text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Basque

What writing system(s) does this language use?
The Basque language is written using the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letter Ñ, which also occurs in Spanish, for 27 letters total. The letters C, Q, V, W and Y are not normally used in Basque - they are typically used for words Basque has borrowed from other languages.

You may also see the letters Ç and Ü in written Basque. These letters are variants of C and U.

How many people speak this language?
Basque is the native language of around 750,000 people. of these, round 700,000 live in Spain, and the remaining 50,000 in France.

Where is this language spoken?
Basque is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in Europe which sits in the Pyrenees Mountains, on the border between Spain and France. In the Spanish portion, Basque is one of the two official languages alongside Spanish, whilst in the French portion it has no official status.

What is the history of this language?
Basque is a very unique language because it is a language isolate! This means it is not related to any other living language in the world!

This is because Basque is a very old language. We do not know where exactly it came from, but it's believed that long ago, before any of the languages spoken today had arrived, Basque was part of a family of ancient languages spoken in western Europe. When the Roman arrived in the area in the second century BC, they began to assimilate the local peoples into Roman culture, making them abandon their local languages in favour of Latin. However, Roman rule in the Basque Country was not consolidated until much later, and so Basque was able to avoid this assimilation, but all of its living relatives were left extinct.

Despite this, Basque did take in a large number of loanwords from its neighbouring languages - first from Latin, and then from French and Spanish. The voyages of Basque explorers in the 16th century spread the language overseas, where it influenced the local dialects of Spanish. Today, around 40% of Basque vocabulary consists of loanwords.

However, Basque was never an official language of medieval Spain or France, meaning it was difficult for Basque people to survive on just Basque as things like official documents or government announcements were not give in the language.

In 1939 a man named Francisco Franco took power in Spain, instituting in a dictatorship. Franco wanted to turn Spain into a country where only Spanish was spoken, and so he placed a ban on the Basque language, meaning people were legally forbidden from speaking it, and faced fines if they did. It was forbidden to teach Basque in schools, newborn babies could not be named with Basque names, and books could not be published in the Basque language. This caused the number of Basque speakers to decline.

The ban on Basque was lifted in 1968, seven years before Franco's death, and a standardised form of the language was created the same year. Measures were introduced to revive the Basque language and reverse the damage the ban inflicted, which have been successful so far.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
Most Basque literature is fairly recent by historical standards - he earliest being dated from the 16th century. No Basque poets or authors have ever really achieved fame,

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Basque


text:
Minecraft resource gathering/Ice

Ice occurs naturally in frozen biomes. It is automatically formed in these biomes when water freezes. To collect it, a pickaxe enchanted with Silk Touch is required. Mining it with any other tool will drop nothing and turn the ice into water. Any tier of pickaxe can be used, as long as it has the Silk Touch enchant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minecraft resource gathering/Ice


text:
User:ProtonLong

You sense a feeling of dread,

title: User:ProtonLong


text:
Tyap/Articles

Tyap has no Indefinite articles like in English or German, but has Definite articles or Classifiers.

Indefinite articles
Indefinite articles are often unnecessary in normal speech, hence, absent in Tyap. But when being specific about the quantity of the noun, a number is used (usually placed after the noun).

 * E.g.,

 * A big tree. = A̱gba̱ndang a̱kwon.
 * One big tree. = A̱gba̱ndang a̱kwon a̱nyiung.
 * where: a̱gba̱ndang = big, great; a̱kwon = tree; a̱nyiung = one

Definite articles
Tyap has six definite articles or classifiers. Two (ka & wu) are primarily used for singular nouns and adjectives, two (hu & ji) for both singular and plurals and the other two (ba & na) for plural nouns. All nouns and adjectives in Tyap fall under one of these six, so do their corresponding pronouns.

When placed under categories, we would have three categories.

 * Category A (Ka & Wu)
 * KA: Words here are mainly used for younger humans, some animals, few non-concrete nouns and adjectives and plants.
 * Examples of words: a̱baai (knife), a̱bakeang (village), a̱banggwon (baby), a̱bwu (dog), a̱byin (land, country), a̱fwuop (link, meeting point, joint), a̱keang (human settlement, town), a̱kwi (cat), a̱kwon (tree), a̱nu (mouth), a̱pyia̱ (head), a̱sham (beautiful), a̱ta (bow), a̱ta̱nyeang (devil), a̱tuk (day - of 24 hours), a̱tyin (stem), nggwon (child), nggwoneam (girl), nggwoseam (boy)
 * - A̱baai ka = The knife
 * - A̱baai kani = This knife
 * - A̱baai a̱kya = That knife
 * - A̱baai keniaau = That knife over there

 * WU: Words here are mainly used for matured humans, some animals, and most non concrete nouns and adjectives.
 * Examples of words: a̱bwuon (fool), a̱gwak (expert, professional), a̱gwam (king, chief), A̱gwaza (God), a̱kwak a̱son (leader), a̱niet (person), a̱som (hare, rabbit), a̱toot (cloth), a̱tang (thief), a̱tyia̱ (father), a̱tyok (man), a̱tyoli (husband, master, mister), a̱tyu (person), a̱tyubishyi (human being), a̱yang (mother), a̱yin (person)
 * - A̱bwuon wu = The fool
 * - A̱bwuon wuni = This fool
 * - A̱bwuon a̱wa = That fool
 * - A̱bwuon wunia̱u = That fool over there

 * Category B (Hu & Ji)
 * HU: Words here are mainly used for objects, plants, rarely humans; in general, most words beginning with b, f, g, h, k, l, m, p, v some words beginning with c, d, jhy, n, s, t.
 * Examples of words (singular): beang (help), bwak (hand), fi̱ng (young), fwuo (mind, neck), gak (boundary), hyet (arrow), kan (medication), kwon (vegetable), kyang (thing, property), li (to see), lang (line), mam (sun, 12-hour day), nam (meat, flesh, muscle), nyeang (marriage), pyia̱ (hair), tak (leg), vam (body), vak (road), wa (cavity), yak (grains, cereals)
 * - Vak hu = The road
 * - Vak huni = This road
 * - Vak a̱hwa = That road
 * - Vak hunia̱u = That road over there

 * Examples of words (plural): bibyin (lands, countries, territories), li̱la̱n (pots), lyilyia̱ (years, livers), lyulyoot (names)
 * - Lyulyoot hu = The names
 * - Lyulyoot huni = These names
 * - Lyulyoot a̱hwa = Those names
 * - Lyulyoot hunia̱u = Those names over there

 * JI: Words here are mainly used for almost all words beginning with z, ts, j, and some words beginning with b, c, d, j, ny, s; all languages; most loaned words in Tyap especially those from Hausa.
 * Examples of words (singular): byia̱k (bridge, support), bying (faeces), cyuo (leopard, panther), dyang (waist), ja̱m (weed), jem (hippopotamus), jen (time), jet (cricket), khwap (loan), Kpat (Hausa), nyam (animal), Shong (English, any European language), song (dance), sop (forest), shan (stick), shisham (beauty), tyan (station, location, point, spot; to quote, quotation), Tyap (Tyap), tsaai (horse), tsok (mountain), tswa (spirit, nut), za (rain), zat (buffalo), zon (goat), zonseap (sheep), zwuom (elephant)
 * - Jen ji = The time
 * - Jen jini = This time
 * - Jen a̱ja = That time
 * - Jen jinia̱u = That time over there

 * Examples of words (plural): cyuí (rats, mice), jét (cricets), nyám (animals), shán (sticks), tityan (points, stations, spots, locations; quotations), tsaaí (horses), tsutsok (mountains), zát (buffaloes), zón (goats), zwát (moons, months)
 * - Zwát ji = The months
 * - Zwát jini = These months
 * - Zwát a̱ja = Those months
 * - Zwát jinia̱u = Those months over there

 * Category C (Ba & Na)
 * BA: Words here are mainly used for plural living things, especially those with singulars in the "WU Category" and a few in the "KA & HU Category".
 * Examples of words: á̱ga̱fi̱p (plants, shrubs), a̱ghyi (eyes), á̱ghyi (face), á̱kyuo (wives), á̱nap (females), á̱niet (people), a̱nyiuk (women), á̱sam (males), a̱ti̱tak (legs), á̱tuk (days - of 24 hours), á̱tyok (men), a̱yaasom (hares), a̱yaatyia̱ (fathers), a̱yaatyoli (masters, lords, husbands), a̱yaayang (mothers)
 * - Á̱niet ba = The people
 * - Á̱niet bani = These people
 * - Á̱niet a̱bya = Those people
 * - Á̱niet bania̱u = Those people over there

 * NA: Words here are mainly used for plural of non-living things and some living things, especially those with singulars in the "KA Category" and "HU Category.
 * Examples of words: a̱ka̱neam (girls), a̱ka̱khwon (axes), a̱ka̱kwon (trees), a̱ka̱laa (lies), a̱ka̱ta (bows), a̱ka̱tung (meetings, gatherings, assemblies), a̱ki̱kan (medications), mbwak (hands), mkpa (pestles), mmam (days - of 12 hours), mman (children), ndang (lines), ndyia̱ (years, livers), nkyang (things, properties), nla̱mba (numbers), ntangka̱i (types), nvak (roads), nvam (bodies)
 * - Nkyang na = The things
 * - Nkyang nani = These things
 * - Nkyang a̱nia = Those things
 * - Nkyang nania̱u = Those things over there

<>

title: Tyap/Articles


text:
User talk:50.227.85.54

--Xania   talk 12:43, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:50.227.85.54


text:
Minecraft resource gathering/Snow

Snow occurs naturally in frozen biomes, and forms from snowfall in cold and frozen biomes. A shovel is required to collect snowballs, and Silk Touch is required for snow blocks. You can craft snow blocks using 4 snow balls.

Snow Golems produce snow wherever they walk, as long as they are in cold, frozen, or neutral biomes. If you are near a river, then you can build a Snow Golem inside an enclosed space, and continuously shovel the snow out from under the golem.

title: Minecraft resource gathering/Snow


text:
Minecraft resource gathering/Obsidian

Obsidian is a block formed by flowing water coming into contact with lava. It can only be mined with a diamond or netherite pickaxe, and cannot be blown up by TNT.

Overworld
Obsidian occurs naturally in caves and ravines, when a waterfall comes into contact with lava. The player can create obsidian by pouring a bucket of water over the lava.

Obsidian generates as part of ruined portals, woodland mansions, and sometimes ocean ruins. It is also found in the chest loot for ruined portals and village weaponsmiths.

Obsidian is created when a player opens a nether portal from the Nether.

Nether
Obsidian generates as part of ruined portals, and in the chest loot for ruined portals, bastion remnants, and Nether fortresses.

Obsidian is created when a player opens a nether portal from the Overworld.

Piglins have a chance of bartering obsidian when given gold.

End
Obsidian generates as part of the pillars on the main End island, and in End cities.

Obsidian is created as part of the platform that generates when a player enters the End.

Usage
Obsidian has three main uses:
 * Explosion-proof structures
 * Nether portals
 * Enchanting tables

title: Minecraft resource gathering/Obsidian


text:
Minecraft resource gathering/Nether Wart

Nether wart naturally generates in nether fortresses. It requires soul sand to grow.


text:
User talk:50.86.120.58

--Xania   talk 03:05, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:50.86.120.58


text:
User talk:65.51.224.98

--Xania   talk 03:19, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.51.224.98


text:
User talk:Asgdf112

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 03:23, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asgdf112


text:
User talk:Kassandrafernandez3

Humanism: The Teaching Philosophy
Humanist is the educators who see learning at the human potential. The growth and development of humans will never stop. Humanists focus on how to teach the student how to change the world for the better.

I 100% agree that this philosophy matches mine extremely well. I believe the world can never stop growing to become better. The first step to that is to teach our future leaders that the world is always growing. Being a Humanist will encourage me to teach my students that we all make mistakes. The only thing we can do after that is to learn and become better from that mistake.

A teaching strategy that Humanist use a lot is hand-in-hand learning. This lets the student focus on intellect and feelings. Learning and developing boh will help us learn more about ourselves and the world.

title: User talk:Kassandrafernandez3


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2022/February

Template:Falsepositive
Since this template needs to be subst'ed,  should be changed to. Thanks in advance. NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh (discuss • contribs) 03:35, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, are you sure this is necessary? The template seems to work fine if substituted on Edit filter/False positives. If you want propose a change, create Template:Falsepositive/sandbox for testing, and then ask me to copy it over. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:35, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It does work, but as seen in Special:Diff/4029144/4030497, my edit left an  on the report page.   is a conditional parser funtion and should be subst'ed along with the template. NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh (discuss • contribs) 14:32, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ thanks for explaining that. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:45, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Trolling by Tgregtregretgtr
Does anyone have any comments if I block ? Their trolling continues, despite having been warned by Atcovi.

 * Vandalism on multiple wikis by their IP Special:Contributions/96.18.219.55 self-admitted as theirs at Special:Diff/4023418. Include w:User:96.18.219.55, and many others, see
 * Repeating welcome templates with "Do not vandalize" addition, targeting Gifnk dlm 2020?
 * Three ridiculous proposals at Reading_room/Proposals, including by their IP: "Amend Wikibooks:Strategy guides", "Not allow users to decline permission nominations.", "Revive Wikibooks:Arbitration as a policy.".
 * Trolling messages to retired users Special:Diff/4031077
 * Unauthorized editing of policy pages: Profanity
 * Trolling of Koavf, suggesting he be blocked Special:Diff/4025509 while also suggesting an RfA Special:Diff/4025498.
 * Fake editing stats at User:Tgregtregretgtr, and loads of nonsensical userspace edits.
 * Inappropriate closures at Special:Diff/4031068
 * Inappropriate template edits at Special:Diff/4028063
 * Trolling Gifnk dlm 2020, by putting them through an embarrassing RfA despite them declining the invitation Special:DIff/4024161. Also their IP has targeted their work with deletion requests.
 * Also see their talk pages: User talk:Tgregtregretgtr and User talk:96.18.219.55

I could go on, but I think you have the idea by now. Most of this is "low grade" trolling, but there is so much of it it becomes "high grade" imo. All of this suggests a possible LTA, especially when you consider their IP cross-wiki disruptive editing. Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:43, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * My opinion: The fake editing stats are a meme, y'know the OVER 9000!!!! one. Trolling of Koavf: I thought that was ban evasion. I am also taking a break from editing anything but mainspace. Also the inaproprate clousers were because MediaWiki does not allow you to delete contribs pages, so I closed what I thought was a impossible deletion.T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 17:29, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support block - Unfortunately this is becoming tiresome for me to deal with. I cannot speak for the community, but it is frustrating to focus my energy on this user's edits and unnecessary questions rather than on Wikibooks content. I was tempted to block the user much earlier as I believed this was simply another troll, but I wanted to see if T. was going to improve in regards to the way he communicates with other users and contributes towards our wiki. To answer that, I haven't seen any improvement and despite being given advice, it seems that T. disregards them. As a community, we shouldn't be tolerating such behavior and I believe this has gone on for too long. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:41, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Block clearly not hear to contribute positively--Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 17:57, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * You misspelled here. Just making sure you know. T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 17:59, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I’m not mad on the user for the RFAs. Also there are positive contributions mainly in the book Minecraft resource gathering. If only the user could focus most of his/her energy on such contributions. Also, I don’t think that having a meme user page that is also a mess is a reason to ban the user. Some legitimate concerns were raised so, please focus more of your energy on improving the wiki. -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 20:55, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not suggesting a block solely for their user page, but for the sum total of their various attempts at trolling. Also their IP has been causing disruption across Wikimedia wikis, which should be taken into account into pointing to bad faith and ugly editing. I understand that they've done some good work, but their trolling of users (yourself include, but also Koavf and Panic2k4), and indeed the whole community, is gravely concerning, as it could poison and demotivate the entire community if not stopped.. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:06, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I will try to stop. Sorry. I also want to empthiaze "If not stopped." I will try my hardest to stop so I do not get blocked... BTW, there is a thing called a Shared IP. Just wanted to let you know. If this is incivil leave a message at my talk page. T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * For the record, I've advised T. in the past to keep their contributions towards content-creating in the past. But alas it doesn't seem like that advice was listened to. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:47, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

 * , above you have said "I am also taking a break from editing anything but mainspace". My question to you is, would you be prepared to restrict your editing to high quality edits in mainspace, unless it is absolutely necessary to edit otherwise? And understand that any deviation from this could result in a block? You could also include mainspace talk, and your userspace and talk, as also being fine to edit. Jules  (Mrjulesd) 10:00, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I will add those spaces, as well as other active user's talk pages and some welcoming. Also, please full-protect Wikijunior. T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 17:51, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * No don't do any welcoming! And no messaging unless it is absolutely necessary. And this is my final offer. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:02, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok. I'll take this offer.T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 18:05, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

144.121.246.250
Please block user Special:contribs/144.121.246.250, vandalism after previous block.  Stang  17:09, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Already globally blocked until 14 May 2022 . -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 21:32, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I've blocked for a week. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 21:37, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

107.119.69.23
This IP has been post on my talk page over several wiki projects (Wikipedia, WikiQuote, Wikimedia, etc.) asking me to make edits for them on the Horror film article (which is blocked to IPs until June of this year because of these edits). Could they be blocked and could my talk page here be blocked/deleted so I don't get emails/messages fromthem? Thanks. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 23:16, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Same with the user name User:ChanWasonasong. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 23:51, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I've blocked the IPs for sock-puppetry. I've warned the user to not post on your page, if they continue please re-report. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 00:01, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * , hey hey. They have already returned. This is a common thing that's been going on for months. I have no fear that they will return. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 03:42, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * They've continued, so I've blocked their account. However, there is nothing I can do about their cross-wiki harassment, as I only hold local privileges. I suggest you take it up at SRG if it continues elsewhere. But notify us if they have any more local socks. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 07:24, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'll look into that. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 17:08, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you're aware of this, but you seem to be target of a particularly prolific sockmaster named w:User:Jinnifer. It seems that they've been at this for years, with a large sock-farm. You might be best off going to Steward requests/Checkuser specifying that they now seem to be involved in cross-wiki stuff after en.wp, maybe they could provide a global lock of their active sock accounts and global blocks of relevant IPs. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:28, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * , yes I'm unfortunately very aware. We've discussed global blocks for the user but apparently doing so would block out most internet users who use AT&T or something to that effect. It's a real game of "revert and ignore" for now, but this person does not give up and sometimes I can barely understand what they are trying to get at. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * just curious, but have they done much cross-wiki stuff in the past? I know they've done a lot of local stuff at en.wikipedia. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:45, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * quite a bit. I've been approached on the talk page of English Wikipedia here, Simple English under multiple accounts here, (one of which they stated they would commit suicide on their own talk page here), Wikipedia Commons here, WikiQuote here, WikiNews here. They've also been on some international Wikisites, which is especially frustrating as I don't know exactly where to go on those to report for cross-wiki vandalism. Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 21:11, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * , hey hey. The user is back under the IP 107.119.69.61 . Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 19:40, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

I've range-blocked their habitual range, see Special:Contributions/107.119.69.0/24. I'm aware they use other ranges too, but it should provide some respite. Your user talk page has also been protected from IPs until 22 March 2022. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:09, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much! :) Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 23 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Rust for the Novice Programmer/CSV Program

Making a Simple CSV Analysis Program
In this program, we will learn more about traits, including generics and become more comfortable with programming ideas like collections.

What is CSV?
CSV or comma separated values is a very simple file format for storing data in a file. Essentially as the name suggests it is just values separated with commas. Each line indicates a new set of values. The first line is headers, indicating what each value means. Here's an example to make it clearer:

Let's say we wanted to store video game characters' stats, we could use something like this: ID,Attack,Defense,Health,Speed 1,10,20,25,5 2,30,10,10,30 3,40,40,10,10 4,10,40,50,5

Thus we would have 4 characters, our first character would have id: 1, attack: 10, defense: 20, health: 25, speed: 5. Our second character would have id: 2, attack: 30, defense: 10, health: 10, speed: 30. etc.

Program specifications:

 * Will parse CSV values from a file and print out some stats about them
 * Will feature simple methods for reading new records
 * Will feature simple methods for writing new records

Next: Setting up a CSV file and basic parsing


text:
User talk:2603:6011:E541:8023:7840:ADDD:BEC4:11A4

--Xania   talk 10:24, 25 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:112.210.225.82

--Xania   talk 11:38, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:112.210.225.82


text:
User talk:Rich Farmbrough

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Rich Farmbrough!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:43, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Reviewer
Hi there

Apologies about my confusion, but I have now made you a reviewer. At first I made you a reviewer by mistake. I reversed this and made you an autoreviewer, but then realized you should have been made a reviewer a long time ago, but for whatever reasons the software had not autopromoted you!

See Reviewers for your increased abilities. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:58, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Rich Farmbrough, 11:25 4 April 2022 (GMT).

title: User talk:Rich Farmbrough


text: Category:Book:Rust for the Novice Programmer


text:
User talk:49.144.197.17

--Xania   talk 14:50, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:49.144.197.17


text: Konkani/Family relations

title: Konkani/Family relations


text:
Biblical Studies/Christianity/Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism

P'ent'ay (from Ge'ez: ጴንጤ), also known as Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism, is a term for Evangelical Christians and other Eastern/Oriental-oriented Protestants within Ethiopia and Eritrea, and the Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora abroad. Prominent movements among them have been Pentecostalism, the Baptist tradition, Lutheranism, and the Mennonite-Anabaptist tradition. The denominations and organizations in Ethiopian and Eritrean societies are also collectively known as Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism, the Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelical Church,   or Wenigēlawī (from Ge'ez: ወንጌላዊ) which directly translates to “Evangelical.” [Article: Biblical Studies/Christianity/Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism].

Etymology
The term is originally an Amharic–Tigrinya language term, which was coined in the late 1960s and was used as a pejorative for churches that believed in the Pentecostal experience and spiritual gifts of the Holy Spirit, used to describe local Protestant Christians who are not members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches (collectively known as the Orthodox Tewahedo).

The term P'ent'ay is a shortening of the word "Pentecostal"; however, it is widely used when referring to all Protestant Christians but especially Evangelical Protestants whether they are actually Pentecostal by denomination or not. Some Oriental Orthodox will also apply the term to the small Catholic population of Ethiopia and Eritrea (but this is rare).

The equivalent rendition in many other languages is "Evangelical"; the term Wenigēlawī means "Evangelical" and has been used alongside P'ent'ay. Many of these groups describe their religious practices as culturally Eastern Christian, but Protestant Evangelical by doctrine.

History
For the most part, Ethiopian and Eritrean Protestants state that their form of Christianity is both the reformation of the current Orthodox Tewahedo churches as well as the restoration of it to the original Ethiopian Christianity. They believe Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity was paganized after the 960s, during the reign of queen Gudit, who destroyed and burned most of the church's possessions and scriptures. They claim those events have led to the gradual paganization of the Oriental Orthodox Churches which they say is now merely dominated by rituals, hearsay and fables. P'ent'ay Christians use the alleged "secularized teaching" of the current Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, the alleged inability of most Orthodox followers to live according to the instructions of the Bible and the deuterocanonical books used by rural priests, as a proof to their belief in the Orthodox Tewahedo teaching is also mainly syncretized. P'ent'ay Christians use the history of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity prior to the 1960s as their own history, despite lacking historical continuity.

Protestantism among Ethiopians and Eritreans is largely the result of North American and European Protestant missionary work among youth who left the Orthodox Tewahedo churches because of theological differences, and later fanned by persecution against them. P'ent'ay Christians schismed from the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, other branches of Christianity, or converted from other religions with the aid of Protestant missionaries to reform Ethiopian Christianity and Eritrean Christianity from what they perceived as doctrinal–theological diversions. Since the creation of P'ent'ay churches and organisations.

It was only during the early 20th century that American, Canadian, and European missionaries spread Protestantism with Mennonite, Pentecostal, and Baptist (namely but not exclusively the Converge - Baptist denomination, the Baptist General Conference of Canada, among other Baptist) churches through the Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) which led to the formation of the Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church. The partial Baptist influence or origin of the Kale Heywet Church is more related to the Radical Pietist Swedish Baptists that emerged out of Lutheranism rather than the more well known English Baptists of English Dissenter origin that emerged out of Anglicanism and are most familiar to a majority of Americans. When the SIM continued its movement after a brief ban during Ethiopia's war with Italy, it is written that the missionaries were taken aback by the fruits of their initial mission. Peter Heyling, a German Lutheran was the first Protestant missionary in Ethiopia, and is regarded as one of the influential founding fathers of the Lutheran (later to become Eastern Lutheran) denomination Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus alongside Ethiopian-Eritrean Lutheran theologians Gudina Tumsa and Emmanuel Abraham, as well as Swedish Lutheran Missionaries, American Presbyterian missionary (turned naturalized Ethiopian citizen) Thomas Lambie of the United Presbyterian Church and other Presbyterian missionaries (specifically for the Presbyterian/Reformed section of the Lutheran denomination). Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus has a large  Pietistic Lutheran, theologically conservative Confessional Lutheran, and Holistic theology-variant Liberation theology following. Protestantism has had a presence in Eritrea for over 150 years much of which started when the Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) of the Church of Sweden first sent missionaries to preach to the Kunama people in 1866. Between the late-19th and late-20th centuries, the SEM undertook the task of translating the Bible into various Eritrean languages and influenced churches like the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea. The Eastern Mennonite Missions (USA and Canada) also played a role in spreading Mennonite Anabaptism which helped establish the Meserete Kristos Church. In 1951, Anna-Liisa and Sanfrid Mattson traveled from Finland (Finnish Pentecostalism) to Ethiopia and established a Pentecostal mission in Addis Ababa, the country's capital. In 1960, a mission was created in Awasa by the Philadelphia Church Mission of the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. Pentecostalism, during the 1960s, attracted many students, and the movement grew enough that the Full Gospel Believers Church (FBGC) was created in 1967. Pentecostal practices eventually affected other Protestant denominations in Ethiopia, particularly the Lutheran church. Finnish and Swedish missionaries began the first Pentecostal initiatives in Ethiopia, largely independent of influence by American practices. In 1967, the Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers Church - Mulu Wengel was founded. This church was the first independent Pentecostal church of Ethiopia and is still the largest Pentecostal group in Ethiopia, it is generally said to have emerged from the Pentecostalism of Scandinavian Baptists (Swedish Baptists) of Pietist and Radical Pietist origin that emerged out of Lutheranism. The Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church, another Baptist denomination is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance and has origins in the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention which is a Baptist denomination of English Dissenter origin that emerged out of Anglicanism (in the context of Ethiopian, Addis Kidan Baptist is smaller than the Kale Heywet Church which is the other prominent denomination of at least partial Baptist roots with a different history mostly rooted in the Radical Pietist-Swedish Baptist tradition that emerged out of Lutheranism rather than the Baptist tradition of English Dissenter origin that emerged out of Anglicanism.   As churches were established, they relied on university students from mostly the Ethiopian Orthodox backgrounds to assume leadership roles within the Pentecostal churches. Methodism, Presbyterianism, and other denominational orientations have had some underlying influence on Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelicalism but are either too small to notice or have merged with other denominations with similar theology.

Protestant Christians still face persecution in rural regions and are assisted by the Voice of the Martyrs; however, there is a growing tolerance between the Ethiopian Orthodox, Muslims and the growing population of P'en'tay Christians in the urban areas of the country. With the dominance of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and the growing Muslim population, the population of P'en'tay Christians was estimated around 16.15 million (19 percent of total population), according to the information released by the U.S. Department of State.

Beliefs
Evangelicals in Ethiopia and Eritrea believe that one is saved by believing in Jesus as Lord and Saviour for the forgiveness of sins. They believe in the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the one essence of the Trinity. Like all other Christian groups that accept the canonical gospels, P'ent'ays also believe in being "born again" (dagem meweled), as it is written numerous times in the Gospel of John, and demonstrated by one's baptism in the Holy Spirit as well as water baptism. Speaking in tongues is seen as one of the signs, but not the only sign, of "receiving Christ", which should include a new lifestyle and social behavior.

Although almost all Evangelical Protestant branches in Ethiopia and Eritrea have one or two theological differences or different approaches in the interpretation of the Bible, all of the four major (Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Mennonite denominations) and several other smaller smaller denominations follow beliefs common to born-again Christians. Several denominations, but in particular the four major denominations exchange pastors (megabi) and allow the preachers to serve in different churches when invited under full communion or altar and pulpit fellowship. All of the four main churches and many others also share and listen to various gospel singers, producers, choirs, and have an interdenominational collection of hymns and gospel music (mezmur).

Denominations
The major Protestant denominations in Ethiopia and Eritrea and among Ethiopians and Eritreans in the diaspora are a group of indigenous, closely linked (part of the አብያተ ክርስቲያናት /'Abiate kristianat' – 'ābiyate kirisitīyanati'/ or community of churches) full communion interdenominational ecumenical group of Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Mennonite denominations (as well as associates from other denominational orientations with similar theology) that share altar and pulpit fellowship.

Primary denominations

 * The Ethiopian Kale Heywet (Word of Life) Church, a charismatic Evangelical Protestant denomination with Baptist - "Swedish Baptist" and Pentecostal roots with some Mennonite influence ); the Baptist portion of the denomination is more related to the Swedish Baptists tradition that originated in the Mission Friends, Pietist (Pietistic Lutheran), and Radical Pietist movements. It is associated with the Sudan Interior Mission, an interdenominational organization, and has an Eritrean branch.
 * The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (Place of Jesus), a Lutheran - "Eastern Lutheran" denomination with some Pentecostal influence and one Presbyterian-leaning synod, with a large Pietistic Lutheran, theologically conservative Confessional Lutheran, and Holistic theology-variant Liberation theology following. The Eritrean Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus is the Eritrean Lutheran branch of this Evangelical Protestant denomination. The Ethiopian Lutheran denomination is the largest non-united Lutheran Christian denomination in the world (see list of Christian denominations by number of members).

All P'ent'ay / Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical Christian denominations — but especially the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Lutheran (Eastern Lutheranism) Church for example—have been influenced by the Alexandrian Rite Orthodox Tewahedo churches in cultural traditions and the type of liturgical calendar used, which represents the dominant traditional Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian demographic, but for the most part are very Evangelical Christian in their worship and theology.
 * The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea, a Lutheran denomination which joined the Lutheran World Federation in 1963.
 * The Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church, a Pentecostal denomination with Mennonite influence.
 * The Meserete Kristos (Christ Foundation) Church, a Mennonite denomination with Pentecostal influence.

Other denominations

 * Ammanuel Baptist Church
 * Christian Brethren (Open Brethren)
 * Misgana Church of Ethiopia
 * Assemblies of God, a Pentecostal denomination
 * Converge (Baptist denomination / Baptist General Conference - United States)  and Baptist General Conference of Canada
 * Hiwot Berhan Church (Light of Life Church)
 * Emnet Kristos
 * Berhane Wongel – Gospel Light, a Baptist denomination
 * Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church — it is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance.
 * Evangelical Church of Eritrea
 * Anglicanism with a very limited presence and very little cooperation with other local denominations is represented in Ethiopia and Eritrea by the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East and Episcopal Anglican Province of Alexandria; Ethiopia and Eritrea are both part of the Diocese of Egypt, which also includes other countries in the Horn of Africa as well as the North Africa region. There are two Episcopal churches in Ethiopia, one is in Addis Ababa and the other in Gambela, while in Eritrea there are no officially operated congregations at this time.
 * Rema Church
 * Hallelujah Church
 * Faith Mission
 * Faith Church of Christ
 * Philadelphia Church
 * Presbyterian Evangelical Church
 * Trinity Fellowship Church
 * Dubre Bethel Church
 * Church of the Living God
 * New Covenant Church
 * Non-denominational Evangelical churches with similar theology

Missionary Societies

 * Mekane Yesus International Missionary Society
 * SIM - Sudan Interior Mission - Serving in Mission
 * New Covenant Mission

Aid Organizations

 * Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Commission
 * Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Development and Social Services Commission (EECMY-DASSC)
 * Ethiopian Mulu Wongel Amagnoch Church Development Commission
 * Meserete Kristos Church Development and Social Service Commission

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church !Classification !Orientation
 * Protestant
 * Evangelical Christianity

(Baptist - "Swedish Baptist" and Pentecostal with some Mennonite and Brethren influence) !Associations !Headquarters Chicago, Illinois, United States (North America) !Origin !Congregations !Members !Missionaries !Aid organization !Official website !Information
 * P'ent'ay Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism
 * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (International)
 * 1927
 * 10,000
 * 9 million
 * SIM - Sudan Interior Mission
 * Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Commission
 * ekhc.net
 * The Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (የኢትዮጵያ ቃለ ሕይወት ቤተ-ክርስቲያን "The Ethiopian Word of Life Church" or Kale Hiwot Church - formerly the Meserete Heywet Church  ) is an Evangelical Baptist denomination, headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It has also been influenced by the Pentecostal, Mennonite, and Brethren traditions in addition to its main Swedish Baptist roots.

History
The Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (formerly the Meserete Heywet Church ) was founded in 1927 in southern Ethiopia by the interdenominational evangelical missionary organization Sudan Interior Mission, and influenced by Dr. Thomas Alexander Lambie (who was personally a United Presbyterian), other American, Canadian, and European missionaries with Mennonite, Pentecostal, Baptist (namely but not exclusively the Converge - Baptist denomination, the Baptist General Conference of Canada of the Swedish Baptist tradition, among other Baptist), and other denominational churches cooperating through the Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) It had also gained some  Brethren influence as well.

The first missionaries had initially planned a trip into the western part of Ethiopia, but after prayer felt that they were being led to the South Central area. The early missionary work was concentrated among the Welayta, Kambaata and Sidama peoples, which are the three most densely populated awrajas (regions) in Ethiopia. At Dembi Dollo, Lambie worked with an Ethiopian evangelist named Gidada Solon.

The few missionaries who entered the country all had to leave during the country's invasion by the Italians. They left a handful of believers with the translation of portions of scriptures and the Gospel of Mark. What the missionaries returned after the five-year occupation of the country, the handful of believers had become thousands, and the fledgling congregation was very strong. Planting this church in Ethiopia cost the lives of three of the earliest missionaries. Nearly 100 missionaries worked for about ten years before they left the country during the invasion.

Returning missionaries, aside from church planting in unreached areas, provided biblical and theological teachings to the growing church. Since 1974, the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Commission, a church-related humanitarian aid organization, has had an supported schools in the south and west of the country by providing teacher salaries, books, tables and chairs.

Statistics
In 2013, it had a reported 7,774 churches and 6.7 million members. In 2020, the Christian denomination had 9 million members, 10,000 churches, nine theological schools and 145 Bible schools.

Beliefs
The denomination has a charismatic confession of faith, based on its Pentecostal and Baptist roots. The denomination has a charismatic confession of faith, based on its Pentecostal and Baptist roots (with some Mennonite influence ); the Baptist portion of the denomination is more related to the Pietist and Radical Pietist Swedish Baptists that emerged out of Lutheranism than the more well known English Dissenter Baptists that emerged out of Anglicanism that are more familiar to a majority of Americans. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus !Classification (Evangelical Christianity) !Orientation !Theology !Leader !Associations !Region !Origin Addis Ababa !Congregations !Members !Ministers !Missionaries !Aid organization !Official website !Information With the encouragement of the Lutheran and Presbyterian missionary societies in Ethiopia and the Lutheran World Federation, the Evangelical congregations in several parts of the country met on April 23 and 25, 1958 to deliberate on the draft constitution and establish the EECMY. From these joint efforts the church was instituted as a national church on January 21, 1959, taking its name from the first congregation in Addis Ababa, Mekane Yesus ("Place of Jesus"). EECMY has a motto of "Serving the Whole Person" that was developed in the 1970s. This "holistic ministry" theme has helped it to carry out its ministry in evangelism and development work. One of the leading theologians of the EECMY was Gudina Tumsa (1929–1979), who was general secretary for several years up until his arrest and murder at the hands of the communist government of Ethiopia in 1979.
 * }
 * colspan="2" |Logo of the EECMY
 * colspan="2" |Logo of the EECMY
 * Protestant
 * Lutheran - "Eastern Lutheran" (with some Pentecostal influence and one Presbyterian-leaning synod)
 * Pietistic Lutheranism
 * Conservative Christianity (theology)
 * Confessional Lutheranism
 * Serving the Whole Person / Holistic Theology (similar to Liberation Theology but with strongly held Theological Conservatism)
 * Serving the Whole Person / Holistic Theology (similar to Liberation Theology but with strongly held Theological Conservatism)
 * Yonas Yigezu
 * LWF, WCRC, AACC, WCC, FECCLAHA, ECFE, GCMLF, P'ent'ay Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism
 * Ethiopia
 * 1959
 * 8,500 + 4000 preaching stations
 * 10,404,128 (2019)
 * 3,000
 * Mekane Yesus International Missionary Society
 * Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Development and Social Services Commission (EECMY-DASSC)
 * www.eecmy.org
 * The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY; also called Mekane Yesus Church) is a Lutheran denomination in Ethiopia. It is the largest individual member church of the Lutheran World Federation. It is a Lutheran denomination with some Pentecostal influence and one Presbyterian-leaning synod, with a large Pietistic and Confessional Lutheran following.

The church, which was born out of Swedish missionary work amongst others, today through Mekane Yesus International Missionary Society itself has many missionaries in countries all around the world: South Asia, several African countries, the Middle East, and Guyana.

History
The EECMY was founded on work begun by Northern European missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These missionaries concentrated their work in southern Ethiopia, where the Orthodox Christian influence was less profound. The strategy of the missionaries and evangelists to implant a Protestant church in Ethiopia was one of development. At a time when Emperor Haile Selassie was looking to modernize and promote progress in the state, foreign and domestic missions were some of the most productive agents. In fact, Selassie wrote in his autobiography that he only “permitted missions because of their efforts in the field of education and health care”. It was through development that the Evangelical church was able to first establish a presence in the 19th and 20th centuries. In fact, as more people in power in the Orthodox Church began to question the validity of foreign missions in Ethiopian society, and as the identification of the Orthodox Church and the Amharic language as unifying forces within Ethiopia began to grow, many of the people who held high administrative positions owed their education to the mission schools, and were thus reluctant to pass any legislation against them. Thus, while many sociological and religious forces weighed against the Evangelical church and its missions in Ethiopia, the fact that it was effective as an agent of development aided its survival through its burgeoning years.

The Orthodox Church was still favored in the eyes of most as the true Ethiopian religion, as shown in the Imperial Decree on Missions in 1944, which stated that the missions could not engage in religious activities in “Ethiopian Church areas”; however, the decree allowed considerable freedom for missionaries, most of whom were still foreign. The EECMY church was beginning to gain some legitimacy in the eyes of at least a few, but was still seen as a spawn of foreign, colonial activity. This was made evident when the Mekane Yesus church became “legally registered” on February 13, 1969, even though it had been functioning as an independent entity since 1959. In assigning an official name to the Lutheran offshoot, semantics became a key point of contention. The patriarch of the EOC at the time was largely opposed to the word “Ethiopian” being attached to the church’s name, as he claimed it was nothing but an organization, “inspired and led from abroad”. He was also against it being officially registered as a church, claiming that it was merely an organization. After much debate however, the name was established as the “Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus in Ethiopia” (ECMY). It was changed to its current title “Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY) in 1978. The Patriarch’s perspective represents the general sentiment among orthodox followers that the Mekane Yesus church was not truly a native church.

While the Orthodox Church had a long history in Ethiopia and had shaped much of the culture of the center, there were still large pockets of cultures unaffected by the church, especially in the peripheral regions where the EECMY experienced most of its growth, such as the south and the west. One of the prominent early Ethiopian evangelists, Onesimos Nesib, was crucial in this spread. He was active in his work in the spreading of the gospel to the marginal regions of the country that were both hard to reach and restricted by the government, and he also was the first person to translate the entire Protestant Bible into the language of the Oromo, the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia. This in itself was a huge step for the EECMY.

Because of Nesib's work, the ECMY was able to gain a large constituency outside the Orthodox centers, specifically among the Oromo. The Orthodox Church has always represented the greatest institutional obstacle for the growth of the EECMY, if not actively, then by its mere presence and dominance in the public sphere. The EECMY has seen opposition from Muslims as well. The particularly malicious bent taken towards Evangelical churches during the Derg's socialist revolution of the 1970s, which manifested itself in attacks on EECMY churches by means of arson, arrests, and forced closings, exemplified this place in society. Additionally, the labels of outsider, colonist, enemy, and stranger were all stigmas with which the EECMY lived in the decades leading up to the fighting. The persecution of the church was evident before the socialist revolution, and only increased during the war.

As a response to this, the church – now left largely to itself as many foreign missionaries were evacuated for safety’s sake – began to develop a rugged theology responding to its suffering, with phrases such as “God is with us” and “Hitherto the Lord has helped us” emphasized in the church’s conferences of the time. One of the EECMY pastors who emerged as a political and religious leader in this trying time was Gudina Tumsa, who has been called “the Dietrich Bonhoeffer of Africa” in the years following his martyrdom in 1979. In 2000, Rev. Bekure Daba was received as the Church's first ordained woman.

The Reformed (Calvinist theology) section of the denomination was founded by the United Presbyterian Church in 1869. Dr. Thomas Lambie, a missionary of the United Presbyterian Church, begun work in the western part of the country. During the Italian occupation, missionaries were forced to leave, but the Bethel Evangelical Church was founded with native believers. It became an independent church in 1947. After World War II, BEC experienced rapid growth. In 1974 it became part of the EECMY, and now it has more than 1,000 000 members. Former BEC presbyteries and synods retain their names. In the western Synod of Gambela, more than 60% of the population are members of the Bethel Evangelical Church.

Gudina Tumsa, Emmanuel Abraham, and Holistic Theology
See also: Liberation theology § Holistic theology

Gudina Tumsa is in many regards the father of the indigenous theological thought of the EECMY, and especially its Holistic Theology. In fact, a study of his theology and the theology of Emmanuel Abraham (a colleague, contemporary, and friend) comprises a large portion of the EECMY theology. Tumsa studied theology in the United States, and because of this gained a relatively broad understanding of mission and the church. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he "gave his church a decisive push towards independence in theological thought and church practice", criticizing many aspects of Western Christianity. Much of his theology is contained in the letters he wrote to church leaders and the general public, as well as in the addresses he gave at various conferences around the world in the 1960s and 1970s.

The main points of his theology center on a holistic hermeneutic that not only encompasses a broad ontology, but which also applies itself to both the life in this world and in the next. His theology can be portrayed as a type of liberation theology, but cannot be categorized strictly in this class; indeed, it contains a uniquely Ethiopian flavor, “a theology of liberation in the Ethiopian context”, as Tasgara Hirpo describes it. Tumsa describes his own theology as a “holistic theology”, writing in a memo to Abraham that “western theology has lost the this-worldly dimension of human existence”; according to him, his holistic theology is merely “an effort in rediscovering total human life” in all its width and breadth. It does not allow the suffering of this world to eclipse the joy of the next – the physical reality to overtake the spiritual – but instead he says that both are in need of redemption, salvation, and liberation.

In this regard, Abraham and Tumsa differ in their approach to state involvement. For several years, Abraham held a position in the government that allowed him significant sway within political circles, all the while remaining faithful to the EECMY, of which he was president for 22 years. He tended toward unity with the central powers rather than ‘rocking the boat,’ even though he saw his people suffering oppression. Tumsa was more willing to part with the central powers in favor of the oppressed people of his church, as evidenced by his omission of Emperor Haile Selassie’s name from the normal intercessions in the Sunday liturgy in the months leading up to the socialist revolution in response to the feudal system that Tumsa saw as an instrument of oppression.

Yet, however divergent their perspectives on church-state relations may appear, there was unity in that they both supported the creation of quasi-public institutions of education, health, and vocational training that the government not only supported, but also maintained when the network of institutions outgrew the administrative capability of the EECMY. They were both dedicated to a church that worked in conjunction with the state for the development of better lives for their countrymen; where they differed was the measure of allegiance they meted out to the government or to the people. Either way, the EECMY took seriously their commission to carry their message into the world.

Ecumenism and Western theological criticism
Tumsa emerged as the leader of the movement to develop a characteristically Ethiopian theology and to share it for the edification not only of the nation, but also of other Christians abroad. He described the goal of the EECMY in relation to its global sister churches as “self-reliance” and “interdependence”. “Independence is a legitimate political aim; it can never be an acceptable theological aim for the church,” Tumsa said in a debate. His life showcased this in that, even as he urged the church to gain an independent theology based on the Ethiopian experience, he was also constantly in conversation with brothers and sisters in other nations, engaging in several multinational theological conferences.

In reference to Western theology, Gudina was both familiar and critical, having been trained at Luther Seminary in Minnesota, which gave him a solid foundation for theologizing in Ethiopia. In contrast to the Holistic Theology that characterized both his perspective and that of the EECMY, Tumsa perceived that there was too great a disconnect between Western theology and ethics, and was said to have promoted a praxis-reflection-praxis ethical model. He thought this provided an interesting alternative to the prevalent church-state separation that he believed characterized the American church. Tumsa wanted Western Christians to reexamine their actions in light of a Holistic theological framework. He urged them to reevaluate their ethical consciousness in light of national and global societal problems.

Finally, Tumsa's perspective on ecumenism theology is brought to light in Tumsa's and Abraham’s 1972 report “On the Interrelation between Proclamation of the Gospel and Human Development.” Among other arguments, they discussed the “simply frightening” reality arising as a result of the rapid growth and “phenomenal expansion” of the Christian Church across Africa in the last few decades. They asserted that not only will this result in an immense shortage of “physical plant” (e.g. church buildings, religious education, literacy programs, etc.) in countries such as Ethiopia who are struggling with so much growth, but it also establishes the “‘center of gravity’ in the Christian world” firmly on the African continent. This puts immense theological responsibility on the “historically young churches” of the world, which are not only dealing with a lack of theological experience and history, but will also have to manage a shortage of resources available to solve these mounting difficulties.

Membership
EECMY claimed almost 2.3 million members in 2007, growing to 8.3 million baptized members according to the 2016 statistics. They operate a seminary in Addis Ababa with 150 students. The church also owns several bible colleges, schools, and health care and social facilities in various locations throughout the country. In Addis Ababa they also run a language and cultural orientation school, called MY-LINC, for people who want to learn Ethiopian languages. Most congregations speak local languages, but the International Lutheran Church (Ethiopia) is English-speaking.

Relations with other churches
The EECMY approved the establishment of a full communion relationship with the North American Lutheran Church at their convocation in August 2011. The EECMY decided to end its partnership with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Church of Sweden, because of their acceptance of same-sex unions and non-celibate homosexual clergy, after a resolution that was approved at the 19th General Assembly in Addis Ababa, on February 11, 2013. The EECMY has also established relationships with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Reformed Church in America, both from the United States.

The EECMY is a member of the Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum, the Lutheran World Federation, the World Council of Churches, the All Africa Conference of Churches, the Lutheran Communion in Central and Eastern Africa, and the World Communion of Reformed Churches.

The EECMY, because of its development work, is a member of ACT Development, a global alliance of churches and related agencies committed to working together on development. EECMY is a participant in the Wycliffe Global Alliance and it is a member of the Fellowship of Christian Councils and Churches in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa.

As a member of the Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus is in communion or cooperation with the Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (a Baptist denomination), the Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church (a Pentecostal denomination), and the Meserete Kristos Church (a Mennonite denomination).

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church - Mulu Wongel !Classification !Orientation !Associations !Headquarters !Origin !Congregations !Members !Aid organization !Official website !Infromation
 * }
 * Evangelical Christianity
 * Pentecostal (with some Mennonite influence )
 * P'ent'ay Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism
 * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 * 1967
 * 2,143
 * 4,5 million
 * Ethiopian Mulu Wongel Amagnoch Church Development Commission
 * etfullgospel.org
 * The Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church (Mulu Wengel) is a Pentecostal Christian denomination in Ethiopia. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa. In addition to being a Pentecostal denomination, it has also been influenced by the Mennonite tradition.

History
The Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church has its origins in a prayer conference held at the University of Addis Ababa in 1966. The church is officially founded in 1967. In 2015, it had 2,143 churches and 4,5 million members.

In 1951, Anna-Liisa and Sanfrid Mattson traveled from Finland (Finnish Pentecostalism) to Ethiopia and established a Pentecostal mission in Addis Ababa, the country's capital. In 1960, a mission was created in Awasa by the Philadelphia Church Mission of the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. Pentecostalism, during the 1960s, attracted many students, and the movement grew enough that the Full Gospel Believers Church (FBGC) was created in 1967. Pentecostal practices eventually affected other Protestant denominations in Ethiopia, particularly the Lutheran church. Finnish and Swedish missionaries began the first Pentecostal initiatives in Ethiopia, largely independent of influence by American practices. In 1967, the Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers Church (Mulu Wengel) was founded. This church was the first independent Pentecostal church of Ethiopia and is still the largest Pentecostal group in Ethiopia; it is generally said to have emerged from the Pentecostalism of the Scandinavian Baptist (Swedish Baptist) tradition of Pietist and Radical Pietist origin that in turn emerged out of Lutheranism.

Beliefs
The denomination has a Pentecostal confession of faith (with some Mennonite influence ). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Meserete Kristos Church !Classification !Orientation !Associations !Headquarters !Aid organization !Infromation
 * }
 * Evangelical Christianity
 * Mennonite-Anabaptist (with some Pentecostal influence)
 * P'ent'ay Ethiopian–Eritrean Evangelicalism
 * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 * Meserete Kristos Church Development and Social Service Commission
 * Meserete Kristos Church (meaning "Christ is the foundation Church", based on I Cor. 3:11) is an Mennonite-Anabaptist (P'ent'ay-Evangelical/Protestant) denomination headquartered in Ethiopia. It is a Mennonite Anabaptist denomination with some Pentecostal influence. Its parishioners counted 255,462 baptized members and a worship community of over 471,070 persons as of November 2014. The church has over 756 congregations and 875 church planting centers scattered in all 18 Administrative Regions of Ethiopia. The denomination's growth rate in the last decade stands at 37%. The church is part of the larger Anabaptist body as a member of Mennonite World Conference, an organization which has seen the majority of its recent membership growth outside of Europe and North America. MKC is the largest Anabaptist conference in the world. By comparison, the largest Anabaptist body in the USA is Mennonite Church USA, with 110,000 members.

History
Meserete Kristos grew out of the work of Eastern Mennonite Missions in the 1950s. Mennonite missions set up hospitals and schools, eventually starting a church as a result of demand. Growth in early years was rather slow, until 1974, when the Derg took power. At the time, 5,000 Meserete Kristos members went into hiding. Small groups started, and meetings and baptisms were held at night. During this time many members of the Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church - Mulu Wongel (a Pentecostal denomination with Mennonite influence) joined the church, and growth was astronomical. In 1994, after the fall of the Derg, Meserete Kristos members gathered in a stadium to publicly congregate for the first time in twenty years, bringing in a total of 50,000 people. The Eastern Mennonite Missions (USA and Canada) also played a role in spreading Mennonite Anabaptism which helped establish the Meserete Kristos Church.

Meserete Kristos College
Since only one out of nearly 7,000 people in Ethiopia has a college education, founding Meserete Kristos College was a necessity to produce new church leaders. However, the need for leaders has far outpaced graduation rates. The college was located in Addis Ababa until January 2007. Since its founding in 1994, the college has produced 262 graduates, and had 110 full-time and 42 part-time students enrolled in the fall of 2006. Construction of a permanent campus in Debre Zeyit is underway. In January 2007, all physical assets were moved to the new campus, and classes began there on February 6. The five-story education building, the first of 11 planned buildings, is half-completed, and currently houses all classrooms, academic offices, library, and language and computer labs. A men's residence was completed in 2010. Negash Kebede was installed as College President on 11 March 2007. Kiros Teka Haddis was installed as President on September 12, 2012. Fall 2014 enrollment at the college was 214 students (183 male, 31 female). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church !Classification !Theology !Associations !Headquarters !Origin !Congregations !Members !Official website !Information
 * }
 * Evangelical Christianity
 * Baptist
 * Baptist World Alliance
 * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 * 1989
 * 147
 * 42,270
 * ethiopianaddiskidan.org
 * The Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church is a Baptist Christian denomination in Ethiopia. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa.

History
The Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church has its origins in an American mission of the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1965. It is officially founded in 1989. According to a denomination census released in 2020, it claimed 147 churches and 42,270 members.
 * }


text:
User:Just some student on the web

Hello! my actual name is Bright.

I hope my name's nice, i chose it myself after all!

The person who licked Their fingers after handling a nightshade *facepalm*.

something funny about me, technically Malayalam is my native language, but i ended up losing fluency in it and became extremely fluent in English by the age of 5 and ended up in a state where i speak French better than Malayalam. I speak English as my main language, i think in English, write in it, speak in it for all intents and purposes, it is my native language.

Ç'est ma page wikibooks.

title: User:Just some student on the web


text:
Cookbook:Garlic Parsley Dressing

Ingredients

 * ¼ cup vinegar
 * 2 Tbsp olive oil
 * 2 tsp garlic powder
 * ½ tsp black pepper
 * Parsley

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all ingredients and pour the dressing on boiled broccoli or cauliflower salad.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Parsley Dressing


text:
User talk:Jrcarter010

Welcome, Jrcarter010!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 02:00, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jrcarter010


text:
User:Weirdplantt

hi im weird im mostly here to fix pronouns and stuff

he/they

title: User:Weirdplantt


text:
Rust for the Novice Programmer/CSV Program/CSV File and Parsing

Adding CSV file and Parsing
Ok, let's again create a new cargo program with 'cargo new csv-program'.

For our testing csv file, we will use this simple letter frequency csv file: "Letter","Frequency","Percentage" "A",24373121,8.1 "B",4762938,1.6 "C",8982417,3.0 "D",10805580,3.6 "E",37907119,12.6 "F",7486889,2.5 "G",5143059,1.7 "H",18058207,6.0 "I",21820970,7.3 "J",474021,0.2 "K",1720909,0.6 "L",11730498,3.9 "M",7391366,2.5 "N",21402466,7.1 "O",23215532,7.7 "P",5719422,1.9 "Q",297237,0.1 "R",17897352,5.9 "S",19059775,6.3 "T",28691274,9.5 "U",8022379,2.7 "V",2835696,0.9 "W",6505294,2.2 "X",562732,0.2 "Y",5910495,2.0 "Z",93172,0.0 Simply copy and paste this into a new file under the project root, so directly under csv-program, called 'letter_frequency.csv' Then we can start coding.

First, we will read the file into a string in Rust. For this, we can use the very convenient function std::fs::read_to_string. Again, we will 'use std::fs;' to make it more convenient when calling the function. use std::fs;

fn main { let csv_file = fs::read_to_string("letter_frequency.csv").unwrap; println!("{}", csv_file); } If we run this, we should see the contents of the file printed to the terminal!

Now we want to parse the file line by line. The first line should be handled differently as it should be the headers of the file. To do this, we can use the lines function on an str. This gives us an iterator but we will need to learn the basics of iterators to use it for what we want.

How iterators work
An iterator is a struct that implements the trait 'Iter'. This trait simply requires that the struct has the function: fn next(&mut self) -> Option; All other behaviour can be derived from this function. Notable about this function is that it requires a mutable reference to the struct, meaning that once the iterator has been used once, it is used up and can't be used again. Another notable thing is that it returns an Option of the type of the iterator which is how we know whether it is finished; it returns a Some of the item if the iterator has items left and None if the iterator has finished.

Therefore we can do this to get the first line: fn main { let csv_file = fs::read_to_string("letter_frequency.csv").unwrap; let mut lines_iter = csv_file.lines;

let first_line = lines_iter.next.unwrap;

for line in lines_iter { //parse individual line } } Note we can still use the iterator after removing the first line in a normal for loop and it will iterate through all the lines except the first. Also we simply unwrap the first line since we are supplying the file we can assume it will have a first line but this may not be true for all files.

To split each line up based on commas, we can use the split function which can take in a string or char and outputs an iterator over the different parts of the string. But we want to store these parts in a vector which can be done using the collect function so let's wrap this all into its own function: fn split_string(input: &str) -> Vec<&str> { input.split(',').collect } And then we change our main function like follows: fn main { let csv_file = fs::read_to_string("letter_frequency.csv").unwrap;

let mut lines_iter = csv_file.lines;

let first_line = lines_iter.next.unwrap; let headers = split_string(first_line); // do something with headers??

for line in lines_iter { //parse individual line let values = split_string(line); // do something with values?? } }

Next: parsing numbers from our csv file


text:
User talk:2409:4062:2E8B:E1D8:980E:261:F505:B7CA

--Xania   talk 10:35, 26 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Super Mario 64 DS/Courses

This page lists the courses of the game, and how many stars are required to unlock the door with their paintings.

Each of the 15 main courses holds eight stars to collect. For one of them, the player needs to collect eight red coins until the star appears, and five silver stars for another star, the latter of which is an addition since the original Super Mario 64. While bumping into enemies does not cause the player to lose red coins, it does for silver stars. A lost silver star bounces on the ground and needs to be caught again.

Bob-omb Battlefield
Bob-omb Battlefield is the first course of Super Mario 64 DS. To access it, enter the castle, enter the door on the left with no number on the star, and jump inside the painting. No stars are required to access it.

Inside the course, the player needs to climb a mountain and throw bombs at King Bob-omb to beat him. King Bob-omb is ball-shaped like the other bombs, but is several times as large.

For another star, the player needs to ground-pound the wooden piece that holds the Chain chomp, a large black ball with mouth which makes barking sounds, three times to make him jump against the bars to break them, allowing to access the star.

Whomps Fortress
Whomp's Fortress is Course 2 of Super Mario 64 DS. 1 star is required to access it.

Jolly Roger Bay
Jolly Roger Bay is the third course in Super Mario 64 DS, and the first of the two water courses. In the course, the player explores a sunken ship and an abandoned cave.

3 stars are required to access it.

Cool Cool Mountain
Cool Cool Mountain is course 4 of Super Mario 64 DS. 3 stars are required to access it.

Tall Tall Mountain
Tall Tall Mountain can be accessed from a painting on the second floor of Princess Peach's Castle. In the level, there are numerous mushroom platforms to jump from.

Main courses
The game has 15 main courses, each with eight stars that can be obtained, totaling 120 stars altogether; here they are, with the stars required to access them:

 * 1) Bob-omb Battlefield: 0 stars
 * 2) Whomps Fortress: 1 star
 * 3) Jolly Roger Bay: 3 stars
 * 4) Cool Cool Mountain: 3 stars
 * 5) Big Boo's Haunt: 15 stars
 * 6) Hazy Maze Cave: 12 stars
 * 7) Lethal Lava Land: 12 stars
 * 8) Shifting Sand Land: 12 stars
 * 9) Dire Dire Docks: 30 stars
 * 10) Snowman's Land: 31 stars
 * 11) Wet-Dry World: 31 stars
 * 12) Tall Tall Mountain: 31 stars
 * 13) Tiny-Huge Island: 31 stars
 * 14) Tick Tock Clock: 50 stars
 * 15) Rainbow Ride: 50 stars

Other courses
The game also has secret, Bowser, and character courses:

Secret courses

 * Sunshine Isles: 1 star
 * The Princess' Secret Slide: 1 star
 * The Secret Aquarium: 3 stars
 * The Secret of Battle Fort: 8 stars
 * Behind the Waterfall: 12 stars
 * ? switch: 14 stars
 * The Secret Under the Moat: 31 stars
 * Over the Rainbows: 50 stars

Character courses

 * Goomboss Battle: 8 stars
 * Big Boo Battle: 15 stars
 * Chief Chilly Challenge: 31 stars

Bowser courses

 * Bowser in the Dark World: 12 stars
 * Bowser in the Fire Sea: 31 stars
 * Bowser in the Sky: 80 stars

title: Super Mario 64 DS/Courses


text:
User:MainaGam

'''Poems Of Stories,Documentary And Other Writings In The Assamese & English Language.

Born: 1999(age 23 years),Majuli

Nationality: Indian

Education : Engineering & B. Se

School : Pragjyotika Academy / Junior College / English School

College : Nanda Nath Saikia College Titabar-2016-2019 Years

Known for : Poems Writings

Movement : Indian anti- corruption movement

College : National Institute of Engineering and Technology- NIET

Peasant Cooperatives Poems Of Stories,Documentary And Other Writings In The Assamese & English

Hobbies Driving, Comedy , Deep Sea Fishing Majuli Garamur'''

title: User:MainaGam


text:
Radiation Oncology/RO-APM

US Radiation Oncology Alternative Payment Model (RO-APM)

Moffitt Cancer Center; 2021 -- "Assessment of MRI-Linac Economics under the RO-APM" (Palm RF, J Clin Med. 2021 Oct 14;10(20):4706.). Paper Link
 * Comparison of technical fee reimbursement under Fee-For-Service (FFS) versus RO-APM reimbursement for MRI-Linac guided treatment. 200 patients, breast (31%), lung (13%), rectal (15%), pancreas/HPB (28%), prostate (13%)
 * Result: FFS revenue $10.9M vs RO-APM $2.4M (-78%). Lung -89%, pancreas -83%, breast -74%, CRC -65%, prostate -48%
 * Conclusion: Implementation of MRI-guided RT is susceptible under RO-APM

title: Radiation Oncology/RO-APM


text:
Template talk:Ada/Navigation

Search box in all the book pages
I've added the book search box to all the pages, so users get a better user experience for searching. Formerly, it was only in the cover. What do you think about it? Although the book is not very lineal, I think another improvement for navigation would be to add previous and next links, so the book could be read in order more easily. That would require much work, though. ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 19:23, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Manuel,
 * I haven't yet looked at the search results this box will deliver, but it looks like a splendid idea. I've added a box to the Representation clauses page.
 * Previous and Next buttons do not make much sense in my opinion since the pages do not really form a sequence of chapters like in a tutorial or a textbook. The best way to use this book is by starting with the main page and then either scan the list of chapters or enter a search phrase in one of these search boxes and hope to get a matching result. CKWG - Ada Magica (discuss • contribs) 13:00, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was never thought as a sequential textbook, so it is better to continue with that structure. With the search box, it's even easier now to follow your own path. ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 20:53, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Ada/Navigation


text:
User talk:2603:6080:7B01:337D:4C9E:1030:4592:BECC

--Xania   talk 03:09, 27 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2022/February

Multiple image on Spanish wikibook
I am having issues when I am trying to copy the template for a multiple image in English into a Wikibook in Spanish (I am actually translating the page and I would like that it appears in the same format in both languages). Being more specific, I would like my images correspoding to 'Sistemas de retroalimentación' and 'sistemas de compensación' in the Wikibook Introducción a los sistemas de control to appear as they do in the English version 'feedback sistemas' and feedforward systems' Introduction to control systems.

Thanks! --CarrotsMitHummus
 * I'm not an expert, but it looks like you would need to import Template:Multiple image. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 03:57, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Please add Reference_Tooltips
Hi I like the Reference Tooltips gadget. Can you activate it for the wikibooks project? Is there a way to add it to ru.wikibooks.org (there are no interface administrators in the Russian section now) KKorzov (discuss • contribs) 20:05, 18 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree this would be useful. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 03:58, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Is it a copyright violation if I combine various recipes I've tried, plus some other stuff, and share it here?
Hey there Wikibooks!

I have a copyright question – I've made a recipe that is a combination of a multitude of recipes I've previously tried ( +some other ingredients ). If I share it on the Cookbook, is it a copyright violation, or not?

BTW, it's BBQ sauce. Cheers, --QuickQuokka (discuss • contribs) 20:16, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I would have thought that that is fine. Almost all recipes are based on earlier ones, so there are few truly original ones. What you should always do is avoid copying text verbatim with recipes, always try to express yourself in your own words. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 08:42, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It depends, a derivative work is a copyright violation, but if you are creating your own new recipe based on previous ones - based on, not copied from - then it is okay. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 12:49, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * That's undoubtedly optimal. However case law generally doesn't offer much protection to recipes, as they are seen as ideas rather than expressions, which aren't seen as being copyrightable. The usual protection offered is the “substantial literary expression” of recipes, which prevents verbatim copying. See for a discussion on this. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 09:31, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

GFDL and CC-BY-SA 4.0
Can a text licenced only under the GFDL be used on Wikibooks (As is the case in Hindi Lessons)? --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 05:26, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 * No I'm afraid not. See w:Help:Adding open license text to Wikipedia, Wikibooks licensing is identical. Only CC BY-SA (but not ver 4), CC BY, CC0, and PD can be accepted. The purpose of the dual licensing is to allow licensing of content before CC BY-SA was adopted. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 23:58, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Development status of a nearly completed book.
Hi, consider a book which is nearly completed or completed until a new section is created. An editor might assess as 95% complete for example. As I understand, development status is portrayed graphically as 25, 50 75 or 100% complete. 75% is unrealistically low for a 95% book. 100% suggests absolute completeness whereas that's not quite true. What is recommended? Show 100%? Remove the development status template? Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 04:16, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I've always considered these templates to be rough approximations. Since 95% is much closer to 100% than 75%, I would choose 100%. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 08:36, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks Jules. Will do that after adding a few more pages.  ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 17:36, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review /community calls

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement/Short •

Hello everyone,

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the Universal Code of Conduct across the movement. Comments about the guidelines can be shared here or the Meta-wiki talk page.

There will be conversations on Zoom on 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Join the UCoC project team and drafting committee members to discuss the guidelines and voting process.

The timeline is available on Meta-wiki. The voting period is March 7 to 21. See the voting information page for more details.

Thank you to everyone who has participated so far.

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance Wikimedia Foundation --Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 09:36, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Rollout of the new audio and video player
Hello,

Over the next months we will gradually change the audio and video player of Wikis from Kultura to Video.js and with that, the old player won’t be accessible anymore. The new player has been active as a beta feature since May 2017.

The new player has many advantages, including better design, consistent look with the rest of our interface, better compatibility with browsers, ability to work on mobile which means our multimedia will be properly accessible on iPhone, better accessibility and many more.

The old player has been unmaintained for eight years now and is home-brewn (unlike the new player which is a widely used open source project) and uses deprecated and abandoned frameworks such as jQuery UI. Removing the old player’s code also improves performance of the Wikis for anyone visiting any page (by significantly reducing complexity of the dependency graph of our ResourceLoader modules. See this blog post.). The old player has many open bugs that we will be able to close as resolved after this migration.

The new player will solve a lot of old and outstanding issues but also it will have its own bugs. All important ones have been fixed but there will be some small ones to tackle in the future and after the rollout.

What we are asking now is to turn on the beta feature for the new player and let us know about any issues.

You can track the work in T100106

Thank you, Amir 17:59, 17 February 2022 (UTC)

New book idea
Hi, I'm new to wikibooks - but autoconfirmed on wikipedia - and couldn't find a book about the Godot game engine (https: //godotengine.org). I really want to make this book. How should I go about this? Thanks. L10nM4st3r (discuss • contribs) 14:05, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Well we've got a general help page at Help:Contents, and a detailed book at Using Wikibooks. Is there anything specific you needed help with? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:26, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that Wiki Loves Folklore an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the 15th of March 2022. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the translation of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

International Team

Wiki Loves Folklore

MediaWiki message delivery (discuss • contribs) 04:50, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now closed

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 * m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed •

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now closed. This Call ran from 10 January and closed on 16 February 2022. The Call focused on three key questions and received broad discussion on Meta-wiki, during meetings with affiliates, and in various community conversations. The community and affiliates provided many proposals and discussion points. The reports are on Meta-wiki.

This information will be shared with the Board of Trustees and Elections Committee so they can make informed decisions about the upcoming Board of Trustees election. The Board of Trustees will then follow with an announcement after they have discussed the information.

Thank you to everyone who participated in the Call for Feedback to help improve Board election processes.

Best, Movement Strategy and Governance

--Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

Several improvements around templates
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
 * Fundamental improvements of the VisualEditor template dialog (1, 2),
 * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page (3) (for the template dialogs in VisualEditor, 2010 Wikitext and New Wikitext Mode),
 * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension CodeMirror (4, 5) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “Templates” project by WMDE Technical Wishes. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. - Johanna Strodt (WMDE) 12:38, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement •

Hello everyone, A vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022 is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. Read voter information and eligibility details. During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines. The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A Wikimedia Foundation Board statement calls for a ratification process where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to translate and share important information. For more information about the UCoC, please see the project page and frequently asked questions on Meta-wiki.

The Movement Strategy and GovernanceMovement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team is on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please sign-up for this conversation hour to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the Conversation Hour summaries for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg wikimedia.org or ucocproject wikimedia.org

Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation --Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 19:39, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Glossed historical/folkloric texts?
I've been thinking of glossing some historical/folkloric texts in rare languages morpheme by morpheme at some point - partly as an exercise for myself, but I imagine that it could be of some help to other people trying to learn about these languages. Do you think that such a project would be appropriate on Wikibooks? I saw that the current policy allows annotated texts in principle, but I'm asking this to be a little more certain that I won't be investing effort into something only to see it deleted.--95.42.19.211 (discuss) 03:58, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

 * As long as you follow policy, it is unlikely to be deleted. Typically works that are deleted don't follow policy, or are fairly obviously problematic in other ways. Note that if a good-faithed work was deleted that was broadly in line with Wikibooks' purpose, I mostly likely would be open to restoring it to user-space for it to be worked on and represented to the community, if requested. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:00, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks! What I wanted to check was precisely whether the idea would seem 'fairly obviously problematic' (or perhaps would violate some policy that I hadn't noticed).--95.42.19.211 (discuss) 21:23, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, if this results in a handy template for interlinear glossing, I'd happily use it over at the Láadan project. Arlo Barnes (discuss • contribs) 08:21, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Update: it turns out there is already a good one used on several Wikipedia editions, and there is a planned import to ENWB at requests for import. Arlo Barnes (discuss • contribs) 23:39, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Phonetics and Phonology
I'm no professional linguist, but these books seem to cover nearly the same scope (seems like the latter is a little wider) and both seem to have been abandoned at an early stage. The only difference I can distinguish is intended audience, with 'Phonetics' describing itself as an introduction, and 'Phonology' describing itself as being for [post/under]grads -- so maybe 'Beginning Phonetics and Phonology' and 'Intermediate Phonetics and Phonology' might be more apt names?

I don't know if merging books is ever done at ENWB; if so, I'd be glad to contribute what little I know about the topic, or corral some resources. But it's hard to choose between the two right now and I'd rather not have to. Arlo Barnes (discuss • contribs) 08:32, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * These aren't really synonyms, see Phonology for how they differ. Theoretically they could be combined into a single book, but I don't think this is particularly optimal. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:48, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Creating book content but limiting collaborators during its creation
I am undertaking a history project for a not-for-profit organisation that involves a large group of academic collaborators which, when it is ready, we plan to publish as a Wiki-based resource open to the public.

However, it would be ideal that during its development I can limit access to read and edit the content to a defined group of users.

Is this at all possible using Wikibooks as the platform? It seems the ideal way to develop the content and, ultimately, Wikibooks will be the perfect medium to publish the end product.

Maungle (discuss • contribs) 06:38, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Welcome. First off, there is no technical way to stop everyone else from editing your work while it's in process with MediaWiki other than admins blocking everyone else's account from those pages, so strictly speaking, I don't think we can ensure that no one could edit pages you are working on. The reality is, the individual books on Wikibooks act like kind of silo-ed projects that generally don't have a lot of outsiders editing them between a mixture of lack of interest, the small user base, and some amount of conscientiousness. If you'd like to request that admins keep an eye on pages and try to respectfully request limited editing from anyone else for a period, I think that's a fair and reasonable thing. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 07:00, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Actually, it isn't fair and reasonable because the purpose of Wikibooks is the free and open collaborative creation of textbooks. Asking an admin to watch the pages is more likely to get the people trying to prevent editing blocked than the other way round. Even asking people not to edit has, in the past, led to contributors being blocked for violating the intent of the project. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 14:13, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Technically speaking, there is another way to achieve that (prevent editing): using abuse filters. NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh (discuss • contribs) 22:15, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * In addition to what koavf mentioned, there is technically a workaround to host a non-editable version of your book on Wikimedia, but it's something you'd only want to do once it's done. You'd basically upload a printable version (Typically PDF) to Wikimedia Commons, and then link to the specific revision in the File History.
 * You mentioned restricting read access during the development process.
 * I'm not sure there's any way to avoid having development of the page occur out of the public eye on Wikibooks directly. Quantitatively speaking the most popular pages on Wikibooks (Via the topviews software on toolforge) belong to mostly finished or finished books, such as Scrabble or LaTeX, with some edge exceptions. If strict secrecy during development is required, it would be best to do it off site. Once ready you could publish it under a compatible licence and then have it imported. This also gives you the advantage of publishing a canonical text off site. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 08:28, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The problem is more fundamental. One of the core pillars is that anyone can edit. We cannot restrict the work to one or more editors because it defeats the whole point of Wikibooks. Nor do we "publish" "end products" - it will always be open for others to modify, adapt, add or delete content. Source texts (i.e., those not intended to be edited) belong on Wikisource. Finally, you appear to be doing work for hire which is frowned upon as well. I think you're better off looking a private wiki. If you try and restrict editing here, it's you who would end up blocked. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 14:10, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks to everyone who has responded so far! It sounds like the best approach is to work on the content off site, then publish it here once it's in a suitable state to do so. The idea is that it the published text will be open for others to modify, adapt, add or delete content. Maungle (discuss • contribs) 22:10, 3 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
TeX/long

The  command is a prefix for definitions, for example via  , which require multi-paragraph arguments.

title: TeX/long


text:
User talk:Christmas videos

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Christmas videos!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:30, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christmas videos