text:
Color Theory/HDR

HDR

DR
Dynamic range (DR):
 * is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light. That technology also improves other aspects of transmitted images, such as color gamut
 * The maximum contrast of an image is the contrast ratio or dynamic range

types of DR:
 * LDR = low DR
 * SDR (Standard Dynamic Range): 0.05 nits - 100 nits
 * HDR (High Dynamic Range): 0.0005 nits - 10,000 nits. Also known as wide dynamic range, extended dynamic range, or expanded dynamic range, is a dynamic range higher than usual.
 * Human DR: Human vision: can detect brightness levels as low as 0.000001 nits and as high as 100,000,000 nits

The candela per square metre is the unit of liminance in the International System of Units. The nit (symbol: nt) is a non-SI name also used for this unit

1 nt = 1 cd/m2

Defining HDR image and image sequence formats and attributes
 * Peak luminance
 * White points
 * Contrast – spatial and temporal
 * Dark levels

3 levels of monitor brightness:
 * a low brightness if they have a peak brightness below 300 nits
 * a standard brightness if they have a peak brightness between 300 and 350 nits (SDR)
 * a high brightness if they have a peak brightness above 350 nits ( HDR )

High dynamic range (HDR)
 * HDR rendering
 * HDR TV

HDR
 * HDRI = High dynamic range imaging. The set of imaging technologies and techniques that allow to increase the dynamic range of images or videos. It covers the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution and display of images and videos
 * HDRR = High-dynamic-range rendering
 * HDRP = HIGH DEFINITION RENDER PIPELINE
 * HDR display
 * HDR file formats

formats
Formats that are only used for HDR storage purpose:
 * AVIF
 * Raw image formats
 * Formats that use a linear transfer function with high bit-depth
 * Formats that use a logarithmic transfer function
 * OpenEXR
 * ACES

HDR formats that can be used for both storage and transmission to displays, such as:
 * HDR10
 * HDR10+
 * Dolby Vision
 * HLG

programs

 * HDRI / Radiance image processing algorithms for Python
 * piccante: The hottest High Dynamic Range (HDR) Library

links

 * High Dynamic Range Explained by Eric Chan 10-10-2023
 * displayhdr.org
 * Learn OpenGL: HDR
 * hdr-faq by ARRI
 * greg benz photography: hdr
 * Towards an HDR-capable ICC PCS by Chris Lilley World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) June 2020

title: Color Theory/HDR


text: Category:Baobab recipes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Baobab recipes


text: User:Mr. Rasel Hasan

title: User:Mr. Rasel Hasan


text: User talk:Mr. Rasel Hasan

title: User talk:Mr. Rasel Hasan


text:
Chess Variants/Chess with Different Armies

Introduction
Chess with Different Armies is a variant that allows players to select from one of four different armies at game start.

History
Chess with different armies was created by chess variant designer Ralph Betza in 1979. He created and beta-tested many armies for the game but eventually whittled the selection down to just four official armies. Only the official armies shall be covered on this page.

Rules
Chess with different armies is mostly played like the standard game but as its name suggests, with different armies. For the variant, Betza has crafted four unique armies of fairy chess pieces, each of which is designed to be roughly equal to each other in terms of strength but have significantly different properties to each other. Players may either choose the standard chess army, called the Fabulous FIDEs, or they may choose one of the three fairy piece armies: the Colourbound Clobberers, the Remarkable Rookies and the Nutty Knights. The king and pawns are kept the same, but each non-FIDE army replaces the rooks, knights, bishops and queen with new fairy pieces.

Before introducing the armies it will help to know the moves of four fairy pieces - the ferz, alfil, wazir and dabbaba. These four pieces move as follows:

 * The ferz steps one square diagonally.
 * The alfil jumps two squares diagonally.
 * The wazir steps one square forward, backward or sideways.
 * The dabbaba jumps two squares forward, backward or sideways.

Many of the pieces in chess with different armies were created by combining the moves of the FIDE pieces with the moves of the ferz, alfil, wazir and dabbaba in unique combinations.

Before a game begins each player selects one of the armies and takes that army's pieces, setting them up on the board in the same place as their FIDE equivalents. The choice may be made by negotiation, by assignment by a third party or by secret choice.

Both players can select the same army, although it is legal for tournament directors to disallow this. If in a tournament where same-army play is forbidden, both players select the same army, Black must break the tie - either by selecting a different army or by keeping theirs and forcing White to choose another.

If a pawn is promoted, it may become any piece present in either army at game start, aside from kings.

The Colourbound Clobberers
The Colourbound Clobberers are an army with a theme, and that theme is the bishop. Two of its four unique pieces are completely colourbound. The Clobberers also have an unusual material balance - their queen is somewhat weaker and their bishops are stronger.

 * The Clobberers' rook equivalent is the bede (notation BD), a piece that can slide diagonally like a bishop or jump two squares forward, backward or sideways like a dabbaba. This piece is somewhat stronger than the FIDE rook under normal circumstances but becomes somewhat weaker in late endgames.
 * The Clobberers' knight equivalent is the waffle (notation WA), a piece that can jump two squares diagonally like an alfil or step one square forward, backward or sideways like a wazir. The piece is somewhat weaker than the FIDE knight due to its clumsy movement but can be strong if it gets to a good position.
 * The Clobberers' bishop equivalent is the FAD (notation FAD), a piece that can step one square diagonally like a ferz, jump two squares diagonally like an alfil or jump two squares forward, backward or sideways like a dabbaba. This piece is somewhat stronger than the FIDE bishop.
 * The Clobberers' queen equivalent is the cardinal (notation NB), a piece that combines the movement of the bishop and the knight. It is weaker than the FIDE queen.

NOTE: If one wishes to castle queenside with the Clobberers, then they move their king from the e-file to the b-file and the bede from the a-file to the c-file. This is done to keep the bede from switching square colours.

The Remarkable Rookies
Out in the ocean lies Rookland, a remarkably rectangular island whose cities sport very straight streets. The pieces that hail from there reflect this in their orthogonal style of play.

 * The Rookies' rook equivalent is the short rook (notation R4), a piece that can slide forward, backward or sideways like a rook, but only up to four squares. It is weaker than a FIDE rook but slightly stronger than a FIDE bishop.
 * The Rookies' knight equivalent is the woody rook (notation WD), a piece that can step one square forward, backward or sideways like a wazir or jump two squares forward, backward or sideways like a dabbaba.
 * The Rookies' bishop equivalent is the half-duck HFD), a piece that can step one square diagonally like a ferz, or jump two or three squares forward, backward or sideways. It has around the same value as a FIDE rook.
 * The Rookies' queen equivalent is the chancellor (notation NR), a piece that combines the movement of the rook and the knight. It is around equal in power with the FIDE queen.

The Nutty Knights
This team has been recruited from the homeland of the FIDE knight, where the local pieces have had to learn to leap from peak to peak. Many of these pieces have knight-like moves, and most advance well but cannot easily retreat.

 * The Knights' rook equivalent is the charging rook (notation frlRrlbK), a piece that can slide forward or sideways like a rook, or step backwards like a king.
 * The Knights' knight equivalent is the fibnif (notation fbNF), a piece that can step one square diagonally like a ferz or jump like a knight to the two forwardmost and backwardmost squares that a knight can move to.
 * The Knights' bishop equivalent is the charging knight (notation fhNrlbK), a piece that can jump forward like a knight or step backwards like a king.
 * The Knights' queen equivalent is the colonel (notation fhNfrlRK), a piece that can jump forward like a knight, slide forwards or sideways like a rook or step like a king.

Sub-variants
This chess variant does not have any notable sub-variants.


text: Category:Ajwain recipes

title: Category:Ajwain recipes


text:
Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)/Chapitro 12

Iniciala pagino – Chapitro 11 – Chapitro 12 – Chapitro 13

Dek-e-duesma chapitro
Nun Jonathan esabas en la kastelo di Dracula dum kelka dii. Lu nun pensas ke la kastelo es stranja. Lu facas la sama kozi kun Dracula: lu parolas nokte kun Dracula, e dormas jorne.

Yen la stranja kozi. La unesma kozo: multa pordi es klefagita! Kande Dracula ne esas kun lu, lu volas apertar pordo – ma la pordo es klefagita! E lu volas apertar altra pordo – klefagita!

Yen la duesma kozo: en la kastelo esas nur lu, e Dracula. Ube es la personi qui laboras por Dracula? Pos la manjajo, Jonathan serchas la persono qua netigas, ma lu vidas nula persono. Ulatempe lu vidis Dracula netiganta la tablo! Pro quo lu netigas ol ipsa? Komto Dracula es richa, lu es siorulo, pro quo lu netigas la tablo e netigas la lito ipsa?

Ta kozi es mala kozi. Ma esas un kozo plus. La maxim mala kozo esis la dio kande Jonathan esis en sua chambro, razante su. Lu havis mikra spegulo, e uzis lo por razar su. Uladie lu vidis la spegulo e lu dicis a su: “Jonathan, tu havas mikra barbo. Tu devas razar su.” E lu komencis razar su kun la razilo. E dum ke lu razis su, lu vidis nur su ipsa, e la chambro. Ma pos instanto, lu vidas Dracula dop lu! Ma lu ne vidis Dracula en la spegulo… pro quo Dracula es dop lu ma ne en la spegulo? Lu vidas la spegulo ankorfoye e lu ne povas vidar Dracula, nur su ipsa.

“Ah!” lu dicas, e lu vidas su kolo: ibe esas sango. La razilo sangifigis lu – ol facis Jonathan sangifar.

Dracula, qua esas dop Jonathan, vidas la sango; lu vidas ke la razilo sangifigis Jonathan. Tre rapide, la manui di Dracula prenas la kolo di Jonathan. “Dracula, quo vu facas?” lu dicas.

Tande Dracula vidas la krucifixo di Jonathan, e nun la manui di Dracula ne volas prenar la kolo di Jonathan. Dracula ne es felica. Lu dicas: “Quo? Jonathan, vu devas ne sangifigar vu kun la razilo! En Rumania es malega kozo sangifigar su… plu mala kam en Anglia, vu savas. Me savas. La spegulo es la problemo!”

La manui di Dracula prenas la spegulo, e lu jetas la spegulo fore, tra la fenestro. Nun Jonathan havas nula spegulo. Dracula dicas nulo plus, e ekiras la chambro. Jonathan es sola.

Jonathan, sole, marchas en la kastelo. Lu vidas pordi, klefagita pordi, e fenestri. Lu questionas su quo esas exter la kastelo, tra la fenestri. Ma tra la fenestri lu vidas ke li es tre, tre alta – la kastelo es sur monto. E lu ne savas quale ekirar! Takaze… la kastelo es un vera karcero!

-ab-
Jonathan komencis esar en la kastelo ante kelka dii. Jonathan ankore esas en la kastelo. Jonathan esabas en la kastelo dum kelka dii.

-il-
verbo + -il- + -o = kozo qua on uzas por facar la verbo

 * raz.il.o = kozo qua on uzas por razar

-if-

 * Jonathan sangifas = Sango venas ek Jonathan
 * La arbori fruktifas = La arbori facas frukti

maxim
Bona, plu bona, maxim bona. Maxim bona = ne esas altra kozo qua es plu bona.

 * La chefo di Jonathan es plu olda kam Jonathan. Ma Dracula es la maxim olda persono.

ibe, tande

 * Ibe = en ta loko.
 * Ube? Ibe.

 * Tande = ye ta tempo.
 * Kande? Tande.

tra
Dracula es en la chambro. La spegulo es en la chambro. Dracula jetas la spegulo, qua iras tra la fenestro. Nun la spegulo es exter la chambro.

Vortaro

 * ibe
 * instanto
 * ipsa
 * jetar
 * karcero
 * kelka: plu kam un, ma ne multa
 * kolo
 * laborar
 * marchar 🚶🏻
 * maxim
 * razar su
 * razilo
 * sango
 * sangifar
 * sangifigar
 * tande
 * tra
 * uladie

Iniciala pagino – Chapitro 11 – Chapitro 12 – Chapitro 13

title: Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)/Chapitro 12


text:
Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)/Chapitro 13

Iniciala pagino – Chapitro 12 – Chapitro 13 – Chapitro 14

Dek-e-triesma chapitro
Nun, Jonathan pensas ke lu es karcerano. Quo facar? Quale ekirar? Lu savas ke la Komto savas ke lu esas karcerano. Pro to, kande lu vidas Dracula, lu es sempre kalma. Kande Dracula questionas lu: “Quale vu standas?” lu dicas sempre, “Me standas bone, danko. E vu?” e li facas multa konversi. Ma kande Dracula ne es kun lu, Jonathan serchas e serchas quale ekirar.

Jonathan pensas pri la duktisto. Se Dracula habitas sole, ka Dracula ipsa ne esis la duktisto? Se lu es lo, ka Dracula povas facar ke la volfi ululez kun sua manuo o sua voco?

Jonathan pensas pri su krucifixo. Lu pensas: “Es stranja ke me amas ica krucifixo. En Anglia ni ne amas li, ma hike, me amas ol. Kande me vidas la krucifixo, me es kalma. La muliero qua donis la krucifixo a me es vere bona muliero!”

Nokte, Jonathan e Dracula havis longega konverso. Dracula parolis pri la historio di sua lando, e kande lu parolis, lu esis tre ecitita. Lu prenis kozi kun sua forta manui dum ke lu parolis, e Jonathan pensis ke lua manui es fortega.

Dracula: “Ni Szekely facis multa kozi dum la historio di Rumania. Ni Szekely es tre, tre forta.”

Jonathan: “Vi quo? Vi Sz… S… Szekely? Ah, Szekely es Hungariana! Ka vu es Hungariana?”

Dracula: “No, le Szekely ne es Hungariani! Ni es simila, ma diferanta. Le Szekely es plu forta. Ni luktis kontre Turkia. E ni luktis kontre altra landi. La sango di Dracula, la sango di le Szekely, es fortega. Vu devas savar to.”

Altradie, Dracula questionas Jonathan pri altra kozi. Lu dicas: “Jonathan, me savas ke vu helpas me komprar mea domo en London. Vu helpas me, e vu es mea helpanto. Yen mea questiono: Ka ulu povas havar du helpanti, o tri o plu helpanti?”

Jonathan: “Yes, vu povas havar plu kam un helpanto. Un helpanto es posibla, du helpanti es posibla, e multa helpanti es posibla.”

Dracula: “Tre bone. E ka es posibla facar kozi sen helpanto?”

Jonathan: “Yes, vu povas facar kozi sen helpanto, se vu volas. Vu es richa viro e richa viri havas kozi quin li volas facar ipsa.”

Nun Dracula stacas e dicas: “Jonathan, vu rezidos kun me dum un monato. Ka vu komprenas?”

Jonathan pensas: “Oh, ve! Sola kun Dracula dum monato!” ma lu esas kalma e dicas: “Tre bona ideo! Me esos felica rezidar hike dum monato.”

Dracula: “Nam vu esos hike dum monato, vu devas skribar letri a vua amiki. Hike vu vidas paperofolii – voluntez skribar letri a vua amiki.”

Jonathan savas ke Dracula lektos lua letri. Lu havas ideo: lu skribos letro a sua chefo Hawkins, e skribos nur kozi quale “Me standas bone en la kastelo di Dracula. Quale vu standas? Til rivido!”

Ma a Mina, su amorato, lu skribos per stenografo. Letro skribita per stenografo es letro quan nur la personi qui lernis la stenografo povas lektar. Jonathan pensas ke Dracula ne povas lektar letri skribita per stenografo.

Dracula dicas: “Me pregas ke vu skribez nur bona kozi en vua letri. Ne skribez mala kozi, ka vu komprenas? La personi en London devas ne pensar ke esas mala kozi hike en mea kastelo.”

Jonathan: “Me komprenas. Me skribos nur bona kozi.”

Dracula ekiras la chambro, e Jonathan vidas altra letri quin Dracula skribis. Un letro es por la urbo Whitby en Anglia, e la duesma por la urbo di Varna en Bulgaria, la triesma por London, e la quaresma por Budapest… ma Dracula retrovenas, e Jonathan sideskas.

Dracula: “Me devas irar ad altra chambro. Me havas ulo por dicar a vu: ne dormez en altra parto di mea kastelo. Esas danjero en altra parti dil kastelo; li esas danjeroza. Vu devas ne facar danjeroza kozi, e vu devas dormar nur en vua chambro. Takaze, se vu dormos en altra parto dil kastelo… me ne povos helpar vu!” e lu gestas kun sua manui.

Jonathan komprenas, e dicas ke lu komprenas.

vi

 * Vu + altri = vi
 * Tu + altri = vi
 * Plu kam un ‘vu’ o ‘tu’ = vi

le
‘Le’ = ‘la’, ma uzesas kande, altre, on ne povus savar ke esas plu kam un kozo. p.ex:

 * la Hungariani, ma le Szekely
 * la reda kozi, ma le reda (le reda = la kozi qui esas reda)
 * le yes e le no (la personi qui dicis ‘yes’ o ‘no’)

-an-
Radiko + -ano = persono qua es membro dil radiko, o apartenas a lo. p.ex.

 * karcero → karcerano (persono qua esas en karcero)
 * Hungaria → Hungariano (persono qua venas de Hungaria)
 * urbo → urbano (persono qua venas de urbo)

-anto, -ato
La adjektivi kun -anta, -ata, -inta, -ita, -onta, -ota, povas divenar substantivi.

 * Jonathan helpas Dracula → Jonathan esas helpanta → Jonathan esas la helpanto di Dracula
 * Jonathan amoras Mina → Mina esas amorata da Jonathan → Mina esas la amorato di Jonathan

rezidar vs habitar
Jonathan habitas en Anglia. Lu havas domo en Anglia, e lu retroiros ad Anglia pos ke Dracula finas kun lu. (Ka ne?) Ma Jonathan nune rezidas en la kastelo di Dracula.

amorar vs amar
Amorar es amar, ma kun 💞👩🏻❤💋👨🏾❤🔥pasiono💘🧑🏻❤🧑🏾💕. Personi amoras nur personi!

On povas amar voyaji, treni, hundi, muziko, lernar, edc., ma on ne povas amorar kozi (o animali). On anke ne amoras sua familio (ecepte sua spozo); on amas li.

Vortaro

 * amorato
 * amor.at.o
 * danjero
 * danjeroza
 * danjer.oz.a
 * ecitita
 * ecit.it.a
 * gestar
 * helpanto
 * help.ant.o
 * kalma
 * karcerano
 * karcer.an.o
 * kontre
 * le = la
 * luktar
 * monato (12 monati en un yaro)
 * nam
 * paperofolio
 * paper.o + foli.o
 * parto
 * per = uzante
 * posibla
 * pro to
 * rezidar
 * sempre = omnatempe
 * sen
 * simila
 * standar
 * stenografo
 * vi

Iniciala pagino – Chapitro 12 – Chapitro 13 – Chapitro 14

title: Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)/Chapitro 13


text:
User:Ojaidi90001

Ojaidi90001

title: User:Ojaidi90001


text:
Antenna Television

A helpful guide for installing a TV antenna, how to get the best signals, and a list of channels by market.

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Indoor Antennas/
 * /Outdoor Antennas/
 * /OTA DVR/
 * /Troubleshooting/
 * /Safety Precautions/
 * /Market Listings/

title: Antenna Television


text:
User talk:SensibleMortgage

UNO/Official Rules
I have undone your edit. Wikibooks is not Wikipedia and the manual of style is different. Headings are not typically sentence case for example. In addition, there is no reason to change from British English to US English as neither is mandated. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 09:55, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update. Could you point me to the style manual for Wikibooks for future reference? SensibleMortgage (discuss • contribs) 15:43, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:SensibleMortgage


text:
Category:Pages that use Phonos

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Pages that use Phonos


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Bxc6/4...dxc6/5. O-O/5...Bg4/6. h3/6...h5

Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation, Alapin Gambit
After h5, black sacrifices the bishop for the betterment of Black's position. 7. hxg4? is bad because after 7. ...hxg4! the knight on f3 is attacked, and moving the knight is even worse. For example, after 8. Nxe5??, white captures the pawn, but after 8. ...Qh4! the checkmate in four moves is unavoidable. White can also try 7. c3 with the idea of playing d4, but 7. ...Qd3 stops it. 8. hxg4, hxg4. 9. Nxe5, there is a move Bd6, attacking the knight. 10. Nxd3 and then, there is 10. ...Bh2+ and you repeat moves. And white can also play 7. d4 with the idea of developing queenside pieces.

Theory Table
For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation..

'''1. e4, e5. 2. Nf3, Nc6. 3. Bb5, a6. 4. Bxc6, dxc6. 5. O-O, Bg4. 6. h3, h5'''


text: Category:Allspice recipes

title: Category:Allspice recipes


text:
Application Development with Harbour/HbIDE

From https://hbide.vouch.info/: hbIDE is an open-source, multi-platform Integrated Development Environment (IDE) hosted inside Harbour's SVN repository.

The revision number is displayed in the titlebar of the main window, and according to the download page https://hbide.vouch.info/downloads.htm the most recent version is v1.0 r17110 09Nov2011, which makes it almost 12 years old now, yet it implements many functionalities eliminating the need of switching between multiple tools and a consistent interface.


text:
Talk:Development Cooperation Handbook/Issues/How can local policy actors contribute to the achievement of MDGs and other global policy objectives?

Life orientation
reasons why poverty has negative impact on local communities Moreosele molemo (discuss • contribs) 19:55, 1 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Chess Variants/Chess on a 12 by 12 Board

Introduction
Chess on a 12 by 12 board, is, as its name suggests, chess... but played on a 12 by 12 board.

History
The variant was created by Doug Vogel in December 2000.

Rules
As already stated, this variant is simply chess played on a 12 by 12 board, with the pieces set up in their usual configuration in the central 8 by 8 area.

All rules are kept the same as standard chess, with one exception - pawns only have to reach the 10th rank (for White) or the 3rd rank (for Black) to promote. Alternatively pawns may be required to reach the 12th or 1st ranks to promote.

Sub-variants
This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.


text:
Chess Variants/Checkless Chess

Introduction
Checkless chess is a variant that forbids players form delivering check.

History
It is not known where checkless chess came from, but the variant dates from the mid-19th century, and it also often used in fairy chess problems.

Rules
Checkless chess is played mostly like the original game, with one difference - moves that deliver check to the enemy king are forbidden unless they deliver immediate checkmate.

There are several other optional rules:

 * If a player is not in check but their only legal moves deliver check, that is stalemate and the game is drawn.
 * A check is considered checkmate if the only legal responses are cross-checks.
 * Checks are permitted of they are part of a series resulting in forced mate.

Sub-variants

 * Absolute checkless chess bars pieces from moving over squares where they would give check.

title: Chess Variants/Checkless Chess


text:
Antenna Television/Introduction

Over-the-air television is a from of broadcasting in which television signals are distributed from a transmitter via radio waves to a TV receiver with an antenna. It differs from satellite television, when signals are transmitted to a satellite dish from an orbiting satellite, or cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable. The picture quality for antenna television tends to be clearer than the other two methods, because the television signals are unprocessed.

The only equipment required is an antenna. Antennas are divided into two categories: indoor and outdoor. Indoor antennas are generally smaller, while outdoor antennas are larger and generally have greater receiving capability. They are also designed to handle weather such as wind, rain, and snow, unlike indoor antennas.

Available channels
A downside to over-the-air broadcasting is that channel options are far more limited than cable or satellite. They are normally restricted to local broadcast channels. Below is a list of channels that are typically available through over-the-air broadcasting, and a sample of programs they offer.

Channels and Frequency Bands
A frequency is a measure of the number of oscillations of a wave per unit of time, while a channel is a specific range of frequencies that is used to transmit information.

Following the introduction of digital TV, there are now two types of channels: virtual channels and "real" or "RF" channels. The RF channel is what a station uses to broadcast its signal, while the virtual channel is what appears on the television. Virtual channels will be followed by a period and a second number (ex. "5.1").

Terrestrial television channels are divided into two bands: the VHF band which comprises channels 2 through 13 and occupies frequencies between 54 and 216 MHz, and the UHF band, which comprises channels 14 through 36 and occupies frequencies between 470 and 700 MHz.

Antenna Gain
Antenna gain indicates how how strong a signal an antenna can receive from a specific direction. The farther away the target is, the higher the antenna's gain should be. However, with round or omnidirectional antennae, a higher gain should be avoided to ensure the signal isn't too focused and unable to reach multiple wireless locations in your household.

title: Antenna Television/Introduction


text:
User:Nuramin01727/sandbox

Hand Book of Optometry

title: User:Nuramin01727/sandbox


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6/4. e4/4...fxe4/5. Nxe4/5...Bg7/6. Nf3

=Bladel Modern Variations=

2.c4 g6, 3.Nc3 Nh6, 4.e4 fxe4, 5.Nxe4 Bg7, 6.Nf3 - Dutch Defence, Bladel Modern Variations
The move Nf3 on move 6 enters the Bladel Modern Variations. White is trying to gain as much space in the center as possible. Black has delayed to play the pawn into the center so far and instead controls the center with the minor pieces from the outside in hyper modern fashion. Usually, black attacks the center with ... c6 fallowed by d5. Superficially the arrangement of the white knights looks a bit like an open Sicilian. In the Sicilian, both knights are facing towards the queen's side. In the Bladel Modern Variation, both white knights are facing towards the king side. In addition white has an additional pawn in the center.

White has made a concession. White has trade off a center pawn for a side pawn. As a result of that, white will have to deliver a check mate in the middle game. Black has an additional center pawn, which is a significant advantage in the end game. If black survives the attack, black will play for the win in the end game. Again this very similar to the open Sicilians.

Theory table
1. d4 f5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nh6 4.e4 fxe4 5.Nxe4 Bg7 6.Nf3


text:
LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Observer synthesis/Switched Observer with State Jumps

Switched Systems
Observer synthesis for switched linear systems results in switched observers with state jumps.

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=A_{\sigma(t)}x(t)+Bu(t),\\ y(t)&=Cx(t)\\ \end{align} $$

where $$x(t)\in \mathbb{R}^n$$, $$u(t) \in \mathbb{R}^m$$, $$y(t)\in \mathbb{R}^p$$ and $$\sigma(t)$$ is the index function in discrete state given by $$ \sigma : [0,\infty)\rightarrow I_N=\{1, \cdots, N \} $$ deciding which one of the linear vector fields is active at a certain time instant.

The Data

 * The matrices $$ A_{\sigma},B,C$$ are system matrices of appropriate dimensions and are known.

 * The unknown variables of the observer synthesis LMI are $$P_i, d_i,j, \mu_{i,j} $$ and $$ K_{i,j} $$.

The Problem Formulation
Given a State-space representation of a system given as above. The dynamics of the continuous time observer is defined as:

\begin{align} \dot{\hat{x}} &= A_{\hat{\sigma}(t) \hat{x}} + Bu + K_{\hat{\sigma(t)}}(y- \hat{y}) \\ \hat{y} &= C\hat{x} \end{align} $$

where $$\hat{x(t)} \in \mathbb{R}^n$$ is the state estimate of the vector field $$x$$, $$K_j \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times p}, j \in I_N$$ is the observer gains, $$\hat{q}(t):[0,\infty) \rightarrow I_N=\{1, \cdots, N\}$$ is the index function, and $$\hat{y(t)}$$ is the output of the mode location observer.

The observer is divided into two parts, the mode location observer estimating the active dynamics and the continuous-time observer estimating the continuous state of the switched system.

The estimated state jumps will be updated according to

\hat{x}^{+} = T_1x(t) +T_2y(t) \quad t \in \mathbb{T} $$

where $$\mathbb{T} $$ is the set of times when the mode location observer switches mode, which are the times when $$\hat{\sigma}$$ changes value.

The LMI:
The following are equivalent:

(a)There exists $$P_i>0, d_{i,j} \geq 0, \alpha>0 , \mu_{i,j} \geq 0, \gamma \geq 0 $$ and $$  K_i $$ such that

\alpha I \leq P_i \leq \beta I, \qquad i \in I_N $$

\Gamma_{i,j} = \begin{bmatrix} \Gamma_{i,j}^{11} & \Gamma_{i,j}^{12} \\ (\Gamma_{i,j}^{12})^T & \Gamma_{ij}^{22} \\ \end{bmatrix} \leq 0, \qquad (i,j) \in I_s $$

P_j = P_i + d_{i,j}^T C + C^T d_{i,j}, \qquad (i,j) \in I_s $$

\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_i^2 I_{p\times p} & W_i^T \\ W_i & I_{n \times n} \\ \end{bmatrix} \geq 0, \qquad i \in I_N $$

where

\begin{align} \Gamma_{i,j}^{11} &= (A_i-K_iC)^T P_i + P_i(A_i - K_i C) + \gamma I \\ \Gamma_{i,j}^{12} &= P_i(A_j - A_i) \\ \Gamma_{i,j}^{22} &= \mu_{i,j} Q_j - \gamma \epsilon^2 I \\ \epsilon \geq 0, \alpha > 0 \end{align} $$

and the states of the hybrid observer is updated according to

\hat{x}^{+} = (I - R_i^{-1}(CR_i^{-1})^{\dagger}C)\hat{x} + R_i^{-1}(CR_i^{-1})^{\dagger}y $$

(b) If for some $$T_0 > 0 $$

\sup_{t> T_0} \|x(t)\| \leq x_max $$ then

\lim_{t \rightarrow \infty} \sup \|\tilde{x}\| \leq \epsilon x_max \sqrt{\frac{\beta}{\alpha}} $$

Conclusion:
Using multiple Lyapunov functions and properly updating the continuous estimated states when the mode changes occur, an observer can be synthesized by solving a linear matrix inequality problem above.


text: Category:Ingredients by type

title: Category:Ingredients by type


text:
Wikijunior:South America/Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a small island country in South America. It consists of two main islands named Trinidad and Tobago. It is home to 1.4 million people. The capital is the city of Port of Spain. Although the city with the most people in the country is San Fernando. The city of San Fernando has 48 thousand people! An interesting fact about the city is that it is at a rather low elevation, only 1m (3ft) above sea level! Unlike most other countries in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's economy is supported by industry, not tourism.

History
Christopher Columbus discovered Trinidad for the European world in 1498. But Indigenous peoples lived on the island for centuries before that. Scientists don't know exactly when these people got there though.

Geography
Trinidad and Tobago is made up of two main islands, Tobago and Trinidad, and many smaller islands. The north side of Trinidad is mountainous, and contains the highest point on the island (El Cerro del Aripo) which is 940 metres (3,080 ft) above sea level! The rest of Trinidad is relatively flat. The island of Tobago is mountainous in the center, and more flat near the coast. There are multiple coral reefs off the coast of Tobago as well!

State symbols
The national sport of Trinidad and Tobago is cricket.

The national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is the chaconia flower.

The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the cocrico and the scarlet ibis, a beautiful pink bird.


text:
A Guide to Discord/Emojis

Emojis are icons that are used to convey emojis through text. Along with standard emojis, Discord allows users to create custom emojis exclusive to their servers.

Emoji Picker
Access the Emoji Picker by clicking the grayed-out emoji in the right corner of the text box. The user can then select an emoji, or filter an emoji by category using the buttons at the bottom of the picker. Custom emojis will be sorted by server. Hold shift and left click to add multiple emojis. Alt+Click an emoji to add it to your "Favorites".

Custom Emoji
Go to "Server Settings" and use the "Emoji" tab to upload a maximum of 50 custom emoji to the server. You must have "manage emoji" permissions enabled to due so.

Emoji names must be at least two characters long and contain only alphanumeric characters and underscores. Emojis can be uploaded in sizes up to 128x128 pixels, although they will be resized to 32x32 pixels. The emoji file size must be smaller than 256kb. Custom emojis can only be used on the server they have been uploaded too, unless you have a Nitro subscription.

title: A Guide to Discord/Emojis


text:
Chess Variants/Circe Chess

Introduction
Circe Chess is a variant that allows for pieces to be reborn after capture.

History
Circe chess was created by French composer Pierre Monréal, who described the rules in an article in Problème magazine the following year. The variant is named after the Greek goddess Circe, and is rarely played as an actual game. It is more often used for fairy puzzles.

Rules
Circe chess is played mostly like the standard game, with one key difference: when a piece is captured it is not removed from the board, but rather it is immediately reborn on its starting square. To be more specific:

 * Pawns are reborn on the starting square on the file they are on.
 * Rooks, knights and bishops are reborn on the starting square that matches the colour of the square the piece was on when it was captured.

However, if the square the piece would be reborn on is occupied by another piece, whether friendly or hostile, then the piece is not reborn and is instead removed from the board as in standard chess.

If a pawn is captured via en passant, it will immediately be reborn on the square in front of the opponent's pawn, preventing either pawn from moving.

Sub-variants
There are many sub-variants of Circe chess, usually differing oin where captured pieces are reborn. Wikipedia lists the following:

 * Anticirce: The capturing piece is reborn on its initial square. The captured piece disappears from the board. The rebirth square must be empty or the capture is illegal. There are two types: Type Cheylan: captures on the rebirth square are illegal (i.e. a white rook can not capture on a1). Type Calvet: captures on the rebirth square are legal.
 * Assassin Circe: The rebirth occurs even if the rebirth square is occupied. The occupying piece is removed from the board. When a piece is captured on its rebirth square, the capturing piece disappears.
 * Chamaeleon Circe: A captured piece (other than a pawn) is reborn as a different piece: knight becomes bishop, bishop becomes rook, rook becomes queen and queen becomes knight. The reborn piece is placed according to the Circe rule for the new piece.
 * Circe Parrain: A captured piece is reborn on the square displaced from the capture square by a vector equal to that of the move following the capture. If the following move is castling, then the sum of the king-move and rook-move vectors is used (for a kingside castle, rebirth can occur only if the piece is a pawn captured en passant).
 * Circe Rex inclusive: As Circe, but also the kings may be captured. A mate requires that the initial square of the king is occupied.
 * Clone Circe: A captured piece is reborn on its initial square but reappears as the piece by which it is captured (not a king).
 * CouCou Circe: As Circe, but the rebirth square is that of the capturing piece. Pawns captured by a piece are reborn on the promotion rank, and promote. The promotion is chosen by the capturing side.
 * CousCous Circe: As CouCou Circe, but for captures resulting in promotion, the promotion type is chosen by the side whose pawn promotes.
 * Diagram Circe: A captured piece is reborn on the position it had on the diagram.
 * Equipollents Circe: As Circe Parrain, but the rebirth occurs immediately on a vector equal to the capturing move.
 * Kamikaze Circe: The captured piece is reborn on its initial square. The capturing piece disappears.
 * Martian Circe: Pieces move in the ordinary manner but capture only from their initial position (if it is unoccupied). Captured pieces disappear from the board.
 * Mirror Circe: A captured piece is reborn on a square where a piece of the opposite colour would be reborn in ordinary Circe.
 * Platzwechsel Circe (PWC): A captured piece is reborn on the square where the capturer was placed before the capture. Platzwechsel means "position exchange" in German.
 * Strict Circe: As ordinary Circe, but the rebirth square must be free for the capture to be legal.
 * Symmetrical Circe: As Circe, but the rebirth square is the capture square mirrored across the center of the board.
 * Volcanic Circe: As Circe, but if the rebirth square is occupied, the captured piece is 'hidden' under that piece. When that piece moves, the hidden piece is revealed. E.g. white king on f1, white bishop on a6, black king on b6: Black captures Kb6xa6(+wBf1(hidden)) Kf1-e1 (+wBf1).

title: Chess Variants/Circe Chess


text:
User:TommyEdisonBoggs

I am the author of the books.

title: User:TommyEdisonBoggs


text: Template:Chaturanga diagram

title: Template:Chaturanga diagram


text:
Chatbots For Social Change

"I have striven not to laugh at human actions, not to weep at them, not to hate them, but to understand them."

- Baruch Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, 1670 (more quotes)

Chatbots for Social Change is focused on a single aim. That is, to mobilize recent developments in natural language understanding (NLU), in particular Large Language Models (LLMs) like chatGPT, to catalyze effective and responsible large-scale intelligent social action.

This course is about envisioning a future where chatbots can effectively serve as interviewers, discussants, therapists, experts, and politicians, through the ability to explain another's views as they would, to reason and explain reasoning, and symmetrically to look at the world through all of their conversants' eyes.

= Table of Contents =

Section 1: What's Possible?

 * Conversation - How and why people chat; what words do.
 * /Collective Action/ - How and why collectivities act; what peoples do.
 * /Designing Democracy/ - Futurists and utopians, and what chatbots could do.

Section 2: What's Ethical?

 * /Research Project Ideas/ - (Homework) Brainstorm potential research projects
 * /IRB, Research Ethics/ - Understanding the Institutional Review Board (IRB) process.
 * /Conversational AI Ethics/
 * /Implementation Ethics/
 * Choosing a Project - (Homework for next section) Choose a project, and write an IRB proposal.

Section 3: How Do We Do It?

 * /Beliefs/ - Understanding how beliefs are formed and their impact on social behavior.
 * /Redundant Belief Systems/ - Investigating the systems of belief that reinforce themselves and how chat-bots can interact with them.
 * /Formal and Practical Logic/ - What can reason do?

Section 4: Let's Dive into LLMs

 * /Quickstart/ - Understand the basics, run and train your first LLM.
 * /Theory of LLMs/ - An exploration of Large Language Models and their capabilities.
 * /Practicalities of LLMs/ - Handling the practical aspects and limitations of LLMs in real-world applications.

Section 5: Hands-On Projects

 * /Guidelines on Project Sprints/ - How to conduct detailed project sprints focused on creating chatbots aimed at social change.
 * Previous Projects - Some students have chosen to make their investigations public. This can act as a resource and inspiration, and allow that perhaps your efforts in this class extend beyond yourself.

Section 6: Reflecting on Our Journey

 * /Retrospective/ - Looking back on what has been learned and how it can be applied going forward.

Additional Resources

 * /Further Reading/ - Recommended books, articles, and papers for extended learning.
 * /Glossary/ - Definitions of key terms used throughout the course.
 * /FAQ/ - Answers to frequently asked questions regarding chatbots and their role in social change.

Appendices

 * /Sample IRB Proposal/ - A sample proposal for an Institutional Review Board to help learners prepare their own research ethics submissions.
 * /Case Studies/ - Real-world examples of chatbots used for social change.
 * /Interviews with Experts/ - Insights from industry and academic experts on the future of chatbots in social dynamics.
 * /Building on this WikiBook/ - Defines the conventions and processes for contributing to this project.
 * /Literature Review/ - A brief guide to literature review using LLMs

About the Authors

 * /Contributors/ - Information about the creators and contributors to this course.

Feedback

 * /Reviews/ - Reviews and testimonials from past learners and educators.
 * /Contact/ - How to get in touch with the authors or to provide feedback about the course.

title: Chatbots For Social Change


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6/4. e4/4...fxe4/5. Nxe4/5...Bg7/6. Nf3/6...c6/7. Bd3/7...d5/8. cxd5/8...cxd5/9. Bb5/9...Nc6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6/11.Nc5

=Bladel Main Lines=

2.c4 g6, 3.Nc3 Nh6, 4.e4 fxe4, 5.Nxe4 Bg7, 6.Nf3 c6, 7.Bd3 d5, 8.cxd5 cxd5, 9.Bb5+ Nc6, 10.Bxc6 bxc6 11.Nc5 - Dutch Defence, Bladel Main Lines
The move Nc5 enters the Bladel Modern Variations Main Lines or in short the Bladel Main Lines. White has managed to get a dominant position. White has now an outpost for the knight. This knight on c5 is called an octupus knight; it controls 8 squares. This is very difficult to face as black. It restricts black from creating counter play on the queen side. But black has compensation in the shapes of not one but two semi open files for each rook. Black castles short. White can choose to either castle short or castle long. Keep in mind, that this is a sharp opening for both sides. White has more space and therfore more opportunities to control the flow of the game. Black how ever has a lot of activity which leaves room for counter play. As a result of that white has a slight advantage in all of these lines.

Van Foreest Counter Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.O-O Bg4 13.Re1 Qc8

With the move Bg4 on move 12 by black we enter the van Foreest Counter Attack. If white decides to castle early. Black has the chance to take the initiative. White's king looks save but it is not. The night on f3 is a key weakness and a target for black. It is only defended by the g-pawn and the queen. In general the queen is a great attacker but a weak defender. Black threatens to sacrifice the rook to compromise white's pawn structure and create a king side attack. The queen can join and is supported by the rook and the knight. Furthermore white must not take the poisioned pawn on e7. It looks free but it leads to the Helsinki trap. It looks like white is just loosing the rook. But it is far worse than that. Black can pretend to win the rook and go for an all out attack. Even with best play, black is going to win either by winning the queen or by checkmate. White has to find the only move here to continue. White must nutralize the knight on h6 with Bxh6.

Isouard Defence
11.Nc5 O-O 12.O-O Rb1 13.Re1 Bg4

With the move Rb1 on move 12 by black we enter the Isouard Defence. Black pretends to create a queen side attack but goes instead for a center pawn push later on. Positional exchange sacrifice like a rook for a knight is quite common in these types of positions. White will be forced to trade off the octupus knight for black's light bishop to slow black down. White's long term plan is to create a passing along the a-file and b-file. To accomplish this white will force black to trade the rook on b8.

Van Lennep Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.Bxh6 Bxh6 13.Qd3 Qa5+ 14.Qc3 Qxc3 15.bxc3

With the move Bxh6 on move 12 by white we enter the van Lennep Attack. The idea is to prevent problems before they can grow. White eliminates the threats from black early on. Furthermore, white allows black to give a check with the queen. In the main line of the van Lennep Attack white offers a queen trade early on, which gets usually accepted by black. Black can however deny the trade with more positional Qb6 or with the even more aggressive Qb5 on move 14. The van Lennp Attack can be either positional, in the event of queen trades. In the event of Qb5 on move 14 it gets very sharp and tactical. If black plays Qb6 on move 14, which is black's stronges reply, we get a mixture of positinal play with sharp tactical ideas as well.

Petrovic Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.Qd2 Bh3 13.Rg1

With the move Qd2 on move 12 by white we enter the van Petrovic Attack. White will delay to castle. White will castle long later on and allow black to attack queen side. White will launch a king side attack in return. Black seeks to undermine the knight on f3 with tactiacl ideas. White cannot take the bishop or the knight will fall. Therefore white will defend with g1. It is a mulitipurpose move. The idea is to line up the rook against black's king and launch an attack. This leads to a very sharp and complicated line where both sides attack each other on both sides. It is common, that the Petrovic Attack leads to a queen vs queen fight in the end game.

Theory table
1. d4 f5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nh6 4.e4 fxe4 5.Nxe4 Bg7 6.Nf3 c6 7.Bd3 d5 8.cxd5 cxd5 9.Bb5+ Nc6 10.Bxc6+ bxc6 11.Nc5


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Chatbots For Social Change/Theory of Conversation

Conversation is structured in a variety of ways. This chapter collects these for reference and reflection, attempting to hone in on the features of this vast landscape of human knowledge relevant to chatbots reshaping collective conversation.

We start with the theory of conversation, and connectedly of meaning, understanding, and explanation. Then, we move into the structures which humans have built for communicating effectively in a variety of professional realms. This division into the theoretical and the practical is a bit of a trick, as what will be useful for our purposes lies somewhere in between. By choosing poles of the structure of communication (descriptive and practical) as our starting points, we are hoping to triangulate what will be meaningful in our endeavors for the remainder of this course.

 * /Theorizing Conversation/ - The armchair philosophers tackle talking.
 * /Talking to Strangers/ - Miscommunication is the heart of the problem.
 * Strategies for Conversation - What have clinical psychologists and statesmen learned about how to structure a conversation?


text:
Chatbots For Social Change/Theory of Conversation/Theorizing Conversation

I'll keep an older draft, just in case.

What do we mean by "meaning"? The subject of this chapter, it's the sort of self-referential question which one may think at first glance to be fundamentally unanswerable. But this apparent circularity has not stopped philosophers and scientists from working through the answer, or stopped humans globally from saying things, and really "meaning" them. Questions of the meaning of "understanding," "explanation," "belief," and "reasoning" have a similar circularity, and answers bearing on one of these concepts help to answer what the others mean. In this chapter we conduct a broad survey of answers to these questions through history, in the hope of assembling a robust answer to this question. Or at least one which will help us understand how to design a system which can understand "for all practical purposes." Without further ado, let's start at the beginning.

Overview of the Fields
Not everything relevant will be treated in this chapter, so we'll begin by giving an alphabetical index of fields possibly relevant to the study of meaning, of the structure of language, meaning, and conversation.

Philosophy of Meaning

 * Cognitive Linguistics: This area looks at how language and thought interact. It examines how linguistic structures reflect the ways people categorize, conceptualize, and understand the world around them.
 * Existentialism: Existentialist philosophers like Sartre and Heidegger delve into how meaning is not inherent in the world but is something that individuals must create for themselves, often in the face of an absurd or fundamentally meaningless universe. The tradition of existentialism leads naturally to studies of common understanding, in the taken-for-granted worlds discussed in phenomenology (Heidegger), especially by Schutz.
 * Hermeneutics: Originally a method of interpreting religious texts, hermeneutics has expanded as a broader methodology for interpreting texts and symbols in general. It's about understanding the meaning behind written and spoken language, often in a historical or cultural context.
 * Philosophy of Language: This branch of philosophy deals extensively with how language and its structure contribute to meaning. It covers topics from the meaning of words and sentences to the nature of communication and understanding.
 * Pragmatics: As a part of linguistics and semiotics, pragmatics studies how context influences the interpretation of meaning, considering factors like speaker intent, cultural norms, and situational context.
 * Philosophy of Mind: This branch explores the nature of mental states, consciousness, and how these relate to issues of meaning and understanding. It questions how mental representations carry meaning and how this is communicated.
 * Pragmatism: Pragmatism, a school of thought in American philosophy, focuses on the practical implications of ideas and beliefs, which is key in understanding how meaning is construed and applied in real-world scenarios.

Sociology of Meaning

 * Critical Theory: Philosophers like Adorno, Horkheimer, and Habermas in the Frankfurt School have explored how societal structures, power dynamics, and ideologies shape the construction and interpretation of meaning. We will here also include Feminist Sociology in this category, as it makes similar claims that meaning and knowledge are impinged by social structure.
 * Ethnomethodology: A sociological perspective that examines how people produce and understand social order in everyday life. It's particularly interested in how people make sense of and find meaning in their social world. Has roots in phenomenology, especially Schutz.
 * Interaction Ritual Theory: Goffman's work focuses on the significance of social interactions and the performative aspects of social life, exploring how meaning and identity are constructed and expressed in everyday rituals and practices.
 * Phenomenology: Phenomenology, especially as developed by Husserl, focuses on the structures of experience and consciousness. Schutz extended this to the social realm, exploring how individuals understand and ascribe meaning to their experiences and to each other in everyday life.
 * Post-Structuralism: This movement, with thinkers like Derrida and Foucault, challenges the stability and universality of meaning, suggesting it is fluid, context-dependent, and a product of discourses of power.
 * Semiotics: This is perhaps the closest field to what you're describing. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. It's a field that intersects with linguistics, philosophy, and anthropology, focusing on how meaning is created and understood.
 * Social Constructionism: This perspective, associated with Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, argues that many of the most familiar aspects of our social world and our understanding of it are not natural, but rather constructed through ongoing social processes.
 * Sociolinguistics: This interdisciplinary field examines how language use and social factors are interrelated. It looks at how different social contexts and groups shape language, communication styles, and the meanings conveyed through language.
 * Speech Act Theory: This theory explores how language is used not just for conveying information but for performing actions. Searle, in particular, contributed to the development of social ontology, examining how shared understandings and intentions create a framework for meaningful communication and social reality.
 * Symbolic Interactionism: Mead's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in the development of the mind and the self. Meaning, in this view, arises from the process of interaction and communication between individuals.


text:
Chatbots For Social Change/Research Project Ideas

Introduction
In the development of chatbots for social change, ethical considerations are paramount. As these conversational agents begin to play a more significant role in society, the responsibilities of their creators expand. They must consider not only the functionality and effectiveness of these chatbots but also the moral implications of their deployment.

Random Digit Dialing Chatbot Outreach
Aim: To build rapport with individuals through chatbots, gaining an in-depth understanding of their daily concerns, political views, and other relevant aspects of their lives.

Positives:
 * Diverse Sampling: RDD allows for reaching a broad and varied cross-section of society, potentially including those often overlooked in traditional surveys.
 * Direct Engagement: Provides a personal communication channel with individuals, fostering a more profound comprehension of their unique perspectives.
 * Flexibility: Conversations can be tailored dynamically, adapting to the comfort and interest levels of the participants.
 * Anonymous Feedback: Individuals may offer more honest input, believing that anonymity ensures a judgment-free environment.

Negatives:
 * Perceived as Intrusive: Unrequested calls may be considered a breach of privacy and disruptive.
 * Potential Mistrust: Suspicion might arise when discussing sensitive topics with an unidentified or automated caller.
 * Efficiency Concerns: The possibility of a high rate of unresponsive or brief calls may necessitate a substantial volume of attempts to collect meaningful data.
 * Ethical Concerns: The ethical implications of recording and scrutinizing personal discussions pose significant challenges.

Intervention Design:
 * Initiator: A neutral body aiming to gauge societal moods and mitigate divisions.
 * Method:
 * Introduction: The chatbot should introduce itself clearly, outlining its purpose, the backing organization, and the voluntary nature of participation.
 * Unscripted Dialogue: Conversations should be organic, allowing the individual to steer the discussion while the chatbot remains responsive and understanding.
 * Feedback Loop: After the conversation, participants should have the opportunity to offer feedback or suggestions.

Aim:
 * Understand Societal Pulse: To capture the public's primary concerns and opinions on diverse topics.
 * Bridge Divides: By grasping different viewpoints, design interventions to correct misunderstandings, biases, or misinformation.
 * Promote Democratic Values: To encourage active participation in democracy, emphasizing the significance of being well-informed and engaged.

Ethical Considerations:

 * Consent: Ascertain that individuals are fully comfortable with the conversation and aware of their right to discontinue at any time.
 * Data Protection: Any data recorded should be with explicit consent and for a clearly defined purpose. Anonymization of data is essential.
 * Transparency: The chatbot must be upfront about its objectives, the entity behind it, and the use of the information collected.

This intervention, if ethically crafted and implemented with transparency and respect, has the potential to offer valuable insights into public sentiment and could be a powerful instrument for understanding and bridging societal rifts.

Local Community Bridge Chatbot
The Local Community Bridge Chatbot concept leverages technology to serve as a conduit between local governance and the community. It is an endeavor to blend the traditional media channels with emerging conversational technologies to ensure inclusivity in public discourse.

Media: Local radio shows and community TV channels.

Positives:
 * Inclusive: Targets a demographic that may be disconnected from digital advancements, such as the elderly or those averse to technology.
 * Hyperlocal Focus: Tackles issues that are directly relevant to the local populace, ensuring that the content is tailored to the audience's immediate environment.
 * Trust: Utilizes the established credibility of local media to facilitate a more trustworthy interaction with the chatbot.

Negatives:
 * Limited Interactivity: Traditional media formats offer constrained opportunities for two-way communication compared to digital platforms.
 * Limited Reach: The influence of the chatbot is confined to the listenership or viewership of the particular media outlet.

Intervention Design:
 * Initiator: Spearheaded by local leaders or local broadcast entities.
 * Approach:
 * Scheduled Sessions: Allocate regular segments where the chatbot can engage with the audience on local matters.
 * Phone-ins: Enable listeners or viewers to interact with the chatbot by calling into the live program.
 * Pre-submitted Queries: Offer a platform for the audience to send questions ahead of the broadcast, with selected inquiries addressed on air.
 * Feedback Loop: Utilize community responses to refine and enhance the chatbot's utility in subsequent sessions.

Aim:
 * Information Dissemination: The chatbot acts as a vehicle for distributing trustworthy information pertaining to local affairs.
 * Conflict Resolution: Employ the chatbot to offer impartial resolution suggestions for local disputes.
 * Community Building: Utilize the chatbot to propose and promote community-enhancing activities.
 * Education: Conduct educational broadcasts on subjects of local significance.

Execution:
 * Partnerships: Forge collaborations with local media outlets for broadcast opportunities.
 * Promotion: Leverage community channels and word-of-mouth to raise awareness about the chatbot's scheduled sessions.
 * Training: Equip the chatbot with knowledge of local dialects, cultural contexts, and current issues.
 * Moderation: Include a human moderator to oversee live sessions, providing clarification and intervention when necessary.
 * Feedback Mechanism: Solicit audience feedback through various accessible channels to gauge response and improve the chatbot's performance.

By embedding the chatbot within well-established local media, the Local Community Bridge Chatbot aims to address pertinent issues while reinforcing communal bonds and fostering a shared sense of trust and understanding.

Debate Bot
Aim: The Debate Bot is designed to stimulate critical thinking and argumentation skills by engaging users in structured debates, with the added goal of allowing the bot to learn from human input and reflecting a wide array of viewpoints.

Positives:
 * Promotes Critical Thinking: Users are encouraged to think critically and articulate their reasoning.
 * Understanding Diversity: The bot presents diverse opinions, offering users a broader perspective.
 * Continuous Learning: As it interacts with different arguments, the bot evolves, potentially leading to more advanced debates.
 * Safe Environment: A virtual platform allows for practice without personal confrontations.

Negatives:
 * Potential Bias: There is a risk of the bot reflecting and reinforcing existing biases.
 * Over-reliance: Users may start to regard the bot's responses as definitive, hindering independent thought.
 * Emotionless Interaction: The absence of emotional intelligence in bots can limit understanding of debate nuances.

Intervention Design:
 * Initiator: Could be developed by educational bodies, debate organizations, or tech companies as a public engagement platform.
 * Method:
 * Topic Selection: Users choose or input topics for the debate.
 * Stance Determination: The bot can take a counter position to the user, a predefined stance, or remain neutral to facilitate the debate.
 * Debate Flow: The debate follows a format with introductions, rebuttals, and conclusions.
 * Feedback Mechanism: Participants can provide feedback on the bot's performance to enhance future interactions.

Goals:
 * Skill Enhancement: Aims to help users improve their debating skills.
 * Exposure to Diversity: Offers a range of perspectives to foster empathy and broad-mindedness.
 * Continuous Learning: The bot learns from diverse user interactions to improve its debating capability.

Implementation Considerations:
 * Neutrality & Bias: It is crucial to maintain the bot's neutrality and monitor for biases.
 * Data Protection: User data must be safeguarded and utilized ethically.
 * Depth & Breadth: The bot should be able to discuss a wide array of topics with a deep understanding of each.

The Debate Bot initiative represents an innovative approach to discourse in an era where echo chambers are prevalent. It provides a safe space for users to challenge their thought processes and understand different viewpoints, which is vital for fostering a well-rounded and informed society.

Potpourri
As we continue to explore the convergence of technology and societal needs, it becomes clear that chatbots offer a unique opportunity to enhance understanding, challenge biases, and promote informed dialogue. Below are additional ideas that align with these objectives, contributing to the rich tapestry of our digital wikibook:
 * Perspective Carousel: This innovative approach introduces users to a spectrum of viewpoints on specific issues, presented in a random fashion to ensure broad exposure, including potentially challenging perspectives.
 * Scenario Simulations: Here, users are thrust into various hypothetical situations to make decisions that are then assessed through a prism of diverse cultural, ethical, and social lenses by the chatbot.
 * Historical Context Chat: This chatbot educates users on the historical context of contemporary issues, providing depth and background to today's debates and discussions.
 * Bias Challenge Platform: Users are encouraged to confront their beliefs as the chatbot provides counterpoints and data in a respectful manner, promoting critical self-reflection.
 * Global Voices Exchange: Simulating conversations with individuals from various parts of the world, this platform uses chatbot technology to expose users to international perspectives on common challenges.
 * Collaborative Solution Builder: Aiding users in brainstorming, the chatbot draws upon a wealth of problem-solving methods from diverse cultures and philosophies to find innovative solutions.
 * Media Dissect Bot: When users input news articles or media, the chatbot analyzes the content for biases and fallacies, offering alternative insights.
 * Cultural Norms Navigator: This tool enables users to interactively explore and understand different societal norms, values, and beliefs, enhancing intercultural competence.
 * Value Clarification Tool: Through interactive questioning, the chatbot assists users in articulating and comprehending their values and principles, fostering greater self-awareness.
 * Empathy Building Stories: Narrating experiences from varied perspectives, the chatbot allows users to empathize with the circumstances of others from different walks of life.

These initiatives aim to leverage technological advances to bridge understanding, counteract echo chambers, and cultivate a culture of constructive dialogue.

Continuing with the theme of chatbot applications:
 * Youth Counseling Chatbot: Designed to provide youths with a confidential space to discuss issues, accessible at any hour, though with the caveat of not comprehending complex human emotions and not being optimal for crisis interventions.
 * Diversity-promoting Chatbot Assistants: Aimed at providing users with alternative viewpoints, these assistants can be a boon for broadening horizons if used with transparency to avoid the sense of 'nudging.'
 * Conflict Mediation Interface: As an impartial tool, this interface can dissect perspectives and suggest resolutions, though it may not replace the nuanced understanding that human mediators offer.
 * Story Sharing Chatbot: Encourages a global exchange of personal narratives to foster empathy and understanding, requiring careful moderation to ensure authenticity and appropriateness.
 * Elderly Companion Chatbot: Offers company and reminders to seniors, contributing positively to their mental health, yet it cannot substitute for genuine human contact and may lead to over-reliance on technology.

Further expanding the horizon, we delve into civic engagement:
 * Voter Education Terminals: Non-partisan kiosks that demystify the electoral process and offer clarity on candidates and policies.
 * Fact-Check Chatbot Hotline: A quick-access phone line to verify facts, aiding in combating misinformation.
 * Digital Democracy Forums: Online chatbot-moderated spaces for citizens to debate civic issues, develop solutions, and prioritize community projects.
 * Community Action Toolkit: Devices with integrated chatbots that guide individuals through the process of initiating and organizing local movements.
 * Civic Engagement Workshops: Chatbot-led educational sessions in community centers emphasize the significance of democratic participation and media literacy.
 * Policy Understanding Interface: Web portals where chatbots simplify complex policy texts, enabling citizens to make informed decisions.
 * Youth Democracy Companion: Devices in educational settings that utilize chatbots to teach democratic principles interactively.
 * Misinformation Alert System: Social media-integrated chatbots that flag potential misinformation and provide fact-checking in real time.
 * Collaborative Decision-making Dashboard: Platforms for joint decision-making in communities with chatbot facilitation for equitable involvement.
 * Transparency Beacon: Tools that utilize chatbots to shed light on governmental decisions, budget allocations, and policy-making, enhancing governmental transparency.

Each concept demonstrates a commitment to fostering an informed, empathetic, and engaged society, where technology serves as a bridge rather than a barrier between different ideologies and experiences. As with any technology, careful consideration must be given to the design and implementation to ensure that chatbots serve the public good, respect user autonomy, and support the critical evaluation of information.

Conclusion
Chatbots, especially when used for social change, inhabit a space where innovation meets responsibility. The ethical framework outlined in this chapter is not exhaustive but provides a foundation for thinking about the implications of deploying chatbots in a social context. It's a call for developers and implementers to recognize the weight of their creations and to proceed with a conscientious commitment to the greater good.


text:
Chatbots For Social Change/Dirk Helbing

Dirk Helbing, an esteemed scholar at the forefront of complex systems, social dynamics, and computational science, has been instrumental in exploring the interplay between technology and society. His recent endeavors in advancing the concept of deliberative democracy, especially through his contributions in "Democracy 2.0," underscore the transformative potential of chatbots in facilitating and enhancing human discourse. His collaboration and insights serve as a cornerstone for this course, which delves into the profound impact of chatbots on our collective future.

Ethical and Societal Implications of Chatbots
 Opportunities and Challenges  Chatbots offer transformative opportunities for enhancing user interaction with technology, providing a platform for information access and engagement. Yet, these opportunities are accompanied by challenges that are not immediately apparent, necessitating a proactive approach to identify and mitigate potential risks. The development of chatbots should not be driven by the pursuit of an "average" or uniform standard, as this risks the homogenization of society and undermines the robustness that diversity brings to social systems. Instead, chatbots should be designed to reflect a wide array of thoughts, supporting a tapestry of perspectives that enrich the societal discourse.

 Ethical Influence and Autonomy  The ethical use of chatbots centers around the principles of consent and self-determination. Influencing users without their explicit consent raises ethical concerns, highlighting the need for transparency in how chatbots are used as tools for individual empowerment rather than for manipulation. Preserving user autonomy in decision-making is crucial, ensuring that chatbots support rather than undermine the individual's ability to make informed choices. This is particularly relevant in the context of virtual reality experiments, where the immersive nature of the technology holds significant potential for influencing user perceptions and behaviors.

Chatbots in Conflict Resolution and Social Cohesion
 Bridging Perspectives  Chatbots have the potential to serve as mediators in conflict resolution by exposing individuals to a multitude of perspectives, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the issues at hand. This process, while intricate and time-consuming, can be instrumental in identifying the roots of conflicts and facilitating pathways towards resolution. By promoting empathy and understanding, chatbots can contribute to diffusing societal tensions and building a more cohesive social fabric.

 Diversity and Customization  A diverse ecosystem of chatbots is essential to cater to the varied needs and preferences of users. Encouraging the development of multiple chatbot models ensures that no single approach becomes dominant, allowing for a more personalized and user-centric experience. This diversity not only enhances the user experience but also serves as a safeguard against the risks associated with a one-size-fits-all solution, which can lead to large-scale, institutionalized errors.

Security and Long-Term Impact of Chatbots
 System Vulnerability and Security  The susceptibility of chatbot systems to hijacking and misuse is an ongoing concern that requires constant vigilance and innovation in security measures. As with any system, there is an arms race between those working to maintain stability and those with malicious intent. Drawing from the stabilizing features of scientific inquiry, it is imperative to understand and incorporate similar features into chatbot systems to ensure their resilience and robustness.

 Delayed Consequences and Ethical Research  The conversation around chatbots also touches on the potential for delayed societal consequences, which may not become evident until years into the future. This underscores the importance of a cautious approach to the deployment of chatbots, with a focus on the long-term implications of their integration into daily life. Ethical research and development in the field of AI must prioritize the advancement of knowledge while being cognizant of the potential for misuse, especially by entities that may disregard ethical considerations for profit or political gain.

Deeper Reflections on the Role of Chatbots
This section was written by GPT-4, and offers some food for thought, extending the conversation with Dirk Helbing.

 Balancing Scalability with Individual Needs  The scalability of chatbots presents a paradox; while it allows for widespread access and utility, it also risks the loss of individualized responses that cater to specific user contexts. The challenge lies in designing chatbots that can provide the efficiency benefits of scalability while maintaining the ability to personalize interactions. This balance is critical in ensuring that chatbots remain versatile and effective across a broad spectrum of scenarios without compromising the unique needs of each user.

 Transparency, Accountability, and Public Engagement  Transparency and accountability in chatbot operations are essential to build trust and ensure that users understand the rationale behind the chatbot's responses. Public education and awareness initiatives are equally important, equipping users with the knowledge to critically engage with chatbot technology and understand its limitations. Feedback mechanisms play a pivotal role in this ecosystem, providing a direct channel for users to influence the evolution of chatbot systems and ensuring that developers can respond to concerns and improve the technology continuously.

 Ethical Frameworks and Regulatory Considerations  The development and deployment of chatbots must be underpinned by robust ethical frameworks that guide their influence on individual decision-making. As chatbots become more integrated into societal functions, the question of regulation becomes increasingly pertinent. What role should regulation play, and how can it be implemented to foster innovation while protecting individual rights and societal values? These questions highlight the need for a collaborative approach involving policymakers, technologists, and the public to navigate the complex ethical landscape of AI and chatbots.

title: Chatbots For Social Change/Dirk Helbing


text: Category:Book:Chatbots For Social Change


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6/4. e4/4...fxe4/5. Nxe4/5...Bg7/6. Nf3/6...c6/7. Bd3/7...d5/8. cxd5/8...cxd5/9. Bb5/9...Nc6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6/11. Nc5

= Bladel Main Lines =

Bladel Attack, Main Line
The move Nc5 enters the Bladel Main Lines or in short the Bladel Main Lines. White has managed to get a dominant position. White has now an outpost for the knight. This knight on c5 is called an octupus knight; it controls 8 squares. This is very difficult to face as black. It restricts black from creating counter play on the queen side. But black has compensation in the shapes of not one but two semi open files for each rook. Black castles short. White can choose to either castle short or castle long. Keep in mind, that this is a sharp opening for both sides. White has more space and therfore more opportunities to control the flow of the game. Black how ever has a lot of activity which leaves room for counter play. As a result of that white has a slight advantage in all of these lines.

Van Foreest Counter Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.O-O Bg4 13.Re1 Qc8

With the move Bg4 on move 12 by black, we enter the Van Foreest Counter Attack. If white decides to castle early. Black has the chance to take the initiative. White's king looks save but it is not. The knight on f3 is a key weakness and a target for black. It is only defended by the g-pawn and the queen. In general the queen is a great attacker but a weak defender. Black threatens to sacrifice the rook to compromise white's pawn structure and create a king side attack. The queen can join and is supported by the rook and the knight. Furthermore, white must not take the pawn on e7. It looks free but it leads to the Helsinki Trap. It looks like white is just losing the rook. But it is far worse than that. Black can pretend to win the rook and go for an all out attack. Even with best play, black is going to win either by winning the queen or by checkmate. White has to find the only move here to continue. White must nutralize the knight on h6 with Bxh6.

Isouard Defence
11.Nc5 O-O 12.O-O Rb8 13.Re1 Bg4

With the move Rb8 on move 12 by black, we enter the Isouard Defence. Black pretends to create a queen side attack but goes instead for a center pawn push later on. Positional exchange sacrifice like a rook for a knight is quite common in these types of positions. White will be forced to trade off the octupus knight for black's light bishop to slow black down. White's long term plan is to create a passing along the a-file and b-file. To accomplish this white will force black to trade the rook on b8.

Van Lennep Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.Bxh6 Bxh6 13.Qd3 Qa5+ 14.Qc3 Qxc3 15.bxc3

With the move Bxh6 on move 12 by white, we enter the Van Lennep Attack. The idea is to prevent problems before they can grow. White eliminates the threats from black early on. Furthermore, white allows black to give a check with the queen. In the main line of the van Lennep Attack white offers a queen trade early on, which gets usually accepted by black. Black can however deny the trade with more positional Qb6 or with the even more aggressive Qb5 on move 14. The van Lennp Attack can be either positional, in the event of queen trades. In the event of Qb5 on move 14 it gets very sharp and tactical. If black plays Qb6 on move 14, which is black's stronges reply, we get a mixture of positinal play with sharp tactical ideas as well.

Petrovic Attack
11.Nc5 O-O 12.Qd2 Bh3 13.Rg1

With the move Qd2 on move 12 by white, we enter the Van Petrovic Attack. White will delay to castle. White will castle long later on and allow black to attack queen side. White will launch a king side attack in return. Black seeks to undermine the knight on f3 with tactiacl ideas. White cannot take the bishop or the knight will fall. Therefore white will defend with g1. It is a mulitipurpose move. The idea is to line up the rook against black's king and launch an attack. This leads to a very sharp and complicated line where both sides attack each other on both sides. It is common, that the Petrovic Attack leads to a queen vs queen fight in the end game.

Theory table
1. d4 f5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nh6 4.e4 fxe4 5.Nxe4 Bg7 6.Nf3 c6 7.Bd3 d5 8.cxd5 cxd5 9.Bb5+ Nc6 10.Bxc6+ bxc6 11.Nc5


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6/4. e4/4...fxe4/5. Nxe4/5...Bg7/6. Nf3/6...c6/7. Bd3/7...d5/8. cxd5/8...cxd5/9. Bb5/9...Nc6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6/11.Nc5

please delete this site
the notations are wrong and has been corrected + moved to this location: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess_Opening_Theory/1._d4/1...f5/2._c4/2...g6/3._Nc3/3...Nh6/4._e4/4...fxe4/5._Nxe4/5...Bg7/6._Nf3/6...c6/7._Bd3/7...d5/8._cxd5/8...cxd5/9._Bb5/9...Nc6/10._Bxc6/10...bxc6/11._Nc5

the final "_" at 11.Nc5 -> 11._Nc5 has been corrected XD including the links resfering to it from "Bladel Moder Variations" Because of this bug -> the lichess.org can not access it properly -> has been fixed now 84.16.179.218 (discuss) 08:38, 6 November 2023 (UTC)


text: User talk:Svadia-Sweden

title: User talk:Svadia-Sweden


text:
A Guide to Discord/User Status

The user status consists of seven settings to serve as notification settings. They can be updated by clicking on your profile picture in the bottom-left corner.

Online
Online is the default status. You will receive notifications, use Discord normally, and show up in the member list normally.

Idle
The Idle status is set automatically if there is no mouse movement or typing for 10 minutes while online. It also hides the users current non-game activity, such as Spotify. The status will return to online if activity in the window resumes, unless it was set manually. The Idle status performs the same way as Online Status.

Do Not Disturb
Do Not Disturb disables all desktop and push notifications, even from mentions.

Streaming
The Streaming status can only be set when streaming on an account connected to your Discord account. It performs the same way as Do Not Disturb.

Invisible
Invisible lets you use Discord normally while appearing offline.

Offline
Applied to your account as soon as you lose connection.

Phone
A green phone icon replaces the standard Online icon for mobile users.

Custom
The custom status lets you display a message on your profile. You can add one emoji before the text, and add custom emojis if you have Nitro. There is a 128 character limit. There is an option to make the message expire after a certain period of time, ranging from 30 minutes to 24 hours.

title: A Guide to Discord/User Status