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Professionalism/Vicky Phelan, Grainne Flanelly, David Gibbons, and Cervical Check

Background
In 2008, CervicalCheck was established in Ireland to provide women ages 25-60 with free cervical cancer screening. As the program was being established, contracts were settled with labs to process smear tests. Due to the quantity of tests collected, the program outsourced to labs not in Ireland, namely Quest Diagnostics and Clinical Pathologies Laboratory in the United States. Controversy regarding the program began with the main whistleblower of the case, Vicky Phelan. In 2011, she received a negative result from CervicalCheck. At the time, no one knew that the result was false. In 2014, an audit of the program revealed that Phelan's 2011 result, along with results for over 200 other women, was inaccurate. However, the women were not informed of the false negatives. In 2017, Phelan finally learned that CervicalCheck had misdiagnosed her, but many of the other women remained unaware. The case drew public attention in 2018 when Phelan took legal action against the diagnostic laboratories and the Health Service Executive (HSE), both of whom were implicit in her false negative.

Vicky Phelan
Vicky Phelan is a lead campaigner of the 221+ advocacy group, representing the 221+ women in Ireland who were impacted by incorrect CervicalCheck results. Phelan was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2014 following a false negative CervicalCheck result in 2011. CervicalCheck investigated the 2011 test result following Phelan's diagnosis, but did not inform her of the mistake until 2017. Phelan responded with legal action in 2018, triggering the controversy. The case settled for €2.5 million. Although Phelan originally beat her cancer, she has since relapsed and is taking part in a US clinical trial as of May 2021.

Emma Mhic Mhathuna
Emma Mhic Mhathuna is another prominent victim of the CervicalCheck scandal. She was a devoted mother of five, diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2016 after two false negatives with CervicalCheck. Like Phelan, Mhathuna took legal action and settled for €7.5 million. She emphasized how the hardest part for her was that she should never have gotten cancer and how she was leaving her children without a mother, after working so hard to raise them and make sacrifices for them. She remarked, "I feel like I've essentially been murdered. I should be here another 50 years. The end of life is part of God's plan but this isn't God's plan. I'm dying because of human error". More specifically, she explained, "The 2013 smear said that I was healthy when I wasn't. And because of that then, I developed cancer. I'm dying while I don't need to die". She passed away in 2018 at the age of 37.

Dr. Grainne Flannelly
Grainne Flannelly was the clinical director of the CervicalCheck program from 2010 to 2018. On June 20, 2017, Dr. Kevin Hickey, a gynecologist in Limerick, noticed that only three women on the 2014 audit were recommended to be informed of the false results. Dr. Hickey wrote an e-mail to Dr. Flannelly to confirm the authenticity of this decision from the Cervical Screening Unit. “A balance needs to be struck in deciding who needs a formal communication of the outcome of the audit, '' Dr. Flannelly replied on July 7, "The possibility of resultant harm is crucial". She instructed the gynecologist to "simply file the (audited test) reports in the medical notes" if the patients "have not had cancer" or "have local and fertility-sparing surgery". Based on her judgment, only those three women in the 2014 audit "merited a closeout meeting". Dr. Hickey, however, still informed all the women involved. After all of the public attention in 2018, Dr. Flannelly resigned from her position at the CervicalCheck program on April 28.

Dr. David Gibbons
In 2008, David Gibbons, the former chair of Cytology and Histology in the National Cervical Screen Program (NCSP), had already detected the issues in cervical smear tests. Between 2006 and 2008, Ireland did not have enough resources to process every smear test. Therefore, they outsourced some of the smears to the United States. When NCSP got the cervical screening results back from the US, they noticed a significant discrepancy between the test results from American labs and the Irish labs. "We were finding 1.8 per 100 and they were finding 1.2," said Dr. Gibbons, "which was a third less” . This mismatch was due to the difference between the Irish and US systems, where women screen every year in the US and once every 3 years in Ireland. The US labs have more smear tests to process every day, which may increase the possibility of false-negative. Nevertheless, the higher inaccuracy could be offset by higher frequency of cervical screening in the US but would cause a huge problem in Ireland. Dr. Gibbons and his fellows raised their concerns to Tony O’Brien, the head of HSE, by stating that outsourcing is dangerous and “over a ten-year period, this will cause problems and the problems won’t become apparent for ten years” . However, O’Brien dismissed their concerns and "continued to push on with introducing the outsourcing," said Dr. Gibbons . Subsequently, several scientists, including Dr. Gibbons, were resigned from the NCSP.

Tony O’Brien and HSE
The HSE provides health services to all of Ireland. Therefore, it was directly involved in overseeing the CervicalCheck program. Days after the CervicalCheck scandal became public, the HSE released a statement saying, "over 50,000 cases of pre-cancer and cancer have been detected and treated following cervical screening". The HSE was trying to emphasize their positive impact by highlighting all the good accomplished by the program, in an attempt to save its reputation.

The head of HSE at the time was Tony O'Brien. Initially, O'Brien declined to step down from his position following the controversy. In a statement released on May 2nd, he said "I can't take full responsibility for it". O'Brien maintained that the failures of the system were not his fault and therefore that he should not be held accountable. In this way, he is very similar to the Convair employee Dan Applegate. Both men acknowledged the issues they were involved in but assumed innocence. Both Applegate and O'Brien are careerists concerned with reputation. On May 10, O'Brien was exposed as a careerist when it became public that O'Brien had known about the outcome of the 2014 audit. He knew that patients were not being told about their inaccurate results. His innocence was shattered. It became clear to the public that his original statements were simply an attempt to save face and that he was being dishonest for the sake of his career. As a result, he stepped down from his position.

CervicalCheck Tribunal
The CervicalCheck Tribunal, established in October 2020 for the hearing and determination of eligible claims, promises to provide key benefits to the victims of the scandal such as avoiding the High Court, a quick turnaround for review of claims and subsequent determination, and an emphasis on case-specific and case-sensitive accommodations. The Tribunal, however, is not supported by victims as its quick formation and inability to delay action forced victims to testify in court before they were ready. Phelan remarked that she and the other 221+ victims felt "betrayed." She says, "The Minister KNEW that the 221+ were NOT happy with the format of the Tribunal and that we would not support it, the Minister should NOT have signed the order. The Tribunal is NOT fit for the purpose." She expands, "I am really weary from all the fighting. I really thought the tribunal was a good outcome for all the women and families, yet here we are, two years later, and nowhere nearer having something that is for the women and has women at its heart". This conflict between the Tribunal and the victims mirrors that between Maya Lin and the Vietnam War Veterans during the design of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. In both cases, the two opposing parties share the same goal (to properly commemorate and honor the Vietnam Veterans and to find justice for the victims), yet they disagree on the approach. As Maya Lin, the professional in her example, ultimately took responsibility for the integrity of the design, this comparison suggests that perhaps the professionals in the Tribunal example should be charged with leading the approach. Beyond this, the Maya Lin example elucidates that communication between opposing parties is vital for the optimal result to be reached.

Dr. Gabriel Scally
Dr. Gabriel Scally was the president of the Epidemiology and Public Health section of the Royal Society of Medicine at the time of the scandal. In 2018, he was appointed as the leader in the investigation of CervicalCheck. In his 170-page report on the scandal, he found the incident was the result of a "system wide failure". A main component of this failure was the complete lack of "grace and compassion" with which the program was managed. There was not enough thought about what was best for the patients. On a related note, Dr. Scally concluded that there were multiple issues with the open disclosure policy at the time, which left non-disclosure as a distinct option. Ireland's open disclosure policy in 2018 maintained that if it could be argued that the disclosure of information was not in the patient's best interest or that it might harm the patient, it was not required to disclose that information. Thus, the program was making decisions on patients' behalves, which could be viewed as inappropriate given that the patients' health was at stake. In his report, Dr. Scally set forward 50 recommendations for changes to be made in the program administration. Dr. Scally saw personal benefits from leading this investigation. He turned the investigation into a business opportunity by opening up his own consulting firm. The firm was paid €1.13 million as a result of this case alone. Therefore, Dr. Scally was possibly motivated by profit. This could have impacted his findings, specifically the extensive changes he suggested he oversee. However, Dr. Scally reported, "I’m not motivated by money... I would have done it for nothing," emphasizing that Dr. Scally does not want to appear as though he was influenced by money.

Outcomes and Analysis
In this case, we see three prominent themes. The first is the conflict between personal interest and public interests (professionalism vs. careerism). Tony O’Brien prioritized his reputation and self-image over the victims and their health. In this way, O’Brien is exhibiting his careerism. Similarly, Grainne Flannelly chose to keep news of the false negatives from the women to preserve CervicalCheck's appearance, again exhibiting careerism. The second theme we see in this case is that empathy is an important aspect of professionalism. If O’Brien or Flannelly had put themselves in the victims' shoes or aimed to optimize others' safety, they likely would have made different choices. Specifically, they would have shifted their priority from themselves and their jobs onto the health and safety of others, making them professionals. Finally, this case shows us that transparency is critical to integrity. If CervicalCheck had simply been transparent about their false-negative results and their faulty system, lives would have been saved and the company’s reputation would have been spared.


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User:Hasnain Ali 512

Classical tv by Ghulam Ali

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Hasnain Ali 512


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The Ten Commandments/The Commandments: Then And Now

This book is written in English, which is just one of many languages in a vast family of Indio-European tongues. it is very odd in that Otto Jespersen claimed it lacks any proper grammar, there is no gender and therefore a huge vocabulary to compensate.

We tent to think English is a new language, but of course it was greatly influenced by Christianity, which tried to impose Latin, even though much of its scripture was written first in Hebrew and then Greek. Thanks to the Islamic invasion of Iberia, many Christian universities built on Arabic academic principles - without centers of excellence such as Baghdad, Fez and Granada we Europeans would know little of the ancient Greek and Roman literature or culture.

So the ten commandments have come down to us Anglophones through many different routes, and do get a bit distorted in translation, but fortunately, in England in the 17th Century there was a massive review of ancient scripture in its oldest available form known as the King James Version which can be difficult to read so now there are several interpretations including the Modern English Version.

In the oldest Hebrew book of Exodus there are already two slightly different versions with a few extra commandments, but for convenience, let's stick to the basics shown on the first page. They come in three sections: the first religious bit about the relationship between God and mankind, and then like a sandwich between the divine and mortal there is the social section (keep one day sacred, for prayer, work six days, honor elders) the last bit deals with relationships between us humans (don't cheat, nor steal, nor  kill etc).

Exodus really marks a transition from ancient religions which were all about empire building, and more modern attempts to live in harmony with people who are not like us. Instead of US and THEM it introduced the idea that the tribe whose adventures it described were part of a larger scheme that included all of Creation which was made by an omnipotent divinity which we humans can not understand and must not either name or describe - but of course that does not stop us from trying: God of Love, Most Gracious, Most Merciful....

The great thing about the ten commandments is its simplicity and elegance - we can learn it almost as soon as we can talk, and understand its meaning long before we are old enough to deliberately commit the sins it forbids!

In 1948 the United Nations tried to update this Decalogue for the modern world, which is now published as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. That is just an aspiration but in Europe has been made into a series of legal codes such as [the [w:Fourth Geneva Convention]] and the European Convention on Human Rights, but those are really for lawyers and courts to enforce. The ten commandments are a personal (and hopefully permanent) commitment available to everybody who wants a decent life, no matter which language, religion or any other distinction we may have imposed on us by our governments or any other powerful people who may tempt or force us to do otherwise!


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The Ten Commandments/Human weaknesses and divine aspirations

To err is Human, but to forgive - Divine - Imagine being a relatively large group of refugees fleeing from slavery. You are in the middle of a desert, and low on food and water. Panic is about to take hold. Something has to be done to maintain order, or everybody will die a horrible death. But what? Go up a mountain, have a good long think. Pray. Beg for divine intervention. How to forgive rule-breakers who are not really bad, just desperate? A bit of good luck! That moss or whatever had filled his stomach and did not make him ill!

Of course expulsion could be dangerous, if enough of them got together to make trouble. Worse, killing disobedient followers could be disastrous, not only by turning followers against their brutal leaders, but also because every single member would be important to gather enough food and ensure everybody got fed.

Then another divine revelation came to Moses: inscribe the half-dozen or so basic rules on two portable tablets, and threaten any would-be sinners with death dealt stealthily - mot by a leader but by a divine judge who had ordered his holy commandments to be chiseled by his faithful servant!

So the purpose of the commandments was first to bind the refugees into a spiritual religious group, then to impose a social order by some persuasive power other than the threat of death by a cruel or punitive leader.

Religion has two possible meanings: Cicero said it meant reading, re-reading, lecturing and persuading while Lactantius preferred the idea of a ligature binding and rebinding a group of individuals in different ways for but for a single a common objective.

The bundle of twigs around a slightly longer axe illustrated here is a Fasces, an ancient Etruscan symbol for a leader surrounded by followers who are cut to the proper length and available for sacrifice if needed to fuel the fire!

Leadership is a hot role to occupy, since everyone thinks they could do a better job! One needs a cool and fluid mind to get everyone following by joyful persuasion rather than abject fear. A good refuge from the demands of followers is up a mountain, where one can be seen to pray, but not disturbed.

About 12,000 years ago there was a dramatic change from the cold ice age to the present warmer Holocene epoch. At first that was good, and life flourished. But then the glaciers and icebergs thawed, and the fertile coastal areas became flooded. It is postulated that the Garden of Eden was one such coastal paradise, in a deep valley, south of Basra which filled with water and became the Persian Gulf, and this could explain the story of Noah's Ark. Taking to the high ground, which was less fertile would have been a problem, but fortunately the rain came and created new coastal areas with rivers and soft alluvial mud.

One such paradise that survived (or was revived) was perhaps the Indus Valley where a great civilization flourished, until overpopulation drove people east to China and the Americas, and west to North Africa and Europe (which is perhaps why English, Latin, Greek, Arabic and Hebrew can be seen as founded on the Proto-Indo-European language theory.

Great leaders always take the high ground, so perhaps that is why the most important Greek Gods were said to live on Mount Olympus.

We all start out as children, utterly dependent on our family for everything. The world of children is bipolar: everything is either right or wrong, true or false, good or bad. If we, as children, obey orders that is good, and if we do something adventurous that can be bad, and we then risk punishment. So the idea of us being the offspring of some distant and immortal ancestors might give us the hope of ourselves escaping the dreadful prospect of death, if only we obey their instructions, yes?

Well no. In truth, we, and everything else is changing and mortal, or, according to Heraclitus, it is impossible to step into the same river twice. A better model is that we humans have four elements: our visible bodes and good health, the half-hidden mind with conscious thoughts causing deeds, an invisible soul of emotion, and finally a spirit, which is the reputation we leave behind in the memory of others.

Before writing was invented about 6,000 years ago, the memory and story-telling was the only way of remembering. Stuck in a desert for years on end, writing, even on stone or clay tablets, would have been a serious enterprise, so a pithy, memorable ten commandments was a stroke of genius - or a divine inspiration? Of course since those early day of writing great leaders do grand deeds that are recorded in written in history, but before that we had to rely on the remembered words of poets and musicians performing the works attributed to ancestors such as Homer.

The problem with that is such grand cultural assets tend to make us over-confident as members of a special cultural group, and that can lead to war. Much better to persuade ourselves that there is indeed something «out there» that transcends our brief mortal lives, and that «eventually» everything will be put right by some sort of perental spirit, so let us try to avoid any posibility judgement and earn some praise by doing the «right thing» - not hurting people or damaging things.

 * Hint: It is not necessary to actually believe in divine judgement - just admit that, since we don't know for sure, let us invest, just in case. The rewards for doing the right thing is not just a clear conscience, it helps to keep the peace without the worry we might perhaps suffer the pain of punishment.


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The Ten Commandments/You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor

You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor is a prohibition or inhibition of the emotions You shall not submit to envy, nor to greed nor to lust. These are just some of the seven deadly sins.

 * Note:The original (King James Version) English used the now obsolete second person singular «thou» which was only used in very intimate situations as say a parent to a child (or God the Father to the Children of Israel). In grammar «thou shalt» and «thy» was correct because the case should match, just as «I am» is more correct than «I be». Similarly the male prefix «He/his» was then gender neutral so «he/she» would have been redundant.


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User:StoryTimeGloryTime/sandbox

Guahuahuahuahua!

Cookbook:Table of Contents

title: User:StoryTimeGloryTime/sandbox


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Professionalism/Market Influences on Clinical Trials

Introduction
Clinical trials are experimental periods of clinical research performed on humans. Clinical trials are a fundamental step in testing new treatments for introduction to the public; however, market influences that impact the nature of these trials lead us to further analyze the balance between science and business in this process.

Goals
The goal of a clinical trial is to learn the effectiveness and safety of a medical intervention. Manufacturers also use them to engage and familiarize clinicians and key opinion leaders with said medical interventions .They also generate commercially useful data, publicity, interest, and prestige for their product and organization. Medical professionals agree that trials should inherently be designed in such a way that they yield as much useful and unbiased information as possible from as few participants and clinical events as is necessary.

Nature of the Business
Most medical manufacturers are not in any way altruistic entities: they are largely private companies and must be efficient and profitable while still producing safe and effective products. From a business mindset, clinical trials are necessary and expensive investments. In turn, not meeting goals or objectives in terms of time or results of a trial can cost companies millions of dollars a day. Organizations have expectations based on their research and evaluation of market influences: profitability can be directly correlated with how they market trials according to these influences.

Because of this, manufacturers act as any business would and leverage market influences to increase their output: in clinical trials output can be measured in terms of patient recruitment and retention. Regardless of science or opinions of professionals versed on the product or how clinical trials should be run, there is upper management in these organizations that are trained to cut costs and increase profits. This also leads manufacturers to turn to product seeding: this occurs when trials are used to get clinicians into the habit of prescribing a drug to increase sales after the trial. Manufacturers also hide their influence through attributional spin. Attributional spin occurs when, for marketing credibility, a company plays down its own involvement in a trial, but plays up the role of the academics they have enlisted into the project.

Although profits may increase, attempting to leverage market influence as a manufacturer leads to increased risk when it compromises the main objectives of the trial. People who are harmed in clinical trials can pursue compensation for their injuries, illnesses, and other expenses. Legal action is warranted against the manufacturer if the risks were not properly explained, proper guidance or clarification was not provided on paperwork and consent forms, you were coerced into participating in the trial, or your health significantly worsened as a result of partaking in the trial.

Danger of Marketing in Clinical Trials
There is concern surrounding the idea of "marketing trials", which are clinical trials which have been designed or performed with market influences in mind. There is no black and white definition of a marketing trial: a marketing trial can be defined as a spectrum of commercial influence in any clinical trial, and this whole spectrum should be of concern to the medical community. The concern is due to the fact that marketing trials are less scientific because of bias that arise in the funding, design, conduct, analysis, and reporting stages.

Drug Manufacturers
Drug manufacturers have the goal of producing something in a way that is efficient, profitable, and effective in carrying out the goals of the manufacturer. These goals may, however, vary greatly depending on the context and organization: some manufacturers will focus on delivering the most effective product where others will focus on creating the best margins.

Trial Patients
Research shows that, in terms of motivators for any patient to participate in a clinical trial, safety topped the list of priorities ; however, because a significant portion of individuals who participate in clinical trials are from traditionally underserved groups, most are inherently disadvantaged in reading and comprehending the metrics of safety in a clinical trial. Patients also value the legitimate health benefits associated with the trial’s product: they hope the trial provides them with the advertised benefits that potentially could extend or improve their quality of life. Finally, patients stress the importance of being valued as a partner in the trial. A patient being a partner in a trial involves them being fully informed and valued as an equal in the entirety of the clinical trial process. However, allowing market influences to impact the nature of a trial and not fully disclosing that to participants strips them of any form of legitimate partnership.

Outside Medical Professionals
Most outside medical professionals agree that trials should be conducted in a way that is as scientific as possible: they want to see transparency. Many medical professionals are also weary of how marketing and other characteristics of a clinical trial may impact the reliability of results. In turn, they believe that marketing undermines the purpose of clinical trials. Dr. Alastair Matheson, supporter of innovative pharmaceutical research, does a good job of putting the relationship between the two into words: “Science is about objectivity, openness and truth. Marketing is about rhetoric, half-truths and sales. When marketing creeps into clinical trials, science is the loser – and with it, good medicine and patient care.”

Background
In late 1998, the pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. filed an application with the Food and Drug Administration for U.S. approval of the drug rofecoxib, also known as Vioxx. Vioxx was approved in 1999 as a prescription medicine to treat symptoms of arthritis, acute pain in adults, and painful menstrual cycles .After data from new clinical trials revealed that extended use of Vioxx substantially increased the risk of cardiovascular events in patients, Merck voluntarily withdrew Vioxx from the market in 2004. Over 2 million patients were taking Vioxx at the time of the withdrawal.

VIGOR trial
Shortly before receiving FDA approval, Merck began its largest clinical trial of Vioxx. The Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) study was intended to show that Vioxx would have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than its competitor, naproxen. If the trials produced data showing that Vioxx had fewer gastrointestinal side effects than naproxen, Vioxx would be viewed as a safer product and likely lead to a boost in sales for Merck.

In the summer of 2000, Merck reported its final data and conclusions from the VIGOR study. The data showed Vioxx had less gastrointestinal side effects than naproxen but patients taking Vioxx in the study had cardiac events such as heart attacks at a rate 4 times greater than those taking naproxen. Selective reporting in the published results of the VIGOR study concealed the cardiac risks of Vioxx. The report included one more month of gastrointestinal events than cardiac events. The missing month of cardiac events understated the true cardiac risk to patients as it was later revealed that three cardiac events had occurred in patients that were left out of the report. The report also included a misleading hypothesis that Vioxx was not increasing the risk for cardiac events but that naproxen was decreasing the risk for it, despite no supporting evidence.

In 2001, the FDA reviewed the VIGOR report and decided to change the labeling on VIOXX to include a warning about cardiac side effects. A congressional hearing found that there was deliberate marketing done by Merck to downplay the severity of cardiac risks including “The Cardiovascular Card”, a pamphlet created by Merck which stated that Vioxx was associated with 1/8th the mortality rate from cardiovascular problems than other ant-inflammatory drugs.

APPROVe trial and voluntary withdrawal
In 2004, an additional clinical trial, called the APPROVe trial, was being conducted to test other uses for Vioxx. Initial data from APPROVe found that patients taking Vioxx had an increased risk of cardiovascular events compared to a placebo group. The trial was cut short and Merck voluntarily removed Vioxx from the market in September 2004. According to FDA investigators, at the time of market removal Vioxx was estimated to have caused 140,000 heart attacks and 60,000 deaths.

Court proceedings
Immediately after recalling Vioxx, multiple personal lawsuits were filed against Merck for damages caused by taking Vioxx. Merck successfully litigated as many as 10 cases as it was hard for plaintiffs to prove Vioxx was the cause of their health problems. In 2013, Merck settled a class action lawsuit for $4.25 billion class action lawsuit filed by patients who had taken Vioxx for 30 days or more.

Background
In 2006, TeGenero, a German drug manufacturer, was working on developing a novel drug, TGN1412, intended to treat B-cell chronic lymphoma or rheumatoid arthritis. After seemingly successful preclinical trials in monkeys and rats, TGN1412 entered the first-in-man phase 1 clinical trial, which was run by Parexel, an American clinical research organization, at Northwick Park Hospital in London. On March 13, 2006, the drug was administered to six healthy male volunteers and within minutes, all were suffering from adverse reactions. The subjects experienced cytokine release syndrome, which is a systemic inflammatory response that can be triggered by certain drugs, as well as with multi-organ failure.

Issues with TGN1412 Phase 1 Trial Procedures
An official investigation and report was conducted by the Expert Scientific Group (ESG) to determine ways in which the trial directly put the 6 healthy volunteers at risk.

Failing to Establish Safe Dosing Procedures for Humans
The preclinical trials met regulatory requirements but failed to predict a safe dose for human use. In the preclinical studies, monkeys were given doses as high as 50mg/kg over the course of 4 weeks without any adverse reactions. Due to the lack of testing done in the preclinical trials, the investigators arbitrarily chose a dose to administer to the volunteers that they assumed would be safe. The volunteers were given doses of 0.1mg/kg, a significantly smaller dose than the preclinical tests, but at a much faster rate of 10 minute dosing intervals. The choice to do this without any statistically significant data to support it likely played a role in the horrible reactions suffered by the subjects.

Overlooking Previous Studies
Investigators in the TGN1412 study stated in their brochure given to the volunteers that the preclinical trials reported low levels of cytokine release. However, studies done on two other monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 and Visilizumab, concluded that non-human primates do not predict cytokine release in humans and it was not safe to assume 100% homology between the primates and humans. This oversight by TeGenero and Parexel directly impacted the lives of the 6 volunteers in ways that could have been avoided had the investigators kept up with current research.

TeGenero
Immediately following the trial, TeGenero's chief scientific officer, Thomas Hanke, apologized to the patients and their families. Four months after the disastrous clinical trial, TeGenero went filed for bankruptcy, leaving those affected fearing that they may not received proper compensation.

Changes to Regulatory Guidelines
The report written by the ESG contained 22 recommendations as to how phase 1 clinical trials could be more safely carried out in the future. This included updated methods for calculating a safe starting dose for humans, sequential rather than simultaneous testing to monitor effects, and consideration of the appropriate route and rate of drug administration. The Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA), which regulates clinical trials in the UK, took the ESG's recommendations into account and they established additional guidelines for certain categories of drugs that had never been used in humans before in order to avoid repeating the disasters seen in the TGN1412 trial.


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User:WASHEkudakwashe/sandbox

going to start a book to edit the page on Laplace transformations as used in the finding of solutions of differential equations, ordinary and partial.

title: User:WASHEkudakwashe/sandbox


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Professionalism/Tim Bray, Maren Costa, Emily Cunningham, and Amazon

Introduction
Amazon is one of the richest companies in the world. Its success has propelled its founder Jeff Bezos to be one of the wealthiest individuals ever, with a 198 billion dollar net worth. The company has seen exponential growth, increasing from 340,000 employees in 2016, to 647,500 in 2018, and finally to 1,298,000 in 2020. More than 800 processing centers are at its disposal throughout the US. The company has propelled itself to become such a titan of industry partly through treating its employees in unethical ways. A case of this can be seen in the story of Tim Bray, Maren Costa, and Emily Cunningham, which contains important lessons about professional responsibility.

Fulfillment Center Conditions
Employees have provided accounts of unsafe working conditions where they aren’t treated like humans or workers. Rather, they are considered a piece of data expected to provide unreasonable levels of output no matter what their personal ability is. Warehouse workers often have shifts lasting 10 or 11 hours straight, where they are standing essentially the entire time. Managers have shifts that can last up to 12-14 hours and are equally taxing. During this time, workers are expected to process a package once every 8-10 seconds, which adds up to a staggering 4,000 packages in a day.

They are given two 15 minute breaks, but the break rooms provided often take 10-15 minutes just to walk to and from. Their bathroom breaks are timed, and workers are tracked by an automated system and reprimanded if they take too long. Reports of working conditions have detailed that this resulted in workers resorting to peeing in bottles during their shifts. These practices have resulted in high injury rates as workers attempt to meet performance standards out of the range of their abilities.

Amazon attempts to divert attention from the poor working conditions they force on their employees. They instead point to their 15 dollar minimum wage, health insurance benefits, parental leave, and childcare programs.

Amazon Web Services
Amazon Web Services is the other side to the company. It brought in 13.5 billion dollars of profit in 2020, making up 63 percent of the company’s profit.

In an article written for the publication Medium, an amazon engineer outlined his terrible experience working for the company. Their complaints included unnecessarily tight deadlines meant to motivate engineers to work faster, management caring more about how fast a project is completed rather than its quality, overburdened team members expected to complete multiple tasks at the same time, and managers controlling the trajectory of your career. Engineers are pitted against each other as the bottom 5-10 percent are fired in order to weed out the weak. This leads to coworkers actively sabotaging colleagues ideas to make themselves look better.

Other accounts of this side of the company detail it as a great place to work, where they emphasize a good work/life ratio. These accounts even say that Amazon has better working practices than other industry leaders. They credit Amazon’s leadership principles which promote workers putting in their best effort and inspire others to do the same. This leads the company’s products to be some of the most cutting edge and high quality.

Tim Bray
Tim Bray is a Canadian software engineer who has made important contributions to his field, and is also an environmentalist and political activist. He was one of the creators of XML, which is widely used for transferring data across the internet. He worked as a Vice President of Amazon under the Amazon Web Services portion of the company. From his description of his time at Amazon, he loved working there and described it as a humane place where workers were treated ethically.

Climate Petition
In 2019 a group of Amazon employees banded together to form Amazon Employees for Climate Justice (AECJ). Maren Costa and Emily Cunningham were two of the group's founders. They were user experience designers for Amazon, having fifteen years of Amazon experience between the two of them. Maren Costa and Emily Cunningham began their work in activism concerned about Amazon's role in contributing to climate change. The AECJ wrote a letter to Jeff Bezos and the Amazon board of directors detailing their issues and solutions for Amazon's climate policy. They sought to point out that:

 * Amazon's previous goal to reach 100% renewable energy does not have a target date
 * Amazon's Shipment Zero initiative only commits to net zero carbon, not an actual reduction
 * Amazon has programs dedicated to assisting fuel companies expanding drilling operations and routinely makes donations to politicians that always oppose climate change legislation

Their solution was for Amazon to take an involved look at what the science community was saying and make timely goals that correspond with Amazon's responsibility as one of the larger contributors to the issue. Over 8,700 Amazon employees signed the petition, including high ranking Amazon managers. The letter came before the Amazon board of directors but was coted down. This resulted in the Global Climate Strike Walkout four months later on September 20, 2019, where some 3,000 Amazon workers walked out in protest. The day before the walkout, Amazon announced a new commitment to combating climate change by meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement ten years before it's target goal. Obviously Amazon knew when the Global Climate Strike Walkout was going to be. It is no coincidence the two events are only a day apart. Amazon's big splash took headlines by storm and drew negative attention away from their policies. By preemptively taking action, Amazon faced far less backlash and undermined the AECJ.

According to the Seattle Times, Costa was given a follow up email after one, telling the public through social media and news releases that Amazon was aiding oil exploration efforts and two, having a major part in organizing the Global Climate Strike Walkout, This email threatened that she could be fired if she continued to speak up. Facing these threats, she said “I spoke up because I’m terrified by the harm the climate crisis is already causing, and I fear for my children’s future.” and that “It’s our moral responsibility to speak up — regardless of Amazon’s attempt to censor us — especially when climate poses such an unprecedented threat to humanity.”

Activism and Aftermath
Warehouse workers reached out to the AECJ for help regarding the safety situation in the warehouses during COVID-19. Maren Costa, Emily Cunningham, and others in the AECJ internally circulated a petition for better worker conditions, including more paid days off, fewer workers in the warehouse to facilitate social distancing, and other investments on Amazon's part to increase safety. In addition, Costa and Cunningham organized an open-to-public town hall with Amazon warehouse employees from across the world to discuss conditions and what could be done. On April 10, 2019, Maren Costa and Emily Cunningham sent out internal announcements for the event, and were immediately fired. This news came only days after also posting to Twitter criticizing Amazon's coronavirus safety in warehouses and offering to match up to $500 dollars in donations towards worker safety. Amazon representatives insist to this day that the two were not fired for criticizing Amazon’s worker conditions, but rather because of repeatedly breaking internal company rules such as intimidation and social distancing. Despite the removal of AECJ leaders, the worker town hall went on as planned on April 24th, 2020, and can be watched here.

In response, on May 1st, 2020, Tim Bray snapped. After filing complaints through the proper channels internally, he resigned. Bray said, "remaining an Amazon VP would have meant, in effect, signing off on actions I despised." He characterized Amazon's decision to not object to the town hall, demand outsiders be excluded, or that leadership was represented, but rather just to fire the leaders was "evidence of a vein of toxicity running through the company culture." He chose not to drink that poison.

On May 6th, 2020, several democratic senators including Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and Kamala Harris sent Bezos a letter pointing out the trend of public whistleblowers getting fired, including Costa and Cunningham, and raised the question of whether or not these former employees were truly justified in being let go.

On April 5th, 2021, a full year after their firing, the Seattle Branch of the National Labor Relations Board found that Amazon had illegally retaliated against Costa and Cunningham, saying they would force Amazon to settle or be brought before an administrative law judge under the claim of unfair labor practices.

Conclusion
Amazon has a long history of cutting corners in order to maintain profit margins, which have led to problems in safety, employee wellbeing, and ethical standing. As seen in cases like Boeing's 737-MAX, dire consequences can arise from companies being too concerned with profits and engineers being too worried about their careers. Even though Tim Bray was not directly in charge of COVID-19 safety in warehouses, he still felt like he could not continue to work at company who’s corner cutting practices put lives at risk. He felt like he needed to resign in order to bring attention to the worker’s conditions.

Being a whistle blower is often a career ending decision. Look no further than Rebekah Jones who was fired for not lying to the public or Edward Snowden who was fired and ostracized for exposing unconstitutional government actions. Emily Cunningham and Maren Costa put their morals before job security, even when the responsibility wasn't theirs. As professionals, each of these people shouldered the responsibility of defending their peers' integrity and speaking up when their lives were at risk. The GitHub Employee Dismissal of January 8 is another example where an employee was unfairly fired. Fortunately they had the backing of many of their coworkers who saw this dismissal as a violation of their code of ethics. Careerism is a dangerous mentality and, as time has show, detrimental to the well being of life and liberty.


text:
Professionalism/Suspension of @realDonaldTrump

Introduction
On January 8th, 2021, Donald J. Trump, former President of the United States, was banned from Twitter. People who are familiar with Donald Trump’s account on Twitter have an idea of how active and outspoken he was. On the day of his ban, Twitter released a statement, explaining the reason for his suspension, and the violations he had towards their rules. This ban caused a controversy within the United States, regarding freedom of speech, and what rights social media platforms have in permitting what the public can and cannot see. The ban of Donald Trump presents itself in the realm of ethics, questioning whether it was ethical for Trump to tweet personal opinions on certain topics, and whether it was ethical for Twitter to ban him because of it.

Past-2021
All of Donald Trump's tweets were suspended on Twitter, but there exists an archive of every tweet he has made since 2009. Trump did not become very active on Twitter until August 2011, during the election between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, as Donald Trump weighed in heavily on the election during that period. Once he became the president-elect in 2016, he said, “I’m going to be very restrained, if I use it at all” in an interview he had with CBS’ 60 Minutes. However, Phil Helsel continues to say that by that Sunday, Trump had already contradicted himself by his calling out of the New York Times for poor coverage and false claims. This added to the bulk of many negative tweets written by Donald Trump.

From 2016 to 2020, there was a noticeable decline in positive tweets from Trump. According to Kalec Leetaru, Donald Trump has had a negative tone in his tweets since he announced his candidacy in May 2015, reaching a peak low of negative tweets in January 2020. During his presidential-elect period, he was very positive, but as his first term was coming to an end, during the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and the turmoil following the murder of George Floyd, his tweets seemed to reach an all time negative low. Equally as important, Leetaru states that the rate at which he uses capital letters in his tweets increased from 8% to 12% a week, by which one can infer as an aggressive or negative tone. Even before his ban in 2021, Donald Trump had written many tweets that were deemed problematic, an unethical act for such a public figure. However, Twitter’s right to ban him can also be questioned on ethical grounds. Professor Chemerinsky, dean of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, says that “he would prefer never to see another false, misleading or incendiary tweet from Trump” and he does not favor an “anything goes” policy. However, he thinks that Twitter should not have the right to regulate what the public sees. Contrarily, he says “I think Twitter is completely justified in taking down any tweets by Trump or anybody else that are regarded as incitement, threat, invasion of privacy or defamatory.” In conclusion, he suggests that more selective blocking and labeling be implemented, but admits that one could argue that Twitter had already tried that and a permanent suspension was the only option left. Therefore, the matter seems to be left at the face of opinion.

2020-2021
Twitter became more active in regulating its platform in the midst of Trump’s most active year on Twitter. In March of 2020, Twitter introduced new guidelines claiming that they would “prioritize removing content when it has a clear call to action that could directly pose a risk to people’s health or well-being”. Simultaneously, Donald Trump made some of his most controversial tweets in 2020. In response to protests of COVID-19 social distancing mandates, Trump issued the series of tweets shown below."LIBERATE VIRGINIA, and save your great 2nd Amendment. It is under siege!""LIBERATE MICHIGAN!""LIBERATE MINNESOTA!"Some individuals believed that these tweets could incite violence. However, according to a spokesperson from Twitter, they did not remove the tweet since Trump’s usage of ‘liberate’ is “vague and unclear, and not something that allows us to reliably infer harmful physical intent”.

By the middle of 2020, Twitter was taking a firmer stance on punishing inappropriate usage. On May 11, 2020, Twitter announced that they would begin flagging tweets containing “misleading information” or a “disputed claim”. Twitter’s first enactment of this policy towards Trump occurred on May 26, 2020, after he claimed that mail-in ballots will lead to fraud. Three days later, Twitter hid the following tweet made by Trump: "'....These THUGS are dishonoring the memory of George Floyd, and I won’t let that happen. Just spoke to Governor Tim Walz and told him that the Military is with him all the way. Any difficulty and we will assume control but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts. Thank you!'"According to Twitter, the tweet by Trump “violates our policies regarding the glorification of violence based on the historical context of the last line, its connection to violence, and the risk it could inspire similar actions today”.

These actions by Twitter sparked debate about Twitter's obligations as a social media platform to regulate speech on its platform. According to Twitter, "defending and respecting the user's voice is one of our core values" which is a "two-part commitment to freedom of expression and privacy". Some individuals believe that Twitter was not being consistent with these values. At the time, Trump claimed that Twitter was "completely stifling FREE SPEECH". Polls have found that Americans were split on whether social media companies need to be regulated. However, the First Amendment does not affect Twitter since it is a private company that is able to regulate its content as it sees fit based on its Terms of Service.

This trend continued through the latter half of 2020 with increasing pressure to restrict Trump’s Twitter account. Upon his release from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Trump issued the following tweet."'I will be leaving the great Walter Reed Medical Center today at 6:30 P.M. Feeling really good! Don’t be afraid of Covid. Don’t let it dominate your life. We have developed, under the Trump Administration, some really great drugs & knowledge. I feel better than I did 20 years ago!'"Many found this tweet to be reckless and unacceptable from Trump. In response to this, Twitter placed a warning label on Trump’s tweet but did not remove it. Twitter also hid various tweets of Trump’s during and after the 2020 Presidential Election as he promoted conspiracies about election fraud.

2021-Present
On January 6th, 2021, the United States Capitol was stormed by rioters attempting to overturn Trump’s defeat in the 2020 presidential election. There were 5 deaths and over 140 people injured during the armed standoffs. Bombs were discovered near the Capitol as well, but they were never set off.

In the statement by Twitter concerning the permanent suspension of @realDonaldTrump, two tweets were highlighted, shown below. “The 75,000,000 great American Patriots who voted for me, AMERICA FIRST, and MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN, will have a GIANT VOICE long into the future. They will not be disrespected or treated unfairly in any way, shape or form!!!” (Trump, 2021a).

“To all of those who have asked, I will not be going to the Inauguration on January 20th.” Twitter decided that these tweets were in violation of the Glorification of Violence Policy, when viewed in the context of the “broader events in the country” and considering the “ways in which the President’s statements can be mobilized by different audiences”.

Justifications for this decision were based on the propensity for these tweets to “encourage and inspire” people to perform violent acts. In the first tweet, according to Twitter, using the words “American Patriots” to describe his supporters declares Donald Trump’s approval of the US Capitol riots. It also indicates that former president Trump did not want to proceed with an orderly transition of power. The second tweet, according to Twitter, was received by his supporters as confirming the results of the 2020 presidential election as being illegitimate. Overall, they acted to encourage and support the violent raiding of the US Capitol in order to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. These tweets are the main cause of Trump’s permanent suspension from Twitter.

Twitter had allowed Donald Trump’s account to stand, even through flagrant violations of Twitter’s policy, due to his position as a world leader. Twitter had justified this as being in the interest of defending free speech. Trump had used Twitter throughout his term as a method of communicating with the press and the public. However, after increasing pressure from US lawmakers, Twitter employees, and many others, Donald Trump’s account was suspended indefinitely.

Conclusion
Donald Trump’s tweets and account were allowed to stand because of his position as a world leader. Twitter policy violations were allowed, much more so than for normal users, because Trump’s tweets were considered “newsworthy” and were a primary method for communicating with the press and his supporters. However, his actions eventually became too dangerous in the eyes of Twitter executives and he was permanently suspended from the platform. This has led to some controversy, as social media platforms are now able to determine what constitutes “free speech”, a traditionally governmental role. The circumstances around Donald Trump’s suspension from Twitter have highlighted the control corporations have over society and how their actions have real consequences on governments.

However, Trump had been a source of controversy for years, and Twitter has always had the authority to punish his violations while using their platform. Some feel that Twitter could have potentially mitigated the damage of Trump's tweets by taking action sooner. Jack Dorsey, co-founder and CEO of Twitter, acknowledged some of these concerns in the following tweet:"Yes, we all need to look critically at inconsistencies of our policy and enforcement. Yes, we need to look at how our service might incentivize distraction and harm. Yes, we need more transparency in our moderation operations. All this can’t erode a free and open global internet."This also presents an ethical challenge for Twitter to determine what standard its users are held to regardless of social status. From a business perspective, Twitter's goal is to maintain a strong user base. Criticism over free speech, especially from other world leaders such as Chancellor Merkel, can drive users away from their platform. The circumstances surrounding Donald Trump's suspension from Twitter also highlight the ethical dilemmas that come with balancing business and public interests.


text:
User:Bennychloroplast

Just a placeholder; potential Wikibooks editor.

title: User:Bennychloroplast


text:
User:MermaidWhoCodes1912

I’m back!

Hello World! user:MermaidWhoCodes1912user talk:MermaidWhoCodes1912

title: User:MermaidWhoCodes1912


text:
User talk:MermaidWhoCodes1912

Hello World! user:MermaidWhoCodes1912user talk:MermaidWhoCodes1912

title: User talk:MermaidWhoCodes1912


text:
User:StoryTimeGloryTime

' Have you ever heard of the new movie yet? It is a hit! It’s called @email! Never mind, it has been canceled, but why? IDK. '

title: User:StoryTimeGloryTime


text:
User talk:StoryTimeGloryTime

One account per person. You are operating multiple accounts, this one has been blocked as a sockpuppet. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Unblock or else I will cause you nightmares. StoryTimeGloryTime (discuss • contribs) 13:16, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:StoryTimeGloryTime


text:
Talk:Professionalism/Data Ownership

I believe this chapter belongs in the 'Thinkers, Ideas, and Problems' section as it does not focus on a distinct case or incident. This chapter is more focused on the ideas that allow us to understand incidents revolving around data ownership. I'm not sure how to go about requesting this chapter's transfer to that section, though. If it cannot be moved, it requires substantial revision of content to conform to the general framework of investigating a distinct event and deriving generalizable conclusions. For now, our focus is on revising, correcting, and extending the existing content. -Burtner

title: Talk:Professionalism/Data Ownership


text:
Talk:Professionalism/Apple, iPhone Software, and Planned Obsolescence

I expanded on the current "Apple's response" section. I also added a section about the legal investigations into apple's planned obsolescence practices. These sections focus on Apple's response to public criticism and lawmakers' efforts to hold the company accountable. -Satterthwaite


text:
Talk:Professionalism/Mona Hanna-Attisha and Lead Exposure in Flint, Michigan

The user "2600:8806:2509:6c00:fcc1:e4e7:4ae7:300b' is LarryJCai.


text:
Talk:Professionalism/Vtubers and the Ethics of Synthetic Media

Notes:

Our changes have timestamps in UTC(+4) time, however, we made all edits in EST time.

On May 11th from 11:00am-12:00 pm, Christine, Sharon, and Megan proofread and copy-edited together and published the changes under Megan's account.

Contribution:

Sharon added the Introduction and Conclusion sections.

Christine added the section on Cover and the Taiwan Controversy.

Megan added the section on Parasocial Relationships and Idol Culture and added to the Conclusion.

Everyone proofread and copy-edited at the end.


text: Mirad Thesaurus/Food

title: Mirad Thesaurus/Food


text:
Flora of New York/Clade alismatid monocots

{{:Flora of New York/txt
 * The Acorales and Alismatales form the basal grade of the monocots (Lilianae), informally grouped as the "{{wp|alismatid monocots}}."

{{barlabel {{cladex |style=line-height:12px; font-size:13px; |1={{cladex |label1=Acorales : Acoraceae |1={{cladex |1=Acorus americanus (American sweetflag)|barbegin1=#ccaacc |2=Acorus calamus (old world sweetflag)|bar2=#ccaacc }}     }}   |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Alismatales |1={{cladex |1=Tofieldiaceae—Triantha glutinosa (sticky false asphodel) |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Araceae |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Orontioideeae |1={{cladex |1=Orontium aquaticum (golden club) |2=Symplocarpus foetidus (skunk cabbage) }}                       }}                    |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Lemnoideae |1={{cladex |1=Spirodela polyrrhiza (common duckmeal) |2=Lemna spp. (5 duckweeds) |3=Wolffia spp. (3 watermeals) }}                         }}                       |2={{cladex |label1=Aroideae |1={{cladex |1=Calla palustris (wild calla, water arum) |2=Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum, tuckahoe) |3=Arisaema dracontium (green dragon) |4=Arisaema triphyllum (4 Jack-in-the-pulpit subspp.) }}                         }}                       }}                    }}                 }}              |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Alismataceae |1={{cladex |1=Sagittaria spp. (9 arrowheads) |2=Alisma spp. (3 water plantains) }}                      }}                    |2={{cladex |1=Butomaceae—Butomus umbellatus (flowering rush) |2={{cladex |label1=Hydrocharitaceae |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Hydrocharitoideae |1={{cladex |1=Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (European frog’s bit) |2=Egeria densa (Brazilian waterweed) |3=Limnobium spongia (American frog’s bit) }}                               }}                             |2={{cladex |1=Stratiotoideae— |2={{cladex |1=Anacharidoideae—Elodea spp. (3 waterweeds) |2={{cladex |label1=Hydrilloideae |1={{cladex |1=Najas spp. (8 water nymphs, naiads) |2=Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla, water thyme) |3=Vallisneria americana (water celery, tape grass) }}                                     }}                                   }}                                }}                             }}                          }}                       }}                    }}                 |2={{cladex |1=Scheuchzeriaceae—Scheuchzeria palustris (pod grass) |2={{cladex |1=Aponogetonaceae (none in NY) |2={{cladex |1=Juncaginaceae—Triglochin spp. (2 arrowgrasses) |2={{cladex |1=Maundiaceae (none in NY) |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |1=Posidoniaceae (none in NY) |2={{cladex |1=Ruppiaceae—Ruppia maritima (widgeon grass, ditch grass) |2=Cymodoceaceae (none in NY) }}                               }}                                |2={{cladex |1=Zosteraceae—Zostera marina (eel grass}                                  |2=Potamogetonaceae                                   }}                                }}                             }}                          }}                       }}                    }}                 }}              }}           }}        }}|barend1=#ccaacc      |2={{cladex         |1=Dioscoreales|barbegin1=#aaccaa         |2={{cladex            |1=Liliales|bar1=#aaccaa            |2={{cladex               |1=Asparagales|barend1=#aaccaa               |2={{cladex                  |1={{cladex                     |1=Poales|barbegin1=#ccccaa                     |2={{cladex                        |1=Zingiberales                        |2=Commelinales }}|barend2=#ccccaa }}                 }}               }}            }}         }}      }}   }} }} }} }}
 * size=34
 * at1=17|label1=alismatid monocots|bar1=#ccaacc
 * at2=30.5|label2=lilioid monocots|bar2=#aaccaa
 * at3=33.5|label3=commelinid monocots|bar3=#ccccaa
 * cladogram=
 * label1=monocots
 * 1={{cladex


text:
User talk:BeatnikSnail

May 2021
You cannot edit for indefinite due to sock-puppetry/harassment. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:32, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

 * ping as the blocking admin Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 11:22, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm opposed to an unblock. In their message to QuiteUnusual they state that "Ive been a wikipedia member for awile " but if you look at Special:CentralAuth/BeatnikSnail they've never edited Wikipedia with that account, and created an account here today, strongly suggesting sock-puppetry. Furthermore, the message has a tone of mockery about it (its not even a question), and QuiteUnusual seems to be the subject of time-wasting messages, the earlier Lightbluerain with an earlier dubious question. If you're still uncertain, perhaps ask QU for a CheckUser? I think they're just trolling and time-wasting, but i'll leave the decision to your discretion; I will accept whatever you decide on the matter.-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:14, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what email is referring to, but given their response, the best choice would be to ask  for a CheckUser. Could be an old/IP account that the OP refers to, after all. You could be right, but I can't see the evidence required to duck-block this account yet. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 15:10, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Lightbluerain is almost certainly unrelated to BeatnikSnail and has made minor edits here in the past. CU doesn't indicate BeatnikSnail is a sockpuppet, although this is never conclusive. Any block / unblock decision should be made on the contributions under this account. I think BeatnikSnil may be referring to a talkpage message when they write "email" - I haven't received any emails. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 10:19, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Well they seem to be incorrect about sending an email (I didn't get one either); they were also incorrect about "Ive been a wikipedia member for awile " when the created their account just before messaging you (which made me suspicious, among other things). But thanks for the CheckUser, as I've already stated, I don't mind if someone unblocks them. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:56, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Pretty interesting to learn that I got considered a sock puppet. What an unprecedented welcome to a newbie here! And, then, the "trolling and time-wasting" was equally discouraging. For I've been editing Wikipedia for a while now as well, and thought of contributing here also. Two things I wanted to say: 1) Be responsive on the Email you gave on the Contact Us page. 2) Make it easier for newbies to know where to get help. I later learned that the place to ask for help here is called Reading room/Assitance. Newbies have every type of questions. It is not good to call them "time-wasting" at least if you want to retain them. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 13:22, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * For what's worth, I (or we) have no control over the info@wikibooks.org address; in fact, I never knew until today about this email address. I've removed it as a result. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay. Thanks, I didn't know that. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 17:34, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

Look I'm not gonna argue with any of you. I just went ahead and sent an email to the ppl YOU guys and gals have to answer to. And I don't lie. BeatnikSnail (discuss • contribs) 14:21, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:BeatnikSnail


text: Flora of New York/Clade Lycophytes

title: Flora of New York/Clade Lycophytes


text:
Flora of New York/Clade ferns

{{:Flora of New York/txt
 * Class Polypodiopsida contains the ferns, including the eusporangiate ferns (horsetails, scouring rushes, moonworts, and grape ferns) and the leptosporangiate ferns of subclass Polypodiidae.

Cladogram of ferns showing outgroups and the four subclasses down to orders:

{{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100% |label1=lycophytes |1={{cladex |label1=Lycopodiopsida |1={{cladex |1=Lycopodiales |2={{cladex |1=Isoetales |2=Selaginellales }}        }}      }}   |label2=euphyllophytes |2={{cladex |label1=Polypodiopsida (ferns) |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Equisetidae  |1=Equisetales|barbegin1=#baa }}        |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Ophioglossidae  |1={{cladex |1=Psilotales|bar1=#baa |2=Ophioglossales|bar2=#baa }}                 }}               |2={{cladex |label1=Marattiidae  |1=Marattiales|barend1=#caa |label2=Polypodiidae  |2={{cladex |1=Osmundales|barbegin1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Hymenophyllales|bar1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Gleicheniales|bar1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Schizaeales|bar1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Salviniales|bar1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Cyatheales|bar1=#aba |2=Polypodiales|barend2=#aba }}                                   }}                                 }}                              }}                           }}                        }}                     }}                  }}               }}            |label2=spermatophytes |2={{cladex |1=gymnosperms ↓ |2=angiosperms ↓↓ }}           }}         }}      }}   }}
 * size=13
 * at1=3|label1=eusporangiate ferns|bar1=#baa
 * at2=8|label2=leptosporangiate ferns|bar2=#aba
 * cladogram={{cladex
 * label1=tracheoophytes
 * 1={{cladex

A more detailed cladogram of New York State ferns down to subgenera or single species:

{{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100% |label1=ferns |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Equisetales : Equisetaceae : Equisetum |1={{cladex |1=subg. Equisetum (6 horse tails)|barbegin1=#baa |2=subg. Hippochaete (7 scouring rushes)|bar2=#baa }}              }}            |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |1=Psilotales : Psilotaceae (0 whisk ferns in NY)|bar1=#baa |2={{cladex |label1=Ophioglossales : Ophioglossaceae |1={{cladex |1=Ophioglossoideae—Ophioglossum pusillum (northern adder's-tongue) |bar1=#baa |2={{cladex |label1=Botrychioideae |1={{cladex |1=Botrypus virginianum (rattlesnake fern)|bar1=#baa |2={{cladex |1=Sceptridium (4 evergreen grapeferns)|bar1=#baa |2=Botrychium (7 moonworts, grape ferns)|bar2=#baa }}                             }}                           }}                        }}                     }}                  }}                              |2={{cladex |1=Marattiales : Marattiaceae (0 marattid ferns in NY)|barend1=#caa |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Osmundales : Osmundaceae |1={{cladex |1=Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (cinnamon fern)|barbegin1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Claytosmunda claytoniana (interrupted fern)|bar1=#aba |2=Osmunda regalis (royal fern)|bar2=#aba }}                          }}                        }}                     |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Hymenophyllales : Hymenophyllaceae |1={{cladex |1=Hymenophylloideae (0 filmy ferns)|bar1=#aba |2=Trichomanoideae—Crepidomanes intricatum (Appalachian bristle fern) |bar2=#aba }}                           }}                         |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Gleicheniales |1={{cladex |1=Gleicheniaceae (0 forked ferns)|bar1=#aba |2={{cladex |1=Matoniaceae (0 fan ferns)|bar1=#aba |2=Dipteridaceae (0 umbrella ferns)|bar2=#aba }}                                 }}                               }}                            |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Schizaeales |1={{cladex |1=Lygodiaceae—Lygodium palmatum (American climbing fern)|bar1=#aba |2=Schizaeaceae—Schizaea pusilla (curlygrass)|bar2=#aba }}                                 }}                               |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Salviniales |1={{cladex |1=Salviniaceae—Azolla cristata (mosquitofern)|bar1=#aba |2=Marsileaceae—Marsilea quadrifolia (water clover)|bar2=#aba }}                                    }}                                  |2={{cladex |1=Cyatheales (0)|bar1=#aba |2=Polypodiales (continued below)|barend2=#aba }}                              }}                            }}                         }}                      }}                   }}                }}             }}          }}       }}   }}
 * size=21
 * at1=4|label1=eusporangiate ferns|bar1=#baa
 * at2=15|label2=leptosporangiate ferns|bar2=#aba
 * cladogram={{cladex

Continuation of Polypodiales part of above cladogram of New York State ferns, including the six suborders employed by PPG I (2016):

{{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100% |1={{cladex |1=Saccolomatineae (1 genus, 0 in NY) |2=Lindsaeineae (3 families, 0 in NY) }}  |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Pteridineae : Pteridaceae |1={{cladex |1=Cryptogrammoideae—Cryptogramma stelleri (fragile rockbrake}           |2={{cladex               |1=Pteridoideae—Pteris multifida (brake fern - excluded!)               |2={{cladex                  |1={{cladex                     |label1=Cheilanthoideae                     |1={{cladex                        |1={{cladex                           |1=Pellaea atropurpurea (purple cliffbrake)                           |2=Pellaea glabella (smooth cliffbrake)                           }}                        |2=Myriopteris lanosa (hairy lip-fern) }}                    }}                  |2={{cladex |label1=Vittarioideae |1={{cladex |1=Adiantum pedatum (northern maidenhair fern) |2=Vittaria appalachiana (Appalachian shoestring fern) }}                    }}                  }}               }}            }}         }}      |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Dennstaedtiineae : Dennstaedtiaceae |1={{cladex |1=Dennstaedtia punctilobula (hay-scented fern) |2=Pteridium aquilinum (brackenfern) }}           }}         |2={{cladex |label1=Aspleniineae |1={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Cystopteridaceae |1={{cladex |1=Cystopteris (4 bladderferns) |2=Gymnocarpium dryopteris (northern oak fern) }}                 }}               |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |1=Diplaziopsidaceae—Homalosorus pycnocarpos (narrow-leaved glade fern) |2=Aspleniaceae—Asplenium (11 spleenworts) }}                 |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Thelypteridaceae |1={{cladex |1=Phegopteridoideae—Phegopteris (2 beech ferns) |2=Thelypteridoideae—Thelypteris (3 marsh ferns) }}                       }}                     |2={{cladex |1=Woodsiaceae—Woodsia (5 cliff ferns) |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Athyriaceae |1={{cladex |1=Athyrium (2 lady ferns) |2=Deparia acrostichoides (silvery spleenwort) }}                             }}                           |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Onocleaceae |1={{cladex |1=Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern) |2=Matteuccia struthiopteris (ostrich fern) }}                                }}                              |2={{cladex |label1=Blechnaceae : Woodwardioideae |1={{cladex |1=Anchistea virginica (Virginia chainfern) |2=Lorinseria areolata (netted chainfern) }}                                }}                              }}                           }}                        }}                     }}                  }}               }}            |label2=Polypodiineae |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |label1=Dryopteridaceae : Dryopteridoideae |1={{cladex |1=Dryopteris (28 woodferns) |2={{cladex |1=Polystichum (4 holly ferns) |2=Cyrtomium falcatum (netvein hollyfern - excluded) }}                    }}                  }}               |2={{cladex |label1=Polypodiaceae : Polypodioideae |1={{cladex |1=Polypodium (3 rock-cap ferns) |2=Pleopeltis polypodioides (resurrection fern excluded) }}              }}            }}         }}      }}   }} }} }} }} }}
 * cladogram={{cladex
 * label1=Polypodiales
 * 1={{cladex

title: Flora of New York/Clade ferns


text: Flora of New York/Clade Gymnosperms

title: Flora of New York/Clade Gymnosperms


text: Flora of New York/Clade basal angiosperms & magnolids


text:
User:KINGLAGGGGMAXII1

MINECRAFT expert

title: User:KINGLAGGGGMAXII1


text:
Flora of New York/Clade Magnoliidae

{{:Flora of New York/txt
 * Subclass Magnoliidae Novák ex Takht. (1967) contains the extant flowering plants (the angiosperms). An attempt was made in this document to employ James Reveal's (2012) use of superorders to outlne the flowering plants consistently with more recent phylogenetic research, including APG IV and beyond. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has avoided the use of ranked names for groups larger than orders, so it may become difficult and somewhat artificial to try to maintain the use of superorders here.

{{cladex |1=A. Amborellanae 0/1 (Amborellales) |2={{cladex |1=B. Nymphaeanae 1/1 (Nymphaeales) |2={{cladex |1=C. Austrobaileyanae 0/1 (Austrobaileyales) |label2=magnoliids |2=D. Magnolianae 3/4 (Piperales, Laurales, Magnoliales) |3={{cladex |label1=monocots |1=E. Lilianae 9/11 |2={{cladex |1=F. Ceratophyllanae 1/1 (Ceratophyllales) |label2=eudicots |2={{cladex |1=G. Ranunculanae 1/1 (Ranunculales) |label2={{sup|basal}} |2=H. Proteanae 1/1 (Proteales) |label3={{sup|eudicots}} |3=I. Buxanae 1/1 (Buxales) |label4=core eudicots |4={{cladex |1=J. Myrothamnanae 0/1 (Gunnerales) |2=K. Dillenianae 0/1 (Dilleniales) |3={{cladex |label1=superrosids |1={{cladex |1=L. Saxifraganae 1/1 {Saxifragales)                          |label2=rosids                           |2={{cladex                              |1=Vitales 1/1                              |label2=eurosids                              |2={{cladex                                 |label1=fabids                                  |1=M. Rosanae (8/8)                                 |label2=malvids                                 |2=N. Myrtanae (6/8)                                 }}                              }}                            }}                        |label2=superasterids                        |2={{cladex                           |1=O. Berberidopsidanae 0/1                           |2=P. Santalanae 1/1 (Santalales)                           |3=Q. Caryophyllanae 1/1 (Caryophyllales)                           |label4=asterids                           |4={{cladex |1=R. Cornanae 1/1 (Cornales) |2={{cladex |1=S. Ericanae 1/1 (Ericales) |label2=euastrids |2={{cladex |label1=lamiids |1=T. Lamianae 5/8 |label2=campanulids |2=U. Asteranae 4/7 }}                                }}                              }}                           }}                        }}                     }}                  }}               }}            }}         }}      }}   }} }} }}{{BookCat}}
 * label1=angiosperms
 * 1={{cladex

title: Flora of New York/Clade Magnoliidae


text:
User talk:Shiraeeshi

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Welcome to Wikibooks, Shiraeeshi!

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title: User talk:Shiraeeshi


text:
User:NairobiPapel/common.js

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title: User:NairobiPapel/common.js


text:
Fractals/Mathematics/Derivative

 * Derivative of Iterated function (map)
 * of the function f with respect to variable ...
 * following the derivative
 * the rolling derivative
 * the derivative of order n: first, second, ...
 * Keep track of derivatives ...

=notation=
 * variable z
 * constant parameter c
 * function f
 * derivative d
 * iteration number p
 * wrt = with respect to

Notation types
 * Leibniz's notation
 * Euler's notation
 * Newton's notation ( dot notation)
 * Lagrange's notation ( prime mark notation)

 * $$\frac{d}{dz} f(z) = f'(z) = z' = d = D\,$$

=Informal description=

The derivative gives you what is called the gradient. For 2D, consider the terrain as a contour map. The gradient tells you the rate of change in x and y directions. The slope is the magnitude of the gradient, and the contours are closer together for higher slope. For 3D the gradient is the rate of change in x, y and z, and the slope is still the magnitude of the gradient. Technically, slope is only 1D, and the gradient also tells you the direction of the slope. When we talk about derivative giving you the slope we are being casual. ( xenodreambuie )

=Derivative of the iterated function =

"the derivative basically as it's calculated for anlytical DE using the implementation of the chain rule for the derivative of f(g(x)) where f(x) is say g(x)^p+c and the value of g(x) is current z. So f'(g(x)) is p*z^(p-1) and g'(x) is the derivative from the previous iteration,  so on each iteration the new derivative is:  dz = dz*p*z^(p-1)  and new z = z^p+c as normal" FractalDave

For Julia set: // initial values: c is const z = z0 ( z is a variable, read initial value from the pixel) dz = 1

// Recurrence steps: dz = f'(z)*dz  // calculating dz and multiply the previous d z = f(z)       // forward iteration

For Mandelbrot set:

// initial values: z = critical point ( critical pointis 0 for multibrot sets, z is variable) c = ( c is a variable, read initial value from the pixel) dc = 0

// Recurrence steps: dc = f'(z)*dc + 1 // calculating dc and multiply the previous dc z = f(z)       // forward iteration

It can be computed with Maxima CAS : display2d:false; f:1/(z^3+d*z); dz : diff(f,z,1); // first derivative of f wrt variable z dc : diff(f,c,1); // first derivative of f wrt parameter c

Rational function
$$f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}$$

$$f'(x)=\frac{P'(x)Q(x)-P(x)Q'(x)}{Q^2(x)}$$

degree 3
wrt z

// function f(z)= 1/(z^3 + c*z )

// first derivativwe wrt z d = f'(z) = -(3z^2 +c)/(z^3 + cz)^2

// iteration: z_(n+1) = f(z_n)

// initial values: z = z d = 1

// Recurrence steps: d = - d*(3z^2 +c)/(z^3 + cz)^2 z = 1/(z^3 + c*z)

degree 5
display2d:false; f: 1/(a*z^5+ z^3 + b*z); dz: diff(f,z,1);

in plain text: dz = -(5*a*z^4+3*z^2+b)/(a*z^5+z^3+b*z)^2

Example:
 * 1/((0.15*I+0.15)*z^5+(3*I-3)*z + z^3)

degree 5 by Buschmann
f(z):=z^5/(4*z+2)-z^2+c+1

(%i4) diff(f(z), z,1);

(%o4) (5*z^4)/(4*z+2)-(4*z^5)/(4*z+2)^2-2*z

Polynomials
C src code for making exterior DEM/M images of Multibrot sets: Mandelbrot sets for $$z^q + c$$ where q is a degree of unicritical monomial:

C src code for making exterior DEM/J images of Julia sets for $$z^q + c$$ where q is a degree of unicritical monomial:

First derivative wrt c
On parameter plane :
 * $$c$$ is a variable
 * $$z_0 = 0 $$ is constant

 * $$\frac{d}{dc} f^{(p)} _c (z_0) = z'_p \,$$

This derivative can be found by iteration starting with

 * $$z_0 = 0 \,$$
 * $$z'_0 = 1 \,$$

and then ( compute derivative before next z because it uses previous values of z):

 * $$z'_{p+1} = 2 \cdot z_p\cdot z'_p + 1 \,$$
 * $$z_{p+1} = z_p^2 + c \,$$

This can be verified by using the chain rule for the derivative.

 * $$\frac{dz_{n+1}}{dc} = \frac{d(z_n^2+ c)}{dc} = 2 z_n \frac{dz_n}{dc} + \frac{dc}{dc} = 2 z_n \frac{dz_n}{dc} + 1\,$$

 * Maxima CAS function :

dcfn(p, z, c) := if p=0 then 1 else 2*fn(p-1,z,c)*dcfn(p-1, z, c)+1;

Example values :
 * $$z_0 = 0 \qquad\qquad z'_0 = 1 \,$$
 * $$z_1 = c \qquad\qquad z'_1 = 1 \,$$
 * $$z_2 = c^2+c \qquad z'_2 = 2c+1 \,$$

It can be used for:
 * the distance estimation method for drawing a Mandelbrot set ( DEM/M )

First derivative wrt z
$$z'_n\,$$ is first derivative with respect to z.

This derivative can be found by iteration starting with
 * $$z_0 = z \,$$
 * $$z'_0 = 1 \,$$

and then :
 * $$z'_{n+1}= 2*z_n*z'_n\,$$
 * $$z_{n+1} = z_n^2 + c \,$$

Derivation of recurrence relation:

$$ A_0 \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ A}\ f^0 (z, c) \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ f}\ \quad z $$

$$A_{m+1} \quad \xrightarrow{definition of A} f^{m+1} (z, c)  \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ f} f (f^m (z, c), c)  \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ A} f (A_m, c)  \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ f} A_m ^ 2 + c $$

$$B_0 \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ B}\ \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} f^0 (z, c) \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ f}\ \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} z \xrightarrow{derivative}\ 1 $$

$$B_{m+1} \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ B} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} A_{m+1}  \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ A} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} (A_m ^ 2 + c)  \quad \xrightarrow{distributivity} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} A_m ^ 2 + \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} c  \quad \xrightarrow{constant\ derivative} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} A_m ^ 2 + 0  \quad \xrightarrow{zero } \dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} A_m ^ 2   \quad \xrightarrow{chain\ rule} 2 A_m (\dfrac{\partial}{\partial z} A_m)  \quad \xrightarrow{definition\ of\ B} 2 A_m B_m $$

Following the derivative

"As we iterate z, we can look at the derivatives of P at z. In our case it is quite simple: P′(z)=2z. Multiplying all these numbers along an orbit yields the derivative at z of the composition Pn. This multiplication can be carried on iteratively as we iterate z " A Cheritat

der = 1 z = c # note that we start with c instead of 0, to avoid multiplying the derivative by 0 for n in range(0,N): new_z = z*z+c new_der = der*2*z z = new_z der = new_der

It can be used for :
 * computing the external distance to the Julia set (DEM/J)
 * detection of interior points of Mandelbrot set componnets

logistic map
Logistic map

complex cubic polynomial
wrt z

(%i2) display2d:false;

(%o2) false (%i3) f(z):= z^3 + c;

(%o3) f(z):=z^3+c (%i4) diff(f(z), z,1);

(%o4) 3*z^2 (%i5) diff(f(z), c,1);

(%o5) 1

// function f(z)= z^3 + c*z

// first derivativwe wrt z d = f'(z) = 3*z^2 + c

// iteration: z_(n+1) = f(z_n)

// initial values: z = z d = 1

// Recurrence steps: d = (3*z^2 + c)*d z = z^3 + c*z

quarctic
(%i1) display2d:false;

(%o1) false

(%o4) f(z):=z^4+c (%i5) diff(f(z), z,1);

(%o5) 4*z^3

=FAQ=
 * why new d must be computed before new z ?

=Aplications=
 * Vector field gradient
 * Newton method and recurrence relations
 * eDEM = Distance Estimation Method for exterior of the set
 * DEM/M- for Mandelbrot set
 * DEM/J for Julia set
 * iDEM = DEM for interior
 * stability of periodic point ( multiplier)
 * finding critical points
 * slope - an algorithm for converting 2D image to 3D

Keep track of derivatives of Z+z wrt. Z1+z1 (where Z0+z0  is at the critical point, usually 0 ). When the absolute value of the derivative drops below a threshold such as 0.001, classify it as interior and stop iterating. Keep track of derivatives of Z+z wrt. pixel coordinates k. As Z is constant for the whole image, you just need dzdk. An easy way to do this is with dual numbers for automatic numeric differentiation. Set up the pixel coordinates as dual numbers with dual part 1+0i, then transform them to the complex C+c plane of the fractal iterations. At the end you plug the complex derivative into the (directional) distance estimate formula, it is already prescaled by the pixel spacing (this also helps to avoid overflow during iteration). (	Claude Heiland-Allen)

finding equation of normal and tangent to the curve
to find the equation of the normal line to the curve at the given point by Krista King Math:
 * Take the derivative of the original curve, and evaluate it at the given point. This is the slope of the tangent line, called m.
 * Find the negative reciprocal of m. This is the slope of the normal line, which we’ll call n. So n = −1/m.
 * Plug n and the given point into the point-slope formula for the equation of the line, (y−y1)=n(x−x1)
 * Simplify the equation by solving for y

Interior distance estimation
The Interior distance estimation is given by :

 * $$distance(c,\sigma M) = d(c, z_0, p) = \frac{1-\mid{\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)}\mid^2}

{\mid{\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) + \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) \frac{\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^p(z_0)} {1-\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)}}\mid}$$ where

$$p$$ is the period = length of the periodic orbit

$$c$$ is the point from parameter plane to be estimated

$$f_c(z)$$ is the complex quadratic polynomial $$f_c(z)=z^2 + c$$

$$f_c^p(z_0)$$ is the $$p$$-fold iteration of $$f_c(z) $$

$$z_0$$ is any of the $$p$$ points that make the periodic orbit ( limit cycle ) $$\{z_0, \dots, z_{p-1} \}$$

4 derivatives of $$f_c^p $$ evaluated at $$z_0, c, p$$ :

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^p(z_0)$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)$$

First partial derivative with respect to z

It must be computed recursively by applying the chain rule : Starting points : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0) = 1 \\ f_c^0(z_0) = z_0 \end{cases} $$

First iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^1(z_0) = 2*f_c^0(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0) = 2z_0 \\ f_c^1(z_0) = (f_c^0(z_0))^2 + c = z_0^2 + c \end{cases} $$

Second iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^2(z_0) =2*f_c^1(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^1(z_0)= 4z_0^3+4cz_0 \\ f_c^2(z_0) = (f_c^1(z_0))^2 + c = (z_0^2 + c)^2 + c = z_0^4 + 2*c*z_0^2 + c^2 + c \end{cases} $$

General rule for p iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2*f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0) \\ f_c^p(z_0) = f_c^{p-1}(z_0)^2 + c \end{cases} $$

First partial derivative with respect to c

It must be computed recursively by applying the chain rule : Starting points : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^p(z_0) = 0 \\ f_c^0(z_0) = z_0 \end{cases} $$

First iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^1(z_0) = 2*f_c^0(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^0(z_0) + 1 = 1 \\ f_c^1(z_0) = (f_c^0(z_0))^2 + c = z_0^2 + c \end{cases} $$

Second iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^2(z_0) =2*f_c^1(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^1(z_0) + 1 = 2z_0^2 +2c + 1 \\ f_c^2(z_0) = (f_c^1(z_0))^2 + c = (z_0^2 + c)^2 + c = z_0^4 + 2*c*z_0^2 + c^2 + c \end{cases} $$

General rule for p iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2*f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}f_c^p(z_0) + 1 \\ f_c^p(z_0) = f_c^{p-1}(z_0)^2 + c \end{cases} $$

Second order partial derivative with respect to z

It must be computed : Starting points : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0) = 1 \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 0 \\ f_c^0(z_0) = z_0 \end{cases} $$
 * together with :$$f_c^n $$ and $$\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0)$$
 * recursively by applying the chain rule

First iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^1(z_0) = 2*f_c^0(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0) = 2z_0 \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2\{ (\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0))^2 + f_c^0(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^0(z_0)\} = 2\\ f_c^1(z_0) = (f_c^0(z_0))^2 + c = z_0^2 + c \end{cases} $$

Second iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^2(z_0) =2*f_c^1(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^1(z_0)= 4z_0^3+4cz_0 \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = \\ f_c^2(z_0) = (f_c^1(z_0))^2 + c = (z_0^2 + c)^2 + c = z_0^4 + 2*c*z_0^2 + c^2 + c \end{cases} $$

General rule for p iteration : $$ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2*f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0) \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2\{ (\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0))^2 + f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0)\}\\ f_c^p(z_0) = f_c^{p-1}(z_0)^2 + c \end{cases} $$

Second order mixed partial derivative

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^p(z_0) = 2(\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}} f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0) + f_c^{p-1}(z_0)*\frac{\partial}{\partial{c}}\frac{\partial}{\partial{z}}f_c^{p-1}(z_0))$$

=How to compute derivative ?=
 * wolfram alpha
 * Maxima

=p-norm of the gradient =

The p-norm of the gradient is: $$||g||_p = ( g^p_x + g^p_y )^{(1/p)}$$

and set p=-2.

=See also =
 * automatic differentiation

derivatives w.r.t. pixel coordinates by Claude

 * Pixel = (x + i y); x in [0..w), y in [0..h) (may be fractional if using jitter)
 * C = r exp(i pi (Pixel - (w + i h) /2) / w) + C0
 * dc/dpixel = r i pi / w exp(i pi (Pixel - (w + i h) /2) / w)
 * for z <- z^2 + c:
 * dz/dpixel <- 2 z dz/dpixel + dc/dpixel
 * distance estimate in screen space : de = |z| log |z| / |dz/dpixel|

here:
 * pixel_size = |dc/dpixel| (just divide through by dc/dpixel to get dz/dpixel / dc/dpixel = dz/dc, etc)
 * dy = (2 * circle_period * Math.PI) / image_size;
 * dx = dy * height_ratio;
 * height_ratio is usually 1. Its just there to stretch the image on one direction.

derivatives wrt pixel are less likely to overflow, and give screen space de automatically.

Also, now that I checked again the e^(x*dx) term, is actually e^(x*dx + offset). I don't know if this changes the things alot.

C value = (e^(x*dx + offset)) * (cos(y * dy) + sin(y* dy)i) + C0

=References=

title: Fractals/Mathematics/Derivative


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley

The Weasley twins are really something else.


text: Flora of New York/Clade angiosperms

title: Flora of New York/Clade angiosperms


text:
User:Erictheserver

bible adviser

title: User:Erictheserver


text:
User talk:Lightbluerain

May 2021
Hi, just to say I didn't consider your question time wasting, which is why I answered it soon after you posted it. Regarding the email, the "contact us" goes to a volunteer team who answers questions from across many different projects and are not necessarily editors here. We don't get any visibility of those emails unfortunately. Usually when people refer to email here they mean they clicked "Email this user" and it went to that person. Regarding being a sock puppet, I don't think that was meant in a negative way to you, rather as a reason why Mrjulesd was more concerned about BeatnikSnail. I understand why it sounded like an insult to you but to be clear we've no reason to doubt your good intentions here. Thanks. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 14:23, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your message. I read your messages in the BeatnikSnail's Talk page. In pinging you in my reply, I only intended you and other Admins here to know that it is a little difficult for the newbies here to understand where to get help at Wikibooks. I, initially, thought that the Reading room was probably for those who were reading a book here and had some doubts or for those who wanted to find any book on a specific topic here just like on Wikivoyage. The Reading room/Assistance, I didn't know until I saw it on your Talk page. And, for the sock puppet, I understand it is the responsibility of the Admins to make sure nothing harms this project. There is nothing wrong in it. It was just that I was expecting someone to publish the Welcome template on my Talk page so that I could get the helpful links for the Wikibooks. But, rather than getting the Welcome template, I saw another newbie got blocked in doubt of being a sock puppet of me. Although the blocking Admin had a good reason to doubt it, I just didn't like it then. And, I thought the Admins only use the Email provided on the contact us page. So, I wrote that in the message. I am sorry if I used any wrong word in my messages. And, thanks again for your message. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 03:31, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Lightbluerain!

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Apologies for my earlier comments, I was wrong to suggest you were connected to that other account, and that your question was in any way improper. Please feel free to ask me or anyone else further questions you might have. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:59, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * No issues. You had a good reason to doubt it. I just wanted someone to send a Welcome template to me. And, you did that! Thanks a lot. I just got a little frustrated seeing another newbie getting blocked in doubt of being my sock puppet but it was your responsibility anyways. No hard feelings. And, I am sorry too if I used any wrong words. Thanks again for the welcome message. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 03:31, 14 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that! Yes I do try to template welcome newcomers as many appreciate it. I agree that "Reading room" is perhaps a poor name for our forum, and has caused confusion on occasions; you are correct that Reading room/Assistance is a good place to ask questions. The page Help:Contents and the book Using Wikibooks may also be helpful. Anyway best wishes -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:38, 14 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks. Lightbluerain (discuss • contribs) 11:49, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lightbluerain


text:
Talk:Information Technology and Ethics/Blockchain

Editors
Illinois Institute of Technology, Spring 2021 Course ITMM 485/585 Orange Team
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Illinois Institute of Technology, Spring 2024 Course ITMM 485/585 Blue Team
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text:
User:Sharon 3128

°my page is about fashion

°so i would love your support guys and your advices from you❤❤🍸

title: User:Sharon 3128