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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?

The research study 'The Health Benefits and Challenges of Exercise Training in Persons Living with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study' by Shannon S. D. Bredin, Darren E. R. Warburton, and Donna J. Lang (2013), is a randomised control trial that will be further critiqued in this wiki.

What is the background to this research?

 * Schizophrenia is an illness that impacts the functioning of the brain. The condition causes intense psychosis that involve delusions, hallucinations, long periods of reduced expression, motivation and functioning.
 * Evidence suggests that schizophrenia is also associated with an increased risk for the development of multiple cardio-metabolic diseases. The increased risk is thought to be contributed towards by physical inactivity and metabolic side effects psychotropic medication.
 * Recently, more holistic approaches have gained traction, for improving brain health, physical health and well-being, removing the need for pharmaceutical drugs that may contribute to secondary complications.
 * Current antipsychotic medication reduces the symptoms of psychosis, however, have various side effects that place individuals at an increased risk of developing chronic medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.
 * There is a higher prevalence of being overweight/obese and hyperglycaemia in individuals living with a mental illness creating the potential for many health implications.
 * Numerous health benefits of exercise has contributed to the growing interest in the potential to aid individuals living with schizophrenia. Routine exercise has shown to decrease the risk of developing secondary complications and premature mortality as well as reduce the severity negative symptoms, stress, anxiety and depression in individuals with schizophrenia.
 * Examining the most effective means to evaluate and prescribe exercise to individuals living with schizophrenia may aid combatting the secondary complications and risk of cardiovascular disease associated with pharmaceutical treatments

Where is the research from?

 * Research was conducted by multiple units of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. The following units were involved: Cognitive and Functional Learning Laboratory; Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention; Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries; and the Department of Radiology.
 * The research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
 * Both the University of British Columbia and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research have excellent reputations for academics and research. Therefore, the credibility and validity of the study is accurate.

What kind of research was this?

 * The research conducted was a randomised clinically controlled trial.
 * Patients were randomly assigned to one or more controlled trials where the intervention of either a resistance or aerobic training program was monitored and evaluated throughout.
 * Randomised controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating psychotropic medications and psychological interventions.

What did the research involve?

 * Thirteen patients (7 males: 6 females) living with schizophrenia enrolled in exercise trials in the Centre of Excellence in Brain Health and Wellness at the University of British Columbia.
 * Patients participated in a series of tests pre and post intervention, including several assessments of health-related physical fitness (body mass, composition, aerobic fitness, blood pressure, heart rate and lipid profiles. The demographic and physical activity behaviours of the clients were also assessed, and adherence to the program was monitored objectively throughout the program via recording of attendance
 * Patients were assigned randomly to a 12-week, supervised, aerobic or resistance training program (7 in aerobic and 6 in resistance).
 * Exercise prescriptions were created by qualified exercise professionals, with all sessions containing a standard warm up, cool down and stretching. Program was reviewed weekly by an exercise professional.

Limitations to methodology
 * No cross over between groups, meaning the types of exercise cannot be evaluated in terms of effectiveness of reducing secondary complications.
 * Groups were randomised, and did not account for the varying different medications the participants may be prescribed and side affects associated.
 * Biases in design, recruitment, sample populations and data analysis are inevitable in real-world studies, therefore the results are only relevant in the setting that the study establishes.
 * As this is a pilot study, there is no existing research to draw upon and guide the study to produce the most accurate results.

What were the basic results?

 * Results indicated relevant changes in many of the pre exercise assessments (anthropometry & body composition, resting lipid profile, resting blood pressure and heart rate, aerobic fitness, and physical activity).
 * Results were interpreted by comparisons between post and pre exercise assessments, this showed clear changes in capacity of exercise as well as in body composition

Significant Results include:
 * A clear improvement to the exercise tolerance post training intervention, reflected in the individuals VO2 peal power output and time until exhaustion.
 * Significant increase in the physical activity of the patients.
 * Training interventions resulted in a reduction in body mass of approximately 3 kg by the end of the study in participants that completed the exercise intervention.
 * Clinically relevant reduction in waist circumference throughout the study.
 * Clinically relevant reduction in resting systolic blood pressure.
 * Referring psychiatrists reported the symptom severity of the patients in the program was improved over the duration, 15.8% reduction in symptom severity assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * An individualised program addresses the low adherence rate to exercise found in people living with schizophrenia, in turn getting the population more actively participating in physical activity.
 * Research has investigated the most successful methods to engage individuals, aiding improvements in their cognitive and physiological function, status and overall well-being.
 * The study looked at a population with schizophrenia, however the majority of results (body composition changes, cardiovascular health improvements and exercise capacity) of the exercise training is to be expected for any population that engages with, and increases, physical activity.
 * The program demonstrated a reduction in negative symptoms relating with schizophrenia (assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) which is a positive outcome for those living with schizophrenia, as well as general society as it reduces the burden associated with the condition.
 * Other, more recent studies have concluding similar results that negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia could be improved through exercise interventions. Exercise programs reduce cardio-metabolic risk, negative symptoms, cognitive deficits as well as aspects of the illness that may go untreated
 * In turn, improving the quality of life by promoting a healthier, fitter lifestyle.

Practical advice

 * Engaging in routine exercise programs, functional activities, and individualised prescription tailored to the interests of the individual will aid in adherence rates and optimise the health benefits.
 * In terms of helping people living with schizophrenia to engage, one on one instruction with appropriate medical/safety supervisions is required.
 * Individuals prefer to exercise in a small group setting with others living with schizophrenia.
 * In terms of exercise prescription, warming up as well as cooling down appropriately is an important component of an effective intervention.
 * When engaging, specifically with resistance training, a lower resistance and relative intensity are required for each exercise.

Further information/resources

 * Further research into a program of a longer duration, and it’s impacts upon the negative symptoms of schizophrenia may provide more insight into how different variations of exercise can aid individuals living with the condition.

Support for individuals living with Schizophrenia can be found from the following resources:
 * Mable
 * SANE


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Wikijunior:Asia/Vietnam

Vietnam is a country occupying the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia. According to Vietnam oral legend, the first ruler of the Vietnamese people was King De Minh. De Minh and an immortal fairy of the mountains produced Kinh Duong, ruler of the Land of Red Demons, who married the daughter of the Dragon Lord of the Sea. Their son, Lac Long Quan (“Dragon Lord of Lac”), was, according to legend, the first truly Vietnamese king. To make peace with the Chinese, Lac Long Quan married Au Co, a Chinese immortal, who bore him 100 eggs, from which sprang 100 sons. Later, the king and queen separated; Au Co moved with 50 of her sons into the mountains, and Lac Long Quan kept the other 50 sons and continued to rule over the lowlands. Lac Long Quan’s eldest son succeeded him as the first of the Hung (or Hong Bang) kings (vuong) of Vietnam’s first dynasty; as such, he is regarded as the founder of the Vietnamese nation.

The capital city of Vietnam is Hanoi and the currency is Vietnamese Dong.

Where is Vietnam?
Vietnam is located on the southern and eastern portion of the Indochinese peninsula and belongs to Southeast Asia. Its borders are China to the north, and  Laos  and  Cambodia to the west. The eastern part of the country, consisting of over 3000 km of coastline is facing the South China Sea.

How many people live in Vietnam?
Based on Vietnam census in 2020, there are 97.58 million persons living there. The province Hanoi is the largest amount of people living there with 8.25 million peoples estimated to be living there.

The urban population was 35.93 million persons, accounting for 36.82%; the rural population was 61.65 million persons, making up 63.18%; the male and female population was 48.59 million persons and 48.99 million persons, respectively with the corresponding shares of 49.80% male and 50.20% female.

What are the most common languages in Vietnam?
The most common language in Vietnam is Vietnamese (or in Vietnamese, Tiếng Việt), a tonal Mon-Khmer language which is spoken by the majority of the country's citizens.

What is the most common religion in Vietnam?
As a communist country, Vietnam is officially an atheist state. Even so, most Vietnamese are not atheists, but believe in a combination of three religions: Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Added to these are the customs and practice of spirit worship and ancestor veneration. About one in ten people are Christians.

What is the sport of Vietnam?
đua bò (Cow racing) - It is one of the more popular sports in Vietnam. To participate in the race, at any given times only 2 pairs of competing cows are allowed on tracks. The race track is actually a flat field, about 200m long, 100m wide, with water flooded up to human knee levels and the tracks is plowed many times to ensure the smoothness of the mud. The field is surrounded by four banks and an empty buffer area at the finish line as safe stopping zones for cows. The starting place is planted with 2 red and blue flags, each 5m apart, and so is the destination. Any pair of cows standing in the position of the flag of any color, the end destination will also follow the color of that flag.

The harrow is used as a place for the driver to stand while holding the rope to restrain the reins, while holding a whip with a sharp tip like a nail (a stilt) to whipping the cow's rear.

The race consists of two rounds, the first round is called “ho” round; this is the lap to warm up the cows to go two laps around the racecourse to get used to racetrack conditions. The next round is called the "tha" round, when reaching the starting point (after finished with "ho" round), the driver uses a whip to hit the cow's butt and the cow begins to use all its strength to cross the finish line.

The rule of the sports are as followed: If the driver accidentally falls or falls to the ground, he will be disqualified immediately. On the other hand, if the pair of disobedient cows jumps out of the lane, the judge call it "tapping", and they will be disqualified. Also during the competition, if any pair of cows has technical problems such as broken harrow or broken wedge, they will also be disqualified.

What are some important sites?
Sapa (also spelled Sa Pa) - Surrounded by pictorial mountains, rice terraces and a diversity of hill tribes in the remote northwest of Vietnam, Sapa is a quiet town frequently used as a base for trekking in the Hoang Lien Son Mountains and touring rice paddies and traditional villages. It has the views of beautiful waterfalls and the opportunities to experience the food, customs and way of life among the local tribes.

Ha Long Bay - It islocated in the Gulf of Tonkin, within Quang Ninh Province, in the northeast of Vietnam. It is literally translated, meaning the “ Bay of the Descending Dragons”. According to local legends, thousands of years ago, Jade Emperor called upon the Mother Dragon and her children to Ha Long Bay to defend it from invaders. The dragons’ spat out giant emeralds appeared and scattered along the bay. According to legend these emeralds were actually the teeth of the Mother Dragon and her children. The emeralds were left behind to create an impossible-to-penetrate barrier to defend Vietnam.

With its aqua-green water and cluster of limestone rocky outcrops rising from the water like sea dragons, Ha Long Bay resembles a scene from a fantasy story. This otherworldly bay features more than 2,000 jungle-covered islands pitted with intriguing caves, grottoes, sinkholes and lakes. There are quite a few famous place to visit such as Dau Go Cave, Trinh Nu Cave, Hanh Cave and Cat Ba island

Po Nagar Towers (Thap Ba) - Built sometime between the 7th and 12th century, served as the place of worship for the ancient Cham people. Situated in Cu Lao Mountain, and is about a 25-minute walk from the main beach strip, Po Nagar tower comprises three levels, of which, its main tower stands at 25 meters high. Where used to be eight towers that stood in the entire complex, only four remains at present which the ethnic Cham, Chinese and Vietnamese Buddhists come to pray and make offerings to, according to their traditions.

Resources
https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2021/07/statistical-summary-book-of-viet-nam-2020/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Vietnam


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Wikijunior:Asia/Brunei

Brunei is a country of independent Islamic sultanate on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It became a British protectorate in 1888, and in 1906 administration was vested in a British resident. Despite the presence of a foreign administration, Brunei’s significance began to revive with the start of petroleum production in 1929. In 1941–45, during World War II, Brunei was occupied by the Japanese. The British returned after the war, and negotiations began for the eventual independence of Brunei.

The Brunei capital city is Bandar Seri Begawan. The name Bandar means “city” in the Malay language, while Seri Begawan is a royal title held by the sultan of Brunei’s father. The Brunei currency are called Brunei dollar.

Where is Brunei?
Brunei consists of a narrow coastal plain in the north of Borneo island. It shares its international boundary with Malaysia from all around other than northern side (which facing South China Sea).

How many people live in Brunei?
During the national census of 2016, it is estimated at least 417,256 populations living in Brunei. Of these, the 65.7% of populations are Malay, 10.6% of population are Chinese and 23.7% are others minorities races/foreign expatriate.

What are the most common languages in Brunei?
The common language of the state of Brunei is Brunei Malay (Standard Malay). English is also widely used as a business and working language. It is also the language of instruction in secondary and tertiary education. Other languages spoken in Brunei include the Chinese, Indian and Native languages spoken by the minority ethnic groups.

What is the most common religion in Brunei?
The most common religion in Brunei are Muslim (78.8%) followed by Christian (8.7%), Buddhist (7.8%) and other indigenous beliefs. (4.7%)

What is the sport of Brunei?
Main kikik, or kite flying, remains a popular sports in Brunei. Most of the main kikik occurs in an open field or at near the beach.

There are a few types of kikik play. One of them are the game's aim is to fly their kites to extraordinary altitudes and to lead them through spectacular maneuvers, or to keep them airborne for as long as possible.

The other one is more involved competitive game play which in kikik battles; with the strings of their kites coated with ground glass, competitors strive to sever in midair the strings of their opponents’ kikik. The string that are successfully being cut is loser.

What are some important sites?
Royal Regalia Museum - It is a museum that houses the regalia of the Sultan and the royalty together with commemorations of the Silver and Golden Jubilee celebrations of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s rule. The building itself is a very impressive artistic architectural work, as it is a large golden dome building that is fitted with specially-designed mosaics.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Brunei


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health

This is a critique of the research article: [https://www.dovepress.com/can-reducing-sitting-time-in-the-university-setting-improve-the-cardio-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO Can reducing sitting time in the university setting improve the cardiometabolic health of college students? by Butler et al. 2018.]

What is the background to this research?
This study was aimed at combating the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which relates to the clustering of physiological abnormalities that are associated with pre-diabetes and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within society by reducing sedentary behaviour. The research was conducted within a university setting with a simple intervention aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour by utilising a standing desk during contact hours. The prevalence of MetS within the college setting is found to be 6.8%. Given the elevated lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease and lower survival for those with risk factors in young adulthood, there appears to be a need for primary prevention programs within university and college settings.

The article has established a gap in existing literature by exploring sedentary behaviour in the university setting as opposed to the office environment which has been extensively studied. The only other relevant studies looked at incorporating a desk stepper into the university setting but this was seen to be an ineffective intervention as the 'desk stepper' had a negative impact on students learning.

Where is the research from?
This research was published by the Dove Press Journal: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy which is a reputable international peer-reviewed medical journal. The research was conducted at Western State Colorado University. With the research being conducted at such a wealthy institution concerns arise regarding the economic burden an intervention like this would have campus wide with standing desks costing much more for the university. Whilst universities are seen as very profitable, there are countless universities who would find this intervention outside of their budget to replace desks campus wide. Between all four authors they have been involved in 230 studies according to PubMed which enhances the reliability of the study. Research needed to provide information on general population and sedentary behaviour/cardiometabolic health and make the link between the importance of breaking the trend at university level before students have behaviour patterns for life.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a randomized control trial which are successful at reducing bias of results when evaluating the effectiveness of new treatments. This is achieved by randomly allocating participants to different groups, treating them differently and then comparing the data measured. Numerous medical studies are conducted in the same manor.

What did the research involve?
A total of 21 students (13 male and 8 female) were selected based on the following criteria:

 * 18 years or older
 * College student at Western State Colorado University
 * Minimum of 5 hours contact time
 * Not Pregnant
 * No injury/medical conditions

Students were to sign informed consent and complete two questionnaires; International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire. Having such a small participant group greatly limited the validity of the study, to fully determine the interventions effectiveness, more participants should be recruited. Multiple cardiometabolic markers were measured weekly. The intervention involved half the students standing for a minimum of 5 hours per week for 3 weeks and then alternating after a washout week (all sitting) to sitting for 3 weeks. The study states participants stood for "minimum of 5 hours per day" referring to the weekly class time; which can be viewed as detrimental to data collected as 5 hours is such a small change in a 168 hour week, to achieve data that is more reliable indicating the advantages of standing. With not all participants standing for the same amount of time during the intervention data may skew towards utilising standing desks, possibly causing bias towards the effectiveness of the intervention. The data was collected for only 3 months which limits its validity as a longer study may have resulted in a greater contrast between standing and sitting. This methodology was appropriate for establishing the effectiveness of the intervention, multiple data sets were collected with strong correlation with cardiometabolic health providing a great indicator for the interventions efficacy. The study lacks validity due to the amount of time in which the actual intervention took place; over three months the participants partook in a minimum of 15 hours of standing time which does not provide a true reflection on the interventions effectiveness.

What were the basic results?
The mean measurements of cardiometabolic risk factors were established and the evidence points towards a successful intervention. The results have been tabulated below and illustrate a decrease in both SBP and DBP, blood glucose and a large reduction in triglycerides. HDL cholesterol saw a significant increase which is good as this is known as the 'healthy' cholesterol. Previous studies have stated the correlation between cardio-metabolic benefits (particularly glucose and lipid metabolism) achieved through reducing sitting time.

The results clearly show the advantage of standing, measurements recorded were optimal for this study as they reduce the risk for human error and misreported data with data being recorded by trained professionals. Collecting baseline readings contributed to the validity of the data recorded as weekly changes due to reduction in sedentary behaviour. Each data set is on an individual basis showing each individual change week to week due to the intervention. Due to the intervention participants may have consciously/subconsciously been less sedentary also skewing data and it is unclear whether this was taken into account during the study.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
It is clear to see through this study the effect that standing has on cardiometabolic health as the data illustrates the improvements made on all cardiometabolic factors. The study's validity is impacted negatively by both the data sample size and the duration of which the study took place. There is limited research in this area, although, numerous studies have been conducted based on the office setting and the research of this article is mirrored in other studies. Further studies should be conducted on the effect that standing has on brain function and cognitive fatigue throughout the academic day before this intervention may be incorporated, as this intervention would be rendered ineffective if there is a negative impact on cognitive function as this is the top priority for universities.

Practical advice

 * As shown in recent studies, even when adults meet the physical activity guidelines, sitting for long periods is detrimental to cardiometabolic health. This is why the breaking up of sedentary behaviour is crucial; it's impractical to advise individuals to stand up or be moving all day but a practical means by which to combat cardiometabolic health deterioration is to break up prolonged sedentary behaviour.

 * Standing desks have been shown to be beneficial but there is a need for sitting within any setting as prolonged standing can negatively impact your cognitive function and tire the body which is why a 'sit stand' desk is more practical as it allows for students to decide their preference for each class; if they have 6 hours of classes in a day they may decide to sit for half the time ensuring they don't tire excessively. Having the option to sit also accommodates for injured, disabled or older students.

Further information/resources
Interesting reads:

Just Stand

Taking a stand helps students

Harvard Health - The truth behind standing desks

How do standing desks effect productivity?

Call center productivity over 6 months following a standing desk intervention

Allied Health Professionals:

Can Replacing Sitting Time with Standing Time Improve Adolescents’ Cardiometabolic Health?

Sedentary behavior and physiological health determinants in male and female college students


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User:U3190359/sandbox

This is a critical analysis of the paper: “Physical activity and mental well-being in older people participating in the Better Ageing Project” (Kenneth R. Fox, et al. 2007)

What is the background to this research?
Growing evidence advocates for participation in physical activity amongst the elderly for the prevention of mental illnesses such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia. The research is not limited to the prevention of mental illnesses; as undergoing regular physical activity was linked to the improvement of mood and psychological well-being in elderly people. Rise physical activity within the elderly community is also linked to an increase and preservation of muscular strength, independent living and a decrease in falls risk with an overall increase in quality of life.

Where is the research from?
This article was published in the European journal of applied physiology, 2007.

The primary author of this research paper, Kenneth R. Fox. Fox held an honorary position at the University of Bristol; and, although in retirement, he continues to work closely with the university as a consultant and trusted advisor. His time on projects is spent within the division of weight management and physical activity for mental health; focusing on older adults.

As the study was a self-reported account through questionnaires, participants may have a form of bias; however, any bias is unseen from Fox et al. in the original article.

What kind of research was this?
The Better Aging Project conducted research into the quality of life of 176 older adults, aged 70 and over. Accelerometry, objectively assessed the day to day energy expenditure of differing intensities.

This study was conducted using a mixture of methods. Fox et al. utilised a combination of new and standardized questionnaires; as well as objective measurements of physical activity and interviews to obtain a quantitative and qualitative perspective.

What did the research involve?
The study conducted was a standardised 12-month programme that consisted of structured exercise. The programme included 78 males aged between 75-79 years and 98 females aged between 75-80 years. There were 64 control participants (f=38, m=26); while 112 participants were part of the intervention. The programme was held within three different countries: UK, France, and Italy. The research involved a selection of objectives to assess both the reliability and validity of a range of contemporary psychological evaluations for differing aspects of well-being and quality of life. The research aimed to investigate the relationship between activity completed in the daily life of elderly people; while, also assessing the link between sedentary behaviours and mental well-being. Physical activity was assessed minute-by-minute during the walking time of each participant over a duration of 7-days using an accelerometry. The amount of physical activity completed by each participant was used to determine their individual level of independency and daily mobility. Fox. Et al. collected four variables to assess the level of physical activity being preformed by each participant. These variables included:

1. Daily physical activity and energy expenditure (in joules per day) (PAEE)

2. Minuets of light activity preformed each day (LPA)

3. Minutes of moderate activity preformed each day (MVPA)

4. Minuets spent sedentary each day (SED)

What were the basic results?
At the end of the 12-month programme the results of the questionnaires and interviews were all positive. Participants recorded feeling a high level of enjoyment in the activity incorporated within the programme. Many participants stated that they felt empowered and used the programme to prevent themselves from falling in lethargic routines and habits. An overall increase in mental state and well-being was also observed in all participants.

Using Persons correlation coefficients, the relationship between PAEE, LPA, MVPA, SED and quality of life for both males and females was determined.
 * Significant at 0.05, **significant at 0.01

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Through the Better Aging Project, a vital opportunity for the development and application of procedures used to assess psychological well-being and physical activity in elderly adults over the age of 70 has been devised. This article has facilitated important groundwork for further studies concerning physical activity and participants over the age of 70. Previously, the use of accelerometry has never been applied with this age group; appearing to be a sufficient method for assessing the amount of physical activity. Stronger associations were seen between the level of physical activity, physical self-perception, health, and wellbeing. However, further research should be conducted into the assessment of factors such as physical functions, disabilities, poor-health, and body weight with the effects these variables have on physical activity and mental health.

Practical advice
Evidence advocates that physical activity can be the key to prevention for various types of mental illnesses; such as, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia within the elderly community. The article indicates that elderly people who spend more time being active and participate in daily physical activities experience higher levels of self-rated mental health and quality of life; compared to those who spend more time sedentary. An increase in walking has been found to be a major contributor in rising physical activity amongst elderly people. . The WHO recommends that elderly people complete a minimum of 150 minuets of moderate-intensity activity like walking, or 75 minutes of high-intensity activity each week. When completed in organized social groups, higher levels of enjoyment during physical activity have been recorded.

Five Ideas for social activity groups:
 * 1) Dance classes
 * 2) Water aerobics classes
 * 3) Swimming classes
 * 4) Walking groups
 * 5) Cycle groups

Further information/resources
The articles below can provide further information into mental health of older adults.
 * Mental health of older adults
 * Signs and symptoms of declining mental health
 * Who can assist you in improving your mental health
 * Mental health services and programs for older people

title: User:U3190359/sandbox


text: Category:Book:Treatment of cancer

title: Category:Book:Treatment of cancer


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User:Dandersondani

Hello People.

title: User:Dandersondani


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User talk:Dandersondani

Dani Anderson is here.

title: User talk:Dandersondani


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User talk:212.3.197.186

--Regards, ZI Jony  (Talk) 20:14, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.3.197.186


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?

This Wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the journal article "The Levels and Predictors of Physical Activity Engagement Within the Treatment-Seeking Transgender Population: A Matched Control Study" by Jones et al. (2018)

What is the background to this research?

Physical activity has been shown to have a positive impact on mental health and therefore would be beneficial to at-risk populations more prone to experiencing depression and anxiety such as transgender people. The World Health Organisation places poor mental health as one of the leading contributing causes of ill-health and disability, with around one in four people suffering from a neurological disorder at some point in their life. Added to this the transgender population has been found to suffering from greater incidences of suicide and adverse mental health,  with transgender people in Australia nearly 11 times more likely to take their life compared to the rest of the country.

The aim of the study is to compare the likelihood transgender people (those who do not identify with their gender at birth) will complete physical activity when compared to cisgender people (those who do identify with their birth gender) of a similar age and if there was a difference in the uptake of physical activity (PA) based on transgender people who had started hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those who had not.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted by Jones, Bethany, Haycraft, Bouman, Walker and Arcelus in the United Kingdom and was published in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health. All of the co-authors have a background with the subject of transgender people, with Jones, Bouman, and Arcelus linked with the Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health. Jones and Haycraft work as part of the School of Sport at Loughborough University. Arcelus is also with the Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology at the University of Nottingham.

What kind of research was this?
The authors chose to use a matched control study, which sees cases within the chosen populations randomly selected back on particular inclusion criteria. Each of these cases is then matched to one or more controls based on one or more variables believed to be a confounder. In the case of this study, this accounts for comparing the uptake of PA amongst trans and cisgender populations, it is an appropriate method of research for the subject.

What did the research involve?
Transgender people (n=360) over 17 years-of-age and cisgender people (n-314) over 18 years-of-age, were asked to select 'yes' or 'no' relating to nine statements of PA in a rapid assessment style questionnaire. Transgender people were then asked about their levels of anxiety and depression, self-esteem, body satisfaction and exposure to transphobia. These were done so using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Hamburg Body Drawing Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and questions on transphobia based on other studies.

Sociodemographic Information for the Cisgender and Transgender Samples Who Are Matched for Age and Gender Identity
SD = Standard Deviation N/A = Not applicaple

Transgender subjects were excluded if they did not include information relating to their gender identity. Depending on the method used, points were assigned to each answer and tallied with a high or low score relating to respective levels of correlation with the questions asked. The data was then analysed by using Mann Whitney U tests and correlations found using Spearman's Rho.

What were the basic results?
The results of the study included:
 * 1) Transgender people engaged in less PA than cisgender people regardless of gender.
 * 2) Transgender people on HRT engaged in more PA than those who weren't.
 * 3) Transgender men did not engage in as much PA as cisgender men
 * 4) Transgender women were approximately as active as cisgender women
 * 5) The need for high body satisfaction was the primary motivator for transgender people on HRT to complete PA.
 * 6) Wanting high self-esteem was the biggest motivator for those not on HRT to complete PA.

The authors report found HRT and other gender-affirming procedures were vital in increasing self-body image and self-esteem in transgender people, allowing them to engage in PA more and ultimately helping their mental state by decreasing levels of anxiety and depression.

The authors highlighted the limitation of their study that it lacked specific information or questions regarding the specificity of the PA engaged in by the transgender people in the study. The race of the transgender people was not asked for in the questionnaire, which could have provided new data on the levels of transphobia and subsequent anxiety and depression suffered, as studies have shown non-caucasian transgender people suffer greater levels of physical and emotional violence. The study also did not address the socioeconomic status of the subjects, which has been shown to be a barrier to accessing PA.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Increasing self-esteem and body positivity by granting easier access to HRT and gender-affirming surgeries will, according to the results of this study, result in a greater uptake of any PA by the transgender population. This will result in better mental health markers for them along with improved overall health, resulting in less of a strain on the wider health system.

Practical advice
Further study of this subject including larger numbers of transgender people, those of different ethnicities, from different economic backgrounds as well as people from different countries other than the United Kingdom where this was based, will allow for a clearer picture of the overall state of mental health of transgender people. This issue will only continue to grow in significance as people gain access to more information about gender variance and the likely rates of transgenderisim continues to rise throughout much of the world.

Further information/resources
The Gender Centre Inc

Transcend Support - help for trans or gender diverse children

Gender help for parents

Headspace - mental health help for young people

Beyond Blue - help with anxiety and depression

Lifelife Australia

Head to Health - Support for gender expression


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly

This is a critique of the research article: Cassilhas RC, Viana VA, Grassmann V, Santos RT, Santos RF, Tufik SE, Mello MT. The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2007 Aug 1;39(8):1401.

This critique was written as an assignment in the 2019 Semester 2 Health, Disease and Exercise unit at the University of Canberra.

What is the background to this research?
As we age, our body’s ability to adapt to the environment around us become harder. With morphological, functional, hemodynamic and psychological changes creeping in, we become more vulnerable and our bodies natural ability to function is impacted. Neural and cognitive function such as, attention and memory are no longer what it use to be. According to Ricardo Cassilhas et al. resistance exercise can have a positive impact on cognitive function in an older population. While previous research on the same topic have been done, none have evaluated change from three separate intensity groups for this long of a period. Studies have shown improved cognitive function through resistance training but protocols differed from Cassilhas. Allowing for three groups to be monitored on the same exercise just at different intensities and for a longer period of time, this research fills in data gaps that could have been missed by previous studies.

Where is the research from?
This research was approved by the ethics committee of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil and is part of the journal of Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Authors Ricardo Cassilhas, Valter Viana, Viviane Grassmann, Ronaldo Santos, Ruth Santos, Sergio Tufik and Marco Mello all have other published works mostly on topics dealing with exercise and its impact on certain populations or disorders. The authors have made no statements regarding conflict of interest through sponsorship.

What kind of research was this?
This study was conducted as a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The main aim for a randomized control trial is to prevent any skewing of results by eliminating selection bias. Eliminating the element of choice allows for researchers to test the effect of the assigned exercise weight intensities without consciously or subconsciously assigning patients to certain groups creating a bias.

What did the research involve?
The study involved 62 sedentary male participants aged 65-75 who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: controlled, experimental moderate (EMODERATE) and experimental high (EHIGH). Participants trained 3 times a week for 24 weeks at the same time of day with temperatures and humidity set at the same level each time.

Training for each group were the same however, weight loads differ (no overload, 50% overload or 80% overload).
 * Chest press
 * Leg press
 * Vertical traction
 * Abdominal crunch
 * Leg curl
 * Lower back

Male individuals who had any cardiovascular pathologies, psychiatric conditions, used psychotropic drugs, had less than 8 years of schooling, scored a 23 or lower on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and who did not attend at least 75% of the training sessions were excluded from study.

What were the basic results?
After 24 weeks of training, session attendance was above 75% for all volunteers and no one dropped out. The results show that EHIGH had a much higher increase in lean mass compared to the controlled group. EHIGH and EMODERATE had higher delta means compared to the controlled group in these tests: The results from the sample’s mood profile and quality of life assessment showed that EMODERATE had significant improvements in delta means on general health and vitality whereas EHIGH improved only in general health domain.The EMODERATE and EHIGH also showed greater improvement on the POMS questionnaire, delta means showed improvements in mood factors like:
 * Digit span forward: (P< 0.001)
 * Corsi’s block-tapping task backward: (P= 0.001
 * Similarities: EMODERATE (P= 0.02) EHIGH (P= 0.03
 * Rey-Osterrieth complex immediate recal:l (P= 0.02)
 * Tension-anxiety: EMODERATE (P= 0.001) EHIGH(P= 0.04)
 * Depression-dejection: EMODERATE (P= 0.006) EHIGH(P= 0.03)
 * Anger-hostility (P= 0.006)
 * Fatigue-inertia (P= 0.02)
 * Confusion-bewilderment (P= 0.02)
 * Total mood disorder: EMODERATE (P= 0.001) EHIGH (P= 0.03)

What conclusions can we take from this research?
We can conclude that resistance training does improve physical and mental fitness and possibly reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases in older populations. The research conducted by Cassilhas et al. align with previous research and I do agree that physical activity will improve health not only in older populations but for all populations. There was more gain for those participants who were training at 80% of their 1RM for the 24 weeks compared to the controlled group; we can conclude that if someone is wanting to see gains in a shorter period, higher resistance training will be more beneficial for them. The controlled group did see gains at the end of the 24 weeks of training, it just was not as significant as those who were in the EHIGH or even the EMODERATE group.

Practical advice
When choosing what type of exercise an individual should do, it is important to consider their body, their movement and their overall goal for wanting to workout. If the client is smaller and has never really done work with weights you do not want to have them lifting 20kg of weight on the first session. Communicate with clients or patients and figure out what they are willing to do, what they want to improve on and for some maybe how fast they want to see results.

Further information/resources
For the curious; information on how trainers choose exercises for their clients

https://www.biomechanicseducation.com/how-should-personal-trainers-choose-exercises-for-their-clients/

For more on resistance training: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/strength_training/article_em.htm#what_is_resistance_training

https://www.irunfar.com/2019/09/pumping-iron-strength-training-for-endurance-runners.html

https://medium.com/@seanbeckford/why-is-it-important-to-strength-train-as-you-age-9210f3ead52b


text:
User:Liviaminikin/sandbox

What is the background to this research?
The Thyroid is a gland that sits in the front of the throat and is responsible for the secretion of several hormones responsible for influencing metabolism, growth and development and body temperature which is important in early life for normal growth and development in children. Weight excess correlates with several obesity-related conditions and thyroid structure and function is now considered among them. A study conducted on obese children between 2004 and 2008 displayed alterations in thyroid structure and function were present in obese individuals particularly in children. Function reverses to normal after weight loss, but not a lot is known about alterations to the thyroid structure. the study aimed to assess any improvements to thyroid structure as well as function following weight loss due to implementation of physical activity and structured diet into everyday lifestyle.

Where is the research from?
The study was conducted over the course of 4 years from 2004 to 2008 by G. Radetti, S. Longhi, M. Baiocchi, W. Cassar, and F. Buzi, who are all affiliated with pediatrics studies. Giorgio Radetti, the main author of this work has done previous studies on the structure and function of the thyroid and how it is affected by obesity and weight loss. The Study was conducted at two Pediatric Endocrinology Centers, the Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Italy. This research was first published online on the 27th of May 2011 as part of the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Issue 3, pp 281–285.

What kind of research was this?
This study is classified as a longitudinal follow-up study. Subjects are followed over time with continuous or repeated monitoring of risk factors or health outcomes, or both. The study is designed to verify the effectiveness of a dieting program together with participation in regular physical activity on reverting changes observed in thyroid structure of obese children. This study design is appropriate for desired research conclusions, and other studies done by Giorgio Radetti and others support the findings of the study with little differentiation in results of similar studies conducted. hormones before and after weight loss in obesity,Function and Structure Are Affected in Childhood Obesity, Influences of obesity and weight loss on thyroid hormones

What did the research involve?
Between March 2004 and September 2008, 72 overweight and obese children [body mass index (BMI) >85 percentile) (41 males, 31 females) were evaluated. Measurement of free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4), TSH, anti-thyroid-antibodies and a thyroid ultrasound was performed at the beginning (phase 1) and after a period of 1.8±1.0 years of lifestyle intervention (phase 2). Clinical characteristics assessed include, chronological age, bone age, height (SDS), BMI (SDS), fitness (hr/week), Fat mass(kg), fat mass percentage and fat free mass(kg).

The children assessed were part of a cohort of 186 obese children evaluated in a previous study Function and Structure Are Affected in Childhood Obesity, who agreed to follow a weight-management program at two Pediatric Endocrinology Centers.

The methodology was sound, as it accurately collected the clinical data showing a correlation between weight loss and thyroid structure over time with no major errors in data collection. The design of the study could improve as there is no detail about a set exercise or dietary plan, making it completely reliant on individual participation at a given exercise intensity and healthy diet choices. There are few ways to ensure participants follow the program strictly, short of constant monitoring of all 72 patients.

Limitations of this study:

 * The children were all diagnosed with simple obesity, other syndrome, organic, and hormonal causes have been excluded from the study. None of the children showed signs of thyroid autoimmunity, nor were any of the subjects affected by diabetes. This means this study intervention cannot be applied to any chronic disease condition outside of simple obesity as a valid intervention.
 * Studies are all done on children, so its unknown if this outcome of revered thyroid structure would occur in other population groups.

 * the studies success is heavily reliant on the compliance of the children to the program and the results may be altered by how strictly the plan was followed over the 4 years the study was conducted for.
 * The study does not mention a set diet and exercise plan and appears to be dependent on the individual patients motivation and lifestyles choices.

What were the basic results?
The aim of this study was to verify whether changes in lifestyle might improve the alterations in thyroid function and structure that we previously showed in a group of obese children, without signs of thyroid autoimmunity. The weight-management program offered to the children was based mainly on modifications of their eating habits together with increased physical activity, with tests done at two stages. The children were examined for the first time at a mean age of 10.4±2.9 yr (phase 1) and subsequently at a mean age of 12.2±3.4 (phase 2)

Height SD score (SDS), body mass index SDS, total fat mass did not change from phase 1 to phase 2 however Percentage of fat mass decreased

significantly.

Changes in thyroid function can be observed as levels of FT3 & FT4 decrease back to normal range compared to changes in thyroid structure which were thought to be fairly non significant however they were still present, along with other positive correlations to lifestyle intervention such as insulin sensitivity and body composition improvements due to decrease in fat mass and a significant decrease in waist/height measurements and waist/hip despite there being little change in total weight.

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Overall changes in thyroid structure were thought to be insignificant however they still occurred.
 * regardless of changes in weight status children with lifestyle intervention reported changes in homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and in adiponectin that were associated with loss of fat mass.
 * This establishes that thyroid structure and function can be added to the list of health benefits correlated in the results with early obesity intervention and weight loss in children.
 * This research supports studies focused around increased sedentary behavior in children with increasing levels of screen time now taking place and its negative effects, further highlighting the importance for kids to remain active during this crucial growth and development stage.

Practical advice

 * The study is not very specific in how the intervention took place, what exercise was involved or dietary requirements throughout the study. In future a more specific intervention with a set out diet plan and exercise criteria ( IE.20 mins vigorous PA a day), may make results more consistent.
 * The children were all diagnosed with simple obesity, other syndrome, organic, and hormonal causes having been excluded from the study and non showed signs of having diabetes or thyroid autoimmunity, so this intervention cannot reliably be applied to those thought to suffer from more than simple obesity.
 * Future research might benefit from looking at the effect of lifestyle intervention on those who are already suffering from chronic disease or other population groups such as the elderly population, and whether the same effects on thyroid structure and function can be observed during weight loss.

Further information/resources

 * the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Issue 3, pp 281–285.
 * Function and Structure Are Affected in Childhood Obesity
 * changes in thyroid structure and function
 * hormones before and after weight loss in obesity
 * Function and Structure Are Affected in Childhood Obesity
 * Influences of obesity and weight loss on thyroid hormones

title: User:Liviaminikin/sandbox


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Cambodia

Cambodia's history lies way back where King Jayavarman II founded the Khmer Empire in 9th century. The Khmer Empire was an overwhelmingly agricultural society.

During the 18th century Cambodia found itself squeezed between two powerful neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam. The Thais invaded Cambodia several times in the 18th century and in 1772 they destroyed Phnom Phen. In the last years of the 18th century the Vietnamese also invaded Cambodia. The Cambodian king was forced to look to the Thais for protection. In return Thailand took north-west Cambodia.

In the early 19th century King Chan (1806-1834) turned to the Vietnamese for protection from the Thais! The Thais were annoyed by this policy and when a rebellion occurred in south Vietnam in 1833 they took advantage by invading Cambodia. However the Vietnamese king crushed the rebellion and the Thai army retreated.

As a result the Vietnamese emperor strengthened his control over Cambodia. When Cambodian King Chan died in 1834, one of his sons was installed as King and Vietnamese people settled in Cambodia. The Vietnamese regarded the Cambodians as 'barbarians' an tried to 'civilize' them by teaching them Vietnamese customs. Resentment at Vietnamese influence led to a rebellion in 1840-1841. The Thais invaded again to re-assert their control of Cambodia.

However in the 1850s French missionaries arrived in Cambodia. The newly installed King Norodom sought French protection to protect him from both the Thais and the Vietnamese. So in 1863 Cambodia became a French protectorate. King Norodom, who was fearful of Siam, sought French protection. Although Cambodia was officially a Protectorate, with its own King, it was too all intents and purposes a colony by the end of the 19th century, and the French, who built their palaces and kept them from performing any significant political activities, placed all the next three kings of Cambodia on their thrones.

The capital city is known Phnom Penh and the currency used is riel

Where is Cambodia?
Cambodia is surrounded by three other Southeast Asian countries as well as a main body of water. It shares border with Vietnam  to the east,  Laos  in the northeast,  Thailand  in the west and northwest, and has a coastline at the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest.Thailand lies to the upper northwest of Thailand, while Laos is to the northeast. Cambodia shares both its eastern and southern borders

How many people live in Cambodia?
As of latest 2019 national census, estimates about 15.3 million people lived in Cambodia. 97% of population are natives Khmer, 1.8% is Cham and 1.2% of population consists of ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Laotians, and various indigenous peoples of the rural highlands.

What are the most common languages in Cambodia?
The most common language spoken in Cambodia are Spoken languages are Khmer (90% of populations). The language is used in government administration, imparting education at all levels, media, etc.

French is one of the important foreign languages spoken in the country. The language was at one time the official language in Indochina and today, a number of older Cambodians speak French. French is also used to impart education in some schools and universities in Cambodia, especially those that are funded by the French Government. Thus, Cambodia is a member of the La Francophonie, an organization of countries or regions where a significant portion of the population speaks French. Cambodian French is a French dialect that is spoken on certain occasions in Cambodia, especially in court environments.

What is the most common religion in Cambodia?
Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhisms is the most common religion practiced in Cambodia with 93% of population practicing Buddhism. The Cham minority is Muslim (4%), generally of the Sunni branch. The rest of minorities ethnic groups (3%) such as Khmer Loeu groups generally follow local religions, while ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese are eclectic (praying to local deities/gods), following Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism. Many Vietnamese are members of the Roman Catholic Church or of Vietnamese religious movements as Cao Dai.

What is the sport of Cambodia?
Sepak takraw, which looks like volleyball, is a very popular sport in Cambodia.

What are some important sites?
Angkor Wat - It was built in the first half of the 12th century (113-5BC). Estimated construction time of the temple is 30 years by King Suryavarman II, dedicated to Vishnu (Hindu), replica of Angkor Thom style of art. It is now commonly accepted that Angkor Wat most likely served both as a temple and as a mausoleum for Suryavarman II.

Tonle Sap - The Great Lake in native language is the largest natural lake in Southeast Asia, is actually a complicated combined lake/reservoir and river system. The lake is fed by numerous tributaries, and usually, the Tonle Sap river drains the lake and flows to the south and into the Mekong at Phnom Penh.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Cambodia


text:
A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program/2020

This is for the AQA A Level Computer Science Specification.

This is where suggestions can be made about what some of the questions might be and how we can solve them.

'''Please be respectful and do not vandalise the page, as this would affect students' preparation for exams! - Martin Perdicke''' Please do not discuss questions on this page. Instead use the discussion page: Coming soon!

Section C Predictions

 * The 2020 paper 1 will contain 1 question in Section C: two parts, worth 1 and 2 marks respectively.
 * What is the function of super in the definition of the LargeSettlement class? - Not relevant to all languages - Could question be reworded to make it more realistic? (Another option could be: "Explain how Settlement is used as a superclass in the program")
 * State one additional line of code which should be added after the Ben Thor Cuisine default company definition in the Simulation class' constructor in order to make it consistent with the ModifyCompany function.
 * What relationship (composition, aggregation and inheritance) exists between each of the classes
 * What are the (i) exact chances of each of the events happening individually (ii) the chances of all of the events occurring simultaneously?

Section D Predictions
Programming Questions on Skeleton Program
 * The 2020 paper 1 will contain 4 questions: a 6 mark, an 8 mark question, a 11 mark question and one 12 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s), so the likely marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.
 * The 2019 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, an 8 mark question, a 9 mark question and one 13 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s), so the marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.
 * The 2018 paper 1 contained one 2 mark question, a 5 mark question, two 9 mark questions, and one 12 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s).
 * The 2017 paper 1 contained a 5 mark question, three 6 mark questions, and one 12 mark question.

Current questions are speculation by contributors to this page. Answers are down for maintenance, we are sorry for the inconvenience.
 * Ensure all costs are displayed in the following format £X.XX (4 Marks)
 * Add a new Small Settlement class and an option to create a Small Settlement in the simulation launch menu (6 Marks)
 * Add a Close Outlet event which results in an outlet being removed from the simulation (11 Marks)
 * ExpandOutlet add option for when the capacity is now zero
 * AlterCapacity(Change) correctly calculate the new DailyCosts when new capacity is limited to the max capacity
 * AddCompany(self) add check to see if CompanyName already exists in _Companies
 * RemoveCompany add option to remove a company instead of removing each of its outlets individually (this is likely to come up, there is no option 5 in the menu so this seems logical)
 * Add a faster option to load in the default scenario
 * Close an outlet for a specified temporary number of days
 * Merge two companies together
 * Advanced a specified number of days
 * Display how many days have passed
 * Display net gain/loss for the companies
 * Display net and average weekly gains/losses for individual outlets
 * Ensure fuel costs can never become negative
 * Increase or decrease reputation of a company by a inputted value (or predefined values)
 * Modify the CalculateDeliveryCost function so that the shortest path through all Outlets is used to minimise delivery costs (using Breadth-First graph traversal)
 * Add ability to create a new settlement and have outlets set up there
 * Validation on the initial entries for the program to run its menu
 * Validation on coordinates of Outlets, Households etc since two could randomly overlap on the x and y coordinates
 * Find, by using Djikstra's algorithm, the shortest path between a restaurant and the delivery locations. From there, calculate the total cost of delivery.
 * At day end, if any company has more than £20,000 as a balance, open another outlet at a random location and subtract £20,000 from their balance.
 * Only allow a new outlet to be created at a NEW location (i.e. one that doesn't already have an outlet of that company type)
 * At the end of the day, if a household eats out then its chance to eat out should change to another random number. However, if a household does not eat out then its probability to eat out should increase (e.g by 0.1) (4 Marks)
 * Create a random instance of a company or an outlet running a promotion, during which time its expenses go up but its reputation score also rises
 * Decrease company's balance when an outlet is closed
 * Add a class foodTruck which inherits from the class outlet and has a subroutine move
 * Add validation for any user input to ensure something is entered
 * Add validation according to type such that inputs required to be numeric are numeric
 * Create an additional category of restaurant, with a new Company of that type created as part of the default companies
 * Close an outlet that runs at a loss for five consecutive days, adding a notification that this has happened to the events
 * Display details of a restaurant, which was either the most profitable, the most visited or the one with the highest reputation reading
 * Generate a random budget and store it as an attribute within each household object; a household that eats out will only eat out will only eat out with a company whose prices are within their budget
 * Incorporate weather into the simulation; it can rain at random, in which cases the probabilities of eating out are all halved, and the presence of rain is indicated within the events
 * Add a feature in which meals can be delivered, rather than customers visiting outlets; households who choose not to eat out might, according to random chance, order food to be delivered, although this costs the company extra in fuel according to the distance of delivery
 * The name chef outlets generally make a profit while other categories make a loss; write a subroutine to determine, for each type of company, how much an outlet should have charged per meal during the previous day in order to have operated at a profit

Calculate the delivery cost to deliver between 2 outlets
Calculate the delivery cost where the user gives the company and the 2 outlets to calculate the delivery cost

for display menu for run method for calculating distance

Validation of user input so user's option is not null
Check whether user's option is not null

include in run method following code

Promotion of a company
Create a random instance of a company or an outlet running a promotion during which time its expenses go up but its reputation score also rises

for promotion method for processdayEnd method

Delivery cost using Dijkstra's Algorithm. (likely 12 mark question in my opinion)
Dijkstra's algorithm can only be used to find the shortest path between one node and another. In order to optimise delivery cost, we need to calculate the shortest path through all nodes. Djikstra's algorithm is not meant for this.

Find the shortest route to get from the first outlet to all the other outlets.

This is a generic Djikstra's algorithm I have written in Delphi. It needs to be adapted for use in the Food Magnate program.

Declare a Node class.

Construct the class

Grab the next node from the list

Find the minimum weight to traverse between two nodes

Find the shortest path between the origin (restaurant) and the destination (house).

This algorithm is by Chris | Peter Symonds College

Another Generic Dijkstras algorithm that needs to be adapted into the Skeleton Program. Dependancies: Matplotlib, NetworkX. (This is only to show a graphical version of the weighted graph). Datetime is a python3 inbuilt library so it doesn't need to be installed.
 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

Change reputation with user's rating

 * change reputation method
 * add this to display menu
 * add this to run

Slight change to Simulation.Run; Just to add call to ChangeReputation procedure;

Alter Menu (corrected spelling - Chris)

Declare the procedures. Also requires procedure declarations inside simulation class.

This solution is by Alex Finch - Peter Symonds College

Power outage event

 * by Lucy W

Both of these in the simulation class, the display events at end of day is an updated version

This power outage event functions by creating a power outage for the entire 'world'. While the power outage is in progress, no companies will gain/ lose any money. At the end of the day the companies will all be reimbursed the earnings from that day. All other events will continue as normal. All new sub processes need to be declared in the class declarations.
 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

Power cut event for a random company for a random amount of time in hours.

Add into Simulation class:

Edited DisplayEventsAtDayEnd subroutine:

In Company Class add:

End of world event
Within the Simulation class, make a method processEndOfWorld:

Within the displayEventsAtDayEnd method in the Simulation class, add:

The custom end of world message for each chance is not necessary for this question (This may be different if it comes up in the exam), if you're running low on time it may be possible just to have one option and leave out the random choice. New Procedures should also be declared in class definitions
 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

Make a method Dropworld in the simulation class:

Within the DisplayEventsAtDayEnd sub in the Simulation class, add:

Go bankrupt event
Added event for companies to go bankrupt at -10,000 class Company:

def __init__(self, Name, Category, Balance, X, Y, FuelCostPerUnit, BaseCostOfDelivery): self._Outlets = [] self._FamilyOutletCost = 1000 self._NamedChefOutletCapacity = 50 self._Name = Name

# Added this function, which allows you to grab the balance into the "processdayend" function in the # Simulation class. def GetBalance(self): return self._Balance class Simulation: def __init__(self): self._Companies = [] self._FuelCostPerUnit = 0.0098 self._BaseCostforDelivery = 100 # Added this code at the start of the processdayend function. def ProcessDayEnd(self): for Current in self._Companies: Balance = Current.GetBalance Name = Current.GetName Index = self.GetIndexOfCompany(Name) if Balance < -10000: del (self._Companies[Index]) print("The company {} has gone into bankruptcy".format(Name))

Created by skesh
 * by Lucy W

 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

i have done this slightly differently, i have made it so that after 7 days of being in debt then the company will be forced closed class Company {       private static Random rnd = new Random; protected string name, category; protected double balance, reputationScore, avgCostPerMeal, avgPricePerMeal, dailyCosts, familyOutletCost, fastFoodOutletCost, namedChefOutletCost, fuelCostPerUnit, baseCostOfDelivery; protected List outlets = new List; protected int familyFoodOutletCapacity, fastFoodOutletCapacity, namedChefOutletCapacity; protected bool isindebt;                                                                        // mmaking a bool to store if the company is in debt protected int daysindebt;

“LINE 390 to 420”

public bool GetIfInDebt                                     // function of if the company is in debt {           if (balance < 0) {               daysindebt++; // increments how many days the company has been in debt for

if (daysindebt == 7) {                   CompanyForcedClose; return true; }               return true; }           else {               daysindebt = 0; return false; }       }

public void CompanyForcedClose                          // procedure for a company to close when in debt for more than a week. could be changed to close outlets down at first. {           if (isindebt == true && daysindebt ==7) {               while (outlets.Count > 0) // calls the other subroutines while there are more than one outlet {                   CloseOutlet(0); }                        }

}

Process day end subroutine updated

public string ProcessDayEnd {           string details = ""; double profitLossFromOutlets = 0; double profitLossFromThisOutlet = 0; double deliveryCosts; if (outlets.Count > 1) {               deliveryCosts = baseCostOfDelivery + CalculateDeliveryCost; }           else {               deliveryCosts = baseCostOfDelivery; }           details += "Daily costs for company: " + dailyCosts.ToString + "\nCost for delivering produce to outlets: " + deliveryCosts.ToString + "\n"; for (int current = 0; current < outlets.Count; current++) {               profitLossFromThisOutlet = outlets[current].CalculateDailyProfitLoss(avgCostPerMeal, avgPricePerMeal); details += "Outlet " + (current + 1) + " profit/loss: " + profitLossFromThisOutlet.ToString + "\n"; profitLossFromOutlets += profitLossFromThisOutlet; }           details += "Previous balance for company: " + balance.ToString + "\n"; balance += profitLossFromOutlets - dailyCosts - deliveryCosts; details += "New balance for company: " + balance.ToString; isindebt = GetIfInDebt; // calling the subroutines that i have made return details; }

Get details subroutine

public string GetDetails {           string details = ""; details += "Name: " + name + "\nType of business: " + category + "\n"; details += "Current balance: " + balance.ToString + "\nAverage cost per meal: " + avgCostPerMeal.ToString + "\n"; details += "Average price per meal: " + avgPricePerMeal.ToString + "\nDaily costs: " + dailyCosts.ToString + "\n"; details += "Delivery costs: " + CalculateDeliveryCost.ToString + "\nReputation: " + reputationScore.ToString + "\n"; details += "Number of outlets: " + outlets.Count.ToString + "\nOutlets\n"; details += "\nIs the company in debt? " + isindebt.ToString + "\n";                                                                                // puts whether the company is in debt in the details if (isindebt == true)                                                                                // displays how many days in debt if the company is in debt {               details += "\n Days the company has been in debt for " + daysindebt.ToString + " days \n\n"; }           for (int current = 1; current < outlets.Count + 1; current++) {               details += current + ". " + outlets[current - 1].GetDetails + "\n"; }           return details; }

This needs to be in the simulation class. public void DeleteCompany(int index) // new subroutine to delete a company which has had all its outlets closed {           int outlets = companies[index].GetNumberOfOutlets;

if (outlets == 0) {                   Console.WriteLine("That company has now closed down as it has no outlets."); companies.RemoveAt(index); }       }

and it is called in process day end which is shown here

public void ProcessDayEnd {           int index = 0; do                                             // calls the other subroutine while the company count is changing {               DeleteCompany(index); index++;

} while (index < companies.Count);

double totalReputation = 0; List reputations = new List ; int companyRNo, current, loopMax, x = 0, y = 0; foreach (var c in companies) {               c.NewDay; totalReputation += c.GetReputationScore; reputations.Add(totalReputation); }           loopMax = simulationSettlement.GetNumberOfHouseholds - 1; for (int counter = 0; counter < loopMax + 1; counter++) {               if (simulationSettlement.FindOutIfHouseholdEatsOut(counter, ref x, ref y)) {                   companyRNo = rnd.Next(1, Convert.ToInt32(totalReputation) + 1); current = 0; while (current < reputations.Count) {                       if (companyRNo < reputations[current]) {                           companies[current].AddVisitToNearestOutlet(x, y); break; }                       current++; }

}           }            DisplayCompaniesAtDayEnd; DisplayEventsAtDayEnd; dayCounter++;                                                               //incrementing the days

}

 * By Michael Tomkinson*

Remove Company
make a new method called RemoveCompany. modify the Run method to add a new case for option 5

lastly, modify the DisplayMenu method to write the option to the console.

Slight change to Simulation.Run; Just to add call to RemoveCompany; procedure.

Slight change to menu to show new option

Add Simulation.RemoveCompany; procedure. Also ensure you declare this within the simulation class deceleration.

This solution is by Alex Finch - Peter Symonds College

Shows list of companies to be removed Obviously add the option for 7 in the menu so they know to press it. Solution by Owain Bestley

'method in java to remove a company from given user input

'displaying menu option to remove a company in java 'adding remove company under run

Alternative Solution:

Run for many days
Add an option to run simulation for many days (>1)

This is the subroutine for the menu. in this i have also validated the menu choice. public void Run {           string choice = ""; int index; while (choice != "Q") {               DisplayMenu; do {                                                                                // validation for the menu choice choice = Console.ReadLine; switch (choice) {                       case "1": simulationSettlement.DisplayHouseholds; break; case "2": DisplayCompanies; break; case "3": string companyName; index = -1; while (index == -1) {                               Console.Write("Enter company name: "); companyName = Console.ReadLine; index = GetIndexOfCompany(companyName); }                           ModifyCompany(index); break; case "4": AddCompany; break; RemoveCompany; break; case "6": ProcessDayEnd; break; case "7": AdvanceMultipleDays; // added a new case that will advance many days break; case "Q": Console.WriteLine("Simulation finished, press Enter to close."); Console.ReadLine; break; }                   if((int.Parse(choice) > 0 && int.Parse(choice) < 8) || choice != "Q")                             // repeats untill this = true {                       Console.WriteLine("Pleas Re Enter a valid choice");

}               } while ((int.Parse(choice) > 0 && int.Parse(choice) < 8) || choice != "Q"); } }   }

This is the subroutine for advancing many days

public void AdvanceMultipleDays    // new subroutine to advance many days {           Console.WriteLine("How many days would you like to advance?"); int AdvancingDays = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine); for (int i = 0; i < AdvancingDays ; i++) {               ProcessDayEnd; }

}
 * By Michael Tomkinson

 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds

 * by Benny

Day Counter
Display a counter of how many days have passed

make a new int varible in the simulation class and initlise it in constructor.

modify the ProcessDayEnd method to increment the counter

modify the menu to display the day number

 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

add integer days to Simulation class and set it to zero 'under Simulation class, add following methods: '1. to increment days 2. to output no of days passed 'add this to run method as well in right order and correct use of methods

Display Costs (£x.xx)
Display the costs in the format £x.xx, as opposed to just an integer value.

Please note: RoundValue was chosen as the name for this function as round is a taken keyword in Pascal, when copying code don't change the function name to round or it will break other areas of this program. To Apply this to the program, simply replace all applicable FloatToStr functions with this RoundValue one.
 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

'for given currency format, add in each class: 'to display any of the costs in £x.xx, eg:

Check if company name is taken
AddCompany(self) add a check to see if CompanyName already exists in _Companies

By Lawrence Dennison-Hall | Peter Symonds College

This is just an edit to the addCompany function in the Simulation Class. Created by the one and only Jorge Bishop

Fuel cost always positive
Ensure fuel costs can never become negative

The fuel costs go negative because: DeliveryCosts = Distance * FuelCostPerUnit So when FuelCostPerUnit becomes negative, the fuel cost will very quickly break. Just make sure FuelCostPerUnit does not go negative.

By Lawrence Dennison-Hall | Peter Symonds College

Small settlement
Add small settlement class and provide an option in the launch menu

Small settlement class: Small settlement constructor: Updated menu options (Simulation constructor) By Lawrence Dennison-Hall | Peter Symonds College

By changing the Settlement class to 0 instead of just taking away an integer we can avoid having any issues where we may get a negative integer. We can also now create a custom sized Settlement.

You also have to alter the simulation class to accomodate for the change, calling the default simulation class instead of just simulation.

Solution made by Owain Bestley (Listen to Hachiko)

Doesn't accept integers with ExtraX/Y
Question description

Add a Close Outlet event
Adds a random event function which removes an outlet from a company

New functions and procedures added need to be declared in class definitions.
 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College

 * Under Simulation class add following method
 * also under displayEventsAtDayEnd method, add some of the extra lines of code below:

Add a faster option to load in the default scenario
Add a faster option to load in the default scenario

 * Written by Harry - Peter Symonds College


text:
User:Vyan2934/sandbox

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title: User:Vyan2934/sandbox


text:
User talk:Satish Ray

Find SSID by bssid on Android
Find SSID by bssid on Android Satish Ray (discuss • contribs) 11:18, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Satish Ray


text:
User:Satish Ray

Satish

title: User:Satish Ray


text:
A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of functional programming/What is functional programming

Functional programming is a declarative programming paradigm, where programs are written as mathematical functions whose order of execution is not solely defined by the programmer. These mathematical functions produce consistent outputs solely dependent on the inputs. Functions can be constructed out of other functions, or call themselves recursively. Functional programming is different from the imperative programming paradigm in several ways:

The outputs of functions only depend on the inputs, and not the changing state of a program, functional programming is stateless. For example, the python program below calls the same function  twice with the same parameters , but different values are returned because the state of the program (here simulated by the variable  ) changes. This wouldn't happen in a functional programming language, as whenever you call a function with the same arguments the same output would be produced.

Functional programming languages avoid side effects. A side effect is where a function modifies something outside its local environment. In the example below the function  changes a global variable   when it is run.

Functional programming also avoids using variables that change at runtime, data structures are considered to be immutable.

Benefits of the functional programming paradigm include:
 * supporting the decomposition and abstraction of computing problems into functions that are made up of other functions which are made of other functions and so on.
 * easier to read and understand code.
 * easier to debug code as each function can be tested separately and does not rely on the state of the machine.
 * lending themselves to running parallel and concurrent progam execution, allowing functional programs to run on multi-processor systems.

Lisp was one of the first functional programming languages, being created in 1958. Several dialects of Lisp are still in common usage including Common Lisp and Scheme. Other functional programming languages include Erlang and Haskell. Whilst imperative programming languages are more commonly used than pure functional languages, it is possible to do functional programming with many modern languages. Other languages that support functional programming include Python, C#, F#, Java, Visual Basic .NET and JavaScript.

Using Haskell for the first time
The majority of the code examples in this chapter will be in Haskell. You can learn more about Haskell over at Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!. To execute the examples shown in this chapter you can download the open source Glasgow Haskell Compiler or GHC. Most examples can be written directly into the command line interface that the GHC gives you, below this is shown with the  symbol. For example:

Later examples might require you to write multiline programs, especially when you need to declare your own functions, to do this you need to open a text editor and save your Haskell file with the  extension. For example:

We can then load this into the GHC by using the  (load) command, followed by the file location and name.

Now we can use the loaded function,, from the command line:

A functional programming language is one where code has no side effects, the program execution is stateless and the outputs of functions only depend on the inputs.

 * easier to debug
 * easier to read and understand
 * can run on parallel systems

We don't know what value  will be at runtime so the   function will output different values depending on the state of the computer.


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Laos

Laos has a long and rich history that dates back thousands of years. The earliest known civilization in Laos was the Kingdom of Lang Xang, also known as the Kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao, which was founded in the 14th century. It was a powerful and prosperous kingdom that existed in what is now Laos from the 14th to the 18th century. The kingdom was founded in the 14th century by King Fa Ngum, who united several smaller states and established a capital city at Luang Prabang. During its peak, the Kingdom of Lang Xang controlled a large territory that included much of what is now Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. The kingdom was known for its wealth, which was based on agriculture, trade, and the production of valuable goods such as silk and cotton.

In the 18th century, the Kingdom of Lang Xang began to decline, and it was eventually conquered by the Siamese (Thai) kingdom.After the conquest, the Siamese kingdom established a system of administration and control over Laos, which lasted for several centuries. The Siamese also introduced their own culture, language, and religion to Laos, and many Laotians adopted Siamese customs and traditions.

During this period, Laos remained a relatively independent kingdom, but it was subject to Siamese control and influence. The Siamese kingdom also exercised control over other parts of Southeast Asia, including parts of what is now Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

In the 19th century, the Siamese kingdom came under the influence of European powers, including France, which established a protectorate over parts of Southeast Asia, including Laos. In the 19th century, Laos came under the influence of European powers,, which established a Indochina French Laos protectorate over the country. During this time, Laos underwent significant changes, including the introduction of Western ideas, technologies, and religions.

After World War II, Laos gained independence from France, but the country was soon engulfed in civil war and political instability. In the 1970s, Laos became a communist state, and the government embarked on a series of economic and social reforms that aimed to modernize the country.

It is a landlocked (having no coastline) country of northeast-central mainland Southeast Asia. After being colonized by the French from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, Laos cultured had been infused with a European cultural element. After which intensified throughout the country’s embroilment in World War II and the Indochina wars, as well as a civil war of its own in the second half of the 20th century. Laos emerged from the turmoil in 1975 as a communist country guided by Marxist-Leninist ideology. Economic reforms of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including the development of tourism, have strengthened Laos’s economy, gradually shrinking the country’s debt and diminishing its dependence on international aid.

Laos has a developing economy that is based on agriculture, forestry, and hydroelectric power. The country is known for its natural beauty, including its forests, mountains, and waterfalls, and it is a popular destination for eco-tourism.

The capital and largest city of Laos is Vientiane and the international time used is GMT +7

Where is Laos?
Laos is located in the center of Southeast Asia, due to its landlocked nature, it is one of the country that share borders with many countries.

It share borders with 5 countries such as:

(i) North by China

(ii) Northeast and east by Vietnam

(iii) South by Cambodia

(iv) West by Thailand

(v) Northwest by Myanmar(Burma).

What is the currency of Laos?
Lao kip is the currency of Laos since 1945 and smaller denomination is att (Historically used: 100att is equal to 1 lao kip, no longer in used due to inflation and weakening currency)

The Lao Kip ກີບ has had several iterations starting in 1945-6 when the government issued the first Free Lao Kip notes. These were quickly replaced when the French introduced the piastre de commerce, the currency used in all of French colonial Indochina. The piastre de commerce was replaced by the Royal Kip in 1954 at the conclusion of the first Indochina War where Laos declared its independence from France.

The currency bank notes denomination is as followed:

₭500, ₭1,000, ₭2,000, ₭5,000, ₭5,000, ₭10,000, ₭20,000, ₭50,000 and ₭100,000.

Note that there are no coins in circulation (No currency for att)

How many people live in Laos?
The total population in Laos was estimated at 6.5 million people according to the Laos census figures in 2015. Laos is an very diverse country with many of the ethnics people living together.

The 3 majority ethnic group of Lao, Khmou and Hmong forms 76.5% of population with Lao ethnic forming the majority of populations at 56.3%, Khmou is the second largest at 11.0% and the Hmong as third largest at 9.2%.

The ethnics tribe of combinations of Phouthay, Tai, Makong, Katang, Lue and Akha forms 15.0% of the populations.

Other smaller ethics group and immigrants forms 11.6% of the populations.

What are the most common languages in Laos?
Lao, also called Laotian, is the official as well as the dominant language in Laos.

Since it was a former France colony, French are also used by minority of population, and it is the language preferred by elite classes, those in higher professions, diplomats, and elders. Some Lao words have been incorporated into French giving it a local flavor unique to Laos. However, by the 1970s English had begun to slowly displace it.

Starting from 1975 onwards, under the leadership of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, Vietnamese became the third common languages in Laos and mostly used by the society elite.

What is the most common religion in Laos?
The most common religion in Laos is Theravada Buddhism with 64.7% populations practicing it, Christianity with 1.7% population practicing it and other religions forming 33.6% of population practicing it.

What is the sport of Laos?
National sport in Laos are known as pétanque which are introduced by French colonials in 19th century.

Pétanque is a boules-type of game where the goal is to toss hollow metal balls (called boules) and get them as close as you can to a small wooden target ball (the cochonnet/jack). The player should stand within inside the circle plus with both feet pressed firmly on the ground when they are tossing the boules. This is why you see many pétanque players squatting down when they are throwing boules.

The players are allowed to hit the opponent’s boules and some people take advantage of this to try and push their opponent’s boules away from the jack. The game is won when any of the players have their boules is the nearest to the jack (ideally touching the jack).

When all boules have been thrown, it is time to count the scores. The team that has its boules closest to the jack wins a point and additional points for every boules that is closer to the jack than the closest opponent’s boules. The other team wins no points.The game ends when any of the player/team scores 13 points

What are some important sites?
Nong Kiaow - Also known by other names ,Muang Ngoi (the name of the surrounding district), it is located amidst gorgeous and towering limestone mountain with twisting river views. On the banks of the Nam Ou River, deep in the countryside of Northern Laos, it's an entrancing, sleepy little spot.

One of the main attractions in Nong Khiaw is the Pha Tok Caves. These can be found some 2 kilometers outside of the town itself and the caves make up a section of the stunning limestone bluffs. These caves are also historically important as it is said to have been the hiding place of Pathet Lao at the time of the Second Indochina War.

Pha That Luang - In the native tongue, it meant “Great Stupa in Lao” as it is one of the most significant monument in Laos. The stupa has several terraces with each level representing a different stage of Buddhist enlightenment. The lowest level represents the material world; the highest level represents the world of nothingness. Pha That Luang was built in the 16th century on the ruins of an earlier Khmer temple. Pha That Luang was smashed by a Siamese invasion in 1828, then later reconstructed by the French in 1931

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Laos


text: Category:Book:National Etiquette Differences in Europe


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Object Oriented Programming/See also

= See Also: =

Sources used in this book:
Wikipedia: Object oriented programming

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-inheritance-2034264

Wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

Python Programming/Classes

Wikipedia:Property(programming)

Wikipedia:Method(Computer programming)

Wikipedia:Constructors

Open Books project:Python3-Classes and Objects

Wikipedia:Mutator method

Programming Fundamentals/encapsulation

Wikipedia:Encapsulation_(computer_programming)

Wikipedia:Polymorphism_(computer_science)

Programming Fundamentals/Inheritance and Polymorphism

Wikipedia:Abstraction(computer science)

Wikipedia:Programming_paradigm

TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Advanced Programming

JavaScript:
Object-oriented Programming in 7 minutes | Mosh

Python:
Wikibooks: Introduction to Python Programming

Wikibooks: Python Programming

Unit-Testing

Additional resources(Non-Language specific)
Wikibooks: Introduction to Programming

Wikibooks: Programming Fundamentals

title: Object Oriented Programming/See also