text:
User:ShayMTR/sandbox/Epistemology/Adding an extra condition

In the previous chapter, we saw that Gettier cases provide motivation for the idea that justified, true belief is an insufficient analysis for knowledge. In this chapter, we will consider the possibility that the tripartite analysis does not provide the sufficient conditions for knowledge because it is missing a necessary condition. In other words, we will consider whether adding an extra condition on top of justification, truth and belief will rule out Gettier cases as knowledge.

No false lemmas
A natural first thought for a new condition to add to the tripartite analysis might be to rule out beliefs inferred from false premises. A proponent of this view could then argue that Gettier's examples do not count as knowledge because the justified, true beliefs in these examples were inferred from falsehoods and so were not properly formed to count as knowledge.

As can be seen from the table above, the "no false lemmas" analysis rules out the original Gettier cases provided in Gettier's famous paper. However, there have been Gettier cases that have been provided for the "no false lemmas" analysis. For example, consider the following "fake barn county" example:
 * Jones is driving through fake barn county
 * In fake barn county, it is tradition for the locals set up many cardboard cut-outs of barns
 * Jones sees a lot of fake barns thinking that they’re real barns
 * Then, Jones happens to see a real barn!
 * Jones has justified true belief that there is a barn

In this example, Jones has a justified true belief that there is a barn. But not only does he have a justified true belief that there is a barn, he has a justified true belief that is not inferred from any falsehoods. This is because Jones' belief that there is a barn is inferred directly from his visual perception of a barn and so is not inferred from any premises at all. However, Jones could very easily have been looking at a fake barn with the exact same visual justification and his belief would have been false. Therefore, even with the "no false lemmas" condition, there can still be epistemic luck.

Sensitivity conditions
Another way we could rule out the Gettier cases as counting as knowledge is by considering their relationship to the truth. The key insight behind adding a sensitivity condition is that knowledge should not only be true, but it should also track the truth. To fix the tripartite analysis, then, we just need to add a sensitivity condition that ensures knowledge must be sensitive to the truth (as shown in the table below). A proponent of this view could argue that we can rule out Gettier's examples as cases of knowledge because the justified, true beliefs in these examples are insensitive to the truth. Adding a sensitivity condition, like a "no false lemmas" condition, rules out Gettier's original examples. However, can it also rule out the fake barn county counterexample? Initially we might think that it can. After all, if the barn was not there for Jones to see, he wouldn't believe that there was a barn there. However, what if inside the real barn had been a cardboard cut-out of a barn set up. Then, if there was no barn there for Jones to see, he would have still believed there was a barn there because he would have seen a fake barn and mistaken it for a real barn. Saul Kripke takes this example one step further to show how counterintuitive a sensitivity condition could be. Consider the following case:

 * Jones is driving through fake barn county
 * In fake barn county, it is tradition for the locals set up many cardboard cut-outs of barns
 * Cardboard cut-out barns are always green in fake barn county and real barns are always red
 * Jones happens to see a real barn (with a cardboard cut-out barn inside)
 * Jones forms the justified true belief that there is a barn
 * Jones also forms the justified true belief that there is a red barn
 * If there had been no real barn there, Jones would still believe there is a barn but he would not have believed there was a red barn
 * Therefore, in this case, Jones' belief that there is a red barn is sensitive to the truth but his belief that there is a barn is not
 * Therefore, in this case, Jones knows that there is a red barn but he doesn't know that there is a barn!

A general problem with JTB+X solutions
Linda Zagzebski has argued that all analyses of knowledge which simply add an extra condition X onto the tripartite JTB analysis to acquire a JTB+X analysis will always be vulnerable to Gettier cases. This is because the fallibility of justification (as well as any added condition) will always be able to be able to be subverted to create Gettier cases. In fact, Zagzebski even provides an easy recipe with which to create a Gettier case for any JTB+X analysis of knowledge:

 * 1) Find a case of justified false belief which satisfies condition X
 * 2) Make the belief true by complete luck
 * 3) You have a Gettier case!

We will discuss Zagzebski's solution to this problem in a later chapter. However, in the next chapter, we will look to a completely new way of analysing knowledge called "reliabilism".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fijian/Classifier

 * WE : classifier's property
 * 'E : classifier's eat
 * ME : classifier's drink

title: Fijian/Classifier


text:
User:오이ㅎ

오이 삼성

title: User:오이ㅎ


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Game Gear Micro

Development
The Game Gear Micro was developed to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Game Gear and the 60th anniversary of Sega.

Launch
The Game Gear Micro was launched on October 6th, 2020 only in Japan with a cost of 4,980 yen per handheld.

Compute
The Game Gear Micro is powered by an Allwinner F1C200s system on a chip with an ARM9 CPU clocked at 600 megahertz.

The Game Gear Micro has 64 megabytes of DDR1 RAM.

Hardware
The Game Gear Micro has 128 megabytes of flash storage.

The Game Gear Micro has a 1.15 inch color LCD with a resolution of 240 by 180 pixels.

The Game Gear Micro is powered by twin AAA size batteries.

Orders of all models of Game Gear Micro at once included the Big Window accessory.

Software
The Game Gear Micro runs an operating system based on version 3.10.05 of the Linux Kernel.

The Game Gear Micro uses some open source software, and runs Game Gear games through emulation. Hardware improvements needed to be accounted for, as accurate emulation of Game Gear alone would show graphical issues hidden by the original Game Gear's poor screen quality.

Game library
There are four different colors of Game Gear Micro, each with four separate games pre installed.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.

Development
While Nintendo had previously modernized the Game & Watch line of handhelds as the Nintendo Mini Classics, the Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. sought to replicate the original form factor of a game and watch unit, while adding modern technology underneath.

The system was announced on September 3rd, 2020 as part of a series of events revolving around the 35th anniversary of Super Mario Bros. Preorders in the United States were held up to await FCC authorization.

Launch
The Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. was launched on November 13th, 2020 with low stocks following the launch.

Sales of the console are expected to end on March 31st, 2021.

Compute
The Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. is powered by a STM32H7B0VBT6 SOC with an ARM Cortex M7 processor.

The system has 1024 kilobytes (1 megabyte) of RAM.

Hardware
The system has 128 kilobytes of flash storage.

The system has a 3.7V lithium ion battery with a capacity of 525mAh, as well as a USB type C port.

Software
The system contains an NES Emulator, as well as a ROM of Super Mario Bros. for the NES.

True to it's name, the Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. has a built in clock function. A bug causes the Mario Drawing song in the clock app to display the incorrect lyrics when the language is set to French, Italian, German, or Spanish.

Game Library
The Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. features Super Mario Bros, Super Mario Bros the Lost Levels, and a Mario themed version of Ball.

Homebrew developers have expanded the library of the console somewhat, such as the release of a port of the first person shooter Doom on November 22nd, 2020.


text:
The Linux Kernel/About

The book's title page and structure were originally influenced by the article "Splitting the Kernel" in the Linux Device Drivers book, which included a diagram. The diagram's colorful matrix design was borrowed from the Interactive map of the Linux kernel. Additionally, the layered presentation of the information in the book was inspired by the 's layers. Number of layers and functionalities intentionally are near to.

Layers
Applications and libraries in User mode above the kernel can be associated with of OSI model.

Upper layers:

 * User space interfaces - of the kernel. It is mostly represented by system calls. It can be associated with  of OSI model.

 * Virtual - provides aggregated services to upper layer, named after virtual memory and Virtual File System. Similar to.

Middle layers:

 * bridges - manages interoperability, named after . Similar to.

 * logical - provides logical implementations. Named after logical memory, address and logical file systems. Similar to.

Lower layers, similar to :
 * devices control - abstractions and control of HW interfaces. Classes of devices. HW independent generic devices.
 * hardware interfaces - direct HW interfaces. HW depended drivers.

Functionalities
The functionalities Processing, Memory, Storage and Networking look very familiar and obvious while the functionalities Human Interface and System need some explanation. The Human Interface functionality covers topics which are associated more with human users than with fundamental computing. Obviously HID (Human Interface Devices) belongs to this functionality hence the name and Multimedia also belongs here. Character devices, despite that are used as byte streams in System and Storage, are assigned to HI too. System functionality covers fundamental and common functions. Common System calls infrastructure of the kernel is described under this functionality. Specific system calls and interfaces are described under another corresponding functionalities.

The two-dimensional layout instead of a linear TOC layout allows effective organization of the book content and index existed docs and man pages.

Contribution
The book needs contributors. Here are the guidelines:

 * 1) Make articles complete, continuous and appealing.
 * 2) * Fix typos and reword.
 * 3) * Keep consistent formatting.
 * 4) Keep info updated by replacing obsolete content with modern one.
 * 5) Share your knowledge and experience about the kernel.
 * 6) Explore the source and describe it.
 * 7) Add explanations to incomplete sections.
 * 8) Copy paste text from Wikipedia.
 * 9) Add links to externals resources using templates:
 * 10) * Wikipedia articles
 * 11) * https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source
 * 12) * https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/
 * 13) * https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/
 * 14) * Other external links

Paragraph template
🔧 TODO

🗝 Acronyms and/or key terms
 * API – Application Program Interface

🖱 GUI
 * – a portable graphical interface to Git

⚲ APIs
 * – introduction to user commands
 * – introduction to system calls
 * – introduction to special files
 * – users-space API
 * ↯ call hierarchy:
 * ↯ call hierarchy:

🛠 Utilities
 * – lists directory contents

👁 Example

⚙ Internals

🚀 Advanced features

📖 References

📚 Further reading
 * LKML

💾 Historical
 * https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/
 * https://tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO.html
 * https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/

Thank you

title: The Linux Kernel/About


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in Conspiracy Theories: Flat Earth

Case Study: Flat Earth- 1200 words

Initial Ideas
Why/ how it came to be and perhaps point towards a solution

Remember: truth WITHIN disciplines- the core of the wikichapter

Definition of a Conspiracy Theory: "a belief that an event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people" Cambridge Dictionary. CONSPIRACY THEORY | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary [Internet]. Cambridge.org. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 4]. Available from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/conspiracy-theory

Links for background knowledge

political: In Search Of A Flat Earth

Science: Debunking Some More Flat Earth Claims

General overview: Flat Earth: A Measured Response

Bad science- explaining science to the public

Other thoughts:

psych (truth, bias, cognitive dissonance how it differs/ sim to politics and physics)

politics= constructive, natural sciecnes= mirror, psychology= perceiver

Pictures

disciplines involved: geo, public education, physics, religion, psych, politics, media studies.

Structure Intro: definition of truth- identifying the tensions between different disciplines.

Main: Media studies and politics (truth being constructed! culture), physics and natural science (how truth is viewed and arrived at- solution, how scientific methods work), education

Conclusion: a gesture towards a solution- using interdisciplinary means

 --Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Meetings
Start posting more on the discussion page Markschemes are really helpful- check them out Sofia- Politics Anthony- Physics (have a look at the link below "Physics paper") Nancy- Education?

Links for background knowledge

political: In Search Of A Flat Earth

Science: Debunking Some More Flat Earth Claims

General overview: Flat Earth: A Measured Response

Bad science- explaining science to the public

Other thoughts:

psych (truth, bias, cognitive dissonance how it differs/ sim to politics and physics)

politics= constructive, natural sciecnes= mirror, psychology= perceiver

Pictures

disciplines involved: geo, public education, physics, religion, psych, politics, media studies. --Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Evaluation of previous Wikibooks seminar 10/12/20 takeaways
- Keep the reader reminded of the purpose.

- The case study is just an example of how the issue comes about.

- How do the different disciplines shape the interdisciplinary issue?

- Interdisciplinarity gives a holistic view of the issue.

- How is this issue relevant outside the case study as well?

- Do not need to solve the issue but identify the value of the disciplines.

--Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 15:51, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

After Discussion with Lara
- Make sure to link it back to the truth within the disciplines and not get caught up with the case study.

- Politics: truth being constructed!

--Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 17:02, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Education?
--Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Education is vastly taking what the past researchers have found and learning it- positivist
 * Encourage critical thinking
 * Related to the topic of Flat Earthers as information is becoming more and more readily available so it is important to distinguish the difference between the "truths"
 * Truth behind the types of children most affected by conspiracy theories- more vulnerable

Psychology (if we are adding it in)

 * Truth within Psychology is considered as perceiver- how an individual gives meaning to the world which is vastly subjective. Psychology research therefore is done by using empirical testing- hypothesis, observation and experiments to test this truth.

 * (Truth: the link between the thought and the fact- therefore using imperial means to test it)
 * However, psychologists believe that truth cannot ever be fully accurate.
 * Flat earth: why do some people believe?

- disadvantaged populations when a group is exposed to a threat, they turn to conspiracy theories

- existential: when they feel lost/ out of control, CS might boost their control and autonomy

- social motives: maintaining a good image, thinking highly of themselves

--Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 16:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Markscheme
Identifying tension between disciplinary perspectives means identifying where people working in one discipline fail to agree with people working in another discipline. This need not mean that they disagree; it may also be that they are unaware of each others’ work.

Note that we are not expecting you to resolve the tension that you have identified (although you may be able to gesture at a solution). Simply attributing this tension to an interdisciplinary issue is a valuable step forward in our understanding of the problem or question. --Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Physics paper?
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6552/aac053 YouShouldNeverHaveLetMeBegin (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Politics
Define politics

Subjective - no one right answer, as there are no ‘perfect’ political systems. Thus, any political system or belief is a compromise in which one must decide which outcomes are more or less important.

No hard data to analyse - Cannot derive theory from evidence, as experiments are impossible/difficult

Often deals with and discusses parties, creating an incentive to use evidence to convince rather than to investigate. While the scientific method, ideally, looks at data with an impartial eye and values negative and positive outcomes equally, thus drawing a conclusion as a logical extension of the data, in politics the author often writes to convince, the work thus having a clear bias.

Politics aims to scrutinise power structures. Flat earthers’ radical rejection of mainstream academia, for example, is a political act. It is a compromise, whereby the parts of academia which do not fit into the individual’s political system are important enough that radically rejecting the institution of academia becomes necessary. However, this rejection results in a denial of academia’s findings, such as basic astrophysics (flat earth), biology (vaccines and evolution) etc.

Physics as a field has a clearer progression than politics. The shape of the earth has been determined and is no longer contested within mainstream academia, as there is a sufficiently overwhelming weight of evidence that means no further inquiry into the issue is necessary, and the field of astrophysics can move on to other issues. In politics, an idea can never be truly “proven” right, thus even if a theory is developed in great detail even its roots can still be contested. Additionally, the field of politics is adaptive to its surroundings, such as levels of technology, which are liable to change, thus causing a shift in what the “optimal” political system is at the time. Thus, nothing in politics is ever as certain as the curvature of the earth is in physics (where the sort of research that would be required to put the shape of the earth in question is difficult to imagine). This means that looking at the work in astrophysics from a political lens, it would make sense to question the status quo of earth’s curvature - that is what politics does. YouShouldNeverHaveLetMeBegin (discuss • contribs) 12:30, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Sounds good YouShouldNeverHaveLetMeBegin

I like the comparison between Politics and Physics- we could include that in the conclusion/ discussion. Would you say that truth in Politics is constructivist...etc? --Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Physics
Physics is a science that "deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between fundamental constituents of the observable universe". Therefore, using this definition, we can say that physics truth is vastly positivist. This means that the physicists, through frequent observations and collecting data, achieve their conclusion which is supposed to mirror the truth. "Structure" implies that there is a pre-existing way of the truth. Truth in Physics means that scientists need to make sure the experiments are controlled and that data is non-biased. Additionally, they would need to reference other researcher's past work to confirm their own studies. Therefore, physics can alternatively be seen as constructed by the society of physicists- however, the aim of Physics is to create the most accurate view of the world as possible. So, due to the exhaustive lengths to make data as accurate as possible, physicists believe that there is only one possible truth and try to get there as close as possible. This means that most physicists believe that with each advancement within science, physics is getting closer and closer to reality- which is the truth.

How does it link to Flat Earthers? The method Physicists use to counteract flat Earth claims is through mathematics. They use calculations to derive the proof: such as Geometry, Newton's Law, Angle of Incidence. This then deduces the curvature of the Earth. As the equations give a fixed number, this implies that there is only one answer.

--Vranuq (discuss • contribs) 17:25, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Physics is a science that "deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between fundamental constituents of the observable universe". Therefore, by using this definition, we can say that there exists an absolute truth, otherwise known as reality, which physics strives to help us understand. Through the use of the scientific method, physicists have been able to draw conclusions derived from rigorous testing and scepticism, making these conclusions empirical and reliable. As a result, the “truth” in a scientific context can be seen as the most accurate representation of reality that has been achieved. Furthermore, the “truth” within physics also has a social aspect to it. Physics as a discipline is constructed by the society of physicists and the “truth” can also be seen as the model which is most widely accepted in that community. However, the aim of Physics is to create the most accurate view of the world possible. Every progress in science suggests that physics is getting closer and closer to the truth in its purest form[4] and the exhaustive lengths physicists take to make the data as accurate as possible reflects this.

The pseudoscience behind the flat earth theory is based on rudimentary pieces of evidence that display a limited knowledge of physics and have been easily debunked by the scientific community. This can be seen in one of the main supporting arguments of the flat earth theory. Pictures such as that of figure 1 which show objects that lie across vast distances beyond the horizon line are consistently used by flat earthers to justify their reasoning. However, these images are mirages, explained by the refraction of light. Colder air has a higher refractive index, causing the rays of light to bend downwards towards our eyes. Meanwhile, we assume that the rays of light have travelled in a straight line, creating a superior mirage where the object appears higher than it actually is. On the other hand, the proof that the earth is indeed round is overwhelming and is no longer up to debate within the scientific community. Basic mathematical principles such as that of Newton’s law and the angle of incidence allow us to deduce the curvature of the earth. Moreover, Foucault’s Pendulum which has the ability to swing in any plane, changes its direction over the course of a day, providing definitive proof of the earth’s rotation. ARAY22 (discuss • contribs) 09:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Propagation of Digital Fake News

Introduction
Fake news is the collection of shocking, surprising and necessarily false stories that come across as news, often digital. The propagation of fake news has in recent years subverted political and social institutions, posing a threat to democracy and human unity. This case-study will observe the issue through an interdisciplinary lens and look at evidence research undertaken in psychology, sociology and economics. By comparing the different disciplinary perspectives on evidence in the propagation of digital fake news, it becomes clear that the most effective solutions to combat this worldwide threat will come from combining disciplinary approaches.

Evidence in Psychology
Psychology is the study of human behaviour and consists of biological, cognitive and social aspects. Research in this discipline focuses on the effects of one or more variables on one or more outcomes. Psychologists aim to look at how certain variables lead to a change in behaviour.

To do this psychologists most commonly conduct studies that can either be qualitative (case studies, interviews, etc.) or quantitative (quasi-experiments, true experiments). The results obtained are then used as evidence to support models, such as the idea of reconstructive memory and the misinformation effect, which is when information after the event interferes with memory of the original event. To provide evidence as to why people believe fake news, one study presented participants with six news reports including two fake ones. Interviewees were asked if they remember the events of the six stories. Almost 50% of the participants said they remembered the false stories, and even provided details about the fake event. This study suggests the extent to which people can believe fake news because they are recalled as real memories. It also shows that people are more likely to create a false memory if the event is aligned with pre-existing beliefs. Studies have also shown that people are more susceptible to fake news that is phrased in a simplistic way (e.g. immigrants are responsible for unemployment). Furthermore, if one lacks knowledge of the topic, researchers have shown that a motivational bias may play a larger role.

Evidence in Sociology
Sociology has been defined as 'the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society'. Sociological analysis covers a wide range of social problems, changes, states of order and instability, and at different scales, from the family unit to society. It embraces critical theory as well as the scientific method of production of evidence.

In sociology, empirical evidence is in the form of either quantitative or qualitative data. Quantified data on social phenomena is conveyed through surveys, statistics and censuses. A large number of participants responding to closed questions allows for a large-scale analysis, representative of society. However, selection bias – such as an over representation of men or women – is a perennial issue in such studies. By contrast, qualitative data relies on unstructured, open-ended interviews. When analysing data, one can distinguish between independent and dependent variables.

Utilizing these methods, the Pew Research Center conducted a survey in 2016 sampling 1,002 adults 18 and older looking at factors that could increase the sharing of fake news. Goyannes and Lavin identified the dependent variable as the probability of sharing fake news and the independent variables as demographic (age, gender, political orientation, income) and situational (how often people access fake news, unconscious sharing of fake news, who is most responsible for preventing fake news). Using regression models to analyze the correlation between variables, they concluded that older, Republican men with a lower income are most prone to sharing fake news. Answers as to why results like these arise may be better approached with qualitative methods.

Evidence in Economics
Economics is the study of how 'individuals, businesses [and] governments...make choices about how to allocate resources' based on the assumption that all individuals act rationally. To gather evidence in the form of empirical results, the discipline applies statistical methods to economic theory and models, in a branch of economics known as 'econometrics'. Qualitative evidence is infrequently used within the discipline.

One of the main assumptions within economics is that firms want to maximise profit. Accordingly, many digital technology companies - from 'Big Tech' to online blogs - use advertising revenue models, since their largest source of revenue is from advertising. Quantitative evidence is collected on both ends of the advertising model, from the platform and from the advertiser, in order to optimise key performance indicators - that is, to maximise engagement and to achieve the most effective customer response to an advert. Similarly, beneficiaries of fake news include both the people that have adverts on websites containing fake news and the creators of the fake news. Fake news generates more attention than most news stories due to the strong reactions that it can produce, such as 'surprise, fear and disgust'. Hence, according to the assumptions of economics, there is an incentive for websites to spread fake news in order to direct traffic, and therefore revenue, towards their website or publishing platform. For example, the 'cost per click' advertising model illustrates how, if a fake news post is 'clicked' on, the publisher or owner of the website will receive revenue, demonstrating how the advertising ecosystem benefits from the propagation of fake news.

Conflicts of Evidence: informing policy-making
Each of these established disciplines undertakes very different approaches and methods with regards to producing evidence about the same issue. Although all three are labelled a social science, the outcomes of their individual evidence methods about this issue do not necessarily correlate.

There are clear tensions between the research methods undertaken to produce the evidence. Extrapolating results from psychology - i.e. humans do not always act rationally - contradicts a key assumption in economics; sociology because it assumes neither adds another dimension. A practical example of this is the limited impact of the enforcement by social media companies of 'flagging' posts identified as fake news. 'Flagging' assumes what economics presupposes, that the individual, as a rational actor, would naturally dismiss the post when confronted with a cautionary message. By contrast, the study of biases in psychology and social factors in sociology challenge this assumption by suggesting individuals and groups are far less independent than assumed.

Furthermore, the value of collaboration across disciplines is seen in the importance of scale in affecting each discipline's research progress. A sociology study may provide evidence about demographic behaviour on a smaller scale that cannot be extrapolated to apply to society as a whole, which is the default parameter of econometrics. The need for collaboration is also seen when evidence used and produced in psychology is often applied in economics to assess larger model assumptions from a more specific perspective.

Policy makers have recently begun to adopt an interdisciplinary perspective, as illustrated by the 2019 UK Government White Papers reassessing state regulation of social media. These suggest a framework led by a varied board of academic leaders: practical proof that the interdisciplinary approach towards solving this worldwide threat to public discourse is the most effective solution.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Fuze Tomahawk F1

In China
The Fuze Tomahawk F1 was developed by Fuze Entertainment, a company based in Beijing, the capital city of China. The console received attention in the west due to it's similarities to major consoles, as well as backing from noted game developer Keiji Inafune.

The Fuze 1 was released in China on June 1st, 2016 with the Play model costing 899 yuan and the Elite model costing 1499 yuan. The system is also known as the Tomahawk F1.

The SouljaGame Fuze
In late 2018 the console gained attention in the west after rapper Soulja Boy tried to bring it to market as the SouljaGame Fuze. The version of Fuze sold by Soulja Boy was likely the Elite model. The SouljaGame Fuze had a listed price of $639.98, though the system likely spent its whole time on the market on sale for $399.99 with either case being a significant markup over the MSRP of $320 for a non-SouljaGame Fuze at the time. It is unknown is the SouljaGame Fuze ever sold, though the media frenzy created around the announcement alone is notable in it's own right.

Compute
The console is powered by a NVIDIA Tegra K1 system on a chip containing four ARM Cortex A15 cores clocked at 2.2 gigahertz. For memory the system had four gigabytes of DDR3 RAM clocked at 933 megahertz.

The Play model has 32 gigabytes of eMMC solid state storage, while the Elite model has a mechanical 500 gigabyte hard disk drive.

Hardware
The Fuze supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The console requires a constant internet connection to play games, and is known to operate poorly outside of China.

The Elite model can use qi charging for wirelessly charging controllers. The charging is initiated when a controller is placed on top of the console, depressing dual diagonal plates on the top in the process with a stylistic flair.

The console was intended to be able to run a VR headset, though it is unknown if such a headset was ever released. The headset was set to launch at a cost of 1,100 RMB in 2016.

Software
The Fuze operating system is based on Android, a popular choice for microconsoles of the time. As the console was only officially released in China, the interface is nearly exclusively in Chinese language.

The Panda TV streaming service was supported. This third party streaming service was shuttered in 2019.

Notable games

 * Dynasty Warriors 8
 * Spy Chameleon
 * Assault Android Cactus
 * Half Life 2
 * Sine Mora
 * Virtual Tennis Challenge
 * DuckTales


text:
History of video games/Platforms/ZTE Fun Box

History
The ZTE Fun Box was announced shortly after China ended it's ban on video game consoles. The ZTE Fun Box was a bid by a domestic manufacturer to enter the massive and newly legalized console market of China.

The ZTE Fun Box was launched in China in 2014 by ZTE and The9 Limited for either 689 yuan or 698 yuan. This joint venture was handled by a company known as ZTE9. Despite being a new console, the system had support from major traditional developers including EA and Take Two.

Technology
"The FunBox will be supported by a comprehensive ecosystem that encompasses hardware, content and channels"

Compute
The ZTE Fun Box is powered by a NVIDIA Tegra 4 system on a chip containing four ARM Cortex A15 chips clocked at 1.8 gigahertz and a 72 core GeForce GPU. The system has 2 gigabytes of DDR3L RAM, as well as 8 gigabytes of eMMC flash storage. Overall the ZTE Fun Box possessed respectable, if not particularly exceptional, performance for a microconsole of the time.

Hardware
The console has radios for 2.4 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz dual band Wi-Fi a/b/g/n, as well as Bluetooth 4.0. The ZTE Fun Box has also supports 100 megabit ethernet for wired connections.

The system had only a single full size USB port, which was a point of concern by some gamers.

The microconsole was available in 12 different colors, an unusually high number of variations available for any non-major console. This is especially notable for microconsole of the era, as most were only made in one or two styles over the system life.

Software
The ZTE Fun Box runs version 4.3 of the Android operating system and could access games through NVIDIA TegraZone. The system was touted as supporting video calls.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Euthanasia of Dementia Patients

peppermintdragon
- initial research and brainstorming

- wrote sections in regards to medicine:

 *  Individual and Collective Benefits
 * - QALY
 * - what it is and what it's used for
 * - how it's ageist, tensions with sociology and ethics
 * - depersonalisation of dementia patients
 * Personhood
 * - diagnosis and research of dementia
 * - biomedicalisation of dementia

- contributed to restructuring of chapter: was originally organised by discipline, now by tensions

- contributed to introduction

- contributed to conclusion

'''- added images

- did individual citations

- grammar + spell check

- simplifying and clarifying language, reducing word count

oliveoilandgarlic
- initial research and brainstorming

- wrote sections in regards to ethics
 * Individual and Collective Benefits
 * - value should be placed on individual autonomy
 * Personhood
 * - wishes of patients (at present) should be respected, problematic when dealing with advanced directives

- wrote sections in regards to sociology
 *  Individual and Collective Benefits
 * - how demographic group plays a role
 * - the importance of family in the decision to euthanise
 * Personhood
 * - social constructionism of dementia
 * - contrast with the way medicine perpetuates "black hole of ageing"

- contributed to and initiated restructuring of chapter: was originally organised by discipline, now by tensions

'''- contributed to introduction

'''- contributed to conclusion

'''- did individual citations

'''- checked citations

'''- simplifying and clarifying language, reducing word count

thialiaz
- initial research and brainstorming

- initial writing and research on ethics in general

- contributed how ethics applies to QALY

- simplifying and clarifying language, reducing word count

- added in text hyperlinks

general
- spelling and grammar check - to be done by pepermintdragon (4) - done

- hyperlinks - to be done by Thialiaz (6)

- pictures? - to be done by Oliveoilandgarlic (6) done by peppermintdragon

- FIX THE TALK PAGE (5)

Referencing
- find citations where [citation needed] appears in the text - Oliveoilandgarlic (3) done

- put citations into wikicode where it has not yet been done - whoever wrote them (3) all - done

- make sure they're all in perfect vancouver - to be done Oliveoilandgarlic (5)

individual vs collective debate
- Find specific ethical perspectives - to be done by Thialiaz Done (by oliveoilandgarlic)
 * https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/arz28&id=389&men_tab=srchresults this is a good example of an ethical criticism of prioritising the family and society over the individual, see page 378 and 379 --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 22:06, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

- look at ethical methods (do they look at the axioms behind a policy, how does this affect thier views, etc) - to be done by Thialiaz - Done by Oliveoilandgarlic

- an ethical perspective on the qaly - to be done by Thialiaz - done

- make the qaly section fit better is it depersonalization or collectivist or both - to be done by peppermintdragon - done

- simplifying and clarifying language and sentences - all (4)

personhood
- an ethical view on personhood, patient autonomy and mental health, when do they have the right to make a decision, when is it justified give them less freedom etc etc - to be done Oliveoilandgarlic (1) done

- simplifying and clarifying language and sentences - ALL (4)

conclusion
- summarise individual vs collective debate - to be done by peppermintdragon (2) done

- summarise personhood debate - to be done by peppermintdragon (2) done

- what's being done/ could be done to overcome these tensions - to be done Oliveoilandgarlic (2)
 * i don't think we need this anymore. It would be nice to have it but we're already finding the word count difficult- what do you guys think? --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 09:45, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

=Talk=

Timeline
Brainstorming

Shortlisting and preliminary research now? DONE

Picking a topic (thursday - or sooner ?) DONE

Initial research -(just enough to decide on chapters and points and plan them out?) DONE

Decide on 2-3 sections - next monday(24th) or thursday(27th) DONE

Researching and forming a detailed plan - Monday the 30th DONE

Researching in detail for sections and start writing first week of December

Start writing - ASAP

Finish writing - 7th December

Proofread and clarify

Finish - 14th December

Paragraph structure and what to research for each section:
 * Topic sentence (summary of the view of current discipline)
 * Methods and evidence of discipline
 * How these result in Tensions
 * How these tensions play out in the real world (examples and quotes if possible)

Chat
Hi guys! Did we set a date for when we wanted to finish the introduction and conclusion?
 * I would be happy to meet on friday or saturday to finalise this --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:08, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * sounds good. I'll try and get some initial ideas down so that when we meet we can just focus on fluency and conciseness --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 16:57, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Also, could you read my section titled interdisciplinary tensions? I'm thinking of just cutting the whole thing but I'm not sure if there's anything I should keep. --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 00:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * It is very clearly written and concise, and lines up very well with the perspectives I am exploring in sociology. It should help guide our writing. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:08, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh okay! I'll leave it in then. --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 16:57, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Discussion from whatsapp group on chapter structure
I'd like to quickly discuss an alternative structure for the chatper: I was thinking there seems to be a perspective from each discipline on the main clashes:

Biomedicalization/Depersonalisation
medical studies support this through correlation of symptoms

Sociological studies dispute this through social constructionism and discrimination arguements

Ethics has a lot to say about this. When is someone so sick they shouldn't be able to make choices? What are the criteria for justified euthanasia and does dementia fit it?

Individualist Vs collectivist clash
Medicine focusses on patient life as it's primary goal

Sociology looks at the affects on communities and the benefits and costs to society as a whole - again fearing discrimination but seeing the benefits of euthanasia to families

There are both individualist ethicists (who will value autonomy and think it wrong for the society to have a hand in death) and collectivist ethicists -most benefit to the most people - who will agree more with the sociological perspective --
 * I think organising it this way, three paragraphs under each tension would help us avoid repeating ourselves and, I think, make the article flow better
 * We could even have subheadings for the disciplines under the tensions
 * what do you think? --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:24, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I think most people are organising it by discipline, so organising it this way might be a bit risky? I know it doesn't say anything specifically about it in the assignment but I'd really err on the side of what's worked in the previous years

We can make the clashes very clear when we're editing tomorrow. -t

 * I think that could work. Do we have enough overlaps though? - Peppermintdragon
 * I'm not sure that we have enough overlaps, but it could work, if you both agree. -t
 * We could also use the tensions to make the sections flow together eg. if I mentioned the biomedicalisation of dementia and it led into yours where you mention it - but the section introducing the discipline may get in the way of this - Peppermintdragon
 * We could make it work, maybe if we just write the sections clearly on those tensions then when we meet friday or saturday we can decide to reorganise it or not, itll take a few hours to get the flow right anyway, we may as well keep it as an option. - Oliveoilandgarlic
 * t, oliveoilandgarlic and I are restructuring the page by tensions. We've copied the other version into his sandbox incase it doesn't work. We'll talk to you about the changes later and you can see if you agree --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 16:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Introduction
Do you guys think we should sort of summarise the chapter in the intro,, or just use it to introduce and define euthanasia and dementia? maybe we could also define the disciplines?

Defining euthanasia

The importance of the issue
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605678890 global prevalence of dementia - 24.3 million as of jan 2005, 4.6 million new cases per year, was projected to hit 42 million in 2020 and 81 million by 2040 --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.alzint.org/u/WorldAlzheimerReport2016.pdf

total worldwide cost of dementia estimated at 818 billion as of 2016 - estimated to increase to a trillion by 2018.--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

https://www.abdn.ac.uk/sdhp/documents/forgettingwhoseweare.pdf

Why the issue is difficult

By difficult, do you mean that it's difficult to come to a consensus on the issue? Maybe here we could also talk about why it's such an interdisciplinary topic. --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 00:27, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes exactly, we can talk about how the issue encapsulates issues from the eternal debate of individual vs collective values and causes some of the core principles of western morality to be questioned, leading to the issue being highly charged and complex to form any concensus on. It questions: the sanctity of life and what a 'life' is, as well as the existence individual autonomy and how far it should be respected. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:12, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Medical Perspective
(peppermintdragon- unless otherwise labelled)

I think the DALY and QALY will be important here as measures used to determine the use and effectiveness of medicines --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 15:48, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

 * reply: yeah, I tried looking into them but they seem to assess the effectiveness of drugs on an economic level and not so much biological, so I'm not sure how applicable that is in this section- what did you find on them? peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

 * update: okay I've looked into it more and found a lot of stuff about medical economics and how it's ageist so I'll write about that peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)
 * https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12055 this is what I found on the DALY that inspired me to put that note here. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:17, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I think I've read this! It's interesting that within medicine, there are many tensions within sub-disciplines eg. doctors tend to lean towards preserving life whereas pharmaceutical companies employ evidence like DALYs which lead to the "[pursuit of] the protection of profits over the preservation of lives" - maybe I should mention this intra-disciplinary tension in section? --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 17:03, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WSAAEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA31&dq=does+dementia+disproportionality+affect+the+poor&ots=Y5h_m_xfWf&sig=i7zyBHiAPmNGB_P_TZs__XBiJ9c&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false diagnosis and treatement guide for dementia, validity needs to be assessed --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 18:10, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

What is medicine, evidence
“Medicine is the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease” (1). It primarily draws upon quantitative evidence, such as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic review, which are mostly designed to remove any forms of bias (2). This objective focus on saving and prolonging life (3) makes its empirical approach to euthanasia and dementia one that often meets tension with other disciplines that are grounded in axiology. (4)

- DALY and QALY: numerical measurement of quality of life- can you do that?

https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/44014169?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/96/1/5/300011

- Hippocratic oath: ‘I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect’.
 * not going to use this quote because it's from the original oath that also talks about never allowing abortion etc.
 * Yes, I did a bit of research into the hypocratic oath issue and it seems that many versions and different oaths are used today to better fit modern values, meaning there is no consensus on the values it presents in the medical community. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:14, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

The diagnosis and treatment of dementia
(honestly not sure how to link this??)

The medical diagnosis of dementia involves cognitive and neuropsychological tests, lab tests, brain scans, psychiatric evaluation, and genetic tests (5), procedures that mainly yield quantitative evidence. This is reflected in its medical treatment.

It takes a practical stance on dementia with less regard for psychological and existential suffering than other disciplines.

Palliative Care (link?) End of Life care inadequate → affects decision to end life, link to quality of life (find source for inadequate palliative care if i choose to include but probably won't)
 * I have one: "Barriers and facilitators to the receipt of palliative care for people with dementia: The views of medical and nursing staff" https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269216311423443 I've already cited it in the chapter.--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Conflicting views within medicine
(this might be a good area to explore, but there's not much in relation to dementia)

- Euthanasia not medicine: https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/106/1/45/321635
 * reminder to self to take another look at this article tomorrow maybe use in section introduction

- Many french doctors want to legalise euthanasia: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194087/ - It is also noteworthy that physicians involved in palliative care, including in Britain, appear to be particularly concerned about legalising euthanasia.31

- Regulation of euthanasia

- With respect to the active ending of life for patients with dementia, the level of acceptance was 63% for the public and 6% for physicians.28

Interdisciplinary Tensions
Where medicine is a discipline largely centred on objective evidence, ethics draws from qualitative, subjective evidence. This creates inevitable interdisciplinary tension when it comes to the euthanasia of dementia patients. This tension stems from the fundamental basis of modern medicine. Margaret Mead observed that the Hippocratic Oath was what separated sorcery and modern medicine: “For the first time [...] there was a complete separation between killing and curing [...] One profession [...] [was] to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances.”(6) For example, a study conducted by Rurup et al found that physicians were far less likely to demonstrate tolerant behaviour towards life terminating attitudes (16%) in comparison to nurses (57%) and relatives (90%). (6) This tension plays out in the quality of life debate.

Someone who holds a quality-of-life approach to euthanasia believes that a person with dementia should be granted euthanasia when they feel their life is not worth living. The evidence for quality of life in this case is purely subjective, and will vary from person to person, leaving vulnerable dementia patients at risk of having different values projected onto them by the people around them. In line with this perspective, and in contrast to that of medicine, our palliative care should focus not so much on the protection of life, but of the autonomy of the patient.(7)

things to cite
1. Oxford dictionary 2. Lachin 1998 3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011385310274 4. https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/106/1/45/321635 5. https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/96/1/5/300011 6. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-dementia-symptoms-types-and-diagnosis 7. Levine M. Psychiatry & Ethics. Braziller, 1972:324–325. (Quoted by Levine as a personal communication from Mead) 8. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00708.x?casa_token=DgHo64Zu9PcAAAAA%3ANvCG7QamDpBdG0DzKpy_UJzZWm4qxlyTQm9Ispb2w8S3yArw9PQb3G-OFItue94lKoOmh-yAiqpR 9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18757612/ (Dutch euthanasia act list)

Ethics Perspective
hey guys,,, i just thought id put in my first draft for the ethics section,,, before we decided to restructure the chapter.

Given the declining role of religion as a supplier and upholder of moral values in western society, medicine and law have been given increasingly more responsibilities in building society-wide value systems {ref from mcgill study} and upholding the strong enough societal consensus on which healthcare and a trustworthy medical law can be built. The case of euthanasia or physician assisted suicide, medical ethicists have had to increasingly approach the issue secularly and provide arguments that reconcile the continually conflicting values of the right to life, self-determination, dignity, and the power of the state. As it is practiced wholly theoretically, and is not bounded by overarching codes or goals, an ethical exploration is able to subsume the biases that could impair an approach by medics or legal scholars. As such, the ethical arguments for and against euthanasia reach only for the four axioms of formal Ethics [gensler] and for the basic values of the ethicist and those who share them. While lending the discipline apparent [ref] impartiality, Ethics’ lack of a uniform approach has done little to attack the underlying dilemma since the 19th century, though our understanding of the practical and moral consequences of each of the values, once agreed upon, has been well developed [ref]. As many ethical arguments (and popular movements advocating) for euthanasia in general stipulate terminal illness as a necessary condition, many progressive debilitating conditions, like dementia are excluded. Thus, dementia patients, who are very often unable to make legally competent decisions, also excluding them from the necessary condition of informed, competent consent, are left out by ethicists ‘strong’ arguments. Legally, even in countries most permissive of physician assisted suicide in particular The Netherlands, many dementia patients would have no recourse but clauses such as the proposed, but not legalised, “Over 70 and Tired of Life” petition [ref].

Practically, the ethical approach to dementia patients who are believed to want to die, whether or not such a desire is recognised legally, has been reduced to

In Ethics, patients of dementia who are believed to want to die, whether or not such a desire is recognised legally, have been excluded from arguments based on long prognoses, infirm mental capacities, and in proposed laws, by not being old enough. Practically it can be argued that medicine has been more effective in

 * good idea to put this in here --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 15:58, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/mlv26&id=401&men_tab=srchresults p389 the difficulty of distinguishing active and passive euthanasia- might be useful? It also explores several of the difficult ethical situation that are allowed or not allowed in different legal systems, especially p391 --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/14/4/184.full.pdf "Demented patients gradually lose their ability to make their own decisions as their cognitive impairment increases." --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

I have mentioned individualist ethics and philosophy a couple of times in the sociology section, do you have a source/sources I can cite for this individual autonomy approach and the idea that the choice for euthanasia should be souly made based on the individuals needs and wants? --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 14:48, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Sociological Perspective
(oliveoilandgarlic)

What is Sociology?
Google definition:
 * -the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.
 * -the study of social problems.

Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology
 * -studies the dynamics of society by looking at its organisations and drawing division within it, looking at the interactions between these parts.
 * -studies the "collective aspects of human behaviour" especially looking at the way an individual's group influences their behaviour

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096141?seq=1 an analysis of the uncertainties around this issue and the confusion interaction between theory and evidence in the evidence's interpretation, mentions as a side point the importance of statistical methods and computing in sociology.

Methods and evidence
Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology :
 * -ecological patterning - the way groups, behaviour, wealth, industry and land value change over time and relate to one another
 * Experimental methods - observing social interactions in controlled enviroments,

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096141?seq=1 an analysis of the uncertainties around this issue and the confusion interaction between theory and evidence in the evidence's interpretation, mentions as a side point the importance of statistical methods and computing in sociology.

What has sociology got to say about dementia and euthanasia?
https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/59/5/e597/5033595 meta analysis of 26 studies on the experience of carers of people with dementia, found that up to 80% of carer's experience depression. but that the literature is unclear as to a causal relationship. this highlights the sociological focus on human experience and relations etc

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2729093 economic status as well of health are greater predictors of dementia than race or culture. This is thought to be due to access to education and nutrition as well as healthcare.

(not that sociological, more medical) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269216311423443 meta analysis of qualitive research conducted in the uk into the transition into paliative care (the closest thing to euthanasia that exists in the uk) for dementia patients, highlights the lack of the 'long view' in the medical community, also a failure to except that dementia might be a cause of death in it's own right was noted, as patients usually die from complications or accidents caused by the disease rather than the disease itself.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1191/0969733002ne554oa this study interviewing carers at one hospital found that carer's understoon dementia patients decision to starve but thier moral and ethical beliefs hampered them in respecting patients autonomy.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1039856219878645 in oregon over 50% of people requesting euthanaisa claim 'being a burden to their families' as the main reason for the decision, this article argues that poverty and old age contribute largely to these decisions, creating a class discrepancy.

Biomedicalisation and social construction (medicine)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9566.12152 more sociological literature on the dehumanisation of dementia patients by the media, and how this leads to increased use of euthanasia

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1471301217709661 critisizing the 'hegemony of american allopathic medicine' due to is depersonalization of people with dementia using fairly strong language. It argues that the combination of medical attitudes and media presentation conflate dementia with it's final stages (loss of agency, contact with reality and finally life). It critisises the dichotomy between positive and negative aging, and claims that this medical view eclipses the diversity between aging processes and the effects of race, culture and sex on these processes. It argues that is 'a social construct created by people and within social institutions'. 'it says 'If forgetfulness in seniors continues to be medicalised, then we might well find that we have destroyed the precious little space within which we as modern humans can age meaningfully'. criticises the medical perspective as 'oversimplifying the lived experience'- this is a clear example of the clash between empirical scientific evidence and sociology's qualitive more experience focussed aproach

individual patient focus rather than society (medicine)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bernadette_Roest/publication/332237833_The_involvement_of_family_in_the_Dutch_practice_of_euthanasia_and_physician_assisted_suicide_a_systematic_mixed_studies_review/links/5caaebc5299bf118c4ba88be/The-involvement-of-family-in-the-Dutch-practice-of-euthanasia-and-physician-assisted-suicide-a-systematic-mixed-studies-review.pdf doctors struggled to empathise with patients citing existential reasons for thier request for euthanasia, and psychological suffering was given less consideration than physical symptoms. the more sociological aspects of the paper reveal the importance of family relations and 'being a burden' in decision making, doctors are resistant to consider the suffering of the family as a whole due to the medical focus on the experience, especially the physical experience, of thier single patient over wider more sociological considerations of the suffering of the family unit as a whole and the impacts of the implimentation or non implementation of euthanasia at these different levels.

Collective discrimination and lack of individual agency (ethics)
https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12055 a critique of the DALY (disability adjusted life year) a common measure used in medicine to evaluate treatment efficiency and make decisions on it's distribution due to it's assumption that the life of someone with a disibility is less valuable than the life of someone without it, it argues this is due to the blurring of the line between the human biological being, and the economy and political sphere. It also speaks of how the DALY measurement leaves out the poorest classes due to thier lack of access to medical care leading to a lack of generation of data. this is a direct tension between the medical and economic perspectives and the ethical and sociological perspectives. although it does not mention dementia specifically it is highly revavent due to the increasing importance of the DALY and QALY in medical decisions.

Conclusion
Should we go with the classic conclusion structure that relates back to the introduction? We can talk about the importance of interdisciplinarity in light of what we've mentioned, and mention the tensions again? --Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) 00:32, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Brainstorm for Euthanasia and Dementia
For the introduction?
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605678890 global prevalence of dementia - 24.3 million as of jan 2005, 4.6 million new cases per year, was projected to hit 42 million in 2020 and 81 million by 2040 --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.alzint.org/what-we-do/research/world-alzheimer-report/ charity collecting large amounts of data and researching dementia releases reports each year many of which may be useful.--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.alzint.org/u/WorldAlzheimerReport2016.pdf
 * total worldwide cost of dementia estimated at 818 billion as of 2016 - estimated to increase to a trillion by 2018.
 * People with dementia are likely to also have other mental and health conditions.
 * (from above link)“It is also possible that people with dementia may be being denied the right to receive hospital-based medical interventions that might improve their overall functioning and quality of life (through a variety of mechanisms including diagnostic overshadowing, misperceived contraindications, and failure to address lack of capacity to consent)”
 * --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

For the conclusion?

https://www.alzint.org/u/WorldAlzheimerReport2016.pdf parafrased from section 1.7: A well designed phase orientated care pathway designed with multidisciplinary understanding of patient, family and community needs at all systemic levels could present a possible solution to the currently inadequate management of dementia care. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Medicine vs social care?

https://www.alzint.org/u/WorldAlzheimerReport2016.pdf section 1.5 and 1.6 talk a lot about the issues caused by lack of communication between the healthcare sector (medicine) and the social care sector--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:39, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Medicine - with some neuroscience and philosophy

Philosophy / ethics - would include some psychology and economic/sociological theory

 * Towards a Theory of Dementia Care: Personhood and Well-being https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0144686X0000502X
 * Asks the question what does it mean to be a person
 * Argues that a long stay in residential care and the dementing illness gradually takes personhood away.
 * (pg 2) Claims that there is no clear theory of dementia care, but rather ‘crude pragmatism’ and a body of ‘advice’ based on anecdotal evidence but non constitute a proper theory.
 * It argues that the lack of a coherent theory is due to psychiatry’s tendency to focus on the brain rather than the personhood of the sufferer. Making technical rather than personal enquiries.
 * It argues that psychiatry and clinical psychology are ‘extremely reluctant to articulate and implement a concept of the human subject’ due to "great fault-line through work on mental distress"
 * This is a clear disciplinary tension
 * “The first is neurological impairment, which does indeed set upper limits to how a person can perform. The second is the personal psychology an individual has accrued, together with the social psychology with which he or she is surrounded”
 * --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:39, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Law - with some economics and sociology?

 * Law and medicine- conflict between doctors judgement and knowledge, patient situation and legislation - does a law allowing euthanasia contradicts the hippocratic oath? --whos idea was this?
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168851010001934?casa_token=m0RMkcnfuHwAAAAA:qzeopjNWPzCfg0ResElYjlAG6AfEAl2qx-1mQWmvvl8bgmYB3nxN_hvdBDLNpqaRtEeHNXs Compliance with ADEs and do the particularities of the law increase euthanaisa? --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:43, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/40/2/110.full.pdf argument that the right to refuse food and the right to medical care for the eleviation of suffering amounts to the right to die.
 * In the UK the first two are accepted however the third is rejected constituting a contradiction?
 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1191/0969733002ne554oa specific discussion of the ethics/legality of feeding patients with dementia
 * --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:43, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Section Ideas:

medical vs ethical vs sociological individual case vs a class viewed holistically;
 * Where the discipline of practiced medicine, often in the form of individual doctors, focuses exclusively on a specific patient and the treatments and therapies that would work best in their interest, other disciplines such as political philosophy or sociology could approach the same issues in a more general sense of discussion and would take into account factors that doctors would be irresponsible to consider such as the wider political implications of a certain therapy’s disproportionate effect on a marginalised segment of the population. -- who wrote this?

 * https://www.bmj.com/content/329/7464/491.short case study of a hospital looking at the care of dementia patients and the use of feeding tubes. They were used ‘Sometimes contrary to the patient's advance directives’ and where quality of life lost and dangers did not outweigh the benefits, they were even used on patients where they were capable but simply experiencing difficulty eating. This highlights the lack of ethical and philosophical consideration in medical practice where decisions are largely made only considering extending life.--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Medicine vs palliative care? When does the valiant attempt to cure the disease stop being in the patient’s best interests? Is there a point where palliative care should supplant medicine? -- who wrote this?
 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269216311423443
 * “people with dementia may benefit from palliative forms of care, but evidence indicates that many fail to access such provision at the end of life”
 * --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Medicine:
https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9566.12152 - how “media framing of Alzheimer's disease has allowed people with dementia to be positioned as non‐persons and therefore susceptible to the ‘temptation of beneficent euthanasia” Alzheimerisation of dementia: how dementia used to be considered a natural part of ageing but is now seen as a biomedical concern - peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

http://oro.open.ac.uk/10829/1/jcnur_2006-0670_r4_FINAL.pdf summery of clinical studies on palliative care - conclusion that the palliative care is inadequate
 * Tension with law and the doctors medical knowledge and ethics vs danger of legal action and (in the case of the Netherlands at least) having a duty to kill?

 * Palliative care

 * http://oro.open.ac.uk/10829/1/jcnur_2006-0670_r4_FINAL.pdf summery of clinical studies on palliative care - conclusion that the palialiative care is inadequate

 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269216311423443 "It has been argued that failure to recognize timely transitions to palliative care can result in prolonged exposure to aggressive forms of treatment."

 * http://ojs.library.einstein.yu.edu/index.php/EJBM/article/view/42/42 history of the hypocratic oath. It is no longer universally the same; the original prohibited surgery, euthanasia and abortion, but largely it has been updated or new oaths have replaced it to better fit modern values- according to this hypocrates is respected and regarded as the ‘farther of western medicine’ due to his rejection of practicing medicine based on any philosophical or religious framework but rather regarding it as a craft that should be based on observation. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1KcVOUhGDkoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=euthanasia+debate+law&ots=XtAXV08osu&sig=4eSmZ6ArwWL2tOf_FoJnLL6-GwQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=euthanasia%20debate%20law&f=false book with sections written by different experts: medical ethics, law and legal philosophy, ethics and moral theology, private and comparative law --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Due care criteria- Dutch Euthanasia Act: 1. There is a voluntary and well-considered request from the patient 2. The patient is suffering unbearably without prospect of improvement 3. The patient is informed about his situation and prospects 4. There are no reasonable alternatives to relieve suffering 5. An independent physician must be consulted 6. Euthanasia or PAS is performed with due medical care and attention - how does inadequate palliative care affect this criteria? - peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

Psychology
https://search.proquest.com/docview/222378102?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true criticism of a philosophical argument for advance directives from a psychological perspective? --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/quality-of-life-considerations-in-geriatrics-5 how to measure quality of life and how it’s meaning changes over time. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

https://carepartnersor.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/State-of-the-Art-Review_-Assessment-and-management-of-behavioral-and-psychological-symptoms-of-dementia.pdf

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-psychogeriatrics/article/behavioral-and-psychological-signs-and-symptoms-of-dementia-a-consensus-statement-on-current-knowledge-and-implications-for-research-and-treatment/C058C8D74769AE21AB4C71D1940867B9 Consensus Statement Behavioral and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Dementia: A Consensus Statement on Current Knowledge and Implications for Research and Treatment - basically making a distinction between the cognitive affects and the behavioural effects. The latter incurs most of the societal cost - which may have some influence on the interaction with economics as to decisions for treatement/euthanasia. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

https://www.bmj.com/content/312/7024/153.short 47% of 15 females caring for people with dementia were found to be depressed. - stratified study of 700 carers - this is far too small of a sample to give much weight to.--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Philosophy/ethics
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00708.x?casa_token=DgHo64Zu9PcAAAAA%3ANvCG7QamDpBdG0DzKpy_UJzZWm4qxlyTQm9Ispb2w8S3yArw9PQb3G-OFItue94lKoOmh-yAiqpR philosophy - (clinical-ethical arguments) (personalism - the individual is the locus of free activity?) this one is good, summarises all the main disciplinary perspectives, however we may struggle make our chapter 'original' as many of the the tensions involved here are well documented. --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 17:07, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-016-8095-2 - summary and some politics and ethics

https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/24439802?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentsSpeciesism and Moral Status - Peter Singer

 * Lots of interesting concepts about the value of human life, dignity, how this relates with cognitive disabilities (some parts a bit irrelevant though because he relates to other animals) - peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

https://journals-sagepub-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1177/1039856219878645 - how euthanasia can become discriminatory - Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs) https://jme.bmj.com/content/14/4/184.short autonomy of dementia patients (interview based n=21) Tension with law - although the individual decision to want to end one's life might be taken autonomously - it’s not clear that they would have made this decision if they were provided with better care so their life was more bearable.
 * Is the responsibility for these deaths with the state or individual, should the law facilitate individual’s suicide due to the states neglegance? EVIDENCE - doctor/ individual looks at their case and their life and how the disease is likely to progress to make the decision, philosopher uses methods like extrapolation and evidence such as axioms or ethical intuitions to come to conclusions- often jumping to the extreme.

--Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 17:05, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Economics/politics
https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12055 - “the paper demonstrates a perpetual devaluation of lives within a prevailing economic system that searches out, and targets, ‘profitable’ populations, as exemplified by the current pharmaceutical industry and supporting apparatus that pursues the protection of profits over the preservation of lives.”, “this paper argues that DALYs are symptomatic of a wider shift within global health governance and constitutive of a new biopolitical regime – where the body is incorporated within political and economic systems – by judging an individual’s ‘worth’ through their economic productivity.” - Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

Law
Even in areas where euthanasia is legal, it is still considered an excusable homicide, like self defense (maybe not the case medically/ethically) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010001934?casa_token=m0RMkcnfuHwAAAAA:qzeopjNWPzCfg0ResElYjlAG6AfEAl2qx-1mQWmvvl8bgmYB3nxN_hvdBDLNpqaRtEeHNXs - law, advance directives for euthanasia (qualitive study n=434)

Sources https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010001934?casa_token=m0RMkcn

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010001934?casa_token=m0RMkcn

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-016-8095-2 - not that academic but a good overview of different arguments - Peppermintdragon (discuss • contribs)

oliveoilandgarlic

 * In discussion decided too general and although power dynamics and different disciplinary views are prevalent actual disciplinary tensions are too limited.

I think this may be the best of the projects we have so far - as we can look at the relationships between these ethno-national groups through the lense of different disciplines and find out how they were related and what factors increased divisions from many perspectives: here’s the start of a brainstorm for this project:
 * If we choose this one we should focus on a couple of these which clearly clash in their analysis of the power dynamics in this situation and maybe link a few more or at least some of the methods from them to back up the point.
 * For example if we took anthropological perspective, economic and biological perspective:
 * Anthropological perspective could include psychoanalytic theory, history, and social psychology
 * Economic perspective could include geography, polotics/ir, and possibly greivience studies perspectives
 * Biological perspective could include psychology, anthropology, game theory, race studies, etc etc

psychology and social psychology (psychology of killing for your group, how we define our groups, dehumanisation etc - there must be a lot of literature here)

Economic (can racial and ethnic conflicts be explained by resource competition, how does wealth affect tolerance of 'others' and likelihood of forming ingroups and outgroups) national, racial and ethnic economic competition etc.

 * National Tolerance in the Former Yugoslavia (Randy Hodson, Dusko Sekulic, and Garth Massey)

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/230453 "The association of unemployment with intolerance and outbreaks of violence in areas with greater national diversity support theories of ethnic competition."

IR/politics(ideologies and national political structures), anthropological(cultures of groups), biological(how do biological differences play into racism - do 'racist genes' protect themselves from a game theory perspective)

Psychoanalytical (how do national myths and stories and the cultural productions of a group tell us how that group ‘thinks’ and behaves) to what extent can the myths of these cultures be seen as the reasons for their conflicts

Historical (how do the histories of ethnic groups or races affect their narratives (link to psychoanalytic theory) and how do nations form usually, was the formation of the ex-yugoslavian states different from normal- if so why, was yugoslavia a failed unification all along or a dissolution(link to political and anthropological theory) etc

Geographical perspective (resources, geographic features forming national boundaries)

t's:
Quote from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514224/ : “The creation of nation-states in Europe has generally been assumed to be intrinsic to modernization and to be irreversible. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia demonstrates that the process is not irreversible. I argue that in the case of Yugoslavia, (1) disintegration was caused by the interaction between domestic policies with regard to nationalities and integration into the global economy and (2) the impact of the disintegration of the federation on health care and public health systems has been profound. Improving and converging measures of mortality before the collapse gave way to increasing disparities afterward. The lesson is that processes of individual and social modernization do not result in improvements in health and well-being that are necessarily irreversible or shared equall"

Peppermintdragon's Ideas
Truth in Literary Theory (think of a specific book/play/text- can explore how it’s viewed from different theories eg. feminist, marxist, ecocritical)

Truth in the emergence of race (how it’s a social construct, can include biology)
 * I explained less well yesterday oops but please read “Race and the construction of Human Identity” https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.690
 * oliveoilandgarlic response to race idea:
 * This is fascinating, it also links very clearly with the death of yugoslavia idea - and the idea of race as a social construct and ethnicity as the biological element that is poorly correlated with race is a brilliant observation.
 * We could combine this project with the yugoslavia project and do something like power and ethnic groups in the yugoslavia (1900 - present if both dissolutions are covered or in the balkan war if not) or Power in the death of Yugoslavia: a case study in the formation of radical racial groups or something along those lines
 * Lots of work on the politics and anthropology:
 * https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=v-VWhYkECOMC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=yugoslavia&ots=SNfLjnxNLg&sig=bgpDAg_cCJcR43zDYS-RLt8pN8o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=yugoslavia&f=false
 * Historical perspective : Yugoslavia died twice. This should give us more to work with although maybe we should just focus on one instance https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=yugoslavia&ots=19h5DM-irU&sig=aAqs7Z4OKjMHrX08n-kGARNyE7I&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=yugoslavia&f=false
 * Historical perspective with reference to mythology, focussed on the serbs
 * https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4b4JCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=yugoslavia&ots=_BeeZMv6KP&sig=L5G12v4kDFxEC2USVvW4M2iru7o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=yugoslavia&f=false
 * A historical and detailed political perspective on yugoslavia published before the war in the 90’s https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zf6tDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=yugoslavia&ots=q1b7KJGIYs&sig=1s25JgILFArK2YoJu9FlzYQ1nv0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=yugoslavia&f=false

Truth in emotionally abusive relationships (psychological, emotional, philosophical)

oliveoilandgarlic Ideas
Power in the death of yugoslavia (economics, anthropology, politics/IR, national narratives) IDENTITY
 * I like this one because it focuses on a specific event and I think it'll be easier to explore a singular event from many different perspectives than a timeline --s

Truth in the interpretation of nietzsche
 * In discussion it was decided that reading nietzche and trying to encompass multiple perspectives clearly within the word limit was beyond the scope of this project.

The rift between psychology and psychoanalysis (history or truth or evidence, as the divide is mostly caused by different definitions of truth/evidence)
 * Give this a read in reference to this project https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-29376-001?doi=1
 * In discussion decided it was more complex and general than can be easily encapsulated in 1200 words, as the psychoanalytic and psychology disciplines are not any of our specialisms and the psychoanalytic discipline is very nebulous.

t's Ideas
End of life care - Euthanasia, the question of extending life against it's quality.
 * In reference to dementia? - psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, political
 * Innitial sources sweep:
 * oliveoilandgarlic:
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-016-8095-2 - summery and some politics and ethics
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010001934?casa_token=m0RMkcnfuHwAAAAA:qzeopjNWPzCfg0ResElYjlAG6AfEAl2qx-1mQWmvvl8bgmYB3nxN_hvdBDLNpqaRtEeHNXs - law, advance directives for euthanasia (qualitive study n=434)
 * https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00708.x?casa_token=DgHo64Zu9PcAAAAA%3ANvCG7QamDpBdG0DzKpy_UJzZWm4qxlyTQm9Ispb2w8S3yArw9PQb3G-OFItue94lKoOmh-yAiqpR philosophy - (clinical-ethical arguments ) (personalism - the individual is the locus of free activity?) this one is good, summarises all the main disciplinary perspectives, however we may struggle to get the originality points as the tensions involved here are very well documented.
 * https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/quality-of-life-considerations-in-geriatrics-5 how to measure quality of life and how it’s meaning changes over time.
 * https://search.proquest.com/docview/222378102?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true criticism of a philosophical argument for advance directives from a psychological perspective?
 * t's
 * https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9566.12152 - how “media framing of Alzheimer's disease has allowed people with dementia to be positioned as non‐persons and therefore susceptible to the ‘temptation of beneficent euthanasia”
 * Alzheimerisation of dementia: how dementia used to be considered a natural part of ageing but is now seen as a biomedical concern
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-016-8095-2 - not that academic but a good overview of different arguments


text:
Talk:VHDL for FPGA Design/D Flip Flop

Asynchronous signals must be taken into account in the sensitive list. Asynchronous signals are tested first

process (clk) is                        process (clk,rst,pre) is      -- The asyncronus signals too begin                                  begin if rising_edge(clk) then                 if (rst='1') then      -- First asyncronus signals if (rst='1') then                       q <= '0'; q <= '0';                          elsif (pre='1') then elsif (pre='1') then                    q <= '1'; q <= '1';                          elsif rising_edge(clk) then   -- syncronus signals elsif (ce='1') then                      if (ce='1') then if (d ='1') then                        if (d ='1') then q <= '1';                                  q <= '1'; elsif (d ='0') then                        elsif (d ='0') then q<= '0';                                   q<= '0'; end if;                                 end if; end if;                                  end if; end if;                                  end if; end process;                          end process; end architecture Behavioral;         end architecture Behavioral;

title: Talk:VHDL for FPGA Design/D Flip Flop


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Euthanasia of Dementia Patients

Introduction
The euthanasia of dementia patients is becoming increasingly contentious as the syndrome's prevalence rises with the ageing population, and concerns over healthcare costs and wellbeing grow. Euthanasia, the act of painlessly ending a life to relieve suffering, is, where legal, increasingly requested by dementia patients. Dementia is 'a group of related symptoms associated with a gradual decline in brain functioning'.

Two branches of the debate especially generate interdisciplinary tensions. This chapter explores how tensions between Medicine, Sociology, and Ethics concerning this issue can be explained by the forms of evidence these disciplines examine. The first branch concerns judgements between an individual's life and the wellbeing of their society. The disciplines each bring valuable insights to the debate, yet struggle to reach a consensus on the right approach. The second concerns the rights of patients: examining differing disciplinary understandings of the syndrome, how they affect an individual's autonomy and approaches to valuing lives.

Individual and Collective Benefits
The three disciplines have contrasting approaches to the conflict between benefits to individuals and their society. Ethics, the study of morality, forms arguments logically, based on axiomatic or subjective assumptions of the writer, discipline, and opposing positions. Anecdotal evidence is also used to highlight specific moral issues. Dresser, for example, criticises one case where a court prioritised 'economic and third party [family] concerns' over those of an 'incompetent' patient in permitting the cessation of life extending treatment. Logically extending from axioms of respect for autonomy and life, they view the decision as immoral, contrasting with sociological and medical positions.

Sociology studies the behaviour and experience of individuals based on their demographics and groups, and is therefore concerned with the social influences on decision-making and the effects of decisions and policies on groups. Although many relevant studies are published in medical journals, their sociological approach constructively builds on medical and ethical discussions.

Several studies explore the effects of euthanasia and dementia on the experiences of family members, suggesting that allowing euthanasia decreases levels of grief, trauma and depression in families. Roest's study found that, despite the legal, ethical and medical narratives suggesting otherwise, patients' families were central in both physician and patient decisions concerning euthanasia. Rather than criticising this, they suggest that the family's role should be further recognised, contradicting Dresser's conclusion. Thus, different conclusions result from different forms of evidence: ethical premises and anecdotes vs. qualitative, community-focused data.

Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) is a common measure used to distribute scarce resources and maximise usefulness of medical treatments. It calculates life expectancy, adjusted for any health conditions or disabilities a person lives with. The measurement therefore favours the young and healthy, leading to a reluctance to assign resources to patients that could remain in poor health after treatment. Due to its assumption of perfect health as an optimum, focus on maximising 'benefit' to society as a whole, and reliance on empirical rather than qualitative evidence or axiomatic values, the QALY is criticised in sociology and ethics for its discrimination against the ageing and disabled. This criticism is especially relevant to dementia patients, who face stigmas associated with dementia and financial pressures to fulfil their "special duty [to society] to die", decreasing their chances of receiving healthcare resources.

There are further ethical and sociological claims that dementia patients are depersonalised by the increasing medicalisation of old age, where they are perceived as unwell, as opposed to merely old.

Personhood
The issue of personhood and dementia is highly intersectional, influenced from across the human sciences. Ethics, sociology and medicine have very different approaches to the concept's importance and how it should be preserved.

The medical diagnosis of dementia includes cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic tests. Research-wise, medicine focuses on physiological interventions and symptom-relieving drugs, generating the empirical evidence that medicine's physiological focus is grounded in. Due to this focus, the medical community faces considerable pressure for timely diagnosis, symptom relief, life-extending interventions, and rapid transitions into care programs.

Sociology explores the issue through a social constructionist framework and qualitative evidence, investigating the cultural, social and demographic factors that impact the prevalence and perception of the syndrome. This approach leads to a view of dementia that is based on its experience being an intersection of social position, symptoms, and the construction of dementia. Due to this evidence base and understanding of dementia as being socially constructed by medical classifications and media presentation, Johnstone and others argue that unnecessary stigma and fear have been generated around ageing by the medicalisation of dementia, leading to the depersonalisation of patients. This, and literature, showing how dementia prevalence and experience vary by demographics, has raised concerns that allowing euthanasia could become discriminatory.

This 'depersonalisation' is justified in medicine by the elements of competence to consent: communication of a choice, factual understanding, appreciation of consequences, and rationality. Thus, dementia patients are often not considered competent in their decisions, especially those who refuse food or treatment, or opt for euthanasia.

The concern about the euthanasia of dementia patients is shared by sections of sociological literature and medical practice, but for very different reasons. Tension arises from the sociological view that, in medicines neglect of patient autonomy, pessimism and 'pejorative interpretations of forgetfulness', they perpetuate a view of a 'black hole of ageing' which magnifies the patients desire for death while disrespecting requests or attempts to achieve it.

The consensus in ethics is generally that the wishes of the patient should be respected, and that advance directives are problematic in this regard. Dresser criticises the medical practice for neglecting the present patient when decisions are made based on their advance directives or another individuals assessment. Her argument is based on Parfit's 'Complex view' of personal identity, which is a view based on the subjective, qualitative observation that people feel disconnected from their previous selves and their values change over time. The evidential conflict with medicine is clear. As it concerns the physical changes in a body over time, viewing an individual as multiple persons over the course of their life seems incompatible with medical methods.

Conclusion
There is little consensus between Medicine, Ethics and Sociology in regards to euthanasia and dementia. Each discipline draws from evidence that prioritises different areas of the issue of living with dementia. Medicine continues to do valuable work for those suffering from dementia, however, medical practice would benefit from sociological and ethical insights. Sociology is concerned with intersectional affects on the experience of dementia, criticising policies and representations that favour one group over another or create unnecessary suffering. It brings insights into how cultural and medical views can be improved to support people with dementia, as well as important social considerations in the euthanasia debate. Ethics, concerned with morality and individual rights, also raises valuable questions. It integrates these with sociological studies of how the treatment and rights of dementia patients could be improved in medical practice, especially concerning their right to die. There is encouraging research bridging this gap in medical sociology and medical ethics, however, significant difficulty exists in changing medical practice due to its highly practical focus.


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Tahitian/Weather

 * how's the weather? : e aha te 'ahuāra'i?
 * There's cold : e mea to'eto'e
 * There's rain : e mea ua
 * There's wind : e mea mata'i
 * There's heat : e mea ve'ave'a
 * There's cloud : e mea rumaruma

title: Tahitian/Weather


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Tahitian/Date

 * what's the day today? : E aha teie mahana?
 * Today is Tuesday : i teie mahana e mahana piti ia
 * Give the date : hōro'a i te tai'o mahana
 * Give your date of birth : hōro'a i tō'oe mahana fānaura'a
 * Sunday march 15, 2020 : Tapati'ahuru ma pae nō māti piti tauatini 'e piti'ahuru
 * I was born on may 21, 1985 : 'ua fānauhia vau i te piti 'ahuru ma dahi nō mē i matahiti tauatini iva hānere va'u'ahuru ma pae
 * How old are you? : E hia matahiti To 'oe?
 * I'm 18 years old : e 'ahuru ma va'u matahiti to 'u

title: Tahitian/Date