested roads once more tunnels are built, or is it likely to cause new trips to be made?
 * Are these new tunnels and links actually needed? Why else could they be built?
 * How accurate is the benefit-cost ratio? Will the benefit-cost ratio of the whole new highway system (Westconnex, Southconnex, West Harbour Tunnel and Beaches Link) higher than looking at each individual project?
 * Is this project suitable for future development? For example, automates vehicles?
 * Why there is no walking and cycling tunnel to be built alongside the traffic tunnel?
 * How is the emergency vehicles accessibility from North Beaches Hospital and Royal North Shore Hospital to this project?

Extra Readings

 * Future Transport Strategy 2056
 * Long Term Transport Master Plan
 * NSW State Infrastructure Strategy
 * Guidelines for infrastructure projects
 * Tunnel Ventilation
 * 2020 Community Update


text:
History of Brazil/Preface

Intention of this book
The intention of this book is to provide an open-content, concise textbook on the history of Brazil that is easy for anyone who is interested to read.

A Note to Authors
This book is a work in progress, so feel free to add content in places you see as unfinished or lacking in information. Please write impartially.

title: History of Brazil/Preface


text:
History of Brazil/Introduction

This is a book about the history of Brazil, designed to be read by almost anyone who wants to know more about the history of that country. The book includes history before Europeans, the discovery of Brazil, colonization, independence, regime change, the events of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Find out how historical events in Brazil shaped the way the country is today.

title: History of Brazil/Introduction


text:
Scribbling On Regardless

Preface
This Wikibook was created in March 2020 with input from artists & volunteers at Boom! Community Arts, to help provide arts & crafts activities that can be done at home, with basic materials, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK.

Boom! Community Arts usually provides face-to-face art workshops for adults and young people in the North of Glasgow, Scotland, but due to the Coronavirus pandemic, this was no longer possible. We decided to create free-to-access arts & crafts resources to help combat the boredom and social isolation that lockdown and school closures would create.

We'll be Scribbling On Regardless.

Table of contents

 * /Materials you will need/
 * /Making a sketchbook/
 * /Making a BoomBuddy/
 * /Making ArtDice/
 * /3 Colour Drawing/
 * /Making Stickers/
 * /Making a Shrinkie/

title: Scribbling On Regardless


text:
User:Lirazelf

I'm lirazelf, this is my volunteer account. I can also be found at en:wikipedia:user/Sara Thomas (WMUK).

I'm relatively new to Wikibooks, any help is appreciated. I'm currently creating a book of free arts & crafts activities to combat boredom & social isolation caused by the UK's COVID-19 lockdown.

title: User:Lirazelf


text:
User:Karlhof26

Hi there, I am an IT geek interested in manuals and documentation in support of Africa. I plan to contribute in Commons, Wikibooks and FlossManuals (outside wikipedia)

title: User:Karlhof26


text:
User talk:Mattpeter

Hi

I am the author of this article. I wanted to contact the help desk person. Cannot remember the name

title: User talk:Mattpeter