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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1939 01

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Front Cover
The Australasian Radio World

January 10, 1939; Vol. 3 – No. 9; Price, 1/-

Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical

Cover Photo: Photo of Field Test in Toowoomba of Tasma 1.4-Volt Valve Receiver (See Page 8.)

Highlighted Contents: Special 1.4-Volt Valve Number: Field Tests on New Tasma Release: 5-Valve Portable: Resistance and Capacity Bridge: Further List of World Shortwave Stations.

P.39 – The All-Wave All-World DX News
The All-Wave All-World DX News

Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.

DX News And Views. I have recently been on a vacation and made it my business to see as many DX fellows and their shacks as I could, and must say that some are excellent. My own is very plain. I have a two-valve portable and a six tube super., and the antenna system is a zepp about sixty feet long and about 40 feet high. One of the best I saw was owned by M. W. Egling to n (A W 268D X ), M urw illum bah, N.S.W ., who takes dxing on in a big way. All “ju n k ” is placed away, and out of it he makes useful parts. For instance, old phono, records are used for making insulating points, washers, sockets and coil formers. If a temporary speaker is needed he will' set to work and make it out of an old earphone and a piece of deal board. Among his home-made equipment he has receivers of one, two and three valves, a six-valve superhet, amplifiers and home records. On the experimental side he has built apparatus to switch lights on and off when one walks past the ray, and also to switch lights on and off by shortwave radio. The outfit also includes a 90-volt power supply worked from a Ford coil and a six-volt battery, instruments to see and feel music, aerial and mains filters, home recording outfits, and a battery-charging plant in a bottle. Besides this equipment he has a very fine collection of QSL cards from all over the world, totalling 228 and 116 swl cards. He has four ordinary antenna system s and one directional, which is worked on an excellent principle for direction finding. He also has a homebuilt one-tube set using an RK43 valve, which is the most remarkable set I have seen. Americans come through as good as on a three or four tube set.— R. J. Shorty, Brisbane, Queensland. Is Satisfied With “ R.W .” I have been a constant reader of your magazine since the first issue, and have found it far superior to any main attractions are the A.C. shortwave sets that have been described other radio magazine I have seen. My lately, and also the notes by Mr. A. Graham. Keep up the high standard you have achieved of late, and the club member with whom I correspond and I could not wish for anything better.— '''J. E. Shrubb''' (AW80DX), Byron Bay, N.S.W.

A happy moment during dxer R. J. Shorty's holiday tour, when he visited many club members' shacks.

P.40 – Shortwave Review
Shortwave Review Conducted by Alan H. Graham

World Shortwave Stations — Additions And Amendments – Reports From Observers Hourly Tuning Guide

Angola. CR6AA, Lobito, is now using three frequencies in an effort to extend the area in which its transmissions are audible. In addition to its old 7177 k c., 41.75 m. channel, it now tra n s m its on 9660 k.c., 31.06 m., and 13,000 k.c., 23.07 m. It is understood that all three frequencies are used simultaneously on Thursdays and Sundays from 5.45 to 7.30 a.m. Reports to Box 103. Bechuanaland. ZNB, Mafeking, 5901 k.c., 50.84 m„ has extended its hours of transmission. It is now on the air from 4.30 to 5.30 a.m ., and from 9 to 10 p.m. daily. Pow er is 200 w a tts: QRA--- Box 106. Bolivia. CP-1, Sucre, “Radio Chuquiaca,” is a new station on 9890 k.c., 30.33 m.mOn the air from 2 to 3 and 10 to 11 a.m. daily. Brazil. PSH, Rio de Janeiro , 10,220 k.c., 29.35 m., is now broadcasting every Tuesday from 11 to 11.30 a.m ., as well as daily from 9 to 10 a.m. Canada. CHNS is the call of the station previously listed as VE9HX. New frequency is 6150 k.c., 48.78 m. Location, Halifax. At present station is on the air irregularly around 8.30 a ra. Canary Islands. E A J43, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, is believed to be using a new channel — 7500 k.c., 40.0 m. Schedule is from 10-11 a.m. Presumably transmissions on l(t,370 k.c., 28.93 m. w ill be discontinued. Chile. CEC, Santiago, is now on a regular schedule, from 10 to 10.30 a.m ., daily except Sundays and Mondays. In fo rm atio n reg a rd in g CEC’s frequency is conflicting— it is either 10,600 k.c., 28.27 m., or 10,670 k.c., 28.12 m . QRA is Casilla 16-D. China. From a Japanese source comes mention of XCA P located at Peiping, operating from midnight till 5 a.m . programmes are native in character. Frequency 9570 k.c., 31.35 m. XCAP is stated to be putting out a very strong signal. Several Chinese commercials are still operating . These include XTR, 9400 k.c., 31.9 m., now at Chungking. Also XTS, 11,440 k.c., 26.2 m. The station on 11,680 k.c., 25.7 m., was XGJ— not X TJ as first believed. XGOW, Shanghai, 9300 k.c., 32.28mm., is on the air around 10.30 p.m. It sometimes shifts to 9190 k.c., 32.6 m. Denmark. OZH, Copenhagen, tests on 15,175 k.c., 19.77 m., fro m 11 p.m. to 4.30 a.m. Transmissions open with the sounding of a gong, and conclude with a selection entitled “There is a Winsome Land.” OZF, 9520 k.c., 31.51 m., uses the same identification signals. On the air from 5-9 a.m. Dutch Borneo. A rare DX “catch ” is YCP at Balikpapan, Dutch Borneo, which may be heard on 9120 k.c., 32.9 m., contacting Java around 8 p.m. Send reports to Bandoeng. (Engineer-in-Charge, Java Wireless Stations, Bandoeng, is sufficient QRA.) ROUND THE SHACKS. Amateur operators desirous of having their transmitters and activities featured under this heading are requested to forward details to ‘‘Reporter,” C /- “Radio World,” 214 George St., Sydney. Articles should be similar in style to those already appearing in the series, and should, where possible, be accompanied with photographs of operator and transmitter. French Indo-China. "Radio Boy-Landry," Saigon, now transmits on 11,710 and 9760 k.c., 25 63 and 30.72 m. Interval signal is 10 notes on the piano. Announcements are usually given in French by a lady announcer. FZS, Saigon, 18,388 k.c., 16.3 m., may be heard calling FTM. Paris, usually around 10 p.m. Calls “ alio Paree, ici Saigon. QRA for FZS and FZ R is Box 238. Ecuador. HC2RL, Guayaquil, 6635 k.c., 42.2 m., often broad casts special programmes for SW L clubs. As these are on the air around noon, it is unlikely that they will be heard in Australia. However, should any listener log HC2RL, send report to Box 759, enclosing a 5-cent United States stamp to cover return postage. Guatemala. TGW B relays TGW A on 6490 k.c., 46.2 m. TGW B uses a pow er of lkw. It is heard from 3.45 to 4.45 a.m. daily except Monday. No International Reply Coupon is required for verification of any Guatemalan station. Holland. PDV, Kootwijk, sometimes relays P C J on 12,060 k.c., 24.88 m. Such relays usually take place at 10 a.m. Hungary. H AT-4, Budapest, 9125 k.c., 32.88 m., may be heard on Mondays from 9 to 10 a.m. Interval signal is a music box melody. QRA: Royal Hungarian Post, Gyali St. 21, Budapest. India. Schedules of the new Indian transmitters :— VUM-2, Madras, 4950 k.c., 60.1 m.: Daily, 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. VUC-2, Calcutta, 9530 k.c., 31.48 m .: Daily, 5.06 to 7.06 p.m ., and 9.36 p.m. to 3.06 a.m .; 4880 k.c., 61.48 m., as on 31 m. VUB-2, Bombay, 9550 k.c., 31.4 m.: Daily, 12.30 to 1.30 p.m ., 4 to 6.30 p.m ., and 10 p.m. to 3.30 a.m .. . 4905 k,c., 61.06 m., as on 31 m. VUD-2, Delhi, 9590 k.c., 31.3 m.: Daily, 11.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m ., 4.30 to 6.30 p.m ., 10.30 p.m. to 3.30 a.m ., and 7.40 to 9.30 a.m .; 4995 k.c., 60.0 m., as on 31 m. VUD-3, Delhi, 15,160 k.c., 19.8 m.: Daily, 7.30 to 9.30 a.m ., 11.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m., 10.30 p.m. to 3.30 a.m. Iraq. Baghdad is now carrying out tests on 7110 k.c., 42.2 m. Several languages are spoken, but the majority of announcements are in English. Italy. 2RO is being relayed extensively by both IQY, 11,670 k.c., 25.7 m., and IR F, 9830 k.c., 30.52 m. All three stations carry the American Hour programme at 10.30 a.m. IR F ’s transmission is frequently marred by a bad hum. Japan. A new Japanese station is reported on 9730 k.c., 30.8 m. It carries the same programme as JV N. Another unusual Jap is JZO on 10,270 k.c., 29.2 m. Recently heard around 11.30 p.m. Malaya. Latest in formation from Singapore shows that ZHP, 9760 k.c., 30.91 m., and ZHO, 6012' k.c., 49.89 m., are operating on the following schedule:— Monday to Saturday : 7.40 p.m. to 12.40 a.m .; Wednesday, 3.40 to 4.40 p.m .; Saturday, 3.25 to 4.40 p.m .; Sunday, 1.40 to 4.10 p.m. Mexico. XECR, Mexico City, is testing on an additional frequency— 15,150 k.c., 19.8 m. Tests are usually on Sunday or Monday. Mozambique. Schedule of CRT A A (6137 k.c., 48.87 m., and CR7BH (11,718 k.c., 25.6 m .): Daily, 12.30 to 2 a.m., 3 to 7 a.m ., 7.30 to 9.30 a.m ., 3 to 4 p.m .; Sundays, 8 to 10 p.m .; Mondays, 1 to 5 a.m. New Guinea. V HSU at Salamaua has been reported testing on 8070 and 6540 k.c., 37.1 and 45.8 m. Heard around 8 p.m. Papua. VHPM, Port Moresby, on 8080 k.c., 37.1 m., has been on telephony between 7 and 9.30 p.m. V1G, also at Port Moresby, on 7310 k.c. 41 m., occasionally relays programmes from a local BCB station. These relays are usually on Saturdays from 6-8 p.m. Peru. “ Radio International,” OAX4J, 9300 k.c., 32.2 m., w ill be pleased to receive reports. Identification is three chimes of a gong. Schedule is from 2 a.m . to 3 p.m . daily except Sundays, when they continue till 4 p.m . QRA is*Casilla 1166, Lima. Philippine Islands. KZGH, Iloilo, operates on a number of frequencies from 9 a.m. to 1 a.m. daily. Most used channels are 6755 and 5445 k.c., 44.4 and 55.2 m. Reports to the Station Supervisor will be verified. Poland. There are now four transmitters carrying the Polish programmes. These stations operate simultaneously fro m 9 a.m. to noon daily. The programmes open with a few bars from “The Haunted Castle,” and conclude with the National Anthem. Stations are SP-19, 15,120 k.c., 19.84 m .; SP-25, 11,700 k.c., 25.64 m .; SPW , 13,635 k.c., 22 m .; and SPD, 11,535 k.c,, 26 m. All are located in Warsaw. Russia. R N E, 12,000 k.c., 25 m., now transmits a special Chinese programme at 2 p.m. daily. Incidentally, it is not necessary to include a Reply Coupon with reports to this station or RAN. Siam. H S 6P J is th e new call of H S 8 P J’s 19,020 k.c., 15.77 m. transmitter. This station broadcasts every Monday from 11 p.m. programmes open with three chimes, and re g u la r announcements are made in English. Turkey. TAO, 15,195 k.c., 19.74 m., is on the air from 4.20 to 8 a.m. TA P, 9465 k.c., 31.7 m., transmits from 9 to 10.30 p.m. Both stations are located in Ankara. It is reported from America that T A P sometimes relays the programmes of 2RO-4, Rome. United States. A new U H F transmitter located at Bolinas, Calif., will commence tests on 31,380 k.c., 9.5 m., in the near future. Call will be W 6XI. Reports From Observers. Mr. J. Ferrier (Victoria): Conditions are just fair on the U H F bands. The European amateurs were not as good as last month, only one night, December 18, being really good. These Europeans come in between 8 and 11.30 p.m., being best between 8.30 and 10.30 p.m. I find that the antenna now in use for these frequencies is most satisfactory — a 16ft. vertical. As far as the broadcast stations are concerned, W 9X U P on 11 metres is outstanding. 10-metre amateur loggings:— V E— 50T, 5AAR, 4ALO, 5AEZ, 5GQ. G— 2PU, 2IS, 5VM, 5BI, 6LC, 8SA, 2ZP, 2QY, 6RH, 8IX, 6TW, 6WU, 6XQ, 5SY, 8DM, 2ZV and 5BM. O N 1E J. PA O FB. H I7G. GM— fiRG, 6RV. SU1MW. Also a fair number of W ’s, K 6’s, and ZL’s. Mr. C. J. Anderson (West Australia): DX has been very poor this last month generally speaking, although an occasional hour has given quite good results. For example, one morning at 6 a.m. (Perth time) the only two stations audible on 20 metres were VP9L, Bermuda, using 40 watts.; and CT1ZA, Portugal, using 50 watts. Both these stations were at fair speaker strength, and both faded out fairly rapidly. Earlier in December some ZS signals were logged, but none have been audible lately. In the evenings 20 metres is very mediocre—mainly VU, PK, KA, W, with an occasional VS7, XZ or XU. None of these put in a very good signal. Very little time has been spent on the broadcast bands. However, it has been noted that COCQ has shifted to 33 metres. On December 10 unusual conditions were noted on 31 metres around 11 a.m., when this band is usually quite dead. W2XE, W3XAL and W2XAF were all at good strength; W3XAL being particularly strong. KZIB is strong on this band in the evenings. Mr. G. O. La Roche (West Australia): DX has not been very interesting of late, nothing but the same old stations on all bands. The amateurs on 20 metres have provided the best DX for the month, and even here results have not been startling: 10 metres seems a total loss over here, even the local amateurs are complaining. General comments on broadcast bands:— 13 metres: Daventry still good, but W2XE and W8XK are now missing. 16 metres: Paris, TPB-3, no longer audible. 19 metres: All the usual stations, with HVJ, 19.85 m., very good. 20-25 metres: SPW, good; TFJ, just audible, very noisy. 25 metres: VLR-3 very good; OLR4A and 2RO-3 very strong. Also noted were COGF, W1XAL, W2XE, W9XF and XTJ. 31 metres: Usual stations still good; KZIB good. 49 metres: Reception poor, signals weak, noise-level high. 50-100 metres: Signals from DEI stations good; noise-level very high. Mr. La Roche includes reports from Mesdames Osborn and Nicholls. These indicate that conditions are much the same as in previous months. The most interesting stations reported by these listeners are as follow:— 16 metres: W3XL. 19 metres: Rome on 19.6 m., relaying 2RO. 20 metres: Hawaiian station, call unknown. 25 metres: VLR-3; XGJ, China. 31 metres: HS8PJ, KZIB, YDB. 40 metres: JVP. 49 metres: ZHP, Singapore, Rangoon. 60 metres: Indian stations at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. 65-100 metres: D.E.I. stations, mostly carrying native programmes. Mr. H. A. Callander (Tasmania) : (Mr. Callander wishes to advise all those who have sent him SWL cards and have not received replies' as yet that he will QSL early in the New DX Club Requirements. All-Wave All-W ond DX Club members are advised that the following DX requirements ar^ obtainable from Club headquarters, 214 George Street, Sydney. REPORT FORMS. — Save time and make sure of supplying all the information required by using these official forms, which identify you with an established DX organisation. Price . . . 1/6 for 50, post free. NOTEPAPER.—Headed Club notepaper for members’ correspondence is also available. Price, 1/6 for 50 sheets, post free. DX CLUB STICKERS.—Enlarged two-colour replicas of the Club badge, in the form of gummed stickers, designed for attaching to envelopes, QSL cards, etc. Price, 5 dozen for 1/6, post free. DX CLUB LOG SHEETS.— Designed by the Shortwave Editor, these headed and ruled log sheets are indispensable to dxers who wish to keep a simply-prepared and accurate list of loggings. Price, 3 dozen for 1/6, post free. Year. A most painful accident to his hands has prevented him from keeping up to date with his correspondence. This same injury has also prevented him from doing much DX for some time, but he forwards the following report.) The interesting feature of recent DX has been the logging of a new station on 19 m etres. As yet this station has not been identified, although it is located in South Africa. Frequency is 15,220 k.c., or 19.71 metres. Announcements are given by a man, and are followed by three short and two long Morse signals. Signals are not strong, and QRM has always prevented a call-sign being obtained. 20-metre amateurs have rather fallen away of late, and nothing of unusual interest has been noted on the band. Verifications to hand are from W9TIV, W5APW, W9GIC and KZR.M. Mr. R. S. Coggins (South Australia): Generally speaking, reception was very poor at the beginning of the past month, but has improved greatly during the last week. This has been particularly the case with regard to the amateur bands. On 20 metres reception between midnight and 7 a.m. is really good; daylight conditions are poor, only a few W ’s. The American broadcast stations W3XL and W3XAL are strong in the mornings—good R6-7. The usual stations, Daventry, Berlin and Huizen, have been very inconsistent in this locality at present. At times they are a strong R9 (usually with quick fading), whilst a t others they are barely audible. Possibly this is due to the prevalence of thunder and humid weather. Mr. J. K. Sorensen (Queensland) : Intense heat and heavy static have made conditions for DX very unpleasant. The outstanding station this month has been HVJ, Vatican City, on 19.84 m. This station has been testing and asking for reports. Two different aerials were used on 19 metres .and then a change was made to 25 metres at 11.40 p.m. The transmission on 25 metres was not audible. Archerfield aerodrome has been heard on a number of occasions on 43 metres—giving weather data to various airliners. On the same wavelength Mascot ’drome was heard calling the ’plane “Canberra.” Mr. H. I. Johns (New Zealand) : Owing to the very bad weather experienced in New Zealand recently reception has been anything but good. Evening stations have been particularly poor, but perhaps things will pick up when the weather settles down. On 19 m etres TPA-2 is good around 5.30 p.m.; also DJQ and DJB at fair .strength, improving steadily as the night advances. RV96 is also good. DJE, 16.89 m., puts in one of the strongest signals at the present time. On 25 metres I have found GSE, 25.2 m., better than GSD, 25.5 m., when opening a t t m. TPA-3, 25.2 m., is excellent a t the same time. Also on the same band RNE. By the way, listeners reporting to RNE should give details only when announcements are made in English; program m es entirely in Russian will not be verified. (This also applies to RV15 on 70 m.— S.W. Ed.) EAQ, 30.4 m., “The Voice of Republican Spain,” has been heard with a strong signal a t 5.45 p.m. • HCJB, Quito, using one of its new wavelengths, has been heard at 1 p.m. on 24 metres. At the same time VUD-2, 19.8 m., is fairly strong. Transmits a native programme till closing at 1.30 p.m. N.B.—All above times Australian Eastern Standard.)

Senor Richard F. Rubio (Yest Indies) : Senor Rubio sends interesting details of DX conditions in Cuba, together with a budget of short-wave news. “Well, th’s is our autumn, which means the beginning of our DX season. Conditions have improved a great deal lately. All enthusiastic DX-ers are having their sets checked in preparation for a good season. Although conditions have improved generally, the 20-metre amateur band is still best. Best reception is possible around midnight. “Best amateur loggings: VK4HN, VK5CX, VK3PE. VK3ZX, VK4BB, VK4JU, VK4TH, VK4VD, VK5TR; J5CC; VU2FU, VU2BT, VU2JL, VU1LL; VS7RF; T I20F R ; AC4YN, XU6TL, PK6XX, PK2WL, PK1VY, KA1JZ, KA1FH, KA1ZL; ON4MZ, ON4BG; CN1AF; PAOMZ; CT1QG; ZS6AJ, ZS6ED, ZS5AW; VS2AL; XZ2DX; G3DO, G5GS; K6FAB, K6KGA; VP3AA; PY1RF; CE1AO; YY1AP, YV5ABY; HC1JW ; LU4PB, LU4FG; andV ElG F.” Short-wave News. COCQ is roaming around apparently looking for a definite channel. After testing on 30.98 m., they are now trying 30.92 m. (Latest reports indicate that COCQ is now on 33 metres.— S.W. Ed.) COKG, 33.4 m., are very desirous of receiving reports on their transmissions, and will verify promptly. QRA is Box 137, Santiago, Cuba. Two new Cuban stations are in course of erection. One at Santa Clara; and the other at Holguin, on 48.38 m. (6195 k.c.). LRA, “Radio del Estado,” now uses call LRA-1. Often has special programmes around 7.30 a.m. Radio Sofia, Bulgaria, which used to be on 14,918 k.c., 20.2 m., is now testing on 8445 k.c., 35.5 m. On the air around 8 a.m. TIGPH, San Jose, 5825 k.c., 51.5 m., is on the air from 10 p.m.-midnight in addition to their usual schedule. CR7AB, Lourenco Maraues, Mozambique, is a new transmitter on 85.93 m. Transmits same type of program m e as CR7AA and CR7BH. Reports to Box 594. TI2XD, “La Voz del Radio Pilot,” operates on 11,920 k.c., 25.19 m. Scheudle, 8 a.m.-2 p.m. QRA, Box 1729, San Jose. Amateur Review. The amateur bands continue to be the DX-ers’ stand-by. It is little short of amazing how 20 metres m maintains its high standard of DX —for there has been very little, if any, falling-off noticeable during recent months. From Observers in all States come reports of further good reception. On 10 metres, too, conditions are good. Observer Ferrier again forwards details of some real DX on this band. Watch for W ’s and Kfi’s in the mornings and early afternoons, and Europeans after 8 p.m. From Here And There. VR6AY requests that SWL’s do not enclose International Reply Coupons with their reports, as these cannot be redeemed. In place of these send either United States or New Zealand stamps. KA1JM is located on board the yacht “Jen” in, Manila harbour. QRA is Box 817. PK6W F is operated by a geological expedition in the wilds of Dutch New Guinea and Papua. QRA’s :— CN1AF: Sr. Jose M. Sierra, rue des Sources, Tangier, International Zone, North Africa. VP7NC: Box 703, Nassau, Bahamas. K7CNJ: Charles B. Michael, Quinhaqak, Alaska. (Incidentally, the QRA’s of all recently licensed W ’s are available to readers. If any Y station is not listed in your call-sign book, ju st drop a line to the Short-wave Editor.)

OFFICIAL S.W. OBSERVERS.

N.S.W .: V. D. Kemmis (AW301DX), “Brampton Hall,” 49 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay, Sydney; A. R. Payten (AW352DX), High Street, Coff’s Harbour.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA: J. C. Linehan (AW323DX), 181 South Terrace, Adelaide; A. E. Bruce (AW171DX), C/- 54 Currie Street, Adelaide; R. S. Coggins, 8 Glen Rowan Road, Woodville.

QUEENSLAND: J. K. Sorensen (AW316DX), "Fairholme," Station Road, Gympie; E. Neill (AW64DX), 26 Canning Street, Nth Ipswich.

WEST AUSTRALIA: G. O. La Roche (AW155DX), 62 Gladstone Avenue, South Perth; W. H. Pepin (AW402DX), Seventh Avenue, Maylands; C. J. Anderson (AW417DX), Dumbleyung.

TASMANIA: H. A. Callander (AW304DX), 1 Franklin Street, West Hobart.

VICTORIA: J. Ferrier (AW129DX), "Winninburn," Coleraine.

NEW ZEALAND: H. I. Johns (AW407DX), Mount Pleasant Avenue, Nelson, N.Z.

Amateur Frequencies. 10 Metres. Europeans: G6DT, 28,200; G2KU, 28,590; G6BH, 28,230; G2MI, 28,270; G5BM, 28,348; G5VM, 28,185; G5LJ, 28,180; G5SI, 28,150; G2ZV, 28,190; G2VM, 28,190; G8SA, 28,105; G6BW, 28,268; GM6RG, 28,430; PAOFB, 28,180; EI2L, 28,200; F8UE, 28,390. Americans: TI3AD, 28,290; HI7G, 28,310; K4EZL, 28,210; K4FKC, 28,200; K4EJG, 28,075; K6LB, 28,262; YV1AQ, 28,276. 20 metres. Africans: ZS1AX, 14,080; ZSXBL, 14,360; ZS1CN, 14,070; ZS1B, 14,060 ZS2AZ, 14,120; ZS2AH, 14,020 ZS2BB, 14,050; ZS2N, 14,030; ZS4H 14.270; ZS5AW, 14,090; ZS5AD 14,100; ZS5BZ, 14,030; ZS5BH, 14,400 ZS5BS, 14,140; ZS5T, 14,050; ZS6AJ 14,130; ZS6BA, 14,350; ZS6DJ, 14,040 ZS6AD, 14,080; ZS6DM, 14,090 ZS6DW, 14,040; and 14,070; ZS6W 14,030 and 14,370; ZS6EF, 14,370 ZS6EY, 14,080; ZS6ED, 14,040 ZS6FB. 14,140; ZE1JX, 14,020 VQ2HC, 14,310; CN1AF, 14,280 FB8AB, 14,375. Europeans: G5ML, 14,090; G2PU, 14,090; F3HM, 14,080; EI7M, 14,015; ZB1R, 14,200; ZBIL, 14,340. Asiatics: VS7GJ, 14,080; VU2LL, 14,100; VU2FZ, 14,270; VU2CA, 14,200; VU2FU, 14,280; VIJ2EU, 14.380; VU2DR. 14,140; VU2FS, 14,330; XU8CM, 14,310; XZ2EX, 14,340; XZ2DY, 14,100; XZ2PB, 14,040; XZ2EZ, 14,200; VS6AG, 14,080; VS3AF, 14,350; FI8AC, 14,070; KA1BH, 14,110; KA7EF, 14,140; KA1HS, 14,280; KA1CS, 14,310; KA1JM, 14,260; KA1FT. 14,100; KA3KK, 14,320; K61LW, 14,210; K 60JI, 14,170; K60QW, 14,230; K6BNR, 14,230; J5AH, 14,330; J5CC, 14,405; J2MI, 14,080; J2CR, 14,035; J2KG, 14,390; PK1GL, 14,270; PK1VY, 14,270; PK2WL, 14,185; PK4JD, 14,090. Americans and CE2BX, TI2FG, HC1JW, LU4BC, VP1AA, HK1EF, K4EJF, YV1 AQ, YV5ABQ. 14,200; 14,050; 14,155; 14,070; 14,040; 14,110; 4,240; 14,000; 14,060; VP7NC, 14,252. West TI1AF, HC1FG. HH2B, PY2AK, VP1BA, TG9BA, K4FAY, YV4AE, YV5ABY, Indians: 14,080; 14,130; 14,100; 14,050; 14,125; 14,010; 14,210; 14,080; 14,160; Calls Heard. Compiled from information supplied by observers in all States. All on 20 metre ’phone. Europe: Holland: PAOMZ. Portugal: CT1RA, CT1ZA. British Isles: GM6MD, G2ML, G2TR,

Africa. Morocco: CN8CA, CN8AV. Madagascar: FB8AH. K enya: VQ4KTB. N o rth ern R hodesia: VQ2HC. S outhern R hodesia: ZE1JX. E g y p t: SU1AM. South A frica: ZS3F, ZS4H, ZS5AW , ZS6ED. ZS6DJ, ZS6H, ZS5BK, ZS2X, ZS6A, ZS2AF, ZS5CO, ZS6CZ, ZS6AJ (L a Roche, Anderson). Asia. Hawaii: K6LGH, K 60D N, K6DTT, K6PLZ, K 6W ID, G6NZQ. K6BNR, K6BAZ, K 6LEJ, K6LKM, K 60Q E , K6GAS, K 6KK P, K 60TH, K6KGA, K 6 0 JI, W 6NYD (p o rtab le ). Pitcairn Is.: VR6AY. Japan : J2M C, J2 N F. Malaya: VS2AS, YS2AR, VS2AB, VS2AJ. India: VU2CA, VU2DG, V U 2FU , VU2AG, YU2CQ, VU2BC, VU2LK, VU2AC, VU2DR, VU2HQ, VU2FQ, VU2BG, V U 2FS, V U 2JK. Philippine Is.: KA1CH, KA1CS, KA1M E, K A1A P, K A 1A F, KA1JM , KA1BH, K A 1FE, K A 7EF, K A 20V , KA4LH, KA7HB, KA1CW. B urm a: XZ2DY, XZ2EZ, XZ2EX, XZ2JB. D .E.I.: PK 3W I, PK 1RL, PK 1M J, PH 4H U, PK4CB, PK 4KL, PK4BD, PK 4KS, PK 1JD, PK1LD, PK 1RE, PK2AY, PK 4K T, PK 1JR, PK 2D F, PK1VY, PK1VX, PK 2W L, PK6XX. China: X U8ET, XU8RB. Ceylon: VS7GJ, VS7RA, V S7RF. Indo-C hina: FI8A C. H ong K ong: VS6AQ. South America. Argentine: LU4BC. B razil: PY 2JC, PY 2AK. Ecuador: H C1JW, HC1FG. V enezuela: YV4AE, YV1AP. North America : Porto Rico: K 4RJ. Bermuda: VP9L. C anal Zone: K 5AF. Costa Rica: TI2RW. Cuba: C 07CX, C07A Y , C02CC, C02W M. British Honduras: VP1BA. SWL Card Exchangers’ Section Once again we publish a list of overseas SW L’s interested in the exchange of cards. All of the following guarantee 100% QSL. F. E. Massey, 58 St. Annes Road, Cornmeadow, Worcester, E n g la n d ; George Mills, 13 Critchley St., Ilkeston, Derbyshire, England ; Meredith M. Stroh, 172 Queen St., N. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada; C. H. Johnson, 1539 W est 12th St., Casper, Wyoming, U .S.A .; Raymond Benton, Route 4, Plymouth, New Hampshire, U .S.A .; Jim Harrison, 29 B lake St., Asheville, North Carolina, U .S.A .; Clarence 0. Schwengel, 811 Oakland Av., Port Washington, W is., U .S.A .; Russel Short, Jerome, Idaho, U .S.A .; J. Shields, 712 Wallace, Clovis, New Mexico, U .S.A .; William A. Weiss, 220 North Birchwood, Louisville, Kentucky, U .S.A .; Walter E. Crane, 247 South Cambridge St., O range, Calif., U .S.A.; Robert Hampton, 136 North Madison Av., Pasadena, Calif., U .S.A .; J. Doyle, 319 E a s t 2nd St., Florence, Colorado, U .S.A .; Merlin N. Steen, Route 6, Decorah, Iowa, U .S.A .; Spencer E. Law ton, 15 Hillside Av., Westerly, Rhode Is., U.S.A. Latest Schedules Below are set out the latest available schedules for the “ re g u la r” overseas short-wave transmitters. Daventry : Transmission 1.— From 6 to 8.15 p.m.: GSI, GSO, GSF, GSE and GSD. Transmission 2.— F ro m 8.45 p.m. to midnight: G SJ, GSH, GSG, G SF and GSE. Transmission 3.— F ro m m id n ig h t to 3 a.m .: G SJ, GSH, GSG, GSO, GSF, GSE and GSD. Transmission 4.— F ro m 3.20 to 7.07 a.m .: GSG, G SP, GSA, GSD, GSB. G SI; fro m 7.15 to 9 a.m ., GSO, GSD. Transmission 5.— F ro m 9.20 to 11.30 a.m .: GSO, GSD, GSC, G SB and GSL. Transmission 6.— F ro m 12.20 to 2.20 p.m .: GSD, GSC, GSB and GSL. Transmitters listed above:— GSA, 6050 k.c., 49.59 m. GSB, 9510 k.c., 31.55 m. GSC, 9580 k.c., 31.32 m. GSD, 11,750 k.c., 25.53 m. GSE, 11,860 k.c., 25.29 m. G SF, 15,140 k.c., 19.82 m. GSG, 17,709 k.c., 16.86 m. GSH, 21,470 k.c., 13.97 m. GSI, 15,260 k.c., 19.66 m. GSJ, 21,530 k.c., 13.93 m. GSL, 6110 k.c., 49.1 m. GSO, 15,180 k.c., 19.76 m. G SP, 15,310 k.c., 19.62 m. Berlin. Transmissions for Asia and Australia : From 3.05 p.m. to 2 a.m .: D JA , D JR, D JN and DJQ. F ro m 3.05 p.m. to 8.50 p.m .: D JE. F ro m 3.05 p.m. to 8.30 p.m .: D JS. Transmissions for Africa: F ro m 1.40 to 7.25 a.m .: D JX. F ro m 2.30 to 7.25 a.m .: D JD. F ro m 4 to 7.25 a.m .: D JC. F ro m 3.05 to 5 p.m .: D JL. Transmissions for South America: From 2.10 to 3.25 a.m. (Mondays only ): DJQ. From 7.50 a.m. to 1.50 p.m .: D JN and DJQ. From 9 to 11.50 p.m .: D JJ an d D JE. Transmissions for North America: From 2.10 to 3.25 a.m. (Mondays only ); D JB. From 7.50 a.m. to 1.50 p.m .: DJB. DJD, D JZ and DJM. From 11 p.m. to midnight: DJL. Transmissions for Central America: From 7.50 to 11.50 a.m .: D JA. F ro m 11 p.m. to m id n ig h t: DJB. T ra n sm itters listed above : D JA, 9560 k.c., 31.38 m. DJB, 15,200 k.c., 19.74 m. DJC, 6020 k.c., 49.83. DJD, 11,700 k.c., 25.49 m. D JE, 17,760 k.c., 16.89 m. D JJ, 21,565 k.c., 13.92 rn. DJL, 15,110 k.c., 19.85 m. DJM, 6079 k.c., 49.35 m. D JN , 9540 k.c., 31.45 m. DJQ, 15,280 k.c., 19.63 m. D JR, 15,340 k.c., 19.56 m. D JS, 21,450 k.c., 13.99 m. DJX, 9675 k.c., 31.01 m. DJZ, 11,801 k.c., 25.42 m. Paris : F ro m 12.30' to 2 a.m .: TPB-3. F ro m 2.15 to 9 a.m .: TPA -3. F ro m 10 a m. to 12.15 p.m .: TPA -4. F ro m 12.30 to 3 p.m .: TPB-7. F rom 2.15 to 9 p.m .: TPB-11. F ro m 5 to 8 p.m .: T PB -6 and TPA -3. From 9 p.m. to 2 a.m .: TPA -2. T ra n sm itte rs:— TPA-2, 15,243 k.c., 19.68 m. TPA -3, 11,885 k.c., 25.24 m. T P A -4: 11,7.18 k.c., 25.6 m. TPB-3, 17,810 k.c., 16.84 m. TPB-6, 15,130 k.c., 19.83 m. TPB-7, 11,885 k.c., 25.24 m. TPB-11, 9550 k.c., 31.41 m. Tokyo : Transmission for Europe.— From 5.30 to 7 a.m .: JZ J or JZ I. Transmission for South America.— From 7.30 to 8.30 a.m .: JZ J or JZ I. Transmission for North America (Eastern districts).— From 11 to 11.30 a .m .: JZ J. From 10 to 10.30 p.m .: JZ J. Transmission for North America (Pacific co a st), Canada and Hawaii.—• From 3.30 to 4.30 p.m .: JZ J. Transmission for China and South Seas.— From 11 p.m. to 12.30 a.m .: JZ J and JV P. Transmitters listed above:— JZ I, 9535 k.c., 31.46 m. JZ J, 11.800 k.c., 25.42 m. JV P, 7510 k.c., 39.95 rn. Rome. From 7.40 p.m. to 3.05 a.m .: 2RO-4, 11,810 k.c., 25.4 m. From 3.05 a.m. to noon: 2RO-3, 9630 k.c., 31.13 m. 2RO is relayed by the following transmitters :— IR F, 9840 k.c., 30.52 m., from 6 to 6.30 a.m ., fro m 9 to 10.25 a.m., and from 10.30 p.m. to- midnight. IQY, 11,670 k.c., 25.7 m., fro m 3.10 to 5.35 a.m ., from 6 to 6.30 a.m ., from 9 to 10.25 a.m ., and fro m 10.30 p.m. to m idnight. , ICC, 6350 k.c., 47.2 m ., from 6 to 6.30 a.m.

Prague : Prom 4.55 to 8.10 a.m.: OLR4A and OLR4B. (N.B.—A t 7.40 a.m. a frequency change is announced, the new tran sm itter coming on a t 7.45 a.m. OLR3A is used on Tuesdays, OLR5A on Wednesdays, OLR2A on Thursdays and Fridays, and OK1MPT on Saturdays.) From 8.55 to 11.55 a.m. (Mondays only): OLR4A and OLR4B or OLR5A and OLR5B. From 10.55 to 1.55 p.m. (daily exc Mondays): OLR4A and 0LR4B or OLR5A and OLR5B. From 9 to 11.10 p.m.: OLR5A. 11.25 p.m. to 1.25 a.m 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.; 15,210 k.c., 19 72 m., daily midnight to 10! a.m.; 21,540 k.c., 13.93 m., daily 9.45 p.m. to midnight (exc. Sunday). W3XL, 17,780 k.c., 16.87 m., daily midnight to 11 a.m. W2XAF, 9530 k.c., 31.48 m., daily 9 p.m. to 3 p.m. (next day). W3XAL, 9670 k.c., 31.02 m., daily 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Manila : Through KZRM, 9570 k.c., 31.33 m., and KZIB, 9510 k.c., 31.55 m. From 7.30 to 8 a.m.; from 7 p.m. to midnight (occasionally till 1 a.m.). Geneva : Through HBJ, 14,535 k.c., 20.64 m.: 6 to 6.30 p.m. (Mondays only). Through HBO, 11,402 k.c., 26.31 m.: 5.30 to 5.45 p.m. (Mondays and Fridays). Fiji. Through VPD-2, 9540 k.c., 31.45 m.: From 8.30 to 10 p.m. (exc. Sundays). Dutch E ast Indies : From 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.: YDB. 15,300 k.c., 19,61 m. From 7.30 to 1 a.m.: YDB, 9550 k.c., 31.41 m.; YDC, 15,150 k.c., 19.8 m.; PLP, 11,000 k.c., 27.27 m.; PMN, 10,260 k.c., 29.24 m.

P.45 – Hourly Tuning Guide
HOURLY TUNING GUIDE When and Where To Search Compiled by ALAN H. GRAHAM. In order to assist beginners and less experienced dxers, it is intended to publish monthly a special tuning guide, setting out at what times to listen for the more easily logged stations. It should be noted that the guide is not intended to cover all stations audible; for full details as to when and where to look for the best catches are given elsewhere. Moreover, the fact that a station is shown as being on the air at a particular time is no guarantee that reception must follow as a matter of course. All times are given in Australian Eastern Standard Time. Key to abbreviations used: S, Sundays only; M, Mondays only; T, Tuesdays only; W, Wednesdays only; Th, Thursdays only; Sat, Saturdays only. Midnight-1 a.m. 13.93 GSJ 13.97 GSH 16.84 TPB-3 16.86 GSG 16.88 PHI (S) 19.35 W2XAD 19.56 DJR 19.63 DJQ 19.68 TPA-2 19.7 OLR5A (ex. M, S) 19.71 PCJ (Th) 19.74 DJB 19.76 GSO 19.8 YDC 19.82 GSF 25.29 GSE 25.34 OLR4A (ex. M, S) 25.4 2RO-4 25.42 JZJ 25.53 GSD 27.27 PLP 28.48 JIB 29.24 PMN 30.96 ZHP 31.28 31.28 31.38 31.45 31.49 31.55 31.58 31.8 32.59 32.95 33.32 39.95 48.7 49.9 49.98 58.3 60.0? 60.61 61.46 70.2 98.6 VK2ME (M) VUD DJA DJN ZBW-3 HS8PJ (F ) XEWW COCH COBX COCA COBZ JVP VPB COCO Rangoon PMY VUD VUM VUC KV-15 YDA 1-2 a.m. 13.93 GSJ 13.97 GSH 16.84 TPB-3 16.86 GSG 19.35 W2XAD 19.56 DJR 19.63 DJQ 19.68 TPA-2 19.7 OLR5A (ex. S, M) 19.71 PCJ (Th) 19.74 DJB 19.76 GSO 19.8 YDC 19.82 GSF 19.84 HVJ 25.00 RNE 25.24 TPA-3 25.29 GSE 25.34 OLR4A (ex. S. M) 25.4 2RO-4 25.53 GSD 27.27 PLP 28.48 JIB 29.24 PMN 31.28 VUD 31.35 TPB-11 31.38 DJA 31.45 DJN 48.7 VPB 49.9 COCO 58.3 PMY 60.06 VUD 60.61 VUM 61.46 VUC 70.2 RV-15 2-3 a.m. 13.93 GSJ 13.97 GSH 16.86 GSG 19.35 W2XAD 19.63 DJQ (M) 19.74 DJB (M) 19.76 GSO 19.82 GSF 25.24 – TPA-3 25.29 GSE 25.4 2RO-4 25.49 DJD 25.53 GSD 31.01 DJX 31.28 VUD 48.70 VPB 49.31 VQ7LO 60.06 VUD 60.61 VUM 61.46 VUC 3-4 a.m. 16.86 GSG 19.62 GSP 19.63 DJQ (M) 19.66 GSI 19.74 DJB (M) 25.24 TPA-3 25.49 DJD 25.53 GSD 25.71 IQY 31.01 DJX 31.13 2RO-3 31.55 GSB 49.31 VQ7LO 49.59 GSA 60.06 VUD 61.46 VUM 61.16 VUC 4-•5 a.m. 16.86 GSG 19.65 W2XE 19.66 GSI 24.52 TFJ 25.24 TPA-3 25.49 DJD 25.53 GSD 25.57 IQY 31.01 DJX 31.13 2RO-3 31.28 PCJ (M) 31.28 VUD 31.55 GSB 49.31 VQ7LO 49.59 GSA 49.83 DJC 5--6 a.m. 16.86 GSG 19.62 GSP

19.65 W2XE 19.66 GSI 19.72 W8XK 22.0 SPW (T, Th, Sat) 24.52 T FJ 25.24 TPA-3 25.34 OLR4A 25.42 JZJ 25.49 DJD 25.53 GSD 25.57 IQY 27.17 CSW 28.93 EAJ43 31.01 DJX 31.13 2RO-3 31.28 PCJ (M, W) 31.46 JZI 31.55 GSB 39.95 JV P 49.59 GSA 49.83 DJC THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD January 10, 1939. 6- 16.86 19.62 19.65 19.66 19.72 22.0 25.0 25.24 25.34 25.49 25.53 25.57 27.17 30.4 30.52 31.01 31.13 31.28 31.28 31.35 31.48 31.55 43.1 47.2 49.59 49.83 7 19.65 19.72 19.72 19.76 25.00 25.24 25.34 25.42 25.45 25.49 25.53 27.17’ 30.40 31.01 31.09 31.13 31.28 31.33 31.35 31.41 7 a.m. GSG GSP W2XE GSI W8XK SPW (T, Th, Sat) RNE TPA-3 OLR4A DJD GSD IQY CSW EAQ IRF DJX 2RO-3 PCJ (W ) W3XAU W1XK W2XAF GSB ZL2GB ICC GSA DJC -8 a.m. W2XAD W8XK OLR5A (W ) GSO RNE TPA-3 OLR4A JZJ W1XAL DJD GSD CSW EAQ DJX CS2WA 2RO-3 W3XAU KZRM W1XK OLR3A (T) 31.46 JZI 31.32 GSC 31.48 W2XAF 31.35 W1XK 31.55 KZIB 31.38 DJA 43.1 ZL2GB 31.45 DJN 49.83 DJC 31.48 W2XAF 49.92 OLR2A 31.49 LKJ-1 (Th, F) 31.55 GSB 58.31 OKIMPT 49.1 GSL 49.35 DJM 16.87 19.63 19.65 19.71 19.72 19.74 19.76 25.00 25.24 25.34 25.42 25.42 25.45 25.49 25.53 25.60 28.93 30.04 30.31 30.43 30.51 31.02 31.06 31.09 31.13 31.28 31.33 31.35 31.38 31.45 31.46 31.48 31.49 31.55 31.58 31.8 49.35 9- 16.87 19.56 19.63 19.71 19.72 19.74 19.76 19.8 22.0 25.27 25.34 25.36 25.42 25.42 25.45 25.49 25.51 25.53 25.57 30.31 30.52 31.02 31.06 31.09 31.13 1-9 a.m. W3XL DJQ W2XE OLR5A (S, M) W8XK DJR. GSO RNE TPA-3 OLR4A (S, M) DJZ JZJ W1XAL DJD GSD TPA-4 EAJ43 COBC CSW EAQ COCM W3XAL LRX CS2WA 2RO-3 W3XAU KZRM W1XK DJA DJN JZI W2XAF LKJ-1 KZIB XEWW COCH DJM 10 a.m. W3XL W2XAD DJQ OLR5A W8XK DJB GSO YDC SPW PHI (ex. S, M) OLR4A W2XE JZJ DJZ W1XAL DJD OLR4B GSD IQY CSW IRF W3XAL LRX CS2WA 2RO-3 10- 16.87 19.63 19.71 19.74 19.76 19.8 25.23 23.27 25.34 25.36 25.42 25.49 25.53 25.57 25.61 29.15 30.52 31.02 31.13 31.25 31.28 31.32 31.38 31.41 31.45 31.48 31.49 31.55 49.1 49.35 11 a 16.87 19.63 19.71 19.74 19.76 25.26 25.34 25.42 25.42 25.49 25.53 25.61 31.03 31.13 31.25 31.28 11 a.m. W3XL DJQ OLR5A DJB GSO YDC W8XK PHI (S) OLR4A W2XE DJZ DJD GSD IQY TPA-4 DZC IRF W3XAL 2RO-3 RAN PCJ (M, W, Th) GSC DJA W2XAD DJN W2XAF LKJ-1 GSB GSL DJM .m.-noon. W3XL DJQ OLR5A DJB GSO W8XK OLR4A DJZ JZJ DJD GSD TPA-4 W3XAL 2RO-3 RAN PCJ (M, W, Th S at). GSC DJA W2XAD DJN W2XAF GSB GSL DJM 31.32 31.38 31.41 31.45 31.48 31.55 49.1 49.35 Noon-1 p.m. 16.87 W3XL 19.63 DJQ 19.71 PCJ (W ) 19.74 DJB 25.24 TPB-7 25.42 DJZ F ). 31.38 KZRM 25.49 DJD 31.28 YK2ME 31.38 DJA 25.26 W8XK (S) 31.41 TPB-11 25.53 GSD 31.41 TPB-11 31.45 DJN 31.02 W3XAL 31.38 DJA 31.45 VPD-2 31.28 PCJ (W ) 31.45 DJN 31.49 ZBW-3 31.32 GSC 31.50 VK3ME 31.38 DJA 6-7 p.m. (ex. S). 31.41 W2XAD 13.99 DJS 31.55 KZIB 31.45 DJN 16.89 DJE 43.1 ZL2GB 31.48 W2XAF 19.56 DJR 44.64 PMH 31.55 GSB 19.63 DJQ 70.2 RV-15 49.1 GSL 19.71 PCJ (T) 49.35 DJM 19.76 GSO y-iu p.m. 19.82 GSF 13.92 DJJ 1-2 p.m. 19.83 TPB-6 13.93 GSJ 19.63 DJQ 20.64 HBJ (M) 13.97 GSH 19.74 DJB 25.23 TPA-3 16.86 GSG 25.24 TPB-7 25.29 GSE 16.88 PHI (S) 25.42 DJZ 25.53 GSD 19.56 DJR 25.49 DJD 28.14 JVN 19.58 OLR5B 25.53 31.28 GSD PCJ (W ) 31.28 VK2ME (S). 19.63 19,68 DJQ TPA-2 31.32 GSC 31.38 DJA 19.71 OLR5A 31.38 DJA 31.41 TPB-11 19.76 GSO 31.45 DJN 31.45 DJN 19.8 YDC 31.48 W2XAF 19.82 GSF 31.55 GSB 7-8 p.m. 25.00 RNE 49.1 GSL 13.99 DJS 25.4 2RO-4 49.35 DJM 16.89 DJE 25.29 GSE 2-3 p.m. 25.24 TPB-7 01 oo n c r 19.56 DJR 25.57 Saigon 19.63 19.66 DJQ GSI 27.27 28.14 PLP JVN 31.41 TPB-11 19.76 GSO 29.24 PMN 31.48 W2XAF 19.82 GSF 30.23 JDY 31.55 49.1 GSB GSL 25.24 TPA-3 30.96 ZHP 25.29 GSE 31.28 VK2ME 25.53 GSD (S ). 3-4 p.m. 25.57 Saigon 31.28 VK6ME 13.99 DJS 28.14 JVN (ex. S). 16.88 DJE 31.33 KZRM 31.33 KZRM 19.56 DJR 31.38 DJA 31.38 DJA 19.63 DJQ 31.41 TPB-11 31.45 DJN 19.79 JZK 31.45 DJN 31.45 VPD-2 19.85 DJL 31.49 ZBW-3 31.48 W2XAF 31.28 YK2ME 31.50 VK3ME 31.49 ZBW-3 (S). (ex. S). 31.50 VK3ME 31.38 DJA 31.55 KZIB (ex. S). 31.41 TPB-11 31.55 KZIB 31.45 DJN 8-9 p.m. 43.1 ZL2GB 32.15 OAX4J 13.93 GSJ 44.64 PMH 49.02 W2XE 13.97 GSH 48.7 VPB 49.5 W8XAL 13.99 DJS 49.5 W8XAL 16.86 GSG 58.3 PMY 4-5 p.m. 16.89 DJE 70.2 RV-15 13.99 DJS 19.56 DJR 16.89 DJE 19.63 DJQ 10 -11 p.m. 19.56 DJR 19.8 YDC 13.92 DJJ 19.63 DJQ 19.82 GSF 13.93 GSJ 19.79 JZK 25.29 GSE 13.97 GSH 19.85 DJL 25.4 2RO-4 16.86 GSG 31.28 YK2ME 25.57 Saigon 16.88 PHI (S) 27.27 PLP 16.89 DJE 31.41 TPB-11 28.14 JVN 19.56 DJR 31.38 DJA 29.24 PMN 19.58 OLR5B 31.45 DJN 30.96 ZHP 19.63 DJQ 49.5 W8XAL 31.28 VK2ME 19.68 TPA-2 (S). 19.71 OLR5A 5-fo p.m. 13.99 16.89 DJS DJE 19.56 DJR 19.63 DJQ 19.71 PCJ (T) Radio Aids Explorers. 19.83 TPB-6 25.23 TPA-3 The continuation of this article will 26.31 HBO (M, be found on page 138.

19.76 GSO 19.56 DJR 19.8 YDC 19.63 DJQ 19.82 GSF 19.68 TPA-2 25.29 GSE 19.74 DJB 25.4 2RO-4 19.76 GSO 25.42 JZ J 19.79 JZ K 25.57 Saigon 19.8 YDC 25.65 H P5A 19.82 G SF 27.27 P L P 19.85 D JL 28.14 JV N 25.29 GSE 29.24 PM N 25.4 2RO-4 30.23 JD Y 25.42 JZ J 30.96 ZHP 25.57 IQY 31.28 VK6ME 27.27 PL P (ex. S ). 29.24 PM N 31.28 VK2ME 30.52 IR F (S ). 30.96 ZHP 31.28 VUD 31.28 VK2ME 31.33 KZRM (S ). 31.35 W1XK 31.28 YUD 31.38 D JA 31.33 KZRM 31.45 D JN 31.35 W 1XK 31.48 W 2X AF 31.38 DJA 31.49 ZBW-3 31.45 DJN 31.55 KZIB 31.48 W 2X A F 31.8 COCH 31.49 ZBW-3 32.59 COBX 31.51 H S8PJ 33.32 COBZ (T h ). 44.64 PMH 31.55 KZIB 46.8 TIPG 31.8 COCH 48.7 VPB 32.59 COBX 49.5 W 8XAL 33.32 COBZ 49.96 HP5K 39.95 JV P 49.98 Rangoon 44.64 PM H 58.3 PMY 48.7 VPB 60.06 60.6 VUD VUM 49.5 W 8XAL 61.46 VUC 49.9 COCO 70.2 RV-15 49.96 HP5K .-midnight. 49.98 Rangoon 11 p.m 58.3 PMY 13.93 G SJ 60.06 VUD 13.97 16.86 GSH GSG 60.6 VUM 16.88 P H I 61.46 VUC 19.35 W 2XAD 70.2 RV-15

P.47 – Readers Invited To Join Australian Corps Of Signals
Readers Invited To Join Australian Corps Of Signals

Alongside is pictured a member of the Australian Corps of Signals, which is part of the Australian military forces and consists of militia men who are interested in wireless and other means of communication. The set shown in the illustration is the "Wireless S et No. 1," and while we may not disclose the details, it can be mentioned that it is a short-wave transceiver operating on both ’phone and C.W. and is battery powered. The role of a signal unit in the field is to provide a means whereby a Commander may be kept in touch with his subordinates.

Units of the Australian Corps of Signals are raised in every State capital city of the Commonwealth, and enlistment in this Corps is recommended to all readers who are eligible to join.

Photograph by courtesy of 1st Divisional Signals, North Sydney, and H a l. Williamson (p h o to g ra p h e r).

P.48 – Editorial Notes
'''Editorial Notes. . .'''

Nil

P.48 – Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Managing Editor – A. Earl Read, B.Sc.

Vol. 3. No. 9. - January, 1938 (sic, 1939) – No. 9

P.48 – Contents
CONTENTS:

Queensland Demonstration Of New 1.4-Volt Valve Receiver. . . . 1

1.4-Volt Valves Ideal F or Country And Portable Radios. . . . 3

Rola Reproducers F or New 1.4-Volt Valves. . . . 8

Special Ever-Ready Cell For 1.4-Volt Valves. . . . 9

The "One-Four Portable Five". . . . 10

"1939 Sky-King Dual-Wave Five". . . . 18

Planning Receiver Selectivity. . . . 21

World Shortwave Stations. . . . 23

Home Recording (2). . . . 30

National Field Day Outing. . . . 32

What’s New In Radio. . . . 34

Radio Book Reviews. . . . 35

Resistance And Capacity Checker. . . . 37

The All-Wave All-World DX News. . . . 39

Shortwave Review. . . . 40

Hourly Tuning Guide. . . . 45

Readers Invited To Join Australian Corps Of Signals. . . . 47

P.48 – Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by Trade Publications Proprietary, Ltd. Editorial offices, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone BW6577. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Subscribers in New Zealand can remit by Postal Note or Money Order.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 214 George St., Sydney


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Planet Earth/2d. Daisy World and the Solar Energy Cycle

Incoming Solar Radiation from the Sun
Since 1978, NASA has employed a series of satellites that measure the amount of incoming solar radiation from the sun, measured as irradiance which is the amount of radiant flux received by a surface. The newest instrument NASA has deployed is the Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor-1 (TSIS-1) that was installed on the International Space Station in 2017. Since then, it has measured Earth’s solar irradiance at nearly a precise constant of 1,360.7 watts per meter2 which is known as the solar constant. This is equivalent to 23 60‑watt light bulbs arranged on a 1‑meter square title on the ceiling, or 1.36 kW per square meter of ceiling space.

To imagine lighting a 50 square meter room with the power of the sun’s irradiation for a single 12-hour day, would be 816 kW/hr, and cost about $110 a day on average, dependent on the local cost of electricity. Imagining this spread out over the surface of the Earth and it would cost 1,098 trillion dollars a day. That is a huge amount of energy striking the Earth, but not all of this energy makes it through the atmosphere, as much of the energy (up to 90%) gets absorbed or reflected back into space as the light interacts with gas particles in the atmosphere, with much of that solar irradiation getting reflected back into outer space. When Earth is viewed from Saturn, it appears like a bright star. This light is caused by the reflected light from the sun’s light striking Earth. Like a small shiny mirror left high on a giant mountain. This is why other planets in the Solar system appear to shine brightly in the night sky, they are reflecting sunlight back to Earth, and are not generating their own light source. This reflection of light is called albedo. A pure mirrored surface reflecting all light will have an albedo close to 1, while a pure black surface (a black body radiator) will have an albedo of 0, indicating all the light energy will be absorbed by its surface. This is why you get hot in a black shirt compared to a white shirt on sunny days, since the black shirt will absorb more of the sun’s light. All other surfaces will be somewhere along this range. Clouds typically have an albedo between 0.40 and 0.80, indicating between 40 and 80% of the sun’s light is reflected back into outer space. Open ocean water however, has an albedo of only 0.06, with only 6% of the light reflected back into outer space. However, if the water becomes frozen, ice has an albedo closer to white clouds, between 0.50 and 0.70.

The Young Faint Sun Paradox
In 1972, Carl Sagan and George Mullen published a paper in Science assessing the surface temperatures of Mars and Earth through time. They discussed a quandary regarding the early history of Earth’s surface temperatures. If the sun’s radiation was less than today’s solar radiation (say only 70%) would this not have caused Earth to have been a frozen planet for much of its early history? Geological evidence supports a liquid ocean early in Earth’s history, yet if the solar irradiation was much fainter than today, sea ice would have become more common with its higher albedo, spread across more of the surface area of the planet. The fainter solar irradiation would have been reflected back into space, resulting in Earth being locked up in ice, and completely frozen.

The faint sun paradox can be solved if, however, Earth had a different atmosphere than today that allowed more incoming solar irradiation at shorter wavelengths and blocked more outgoing solar irradiation at longer wavelengths.

An analogy of this would be a person working at a low-end job making $100 a week, but only spending $25, while another person working at a high-end job making $500 a week, but spending $450. The low-end worker would net $75 in savings a week, while the high-end worker will net only $50 in savings in a week. Indeed, geological evidence indicates that the early atmosphere of Earth lacked oxygen, which blocks incoming solar irradiation via an ozone layer, and contained abundant amounts of carbon dioxide which blocks long wave-length solar irradiation within the infra-red spectrum from leaving the Earth. Thus, more light was coming in, and less was leaving, resulting in a net warmer world than expected from just the total solar irradiation, which was fainter.

Daisy World
In 1983 after receiving heavy criticism for his concept of a Gaia Hypothesis, James Lovelock teamed up with Andrew Watson, an atmospheric scientist and global modeler to build a simple computer model to simulate how a simplified planet could regulate surface temperature through a dynamic negative feedback system to adjust to changes in solar irradiation. This model became known as the Daisy World model. The modeled planet contains only two types of life: black daisies with an albedo of 0, and white daisies with an albedo of 1, with a gray ground surface with an albedo of 0.5. Black daisies absorb all the incoming light, while white daisies reflect all the incoming light back into space. There is no atmosphere in the Daisy World, so we do not have to worry about absorption and reflection of light above the surface of the simple planet. As solar irradiation increases, black daisies become more abundant as they are able to absorb more of the sun’s energy, and quickly they become the prevalent life form of the planet. Since the planet is warming due to its surface having a lower albedo, quickly it becomes a hotter planet, which causes the white daisies to grow in abundance. As they do so, the world starts to reflect more of the sun light back into space, cooling the planet. Over time, the surface temperatures of the planet will reach an equilibrium and stabilize, so that it does not vary much despite changes in the amount of solar irradiation increasing. As the sun’s irradiation increases, it will be matched by an increase abundance of white daisies over black ones. Eventually, solar irradiation will increase to a point where white daisies are unable to survive on the hot portions of the planet, and they begin to die, revealing more of the gray surface of the planet, which absorbs half the light’s energy. As a result, the planet quickly starts to absorb more light, and quickly heats up, killing off all the daises and leaving a barren gray planet. The Daisy World illustrates how a planet can reach a dynamic equilibrium in regard to surface temperatures and how there are limits or tipping points in regard to these negative feedback systems. Such a simple model is extremely powerful in documenting how a self-regulating system works and the limitations of such regulating systems. Scientists, since this model was introduced in 1983, have greatly expanded the complexity of Daisy World models, by adding atmospheres, oceans and differing life forms, but ultimately, they all reveal a similar pattern of stabilization followed by a sudden collapse.

Water World
The Daisy World invokes some mental gymnastics as it ascribes life forms to a planet, but we can model an equally simple life-less planet; one more similar to an early Earth. A water world with a weak atmosphere. Just like the 1995 sci-fi action movie starring Kevin Costner, the Water World is just open ocean and contains no land. The surface of the ocean water has a low albedo of 0.06, which absorbs most of the incoming solar irradiation. As the sun’s solar irradiation increases and the surface temperatures of the Water World begin to heat up, the water reaches high enough temperatures that it begins to evaporate into a gas, resulting in an atmosphere of water, and with increasing temperatures, the atmosphere begins to form white clouds. These white clouds have a high albedo of 0.80 meaning more of the solar irradiation is reflected back into space before it can reach the ocean’s surface, and the planet begins to cool. Hence, just like in the Daisy World, the Water World can become a self-regulating system with an extended period of equilibrium. However, there is a very narrow tolerance here, because if the Water World gets too cooled down, then sea ice will form. Ice on the surface of the ocean with a high albedo of 0.70 is a positive feedback, meaning that if ice begins to cover the oceans, it will cause the Water World to cool down, which causes more ice to form on the surface of the Earth. In a Water World model, the collapse is toward a planet locked in ice—a Frozen World. There is evidence that early in Earth’s own history, the entire planet turned into a giant snow ball. With ever increasing solar irradiation a Frozen World will remain frozen, until the solar irradiation is high enough to begin to melt the ice to overcome the enhanced albedo of its frozen surface.

The world, at this point will quickly and suddenly return to a Water World again, although if solar irradiation continues to increase the oceans will eventually evaporate, despite increasing cloud cover and higher albedo, leaving behind dry land with an extremely thick heavy water atmosphere of clouds. Note that a heavy atmosphere of water clouds will trap more of the outgoing long-wave infra-red radiation, resulting in a positive feedback. The Water World will eventually become a hot Cloud World.

Examples of both very cold Frozen Worlds and very hot Cloud Worlds exist in the Solar System. Europa, one of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter is an example of Frozen World, with a permeant albedo of 0.67. The surface of Europa is locked under thick ice sheets. The moon orbits the giant planet of Jupiter which pulls and tugs on its ice-covered surface, producing gigantic cracks and fissures on the moon’s icy surface with an estimated average surface temperature of −171.15° Celsius or 102 on the Kelvin scale.

Venus, the second planet from the Sun is an example of a Cloud World, with its thick atmosphere, which traps the sun’s irradiation. In fact, the surface of Venus is the hottest place in the Solar System, besides the Sun, with a surface temperature of 462° Celsius or 737 on the Kelvin scale, nearly hot enough to melt rock, and this is despite an albedo slightly higher than that of Europa of around 0.69 to 0.76.

The Solar System contains both end states of Water Worlds, and Earth appears to be balanced in an ideal Energy Cycle, but as these simple computer models predict, Earth is not immune from these changes and can quickly tip into either a cold Frozen World like Europa or extremely hot Cloud World like Venus. Ultimately, as the sun increases its solar radiation with its eventual expansion, a more likely scenario for Earth is a Cloud World, and you just have to look at Venus to imagine the long-term very hot future of planet Earth.


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Planet Earth/2e. Other Sources of Energy: Gravity, Tides, and the Geothermal Gradient

Geothermal Gradient
The sun may appear to be Earth’s only source of energy, but there are other much deeper sources of energy hidden inside Earth. In the pursuit of natural resources such as coal, iron, gold and silver during the heights of the industrial revolution, mining engineers and geologists took notice of a unique phenomenon as they dug deeper and deeper into the interior of the Earth. The deeper you travel down into an underground mine, the warmer the temperature becomes. Caves and shallow mines near the surface, take on a yearly average temperature making hot summer days feel cool in a cave and cold winter days feel warm, but as one descends deeper and deeper underground, ambient temperatures begin to increase. Of course, the amount of increase in temperature varies depending on the proximity you are to an active volcano or upwelling magma, but in most regions on land, a descend of 1,000 meters underground will increase temperatures between 25 to 30° Celsius. One of the deepest mines in the world is the TauTona Mine in South Africa, which descends to depths of 3,900 meters with ambient temperatures rising between 55 °C (131 °F) and 60 °C (140 °F), rivaling or topping the hottest temperatures ever recorded on Earth’s surface. Scientists pondered where this energy, this heat within the Earth comes from.

Scientists of the 1850s viewed the Earth like a giant iron ball heated to glowing hot temperatures in the blacksmith-like furnace of the sun and slowly cooling down ever since its formation. Such view of a hot Earth, bore its origins to the rise of industrial iron furnaces that dot the cityscapes of the 1850s, suggested that Earth, like poured molten iron was once molten and over its long history has cooled. Suggesting that the observed heat experienced deep underground in mines was the cooling remnant of Earth’s original heat from a time in its ancient past when it was forged from the sun. Scientists term this original interior heat within Earth left over from its formation, Accretionary heat.

Lord Kelvin and the First Scientific Estimate for the Age of Earth
As a teenager, William Thomson pondered the possibility of using this geothermal gradient of heat in Earth’s interior as a method to determine the age of the Earth. He imagined the Earth to have cooled into its current solid rock from an original liquid molten state, and that the temperatures on the surface of the Earth had not changed significantly over the course of its history. The temperature gradient was directly related to how long the Earth had been cooling. Before changing his name from William Thomson to Lord Kelvin, he acquired an accurate set of measurements of the Earth’s geothermal gradient from reports of miners in 1862, and returned to the question of the age of the Earth.

Lord Kelvin assumed three initial criteria, first was that Earth was once a molten hot liquid, with a uniform hot temperature, and second that this initial temperature was about 3,900 °C, hot enough to melt all types of rocks. Lord Kelvin also assumed that the temperature on Earth’s surface would be the same throughout its history near 0 °C. Like a hot potato thrown into an icy freezer, the center of the Earth would retain its heat at its core, while the outer edges of the Earth would cool with time. He devised a simple formula:
 * $${\text {Age of Earth} = \frac {(T/G)^2} {\pi k}}$$

Where T is equal to the initial temperature, 3,900 °C. G is the geothermal gradient he estimated to about 36 °C/km from those measurements in mines, and k was the thermal diffusivity, or the rate that a material cools down measured in meters per second. While Lord Kelvin had established estimates for T, G, and used the constant π, he still had to determine k the thermal diffusivity. In his lab, he experimented with various materials, heating them up and measuring how quickly heat was conducted through the material, and found a good value to use for the Earth of 0.0000012 meters squared per second. During these experiments of heating various materials and measuring how quickly they cooled down, Lord Kelvin was aided by his assistant a young student named John Perry. It must have been exciting when Lord Kelvin calculated an age of the Earth to around 93 million years, although he gave a broad range in his 1863 paper between 22 to 400 million years. Lord Kelvin’s estimate gave hope to Charles Darwin’s budding theory of evolution, which required a long history for various lifeforms to evolve, but ran counter to a notion that Earth had always existed.

John Perry who idolized his professor, graduated and moved on to a prestigious teaching position in Tokyo, Japan. It was there in 1894 he was struck by a foolish assumption that they had made in trying to estimate the age of the Earth, and it may have occurred to him after eating some hot soup on the streets of Tokyo. In a boiling pot of soup, heat is not dispersed through conduction the transfer of heat energy by simple direct contact, but dispersed through convection, that is the transfer of energy with the motion of matter, and in the case of the Earth, the interior of the planet may have acted like a pot of boiling soup, the liquid bubbling and churning bringing up not only heat to the surface, but also matter. John Perry realized if the heat transfer of the interior of the Earth was like boiling soup, rather than an iron ball, the geothermal gradient would be prolonged far longer near the surface due to the upwelling of fresh liquid magma from below. In a pot of boiling soup, the upper levels will retain higher temperatures because the liquid is mixing and moving as it is heated on the stove.

In 1894, John Perry published a paper in Nature, indicating the error in Lord Kelvin’s previous estimate for the age of the Earth. Today, we know from radiometric dating that the Earth is 4.6 billion years old, 50 times longer than Lord Kelvin’s estimate. John Perry explained the discrepancy, but it was another idea that captured Lord Kelvin’s attention. The existence of an interior source of energy within the Earth, thermonuclear energy, that could also claim to keep the Earth’s interior hot.

Earth’s Interior Thermonuclear Energy
Unlike the sun, Earth lacks enough mass and gravity to trigger nuclear fusion at its core. However, throughout its interior, the Earth contains a significant number of large atoms (larger than iron) that formed during the initial giant supernova explosion that formed the solar system. Some of these large atoms, such as thorium-232 and uranium-238 are radioactive. These elements have been slowly decaying ever since their creation around the time of the initial formation of the sun, solar system and Earth. The decay of these large atoms into smaller atoms is called nuclear fission. During the decay, these larger atoms are broken into smaller atoms, some of which can also decay into even smaller atoms, like the gas radon which decays into lead. The decay of larger atoms into smaller atoms produces radioactivity, a term coined by Marie Skłodowska-Curie. In 1898, she was able to detect electromagnetic radiation emitted from both thorium and uranium, and later she and her husband demonstrated that radioactive substances produce heat. This discovery was confirmed by another female scientist named Fanny Gates, who demonstrated the effects of heat on radioactive materials, while the equally brilliant female scientist discovered that radioactive solid substances produced from the decay of thorium and uranium, further decay to a radioactive gas, called radon. These scientists worked and corresponded closely with a New Zealander, named Ernest Rutherford, who in 1905 published a definitive book on “Radio-activity.” This collection of knowledge begun to tear down the assumptions made by Lord Kelvin. It also introduced a major quandary in Earth sciences. How much of Earth’s interior heat is a product of accretionary heat and how much is a product of thermonuclear heat from the decay of thorium and uranium?

A century of technology has resulted in breakthroughs in measuring nuclear decay within the interior of the Earth. Nuclear fusion in the sun causes beta plus (β+) decay, in which a proton is converted to a neutron, and generates a positron and neutrino, as well as electromagnetic radiation. In nuclear fission, in which atoms break apart, beta minus (β−) decay occurs. Beta minus (β−) decay causes a neutron to convert to a proton, and generates an electron and antineutrino as well as electromagnetic radiation. If a positron comes in contact with an electron the two sub-atomic particles annihilate each other. If a neutrino comes in contact with an antineutrino the two sub-atomic particles annihilate each other. Most positrons are annihilated in the upper regions of the sun, which are enriched in electrons, while neutrinos are free to blast across space, zipping unseen through the Earth, and are only annihilated if they come in contact with antineutrinos produced by radioactive beta minus (β−) decay from nuclear fission on Earth.

Any time of day, trillions of neutrinos are zipping through your body, followed by a few antineutrinos produced by background radiation. Neither of these subatomic particles cause any health concerns, as they cannot break atomic bonds. However, if they strike a proton, they can emit a tiny amount of energy, in the form of a nearly instantaneous flash of electromagnetic radiation.

The Kamioka Liquid-scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector in Japan is a complex experiment designed to detect anti-neutrinos emitted during radioactive beta minus (β−) decay caused by both nuclear reactors in energy generating power plants, as well as natural background radiation from thorium-232 and uranium-238 inside the Earth.

The detector is buried deep in an old mine, and consists of a steel sphere filled with a balloon filled liquid scintillator, and buffered by a layer of mineral oil. Light within the steel sphere is detected by highly sensitive phototubes mounted on the inside surface of the steel sphere. Inside the pitch-black sphere any tiny flash of electromagnetic radiation can be detected by the thousands of phototubes that line the surface of the sphere. These phototubes record tiny electrical pulses, which result from the collision of antineutrinos striking protons. Depending on the source of the antineutrinos, they will produce differing amounts of energy in the electrical pulses. Antineutrinos produced by nearby nuclear reactors can be detected, as well as natural antineutrinos caused by the fission of thorium-232 and uranium-238. A census of background electrical pulses indicates that Earth’s interior thermonuclear energy accounts for about 25% of the total interior energy of the Earth (2011 Nature Geoscience 4:647–651, but see 2013 calculations at https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.4667) the other 75% is the accretionary heat, left over from the initial formation of the Earth. Thorium-232 is more abundant near the core of the Earth, while uranium-238 is found closer to the surface. Both elements contribute to enhancing the geothermal gradient observed in Earth’s interior, and extending Earth’s interior energy beyond that predicated for a model involving a cooling Earth with only heat left over from its formation. A few other radioactive elements contribute to Earth’s interior heat, such as potassium-40, but the majority of Earth’s interior energy is a result of residual heat from its formation.

Comparing the total amount of Earth’s interior energy sources with the amount Earth receives via the Sun, reveals an order of magnitude of difference. The entire interior energy from Earth accounts for only about 0.03% of Earth’s total energy. The other 99.97% comes from the sun’s energy, as measured above the atmosphere. It is important to note that it is estimated that current human populations utilize about 30 Tetrawatts or about 0.02% of Earth’s total energy. Hence, the interior energy of Earth and the resulting geothermal gradient could support much of the energy demands of large populations of humans, despite the fact that it accounts for a small amount of Earth’s total energy budget.

Gravity, Tides and Energy from Earth’s Inertia
While the vast amount of Earth’s energy comes from the Sun, and a small amount comes from the interior of the Earth, a complete census of Earth’s energy should also discuss a tiny component of Earth’s energy that is derived from its motion and the oscillations of its gravitational pull with both the Moon and the Sun. Ocean and Earth tides are caused by the joint gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. They daily cycle between high and low tides over a longer two-week period. Twice a lunar month, around the new moon and full moon, when a straight line can be draw through the center of the Sun, Moon and Earth, a configuration known as a syzygy, the tidal force of the Moon is reinforced by the gravitational force of the Sun, resulting in a higher than usual tides called a spring tide. When a line drawn through the center of the Sun to the Earth, and Moon to the Earth forms a 90° angle, or is perpendicular, the gravitational force of the Sun partially cancels the gravitational force of the moon, resulting in a weakened tide, called a neap tide. These occur when the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter in the night sky. Daily tides are a result of Earth’s rotation relative to the position of the Moon. Tides can affect both the solid interior of the Earth (Earth tides), as well as the liquid ocean waters (Ocean tides), which are more noticeable, as ocean waters rise and fall along coastlines. Long records of sea level are averaged to indicate the average sea level along the coastline. The highest astronomical tide and lowest astronomical tide are also recorded, with the lowest record of the tide equivalent on navigational charts as the datum. Metrological conditions (such as hurricanes), as well as tsunamis (caused by earthquakes) can dramatically rise or lower sea level alongs coasts, well beyond the highest and lowest astronomical tides. It is estimated that tides contribute only 3.7 Tetrawatts of energy (Global Climate and Energy Project, Hermann, 2006 Energy), or about 0.002% of Earth’s total energy.

In this census of Earth’s energy, we did not include wind and fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, as these sources of energy are ultimately a result of input of solar irradiation. Wind is a result of thermal and pressure gradients in the atmosphere, that you will learn more of later when you read about the atmosphere, while fossil fuels are stored biological energy, due to sequestration of organic matter produced by photosynthesis, in the form of hydrocarbons, that you will learn more of as you read about life in a later chapter.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1947 02

P.01 - Front Cover
The Australasian Radio World

Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical.

1/-

Vol. 11 - No. 9; February 15, 1947

P.03 - Contents Banner
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS

VOL. 11. - FEBRUARY, 1947. - No. 9.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Editor, Publisher, Proprietor — A. G. HULL, Balcombe St., Mornington, Vic.

Short-wave Editor — L. J. KEAST, 6 Fitzgerald Road, Ermington, N.S.W. 'Phone: WL1101

Ham Notes By — D. B. KNOCK (VK2NO), 43 Yanko Av., Waverley, N.S.W.

Advertising Representative for Vic. — W. J. LEWIS, 20 Queen St., Melbourne, 'Phone MU5154

Advertising Representative for N.S.W. - Amalgamated Publications Pty. Ltd., 83 Pitt St., Sydney, Phone: B1077

Subscription Rates: 6 issues - 5/3; 12 issues - 10/6; 24 issues - £1; Post free to any address in the world.

Address for all correspondence - Australasian Radio World, Balcombe St., Mornington, Victoria

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," Balcombe St., Mornington, Vic. (Footnote P.44)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS

TECHNICAL —

Trends in Design. . . . 5

High-Fidelity Pick-ups from England. . . . 9

The "F.F.R." 45-watt Amplifier. . . . 15

Two more "Connoisseur" Sets. . . . 21

Re-vamping the "F.S.6". . . . 27

Calling CQ. . . . 33

SHORTWAVE REVIEW —

Notes from My Diary. . . . 38

THE SERVICE PAGES —

Answers. . . . 42

P.03 - Editorial
EDITORIAL

Journalism is one of the surest ways to fame and fortune. During the past twenty years I have had the pleasure of seeing many people succeed in life directly or indirectly on account of their literary efforts. There was Dr. Barry, who did music criticism for the old "Wireless Weekly." The last I heard of him he was Director of Programmes for the A.B.C. Then I remember Bob McCall, who signed himself as "Discobolus" at the foot of a page of record criticisms in the old "Weekly." In almost no time he was in charge of recorded music at the A.B.C., then Manager for Victoria and away to England for further promotion. The Discobolus page was taken over by Greg Spencer, and sure enough he too climbed the ladder of fame until his untimely death recently. Lahm did comic drawings for me long before he became famous for Snifter in "Man." Wep did the Humperdink series as one of his stepping stones to fame. You know him now if you read the "Women's Weekly." I could go on indefinitely with the names of dozens I knew when they were keen to succeed. They had the ability; they showed it in black and white; it w as recognised; now they are on top. Yet how difficult it is to get anyone to try their hand at writing a technical article. In last month’s issue I called for applications for the position of editorial representative in Sydney. Hundreds of replies were received; most of them mentioning how much they would like to take up journalism, yet apparently not one of them had ever submitted anything for publication, let alone get it published. Wouldn’t it? — A. G. HULL.

P.38 - Shortwave Review - Notes from My Diary
Shortwave Review Conducted by L. J. Keast

NOTES FROM MY DIARY S u n s p o t s Dr. John Q. Stewart, astronomer of Princeton University, U.S.A., says: "Sunspots— some as big as the earth—w ill continue to disrupt radio for at least another year. Even then the respite w ill be brief for one spot cycle is no more completed than another one begins. It usually takes about 11 years for the maximum to he reached. Dr. Stewart predicts that the present cycle w ill reach its maximum by about the end of 1947.—Radio News. " R a d io A u s t r a l i a ” I have received a very fine double-sided pamphlet from the Department of Information, M elbourne, setting out in splendid form the various, programmes, schedules and transmitters used by "Radio Australia.” In this issue I am showing the call-signs, frequencies and times on the air and it is hoped space w ill be available in March issue for the various features. The whole set-up compares more than favourably with anything from overseas and it is printed all ready for posting, so should be a splendid advertisement for Australia. I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h o r t w a v e I was very pleased and proud to receive a card from Kenneth R. Boord, shortwave editor of "Radio News,” appointing me as monitor for international shortwave during the year 1946-7. "Radio News” is one of — if not—the best American magazines dealing with radio. It is profusely illustrated and contains most informative notes on shortwave. SAYS WHO? Arthur Cushen of Invercargill, N.Z., reports three • nice verifications: LJK, Oslo, 9.54mc, 31.45m: this was in the form of a nice card showing photo of Oslo across the harbour. They state they are using 5K W and relay Norwegian N ational Programmes from 5-5.15 p.m.; 8.45-10.30 p.m.; 2-8 a.m. There are no regular English broadcasts at present. This verification by the way took a little over a year to arrive . . . Cushen’s report was dated October 13, 1945. Another was from CE622, Santiago, 6.22 me, 48.23m. This verification took the form of a letter in Spanish signed by F. Elisso Merino B, Casilla 2626, Santiago. Power is 5000 watts. (Slogan of this station is "Radio Sociedad Nacional de M ineria.”-—L .J.K .) The final was from Paris for reports on 9.985mc and 11.845mc.—L.J.K. Rex Gillett of Adelaide is also proud of his veries and considers the best received for some time is KOFA, Salzburg, 7.22mc, 41.55m. This United States Forces station in Austria uses a power of 725 watts. The manager of the station, Mel. London, said in answer to Rex’s question, "Am I the first Australian to pick you up and report the fact?” "The answer is definitely YES and we are quite proud of your report because, although we have been picked up all over the United States and most of Europe, yours is the first from down under’.” Another good verie received on Boxing Day was ZNB, Mafeking, Bechuanaland, 5.900mc, 50.85m. Mr. A. P. Brittz, the station’s technician, in verifying Mr. Gillett’s report stated that ZNB is NOT a broadcasting station. "It is primarily the control station for numerous communication stations upcountry in the Bechuanaland Protectorate where there is no telephone communication or telegraph. They average two transmissions a day and all traffic handled is passed through ZNB, who disposes of the stuff to the local post office and other channels. During their spare time ZNB broadcasts records, of which they have approximately 9000, between 1 and 2 p.m. and 7 and 9.30 p.m. South African Standard time (8-9 p.m. and 3-5.30 а.m. Sydney time). R a d io So f i a, B u l g a r i a Radio Sofia is State owned, the whole radio service being administered under the name of Bulgarian Broadcasting System. Radio Sofia, using a power of .5 kilowatts, is heard on 7.66mc, 39.16m, and Radio Rodina, 9-35mc, 32.09m, the power on this one being 5 kilowatts. Radio Sofia has five broadcasting studios, four of which are in the central building of Radio Sofia and the fifth at Radio Rodina. Bulgaria has well over 200,000 registered receiving sets, which of course get their programmes from the broadcast band outlets, 650kc (Radio Sofia); l,402kc (Radio Stara Zagora) and l,276kc (Radio V arna). Advertising over the air was discontinued some years ago but is likely to be resumed shortly. News and talks in English are given over Radio Sofia from 6.30- б.40 a.m. daily on both 9-35 and 7.66mc.-—Radio Call. " R a d io A u s t r a l i a ” Overseas Shortwave Service of Department of Information The following alterations took place as from January 14: VLA-9, Shepparton, 21.60mc, 13.89m: Programme to North America (East) and Canada is now on the air from 9-30 a.m.-10.45 a.m. VLA-8, Shepparton, 11.76mc, 25.51m, and VLB-9-, Shepparton, 9.6l 5mc, 31.2m: Replace VLA-4 and VLG-2 and have joined VLC-4 and VLG-7 in programme to N. America (W est) from 2.45-3.45 p.m. (VLB-9 and VLG-7 are not in use on Saturdays.)

VLA-8, Shepparton, 11.76mc, 25.51m, and VLG-4, Lyndhurst, 11.84mc, 25.35m: Replace VLA-4 and V L G -10 and have joined VLC-6, 9-615mc, in programme to N. America (W est) and South Africa. R a d io N e w s r e e l A special Pacific edition is given every Sunday by Chester Wilmott at 5 p.m. It is a survey of the week’s happenings and as usual with items handled by Wilmott is excellent. D i p l o m a t i c D ia r y A weekly review of international affairs, seen from the diplomatic standpoint, is being given by the Hon. Harold Nicholson in the Overseas Services. Mr. Nicholson — listeners will remember his analytical commentaries from Paris on the occasion of the recent United Nations Conference there— is well known through his books and broadcasts as an expert interpreter of the international scene. "Diplomatic Diary” is heard in the Pacific Service at 4.15 p.m. on Thursdays. L a t e s t L o g g in g s XO PD, Hangchow, 9.555mc, 31.40m: Heard well at 8.30 p.m.— L.J.K. Radio Kuala Lumpur, 6.l65m c, 48.70m: News in English from "Radio Malaya” at 9- p.m.— Cushen. C H N X, Halifax, 6.13mc, 48.93 m: News at 10 p.m.— Cushen. VUC-2, Calcutta, 6.01mc, 49.93 m: News at 10.30 p.m.— Cushen. FFE, Paris, 13.715mc, 21.87m: Has contacts and programme for New York at 5.30 a.m.— Cushen. K N B A, San Francisco, 9.49mc, 31.61m, and K N BI, San Francisco, 6.06mc, 49.50m: Both in parallel and good at 9 p.m.— L.J.K.

GVS, London, 21.71mc, 13.82 m: Very good from 6-9- p.m.— L.J.K. FHE3, Dakar, 11.715mc, 25.61 m: Has now been dropped in favour of 15.385mc, 19.49m, and is at good strength till closing at 8 a.m.— Gillett.

WLKS, Tokyo, 6.105mc, 49.15 m: I must thank Ray Simpson for news about this new Japanese outlet. This station is conducted by the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces and is on the air twice daily— 7.30-9.30 a.m. and noon-7.30 p.m. In a letter to Ray, Signaller Henderson of Station W LKS says they are not yet operating of a night as so far they have not been granted a suitable frequency. Station closes following the playing of "God Save the K ing.” KZPI, M anila, 9.710mc, 30.9-0 m: Rex Gillett says "Radio Philippines” is operated by the Philippines Broadcasting Corporation and is on the air from about 7 p.m. till after 12.30 a.m. and also again about 7.15 a.m. (W hilst mentioning M anila, I notice our old friend KZRH, "The Voice of the Philippines,” is particularly good at 10 p.m. on 9.65mc, 31.09m.— L.J.K.)

P.39 - New Stations
New Stations

CKRZ, Sackville, 6.06mc, 49.50 m: Mr. Cushen reports hearing this new Canadian in Latin-American Service from 9.25-10.35 a.m. This time does not coincide with the schedule I received by air-mail from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and which is printed in full in this issue. But one must remember it is the prerogative of A LL shortwave stations to change schedules without notice. . . and don’t we know they do it. A D D IS ABABA, 15.065mc, 19.92m: "Universalite” mentioned this new frequency for the Ethiopian station and says they are on the air from 11.15 a.m.-12.30 p.m. but it is doubtful if they would be heard here at that hour. However, Ray Simpson logged them on this new frequency at a little before midnight. Strength was poor and there was a fair amount of interference, but it is worth trying for, as frequent announcements are made in English. So try from about 11.30 p.m. till 1 a.m. Ern Suffolk of South Australia is hearing them

weakly from 11 p.m. --, Munich, 6.10mc, 49.18m; --, Munich, 6.17mc, 38.62m; --, Munich, 7.29-mc, 41.15m: Rex Gillett sends advice of these new German stations heard by him from as early as 2.30 a.m. Station announces, "This is Munich relaying The Voice of the United States of America, operating in the 41, 48 and 49 metre bands.” Closes at 7.30 a.m. with "Star Spangled Banner.” Arthur Cushen also reports Munich as good from 5 till 7.30 a.m.— 41 best. CR8AA, Macau, 9.235mc, 32.48 m: Arthur Cushen reports hearing this new outlet in Portuguese China. At 10 p.m. at fair strength, the announcement is: "This is CR8 A A, Macau Radio Society, on 33 metres, 9.2mc.” English programme at 11 p.m. RA D IO OMROEP, Soerabaya, l 6.68mc, 17.98m: Another catch by Rex Gillett. Is quite good strength at 11 p.m., but morse occasionally causes trouble. (Continued on page 4 i)