text:
History of Tennessee/Further Reading

Articles

 * 1) A. Elizabeth Taylor, “A Short History of the Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2, no. 3 (1943).
 * 2) Aaron E. Russell, “Material Culture and African-American Spirituality at the Hermitage,” Historical Archaeology 31, no. 2 (1997): 64.
 * 3) Alexander, Lamar. “Nothing Could Do More Damage to Tennessee’s Auto Industry Than Tariffs on Imported Automobiles and Automotive Parts.” Tennessee Senator Alexander.
 * 4) Alfred Cave. “Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830” The Historian: 1330-1353
 * 5) Alfred Cave. "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830" "The Historian": 1335
 * 6) Allen, Kevin, “Poile has Predators poised to win now” Gale Academic Onefile (Fed 16, 2015)
 * 7) Anastasia Sims, “Powers that Pray” and “Powers that Prey”: Tennessee and the Fight for Woman’s Suffrage,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 50, no. 4 (1991).
 * 8) Andrew P. Cohen, “The Lynching of James Scales: How the FBI, the DOJ, and State Authorities ‘Whitewashed’ Racial Violence in Bledsoe County Tennessee,” Texas Journal Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 19, no. 2 (2014): 297-299.
 * 9) Angela Cooke-Jackson, Elizabeth K. Hansen, “Appalachian Culture and Reality TV: The Ethical Dilemma of Stereotyping Others,” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 23, no. 2 (2008).
 * 10) Anonymous, "History: Black Slave Women" The Tennessee Tribune, (July 8, 2010)
 * 11) Arroyo, Elizabeth Fortson. "Poor Whites, Slaves, and Free Blacks in Tennessee, 1796-1861." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 55, no. 1 (1996): 58.
 * 12) Biles, Roger. 1988. "Cotton Fields Or Skyscrapers?: The Case of Memphis, Tennessee." Historian 50 (2): 213.
 * 13) Bob Jenkins. Jack Daniel's, Straight Up: A Venerable American Institution, Jack Daniel's is More Than a Whiskey - it's a Lifestyle Brand. (License!, vol. 10, no. 8, 2007).
 * 14) Brian W. Thomas, “Power and Community: The Archaeology of Slavery at the Hermitage Plantation,” American Antiquity 63, no. 4 (October 1998): 537.
 * 15) Chandler, Walter. "A Century of the Tennessee Historical Society and of Tennessee History." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1950): 3-9.
 * 16) Christopher A. Cooper, H. Gibbs Knotts, Katy L. Elders, “A Geography of Appalachian Identity,” The University of North Carolina Press 51, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 458.
 * 17) Cynthia G. Fleming, “'We Shall Overcome’: Tennessee and the Civil Rights Movement,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 3 (1995): 235-236.
 * 18) Daniel Schaffer, “Environment and TVA: Toward a Regional Plan for the Tennessee Valley, 1930s,” The Tennessee Historical Society 43, no.4 (1984): 342.
 * 19) Douglas, Joseph. "Miners and Moonshiners: Historic Industrial Uses of Tennessee Caves." Cave Archaeology in the Eastern Woodlands (2001), 251-267.
 * 20) Elizabeth Fortson Arroyo, “Poor Whites, Slaves, and Free Blacks in Tennessee, 1796-1861,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 55, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 59.
 * 21) Elizabeth K. Eder, “To Sample Southern Manners and the Plantation Way of Life: The Experiences of Margaret Clark Griff is, A Northern Teacher in Antebellum Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 62, no. 4 (Winter 2003): 296-297.
 * 22) England, J. Merton. "The Free Negro in Ante-Bellum Tennessee." The Journal of Southern History 9, no. 1 (1943): 41. doi:10.2307/2191378.
 * 23) Finger, John R. 2001. Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition. A History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
 * 24) Finger, John R. "Tennessee Indian History: Creativity and Power." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 4 (1995): 286-305.
 * 25) Fisher, Noel. "'The Leniency Shown Then has been Unavailing': The Confederate Occupation of East Tennessee." Civil War History 40, no. 4 (1994): 275-91.
 * 26) Fleming, Cynthia G. ""We Shall Overcome": Tennessee and the Civil Rights Movement." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 3 (1995): 230-45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42627213.
 * 27) Gary T. Edwards, “Negroes ... and All Other Animals: Slaves and Masters in Antebellum Madison County,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 57, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 1998): 28-36.
 * 28) Gaston, Kay Baker. "George Dickel Tennessee Sour Mash Whiskey: The Story Behind the Label," Tennessee Historical Quarterly 57, no. 2 (1998): 150-67.
 * 29) Gibson, Chris, and John Connell. “Music, Tourism and the Transformation of Memphis.” Tourism Geographies 9, no. 2 (2007): 160–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680701278505.
 * 30) Gold, Debbie. “Memphis BBQ: It’s Just About the Pork.” Women in Business 64 no.2 (2012): 14–17.
 * 31) Gonzalez, Juan. "Signs signal a slowdown in the Valley's economy." Business Perspectives, Winter 1996, 14+. Gale Academic Onefile
 * 32) Guffey, Elizabeth. "Knowing Their Space: Signs of Jim Crow in the Segregated South." Design Issues 28, no. 2 (2012): 41-60.
 * 33) Hanson, Ryan B., M.A. 2009. "Tennessee’s Automotive Industry." Business Perspectives 19 (4) (Spring): 48.
 * 34) Hee-hawing all the way to the bank." Business Perspectives, Spring 1996, 9. Gale Academic Onefile (accessed October 30, 2019).
 * 35) Herbert, Howard. “Country Music Radio Part I: The Tale of Two Cities,” Journal of Radio Studies 1, no. 1-2 (1992): 105.
 * 36) “History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-Enactment.” United States Courts. Accessed October 28, 2019. https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment
 * 37) Howard, Patricia Brake. "Tennessee In War and Peace: The Impact of World War II On State Economic Trends." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51, no. 1 (1992): 51-71.
 * 38) Hurst, Blake and Julie Hurst. 1998. "Car Town." The American Enterprise, 68-70.
 * 39) Imes, William Lloyd. "The Legal Status of Free Negroes and Slaves in Tennessee." The Journal of Negro History 4, no. 3 (1919): 258-259. doi:10.2307/2713777.
 * 40) Jacob Tipton and J. P. Young, “Centennial History of Memphis,” Tennessee Historical Magazine Vol. 8, No. 4 (1925): 1-22. JSTOR.
 * 41) James L. McDonough, "Tennessee and the Civil War." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 3 (1995).
 * 42) Jenkins, Earnestine. "The 'Voice of Memphis:' WDIA, Nat D. Williams, and Black Radio Culture in the Early Civil Rights Era." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 65, no. 3 (2006): 255.
 * 43) John Edward Wilz, “When Jim Crow Rode the Rails,” Trains 61, no. 2 (Feb 2001): 42-45.
 * 44) Johnson, Mark A. “The Best Notes Made the Most Votes”: W. C. Handy, E. H. Crump, and Black Music as Politics." Southern Cultures 20, no. 2 (2014): 53.
 * 45) Johnson, Timothy D., Swanson, Guy R., "Conflict in East Tennessee: Generals Law, Jenkins and Longstreet" Tennessee Historical 31, no. 2 (1985): 101-110.
 * 46) Just-drinks.com. "US: Brown-Forman upping Jack Daniel's output with US$100m distillery upgrade," August 23, 2013. Gale Academic Onefile (accessed November 5, 2019).
 * 47) Karen Roggenkamp, “Seeing Inside the Mountains: Cynthia’s Rylant’s Appalachian Literature and the “Hillbilly” Stereotype” Johns Hopkins University Press 32, 2 (April 2008): 194-196.
 * 48) Katy Bachman, "Nashville: Country's Still Relevant in the Home of the Grand Ole Opry, but Urban Radio Is the Dominant Format," Brandweek 50, no. 21 (2009).
 * 49) King, Thomas L. “Preforming Jim Crow: Blackface Performance and Emancipation” Centro Asociado de la U.N.E.D., (2015).
 * 50) Larry Mckee, “The Archaeological Study of Slavery and Plantation Life In Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59, no. 3 (Fall 2000): 190-197.
 * 51) Larson, Steven A. "The Manhattan Project", IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol 19 (2013): 7-13.
 * 52) Livingston, Aaron, “Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing” Tennessee Titans, (2011): 1-4
 * 53) Loda, Marsha D., Barbara C. Coleman, and Kenneth F. Backman. “Walking in Memphis: Testing One DMO’s Marketing Strategy to Millennials.” Journal of Travel Research 49, no. 1 (2009): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509336476.
 * 54) Mackey, Thomas C. "'When You Eat the Loaf Think of Me'; A Tennessee Woman's Civil War Letter December 1861." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 66, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 294-98. JSTOR.
 * 55) Marirose Arendale, “Tennessee and Women’s Rights,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 39, no. 1 (1980).
 * 56) Memphis Conventions & Visitors Bureau. "The draw to Memphis." Business Perspectives, Fall 2007, 22+. Gale Academic Onefile (accessed October 30, 2019). https://link-gale-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/apps/doc/A174595735/AONE?u=guel77241&sid=AONE&xid=330f88dd.
 * 57) Memphis Convention, and Visitors Bureau. The Draw to Memphis. (Business Perspectives, vol. 19, no. 1, 2007).
 * 58) Michael Vorenberg, "'The Deformed Child': Slavery and the Election of 1864." Civil War History 47, no. 3 (2001).
 * 59) Miranda Fraley Rhodes. "For Weal or Woe" Tennessee History from the Civil War to the Early Twentieth Century.(Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2010).
 * 60) Mooney, Chase C. "Some Institutional and Statistical Aspects of Slavery in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1, no. 3 (1942): 19.
 * 61) Morris, Bill. “Playing for Keeps: Elvis Presley and the Evolution of Memphis” Business Perspectives 14, no. 3 (June 2002): 18.
 * 62) Paul K. Conkin, "Evangelicals, Fugitives, and Hillbillies: Tennessee's Impact on American National Culture," Tennessee Historical Society 54, no. 3 (1995).
 * 63) Peter Maslowski, "From Reconciliation to Reconstruction: Lincoln, Johnson, and Tennessee, Part II." Tennessee Historical Quarterly42, no. 4 (1983).
 * 64) Pesantubbee, M. E. 1999. "Beyond Domesticity: Choctaw Women Negotiating The Tension Between Choctaw Culture And Protestantism". Journal Of The American Academy Of Religion 67 (2): 387-410. doi:10.1093/jaarel/67.2.387.
 * 65) “Protest to Governor on ‘Jim Crow’ Schools,” New York Times (September 1930).
 * 66) R.H. Boyd, The Separate or “Jim Crow” Car Laws (Tennessee: National Baptist Publishing Board, 1909), 5-6.
 * 67) Rader, Karen A. "Alexander Hollaender's Postwar Vision for Biology: Oak Ridge and Beyond." Journal of the History of Biology 39, no. 4 (2006): 685-706.
 * 68) Raines, Patrick, and LaTanya Brown. "Evaluating the economic impact of the music industry of the Nashville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area." MEIEA Journal 7, no. 1 (2007): 13+. Gale Academic Onefile (accessed October 30, 2019).
 * 69) Robert C. Moyer. When that great ship went down’: Modern maritime disasters and collective memory. (International Journal of Maritime History 2014).
 * 70) Ronald L. Lewis, Dwight B. Billings, “Appalachian Culture and Economic Development,” Journal of Appalachian Studies 3, no. 1 (1997): 5.
 * 71) Samuel Cole Williams, Dawn of Tennessee valley and Tennessee history (Bloomington, Indiana: The Watuga Press, 1937)
 * 72) Sarvis, Will. "Leaders in the Court and Community: Z. Alexander Looby, Avon N. Williams, Jr., and the Legal Fight for Civil Rights in Tennessee, 1940-1970." The Journal of African American History 88, no. 1 (2003): 42-58. doi:10.2307/3559047.
 * 73) Schmidt, William E., “Jim Crow is Gone, but White Resistance Remains” New York Times. (April 1985).
 * 74) Shalhope, Robert E. "Race, Class, Slavery, and the Antebellum Southern Mind." The Journal of Southern History 37, no. 4 (1971): 558. doi:10.2307/2206546.
 * 75) Stephan, Scott. "Libra R. Hilde. Worth a Dozen Men: Women and Nursing in the Civil War South." Review of a book. The American Historical Review 118, no. 3 (June 2013): 857. Scholars Portal.
 * 76) Steve Fraser, “American labour and the Great Depression,” International Journal of Labour Research 2, no. 1 (2010): 9-24.
 * 77) Stimeling, Travis D. “Country Comes to Town: The Music Industry and the Transformation of Nashville by Jeremy Hill, and: Music/City: American Festivals and Placemaking in Austin, Nashville, and Newport by Jonathan R. Wynn, and: Beyond the Beat: Musicians Building Community in Nashville by Daniel B. Cornfield.”
 * 78) Stimeling, Travis D. “The Bristol Sessions, 1927–1928: The Big Bang of Country Music. Bear Family Records BCD 16094 EK, 2011, 5 CDs,” Journal of the Society for American Music 7, no. 2 (May 2013): 219.
 * 79) Strasser, William A. "Confederate Women in Civil War East Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59, no. 2 (Summer 200): 88-108. Periodicals Archive Online.
 * 80) Strasser, William A. "'Our Women Played Well Their Parts': Confederate Women in Civil War East Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59, no. 2 (2000): 88-107.
 * 81) "Tennessee's 'Mother of Civil Rights' Remembered." The Crisis, Summer, 2013, 41, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1413262068
 * 82) Thomas Wolfe, "Ashville and the Blue Ridge Mountains", (Thomas Wolfe Society 2012)
 * 83) Tom Kanon, "Brief History of Tennessee in the War of 1812," Tennessee State Library and Archives, accessed October 30, 2019, https://sos.tn.gov/products/tsla/brief-history-tennessee-war-1812.
 * 84) Trezevant Player Yeatman, Jr. “St. John's—A Plantation Church of the Old South,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 1951): 337.
 * 85) Verner W. Crane, "The Tennessee River as the Road to Carolina: The Beginnings of Exploration and Trade," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3, no. 1 (June 1916): https://archive.org/details/jstor-1887085/page/n3.
 * 86) W. Ridley Wills II, “Black-White Relationships on the Belle Meade Plantation,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 18.
 * 87) Washington, Robert. "Reclaiming the Civil Rights Movement." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 9, no. 3 (1996): 459-73.
 * 88) Williams, Samuel C. "The Admission of Tennessee into the Union." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 4, no. 4 (1945): 291-319.
 * 89) Wynn, Ron “Nashville Predators Homestand Ends in Defeat” The Tennessee Tribune (March 13, 2014)
 * 90) Young, Timothy M., Donald G. Hodges, and Timothy G. Rials. 2007. "The Forest Products Economy of Tennessee." Forest Products Journal 57 (4) (04): 12-13.

Books

 * 1) A. Elizabeth Taylor, “Tennessee: The Thirty-Sixth State,” in Votes For Woman! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, The South and The Nation, ed. Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995).
 * 2) A. Elizabeth Taylor, The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee (New York: Record Press, 1957).
 * 3) Adam Fairclough, Teaching Black Schools in the Age of Jim Crow (Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 2001), 1-2.
 * 4) Albert V. Goodpasture, Andrew Jackson, Tennessee and the Union (Nashville, TN: Brandon Printing Company, 1895).
 * 5) Andrew Burstein. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. (New York: Vintage Books, 2003).
 * 6) Barnes, Celia. Native American Power in the United States, 1783-1795 (Massachusetts: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp., 2003).
 * 7) Bastian, Dawn E., and Judy K. Mitchell. Handbook of Native American Mythology (California: ABC-CLIO Inc., 2004).
 * 8) Benhart, John E. Appalachian Aspirations: the Geography of Urbanization and Development in the Upper Tennessee River Valley, 1865-1900. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007.
 * 9) Bense, Judith Ann. Archaeology of Colonial Pensacola. (Gainesville: Univ. Press of Florida, 1999).
 * 10) Bowery Jr., Charles R. The Civil War In The Western Theatre. Washington, D.C.: Center of U.S. Military History, 2014.
 * 11) Boylston, James R., and Allen J. Wiener. David Crockett in Congress: The Rise and Fall of The Poor Man’s Friend. (Houston: Bright Sky Press, 2009).
 * 12) Brown, John P. Old Frontiers: the Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838. Salem, NH: Ayer Co. ,1986. Mclaughlin Library.
 * 13) Calloway, Colin G. “The American Revolution in Indian country : crisis and diversity in Native American communities” 1953- Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995, Mclaughlin Library.
 * 14) Carl Benn, The War of 1812 (Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003).
 * 15) Civil War Centennial Commission: Tennesseans in the Civil War: A Military History of the Confederate and Union Units with Available Rosters of Personnel (University of Tennessee Press, 1985).
 * 16) C.J. Savage, and V.P. Franklin, “Cultural Capital and Black Education: African American Communities and the Funding of Black Schooling, 1865 to the Present,” Research on African American Education (2004): 59-58.
 * 17) Cobia, Manley F. Journey into the Land of Trials: The Story of Davy Crocketts Expedition to the Alamo. (Franklin: Hillsboro Press, 2003).
 * 18) Cumfer, Cynthia. "Local Origins of National Indian Policy: Cherokee and Tennessean Ideas about Sovereignty and Nationhood, 1790-1811." Journal of the Early Republic 23, no. 1 (2003).
 * 19) Cushman, Horatio (1899). "Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez". History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8061-3127-6.
 * 20) Fain, John N., Sanctified Trial: The Diary of Eliza Rhea Anderson Fain, a Confederate Woman in East Tennessee. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004).
 * 21) F.C G. Harrington, Florence G. Kerr, and Henry G. Alsberg, Tennessee: A Guide to the State (New York, NY: The Viking Press, 1939).
 * 22) Finlayson, Rebecca. Insiders Guide to Memphis. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot, 2009.
 * Fry, Robert W. Performing Nashville: Music Tourism and Country Musics Main Street. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
 * 1) Gallay, Alan (2009-01-01). Indian Slavery in Colonial America. U of Nebraska Press.
 * 2) Gibson, Chris. Music and Tourism: on the Road Again. Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2005.
 * 3) Gibson, Karen Bush, The Chickasaw Nation (Minnesota: Capstone Press, 2003).
 * 4) Glenn, L. C., Wilbur A. Nelson, and A. H. Purdue. The Resources of Tennessee: Published by the State Geological Survey. Nashville, TN: The Survey, 1913.
 * 5) Grear, Charles D., and Steven E. Woodworth. The Chattanooga Campaign. Carbondale, ILL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012.
 * 6) Greene, Lee Seifert, Iverson, Evan Amos, Brown, Virginia, and University of Tennessee. Rescued Earth: A Study of the Public Administration of Natural Resources in Tennessee. Pub. for the Bureau of Public Administration by the Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1948.
 * 7) Groneman, Bill. David Crockett: Hero of The Common Man. (New York: Forge, 2007).
 * 8) Hatley, Tom. The Dividing Paths. Oxford University Press, 1995.
 * 9) Henry Goings and Calvin Schermerhorn and Michael Plunkett and Edward Gaynor. Rambles of a Runaway from Southern Slavery (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012).
 * 10) Hudson, Charles M. 1994. The Southeastern Indians. Tennessee: Univ. of Tennessee Pr.
 * 11) Hughes Charles L. COUNTRY SOUL: Making Music and Making Race in the American South. UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA PR, 2017.
 * 12) Hughes, Donald J. American Indian Ecology (Texas: Texas Western Press, 1987).
 * 13) Huus Larsen, Torben. Enduring Pastoral : Recycling the Middle Landscape Ideal in the Tennessee Valley (Amsterdam: Brill and Rodopi, 2010), 166.
 * 14) Ira Berlin, Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life In the Americas (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993).
 * 15) James Davis, History of Memphis, (Tennessee: Hits, Crumpton & Kelly, Printers, 1873).
 * 16) James Marquis. The Life of Andrew Jackson, Complete in One Volume. (New York: The Bobbs – Merrill Company, 1938).
 * 17) James M. Safford, “Geology of Tennessee.” (Nashville: S.C. Mercer, 1869): 2.
 * 18) John T. Edge, and University of Mississippi. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Volume 7: Foodways. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 2007), 25.
 * 19) James Parton. The Life of Andrew Jackson. (New York: Mason Brothers, 1863).
 * 20) John Preston, Standard History of Memphis, (Tennessee: H. W. Crew & Co, 1912).
 * 21) John S. Reed. There's a Word For It - The Origins of “Barbecue”. (Southern Cultures, vol. 13, no. 4, 2007).
 * 22) Lizzie Elliott, Early History of Nashville, (Tennessee: The Board of Education, 1911).
 * 23) Lowrie, Walter, and Matthew St. Clair Clarke, ed. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, Volume I. (Washington: Giles and Seaton, 1832)
 * 24) Milling, Chapman. Red Carolinians. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940)
 * 25) Moore, John Trotwood. Tennessee: State Flag, Flower, Song, Seal and Capital. Nashville: Division of Library and Archives, Dept. of Education, 1923, 7,8,9.
 * 26) Moss, Robert F. Barbecue: the History of an American Institution ( Alabama: University OF Alabama Press, 2018).
 * 27) O'Donnell, James. Southern Indians in the American Revolution. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973). Primo search Engine- Uofg Library
 * 28) Patterson, Caleb Perry. The Negroe in Tennessee, 1790-1865. University of Texas Bulletin (1922), 25, 26, 29
 * 29) Patterson, Caleb Perry (1922). The Negro in Tennessee, 1790-1865: A Study in Southern Politics. University of Texas Bulletin. University of Texas. p. 212.
 * 30) Petite, Mary Deborah. 1836 Facts About the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1999).
 * 31) Purdue, Theda. Cherokee women: gender and culture change, 1700-1835. University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
 * 32) Ramsey, J. G. M. The Annals of Tennessee, to the End of the Eighteenth Century: Comprising Its Settlement, as the Watauga Association, from 1769 to 1777 .. to 1800. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1853).
 * 33) Remini, Robert V., and Wesley K Clark. Andrew Jackson (Great Generals). (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
 * 34) Robert E. Corlew, Stanley John Folmsbee, and Enoch L. Mitchell, Tennessee, a Short History (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981).
 * 35) Seymour, Digby Gordon: Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee (University of Tennessee Press, 1963).
 * 36) Shapell, Brian. “From Country's Roots to the Generation's Face of Indie Rock, there’s a Reason Nashville is Called "Music City",” Business Credit 113, no. 3 (March 2011): 16-17.
 * 37) Spence, Lewis. The Myths of the North American Indians (London: George G. Harrap & Company, 1919).
 * 38) States., United. “Annual Report - Federal Power Commission Yr.1945-54.” HathiTrust. Accessed November 1, 2019.
 * 39) Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Civil War Tennessee: Battles and Leaders (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1979).
 * 40) Timothy Flint, A Condensed Geography and History of the Western States, or the Mississippi Valley (Cincinnati, OH: E.H. Flint, 1828).
 * 41) Vernell Hackett, "More than Just Grand Ole Opry, Nashville Music Houses Redefined the Sound of 'Country/Western.' (Television Advertising Music House)," Back Stage 31, no. 21 (1990).
 * 42) Wallis, Michael. David Crockett: The Lion of the West. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011).
 * 43) William F. Swindler, Robert I Vexler. Chronology and Documentary Handbook of the State of Tennessee. New York: (Oceana Publications) 1979.
 * 44) William Rule, Standard History of Knoxville, (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1900).
 * 45) Wright, J. Leitch. 1985. The Only Land They Knew. New York, NY: Free Press.
 * 46) Hoig, Stanley. The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire. (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998)

Websites

 * 1) Access Genealogy, “Quapaw Tribe,” Access Genealogy, accessed 30 October 2019, https://accessgenealogy.com/native/quapaw-tribe.htm.
 * 2) Advocate Staff Report. “WWL: Take ‘Em Down NOLA marches over weekend for removal of 5 more statues in New Orleans” nola.com. March 2018. https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_abe758db-5cf8-53f4-b897-119f5ea7bddb.html
 * 3) Agee, Michael. “Gospel Music Hall of Fame.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/gospel-music-hall-of-fame/.
 * 4) America’s Library, “Tennessee,” America’s Library, accessed 30 October 2019, http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/tn/es_tn_subj.html##targetText=Tennessee&targetText=Called%20the%20%22Volunteer%20State%2C%22,South%20of%20the%20River%20Ohio.
 * 5) American Battlefield Trust: “Civil War Army Organization.” Battlefields.org, September 17, 2019. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/civil-war-army-organization.
 * 6) “Auditorium and Commerce Building” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed October 30, 2019, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Centennial/id/220/
 * 7) Batte, Lauren. “WSM.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/wsm/.
 * 8) “Battle of Lookout Mountain - November 24, 1863.” American Battlefield Trust, November 24, 2018. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/maps/battle-lookout-mountain-november-24-1863. (Charity Organization Supplemented by the U.S. Government who run and preserve the Civil War Battlefields)
 * 9) “Battle of Shiloh Facts & Summary.” American Battlefield Trust, September 19, 2019. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/shiloh. (Charity Organization Supplemented by the U.S. Government who run and preserve the Civil War Battlefields)
 * 10) “Battle of Stones River Facts & Summary.” American Battlefield Trust, July 24, 2019. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/stones-river. (Charity Organization Supplemented by the U.S. Government who run and preserve the Civil War Battlefields)
 * 11) "Birthplace of Country Music" Americas Library. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/tn/es_tn_bristol_1.html
 * 12) C. Andrew Buchner, “Yuchi Indians,” Tennessee Historical Society, updated 1 March 2018, https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/yuchi-indians/.
 * 13) “Chattanooga.” American Battlefield Trust, October 21, 2019. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/chattanooga. (Charity Organization Supplemented by the U.S. Government who run and preserve the Civil War Battlefields)
 * 14) “Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign.” American Battlefield Trust, September 21, 2017. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/chattanooga-ringgold-campaign. (Charity Organization Supplemented by the U.S. Government who run and preserve the Civil War Battlefields)
 * 15) John C. 2005. The United States at War. Magill’s Choice. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press. http://search.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=140684&site=ehost-live&scope=site. p.78.
 * 16) “Dolly Parton, 1946-.” The Library of Congress. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200152702/.
 * 17) “Dollywood History.” Dollywood. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.dollywood.com/About-Us/Dollywood-History.
 * 18) Elias, Scott A., Susan K. Short, Hans Nelson, and Hilary H. Birks. “Life and times of the Bering land bridge,” Nature 382, no. 6586 (1996): 60-63. https://www.proquest.com/docview/204458973
 * 19) Fickle, James E. “Industry.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, October 8, 2017. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/industry/.
 * 20) Frist, William, and Fred Thompson. “Birthplace of Country Music - The Bristol Music Story.” Tennessee: Birthplace of Country Music - The Bristol Music Story (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots - Library of Congress), January 1, 1970. http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003534/.
 * 21) “General view of Tennessee Centennial” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed October 31, 2019, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Centennial/id/230/
 * 22) Goodpasture, Albert V. "INDIAN WARS AND WARRIORS OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST, 1730-1807 (Continued)." Tennessee Historical Magazine 4, no. 3 (1918): 161-210. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42637402
 * 23) “Here Comes Honey Boo Boo”, Wikipedia, last modified October 24, 2019, Here Comes Honey Boo Boo
 * 24) John B. Broster, “Paleoindians in Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Society, updated 1 March 2018, https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/paleoindians-in-tennessee/.
 * 25) Kanon, Tom. Brief History of Tennessee in the War of 1812: and Regimental Histories of Tennessee Units during the War of 1812. Nashville, TN: Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1999.
 * 26) “Machinery Building” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed October 30, 2019, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Centennial/id/229/
 * 27) Markowitz, Harvey, and Carole A. Barrett. American Indian Biographies. Vol. Rev. ed. Magill’s Choice. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press, 2005. http://search.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=140682&site=ehost-live&scope=site.p.520
 * 28) Members of the Tennessee General Assembly 1794-2010. Tennessee State Archives. Accessed October 31st, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20131108235812/http://www.tn.gov/tsla/history/misc/tga.htm
 * 29) Mitchell, Reavis L. “Jubilee Singers of Fisk University.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/jubilee-singers-of-fisk-university/.
 * 30) “Negro Building,” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed October 31, 2019, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Centennial/id/210/
 * 31) Olivia. B. Waxman, “5 Things to Know About the President Whose Portrait Donald Trump Chose for the Oval Office” Time. January 2017.https://time.com/4649081/andrew-jackson-donald-trump-portrait/
 * 32) “Orchard Knob.” National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.nps.gov/chch/learn/historyculture/orchard-knob.htm.
 * 33) Parton, D. (1995). Dolly: my life and other unfinished business. Thorndike, Me.: Thorndike Press.
 * 34) “Popular Songs of the Day: Musical Styles: Articles and Essays: The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America: Digital Collections: Library of Congress.” The Library of Congress. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/popular-songs-of-the-day/country/.
 * 35) Quapaw Nation, “Culture,” Quapaw Nation, accessed 30 October 2019, https://www.quapawtribe.com/31/Culture.
 * 36) R.H. Boyd, The Separate or ‘Jim Crow’ Car Laws or Legislative Enactments of Fourteen Southern States, (Tennessee, 1909), 5-6, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15138coll18/id/2000.
 * 37) Ryan Teague Beckwith. “President Trump Will lay a Wreath at Andrew Jackson’s Grave” Time. March 2017. https://time.com/4699849/donald-trump-andrew-jackson-grave/
 * 38) “Section II: Broke at Last.” National Archives and Records Administration, accessed October 28, 2019. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/documented-rights/exhibit/section2/
 * 39) Stearns, and Cliff. “H.Res.650 - 111th Congress .” Congress.gov, October 8, 2009. https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-resolution/650.
 * 40) Tate, Matt. “Nashville Music Venues.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/nashville-music-venues/.
 * 41) Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, “Charting a Course to Tennessee’s Future,” Nashville: TACIR, (2013): 1. Accessed 23 October, 2019 https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tacir/documents/ChartingCourseTennesseeFuture.pdf
 * 42) “Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition Collection, 1895-1900,” Tennessee State Library and Archives, Accessed October 30, 2019, https://sos.tn.gov/products/tsla/tennessee-centennial-and-international-exposition-collection-1895-1900
 * 43) “Tennessee Centennial Exposition,” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed October 30, 2019, https://cdm15138.contentdm.oclc.org/customizations/global/pages/collections/centennial/centennial.html
 * 44) Tennessee Secretary of State, “From Territory to State.” Accessed 26 October 2019, https://sos.tn.gov/products/territory-state
 * 45) “Tennessee Music - Tennessee Culture.” Tennessee Historical Society, December 13, 2017. https://www.tennesseehistory.org/music/.
 * 46) Tennessee State Library and Archives. "Women in the Civil War." Tennessee Virtual Archive. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/customizations/global/pages/collections/cwwomen/cwwomen.html.
 * 47) "United States Map and Satellite Image," map, Geology.com, accessed October 30, 2019, https://geology.com/world/the-united-states-of-america-satellite-image.shtml.
 * 48) US Census Bureau. “Data.” Census.gov, October 9, 2019. https://www.census.gov/data.html.
 * 49) “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Tennessee.” Census Bureau QuickFacts. Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TN
 * 50) USGS. “Elevations and Distances in the United States.” Elevations and Distances, May 14, 2003.
 * 51) Watkins, Sam R.: "Co. Aytch" Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show, Gutenberg.org, Release Date: August 17, 2004 http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13202/pg13202-images.html
 * 52) Wells, Camille. “Dollywood.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/dollywood/.
 * 53) West, Carroll Van. “Memphis Music Scene.” Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society, March 1, 2018. https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/memphis-music-scene/.
 * 54) “Woman's Building” Tennessee Virtual Archives, Accessed November 1, 2019, https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Centennial/id/224/

title: History of Tennessee/Further Reading


text:
LMIs in Control/Tools/LMI for Eigenvalue Minimization

The System

\begin{align} A(x) = A_{0}+A_{1}x_{1}+ ... + A_{n}x_{n} \end{align}$$

Note that $$ \begin{align} A_{i}, \quad i=1, 2, ..., n \end{align}$$ are symmetric matrices.

The Data

\begin{align} A_{0}, A_{1}, ..., A_{n} \quad \text{are given matrices.} \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem
Find

$$\begin{align} x = [x_{1} \quad x_{2} ... x_{n}] \end{align}$$

to minimize,

$$\begin{align} J(x) = \lambda_{max}(A(x)) \end{align}$$

According to Lemma 1.1 in [1] page 10, the following statements are equivalent

$$\begin{align} \lambda_{max}(A(x)) \leq t \iff A(x)-tI \leq 0 \end{align}$$

The LMI: LMI for eigenvalue minimization
Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.

\begin{align} \text{min} \; \quad t:&\\ \text{s.t.} \quad \begin{bmatrix} A(x)-tI \end{bmatrix}& \leq 0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$\begin{align} x_{i}, \quad i =1, 2, ... , n \quad \text{and} \quad t > 0 \end{align}$$ are parameters to be optimized

Implementation
A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/asalimil/LMI-for-Minimizing-the-Maximum-Eigenvalue-of-Matrix/blob/master/README.md

Related LMIs
LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

LMI for Schur Stabilization

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
LMIs in Control/Tools/LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

The System

\begin{align} A(x) = A_{0}+A_{1}x_{1}+ ... + A_{n}x_{n} \end{align}$$

Note that $$ \begin{align} A_{i}, \quad i=1, 2, ..., n \end{align}$$ are symmetric matrices.

The Data

\begin{align} A_{0}, A_{1}, ..., A_{n} \quad \text{are given matrices.} \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem
Find

$$\begin{align} x = [x_{1} \quad x_{2} ... x_{n}] \end{align}$$

to minimize,

$$\begin{align} J(x) = ||A(x)||_{2} \end{align}$$

According to Lemma 1.2 in [1] page 11, the following statements are equivalent

$$\begin{align} A^{T}A - t^{2}I \leq 0 \iff \begin{bmatrix} -tI & A \\ A^{T} & -tI\end{bmatrix} \leq 0\\ \end{align}$$

The LMI: Minimization of Maximum Eigenvalue of a Matrix
Mathematical description of the LMI formulation:

\begin{align} \text{min} \; \quad t:&\\ \text{s.t.} \quad \begin{bmatrix} -tI & A(x) \\ A(x)^{T} & -tI\end{bmatrix} \leq 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
This problem is a slight generalization of the eigenvalue minimization problem for a matrix.

$$\begin{align} x_{i}, \quad i =1, 2, ... , n \quad \text{and} \quad t > 0 \end{align}$$ are parameters to be optimized

Implementation
A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/asalimil/LMI-for-Matrix-Norm-Minimization

Related LMIs
LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

LMI for Schur Stabilization


text:
LMIs in Control/LMI for Polytopic Uncertainity/Quadratic Polytopic Hinf- Optimal State Feedback Control

The System: Consider System with following state-space representation.

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+B_1 q(t) + B_2 w(t)\\ p(t)& = C_1 x(t) + D_{11} q(t) + D_{12} w(t)\\ z(t)& = C_2 x(t) + D_{21} q(t) + D_{22} w(t)\\ \end{align}$$

Add uncertainty to system matrices

A, B_1, B_2, C_1, C_2, D_{11}, D_{12} $$

New state-space representation

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=(A+A_i)x(t)+(B_1+B_i) q(t) + (B_2+B_i) w(t)\\ p(t)& = (C_1+C_i) x(t) + (D_{11}+D_i) q(t) + (D_{12}+D_i) w(t)\\ z(t)& = C_2 x(t) + D_{21} q(t) + D_{22} w(t)\\ \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem: Recall the closed-loop in state feedback is: $$ S(P,K) = $$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} A + B_22F&&B_1\\C_1 + D_{12}F&& D_{11}\end{bmatrix}\\ \end{align}$$ This problem can be formulated as $$ H\infty $$ optimal state-feedback, where K is a controller gain matrix.

The LMI: An LMI for Quadratic Polytopic $$ H\infty $$ Optimal State-Feedback Control $$ ||S(P(\Delta),K(0,0,0,F))||_{H\infty} \leq \gamma $$ $$ Y > 0 $$

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} Y(A+A_i)^T+(A+A_i)Y+Z^T(B_2+B_{1,i})^T+(B_2+B_{1,i})Z&&*^T&&*^T \\(B_1+B_{1,i})^T&&-\gamma I&&*^T \\(C_1+C_{1,i})Y+(D_{12}+D_{12,i})Z&&(D_{11}+D_{11,i})&&-\gamma I \end{bmatrix} < 0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:

The $$ H\infty $$ Optimal State-Feedback Controller is recovered by $$ F = ZY^{-1} $$

Implementation: https://github.com/JalpeshBhadra/LMI/tree/master

Related LMIs:


text:
User talk:Nicola.georgiou/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/Seminar group 4/Power

 * Why I’m No Longer Talking To White People About Race, Reni Eddo-Lodge (2017)

Inspired by the writings on Foucault and Power above, in some ways it is clearly demonstrated how power manifests on a macro-level encompassing even the smallest details such as the ripple effects of a name. Andrews zoe (discuss • contribs) 10:24, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * One of my modules is Understanding Society and we studied Bourdieu and his theory on social reproduction. Habitus is one mechanism that, according to him, explains social reproduction. It includes for example the way we dress, the way we talk -the vocabulary, the accent- and our hobbies. Thus, the habitus is at the individual scale but, it influences the society by creating and gathering groups of people with the same interests and education (and thus, creating social classes). In turn, the society influences the way we, as individuals, live. So, micro and macro levels influence and reinforce each other. We can maybe make a connection with power. In fact, if we take the example of the discrimination by names, it starts at a micro scale and then create a movement at a nation scale which, in turn, may influence the actions and behaviors of individuals. Iris Perigaud Grünfeld (discuss • contribs) 11:16, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Power in anthropology

It reminds me a lesson on Claude Lévi-Strauss who was a French anthropologist and ethnologist. He tried, while studying other cultures, to stay objective by only observing and writing down facts. However, he said that even if we try to stay neutral, our observation is still biased by our culture. Indeed, what we consider important is influenced by our social and cultural background. Iris Perigaud Grünfeld (discuss • contribs) 10:06, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Power in anthropology of art: I wrote about power in anthropology and I think that the way Zoe analyzed power in anthropology of art is really interesting. Furthermore, I believe it would be interesting to observe power through photography as well and talk about photography as evidence of the use of power in the past. For example, scientists used to justify racism by comparing portraits of people with different ethnicities. They would therefore create a hierarchy and would exert power over certain groups of people.Mariablackburn (discuss • contribs) 00:42, 9 December 2019 (UTC)


text: User talk:Andrew Davidson

title: User talk:Andrew Davidson


text:
GNU Health/Errata

In GNU Health we strive to have a system free of bugs and issues, but we know that is not possible :)

This chapter addresses those issues that may impair the installation or upgrade process.

3.6
Context: Installation (gnuhealth-setup)

Issue : GNU Health installer needs to be updated due to incompatibility of Werkzeug 1.0 with Trytond Kernel 5.0

Solution:

Make sure you complete the step of downloading and installing the latest gnuhealth-setup as described in the installation documentation. The gnuhealth-setup version must be 3.6.2 or later. $ gnuhealth-setup version

3.4
Context: Upgrade process

Issue: Error when migrating the product templates and/or categories.

Solution:

 * 1) Run the script upgrade_34.sql as documented in the upgrade process for 3.4
 * 2) Execute the following SQL commands, as indicated in the Tryton migration

title: GNU Health/Errata


text:
User:Lolakpl

Making my user page

title: User:Lolakpl


text:
User:Nenanurbhai29/sandbox

Wikibook chapter

title: User:Nenanurbhai29/sandbox


text:
User:Noéweissberg

first thoughts on our wikibook.

title: User:Noéweissberg


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Evidence in Dreams

Introduction
"'Does the waking  description  of  what  happened in  a  dream  accurately  and  completely  represent  the  person’s  feelings,  thoughts, and  sensations  within  the  dream-as-dreamt?'"Given the natural curiosity of Humans, we have always been fascinated by Dreams and their significance. One has permanently struggled to attain the true meaning of Dreams and never fully came to a definite and empirical conclusion. In Antiquity they were considered prophecies and divine callings. Dreams therefore exerted a powerful influence on civilisations. People would try to induce dreams by performing rituals usually based on sacrifices and worships. With the evolution of science during the 20th century, came the advancement of dreams' studies in neurosciences and psychoanalysis. People progressively realised that dreams did not have a divine aspect, and are now mainly viewed as "meaningful hidden truths" of their unconscious desires and thoughts.

In this chapter, we will examine, through an interdisciplinary approach, the use of evidence in the study of Dreams to see whether it allows us to better understand their significance or not. Nevertheless, evidence, which seeks to examine data carefully, support research and arguments, is a complex notion differing in each field of study. Thus, we will also highlight through our research the diverging methods of evidence utilised in the following disciplines.

Neurosciences
In Neurosciences, experts have used the positivist method of enquiry to approach dreams. Positivism relies on empirical indicators which attempts to represent truth. In this discipline, X-rays, brain scans such as MRI scan, encephalogram account for evidence. Neurosciences drift from the dream itself to focus upon the biological mechanisms initiating them. Experts have discovered that the coherence of the information received by our brain is dealt by the prefrontal lobe which is asleep during our slumber. This underlines the incoherence of our dreams and why we struggle to remember them properly. Michel Jouvet and his colleagues conducted an experiment on cats to locate the probable area from which dreams originated. They discovered that dreams emerge on the bridge linking the spinal marrow and the brain. Furthermore, neurotransmitters play a key role in the control of dreams. Indeed, some moving signals between the brain and the body are inhibited by specific neurotransmitters which paralyse us momentarily to hold us in bed.

Even though this method of enquiry seems to be efficient, it has raised concerns among the scientists' community. In such cases, empirical data is supposed to be free of bias but all the experiments are conducted by humans which - despite their best intent - remain humans. Thus, they are influenced unwittingly by their beliefs and own experiences, and data can be analysed in different ways depending on the purpose. Hence, empirical data is not 100% reliable and possesses a little margin of error which calls into question the authenticity of evidence in Neurosciences and scientific disciplines in general.

Psychoanalysis and Philosophy
Psychoanalysis and philosophy are closely tied thanks to Austrian philosopher Sigmund Freud, recognised as the founder of psychoanalysis. The latter is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as 'A therapeutic method [...] for treating mental disorders'. Understanding psychoanalysis requires studying the philosophy of the Unconscious through dreams. Freud devised the theory that humans are in constant struggle between their Conscious and their Unconscious. We try to repress the latter as much as possible, but loose this control when we fall asleep. Freud actually refers to dreams as 'The royal road to the unconscious', since dreams enact our intentions to fulfil unconscious desires. Psychoanalysis, thus, uses qualitative evidence shown in our dreams, enabling a new way to understand the human personality. Moreover, psychoanalysis interprets dreams using a strictly scientific method: to understand repressed desires in his patients, Freud follows a precise systematic approach. However, psychoanalysis in its whole cannot be totally objective as the patient describes his own dream. We may therefore suggest that this discipline uses empirical subjective evidence. Nevertheless, according to scientists, subjective evidence is not sufficient to scientifically demonstrate a dream's significance since the information may be biased. The dreamer's testimony subjectivity unveils psychoanalysis' limit to find evidence of a dream's significance.

Therefore, adding philosophy when using psychoanalysis is fundamental to overcome the limits of psychoanalysis. Indeed, philosophy aims to discover a truth, or evidence of a truth through permanent questioning. Thus, questioning the results found by psychoanalysts allows to effectively assess which data is more reliable and hence find better evidence in the study of dreams.

Law
Law and most of the humanitarian disciplines use the interpretivist method of enquiry to approach dreams' significance. Interpretivism analyses people as individuals and focuses on how different aspects of culture and reality shape people within the chosen society. In this case, the methods of evidence implemented are mostly subjective: questionnaires, social trends, interviews, personal beliefs and experiences. In justice, one might not believe Dreams could be used as testimonial evidence. However, counter-examples can be found. For instance, a mother tried to prove that her husband was an unfit father and should not be granted visitation since he had made some incestious dreams about his two daughters. She used her husband's dream journal to prove the existence of said dreams. While it can certainly be argued that those dreams are troublesome, some people have advocated against this evidence. Indeed, the man made this type of dream twice, he usually dreamt of women of his age, denying the pedophile thesis.

This highlights the main concern raised about dreams : the lack of certainty over their true value. As Kelly Bulkeley said in Dreaming as inspiration: evidence from religion, philosophy, literature, and film "how do we ever know a dream report has not been edited, revised, embellished, or completely fabricated by the dreamer?". Hence, it is hard to adjudicate in favour or against the use of dreams as evidence because it is an unconscious phenomenon making their us as evidence a controversial matter.

Conclusion
In Antiquity, the lack of scientific tools and rational evidence lead to an equivocal interpretation of dreams. With the evolution of science, disciplines based their studies on more convincing evidence. Nevertheless, dreams are still very hard to study, because of their personal aspect and how the evidence used in each field differs. Disciplines such as Neurosciences, Psychoanalysis tend to prioritise quantitative data and experiments whereas Philosophy and Law will justify their studies with literary texts and case studies. This is due to their diverging opinion on what constitutes an accurate definition of evidence in their field of study. Their lack of consideration of other disciplines equally emphasises this confrontation between differing evidences.

The present discordance between contrasting types of evidence applied in scientific and humanitarian disciplines creates a clash within the research of dreams. Thus, disabling us to get an accurate knowledge on how dreams are interpreted when doing this interdisciplinary approach.

Consequently, we believe that there must be an increasing interrelatedness between disciplines to reduce the divergence of their studies. An interdisciplinary approach would legitimise the final conclusion on the knowledge discovered, assembling the study of various disciplines. Thus, allowing us to have a broader and clearer spectrum of the subject studied.


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in Pornography

=Introduction= Neil Malauth, a psychology student at UCLA, calculated that 1 in 6 internet searches are Pornography. This implies that the pornographic industry has the Power to impact a high number of internet users, shaping their views on sexuality in ways that can be both beneficial and damaging. However, as well as a sociological impact, Pornography also generates power dynamics in economics and health that manifest through inequal funds or access to health services. In this article, we will be using video pornography as a case study to exemplify how power affects these disciplines.

=Sociology= This section looks at how certain social groups are empowered or disempowered through pornography.

Disempowering Pornography
Pornhub, among the most popular pornography websites, released its statistics for the year 2018. In the list of most searched categories, minority groups such as “Japanese”, “Ebony”, and “Lesbian” rank in the top 5, while others such as “Transgender” reside further down the list. This reflects the perpetual sexualization and fetishization of certain individuals based on their ethnicity, sexual orientation or gender identity, mirroring the power dynamics where one only exists through the lens of the majority as a sexual fantasy instead of an equal human being.

Titles of pornographic videos containing black, Asian or Latino actors are often very stereotypical and derogatory[2]. This not only encourages a caricatural understanding of these minority groups but it also greatly limits the opportunities of actors and contains them to a restricted set of roles. As stated earlier, transgender has become increasingly popular and mainstream and is now an important part of modern pornography[3]. However, transgender pornographic videos are synonymous with being machine-like sexual individuals, which is dangerous when this industry is one of the biggest in terms of transgender representation. This means young men, the targeted audience, get a false and damaging portrayal of transgender people, leading to high rates of violence and sexual abuse against trans women. Indeed, the report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey organized by the National Center for Transgender Equality shows that 47% of transgender people are sexually assaulted at some point in their lifetime[4]. This reflects the power of pornographic videos to influence the viewer's mindset which creates scenes of vulnerability for minorities.

Empowering Pornography
While the impact of pornography at representing certain groups is done at a small scale today, it's arguable that pornography isn't problematic by nature but by the way it is used. The idea that damaging pornography (that objectifies certain groups through discriminatory stereotypes) is a symptom of Discrimination and Objectification in wider society rather than an origin of the latter is a view shared between multiple pornography advocates.

The main argument in defense of pornography is that it has the power to shift sexual narratives in favor of pornography that promotes consent and health in its practice and becomes a manifestation of minority advancement and empowerment.

This is what the arising field of ethical porn seeks to establish. This area of the industry validates more 'niche' sexual preferences, broadening the spectrum of sexual liberation. The driving view is the idea articulated by Cindy Gallop that, “When you force anything into the darkness, you make it much easier for bad things to happen, ... The answer is to open up.”

This could explain why a study undertaken at Minnesota State University wrote: "Two qualitative studies have found that gay, bisexual, and queer men report very few negative effects of porn consumption.". While pornography can be degrading for certain minorities, it also validates various sexual preferences that illustrate the capacity of pornography to empower certain groups.

Similarly, some Liberal Feminists use the influence of pornography as a medium for sexual liberation and personal fulfillment.

The power within pornography is its nature as an outlet for people with particular sexual fantasies to escape repression and find liberation. Brian McNair introduces this notion in 2002 as the 'democratization of desire" in his book, Striptease Culture: Sex, media and the democratization of desire.

=Economics= The pornographic industry's revenues are estimated to be worth $97 billion a year globally. This sum is divided amongst different talents such as writers, directors, sound technicians, actors, and more. However, as in many industries, inequalities of remuneration exist between different jobs which reflect the power dynamics of income inequalities.

The industry contains payment inequalities firstly between genders where, interestingly, men are paid less than women. An actress receives between $800 and $1000 per scene, while a man receives $500 to $600, almost twice as less. This difference illustrates women's economic power over men in pornography as they are considered to be central to financial gain.

Ethnicity and sexuality also determine the remuneration of actors. Income can vary up to 40% depending on the ethnic origin of an actor. An actress from Eastern Europe gains 30% to 40% more than a French or English actress.

Furthermore, in the USA African-American actors gain nearly half as much as a caucasian actor. A white actress can double her payment if she performs in a scene with a black man. This is because these arrangements are considered "unusual" which increases their popularity. These financial inequalities highlight the issue of power in economics.

=Health=

The area of health, concerning the wellbeing of actors, relates to the issue of power in pornography through inequality in access to services and influence over the use of preventive measures.

The lack of access to health resources for adult film actors results from the freelance nature of their work. As described by Danny Wylde, actors are paid for individual jobs. They, therefore, lack health insurance or any facilitated access to health services. Danny Wylde's career was ruined because of the industry's excessive use of Sildenafil (viagra). There is an increase in STDs within the porn industry: nearly 50% of 168 actors studied were either tested positive to having chlamydia, gonorrhea or both. These actors are exposed more frequently to STDs and STIs yet receive no health support once infected.

However, in the Netherlands, sex workers are "encouraged but not required" to have screenings for diseases and infections multiple times a year. and are protected by free government-funded healthcare. This validates sex work as a profession and implies that adult film actors aren't faced with inequalities in access to healthcare.

Another representation of power in pornography is the disapproval of the use of condoms which undeniably increases transmissions between actors. A study found that filmmakers believe the use of condoms decreases the "marketability" of porn, resulting in a minimal percentage of heterosexual porn being shot using such preventive measures, encouraging workers to put themselves at risk. These power dynamics within pornography pervade the disciplines of health and economics.

=Conclusion= It is clear that power is an issue that permeates a number of disciplines, in this case, economics, sociology, and health, which we have illustrated through the analysis of power dynamics and inequalities in the pornographic industry.

=References=


text:
User:Billyhf

Surveillance and Censorship --> Power!

List of sub-topics: 1. Politics (China in particular) 2. Literature 3. Music 4. Law 5. Art etc etc etc

title: User:Billyhf


text:
Wikibooks:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power and Pregnancy

Introduction
As the source of human species renewal, pregnancy can be considered the ultimate source of power. However, while it is the female body that is the physical source of this power, a cross-disciplinary examination shows that often it is controlled by, and serves the interests of, individuals, groups, or ideas other than the woman herself.

Power is generally seen as either ‘power over’ or ‘power to’, with diversity within these categories. This chapter approaches the issue from 4 disciplinary perspectives, each with different conceptualisations of power both now and in their past.

Medical History
Physicians exist in a place of hypothetical power over life, as illustrated by the Hippocratic oath, whereby the cultural necessity to believe that physicians are benevolent is underpinned by the potential for harm. This tenuous contract between those who have knowledge and those reliant on it is inescapably reliant on a power imbalance. Pregnant women do not fit into this paradigm: as harbinger of life, they become active subjects, causing a backlash to realign the power dynamics. Doctors take up the role of ‘special bodies of public power’ and ‘institutions of coercion’ in ways bodies like the police cannot. Normally emphasis on the human relationship between the physician and patient curtails this, but when societal status quo is threatened, doctor-patient interpersonal relationships become oppressive, feeding into the discipline as a whole. For example James Marion Sims, the ‘father of modern gynecology’, routinely experimented on pregnant black slaves without anaesthesia or any modern conception of consent. Female slaves’ lack of agency over their high pregnancy rate echoed their lack of cultural or political power as commodities creating more commodities. Sims was a ‘special body’ wielding power over his patients, as the dehumanisation of slaves made the Hippocratic Oath irrelevant. When Sims later operated - with anaesthesia - on white women his work was denounced as invasive, ‘reckless and lethal’, illustrating how the power of pregnancy is contextual. Sims’ techniques allowed the cure of vesico-vaginal fistula. A vaginal speculum and a rectal examination position are named after him.

Biological and Social Evolution
Biological

An understanding of power as physical ability can be applied to the physical and social evolution of human beings. From a medical perspective, the nine month gestation period puts women in a position of physical dependency. The obstetrical dilemma suggests childbirth is more difficult for humans than other species, due mainly to the size of the foetus’ head. Humans are an altricial species: the infant is born neurologically underdeveloped compared to similar species because the mother’s body would not be able to birth a child with a more developed brain. Human childbirth significantly diminishes the mother’s physical power. Furthermore, altricial species are born immobile and helpless, and must be cared for extensively by the mother. The Energetics of Gestation and Growth (EGG) hypothesis contests the obstetrical dilemma by suggesting that women give birth when their body reaches the maximum metabolic rate for survival. While the reasons given are different, both theories claim that childbirth pushes the mother's physical power to absolute capacity.

Social

Studies have shown that historically women’s social status was dependent on how much they could provide for the community. Previously, in hunter-gatherer societies women’s gathering provided three times more calories than men’s hunting, but the Neolithic Revolution lead to settlement and farming, to which male physical strength was more suited. Women were less able to contribute to the production economy, and turned to domestic work.

Settlement, a social phenomenon, may have influenced biological evolution by enabling a carbohydrate-rich diet that altered foetal anatomy to make them shorter and fatter, thus further complicating pregnancy and cementing the male-female division of labour that remains prominent to this day.

Sociology
Arnold Van Gennep described a rites of passage as an individual's journey from a group to another, characterised by the stages of separation, liminality and aggregation. For nine months, the expectant mother inhabits the vulnerable stage of liminality- belonging neither to her old life as a lone individual nor to her new life as a mother.

Sociologists Warren and Brewis researched the distress felt by pregnant women at the lack of jurisdiction over their changing body in the context of the Western obsession with body modification. Calming personal gestures such as touching the pregnant belly can be an expression of a deeper anxiety about personal bodily autonomy, and serve to domesticate a foreign body. The normalisation of others touching the belly, usually a breach of acceptable social behaviour, shows that the baby is already separate from the mother, belonging more to society.

Even before childbirth, the mother is expected to put the interests of the foetus above her own, a principle that extends into motherhood more broadly.

While there has long been a pressure for women to remain attractive throughout their lives, the obsession with getting back into shape postpartum is intense. The Romanisation of pregnancy sells an image far divorced from the heavy physical realities. The sexualisation of pregnancy, such as in photoshoots by Demi Moore are equally glorifying. However, the performative aspect can be both distressing and empowering, considering that in the past women have been completely isolated and deprived of their sexual power.

Political Geography
Historically, pregnancy has been a demographic resource that has been controlled in order to increase a nation’s geographical, material and ideological power. Foucault described such population control techniques as ‘biopower’.

Different economic systems have favoured various types of geopolitical power, while remaining heavily dependent on population The Mercantilist focus on promoting domestic industry lead to major efforts to increase the working population to increase production and gain material power . Writers like Jean Francois Melon proposed population-control measures that were implemented throughout Europe. As well as maximising domestic production, nations used their colonies to provide essential goods, and ensured stability within these by encouraging the growth of the settler population ; for instance, shipping young brides across the Atlantic for male settlers. While the immediate gain was material power, settler colonialism ultimately brought geographic power, and permanently changed the ethnic and cultural landscape.

European Communist states sought material power, as success legitimised Communism to the Capitalist world. Most did not regulate fertility, with the exception of Romania and Bulgaria, which issued bans on abortion. However, Romania did not seek autonomy from the West, but from the Soviet Union, after its rejection of internationalism in 1964. The new generation was an experiment in the “political reconstruction of the family”.

Within Western capitalism, it is the relational power between intergovernmental organisations that is increasingly sought-after. The post-industrial shift from the manufacturing sector to the service sector has meant that population growth no longer equals economic growth, marking a sharp decline in economically-driven population control.

Conclusion
Hannah Arendt describes power as something that “springs up” between people and “vanishes when they disperse”. While the above disciplines have wildly different understandings of power, they are all inherently relational. At a fundamental level they concern the relationship between the pregnant mother and the rest of the world, be it be through her gynaecologist, her anatomy, her culture, her society, her identity, or her state.


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth free will

FREE WILL Philosophy / Law Neuroscience Quantum Physics Maths - chaos theory Theology (Behavioural psychology)

CONSCIOUSNESS AI/computer intelligence Theology Philosophy


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in Voluntourism

Voluntourism refers to international volunteers "seeking a tourist trip that is mutually beneficial, that will contribute not only to their personal development but also positively and directly to the social, natural and/or economic environment. " Initially started by Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO) in 1958 and the US Peace Corps in 1961, voluntourism aimed to curb mass tourism. However, despite initial altruistic intentions of sustainable and alternative tourism, the industry has grown exponentially with 1.6 million voluntourists travelling per year.

Power can be defined as possession of control, authority, or influence over others. Power arises as an intrinsically interdisciplinary issue when considering frictions between mono-disciplinary approaches and the interrelations between different disciplines. We have isolated two conventionally contrasting disciplines, history and engineering, to illustrate how power continues to shape the academy and its attitudes when addressing problems in voluntourism.

History: voluntourism bordering on neo-colonialism
History is intrinsically bias due to the power of the writer, in the case of colonialism: white Western men. Postcolonial theory claims that “discourse is socially constructed. ” Colonialism is justified as the Western need to 'develop' the Global South. Postcolonial theory argues that colonisation has affected West-South relationships in the long-term. Historically, academia has failed to exhibit complexities in the power within the relationship between the “coloniser and colonised. ” This highlights modern inequalities within voluntourism, with even VSO condemning it as a “a new form of colonialism. ” The ‘white saviour’ concept encompasses the superiority of western countries executing western ideas of development. Despite shifts in vocabulary from 'civilising' a country, to ‘developing', to 'saving' the environment and the local population, the outcome is the same : western countries retain control over resources and the population. Power inequalities are sustained through modern media coverage of the Global South: Kolkata is reduced by the media to “a city on the verge of collapse ” despite it also being one of the richest cities in India. Focusing on poverty induces a West-South power hierarchy through the power of Western media, subsequently legitimising the need to help which attracts Western volunteers.

Postcolonial theory aims to give voice to the subaltern. However, we still lack the viewpoint of hosts in academia: is postcolonial theory rewriting history from another viewpoint and stealing once more the voice of the subalterns? The power hierarchy within the discipline of history remains as long as a biased elite are writing the history.

Engineering: Western vs Local approaches to construction
The role of engineers is to install systems to provide food, water and shelter as well as transport and waste disposal strategies in ever-changing environments. Power is an issue within the discipline due to conflicting cultural attitudes towards building infrastructures for communities, which can be demonstrated through voluntourism.

The engagement of untrained volunteers in construction projects raises concerns over the quality of project outcomes. Manager Frederikke Lindholm of the Vietnamese NGO The Shelter Collection, shares “I know of school trips where local builders were working during the night to straighten the walls of a house built by foreign student volunteers the previous day .” The majority of volunteers have no prior construction training when enrolling on international building projects, but pay large amounts of money to charities to partake as an experience, despite data showing that employing local workers would be more efficient. Voluntourist engagement exhibits issues of power by assuming Western engineering is superior to locally trained knowledge.

Voluntourism demonstrates the influence of money on engineering. As a discipline, there is a growing desire to expand western bodies of knowledge through immersing engineers to better understand the intended consumer communities. To adopt new ways of thinking, engineers must practice new ways of learning, such as listening to and working with the locals themselves, to avoid condoning projects which grant responsibility to untrained volunteers.

Power issues between disciplines
Each discipline holds its own epistemology when evaluating voluntourism. History bridges relationships with the past and engineering explores infrastructures of the present and future, though there are many viewpoints to be considered from other disciplines. Any mono-disciplinary interpretation of a problem lacks holistic understanding, demonstrating the necessity for an interdisciplinarity approach. As Foucault proposed, “power and knowledge directly imply one another ”, therefore communication chasms between disciplines can inhibit resolution of complex problems.

Absence of communication occurs when one discipline fails to recognise the value of another's contributions. This friction stems from the hierarchy of academic disciplines. Hard, applied sciences are viewed as more reliable than the humanities: engineering is valued higher than history due its objective methodologies in comparison to interpretivist methods. This is epitomised through financial distribution in academia whereby more funding is directed to engineering degrees than history degrees. Engineering methodologies yield empirical change, whereas history has a tendency towards the qualitative. For these reasons, questions such as ' Why should engineering concern itself with history?' arise. However, our discussions have explicitly shown a need to consider alternate viewpoints. Engineering approaches should recognise that Western interventions in the Global South, albeit with altruistic intentions, may be perpetuating colonial notions of agency by exerting their ideals of construction. Similarly, historical standpoints should be more empathetic towards efforts of sustainable, international development where there is a cross-fertilisation of methods and techniques within intercultural projects.

Another inhibiting power issue when working within interdisciplinarity is the cultural dominance of academia over vocational knowledge in the Western world, severing the symbiotic relationship between theory and practice. History is often thought of as operating at a theoretical level and therefore seldom concerns itself with vocational subjects such as modern engineering. Voluntourism as a case study illustrates this power clash when addressing real-world problems through academic frameworks because the issues remain unresolved. The aim of interdisciplinary research is to solve a problem in real-life, but academic research remains relatively intangible. Therefore like the unregulated voluntourists, a lack of interdisciplinarity engagement leaves each discipline unsupervised when developing bodies of knowledge and their application.

Interdisciplinarity overcoming issues with power
"We need “more interdisciplinary, trans-disciplinary, transnational approaches drawing from psychology, sociology, political science, anthropology, economics to examine volunteer tourism in a more systematic and logical way. ”"We have demonstrated that power is a key issue in voluntourism on a monodisciplinary and interdisciplinary scale. In order to resolve these issues, disciplines and researchers should respect one another and create awareness of power dynamics and cultural differences when working on problems that span the academy. Progress is being made: academics have realised that "engineering functions inseparably from the society of which it is part of, and engineers need to be trained accordingly . Likewise, community projects such as East African Playgrounds are confronting the historical power held by untrained volunteers whilst accommodating the desire to help, by inviting volunteers to assist skilled local labourers . VSO predominantly works with "experienced professionals" to listen to communities and share expertise collaboratively.

Interdisciplinarity approaches lead towards "creative solutions" and can create a new form of power : the power to act and progress towards a solution of a complex real-life issue.


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in the Ted Bundy Case

= Truth in the Ted Bundy Case =

Introduction
The Ted Bundy trial is one of the most notable criminal cases in US history as there was a huge disconnect between the public's perception and his crimes. The stark dichotomy between his self-presentation as the all-American boy and his heinous crimes was key to disorienting the public’s perception. Since then, Ted Bundy has been of great interest in a variety of disciplines, including law, psycholinguistics, and journalism, all attempting to uncover the truth of his character and his crimes.

Bundy's Manipulation of the Truth
Psycholinguistics and TruthTed Bundy was known for his chameleonic personality. He was able to change his persona and behaviour to look different to different people. Some colleagues look back on him as a “compassionate counselor”, whilst others described him as “cold” and “lacking compassion”. The combination of his intelligence, arrogance and charm made him both a compelling and repelling figure. Reporter Barbara Grossman aptly summarised the ‘Ted Bundy’ effect: "Sometimes I come away from an interview with Ted thinking I've got great stuff. But then the more you listen to what he says, the more you wonder what he's saying."

Establishing truth in forensic contexts is a legal necessity, but becomes problematic when decisions of guilt and innocence become dependent on dialogue-based evidence. This is what happened in the Bundy case. In his final interviews, Bundy utilised the semantic field of innocence and vulnerability when describing his pornography addiction, as if he were not strong enough to withstand its allure. When speaking to the interviewer, he played to the 'all-American' archetype he knew he had been ascribed (“we are your sons”), forging a deep connection with the public while drawing their attention away from his guilt.

His assertions regarding pornography almost caused more controversy than his crimes, switching tactics as he began to blame society in the eleventh hour. His psychopathic traits could be seen when Bundy manipulated his self-presentation (through his linguistic choices) to encourage the judge and public to create a sympathetic relationship towards him, a fallible man. Bundy created a constructivist version of his self-presentation, which did not match with reality. The subjective nature of truth is highlighted here as language can be interpreted differently. This means that everyone acquired a different perception of the reality, which was further emphasized by how the media approached his case.

Bundy in the Press
Journalism and TruthBundy’s trial was the first nationally televised trial in the United States. Reporters flocked to his 1979 trial, marking the beginning of a genre of proto-reality television shows: murder trials.

Although journalists seek to provide a fair account of facts and verified data that correspond with reality, the often subjective tools employed may distort the truth. It is at their discretion to decide who and what to focus on. Recorded clippings of his trial focused on the public persona Bundy constructed through psycholinguistics, meaning the audience failed to take into account the gruesome details of his crimes.

The introduction of this technological advancement in journalism influenced the public’s perception of his character: public defenders claimed he “was very conscious of the camera”, presenting himself as a charming young man. His grandiose stage presence, screaming and impulsively marrying a woman on the witness stand, was designed to stir up controversy, simultaneously shocking and delighting the audience. His persona was so convincing that some believed that he was framed and was actually innocent.

Furthermore, he was careless when he wanted to be. His acknowledgement of this added to his paradoxical ‘devilish yet charming’ reputation (“I’m the most cold-blooded son of a bitch you’ll ever meet”). This stage persona that he constructed skewed perceptions as the media broadcast this as the correspondent truth.

As he was able to manipulate the camera, Bundy again created a constructivist version of his true character, then broadcast by the media as the correspondent truth. This exemplifies how journalism romanticised Bundy, creating a new contested version of the truth. The objective facts of him being a convicted murderer and rapist were overshadowed by his greater-than-nature persona. These perceptions then bled into the law, as one of the judges commented “I might say you look nice today, Mr. Bundy. I’m glad to see you in proper uniform”. His charisma was highlighted by the media and therefore, hindered the judge’s ability to rule out his case with absolute objective truth.

Bundy Under the Law
Law and Truth The legal proceeding in an American court for criminals is that the accused person (i.e. Ted Bundy) is presumed innocent until there is enough proof to say otherwise (presumption of innocence). After each side has made their case during a trial, the jury decides the sentence of the accused, reaching a decision in the most fair and informed way possible. Therefore, the legal truth is based on what the attorney on each side can convince the jury of. If there is enough evidence to prove that the convicted is in fact guilty, a sentence will be decided. However, if the jury feels as if it does not have enough evidence to prove the convicted as being guilty, they will be released.

This positivist approach to the truth is very different to that in other disciplines as it states that the the accused is innocent until they are proven guilty. According to the empirical “legal truth”, Bundy was innocent at the beginning of his trials. This presumption of innocence led to his release when he was first arrested in August 16, 1975 by the Utah Highway patrol for suspicious equipment found in the back of his Volkswagen.

When he was caught, the detectives did not have enough evidence to prove his involvement in the disappearance of five young women. Due to the structure of the American legal system, he was declared innocent and released from any further persecution. Had there been enough evidence to prove that he was guilty and had the legal truth reflected the absolute truth, many girls "would still be alive '', recalls Bob Hayward, the highway patrol sergeant who arrested Bundy. This reveals certain shortcomings in the legal approach to truth, which one might consider hindered by its positivist approach.

Conclusion
Reality can be seen through various perspectives. Journalism aims for correspondent truth, but this was skewed as who and what the media focused on, coupled with his linguistic manipulation, enabled him to construct an alternate self-presentation. This constructed truth presented by journalists subconsciously influenced the jury in Bundy’s favour. His manipulation through language bolstered this particular reality, further deepening the divide between the legal evidence against him and his outward persona.

Moreover, Ted Bundy made no attempts to appear innocent on camera, yet the legal system put forward an empirical stance due to the “presumption of innocence” principle. Consequently, the complexity of his case urges us to consider a pluralistic view of the truth: perhaps all these different iterations are facets of the same truth, thus an example of interdisciplinarity at work.


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in Free Will

Introduction
Free will and the discussion surrounding its existence are pivotal to determining whether people can be held responsible for their actions. In 2015, "Scientific American" found that 60% of its readers believed in free will, despite disciplines such as neuroscience providing new evidence to suggest that free will is an illusion, with neuroscientists proposing the alternative standpoint of determinism.

One particularly unusual case demonstrates how the debate over the existence of free will is relevant to modern society.

Legal Case Study
This case saw a man take a sudden, previously non-existent interest in child pornography, making sexual advances towards his step-daughter and staff at a sexual rehabilitation centre despite a strong contradiction to his own moral compass. He was subsequently sentenced to prison for child molestation. After experiencing strong headaches and an uneven gait, he underwent a neurological exam, revealing a tumour that had displaced his right orbitofrontal lobe. The tumour was removed and mere hours later his behaviour and gait had returned to normal. Later, his sexual deviancy recommenced and he began to experience more headaches, with brain scans indicating the tumour had returned. After having it removed, he appeared to have been cured again.

This begs the questions: to what extent is the man truly culpable for his sexual deviance? Were his actions caused by medical factors beyond his control? If so, do we need to rethink our laws to incorporate loss of free will?

Free Will in Christianity
Christianity is characterized by its view that humans not only consist of a material body, but also a distinct non-material soul that connects them with God, who is entirely non-material. This substance dualism is opposed to the idea of materialism or monism, which claim that humans, like everything in the world, are governed solely by physical laws. Dualism allows for the existence of free will and the freedom to make alternative choices in life because the interactionalist mind or soul can act upon the physical brain. Current theologians like Barth and Cobb also argue that human actions and intentions are not purely physically determined, but subject to self-determination, asserting the existence of agent-based free will within the discipline.

Christianity holds two truths closely; the parameters of good and bad deeds and the existence of free will. Moral freedom is therefore strongly linked to a specific moral code, to give up selfish desires and transcend to selflessly sacrificing oneself for one's neighbours. Every human is encouraged to follow that 'law' of model behaviour for their souls to rest in heaven. This law therefore regulates the decisions agents make with free will. Luther formulates this paradox as the Christian individual being "free lord of all; subject to none" whilst being a "dutiful servant of all, subject to all in love."

Free Will and Christianity in US Law
Despite the fact that the US has secularism explicitly enshrined in their original constitution as well as the Bill of Rights, there are plentiful arguments proving that religion, particularly Christianity, still plays a significant role in US law. 125 religious lobbies like the Christian Coalition currently work at shaping legal processes and policies in favor of their ideologies.

The strong connection between Christianity and US law could explain its implications regarding free will. Indeed, a comprehensive analysis of US law has found significant remnants of substance dualism within it. This is evident with the standard of taking into consideration the intentions of an individual when attributing accountability for a criminal action, reinforcing ‘our identity as moral agents capable of making free choices' and making the assumption that we have conscious control over our physical brain, including our desires. This is something modern neuroscience is finding to be an unsustainable view, prompting the need for reconsideration of these basal truths which have shaped the legal system.

Determinism Demonstrated
Libet laid the foundations for determinism in modern neuroscience in an experiment where he found that the start-time of the neural activity to cause motor action preceded the time of conscious intention to act by at least several hundred milliseconds, suggesting conscious will has no role to play in causing the action.

A stream of studies since have corroborated and extended Libet's findings. Subsequently, leading neuroscientists such as Harris accept that unconscious activity begins before conscious conception of an action and therefore argue free will "cannot be mapped on to any conceivable reality".

Neuroscientists attribute the unconscious activity to the biochemical function of the brain. This makes it highly rational to dismiss free will after assessing these studies from a neuroscientific perspective. Yet, the fact that this particular conclusion has been drawn is based on the ideas of truth within the discipline with regards to theory of mind.

Physicalism in Neuroscience
Sperry's study of 'split brain' patients in 1968 demonstrates neuroscience's position on theory of mind. By performing experiments with patients who had previously had their corpus callosum severed, Sperry was able to show that both hemispheres of the brain could work independently of one another, with different functions.

Remarkably, each hemisphere of the brain produced a distinct conscious personality, which occurred due to the alteration of brain structure. This propelled the idea that all mental phenomena such as consciousness and the illusion of free will are determined by biological structure and function, resulting in the discipline strengthening its relation to physicalism.

Positivism and physicalism in this way determine the ideas formed about free will within neuroscience. It follows that an interactionalist mind is not considered a reason to explain where and how unconscious activity begins from a neuroscientific perspective, leading prominent figures in the discipline to discard free will and make determinism a truth itself.

Conflicts about Truth
An interdisciplinary approach to free will, applying neuroscience to law and philosophy in the emerging discipline of neurolaw, presents the opportunity to update our moral assumptions, and hence our social frameworks, relative to modern scientific consensus.

Application to Case Study
To consider the neurological aspect of the aforementioned case study, we consider clinical psychologist Cantor's assessment of the culprit. He proposed that the tumour merely impeded the man’s decision making process, interfering with his ability to regulate his behaviour which had previously suppressed his internal paedophilic desires. Thus, with regards to free will and culpability, whether or not the man truly wanted to act on these sexual desires was irrelevant; he had no liberty to make a different choice given the composition of his brain, and therefore no had no free will.

Conclusion
A complete overhaul of the foundational principles of law in respect to free will in attempt to reconcile these differences in truth may not necessarily lead to a more functional society. Psychological studies have shown people with a deterministic world view have a reduced sense of retribution and are more likely to cheat when the opportunity is provided.

This demonstrates that the application of determinism to law may create focus on a system of rehabilitating and reintegrating offenders and construct a more reformative justice system. However, for a functional society the illusion of free will may need to be sustained. Further interdisciplinary cooperation may allow a practical resolution to be reached.


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in The Nanjing Massacre

The Nanjing Massacre
The Nanjing Massacre was an incident which occurred during World War II, where Japanese soldiers allegedly looted, raped and murdered their way through Nanjing. However, there are few facts about the Nanjing Massacre that are universally accepted as truth. The time frames claimed for the massacre ranges from three weeks, starting December 13, to three months between December 1937 and February 1938, and neither the geographical extent of the conflict, nor the number of victims have been agreed upon. The number of victims claimed ranges from 100 to 300 000.

History
The purpose of history as a discipline is generally seen as finding the truth about the past. However, it's debatable whether it's actually possible to find an objective, historical truth, or if such a truth exists. The Nanjing Massacre is an example that presents a challenge to "positivist empiricism" in history. Different sources claim different facts about the event and due to both Chinese and Japanese suppression of the event at the time, there's a lack of primary sources. This is problematic, since primary sources are key in historical research and constructing a historical narrative. An additional aspect to the problem is that large amounts of propaganda was produced at the time, particularly in the form of photographs, which means the sources that do exist need to be critically examined and evaluated, with the possibility remaining that they might be false.

Historian Daqing Yang argues that the closest one can get to a historical truth is through convergence in the arguments made by historians. He identifies four points on which there's convergence about the Nanjing Massacre:

 * The Japanese army committed large-scale atrocities.
 * The soldiers were acting under orders, not performing random acts of violence.
 * Poor military tactics and confusion among the Chinese army contributed to the high number of losses.
 * The Western International Safety Zone helped save many Chinese lives.

However, using convergence as a method to determine truth is questionable. Historians are only likely to converge on general points, as seen from Yang's examples. When trying to determine specifics, convergence is of limited use. A case in point is the limited convergence on the number of victims. Part of that is due to the lack of evidence, which limits the research and opens up to more speculation. Additionally, the sources that do exist tend to be biased or incorrect, hindering historians from finding the true number of victims. The other part of the problem is the inherent bias of the researchers, particularly strong in the case of the Nanjing Massacre, which will influence how they interpret the evidence available. In summary, the Nanjing Massacre provides an example of historical pluralism, wherein there exists many different versions of the truth and none can really be determined to be more true than the others.

Memory and Truth
A crucial point in the primary sources that exist is the authenticity and truthfulness of the memories recounted. Sven Bernecker outlines the theory that authenticity refers to how accurately a person's memory corresponds with their individual experience, while truthfulness is defined by how accurately a person's memory corresponds with the objective events that occurred. A key question is then whether victims of the Nanjing Massacre's accounts are only authentic, or if they are also truthful. While authentic memories are useful for providing the subjective experiences of the victims, a lack of truthfulness, caused by misunderstanding, misconception or lack of context, can cause issues when determining the truth of the event.

Coherence vs. Correspondence
There are two important theories on truth in philosophy. Coherence theory defines truth as an individual's subjective set of beliefs without validating an objective truth. In this view, both the accounts from the Chinese victims and the Japanese aggressors would be deemed true. Correspondence theory instead posits that truth is defined by how accurately it relates to a universal set of laws and facts. By this theory, there would be an objective truth of the Nanjing Massacre, with a determined time period and number of victims.

Sociology
Truth is defined differently by various schools of sociology. The two most well-known definitions are positivism and interactionism. Positivism claims that truth exists externally and can be obtained through scientific methods. Interactionism claims that truth is a social construct which needs to be understood emphatically.

A Phenomenologist's View
Phenomenologists, also known as symbolic interactionists, believe that reality is constituted by people’s view of it. Hence, there are indefinite versions of truth in the universe. Applying this idea to the Nanjing Massacre, truth would be defined by the soldiers, victims and civilians who were affected. Thus, there would be no definite truth for the event, as everyone would have had their own experience and interpretation of it, especially so because of the disruptive and chaotic nature of war.

Challenges in Obtaining Truth
Max Webber claims the only way to obtain truth is by “verstehen”: empathising with people who lived through the experience. Implementing phenomenological methods in research, accounts ought to be gathered from the eye-witnesses, in qualitative and detailed forms to retain their authenticity. However, this can pose a practical issue to researchers. Given the sensitivity of the incident of Nanjing Massacre, witnesses can be reluctant to reveal their personal experience and recalling the incident could be particularly traumatic for the victims. On the other hand, the aggressors can be more hindered in speaking about the incident. They could either be in denial, or feel too guilty and ashamed to admit their actions.

Different Truths in the Nanjing Massacre
Exploring the Nanjing Massacre from the perspective of different disciplines raises the question: is it possible to find an objective truth about an event that is ultimately an aggregate of subjective experiences? Does such a truth exist?

Intuitively, there should be some aspects of the Nanjing Massacre that have an objective truth. For instance, there should, technically, be a determined number of people who died during the Nanjing Massacre. Death is rooted in a biological fact, as opposed to more generally being a victim, which is determined by culture or the state. However, in order to determine how many people died in the massacre, there would first need to exist a time-frame for how long the massacre went on, and the geographical extent of it. Otherwise, it isn't clear which deaths should be counted.

History suggests that consensus will lead towards truth, however, ultimately each historian will construct their own version of the historical narrative. With sufficient evidence and sound reasoning, their narrative can be accepted as truth, but this truth will be subjective. Sociology and philosophy provide different perspectives on truth and interpreting evidence, which also suggest that no objective truth can be found.

The potential lack of an objective truth does not mean the Nanjing Massacre should not be studied. There is value in exploring the different subjective truths and historians, as well as others, making interpretations of the information available, as this provides a richer understanding of the event and, ultimately, of us as humans.