text:
Talk:Minix 3

The direction of this book
I think it worthwhile to invite discussion on which way this book should be going. It's not being updated very fast. Although I think it needs to be detailed technically I think we can start by filling out some of the less technical areas.

Minix 3 seems to have a fair sized silent community but very few contributors. I think it is because it is probably the best intro to unix kernel programming there is. People look at, say, linux and ask theirselves: how does the big magic undocumented bit work?

The autodidacts among us eventually find their way to Minix 3 but still find it a bit of a hill to climb to actually contribute.

My aim in trying to wake this book up is to create a path whereby the less experienced (in kernel work) can start to contribute early and eventually steer it into a resource for those who wish to teach theirselves how the magic is done. Peter.q.bennett (discuss • contribs) 11:48, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

 * That sounds like a good idea! I'm not overly familiar with Minix, but I'm curious to learn more about it. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 05:01, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minix 3


text:
German/Grammar/Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions
We've talked about conjunctions and the difference between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions in the section on coordinating conjunctions. In this section we'll talk about subordinating conjunctions. There are more of these than there are coordinating conjunctions, and some have their own grammatical quirks. They form subordinate clauses, which differ from coordinate clauses in German in that the word order is different. There are several other ways of forming subordinate clauses in German, which will be covered in other sections.

The VF word order
We've covered the V2 word order for simple sentences and coordinate clauses, the V1 word order for polar questions and imperatives, and even the V0 word order for impersonal imperatives. There is still one remaining, the VF word order, which is the order used in subordinate clause. The F here stands for final, and in the VF word order the finite verb is placed at the end of the sentence.

The VF word order normally occurs in subordinate clauses, so in order to do some examples we're going to introduce the subordinating conjunction weil, which means "because" or "since".

Let's compare the V2, V1, VF word orders in a short sentence.

 * Du bist müde. – "You are tired."
 * This is a simple statement using the V2 word order.
 * Bist du müde? – "Are you tired?"
 * This is a polar question using the V1 word order.
 * ..., weil du müde bist. – "because you're tired."
 * Here the verb bist is now at the end. Even though the verb is at the end like an infinitive, it's still a finite verb and is conjugated as you would expect.

In a complete sentence:
 * Du schläfst, weil du müde bist. – "You're sleeping because you're tired."
 * Note that German prefers to separate subordinate clauses with a comma.

As in English, a subordinate clause can be moved to the front of sentence:
 * Weil du müde bist, schläfst du. – "Because you're tired, you're sleeping."

But now the verb in the main clause seems to come first, violating the V2 rule; why is this? A subordinate clause can't exist on its own and must be part of the main clause. As such, it uses up the first position, so the verb in the main clause must come next in order to stay in the second position. The subject du must be moved after the verb. We've seen this kind of thing before with adverbs, and the result is the same but with the subordinate clause playing the role of the adverb here. The result is that the V2 rule is still preserved in the main clause and everything is as it should be, as long as you remember that a subordinate clause is really part of the main clause, while a coordinate clause is a separate entity.

Separable verbs
Recall that the prefix of a separable verb is placed at the end of a sentence in the V2 and V1 word orders, but reunited with the main part of the verb at the end it's an infinitive. In the VF word order, the prefix and the main part of the verb are again both at the end, so the prefix is reunited with the main part in this case as well.
 * Ich fange meine Reise an. – "I'm beginning my trip."
 * Ich kann nicht arbeiten, weil ich meine Reise anfange. – "I can't work because I'm beginning my trip."

Infinitives
There are two questions related to infinitives with subordinate clauses. First, where does the subordinate clause go when there is an infinitive in the main clause? The answer is that it goes after the infinitive:
 * Ich werde gewinnen, weil ich stark bin. – "I will win because I'm strong."

You may recall that in our discussion of the sentence bracket in the section on the future tense, that the back field, the position after the non-finite part of the verb, is reserved for longer, self-contained phrases, and a subordinate clause certainly fits that description. As we have seen above, a subordinate clause can also be placed in the front field (Vorfeld), before the finite verb. The middle field (Mittelfeld) is also possible, but unusual, especially in spoken German.

The other question is where does the finite verb go when subordinate clause has an infinitive. The answer here is that it goes after the infinitive:
 * Ich gehe morgen nicht zu der Party, weil ich arbeiten muss. – "I'm not going to the party tomorrow because I must work."

Some subordinating conjunctions
Here is a list of common subordinating conjunctions. It's not exhaustive, but it should give you a better idea of how these things work. We've divided them up into time and cause related categories, and we're leaving a few others for later.

Time related

 * als: This can often be translated as "as", meaning while a specific event occurred in the past.
 * Ich wusste es, als ich dich das erste Mal sah. – "I knew it the first time I saw you."
 * wenn: This can often be translated as "when", meaning while a specific event occurs in the present or future. Do not confuse this with wann, the question word which can also be translated as "when".
 * Wir werden essen, wenn das Abendessen fertig ist. – "We will eat when dinner is ready."
 * It's also used for ongoing events. In this sense it can be translated as "while":
 * Wir wandern oft, wenn das Wetter schön ist. – "We often hike when the weather is nice."
 * It can also be translated as "if", meaning when a certain condition is met.
 * Ich werde gewinnen, wenn ich stark bin. – "I will win if I'm strong."

 * während: This means "while"; it overlaps in meaning with wenn.
 * Ich muss Abendessen kochen, während mein Mann weg ist. – "I must cook dinner while my husband is away."
 * bevor: This can be translated as "before". An alternative with about the same meaning is ehe, but it's not used as much.
 * Ich ging in den Laden, bevor ich nach Hause kam. – "I went to the store before coming home."
 * Du musst deine Hände waschen, bevor du essen darfst. – "You must wash you hands before you may eat."
 * One quirk with bevor is that when the main clause is negative, then the subclause may include a seemingly redundant and arbitrary nicht. In such cases bevor would normally be translated as "until". This extra nicht is optional and occurs mainly in spoken German. For example:
 * Ich kann nicht nach Hause gehen, bevor meine Arbeit nicht fertig ist. – "I can't go home until my work is done."

 * nachdem: This is the opposite of bevor and means "after".
 * Ich ging zu Hause, nachdem ich in den Laden ging. – "I went home after going to the store."
 * Du darfst essen, nachdem du deine Hände waschst. – "You may eat after you wash your hands."
 * bis: This is usually translated as "until", meaning up to the time an event occurs.
 * Ihr dürft spielen, bis das Abendessen fertig ist. – "You may play until dinner is ready."
 * A common parting phrase is Bis dann. Literally this is "Until then" where "then" is the time of the next meeting.

 * sobald: This is similar to nachdem, but conveys that the events immediately follow each other. In can be translated as "as soon as". It overlaps in meaning with wenn.
 * Ich gebe dir das Geld, sobald ich es habe. – "I'll give you the money as soon as I have it."
 * seit: This can be translated as "since", meaning starting after the time an event occurs. Remember that "since" in the sense of "because" is translated as "weil".
 * Ich kenne sie, seit ich ein Kind war. – "I've known her since I was a kid."
 * Note that German uses the present tense in the main clause here.

Cause related

 * da: This is roughly equivalent to weil, but it might be translated as "(seeing) as" or "now that". As an adverb, da means "there".
 * Ich habe einen Akzent, da ich Russe bin. – "I have an accent since I'm Russian."
 * obwohl: This can be translated as "though", "although" or "however", meaning the two statements might seem to contradict each other. This makes the meaning similar to aber, which is a coordinating conjunction and has already been covered.
 * damit: This can be translated as "so that" or "in order that". There is a construction with um and zu which can mean roughly the same thing, but the grammar is different and it will be covered in another section.
 * Sprechen Sie langsam, damit ich Sie verstehen kann. – "Speak slowly so that I can understand you."
 * falls: This can be translated as "in case", in the sense of something that's done to allow for the possibility of something else.
 * Ich brauche einen Regenschirm, falls es regnet. – "I need an umbrella, in case it rains."
 * indem: This can be translated as "by", giving an explanation of how something was done.
 * Ich trockne die Wäsche, indem ich sie in die Sonne hänge. – "I dry the laundry by hanging it in the sun."
 * We've already covered weil above. A related conjunction is denn, but that is a coordinating conjunction and has already been covered in the corresponding section.

Covered elsewhere
There are a few ways to form subordinate clauses whose grammar is different enough that they should be covered separately. These include clauses formed by dass, ob, um, zu, question words and relative pronouns.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Cookbook talk:Banana Bread III

Naming
Is anything about this particularly Nigerian? This seems similar to banana bread recipes I've seen from other cultures. If no one objects, I will change the name. -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 20:56, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Banana Bread III


text: Template:Pokémon matchup

title: Template:Pokémon matchup


text:
Minecraft/TNT

TNT explodes when set on fire, if you use flint and steel or a fire charge on it, if it gets hit by a flaming arrow, or is within the blast radius of another explosion. It can also be ignited with powered redstone.

Obtaining
Nine TNT is found under the pressure plate in the secret room of Desert temples. Two are found in a secret room of some (not all) woodland mansions.

title: Minecraft/TNT


text:
User talk:2601:2C4:581:E100:14EE:F2B9:5CF2:3E67

--Xania   talk 10:13, 6 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
User:Adiwidya bin jaya kusuma faria/sandbox

vcudtjuidtit


text:
User talk:MdsShakil/header

 Welcome to my talk page! Hey! I am Shakil Hosen. I patrol many projects, and where I don't know the language I only act in cases of serious vandalism. If you think I have done anything wrong, feel free to message me on Meta wiki. If you don't like that you can leave me messages here too, but since I do not watch all of my talk pages, your message might not get a timely response. Thanks!

title: User talk:MdsShakil/header


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Masa Pan

A masa pan is a type of metal pan with divots that is used to make masa or waina, a type of Nigerian pancake.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Masa Pan


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Masa

Nigerian masa or waina is a Hausa leavened pancake typically made with rice or corn, not to be confused with the Latin American masa made from nixtamalized corn. The recipes vary across households, but it is traditionally made in an oval shape. It can be made in a flat skillet or in a specialized masa pan.

Recipes

 * Masa (Hausa Rice Pancake)
 * Nigerian Cheesy Sausage Masa
 * Wainar Filawa (Hausa Pancake)

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Masa


text:
German/Grammar/Declining adjectives

Declining adjectives
So far we've only talked about predicate adjectives, adjectives which appear after a verb like sein and not immediately before a noun. Now it's time to talk about how use adjectives which do come before a noun. We've been putting this off, which seems to be the trend in German grammar books, because these adjectives must be declined, and the declension pattern is complex even by German standards. The good news here is that there only a few irregular adjectives, and these are mostly only irregular in the formation of comparisons. So once you have learned and understood how to decline one adjective, you can do almost all of them with no annoying exceptions.

The usual way to handle this topic is to break down declension by gender and number, which gives four distinct "classes", then by the four cases, and then according to "strong, weak, and mixed" categories which are determined by the word before the adjective. It takes a table with 48 entries to keep track of all these combinations, and the student faced with trying to memorize this table will be justifiably concerned. Fortunately, some relatively simple rules can reduce the load on memorization considerably.

We'll try to minimize our use of the terms "strong, weak, and mixed" here. For one thing, as we've mentioned before, the terms "strong" and "weak" are already used for verb conjugation. For another, it gives the impression that there are three different patterns in use here when really there are only two.

Terminology
As we mentioned in the section on uninflected adjectives, we distinguish between predicate adjectives, adjectives which occur after a verb like sein, and attributive adjectives, adjective which are placed before the noun they modify. Attributive adjectives are used either to clarify which noun you're referring to, or to mention information aside from the main point of the sentence. Only attributive adjectives are declined in German.

Declension sharing
A fundamental principle in German grammar is that when two words of certain types occur together, if the first word is fully declined then the second one doesn't need to be, at least not fully. The idea is that the gender, number and case information is carried by the first word, so there's no need to repeat it in second word. This is in contrast to Romance languages where the principle is congruence, meaning all the words must be declined the same way. For example, in the Spanish phrases: all the words end with -a, the feminine ending. In the German phrases: The adjective endings are different. In the first phrase, the *ein* does not tell you the gender of the noun (neuter) so an -es ending must be added to the adjective to signify that we're dealing with a neuter noun. In the second phrase, the das already tells you that the noun is neuter, so there's no need to include this information in the adjective as well. So the fully declined schönes is replaced by a partially declined schöne, with an -e ending. In the undeclined form, the adjective has no ending and appears as it would in a dictionary, for example:
 * Una muchacha linda. — "A pretty girl"
 * La muchacha linda — "The pretty girl"
 * Ein schönes Mädchen — "A pretty girl"
 * Das schöne Mädchen — "The pretty girl"
 * Das Mädchen ist schön. — "The girl is pretty."

This principle will not completely fill in the declension tables for you, but hopefully it will help you to make sense of them. When you understand some of the patterns hidden in the tables, memorizing them is much less of a chore.

Other terms for declension sharing are sparingness and monoflection.

Full and partial adjective declensions
So German predicate adjectives aren't declined at all and appear as they do in a dictionary. Meanwhile attributive adjectives are either fully or partially declined depending (at least in principle) on whether the preceding word tells you the gender and case of the noun that follows.

In order to make this idea work in practice, we'll need to distinguish between two types of determiner. Those that carry enough declension information to share with an adjective we'll call specific, and those that don't we'll call generic. Specific determiners include all der words, including definite articles, and those ein words which have an ending. This includes all indefinite articles except ein, and the corresponding ein words. Remember that contractions with prepositions, am, ans, zur, zum, etc., all include a definite article, and so count as specific as well. But ein, and the corresponding words mein, dein, kein, etc. are generic because they don't actually have an inflection ending.

Adjectives preceded by a generic determiner or no determiner at all are fully declined since they carry the "declension load". The endings for fully declined adjectives are:

Most of the time, only the first two rows (nominative and accusative), and the last column (plural), are applicable. For the dative and genitive case, an undeclined ein is never used. And for most nouns, some article or determiner is required in the singular. Substance nouns such as Brot — "bread", Papier — "paper" and Glück — "luck" are exceptions.

This table is not hard to learn since almost all the endings match the corresponding definite article. For example the definite article das for the neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases becomes the -es ending for adjectives applied to neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative. Thus ein schönes Mädchen as in the example above. The definite article for masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive case, des, breaks this pattern though, and the corresponding adjective ending is -en. These entries are in bold in the table. This exception does not come up very often though, since genitive is least common case and, as mentioned above, these entries mostly only apply to substance nouns.

The only possible endings in the partial declension are -e and -en. For plurals, and the dative and genitives cases, the ending is always -en. Otherwise the ending is -e with the exception of masculine nouns in the accusative; these get the -en ending, just as ein becomes einen for the indefinite article. (The masculine accusative -n is a feature of all German declensions where it applies.) So the declension table is:

Examples: In these cases there is no determiner so you must use the full declension. Note that, except for the plural Äpfel, all the nouns here are substance nouns.
 * Brauner Reis ist nahrhaft. — "Brown rice is nutritious."
 * Rote Farbe ist bunt. — "Red paint is colorful."
 * Frisches Heu ist gut für die Tiere. — "Fresh hay is good for animals."
 * Rote Äpfel sind lecker. — "Red apples are tasty."

 * Er isst einen roten Apfel. — "He's eating a red apple."
 * Here, because Apfel is in the accusative case, it gets the indefinite article einen. This has the -en ending so the adjective rot gets the partial declension, which happens to have the same -en ending as einen, and so becomes roten.
 * Das schöne Mädchen steht da. — "The pretty girl is standing there."
 * Here, the definite article carries the declension, so partial declension (without the -s ending) is used.
 * Ein schönes Mädchen steht da. — "A pretty girl is standing there."
 * In this case, the indefinite article has no declension ending, so the full declension (with the -s ending) is used.
 * Das Aroma frischen Heus ist entspannend. — "Fresh hay's aroma is relaxing."
 * This is an example where the full genitive ending, -en, does not match the definite article, des.

Adjectives in tandem
Although articles and other determiners can take the declension load for adjectives, adjectives can't take the load for each other, so when several adjective appear together they are declined the same way:
 * Er ist ein kluger junger Mann. – "He is a clever young man."

Irregular adjectives
There are two adjectives, hoch — "high, tall" and teuer — "dear, expensive", whose attributive stems are different than the predicate forms. The differences are small though and the purpose seems to be to make the words flow better. The stem for hoch is hoh-, so: The stem for teuer is teur-, so Other adjectives ending in -er may also drop the e in the stem, but this seems to be optional at best. You may recall that German tends to slur the letters -ere- so this change might be seen as a contraction rather than an irregularity.
 * das hohe Gras – "the tall grass"
 * das teure Auto – "the expensive car"

 * Notes

title: German/Grammar/Declining adjectives


text:
Dishwashing

Table of Contents

 * /Safety/
 * /Tools/
 * /Cleaning liquids/
 * /Techniques/

title: Dishwashing


text: Category:Book:Dishwashing

title: Category:Book:Dishwashing


text:
Dishwashing/Safety

Safety at home
Although dishwashing at home can seem safe, there are a number of safety risks still present.
 * Sharps can still cut.
 * Dishes may break, forming sharps.
 * Safety equipment may not be available.

Safety in a commercial environment
In a commercial environment, safety while dishwashing becomes much more paramount. Not only are you working many more dishes in a fast paced environment, you are often working with harsher chemicals and more powerful machinery. It is for this reason that well run commercial kitchens not only feature a number of safety precautions and equipment, but also enforce their usage. Common safety features and tools include:
 * Wearing Personal protective equipment (PPE) including:
 * Most commonly non-slip shoes are required. A dish pit handles vast quantities of water, some of which will inevitably find its way to the floor.
 * Masks and googles reduce the risk of sprayback, especially when handling harsh chemicals.
 * Gloves can help prevent, but not eliminate, minor scrapes and other small injuries to the hands.

Mixing Chemicals
Never mix chemicals without first understanding the possible consequences of the mixture. Many common cleaners will form dangerous gases when mixed, endangering the lives of everyone present.

Sharps
Knives deserve special treatment and care while dishwashing.

title: Dishwashing/Safety


text:
Dishwashing/Tools

Rag
The humble rag is among the most versatile of the tools available to a dishwasher. From cleaning dishes and glasses gently, to wiping down the sink at the end of the night, the rag offers a gentile and flexible approach for cleaning light messes.

Sponge
The sponge is a step up above the rag in terms of ability to clean small portions of an item thoroughly. A soft side allows for a similar level of gentleness to the rag, while a more abrasive side tackles tougher grime and debris.

Steel Wool
Steel wool is among the harshest hand tools, and is an invaluable asset when cleaning material which has been caked onto pots and pans.

Never use Steel Wool on Teflon or similar coatings. This will likely destroy the coating.

Cleaning Block
Cleaning blocks can be used on items with very hard caked on debris.

Tap
A standard tap can be used to fill up a sink, or to provide running water over an object during scrubbing.

Sprayer
A sprayer separates a stream of water into a number of droplets. Many sprayers propel these droplets faster then the continuous stream of a tap, allowing more easy removal of grit and grime. Most sprayers require manual operation.

title: Dishwashing/Tools


text:
User:Magnoliasouth/sandbox

Notes on work

 * I was only going to make a page similar to Genealogy/FamilySearch.
 * I began to realize, that much more information was needed, since these involved a number of separate subscription services.
 * I need to find out what information is given to GIC and Blackstone and write it here.
 * I wanted to point out Ancestry isn't a non-profit.
 * I am linking the brands to their homepage, but Ancestry.com wiki interlinking is a much better idea, since they tell even more of what is current. Perhaps then more will find this book.
 * The format needs to be outlined.

General Format Outline of the Page

 * 1) Company name headings?
 * 2) Link to companies to the Wikipedia page
 * 3) Describe the types of records they claim to keep, some descriptions are from Ancestry's Corporate webpage article.

To Do List

 * 1) I need to find out what information is given to GIC and Blackstone and write it here.
 * 2) I need to make sure that someone alone, or a group, are writing this themselves. If so, I would think they would use this sandbox system. Anyway, explore that.
 * 3) Find out who owns what.

Draft Article (for an entirely new article that needs to be made at Genealogy/Ancestry)
Ancestry's official name is Ancestry.com Operations Incorporated and is owned by the heavy investors of, GIC Private Limited (a Singaporean sovereign wealth fund), and Blackstone Incorporated, making Ancestry a for-profit organization.

Other companies of Ancestry.com Operations' brands are:

Ancestry.com is a subscription service. It has a few free records and at times free trials and discounts. They boast that the service contains "billions" of historical record.
 * Ancestry.ca (subscription service)
 * AncestryProGenealogists
 * Forces War Records UK (subscription service)
 * Archives.com (subscription service)
 * FindaGrave.com (free)
 * Fold3.com (subscription service)
 * Newspapers.com (subscription service)
 * Rootsweb.com (free)
 * We Remember (

title: User:Magnoliasouth/sandbox


text:
Dishwashing/Cleaning liquids

Water
Good clean water is an essential part of the cleaning process.

Hand soap
It is essential to wash your hands between handling dirty and clean dishes. Having and using hand soap by the sink or by the dish pit (With separate handwashing sink) is critical for proper sanitation.

Detergent
Detergents help you remove bits of food and grease that are stuck on items. Detergent is common in both residential sinks and commercial dishpits.

Degreaser
Degreasers are chemicals specifically aimed at removing grease from objects. This type of liquid is seen more often in commercial dishpits then in residential settings.

Bleach
Bleach is good at sanitizing surfaces of harmful microbes. It is harmful to ingest, so you should handle it with care around yourself, and should not allow it to come into direct contact with food.

It is important to never mix bleach with ammonia.

Bleach can easily stain your clothing.

title: Dishwashing/Cleaning liquids


text:
Dishwashing/Techniques

Scraping
Unless your dish pit or sink is specifically equipped to handle it, all food or significant debris should be removed from the items before any water is used. To do this manually, simply scrape the debris into a trash bin, taking care not to brush any sharp edges against yourself. This ensures kitchen sponges and other cleaning items will not become saturated with debris and grease.

Hand Washing
The classic form of dishwashing. Fully hand washing isn't efficient in either time or resource use. However hand washing plays an important role. Light handwashing prior to entry into a machine can double as an inspection, to help ensure that the machine isn't given an item it can't clean.

Hand washing also plays another important role, if no dishwashing machine is present or operational, it becomes the only option for dishwashing.

Soaking
Sometimes it is desirable to soak items in cleaning liquid and/or water to help release some of the debris firmly attached to the items. By letting items soak for a while, it may become easier to clean them. This is useful when there is a large volume of items with few to no additional hands, allowing more efficient use of time. That said soaking is not a substitute for actually cleaning an item.

For cleaning especially dirty dishes like hardened layers of fat or similar, soaking in hot water may help to melt the remains, allowing them to be scraped easily.

title: Dishwashing/Techniques


text: Template:UpperCase first

title: Template:UpperCase first


text:
User talk:EliteQueen

Welcome, EliteQueen!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 09:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:EliteQueen


text:
User talk:Kaltenmeyer

Welcome, Kaltenmeyer!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 09:47, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaltenmeyer


text:
User talk:202.137.119.4

You cannot edit for 14 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 12:42, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.137.119.4


text: Dishwashing/Printable version

title: Dishwashing/Printable version


text:
User talk:Doubledarecreative

Warning
--Xania   talk 01:27, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doubledarecreative


text:
User talk:FlyingAce

Welcome
Welcome, FlyingAce!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. Thanks for taking an interest in Wikibooks and fighting vandalism/spam. :) L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:48, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlyingAce


text:
User talk:2400:ADC5:154:3400:C910:A9CE:F518:5490

Recent edits to Chess Opening Theory/1. e4 were undone because you removed large amounts of text without explaining your edits in the Edit Summary field. Please explain edits to avoid having them undone.--Xania   talk 05:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC)


text: Introduction to Python Programming/Printable version


text: Tomos Moped/Printable version

title: Tomos Moped/Printable version


text: X-Plane Flight Simulator/Printable version


text:
Minecraft/Guides

Getting started

 * ../First Day/
 * ../Second Day/

More advanced topics

 * ../Boss Fight: Wither/
 * ../Boss Fight: Ender Dragon/
 * ../Making Traps/
 * ../A Guide to Redstone/
 * ../Commands/
 * ../How To Build a Nether Portal/
 * ../How To Brew/
 * ../Brewing Reference/

title: Minecraft/Guides


text:
Minecraft/Brewing Reference

 * This page assumes that you have read and understood ../How To Brew/

Ingredient here

\|/ Base potion here Base potion here Base potion here

title: Minecraft/Brewing Reference


text:
Template:Minecraft/brewing

Minecraft/

\|/ Minecraft/ Minecraft/ Minecraft/

This makes.

title: Template:Minecraft/brewing


text: Paleontology/Printable version

title: Paleontology/Printable version


text: Computational Physics/Printable version

title: Computational Physics/Printable version


text:
Minecraft/Commands

Commands can be executed on any version of Minecraft which has the chat console. To run a command, type a forward slash. There are many commands to learn.

The @ selectors also allow finer tuning, like this: @r[r=10,tags=alive] checks for a random player within ten blocks, with the "alive" tag (set with /tag). All of them are:
 * r: range. Note that this is a radius!
 * tags: checks if a tag exists on that entity.
 * type: checks its identifier matches. The identifier is usually a snake_case (all lowercase, underscores instead of spaces) version of its name.
 * x / y / z: If a coordinate matches.
 * dx / dy / dz: distance from x / y / z. Note, an  of 0 and   of 5 will only check x=0 to x=5. Set   to -5 to reverse this, or   to -5 and   to 10.

title: Minecraft/Commands


text:
Minecraft/Commands/execute

Example:  places a glass block at the feet of all players, mobs, boats, minecarts, armour stands, ect..

Syntax:

/execute

The target is the entity(s) to effect. The position is where to run the command from, according to target, so ~ means where the target is. The command is any command, even another /execute command, may be placed.

title: Minecraft/Commands/execute


text: User:HEJJWJDEJDNSGWTG

title: User:HEJJWJDEJDNSGWTG


text:
User:Md Mushfiqur Alif

Mushfiqur Alif

title: User:Md Mushfiqur Alif


text:
User talk:Arivari

riya ray

title: User talk:Arivari


text:
Guide to the Godot game engine/Plugins/Making your first plugin/Bottom panels

Bottom panels
A bottom panel is a button at the bottom of the screen that shows a dock when clicked. Examples are,   and.

First, to create a bottom panel, you need to make a UI for it:
 * 1) Create a scene and choose, and rename the root Control node to.
 * 2) Save it inside your plugin folder, in the same place as the plugin script, under the name "bottom_panel.tscn".
 * 3) Select your Control, press  from the top of the screen, and press   from the drop down menu that appears.
 * 4) With the Control still selected, expand  in the Inspector and change   to 50 (or some larger value) to ensure your UI appears with a non zero size.
 * 5) Add a as a child of the bottom panel. Set its layout to.
 * 6) Add a, and give it text suitable to what the UI does.
 * 7) Add a as a child of the VBoxContainer.
 * 8) Make sure the Panel is selected, and go to  on the inspector, and check   for both horizontal and vertical.
 * 9) Create the main UI as a child of the VBoxContainer.

You may wish to put the top Label in a (which is in the VBoxContainer) if you want to also put buttons on the top.

You also may want to use containers more than you would for a game. You may often want to stretch or shrink the bottom panel to be larger or smaller than the default small size. Setting a  to 200 - 250 will also stop you from shrinking it too much and making the main screen invisible while the panel is open.

Now, open your plugin's main script, and type the following code:

bp: bp_button: :  bp =. bp_button = (bp, ) :  (bp) bp.

You may hide or show the button whenever you need too, by using.


text:
Module:Helpers

local p={}

--function p.nocaps(frame) -- return lower(frame.args.text) --end

function p.replace(frame) local s, _ = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args.text,frame.args.what,frame.args.with) return s end

return p

title: Module:Helpers


text:
User:Locsnevets57

Introduce yourself - write a couple of sentences about yourself. Click save and view it.

Background:

Interests:

Wikibooks projects:

Exercise as it relates to disease add-Exercise_as_it_relates_to_Disease link you will add detail of your particular fact sheet once it has started In the top section, add an image of yourself.

title: User:Locsnevets57


text:
User talk:Einschlauesding/Archive/2022/August

Things
I was playing with this older child today. The annoying one. Played minecraft and wii-u sports all day. My mom needs to buy a second switch for the children. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:02, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:06, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Wait what older child? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 19:52, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The older kid I told you my mum looks after. Can't say more than that. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:11, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Ah yeah sorry Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 20:14, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm addicted to peanuts L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:45, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

I'm addicted to music Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Everybody already knows. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:20, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite addicted, I can survive if I don't have any, but I love them.. More than most things. I went through a quarter of a bag of salted peanuts in a single hour. Maybe I should slow down if I want some tomorrow.L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:20, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Though I think you are heavily addicted to music "I would die without music" (something like that anyway) I think you once told me in stardew valley, right? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:20, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Dammit! The guy is here all week!? I'll never get my game done at this rate.. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 06:55, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

I also like peanuts but I can't eat much of them. I don't know why. And yeah I love music, I listen to music 24/7 and that's why I couldn't imagine my life without it lol just like a normal addiction? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 09:18, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * At least a music addiction is better than one to something like alcohol. What kind of music? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 11:29, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Yeah you're right haha. I actually don't have a specific genre I listen to but here are some genres: hip-hop,rap,pop,indie/-lo-fi,metal,rock,rap,synthpop,phonk,j-pop,k-pop,wave and yeah I don't remember more right now sorry haha Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 13:52, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, now I made explosions look cooler in my game. I'm mainly focusing on the graphics right now. Today I will (try) to add more graphical effects. It takes minimum time, which is gonna be all I get this week. Next I'll add particles and sounds when you kill things. "Blood" (aka bits of slime and bone for the current enemies) and "gore" (aka skeleton ribs and arms and skull). Not highly realistic gore (obviously) but pixelated. I aim for 12+ ages, so a bit like in terraria. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 08:32, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Now I added a non-spoiler help screen. It's non-spoiler because it requires you to do certain actions (typically craft an item) for certain pieces of information to be unlocked. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:10, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

Yoo that's coooooool Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * My aunt was over today. And I figured out why I couldnt play Fortnite! It was so simple: Delete a game so Fortnite can start up!
 * I added more armour and bows to my game, a gun item, a new enemy, and more. There are 98 blocks and items now. It's crazy: the first boss dropps nothing, but almost a hundred items exist! (I hate skeletons. Your minding your own business in a cave, then you see a bone fly across your screen and you're like "Oh man, I'm gonna die aagain!") L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:58, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

Very nice! I also hate skeletons lol Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 14:58, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Hmm anyways how was your day?? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 21:18, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Played on my switch, played with my five-year-old cousin and had fun. Oddly, Fortnite's voice chat turned on mysteriously. It was turned off by parental controls before, but not now. Not telling my parents though. I choose not to insert my microphone onto my headphones though. I'll listen to them, but not talk back.
 * I found out on a creative mode map, and when I exploited a glitch that made you hard to kill (right in the corner of the enemie's spawn) and launched rockets at them, a girl said "Uh, theres a guy inside our base" later "He is literally invincible"
 * somebody else said "he is persistant, though easy to kill" he got me on fire. And he set a trap with these bombs to stop me coming later. It worked a couple of times, but I found a way through that too. How was your day? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:36, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Ohhh I should really play fortnite again too lol. Yesterday I wasn't doing much but I had fun at night going to friends and playing fun card games! Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 10:34, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Fortnite is mucking up again. I'll wait to tomorrow and try again. Yes, I tried deleting a few more games. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 14:06, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Yoo, wanna play fortnite tomorrow? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 21:24, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * loud noises. You have no idea what they are for, but it sounds something like "yes YES"*L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 22:26, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Only if I can get fortnite to start though. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 07:13, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I dont know why but fortnite just wont work. At least give me a bloody error message or way to fix it! Games shouldn't stop you from playing. YOU HEAR ME, Epic games!? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:41, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

Oh thats weird, hopefully you can fix it Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 22:00, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

 * ): No, dunno how. ): L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 14:31, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Weird :| Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 16:36, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

stuffy things
Wow, I literally scoffed through ~28 iron pickaxes and half a diamond pickaxe breaking stone to make space for new rooms in my new house in Minecraft... Worth it! (perhaps I should have started with a diamond pickaxe. Now I have more diamonds than iron! xD) L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:28, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * 22 iron and 29 diamonds. Crazy. Better build my blacksmith room soon or I'll have zero iron and 59 raw iron waiting idle. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You know I had too many salted peanuts when... L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Lol Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 20:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * My game is going great right now. I've added a background, added new sppecial effects, and even upgraded the mining system. Before, block mining was fun. Now it looks awesome. Before: getting better tools lowered how many times you need to hit a block to break it by one. After: Upgrades make cracks in blocks larger, until the point you can break it instantly. I've added a new block mechanic: softness. A tool's power is subtracted by the block's hardness. If the resulting number is larger than 0, you can mine it. Softness increases the ease to mine it, without effecting the minimum required power to crack it at all. Logs are similar, but have a sideways chop cut, instead of a crack and hole. Also, these cracks cover the entire block, not just a 1x1 block corner on larger ones (some blocks are larger than others). L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 21:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * 62 diamonds in minecraft, 35 from a single mining trip xDL10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:50, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Wow, the mosquitoes love me. They used to only get my mum and brother last year. Now they bite me, my brother, and by dad. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 19:44, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * times almost up. u wanna chat a bit? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 19:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I had my aunt over (again), made my game more newbie-friendly (somebody who has no idea how to play something) and fixed a few bugs. It started when I had her play the game. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:04, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Im so sorry I'm always so lateeee Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 16:22, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No worriesL10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Ohhh! I might be able to play fortnite with you tomorow! It's updating, meaning I might be able to play (works like that a lot)! L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Nice!! But you gotta wait a little, I gotta go to school now :I Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 05:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Well yea, I can't play it in two a-clock in the morning, can I? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 08:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

In back home nowwww Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 12:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No fucking idea why it won't start. Fortnite broke. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:13, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Have you tried to redownload it? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yea, 50 times. Excluding updates. Maybe more. Not joking. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:37, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Thats so weird, have you also googled it yet? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 17:12, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

 * For some reason, google doesn't work either on my device. Although that is probably my parents thinking wikipedia has all the answers. It has a lot, but probably not this one. I'm clueless. Even tried deleting all my games... Well, all exept minecraft and splatoon and fortnite itself.L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi. Today sucks. I don't even know why. I just can't smile today in any "real" way. Well, I guess I almost cracked my brother's head with a toy car. That contributes to my bad mood.L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Ohh im sorry for you, hopefully you feel better today!! Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 17:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

 * At least I managed to avoid killing my brother! Now that would be really bad. And sad. Oh, and I would have been in prison right now too. Most likely. Strangely he managed to not only not bleed, but also only cry for 5 minutes. Lucky me. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 19:04, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Are you able to play fortnite again? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry I couldn't reply sooner, my device kinda.. glitched. But it's fixed now. I can play it now, but I got a new game I have been dying to play since it was announced. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:26, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

Oh yeah nicee, have fun Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 17:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

Do you maybe wanna play something today,tomorrow or this week? Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 18:16, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'll think about it. No promises, but if I get out of a story-heavy bit of my game, it may be easier to leave. How about fortnite? But you'll need to send me a freind request. It's the usual username: L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:31, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Yeah it's alright, put your game first :] Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I think my time limit came in the middle of a (pausable) cinematic. After that, I guess a boss fight based on the character in it. I think you will like the game actually. It's very story-heavy, but you can skip/pause the cinematics. I don't recommend skipping them though. It's quite nice. Then there is auto-attacks... Ever played a combat game and your finger hurts from mashing "attack"? Not in this game. Only special attacks require a button press. It means that you can eat and play at the same time, even in boss fights. Quite a casual game (for a combat game at least) when you think about it. I wish more combat games were like that. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 11:40, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Sounds good! Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 16:29, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

But im already looking forward to buy splatoon3, maybe I will get it some other time Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 16:30, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Thats fine! When do you wanna play fortnite? Im just sorting out my team as I'm happy with the classes I've unlocked currently. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:54, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

I dont know, whenever you have time! Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 17:11, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Fucking hell. Can you wait 10 minutes? Fortnite is updating. Thanks. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:14, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Suree Einschlauesding (discuss • contribs) 17:36, 30 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2022/June

Vandalism
Please react. Thanks. Renvoy (discuss • contribs) 19:37, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Vandalism/ Trolling / Bad Username
User:Elliot Harkness Is Stupid is vandalizing and trolling. Also, no clue who Elliot Harkness is, (I think it's a personal attack, don't know who the attack is on, (apperantly it's from a book)) Could you please block him? Thanks! T.Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs 22:09, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
 * CheckUser evidence proves conclusively that the same person is operating both your account and Elloit Harkness Is Stupid. So, you've been blocked as well for vandalism, trolling and abusing multiple accounts. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 08:17, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

Repeated Copyvios
Hi! I've noticed that User:Saula1986 has been repeatedly pulling recipes wholesale from other websites and adding them to the cookbook with very few and sometimes no changes. Sometimes they will pull multiple different sources into one page, but they are still copied. I've flagged the most egregious examples as copyvios, but I would appreciate some help dealing with the situation. Thank you :) -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 14:56, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I am sorry about all that, it wont repeat itself Saula1986 (discuss • contribs) 17:48, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * do these problems still exist? I've been away. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:37, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

I've deleted:

Cookbook:Nigerian Fiofio Cookbook:Nigerian Efinrin Soup Cookbook:Nigerian Fura Da Nono Cookbook:Nigerian Gorigo Soup Cookbook:Nigerian Gurasa Bandashe Cookbook:Nigerian Ifokore Cookbook:Nigerian Ishapa Soup Cookbook:Nigerian Marugbo Soup Cookbook:Nigerian Miyan Zogale Cookbook:Nigerian Nni Oka Cookbook:Nigerian Ofe Akpu Cookbook:Nigerian Sapala Cookbook:Plantain Chips with Cayenne (Kelewele) Cookbook:Nigerian Wara

please do not create any further copyright violations. Do not copy text from sites with different licenses to our. Failure to comply may lead to loss of editing privileges. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:18, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you! -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 22:28, 15 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Fura Da Nono is another page which was previously deleted as a copyright violation. It has since been re-created but seems to be copyright free this time.--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 23:23, 15 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Now at Cookbook:Fura Da Nono (Milk and Kefir Porridge), it seems to be ok now, or at least https://copyvios.toolforge.org/ didn't pick up a problem. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:44, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi all! I've picked up and flagged additional copyright violations by User:Saula1986 using https://copyvios.toolforge.org/. Thanks! -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 21:51, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

I've further deleted:

 * Cookbook:Nigerian Pito
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Iresi Eyin
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Ishapa soup

You have been previously warned about the copy/pasting of text from incompatible sources, so I have decided to block you from contributing to the Cookbook for a week. Enough is enough. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:00, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I take full responsibility for my action, its my first time editing anything on a platform. I wontvsay ibwas nervous lr paranoid, i was just eager to contribute. I sincerely apologuze for any damages i may have caused. If it is nit too much to ask i will plead for a last chance nd if i do anything stupid please blick me permanently. Saula1986 (discuss • contribs) 09:18, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * it may be best for you may wait out your block, in a weeks time this will happen automatically; but please make sure you don't post any more copyvios. If you want to appeal to another admin, please follow the instructions that I have posted on your talk page, "You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below" to your talk page. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 22:07, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi again. I've flagged several more recent copyright violations, this time by User:Taoheedah and User:Favkinstin27. Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 21:50, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi can you please highlight evidence of copyright violation done. Every cookbook Articles created are my work,Uploading recipes in my very own understanding. And i believe wiki does go against you own view in creating an article
 * Best regards Favkinstin27 (discuss • contribs) 09:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello! I use the tool at https://copyvios.toolforge.org/ to check pages for copyright violations, as it highlights areas of high similarity. In this most recent case, the recent pages Cookbook:Afia Efere and Cookbook:Ukang Ukom (Plantain Porridge) have significant amounts of text that appear to have been directly copied and pasted from other sources. If you want to include this content, you must request permission from the copyright holders—otherwise it is a violation of Wikibooks policy. You have previously been warned on multiple occasions not to commit copyright violations. @Mrjulesd @Xania, I would appreciate some help resolving this situation. Thanks! -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 15:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

thanks for bringing these to our attention. I have deleted the following pages: -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 00:03, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Cookbook:Achi Soup by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Afia Efere by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Coleslaw by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Corn Porridge and Beans by User:Saula1986
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Egg Stew by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Mushroom Sauce by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Peppered Gizzards by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Rice Salad by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Roasted Yam by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Yam Balls (Ji Akpurakpu) by User:Taoheedah
 * Cookbook:Ukang Ukom (Plantain Porridge) by User:Favkinstin27

 * thank you for the notification. Didn't know it contains directly copied contents will work on that. Best regards Favkinstin27 (discuss • contribs) 09:00, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 13:50, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi
 * I just created a cookbook Article Nigerian plantain Omelette and it was published mistaken while i wasnt logged in. So i had to recreate it on my account. I want the admins to help delete the Cookbook articles Nigerian plantain Omelette and allow the plantain Omelette.
 * Thanks Favkinstin27 (discuss • contribs) 09:25, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @Mrjulesd @Xania @MarcGarver . It's happening again with Cookbook:Nigerian Mushroom Pepper Soup, Cookbook:Nigerian Coconut Curry Sauce, and Cookbook:Nigerian Goat Meat Pepper Soup, with https://copyvios.toolforge.org/ detecting multiple instances of verbatim copying. Favkinstin27 has now been warned multiple times, and I'm concerned that they have reviewer privileges and continue to do this. Help is appreciated, thanks. -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 21:05, 29 June 2022 (UTC)


text:
Guide to the Godot game engine/Debugging

The debugger dock
The debugger dock is the default and best way to debug. If a red circle is shown next to it, there is an error to read. If there is a yellow circle, you have a new warning to read.

When you open it, you have several tabs:

Debugger
This is the tab opened when a script error occurs. It is not shown for a fatal error, instead the game just crashes. In this case, see below.

It shows the "stack frames". This is a stack of function calls, allowing you to find the source of the error. This is invaluable. To the right of the stack frames show all the variables the script can access, and what they are set to. Above that is a few buttons:
 * Skip Breakpoints: stops the game being paused on breakpoints until this is repressed.
 * Copy Error: copy the error to your clipboard.
 * Step Into: runs the next expression. Enters indented blocks that it would enter anyway.
 * Step Over: runs the next expression. Skips indented blocks.
 * Break: pauses the game as if a breakpoint was used.
 * Continue: resumes the game.

Errors
Allows you to see every fatal and non-fatal error and warning that you encountered during the running game. There are a few buttons:
 * Clear: empties this list.
 * Expand All: expands every error to see more information.
 * Collapse All: collapses every error to see less information.

Each error may be pressed to go to the script and line the error came from. Double click it to expand or collapse. You can also click the arrow to expand/collapse. Expanding it shows the error and the code stack.

Profiler
This allows you to record function call count and how much frame time is used. It is priceless when optimizing your game, and can be used for debugging too.

To begin, you must press start. On the right, a chart will generate. Higher up lines means that something takes up a large amount of the game's processing. They should be optimised at some point, as much as possible.

To check what is slowing the game down the most, click in the chart in the area with a high peak, and scroll down the left. You will see how many seconds each function call costs, and how many times it was called. If you want a percentage, click on the  value, and choose.

The  has two values:
 * Inclusive: shows the frame time or percentage of all calls to a function
 * Self: shows the single largest frame time or percentage during a single call.

Network Profiler
This allows you to see how much internet is being used by each node. Both how much used in sending, and how much used in reciving.

Monitors
This allows you to check performance in a graph. Most useful options to show are:
 * Time:
 * FPS: Frames per second.
 * Process: The amount of time spent every idle frame.
 * Physics Process: The amount of time spent in the physics frame.
 * Memory:
 * Static: How much memory is used for unchanging things.
 * Dynamic: How much memory used is always changing or code being ran.
 * Static Max: The maximum static memory reached.
 * Dynamic Max: The maximum dynamic memory reached.
 * Msg Buf Max: The memory used by output, including errors and warnings.
 * Object
 * Objects: The total number of s there are.
 * Resources: The amount of s that exist.
 * Nodes: The number of Nodes that exist.
 * Orphan Nodes: The number of Nodes that are not inside the . In general, this should always be zero. Try to use resources or an object if it is intentional. Otherwise you should free it if possible, by calling  on that node when you are finished with it.

Video RAM
This allows you to see how many images are using up memory, and which ones.

Misc
This allows you to see the Control node last activated before the game closed, and its node path.

Script debugging
With the script editor open, press the "Debug" button at the top. It is close to "File" and "Search".

You have a few options explained above: Step into, step over, break and continue.

You also have two other options:
 * Keep Debugger Open: having a running game slows down the editor, so closing it is a must. But closing the game also closes the debugger. Check this option to keep it open when you close your game.
 * Debug With External Editor: allows you to use another editor to debug with.

Debug options
At the very top of the screen, press the "Debug" button. It appears near "Scene" and "Project". You have the following options:

 * Deploy with Remote Debug: when exporting, the resulting executable will attempt to connect with the computer to be debugged.
 * Small Deploy with Network FS: exporting produces a minimal executable. The file system is provided over the internet.
 * Visible Collision Shapes: whether or not to show collision shapes.
 * Visible Navigation: whether or not navigation meshes and polygons are visible in the running game.
 * Sync Scene Changes: if checked, changes to a scene is replicated to the running game.
 * Sync Script Changes: if checked, changes to a script will cause it to be reloaded in the running game.

Debugging editor plugins
The best way to debug an editor plugin is to keep an eye on the output dock. If that doesn't help, adding temporary calls can help you to see what is called and the values of variables.

Catching fatal errors
A fatal error is a crash that doesn't throw an error message. Its usually caused by an engine bug, and sometimes has nothing to do with your code. You can either try a different way of doing what the code was doing when it crashed, or report a bug report here. You may need to send a copy of the code that was running when it happened.

Note exactly what you were doing when it happened. Try to find out what code was running, and add breakpoints everywhere around that area. If it doesn't crash this time, remove the breakpoints again. If it still doesn't crash when playing, make certain you are doing exactly what you wrote down.

If you still can't reproduce the crash, assume it is not an issue you can fix, and is an editor bug. Consider sending a bug report. This may require giving a sample of the code used in the general area of where you think the issue is, and you may need to give the exact instructions of what you were doing. Consider also uploading any helpful log files.


text:
MATLAB Programming/File Name Types

There are many types of files that are used in MATLAB. These are some of the few of commonly used files used for MATLAB.

 .m

It consists a MATLAB script. This is a platform-independent file, so you can use the same scripts on whatever operating system (Windows, Linux,Mac) you’re working on at any time.

This file also allows you to create a script on one OS and share it with others, even when they use a different OS than you do. MATLAB script files are always written using the MATLAB language.

.mat

It consists of access to any data you saved on workspace.

To save this file, click the "Save Workspace" and to load the data click "Load Data"

 .slx

Contains a Simulink model.(Note that SIMULINK is different products from MATLAB)

Simulink is an add-on product for MATLAB that provides a block diagram environment for performing simulations.

 .fig

Provides access to any plots or other graphics you create. Keep in mind that the file contains all the information required to reconstruct the chart, but does not contain the graphic of chart itself.

This approach means that the chart's plot is accessible on any OS that MATLAB supports.

 .mlapp

A MATLAB application created using the MATLAB App Designer.

MATLAB application lets you share your code in a packaged form (like executable files) with other people, and you can create one without having much of programming experience

title: MATLAB Programming/File Name Types


text:
Minecraft/Cactus

Prickly, green plants that thrive in extreme heat.

Obtaining
Cacti are found in deserts and badlands.

Use
Cacti have value in simple traps. Placing a wall of them damage mobs that approach. Careful though, those spikes will hurt you and your pets as well.

They also destroy any item thrown onto it. Even diamonds!

Cacti need support, similar to sand, but instead of falling, they break, like sugar cane and bamboo.

title: Minecraft/Cactus


text:
Template:Minecraft/auto-farm

Automatic farming allows you to generate an endless supply of items without needing to interact with it in any way.

Place in an "Automatic farming" section

title: Template:Minecraft/auto-farm


text: User:Aismallard/sandbox

title: User:Aismallard/sandbox


text: User talk:75.142.128.7

title: User talk:75.142.128.7


text:
User talk:Metadigest

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 08:09, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Metadigest


text:
User:Hephaestix/Project Hephaistos

= Project Hephaistos =

Hḗphaistos was the Greek god of metalworking, craftsmen, artisans, and fire. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was cast off Mount Olympus and lived in exile underneath Mount Etna, later to return to Olympus. He is described as being lame as the result of a congenital impairment, but a craftsman who makes up for his impairment by devicing genial designs.

In this Book we will discuss in broad strokes the ideas and designs of "Project Hephaistos", an interstellar starship. Just like its namesake this ship will suffer from being lame and will have to make up for its slowness by utilizing all kinds of crafts.

Why should we reach for the stars?
A common question asked when pondering interstellar travel, is why try this in the first place? After all, there is no reasonable expectation of any kind of trade with distant colonies, a mission that under enormous costs at the very edge of our abilities would bring a handful of humans to another star system would not alleviate any population problems on earth, and all the resources committed to this singular project could surely be used back at home?

There are some arguments for a mission like it:
 * Survival of species-level extinction events
 * knowledge only obtainable by spreading throughout the galaxy
 * advancements in technologies necessary for this mission would benefit broader society

Limits of imagination
If we try to envision a realistic future mission to the stars we will always have to start with the technologies we currently have at our disposal. We might speculate about enhancing performance characteristics by some factor or to engineer proven principles on a much larger scale. However if we start speculating about technologies not even in its infancy yet we would soon enter the realm of fentasy. Let's have a look at three examples: Antimatter, Cryosleep, Alcubiere-Warpdrive.

For an interstellar mission the Alcubierre-Warpdrive looks most promising: afterall to warp spacetime around the ship would free us from the shackles of this peski speed limit of the universe, the ship could travel with any speed needed, without the inhabitants even feeling any acceleration. Some mathematical work has been done regarding the energy requirements and the possible solutions of the spacetime geometries, so why should we ignore this? The answer is simple: it would require negative energies, we don't even know if this is physically possible. No one has ever created a warp bubble nor is it even so much as a proven possibility.

The case for antimatter is slightly better. We do know it exists, we regularly produce it. We even have stored minuscule amounts of it. So surely it's only a matter of engineering to create a dedicated antimatter factory and drive concepts like "Antimatter Catalysed Fusion" (AimStar) to become possible? The ships would still be bound by the universal speed limit, but could come arbitrarily close to it? so why not a ship that cruises at 99% the speed of light?

There is no experimental evidence for any kind of successful reanimation after freezing a complex organism.

If we want to avoid just using magic fantasy technology we will have to limit ourselves to technologies that have a physically sound foundation, have already small-scale applications, and could conceivably be upscaled. Inherently this will lead to us missing quite a lot of interesting developments! in fact we will be in a situation like Jules Verne, using the steam-powered technology of his time to envision submarines and space travel in a near future while completly obvious of any advances in electric engineering, computation and nuclear physics. So any kind of space ship we will discuss on the basis of todays technology will necessarily turn out to be a kind of steam-punk contraption.

The challenge
"Space [...] is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist, but that's just peanuts to space." Douglas Adams

Size comparison (star=salt crystal, size of a galaxy, collision with andromeda),

Speed comparison (fastest man-made object),

Now if we are honest we have to admit none of those probes was explicitly build and launched to reach interstellar space. Their mission was to visit planets in our own solar system during the span of a few years, a mission they all very successfully performed. This begs the question, which kind of speed could we achieve if we wanted to?

So lets ponder which speed we could attain if we used the most powerful rocket that ver existed, NASAs Saturn V. But instead of using all its energy to lift thousands of tons from earth, lets start the journey with a fully tanked Rocket already in space.

To answer this kind of Questions, "How much speed can we obtain using a specific rocket" we will use a more than 100-year-old equation: The classical rocket equation, or ideal rocket equation It is credited to the Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky who independently derived it and published it in 1903, although it had been independently derived by several other scientists as well.

The maximum change of velocity of the vehicle, $$\Delta v$$ (with no external forces acting) is:

$$\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = I_\text{sp} g_0 \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f},$$ where:
 * $$v_\text{e} = I_\text{sp} g_0$$ is the effective exhaust velocity;
 * $$I_\text{sp}$$ is the specific impulse in dimension of time;
 * $$g_0$$ is standard gravity;
 * $$\ln$$ is the natural logarithm function;
 * $$m_0$$ is the initial total mass, including propellant, a.k.a. wet mass;
 * $$m_f$$ is the final total mass without propellant, a.k.a. dry mass.

Given the effective exhaust velocity determined by the rocket motor's design, the desired delta-v, and a given dry mass $$m_f$$, the equation can be solved for the required propellant mass $$m_0 - m_f$$: $$m_0 = m_f e^{\Delta v / v_\text{e}}.$$

The necessary wet mass grows exponentially with the desired delta-v.

what if we put a Sturn V in orbit, attach our most efficient engine, which speed can we reach?)

All that remains to do yo answer our question is to find the exhaust velocity, the dry and wet mass of each stage, and then plug these numbers into th equation:

Now of course since all stages are together at the beginning, we will have to add all the masses of all remaining stages for each of the engines. So when stage 1 begins its burn and throws hot exhaust gas with a velocity of 3 km/s behind the rocket, the wet mass of the whole rocket will be: 2813000 kg. When stage 1 ends, the remaining mass will be the dry-mass of stage 1 plus the total mass of the still remaining stages.

$$\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 3km/s \ln \frac{2813000kg}{736000kg} = 4.02 km/s$$ $$\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{599000kg}{49500kg} = 10.2 km/s$$ $$\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{119000kg}{13500kg} = 8.92 km/s $$

Combined, at the end of all three stages completely exhausted the empty last stage (with its payload) would have attained a speed of 23.14 km/s. Without any possibility to ever slowdown.

But of course we could do a bit better! After all, why should we use the less effective engine of the first stage, when we already have more effective ones. Infact we could use

Even if we use the best engine at hand, ignore all the problems associated with starting from the surface, construct a 10 times larger rocket then the largest one we have today, fuel it with the most efficient fuel - a one way trip to the nearest star would take ~ thousands (?) years.

How can we compare drives?
 * thrust
 * specific impulse

exhaust velocity - temperature

VASIMIR
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket

Oberth Effect
Oberth Effect

For example, as a vehicle falls toward periapsis in any orbit the velocity relative to the central body increases. Briefly burning the engine (an “impulsive burn”) prograde at periapsis increases the velocity by the same increment as at any other time ($$\Delta v$$). However, since the vehicle's kinetic energy is related to the square of its velocity, this increase in velocity has a non-linear effect on the vehicle's kinetic energy, leaving it with higher energy than if the burn were achieved at any other time.

Oberth calculation for a parabolic orbit
If an impulsive burn of Δv is performed at periapsis in a parabolic orbit, then the velocity at periapsis before the burn is equal to the escape velocity (Vesc), and the specific kinetic energy after the burn is: $$\begin{align} e_k &= \tfrac{1}{2} V^2 \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2} (V_\text{esc} + \Delta v )^2 \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2} V_\text{esc} ^ 2 + \Delta v V_\text{esc} + \tfrac{1}{2} \Delta v^2, \end{align}$$ where $$V = V_\text{esc} + \Delta v$$.

When the vehicle leaves the gravity field, the loss of specific kinetic energy is
 * $$\tfrac{1}{2} V_\text{esc}^2,$$

so it retains the energy
 * $$\Delta v V_\text{esc} + \tfrac{1}{2} \Delta v^2,$$

which is larger than the energy from a burn outside the gravitational field ($$\tfrac{1}{2} \Delta v^2$$) by
 * $$ \Delta v V_\text{esc}.$$

When the vehicle has left the gravity well, it is traveling at a speed
 * $$V = \Delta v \sqrt{1 + \frac{2 V_\text{esc}}{\Delta v}}.$$

For the case where the added impulse Δv is small compared to escape velocity, the 1 can be ignored, and the effective Δv of the impulsive burn can be seen to be multiplied by a factor of simply
 * $$\sqrt{\frac{2 V_\text{esc}}{\Delta v}}$$

and one gets
 * $$V$$ ≈ $$\sqrt .$$

Similar effects happen in closed and hyperbolic orbits.

Parabolic example
If the vehicle travels at velocity v at the start of a burn that changes the velocity by Δv, then the change in specific orbital energy (SOE) due to the new orbit is
 * $$v \,\Delta v + \tfrac{1}{2}(\Delta v)^2.$$

Once the spacecraft is far from the planet again, the SOE is entirely kinetic, since gravitational potential energy approaches zero. Therefore, the larger the v at the time of the burn, the greater the final kinetic energy, and the higher the final velocity.

The effect becomes more pronounced the closer to the central body, or more generally, the deeper in the gravitational field potential in which the burn occurs, since the velocity is higher there.

So if a spacecraft is on a parabolic flyby of Jupiter with a periapsis velocity of 50 km/s and performs a 5 km/s burn, it turns out that the final velocity change at great distance is 22.9 km/s, giving a multiplication of the burn by 4.58 times.

Gravity Assist / Gravitational Slingshot
Gravity Assist

examining the data of the above table shows with currently reachable technologies only nuclear pulse propulsion gives us the slightest chance of propelling anything over interstellar distance that has more mass than a dandelion seed and would arrive in less than a thousand years.

Is there a reasonable expectation that we can even buld any kind of technical system that stays functional for decades or even centuries?

Several Navies have Ships on active duty which are several decades old, albeit with regular and heavy refits.

On the other hand we already have several space probes active for decades which do remarkably well, usually is either the energy source, reaction mass or reaction wheels which limit the lifetime of these devices.

All in all the vacuum of space seems to be a remarkably well suited environment for longterm missions. Without the constant barrage of the elements technical systems have stayed functional for decades even if they had been build with mission duration of years in mind. It seems plausible to assume a system planned with a lifetime of centuries, placed in a vacuum, is well within our abilities. The main pitfall will be mechanical systems (actuators) and parts which are in contact with reactive chemicals, i.e. a breathable athomsphere, a.k.a. the habitable areas.

Drive
As the original Project Orion proposed, the main drive will be several thousand nuclear bombs.

Build as to be shaped charges, emitting most of their energy in two narrow cones towards and away from the pusher plate. The pusher plate itself is parabolic in shape. The thickness of the plate varies in such a way, that areas which will be hit by the most energetic particles are more massive, while further out the plate is less massiv. This should ensure an equal acceleration of the plate, without to much internal stresses.

Extending from the outer edge of the plate will be an magnetic nozzel to harness the energy of particles not within the plate radius.

To protect the plate from ablation before each blast the surface needs to be coated in an oil film.

All components hich can withstand considerable accerlerations, e.g. surplus material, nuclear charges, reactor, radiators will be placed directly behind the pusher plate and will encounter several g's of acceleration every few minutes.

The original Project Orion proposed a series of mechanical shock absorbers between the pusher plate and the remaining structures, instead our design will use an Eddy Current Break or a Linear Induction Motor. With each shockwave the pusher-assembly is rapidly accelerated forward. in the center of the assembly a 5km long keel is situated, in essence a large tower. This tower acts as the moving part of a linear induction motor. Around this keel is a circular node constructed. The node does not physically touch the keel, instead when the keel is rapidly pushed through the node is its momentum is gradually absorbed over the length of the keel. The recupperated energy is then used to move the node back to the fron of the Keel.

The node therefore encounters less strong accerleration forces and will serve as the central anchor point for the habitation areas.

Habitation
As we have seen in Chapter X it will be impossible to achieve flight times of less then several decades, on the other hand our ability to build (and test) systems with lifetimes of thousands of years is doubtfull.

A flight time of lower digits of centuries however seems feasable for the machine parts. Which leaves the crucial component: the human inhabitants.

It seems at the moment safe to assume that extended periods of weightlessness are diametral to human health, and even to plant life. Therefore any long-term habitation, not even to speak of multiple generations, requires artificial gravity.

The only possible way to create artificial gravity known to us is by acceleration. Indeed according to general relativity there is no discernable difference between a uniformly accelerated frame of reference, and a frame of reference in a gravitational field. However since we cannot accelerate the ship with any approachable fraction of g during the whole flight we will have to resort to the trick of using rotation. Since in a rotating container all objects are constantly forced to deviate from the straight lines they would naturally follow, they will constantly feel an acceleration, usually known as centripetal force.

For a given radius and a given rotation rate the centripetal force can be calculated using:

How much gravity is necessary? Natural deviation on earth is between x and y m/s², Astronauts on the lunar surface encountered z m/s². We have to rely on some speculation here, but it seems fairly safe to assume an artificial gravity of 80% g will be enough to remedy most harmful effects.

Population size
the lowest possible bound would be a population of 1 woman, birthing in each generation 1 child, at all times there would be 3 to 4 generations alive. This lowest bound gives zero margin for error, accidental death, inability of pregnancies and so on.

On the other hand by population genetics its estimated a population of 300 - 500 people could contain enough diversity to avoid inbreeding. However this bound can be lowered if we consider transporting banks of frozen sperm, eggs and embryos.

ZZZZ calculates in his paper a population size of 140.

An interesting approach would be to look at small isolated societies on earth to get an estimate on which number of peoples makes a sustainable population.

Jesides, Inuit, Rapa Nui,

To be on the safe side we propose a population of 300 with an average age distribution of...

Food production
A healthy human male needs 2500 calories a day, according to ZZZZ a healthy diet of mostly vegetables, supplemented with some poultry and eggs requires roughly 1 acre or 4050 m.

Our total population of 300 people would require therefore a minimum 1.22 km of land area. However, with vertical farming and hydroponics, some of the traditional farming areas could be substituted.

To create a surface with 80% gravity we will consider a stanford torus design, in essence a gigantic Ferris wheel whose constant rotation provides the centripetal force of gravity.

As a benchmark of possible torus measurements, we can look at current suspension bridges. The currently longest suspension bridge (by central span) is the Çanakkale Bridge of Turkey with a central span of roughly 2 km.

Engineering a "bridge" with a circumference of 6km suspended from a central node seems feasable.

With staying cables of 1 km length (radius), the habitat torus would have a circumference of 6.3 km. If each habitat ring has a width of 200m, the surface area of each ring would be 1.26 km^2. Employing 3 decks per ring, with a vertical distance of 40m would yield a total of 3.8 km^2., which is the same are of central park in New York. 4 such rings per ship would put the total living area at 15 km^2.

Oxygen regeneration
oxygen partial pressure

genetics of tibetians

Population Genetics

Psychological effects

BIOS-3

BIOSphere

Syd Mead Design Nichlas Benjamin Standford Torus

Size comparison: Aircraft Carrier, Suspension Bridge, Stanford Torus

Land area of Islands

Lo (sometimes wrongly spelled Loh) is an island in the Torres group of islands, in northern Vanuatu. The island is located 2.25 miles from the Toga Island As of 2009, the population of the island was 210. It had in 1979 a population of 84 people.

Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has a land area of 163.6 km2 and sustained a population of 3000-4000.

To sustain the caloric intake of a population of 90 people at least 200 acres or 0.8 km^2 are needed. High yield hydroponic and vertical farming not included.

One person breathes the oxygen production of around 8 trees.

Internal Layout
After discussing different problems and solutions in the prior sections, lets summarize:

 * The habitation area will be in rotating rings, with 1km radius and a width of 200m
 * Each ring will internally be divided in 3 or more decks, to maximize usable surface area
 * Agriculture will mostly be done in high intensity hydroponics areas, seperated from the larger habitation areas.
 * The ecology will be semi closed, i.e. some inevitable losses due to chemical reactions are anticipated and accounted for.
 * The ecology will resemble one of an isolated sweet water biome on earth, possibly like cloud forests on islands (canary islands, madagacar, new zealand)
 * The population will be ~100people per habitat ring, with a total of 3 to 4 rings.

If we lookmat artistic impressions of space habitats, like the stanford torus, the interior is usually depicted as a suburban environment or a recreational park with large water surfaces, single family homes, often bugalows, connected by small paths. Often a futuristic looking monorail is added.

This kind of suburban, low density areas are the least productive and the necessary infrastructure is spread out over a hughe area. Its is the most wastefull in terms of area footprint and typically relies on nearby cities to finance the necessary infrastructure.

Contrary to this depictions the population will be concentrated in a high density village of several apartmentblocks or multi-purpose buildings. This will allow a local population density of up to .... person per km^2, comparabe to (Monacco, Hongkong, New York).

This concentration will have multiple benefits:

The infrastructure for transportation, fresh water distribution and waste water extraction is much smaller and more efficient.

Safety anbd emergency measures can be concentrated around this highly populated area, e.g. special radiation shielding, emergency compartments with autonomous air supply, emergency generators. It will also allow to assemble emergency response teams in a timely manner, to equip them and coordinate them. Sports, entertainment and community services would also be provided in this village.

To allow fast access to all levels of the habitat, the town might stretch vertically over all levels inside a chamber of a hyperboloid shape (like cooling towers).

Because of the limited space transportation would not require any sophisticated systems, rather most transportation needs could be satisfied by using a low-tech solution like bicycles.

Large open water areas would also detract from the usable surface area, therefore at the deepest point of the central "vally" there might be a rather small creek for drainage of the surrounding areas.

Only at the depest point of the habitat ring, around and below the town, the central water reservoir might be accessible in the form of a series of ponds or a very small lake.

The ring volume will be divided by bulkheads into separable sections, these bulkheads may be open during normal operation to allow an unimpeded flow of material between sections but close automatically in the event of loss of electricity, decompression, or fire.

For aesthetic reasons thos section dividers could be designed like a rockface, although that's not necessary. The inner volume is therefore partitioned by a spiral, allowing to follow one path, crossing several bulkheads and thereby gradually climbing to upper levels.

To reinforce a sense of spaciousness it is important to make sure not every individuum will be able to traverse every possible path in a short time. Instead the pathways outside of the town and surrounding recreational areas should not follow a straight line, instead they should meander through the area and frequently branch out to allow different vistas. For the same reason the inner surface should not follow simply the curvature of the outside hull, instead two hill ranges should separate two outside vallays from the middle valley with creek. This way two or three path can be close to each other, without ever allowing a direct line of sight.

Depending on the layout it might also be possible to create hard-to-reach areas, islands, or areas surrounded by cliffs, to ensure that even after years some unvisited places retain an air of mystery.

Construction
To produce a viable biologically usiefull substrate (humus) out of the sterile and largely mineralic substances found in asteroids we need to setup an industrialzed version of the natural process of colonization. As a blueprint we can use the ecological activities on barren volcanic islands during the process of colonization.

inoculation with bacteria, fungi, algae folowed by moss and "flechten". Repeated introduction of plants acustomed to low naehrstoff grounds (sand, desert, mountains, salt marshes).

Fast growing plants capturing nitrogen and carbon. repeated tilling and keeping temperature, light intensity and humidity at optimum levels.

Filtering of heavy metals, charcoaling of plant material.

Due to the use of hydroponics and the introduction of small patches with higher fertility the remaining surface can still be covered with genuegsame plants used to low fertility grounds.

Dangers
Radiation

fire

pressure loss

collision

ecologic imbalance

forever chemicals

Sociology
While we do have buildings maintaining their structural integrity for hundreds of years, complex technical systems remaining functional after decades, and at least examples of semi-closed ecologies providing stability for millenia, we have to ask the question under which circumstances an isolated society can maintain stability and provide the skilled generations necessary for a success of the mission.

How much changes in a society over 200 years? - middle ages? - roman empire? - industrial revolution? - amish?

economics
Our modern societies are highly defined by the idea of division of labor. Work is broken down into smaller and smaller more and more specialist tasks which can be performed by specialists in a very productive manner. this division of labor permeates all factors of modern societies and allows high productivity. However in an environment with only a limited number of humans, such a division of labor is unfeasible. There will and must still be some degree of specialization, e.g. carpenter, surgeon, ecological engineer, it specialist, however the thought that of those 300 human beings some dedicate their whole working life to hair cutting, waiting tables or cleaning rooms or designing logos is ridiculous.

We can divide the areas of work roughly in 3 different sections - technological maintenance of ship-systems - maintenance of internal habitation systems (food production, ecology, light and air, housing, waste extraction) - human services (doctors, teachers, waiters, chefs, hairdressers, ...)

Possible solutions to get enough workforce for each sector: 1. mandatory public service, as is currently done in several nations for the military (e.g. draft). This can have different forms, either as a regular group activity done as part of the childcare and school system. We have examples in Kasachstan where students and schoolchildren are employed to help bring in the cotton. Even in western europe and the us the vacation times are historically timed to allow school children to help on the farm at the end of summer. To keep this example a regular activity for children and youth could be maintenance the ecology, basic plumbing, cleaning the light panels etc. as part of the curiculum. Expanding on this it is possible to mandate citizens to unpaid labor (firefighters, jury duty, draft) for either a set period (e.g. 1-2 years) or as a mandatory regular activity beside the normal dutis (e.g. every second week 4 hours, as military reserve). Especially needed is this for positions without a constant workload, e.g. physicians, fire fighters. Those would be parttime occupations with constant training and yet a

Instead of relying on a sufficient number of students to choose a vocation it is possible the reverse is true: the current specialists regularly searching for students ...

2. Another

Market forces and currency-based system?

Command economy?

AI / Expertsystems
in a limited population of a view hundred people its impossible to maintain indepth expert knowledge od less frequently used technologies and techniques. In a population of millions a piano builder can work fulltime and a surgion can specialize on knee operations. But in a minimized society where a knee operation isonly necessary once every ten years a lot of expertise will unvermeidlich fall out of the collective knowlege. This will be especially true for highly specialzed equipment build to withstand for centuries (e.g. fusion reactors, probes, ...).

It is not enough to just provide all blueprints as well as technical documentation as well as books with the knowldge. It is necessary to have an Actor who actively participates in discussions, gives outside perspective and draws attention to possible problems.

A sophisticates expertsystem loaded with the expertise and practical work experience of years and years of every engineer, mechanic, designer, biologist, sociologits, physician should be used for this.

Imagine that for each and every engineer working on a subproject like "pumpsystem of hydroponics", from the very beginning of training until their retirement automatically every problem, every question, and every tried solution (failed and sucessful) is automatically documented. From different engineers with different (often contradictory) strategies. Each students questions of a hundred students in a hundred ifferent studies, answered by dozends of different dozends...

Arrival
How to break a multi-million ton ship coasting at 0.1 light speed towards a foreign sun?

The breaking phase will itself take decades, utilizing solar sails and magnetic sails as well as repeated gravity assists in the last phase.

It might be beneficial to to use high risk, high g maneuvers for some equipment (e.g. mining and construction). If successfull the mining for resources can start years before the ship itself reaches its intended orbit. Depending on the sucess of the mining operation it could be possible to expel those resources and waste products which can easily be replaced (e.g. water) to minimize the ships mass.

mining operation
All mining operations will need to be highly automated and largely autonomous.

1. An object which spectroscopically has been identified as a worthwhile

2. An orbital mission, using gravimetric, spectroscopic and LIDAR information to create a complete map of the surface down to cm resolution.

3. A second orbital mission, which uses sun light to generate power, which in turn can be beamed via microwave to the surface installation/.

4. A "Phage" will land on a suitable area of the surface and anchor itself. The "phage" contains the microwave receivers for energy generation, communication equipment, construction material and machines for pre-processing.

5. Most importantly the Phage will contain a large set of robots, each falling into one of several categories of specialization:

 * "Scouts", analyzing material and reporting chemical composition
 * "Grinder", deconstructing material and preparing for transportation
 * "transporter", moving material from grinders back to the phage for processing
 * "builder", using extruders to stabilize pathways
 * "maintainers", maintaining and deactivating damaged robots.

6. These robots will follow a rather simple set of instructions, relying on emergent behavior to fullfill their collective goal as a swarm. The controlling instance of the phage only relays general guidelines, e.g. priority of material to harvest, without detailed control over individual robots. 7. A steady stream of ore of specified composition will arrive at the phage, there this ore might be preprocessed in a very limited way, compressed and sintered into blocks of standardized weight and composition and finally ejected into space using the phages catapult. 8. Once in space the ejected blocks are collected and transported to the actual processing and refinery station.

The phage will be occasionally replenished with raw material for the extruders as well as replacement robots.

It shpould be noted that this operation is not a von-Neumann swarm, neither Phage nor Robots are self replicating or even able to spread beyond the celestial body they are placed upon. Furthermore without energy and pre-processed material from the outside this artifical ant heap would loose its ability to function in a very short time.

However, as long as energy and some basic building blocks are provided an automated facility like this should be able to begin and retain operations for years without human intervention.

This will allow the placement of several phages on different bodies of diverse composition (dirty snowball, heap of rubble, chondritic asteroids) long ahead of he arrival of the main ship. This way a large amount of pre-refined rawmaterial will be already accessible when the ship enters the system.

Expansion
A very first step upon arrival, will be deployment of a successive stream of probes, beginning with very high speed fly-by probes, traversing the system at 0.1c in a few days, down to probes using a series of gravity assists and possibly high-g aerobreaking to allow orbital insertion. These probes would arrive years ahead of the main ship. Combined with the information from on-board telescopes the colonists will have considerable information about features and composition of most bodies in the target system.

The main ship will most likely opt to stay afr away from any specific body to protect against interplanetary debris. However highest priority would be to replenish all material lost during the voyage.

first steps
On the way towards realisation of Project Hephaistos we will have to build up a space based economy first and get experience in constrction projects on the kilometer scale lasting decades. To achieve industrialization of our solarsystem we will need to start with the semi-autonomous ressource extraction and refining processes as described in chapter X.

The necessary advancements in robotics, AI and cooperative swarms will be of use independend of space exploration

Relevant current project proposals:

Followed by construction of medium sized habitats (Kampala) up to kilometer sized ecologies of the stanford torus design. This will require.... advancements in metallurgy, automated welding, ecology control...

The expert systems as described in chapter X can be developed right now and would prove useful in any isolated region or to provide high quality education at low costs. A statesponsored program should be started to .... special grants to teaching institutions and industry for allowing constant audio-visual surveillance during whole academic careers.

title: User:Hephaestix/Project Hephaistos


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User:Midzeiss

A beginner in Wiki and related internet/computer worlds.

title: User:Midzeiss


text: Category:Book:Shogi

title: Category:Book:Shogi


text:
Template:Minecraft

Minecraft

Blocks | Items | Mobs

Structures

Miscellaneous

Guides

title: Template:Minecraft


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Artificial Intelligence/Knowledge Representation/Semantic Networks

A semantic network is a knowledge structure that depicts how concepts are related to one another and illustrates how they interconnect. Semantic networks use artificial intelligence (AI) programming to mine data, connect concepts and call attention to relationships. In business, this capability can make customer service more effective by providing better product search functionality. It can also help marketing and sales departments be more accurate when targeting new prospects.

While semantic networks are largely working in the background of business processes and not directly affecting workers' daily lives, they can enhance a variety of industries, including sales, marketing, retail and healthcare.

New technologies like Microsoft Office Graph use semantic networking to bring related concepts together in the workplace. It can, for example, use a worker's email to gather relevant documents for a meeting, connect the worker with employees who have helpful knowledge and even gather third-party data.


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Cookbook:Snickerdoodles

Snickerdoodles are a variety of sugar cookie rolled in a mixture of cinnamon and sugar before baking. The precise origins of the cookie and its name are contested, although it seems to have emerged in cookbooks in the eastern United States around the 19th century.

Recipes

 * Snickerdoodles I
 * Snickerdoodles II
 * Snickerdoodles III
 * Snickerdoodles IV
 * Snickerdoodles (Idaho Daily Statesman)
 * Snickerdoodles (Boston Globe)

title: Cookbook:Snickerdoodles


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User:333AJrh

Unknown Guy AJ

title: User:333AJrh


text: Module:Minecraft/Mob/doc

title: Module:Minecraft/Mob/doc


text: Template:Minecraft/stub

title: Template:Minecraft/stub