text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Cecil Ralph Newman Morris/Notes

1905 03
Qld marriage registration for 4LW's parents Ralph Morris and Dorcas Agnes Morris nee Newman
 * Qld BDM
 * Marriage registration: Ralph Morris
 * Marriage date: 01/03/1905
 * Spouse's name: Dorcas Agnes Newman
 * Registration details: 1905/C/856

1906 06
Qld birth registration for 4LW
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Cecil Ralph Newman Morris
 * Birth date: 26/06/1906
 * Mother's name: Dorcas Agnes Newman
 * Father/parent's name: Ralph Morris
 * Registration details: 1906/C/4161

1907 05
Qld birth registration for 4LW's wife Jessie Gladys Morris nee Dalziel
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Jessie Gladys Morris
 * Birth date: 27/05/1907
 * Mother's name: Eliza Maggie McMillan
 * Father/parent's name: James Dalziel
 * Registration details: 1907/C/5752

1911 02
Qld birth registration for 4LW's sister Delsie Grace Morris
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Delsie Grace Morris
 * Birth date: 25/02/1911
 * Mother's name: Dorcas Agnes Newman
 * Father/parent's name: Ralph Morris
 * Registration details: 1911/C/3326

1924 09
"ITEMS ABOUT AMATEURS. Mr. W. Sayce, of Paddington Heights, reports having heard the following stations:— Queensland: 4AN, 4CN, 4EG (Toowoomba). New South Wales: 2FC, 2BL, 2GR, 2EM, 2CM. Victoria: 3AR. This is the Victorian broadcasting station, which, Mr. Sayce remarks, is giving some very good programmes."

1928 08
"RADIO NOTES. . . . (By 'DX Hound'). . . . NEW LICENCES. 4CN, C. R. N. Morris, Elizabeth-street, Rosalie, Brisbane. 5NC, Norwood Radio Club, 60 Osmond Terrace, Norwood, South Australia. 2WP, W. T. Potter, Fletcher-street, Helensburgh, New South Wales. 2RL, A. R. Litchfield, Springwell, Cooma, New South Wales. 2HO, H. Hart, 112 Fairlight Crescent, Manly, New South Wales."

1928 11
"Radioqueries. Answered by 'Proton. . . . 'DETECTOR VALVE OVER-LOADING.' 'Squeak' (Torwood) has a three-valve set which is extremely sensitive yet gives unsatisfactory reception on local stations, such as 4RM, 4CN, and 4QG, when these stations are tuned to their true wave lengths. As the audio stages work perfectly with a pickup, he asks us to suggest the trouble. Answer:— I think we may take the trouble to lie in the detector valve, and my opinion is that it lies with the grid leak. The lower the value of the grid leak the less sensitive and more selective a set becomes, but more important still the quality is also greatly improved. Now your leak has probably become defective, and the true megohmage is much greater than that rated. This means that your detector valve is too sensitive for strong signals, and is overloading. The remedy is a new leak for local work, and I suggest a one megohm metallised type."

1929 04
"THE DX3 PRAISED. J. T. (Greenslopes) writes: Being an enthusiastic constructor of valve receiving sets, permit me, after trying several well-known circuits, to state a few facts regarding the DX3. I operated a four-valve tuned plate receiver before Brisbane had a broadcasting station. This, with a specially constructed wave trap of my own design, gave very good results, but in my mind, using only two valves with a DX3 receiver, equally good if not better results than three valves of the tuned plate are obtained. I have already shown you a list of 16 stations received in as many minutes on two valves of the DX3, 10 of which were clearly heard on the speaker. With the three valves, using a Philips' B battery eliminator and a good filter output, great volume and clarity is obtained from all 'A' class stations excepting 6WF, and good volume and clarity from the B class stations and local amateur experimental transmitting stations. I am only two and a half miles air line from 4QG, with quite a large number of valve receivers oscillating round me each night, and having spent many months on recent circuits consider the DX3, accurately constructed of good material, to be 'on its own' as an efficient and simple three-valve receiver. From the number of requests for this circuit no doubt other amateurs are equally as keen as I to obtain a good instrument at moderate cost and upkeep, and I can assure them, should they construct the DX3 it will convince them. The list mentioned comprised: 2FC, 2BL, 2UE, 2UW, 2KY, 3UZ, 3LO, 3AR, 5CL, 5DN, 7ZL, 1YA, 2YA, 3YA (New Zealand), 4QG, 4CN, 4NW, and a number of others, including JOAK and JOCK (Japan), all on speaker with only two of the three valves used."

1929 05
"OUR WIRELESS CIRCLE. Radioqueries. (Answered by 'Proton.') . . . THE BON IDEAL. 'Bon Ideal' (Nundah) has built the Bon Ideal Receiver with great success, but he cannot receive the amateur stations, and asks why and what crystal set will. Answer:— The peculiar coil design restricts the tuning range so that your set will not tune to low wave lengths, such as 250 metres, used by amateur stations. Your results are very good, indeed. The inter-State crystal receiver will tune in 4NW, 4RM, and 4CN as you desire."

1929 07
"NOTABLE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DX4. Mr. Les. Court, Union-street, Toowong, writes:— I feel I must write and let you know how the DX Four has been working. It is absolutely the best four-valve set that I have had anything to do with, the stations absolutely falling in. The marked characteristics of the set are: (1) Enormous daylight range on loud speaker. (2) Total absence of hand capacity. (3) Marked selectivity, with tremendous volume and tone. (4) Loudspeaker reception on amateurs. Below are some of the stations received on this set regularly:— Queensland: 4WN, 4NW, 4TC, 4RO, 4GR, 4JB, 4CN, 4JU, 4RM, 4QG, 4BH, 4MF. New South Wales: 2FC, 2BL, 2UE, 2UW, 2KY, 2GB. Victoria: 3LO, 3AR, 3BY, 3EF, 3AD, 3AM, 3BM, 3DB, 3UZ. South Australia: 5CL, 5DN, 5KA. Tasmania: 7L., New Zealand: 1YA, 2YA, 3YA, 4YA (all except 4YA on speaker). Japan: JOAK, JOCK, JOBK (loud speaker). Manila: KZRM. South Africa: JB. I have received cards from nearly all these stations, so as to verify my reception. From 3 p.m. onwards I can receive loud speaker reception on 2FC and 2BL, 3LO and 3AR. I will conclude by saying that the results obtained from the DX Four will equal any six valve set, especially for anyone who desires a modern set giving good results. My heartiest congratulations, and I hope your future experiments will be an even greater success than the DX Four."

1929 09
"INTERSTATE CRYSTAL SET. Reprinted to Meet Popular Demand. (By Proton.) Early in May the Interstate crystal set first appeared in these columns, and copies of The Sunday Mail giving constructional details were soon sold out. Consequently, I have received innumerable calls for circuit diagrams and a reprint of the article. So pressing have these demands become of late, that the Interstate makes its second appearance, this time as a well-known 'star.' Very many readers have written, telling what wonderful results this little set has given, and although I will believe anything of radio, I cannot help expressing surprise when 5CL is heard on a crystal set by a number of Brisbane residents. Crystal sets come and go, but for many they seem to hold an unquenchable fascination perhaps on account of their unending possibilities. The Interstate crystal set was designed to be even better than its predecessor, the Bon Ideal, which failed to do for some all that it was supposed to do; but remember, neither will the Interstate unless you adhere to the general design, and use it with a good high aerial. A good aerial is the secret of success with a loud speaker crystal set. Some localities are not all they might be, but usually the trouble lies in faulty construction. As a crystal set depends upon the actual energy received from the broadcasting station for its operation, you must have a good aerial or pickup system in order to repeat results detailed. Bad aerial system only gives bad results. The Litz wire is used to enable maximum efficiency to be obtained. This wire consists Of nine strands of 38 gauge wire each insulated from one another by a silk covering, and held together by a double silk sheath. The wire has a very low high-frequency resistance, hence it is most valuable when dealing with minute currents, as in the case of crystal sets. Balance is the keynote of efficiency in electrical circuits, and, as radio is but a branch of the major science, we can apply the system to our radio circuits with greatly improved results. Consequently, I have introduced a tapping device in this receiver to permit each operator to balance up his or her particular conditions. As an illustration of the point, I will quote an example: The unit of power is a watt. If we have a generator connected to a circuit the resistance of which is equal to that of the generator windings, we will obtain the maximum output power in watts for any particular generator speed. If the resistance across the generator windings is higher or lower than that of the generator windings, the power output in watts will not be so high as when the two circuits are in a state of balance. Since the original appearance of the Interstate crystal set it has been subjected to all manner of test by readers of these columns. Following is a summary of stations received: 4QG, 4RM, 4NW, and 4CN, on the loud speaker; 4MF and 4CG, on 'phones; inter-State, 2FC, 2BL, 2UE, and 2GB (Sydney), 3LO and 3AR (Melbourne), 5CL (Adelaide). From particulars given, 4QG gives such volume on the speaker that it can be heard anywhere in the room and easily followed, whilst it is usual to be able to understand announcements in the next room — a really remarkable feat for any crystal set. Getting down to business: To build the Interstate similar to the original, you will require the following com ponents:—"

1929 12
"VK4CN NOW CHANGED TO VK4LW. The amateur station VK4CN, which has delighted so many of us during the last 12 months, with excellently modulated transmission of electrically reproduced gramophone records, has been advised from Melbourne that on account of confusion with the call sign of another Morse station, the call sign has been changed to VK4LW. VK4LW certainly provides the best amateur transmission, closely followed by VK4NW, the operators of both stations being particularly keen radio men. Consequently when you hear first-rate music coming over the air under the call letters of VL4LW [sic, VK4LW], do not think you have come across a new 'fourer;' it is only our old friend painted up for Christmas and the New Year, when he intends increasing his power to about 50 watts, so that all crystal friends may enjoy an early transmission on Sundays."

"RADIOQUERIES. Answered by 'Proton.' STATION 4LW RAISED. E.A.H. (Edward-street) writes, further to last Sunday's note concerning the change from 4CN to 4LW, a letter of appreciation of the excellent programmes, and states that the quality of the transmission last Sunday morning was superior to that of any he has heard from any station, broadcasting or amateur. He asks why such excellent transmission should be curtailed during the broadcast hours, when it is superior to A class stations. Answer.— 4LW certainly is at the top of amateur form, and I, like you, enjoyed his last Sunday's transmission very much. I am forwarding your letter to 4LW, and if you have not already written to him in similar strain, he will no doubt acknowledge it. The amateur and experiments are both absolutely in the hands of the wireless section of the Postmaster-General's department, so his instructions must be obeyed. Indeed, it is hard on the amateurs who have done an incredible amount of good for radio generally, but the powers controlling radio have a hard task before them, as the transmitting frequencies are becoming more crowded every day, and they must give commercial companies, who have thousands of pounds at stake, the first preference."

1930 01
"RADIOQUERIES. Answered by 'Proton.' . . . WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? P. N. (Hawthorne) has a two-valve set on which he used to tune in the local amateurs, 4LW (late 4CM (sic, 4CN)), 4MW (sic, 4NW), and 4TC, nearly every night, but lately he cannot tune then in and asks what is likely to be wrong with his set, or have the amateurs changed their wavelength? Answer.— Alas! they have changed their wavelength, right down to 40 metres during broadcasting hours. Under instructions from the wireless branch at the P.M.G.'s Department, these stations are not allowed to transmit on the 200-250 metre band during the broadcast hours; so we in Queensland miss the best transmissions we ever had, irrespective of class. However, there is a little consolation in the fact that some of the old favourites, such as 4LW, may be heard on Sunday morning before 4QG is on the air. Most probably there it nothing wrong with your set. You have been trying to receive stations not on the air."

1930 03
"THE OLD TIMERS' TWO. Embodying the P.I. Circuit. (By 'Proton.') During the last few months readers have made a steady yet constant demand for details of our old friend, the P.I, which was the popular circuit for both commercial and amateur use in the early days of the three-electrode valve. The reason for this demand is undoubtedly due to the symbol by which this circuit is knows, for it is very unsatisfying; it conveys nothing of the nature of the circuit. This, coupled with recent radioquery discussions, has provided the reason for submitting the Old Timers' Two in these columns. . . . The Old Timers' report test log reads:—Local: 4QG, 4LW, 4NW. Sydney: 2KY, 2VE [sic, 2UE], 2UW, 2BG [sic, 2GB], 2BL, and 2FC. Melbourne: 3LO, 3DB, 3UZ, and 3AR. Adelaide: 5CL. Perth: 6WF. Hobart: 7ZL. New Zealand: 2YA, 3YA, and 4YA. Manila: KZRM. Japan: JOCK, JOAK, and JOBK. Evidence of the extreme sensitivity of the P.I,. of course as a two, speaker results were not obtained every night on the more distant stations, but Sydney and Melbourne came in without fail. The gear you will require is as fol lows: —"

1930 04
4LW included in list of Brisbane amateur broadcasters and impact of Brisbane B class foreshadowed "RADIO. Wireless Institute. Telephony Transmissions Members' Schedules. . . . TELEPHONY TRANSMISSIONS. In connection with telephony transmissions, it is interesting to note that the following schedule is adhered to by the leading amateur phone transmitters in Brisbane. VK4NW: Sundays, 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 8.15 p.m. to 10 p.m. Week nights, except Wednesday and Saturday, 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. Wave length 248 metres. VK4LW: Sundays, 9 a.m. to 10.30 a.m. and 10 p.m. to 11 p.m. Wave length 224 metres. VK4GO: 6.30 p.m. to 7.15 p.m. nightly. Sundays, 9.30 a.m. to 10.30 a.m. 6 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. Wave length, 227 metres. VK4PG: Sunday, 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Wave length, 222 metres. VK4WN: Sunday, 9.30 a.m. to 11 a.m. Wave length, 240 metres. VK4JU and VK4BH occasionally transmit on the band between 200 and 250 metres. This schedule will be subject to revision when the new regulations are in force as a result of the establishment of a B class station in this district. Any inquiries, regarding the institute should be addressed to the secretary, Major Leo J. Feenaghty (VK4LJ), Box T1412, G.P.O., Brisbane."

1930 05
"APPRECIATION. J. E. Lynch, Frith-street, South Brisbane, writes:— I have noticed several correspondents asking after a 1-valve amplifier. I built one which was published in the Sunday Mail some months ago, and I have met with great success. Both with the handy crystals and inter-State, I picked up after 4QG closed down, 3AR, 3LO, and 2FC with great strength on earphones, and VK4LW on Sunday mornings at 9.30 o'clock. I also picked up an other station which used Morse code, but being unable to read it did not know call sign. The name of amplifier referred to was 'A Neat One-valve Amplifier.' I will be pleased if W.S.F. (East Brisbane) would call on me or send his name and address, and I will be only too pleased to either show him or help him to build the amplifier. He may also hear it working. I am using a Spitfire speaker. Also if J.A.N. (International Hotel) sends his name and address the same applies to him in regards to giving him a copy of my amplifier. I have experimented with a few crystal sets, and I find that the popular 'Inter-State' out does the lot, both for volume, selectivity and range-finding."

1932 09
4LW noted for his efforts broadcasting, shortwave WT and now film on sound "VK4LW, Rosalie. There is no more energetic amateur than Mr. Cec. Morris, whose test transmissions from VK4LW, Rosalie, are very well known. He has been transmitting test programmes since 1928, and the station has achieved a wide popularity. Mr. Morris has not confined himself to the 200-metre band, however, but has done plenty of 'brass pounding' on the short waves, having been in touch with other experimenters in many parts of the world. Like all real enthusiasts, he is always keen on trying out something new, and lately has been experimenting with the reproduction of film recorded sound, as used in many 'talkie' systems. Judging by his test last weekend he is being rewarded with the same success in this that has characterised his other work."

1932 11
4LW transferred to Hughenden and Cloncurry, Brisbane station to close down "Closing Down. The cheery voice of Mr. C. Morris, of VK4LW, Rosalie, will be off the air in about three to four weeks' time, for he has been transferred to Hughenden and Cloncurry, where his duties in the transmission branch of the telephone service will keep him busily occupied. Mr. Morris does not know how long he will be absent from Brisbane, and consequently is closing down his station, which will be a loss to the work of amateur experimentation and to the general listener, for few amateur transmitters have so many friends among set-owners as 4LW. Always ready to help a troubled 'fan' from his own wide store of wireless knowledge, and always in the conduct of his station a model of efficiently and courtesy, VK4LW will be missed by everybody."

1934 07
4LW operates from Gayndah for a few weeks "COUNTRY NEWS. . . . GAYNDAH. For several weeks Mr. C. R. Morris, owner-operator of experimental wireless station VK4LW, Brisbane, has been operating from Gayndah. Much local interest has been created in the broadcasts, and reports from the surrounding district speak well of the transmissions. Mr. Morris has been assisted by Messrs. F. G. Coley and T. Collins."

4LW included in list of Qld amateurs licensed to use the broadcast band "On The Air Next Week. Sunday, July 8. . . . A AND B CLASS STATIONS. The following is a list of the Australian A and B class stations, with their waves arranged according to metrical length in order to facilitate easy dialing on receiving sets:— . . . QUEENSLAND AMATEURS. 193 metres, VK4SS, Coorparoo, Brisbane; 200, VK4JU, Brisbane; 200, VK4LG, Laidley; 201, VK4RJ, Hamilton, Brisbane; 203, VK4RM, Mackay; 204, VK4RV, Cunnamulla; 204, VK4VH, Townsville; 204, VK4KL, Cairns; 205, VK4PC, Sandgate; 206, VK4JO, Gympie; 212, VK4LW, Ashgrove; 214, VK4AB, Townsville; 218, VK4GS, Paddington, Brisbane; 218, VK4PK, Ipswich; 230, VK4JN, Mitchelton, Brisbane; 231, VK4GG, Chinchilla; 234, VK4QL, Paddington, Brisbane; 238, VK4PW, Ipswich."

1935 04
4LW included in references to Brisbane broadcasting stations as a peer "A PLEA FOR THE PERFECT CRYSTAL SET. (By Horace J. Carkeet) Adjectives are apt to be used too wildly and freely, in describing the merits of various crystal circuits, published from time to time, in Australian wireless journals. Whenever a new circuit makes its appearance we see that it is 'the best we have ever tried: it brought in 4QG, 4BC, 4BK, and 4BH like a champion, with absolutely no interference from each other. We can get so and so.' Out of all the various circuits described, how many have been worth the time and trouble spent in building them? Not many, I am afraid. I, myself, have built many of them. Let me point out, however, that I reside in a suburb that receives a 'blanketing' from a transmitter nearby. This station can be found on any place on the dial with most sets, so you will see that this locality provides a good test for a crystal receiver. Many sets of many types, including 'The Mystery,' 'The Interstate,' 'The All-Four,' and 'The Countryman's Crystal' have been tested. 'The Mystery' was the set that created no little sensation on its initial appearance. The designer of this set wrote: ' 'The Mystery' crystal receiver is so called because I do not know why it should be so good.' The circuit was something new to crystal set builders. It was the first circuit I had seen consisting of two coils wound together on the one former. The aerial coil, which was tuned, had two aerial points without an earth connection. The detector and output was untuned, and the receiver's earth arrangement a very unusual one. A freak set many called it, and I am inclined to agree. I gave this set a thorough testing on insulated, seven-strand wire aerial, 50 feet high, and 100 feet long. The result was that I tuned in 4QG, 4BC, and 4BK, with 4BC interfering with 4BK. Cutting the aerial down to 70 feet, but letting it remain at the same height, 4QG, 4BC, and 4BK were again brought in, 4BC still interfering with 4BK. Station 4BH was heard on Sundays only, at noon, when the other stations were off the air, and very weak at that. VK4LW, also very weak, could be also heard on Sunday mornings, until 4BC came on the air and wiped him out of existence. Putting the set on an aerial 4 feet long, clipped on to a corrugated iron roof, the same results were obtained, except that 4LW disappeared altogether. A little volume was lost by this method but selectivity increased, but still there was the annoying interference from 4BC on 4BK. 'The Mystery' was dismantled at this stage to help build 'The Interstate,' which acted in a similar way. 'The Interstate' was a four-station set, so the designer said, but it gave me three stations with a lot of interference. 'The All-Four' gave me two. 'The Mystery' was easily the best of the three, but not just quite what I was looking for. It is a good set for any person who does not expect too much. But I am an experimenter striving to develop the 'perfect' set, and so you see I am not satisfied with three stations with interference thrown in. It is still a popular set, and many others have been designed on the same lines as 'The Mystery,' the best two of these somewhat similar sets being 'The Pep-Trap' and 'The Volmar.' A point worthy of mention is the phone condenser in these sets. You will see that the designers say that a .001 condenser between the phone terminals increases the volume quite considerably. I do not believe it, and have not noticed any difference at all. The latest set to be tried was 'The Countryman's Crystal.' Working off a roof aerial — that is, the wire connected to the roof by a paper clip — I managed to tune in 4QG, 4BC, and 4BK with a little interference from 4BC when I tuned in 4BK. I was surprised at the performance this set gave me. I thought it was rather good, taking into consideration that the set was intended for country use and that my aerial was an iron roof. What surprised me most, however, was the fact that the Technical Editor, in describing the set, said it was not at all suitable for reception within a few miles of two or more transmitters. I found it just the reverse. And I also began to experiment with it, and found that by reducing the coil of 45 turns to 40 and making a single tapping in it at the 31st turn that it was very selective and sharp indeed, and quite good; in fact, excellent for use in the metropolis. I can now tune in three stations. I am of the opinion that this set gets nearer the mark than its predecessors, and it only remains for some enterprising experimenter to add to it another variable condenser and possibly a second coil of some trap design and we shall have the perfect crystal receiver which will bring in the four locals without interference. I have only mentioned a few crystal receivers here, these being the best out of fifty or so I have constructed from Australian wireless publications. In conclusion, I say it is a pity we do not get more crystal circuits out of the various publications than we do, as many an interesting hour can be profitably spent in testing and experimenting with crystal sets."

1935 08
4BC extends Sunday morning transmissions to commence at 7am, preventing usual amateur broadcasting transmissions "SUNDAY MORNING TRANSMISSIONS. Amateur Stations Must They Be Discontinued? By 'LISTENER.' The announcement that station 4BC will commence transmission at 7 a.m. on Sundays as from September 1 has been received with some consternation by the operators of the amateur stations which hitherto have been providing good entertainment for listeners with their experimental transmissions on Sunday. The regulations of the wireless branch of the Postmaster-General's Department do not provide for experimental transmissions on the broadcast band, but it has been the custom of the authorities to issue permits to approved amateur stations to transmit on the band outside hours when A and B class stations are on the air. POPULAR PROGRAMMES. Working under these permits certain Brisbane experimental stations have been on the air from as early as 6.30 on Sunday mornings and have carried on transmissions until Station 4BC opened at 10 a.m., when they necessarily have had to close down. Station 4RJ, which is owned and operated by Rev. R. J. Delbridge, has been providing a unique programme of sacred music in conjunction with a devotional service which has earned for the station the designation of the 'Radio Church' and listeners also have had the choice of listening to other excellent stations such as 4LW, 4QL, 3EF, 4JN, 4PK and 4PW. Some of these stations have also given listeners further programmes of music after 10.30 p.m when the Brisbane broadcasting stations had closed down. CONTINUANCE SUGGESTED. Inquiries among the amateur station operators today showed that none has yet been advised by the wireless branch of the position in which amateurs will be placed when 4BC commences its transmissions at 7 a.m. on Sundays, but it is assumed that they will be forced off the air on Sunday mornings. Many listeners who were spoken to this morning expressed regret at the prospect of the amateurs being forced to discontinue their transmissions on the broadcast band on Sunday mornings. Those with technical knowledge expressed the opinion that in view of the undoubted popularity of the amateur stations and the fact that with the modern crystal control system with which these stations are equipped they would not interfere with the transmission from 4BC they should be allowed to continue on the air. It was suggested that it would be an excellent gesture on the part of the management of 4BC to raise no objection to an approved and limited number of amateur stations transmitting between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. on Sundays provided the stations were equipped with crystal control to prevent them wandering off their allotted wave lengths and interfering with 4BC's transmission."

1935 11
Qld marriage registration for 4LW's sister Delsie Grace Wood nee Morris
 * Qld BDM
 * Marriage registration: Delsie Grace Morris
 * Marriage date: 14/11/1935
 * Spouse's name: George Mitchell Wood
 * Registration details: 1935/B/23024

1938 05
4BH extends its Sunday transmission hours, 4LW required to alter frequency to 1500 kHz "Sunday Morning Amateur Broadcasters Transferred to New Wavelength. As Station 4BH will be on the air from 7 a.m. on Sundays commencing on June 5 amateur stations 4LW and 4JN, which have been transmitting experimental broadcasts on Sunday mornings on a wavelength approximating that used by 4BH will be transferred to 1,500 kilocycles. Thus if they continue to broadcast between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. on Sundays these stations, when on the air, will be found at the extreme end of the dial."

1939 04
4LW ill and does not conduct his regular Sunday morning broadcast "VK4LW OFF AIR TEMPORARILY. Owing to the indisposition of the operator, VK4LW will not be conducting its usual experimental transmission on Sunday. It is hoped that the station will be transmitting as usual on Sunday, April 30."

1971 06
Qld death registration for 4LW
 * Qld BDM
 * Death registration: Cecil Ralph Newman Morris
 * Death date: 07/06/1971
 * Mother's name: Dorcas Agnes Newman
 * Father/parent's name: Ralph Morris
 * Registration details: 1971/B/24011

1983 08
Qld death registration for 4LW's wife Jessie Gladys Morris nee Dalziel
 * Qld BDM
 * Death registration: Jessie Gladys Morris
 * Death date: 28/08/1983
 * Mother's name: Eliza Maggie McMillan
 * Father/parent's name: James Dalziel
 * Registration details: 1983//6501


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Wikijunior:Asia/Armenia

Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստան), officially known as the Republic of Armenia, is a country located in the Caucasus mountain range between Asia and Europe. The name, "Armenia", is thought to have originated from the Armenian king, Arame, the first known king of Urartu (an ancient Iron Age kingdom).

In 1990, Armenia seceded from the Soviet Union and became an independent country. The following year, Armenia was voted to become a Republic (an elected president leads the nation, rather than a monarch). Other countries started to recognize Armenia as an independent country and began diplomatic relations with it.

The currency of Armenia is called dram and the current president of Armenia is Vahagn Khachaturyan (since March 2022).

Location
Geographically, Armenia is located in the continent of Europe and Asia. Armenia is bordered by Azerbaijan to the east, Iran to the south, Turkey to the west and Georgia to the north. Armenia is also landlocked, meaning Armenia is not connected to any oceans.

Yerevan, or Erevan, is the capital and largest city of Armenia.

Population
According to the latest official census data (2021), the population of the country is estimated at 2.797 million. 98% of the Armenian population are Armenians, while the rest of the population accounts for the Yazidis, Russians, Assyrians, Ukrainians, and other demographics.

Language
Armenian (abuyen, հայերէն) is the official and most popular language spoken in Armenia (spoken by 97% of the population in 2011). It is a sub-group language of Western Armenian (Arewmtahayerên) and Eastern Armenian (Arewelahayerên). Mesrop Mashtots, a medieval Armenian linguist, is thought to be the inventor of the Armenian alphabet.

The Armenian alphabet originally had 36 letters, but 2 more letters were added, totaling 38 letters. It has 31 consonants and 7 vowels. The language is written from left to right.

During Russian rule, the Russian language was used a lot. Therefore, many of the current-day Armenians speak Russian. English is also a common language spoken. Other languages include Yazidi, Greek, and Assyrian.

Religion
Most Armenians belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church (92.5%), while other religions followed are other Christian sects (2.3%), Yazidism (0.8%), others (0.4%), and none (4.0%).

The Armenian Apostolic Church is the oldest Christian church in the world that still exists to this day. It was founded in 301 AD, making it over 1,700 years old. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Etchmiadzin Cathedral) is also the national church of Armenia, making it the official religion of the country.

Sport
Chess is the national sport of Armenia. The chessboard is made up of eight rows and eight columns for a total of 64 squares of alternating colors. There are two sides that go against each other: black and white. Each of the 2 sides will have 16 units that each possess a unique, but restricted, set of movements depending on what piece they are. The chess player's goal is to trap the opponent's king and prevent the king from moving anywhere on the board, performing a final "checkmate".

Armenian chess masters include Tigran Petrosian, Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, and Arshak Petrosian. Armenia is the first government in the world to include chess in their national curriculum. Since 2011, all children in Armenia from ages 6-8 have to take chess lessons. The authorities say that chess "builds character", develops "responsibility", and increase organizational skills.

Football, or soccer, stands as the most popular sport in Armenia. Henrikh Mkhitaryan is arguably the best Armenian footballer of all time.

Attractions

 * 1) The Noravank is one of Armenia’s outstanding monasteries (a religious building inhabited by monks). The noravank is made up of red-brick cliffs protecting the monastery. Built in the 13th century, Noravank is famous for its Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) church. The sculptor of the biggest portions of Noravank was created by a man named Momik. He also carved a number of unique Armenian religious monuments known as “khachkars”, which depict an image of a cross on top of a circle. The sculptor himself is also buried in a simple grave at the Noravank. A modest grave for such an impactful architect!
 * 2) The Garni Temple, also known in Armenian as "Garnu tacar", is a historically religious site located in Garni, Armenia. Although almost all of Armenia converted to Christianity, this part of pre-Christian history is still present. The Garni temple was a pagan temple built in the 1st century CE and was destroyed in 1679 by an earthquake. Before that, the temple survived centuries of invasions, natural disasters, and anti-pagan violence. In the 20th century, under Soviet Union rule, the temple was reconstructed. The former pagan temple has imperial Roman-style architecture (with other variations presented) and 24 20-feet Ionic-styled columns surrounding a cella (inner room of a temple). Based on its small size, the cella is believed to have hosted a statue dedicated to the Armenian mythological sun God, Mihr. The Garni Temple stands as one of the most significant tourist attractions in the country.
 * 3) Republic Square, known as simply the Hraparak (the square) and formerly as Lenin Square until 1991, is the town square of Yerevan. The square was designed by Armenian architect Alexander Tamanyan in 1926 and was completed in 1958. The square is made of up two parts: an oval-shaped section right in the center and a trapeze. The town square consists of five buildings: the Government House, the National Gallery and History Museum, another Government House, the Post Office Building, and the Armenia Mariott Hotel. The square used to have a monument of Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, from 1940 until the Armenian Republic was established in 1991.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Armenia


text:
C Programming/string.h/memcpy

Synopsis
The memcpy copies n characters from src to dest.

Return value
The function returns a pointer to the destination, dest.

Source

 * Definition of memcpy from OpenGroup

title: C Programming/string.h/memcpy


text:
User:Dragolily64/sandbox

Laura Defibaugh is editing this page in Wikibooks for Assignment 5 for CIS133DA

title: User:Dragolily64/sandbox


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Wiki

A wiki can be used for collaboratively creating and maintaining information about a community. Information about the community can be made publicly available for everyone on the Internet serving as a public website for the community. It can also serve as an internal noticeboard and provide local news edited collaboratively by its members. FreedomBox can automatically install and manage MediaWiki, the wiki software that powers Wikipedia.

Setting up MediaWiki

 * 1) Visit FreedomBox interface and click on MediaWiki in Apps sections.
 * 2) Click on Install button to install and setup MediaWiki.
 * 3) After installation is completed a configuration interface is shown. Provide the administrator password and click Update Setup. You will be able to login to MediaWiki as user admin and the password provided here.
 * 4) Visit the MediaWiki instance by clicking on the icon in the home page or visiting the URL http:///mediawiki/ . Then login as administrator by using the user name  admin  and providing the password set in the previous step.
 * 5) Start creating content and adding accounts for other users.

Public Registrations
On the MediaWiki app interface, you can choose if you wish to allow public registrations. If public registrations are allowed, anyone on the Internet will be able to create an account on this wiki and edit pages. If you wish to create accounts for a set of community members, you can enable public registrations, then allow some accounts to be created and then disallow public registrations. Another way to create accounts is for administrator to create accounts from within MediaWiki.

Private Wiki
On the MediaWiki app interface, you can choose if you wish to make the wiki private. On a private wiki, the content can't be read by casual visitors, that is, those who are not logged in. One needs to have an account by contacting the administrator of the community wiki instance and then logging in to view the content. On a private wiki, public registrations are also disabled.

Creating Accounts for Users
If the wiki is not a private wiki, each visitor to the wiki can read all the pages on it without having to creating an account and logging in. However, if content is to be edited, the user needs to create an account and login using the account. On a private wiki, the user needs to login even to read the wiki pages.

Users create accounts for themselves: If the wiki is a public (not private) wiki and public registrations are enabled, users can create an account for themselves using create account link available from the main page. This method can also be used when public registrations need to be disabled. Administrator can allow public registrations for a small period of time to let community members to create their own accounts and after that period the administrator can disable public registrations.

Administrator creates user accounts: The administrator can login to the wiki and then use a special page to create accounts for other users. After this the user will be able to login to the wiki with the credentials provided by the administrator.

Create Content
MediaWiki Handbook provides information for end users on how to edit pages on the Wiki. Help on MediaWiki syntax is also available when editing pages.

title: FreedomBox for Communities/Wiki


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Douglas George Sanderson

Douglas George Sanderson was broadcast engineer with the Postmaster General's Department from the 1930s, rising to a senior position in Telstra Broadcasting Branch in Queensland before its ultimate demise. His booklet "On The Air" completed in 1988 is the definitive technical history of the National Broadcasting Service in Queensland. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Douglas George Sanderson - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Douglas George Sanderson - Nothing uploaded as yet


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Wi-Fi Roaming

Community could be spread over a large area such an entire village or an educational institution. If there are multiple Wi-Fi access points with different names, users will have to know and provide password for each of these networks. To avoid this, it is desirable for the entire community to have a single Wi-Fi network name called SSID. When a user is connected to the nearest Wi-Fi account point and then moves such that they are out of the range of that access point and in range of another access point, we wish that the transition to be smooth. Existing connections should not break. User should not see a drop in Wi-Fi connection. User should not be promoted for a new password. This is known as Wi-Fi roaming and is commonly deployed in large area Wi-Fi networks such as campuses.

Access Point
Wi-Fi roaming is simple to implement on the access point side. The following conditions must be met:

 * Each of the Wi-Fi access points in the network must be configured to have the same SSID.
 * Each access point must be configured not to provide IP addresses on their own but instead relay any requests from clients in the Wi-Fi network to servers in the back-haul network. This can be achieved on the most Wi-Fi access points by configuring them in repeater mode.

 * Have a single entity on the LAN (back-haul network that connects all access points) provide DHCP addresses to all the agents. In case of community setups with FreedomBox, the FreedomBox server performs this task. See section on configuring FreedomBox network.

Client
Wi-Fi roaming on the client side is where all the magic is. They need to keep scanning for access points. When a user moves closes to an access point with a better signal (either more strength or better signal-to-noise ratio), they switch to that access point. Since clients store a given password in relation to an SSID, if the SSID of the new network is the same as the old one, the client will try to connect to it with the same password as the earlier network. Well implemented clients behave better than others. So, Wi-Fi roaming experience is dependent on the client. Most mobile devices are expected to work well.

Testing
Use an Mobile application that shows the signal strength, SSID, connected access point and channel number of Wi-Fi networks in the area. Connect to the network and roam around to move away to a better access point. You should see a switch from one channel to another channel.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Douglas George Sanderson/Notes

1988
* 1947-1988, English, Photograph edition: Access Conditions: Unrestricted access.
 * Douglas George Sanderson photographs and journal.
 * Sanderson, Douglas George, (compiler.)
 * Bookmark: https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/263970841
 * Language English
 * Edition details
 * Title: Douglas George Sanderson photographs and journal.
 * Creator: Sanderson, Douglas George, (compiler.)
 * Produced: 1947-1988.
 * Content Types: text still image
 * Carrier Types: sheet volume
 * Physical Description: 1 photograph album (approximately 150 photographs); and 74 loose photographs. 1 journal.
 * Subjects
 * Sanderson, Douglas George -- Career in telecommunication.
 * Telecommunication -- Queensland.
 * Telecommunication cables -- Queensland.
 * Radio -- Queensland -- Transmitters and transmission -- Photographs.
 * Target Audience: General
 * Summary: The collection relates to Douglas George Sanderson's employment as an engineer with the Postmaster General's Department. The photograph album contains photographs with captions of the establishment of radio transmission centres in the late 1940s at Clevedon in North Queensland (4QN); Bald Hills in Brisbane (4QG and 4QR); Dalby (4QS); Longreach (4QL); Bowen; Ayr, Fantome Island; 1949 emergency radio telephone at Pile Light, Lytton; Gatton; Russell Island; Redland Bay; Kamma, near Gordonvale (4QY); and the National Broadcasting Service office in Alice Street, Brisbane. The journal covers D.G. Sanderson's time working on the South-East Asia Commonwealth Cable (SEACOM) during the early 1960s.
 * Biography: During the 1960s the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board laid a submarine cable linking Commonwealth countries. The section linking New Zealand and Australia to South East Asia via Cairns and Hong Kong was known as SEACOM and was completed in 1967.
 * Notes: 32187 ,Douglas George Sanderson Photographs and Journal, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland Multiple copyright statuses.
 * Terms of Use: You are free to use for personal research and study. For other uses see https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/understanding-copyright.
 * Libraries Australia ID: 65955637
 * Contributed by: Libraries Australia


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Wi-Fi Towers

Wi-Fi is made available to users in the community by setting Wi-Fi access points at various locations in the community area. If suitable locations on existing buildings (such as tall water tanks) can be found then Wi-Fi towers are not necessary. The following section describes how to erect and setup a Wi-Fi tower.

 * 1) Wi-Fi routers should be placed at sufficient height above the ground level so that the signal reaches optimal distance. The optimal height at which a Wi-Fi access point can be placed is between 6 m and 15 m in a village with mostly one or two story buildings.
 * 2) Tower should be equipped to host not only the Wi-Fi access point but also power supply and an Ethernet hub (if there there are multiple Wi-Fi access points on the same tower.
 * 3) Towers should be installed strongly enough that they stand erect against strong winds during extreme climate events.
 * 4) The Wi-Fi towers should be placed at suitable place such that the strength of signal can be properly distributed across the expected area.

Physical Components of a Wi-Fi Tower
Following are the physical components of a Wi-Fi tower found to be work well in some FreedomBox community deployments while remaining very cost effective:

 * 1) A galvanized metal pipe of length 6 m and diameter 2 inch
 * 2) * Role - This pipe is the gives the tower it's height and becomes the central main pipe for the tower. One end of the pipe sits on the foundation plate and other end holds the antenna pipe. Also, in the middle, the pipe also holds the power box.
 * 3) * Making - A galvanized metal pipe of length 6 m and diameter 2 inches should be purchased from the market. This length is a readily available length (these are also called 20 ft pipes). To integrate this pipe with the other components of the tower we need to drill two holes on the either ends of the tower. Screws, washers and bolts fitting the size of drilled holes should also be purchased and used during installation. With holes drilled on the either ends the pipe is ready for use.
 * 4) A galvanized metal pipe of length 1 m and diameter 1.5 inch diameter
 * 5) * Role - All the antennae are held on to the tower using this pipe. Additional clamps (support pieces), which hold the antennae are fixed on to this 1 m pipe.
 * 6) * Making - A galvanized metal pipe of length 6 m and diameter 1.5 inch should be purchased from the market. This 6 m pipe should be cut into six pipes of 1 m each. Only one of such piece will be used in a single tower (remaining pieces can be used for other towers). Two holes of the same diameter as holes drilled on 6 m pipe should be drilled at one end of the pipe. The distance between holes should be same as distance between holes drilled on 6 m pipe. With holes drilled on a single end the pipe is ready for installation.
 * 7) * Installation - This pipe should be inserted into the 6 m pipe such that the holes of the both the pipes match. Then they are both fastened by driving a screw through the holes of both pipes and tightening with bolts and washers.
 * 8) 5 mm Guy-Wire of length 25 m
 * 9) * Role - Guy wire makes the tower withstand extreme climate such as strong winds. Further, it helps bring down the tower smoothly for any maintenance.
 * 10) * Making - Purchasing 5 mm diameter Guy-Wire from market. Wire is also called guy-wire, guide, guy-rope or guy in the market. Other than purchasing the wire, other important items are buckles and a cutter. Two types of buckles are used to tie the wire. First is a bulldog buckle and the other is a turnbuckle. Along with buckles we also need L-shape hooks and triangle ring plate. 25m guy-wire is cut into 3 pieces. Each piece, is tied at one end to triangle plate with rings and other end to L-shape hook firmly buried in the ground.
 * 11) Foundation plate/stool
 * 12) * Role - It is on this component that the whole tower rests on. The cross legs are put deep into the ground or mortar and fixed firmly.
 * 13) * Making - Making the foundation stool requires welding work. First, a 1x1 ft square plate should be purchased. This plate should be horizontal at exactly ground level after final installation with one side facing up and one side facing down. Two support plates should be welded, on the top side of the plate, orthogonal to foundation plate with enough distance between them for the 6 m / 2 inch diameter pipe to sit between them. Two holes should be drilled to these support plates such that they are inline with holes of the bottom end of the 6 m pipe that sits on this foundation stool. Foundation stool should further be welded with cross legs, so that when the stool is put into the ground or foundation mortar, stool fits firm and strong to the base. Cross legs are nothing but 1.5" pipes that are welded to bottom side of the foundation plate. With cross legs welded on top side and support plates welded on the bottom side, we have the foundation stool ready.
 * 14) * Installation - Dig a hole deep enough that the entire stool goes into the ground and the foundation plate is at the ground level exactly. Place the stool in the ground and fill it with stones and dirt. Another option is to use concrete.
 * 15) Antenna Clamps
 * 16) * Role - This clamp fixes antenna to main tower. Each antenna needs one clamp to be fixed to the tower.
 * 17) * Making - Clamps are made using a flat metal piece bent to the round outer shape of 1.5 " diameter pipe. Along with antennae another clamp is already given with holes drilled on it. Same holes need to be drilled on clamps in vertically opposite direction. This helps us change the antenna angle.
 * 18) Power Box
 * 19) * Role - Power box is a weather-proof enclosure in which all the power connections and the Ethernet hub are put together.
 * 20) * Making - A galvanized metal enclosure should be purchased. There should be circular openings at the bottom of the box to allow Ethernet and power cables to enter and leave the box. Box should be suitably arranged with power extension box with enough sockets to power all the antennae.

Assembly/Installation

 * Assembling the foundation - A total for four holes need to be dug out. A foundation hole where we would want to install the tower, i.e., where the foundation stool goes in, needs to be dug out first. Later 3 more holes should be dug out around the foundation hole, such that the foundation hole would be interior to the imaginative triangle formed by 3 holes. After digging the holes, foundation stool should be put in the foundation hole and properly fixed by beating stones and mud into the hole. Similarly, guy wire hooks should be put into remaining 3 holes.
 * Fixing the middle part - The middle part primarily has the 6 m pipe along with power box. Initially, bring the tower onto the foundation plate and fix one end of the tower to foundation plate. Bolt only one screw as the tower needs to still bend onto the ground, where we simultaneously fix the power box.
 * Assembling the upper part - The upper part consists of clamps fixed with antennae installed onto 1 m pipe resting on the 6 m pipe. Before inserting 1 m pipe into 6 m pipe, we should put the triangle plate with rings around, that holds guy wire, should placed.
 * Now, we have 6 m pipe sitting on foundation stool with one screw bolted. Power box containing power connections and Ethernet hubs is fixed in the middle of the tower. And 1 m pipe fixed with clamps and antennae is fixed onto 6 m pipe with triangle plate in middle. From here, we first need to raise the tower and tie two guy wires from top of the tower to L-shape hooks fixed on the ground using bull dog buckles. The third guy wire should be fixed with the help of turn-buckle to sufficiently tighten the rope to help the tower stand straight.

title: FreedomBox for Communities/Wi-Fi Towers


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/ADSL Modem

The Wi-Fi network setup for the community needs to get Internet connectivity from an ISP or another community. It can then distribute that connection for the benefit of all the members of the community. One of the ways to connect a home network or a community network to the Internet is via a technology known has ADSL. When using ADSL, an ISP provides the Internet connectivity using a telephone line and then uses an ADSL modem on the subscriber's (in our case the community) end to convert the signals on the telephone line to something a typical computer can understand. While ADSL technology is becoming rare, there are many ISPs still providing connections using ADSL especially in rural areas.

This section describes how to connect a community Wi-Fi network setup using FreedomBox to Internet assuming the ISP is providing Internet connection using ADSL. While there are many different models of ADSL they operate on similar principles and provide similar functionality. This section uses one such modem the authors encountered as an example and describes the setup process. A reader must adopt these instructions to other ADSL modems based on the concepts described here.

An ADSL modem has on one end has a port to plug-in the telephone line from the ISP. It is receives the Internet connection from that port. On the other end, it has a single (sometimes multiple) port to connect to a single computer or an entire network. This is the Ethernet port and is used to distribute the Internet connection to the computers that need it. Some ADSL modems also have the ability to create Wi-Fi network on which they distribute the Internet connection they receive from the ISP.

An ADSL modem is most often provided by an ISP or is purchased separately by the subscriber. This modem is typically pre-configured but requires additional configuration for optimal use with FreedomBox community networks. The following are the steps to follow for configuring the modem.

Accessing Configuration Interface

 * 1) Power the ADSL modem and wait for it fully boot by giving it about 5 minutes.
 * 2) Connect to the Wi-Fi network of the modem using the access point name and password provided in the manual or printed on the modem. If this information is not available, search for it on the Internet using the make and model of the modem. If the information provided in the manual does not work, try resetting the modem. The reset procedure is described in the manual which can be downloaded from the Internet using the make and model of the modem.
 * 3) Not all ADSL modems have a Wi-Fi network to connect to. If Wi-Fi network is not available, then connect a patch cable from a computer to the modem. The patch cable is provided along with the ADSL modem, otherwise purchase and use a regular Ethernet cable. The modem will automatically allocate an IP address to the laptop. This will typically be in the range 192.168.1.1/24.
 * 4) Open the browser and visit the URL http://192.168.1.1/ . This address could be different for different modems. Check the manual of the ADSL modem for the correct address. Some modems also give a special name that can be used to reach the modem.
 * 5) Login in to the web interface as an administrator. When logging in for the first time, the router may allow the user to create an administrator account. Otherwise, the default password is made available in the manual or printed as label on the modem. For example: username: admin, password: admin.
 * 6) Visit the status page. This page provides information for the device. For example:
 * 7) Company Logo: Syrma Technology
 * 8) Model: DSLW200-SY
 * 9) Software Version: 2.1.1
 * 10) Hardware Version: 1.1

Administration Password
For security reasons, change the administration password immediately.

 * 1) Go to Maintenance and then Administration.
 * 2) New Password: [community admin password].
 * 3) Confirm Password: [community admin password].

Internet Configuration
This section is to configure the modem such that it is able to receive the Internet connectivity properly. ADSL modems have a port to input the telephone line into the modem. First the telephone line provided by the ISP should be connected into this port.

As for configuration, many times, the Internet configuration is automatically done by ISP when they provide the ADSL modem. If so, leave it as it is. It is useful to write down the current values so that we can reconfigure in case of a reset to factory settings. If ISP has not configured the modem already, they will enable the modem to configure itself automatically. In the absence of that, they provide the configuration information. Use that information to configure the modem.

Network Configuration
This section is to configure the ADSL modem to distribute the Internet connection it receives to the community network. More specifically to FreedomBox which then distributes the Internet connection further to all Wi-Fi access points and the clients connecting to those access points.

Add an IP address in addition to the existing IP address.

 * 1) Go to Interface Setup and then LAN.
 * 2) In addition to the existing IP address, add an IP address that is suitable for FreedomBox network. Say:
 * 3) Alias IP Address: 10.42.0.4
 * 4) Alias Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
 * 5) Save configuration.

FreedomBox will also be provided an IP address in the same range such as 10.42.0.1. FreedomBox will be sending all the packets that are destined for machines on the Internet to this modem by setting the default route to 10.42.0.4.

Wi-Fi Configuration
Wi-Fi network is not used and may be disabled. If Wi-Fi is not available on the ADSL modem, ignore this step. This is because we shall be setting up more powerful Wi-Fi access points that will be available on larger range and provide roaming.

 * 1) Go to Interface Setup and then Wireless.
 * 2) Access Point: Deactivated

If wireless access is needed, then keep the existing configuration and set a better and stronger password.

 * 1) Pre-Shared Key: [random password]

Forward All Traffic to FreedomBox
FreedomBox can host services such as wiki and digital library that can be accessed by members of the community when they are away from the community network, for example, during travel. Some of these services are also meant to be accessed by non-community members on the Internet. For this to work the ADSL modem must be configured to forward all the requests it receives from the Internet to the FreedomBox which then responds to the request.

This setup will only work when the ISP provides a public IP address to their subscribers with each subscription. In cases they don't provide a public IP address by default, they may do so when requested for an additional monthly fee. Check with your ISP if they provide an public IP address by default or for an extra fee.

Without this configuration FreedomBox can't be easily be reached from outside the Internet. After setting up the below, FreedomBox will receive all the external traffic on all the ports. Hence, services such as Web (80, 433), SSH (22), Mail (25, etc.) will all be forwarded to FreedomBox automatically.

 * 1) Go to Advanced Setup then go to NAT and click on DMZ.
 * 2) Set the following and save.
 * 3) DMZ: Enabled
 * 4) DMZ Host IP Address: 10.42.0.1 (FreedomBox's IP address)

In case DMZ feature is not available in your modem or if it does not work as expected, another feature known as port forwarding can be used to achieve the same goal. Depending on the services deployed on FreedomBox, it will notify you of the ports that need to forwarded. For each of those ports, add a entry in the modem's port forwarding configuration page with external port number and internal port number set to the same port number provided by FreedomBox. Then set the IP address to forward to as FreedomBox's IP address, that is 10.42.0.1.

Backup
Take a backup of the ROM file. Just in case you need to reset the modem in future, you can quickly restore from the backup instead of configuring all the above.

 * 1) Go to Maintenance and then Firmware.
 * 2) Click on Romfile Save and save the file.

title: FreedomBox for Communities/ADSL Modem


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Remote Connection

Sometimes a group of technologist take on the responsibility of managing many community networks setup with FreedomBox. They can't always be present physically to manage or debug problems with the network. In such cases, the ability to remotely connect to FreedomBox server on the community networks can prove very helpful. After connecting to the FreedomBox via a secure shell, the administrator of the network can further get the status of various services and hardware equipment such as Wi-Fi access points. Many times, problems can be fixed remotely.

When a FreedomBox network has a public IP address given by its ISP, then it might be possible to directly connect to the FreedomBox machine as the network will be configured to forward all requests from the Internet to FreedomBox machine. In these cases, an administrator can remotely login using a secure shell connection or access FreedomBox web administration interface.

However, a public IP address may not be provided by an ISP. In such cases, the following methods could be used to connect to a FreedomBox instance in the community from outside.

Reverse SSH
In this approach, a Secure Shell (SSH) connection is made from the FreedomBox machine to a intermediate server. This connection is always kept alive by reconnecting whenever the connection breaks. This SSH connection is somewhat special in that it allows someone to connect back the machine from which the connection is made.

This method, to no surprise, requires an always-on intermediate server which is publicly reachable. This server could be provisioned on a hosting provider or on a different network managed by the administrator of the FreedomBox network.

Intermediate Server
Execute the following steps on the server that will be used as intermediary between the FreedomBox server on the community network and the administrator's machine.  Create a new user one for each community being administered. Provide a strong password.

FreedomBox Server Setup
Execute the following steps on the FreedomBox machine that serves the community. One must have already created an administrator user account, say admin, using web interface during initial setup of FreedomBox. Login as that user on the terminal, using Cockpit or using SSH.

Create an SSH key for the user.

Add the public key just generated to the authorized keys list in intermediate server. Provide the password for [community] user from the previous section.

Create a service that always keeps an remote SSH tunnel open to the intermediate server. The Restart=always ensures that when the command fails, systemd will automatically restart it. RestartSec=60s makes the interval between each restart attempt to be at least 60 seconds. It also makes sure that too many failures don't lead to systemd permanently halting the process. The port 4422 above must be unique for each community that maintains a tunnel to the intermediate machine. Allocate a different port number for each community you manage.

Reload systemd to read the new service file created in the previous step.

Ensure that the service starts automatically after each boot.

Start the service or reboot the machine.

Administrator's Machine Setup
Execute the following steps on the administrator's machine. This is merely to ease the login process into FreedomBox machine.

Setup SSH configuration by editing `~/.ssh/config`. The port number 4422 will be different for each community as allocated in the previous section.

Create and copy administrator's SSH key to authorized keys lists of intermediate server and community's FreedomBox server.

Login from administrator's machine

To use the FreedomBox administration web interface, open an SSH tunnel to the FreedomBox machine: Open browser and go to the following URL: https://localhost:4443/plinth.

Tor Onion Service
In this approach, the Tor network will be used connect to the FreedomBox machine from the Internet. A server hosting a Tor Onion Service (previously known as Tor Hidden Service) does not need to have a public IP address. The server hosting the service will initiate a connection to the Tor network and register itself for providing a service. When a client wants to connect to the service, nodes in the Tor network will forward the traffic to the server machine via the connection it has initiated. This is similar to intermediate server approach above but is much more easier to setup as the administrator can use the Tor network instead of provisioning a separate server to act as intermediate server.

FreedomBox Server Setup

 * 1) Login in to FreedomBox web interface as administrator. Click on Tor in Apps. Install Tor when prompted. Make sure Enable Tor is checked and Enable Hidden Service is checked. You may uncheck Enable Tor Relay, Enable Tor Bridge Relay and Download software packages over Tor options. They are not relevant. Submit the configuration changes.
 * 2) Note down the onion service address.  It ends with .onion.

Administrator's Machine Setup
Execute the following steps on the administrator's machine. The following steps are for a machine running Debian GNU/Linux.

Install Tor.

Edit SSH configuration so that Tor is used to connect to the server. Edit ~/.ssh/config and the following lines.

Copy your SSH key to the remote server.

Login to the server.

To access the FreedomBox's web administration interface, download and unzip Tor Browser Bundle. Open FreedomBox administration page in Tor Browser Bundle using the following URL https://[hidden service address].onion/plinth/.


text:
Cookbook talk:Chimichurri

Hot water? Where did you get that? The whole point of chimichurri is that it's a raw sauce, and the only cooking (if any) comes from putting it on top of hot food, usually freshly grilled meat. I just took a look at Foodnetwork.com, and not one of their recipes has hot (or any) water in them. The only place I found one that does, is in a collection of recipes and it's just a copy of this one. I'm not going to edit it right now, because whoever wrote it might want to justify their use of hot water. JDZeff (discuss • contribs) 01:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Chimichurri


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Network Configuration

FreedomBox acts as the centre piece in a community network providing Wi-Fi coverage over large areas. FreedomBox receives the Internet connectivity then distributes it along with various other digital services to all the devices in the network.

This section describes configuring various network devices in the community network.

Putting the Network Together
FreedomBox must have two Ethernet network interfaces.

 * 1) One network interface is used to connect to the Internet. The Internet connection may be provided by the ISP via an Ethernet cable, optic fibre cable, cable connection, an ADSL modem or via a 3G/4G dongle. Alternatively, if no ISP is available, a long distance point-to-point wireless network can be established so as to receive Internet connection.
 * 2) The second network interface is used to share that Internet connection with all the devices in the network. The cable from this network interface can be connected to a network switch. Various Wi-Fi access points can also be connected to this switch from their WAN ports. An alternative setup is to connect FreedomBox port directly to a Wi-Fi access point's WAN port and then configure all other Wi-Fi access points as repeaters of that access point in a Mesh mode.

This setup ensures the following:

 * FreedomBox provides it's services over the public Internet if possible. It allows community members travelling outside the community Wi-Fi area to continue to access the services. Also services meant to be available for public consumption are available to visitors on the Internet.
 * Wi-Fi access points support seamless roaming.
 * Internet connection can be fairly distributed to the community members when it is scarce.

Configuring FreedomBox
Both the Ethernet network interfaces on FreedomBox must be configured. First step is to identify the names of each network interfaces. Network interface names stay stable over time and look like ensp0 or eth0. This identification can be done via trial and error while configuring the network interface.

Configuring Internet Connection
This connection is responsible for providing Internet connectivity to FreedomBox server. Create a new connection or edit an existing connection in System, Networks page with the following parameters.

 * Set the name of the connection to be FreedomBox WAN (or whatever else you choose).
 * Select the network interface you have identified as connected to ISP's Internet connection as the Physical Interface.
 * Select firewall zone as External. This has two purposes. Services that are supposed to be available only within the community will not be available exposed to users on the Internet. Second, the Internet connection on this interface will be shared with users on the internal network.
 * Leave the remaining options as it is. Typically ISP's internet connection allocates IP addresses and provide remaining parameters when connection is established. This happens automatically.

Configuring LAN Connection
This connection is responsible for automatically configuring devices on the internal network and then share the Internet connectivity with them. Create a new connection or edit an existing connection in System, Networks page with the following parameters.

 * Set the name of the connection to be FreedomBox LAN (or whatever else you choose).
 * Select the network interface you have identified as connected to ISP's Internet connection as the Physical Interface.
 * Select firewall zone as Internal. Services that are supposed to be available only within the community will be available only on this internal network.
 * Select the IPv4 Addressing Method as Shared.
 * Enter the IPv4 Address as 10.42.1.1.

Configuring DHCP Leases and Range
There is a problem with network manager, the daemon used by FreedomBox to configure network interfaces, that it has a hard coded maximum for number of leases it gives out to devices in the network. This value is 50. This means that more than 50 devices can't be given IP addresses in the network using DHCP. This will typically result in a device trying to connect to Wi-Fi and then getting stuck at Obtaining IP Address.

There is another problem with network manager. It has a hard-coded limit of about 240 IP addresses that it can provide. When say 10.42.0.1/24 is set as the IP address for a shared connection, then the server itself takes 10.42.0.1 as the IP address and other machines in the network are allocated 10.42.0.10 to 10.42.0.254. This range can't be increased from network manager itself. Even when the IP address 10.42.0.1/16 is set, it still only allocates IPs from the range 10.42.0.10 to 10.42.0.254. This will typically result in a device trying to connect to Wi-Fi and then getting stuck at Obtaining IP Address after more than 240 devices have connected to the network.

Both these problems can be fixed by setting special configuration for increasing the number of DHCP leases and selecting the IP address range:

Then apply the changes by restarting the system, restart Network Manager or by activating the network connection again:

Configuring Wi-Fi Access Point
Wi-Fi access points can be setup to provide Wi-Fi coverage across the entire community area. There are two primary ways to connect all Wi-Fi access points into a single network that is connected to FreedomBox.

 * Back-haul mode: Each Wi-Fi access point is configured with same access point name and password. See more about this in roaming mode setup. Then their WAN ports are connected via an Ethernet/fibre network that is spread across the entire community area. This setup yields maximum bandwidth and is more resilient in some cases. However, setting up Ethernet/fibre network in large areas is be expensive and challenging.
 * Mesh mode: Another way to setup Wi-Fi access points to is use the Wi-Fi signal of one of the access points to setup the second access point. The second access point can receive the Wi-Fi signal from upstream access point and create its own Wi-Fi coverage area at the same time. This needs a special feature for relaying in the access point hardware called Mesh Mode. When planning to deploy in mesh mode, ensure that the access point hardware supports this feature during the evaluation phase.

Configuring Internet Connection
Internet connectivity for the community network setup can be made in many ways depending on the available connectivity options.

 * Ethernet connection: If the ISP provides Internet connectivity via an Ethernet cable, then this will typically be from a nearby router and no other additional equipment is needed. Plug-in the Ethernet cable directly to FreedomBox WAN port and configure FreedomBox as described above.
 * Fibre-to-the-home connection: If the ISP provides Internet connectivity via an optical fibre, they will typically install a fibre to Ethernet converter on the subscriber premises. Plug-in the Ethernet cable directly to FreedomBox WAN port and configure FreedomBox as described above. You won't likely have to configure the converter itself. However, if necessary following the instructions similar to configuring the ADSL modem described in another section and adapt them for these fibre converters.
 * Cable connection: If the ISP provides Internet connectivity via a Cable connection, follow the instructions above the configure FreedomBox. Then follow instructions similar to configuring the ADSL modem as described in another section and adapt them for cable modems.
 * ADSL connection: If the ISP provides Internet connectivity via an ADSL connection, follow the instructions above to configure FreedomBox. Then configure the ADSL modem as described in another section.
 * Point-to-point wireless link: If there is no connectivity available in the area, but there is a line of sight to an area that has Internet connectivity, then one of the possible ways to connect to the Internet is via a point-to-point wireless link. This is described in detail in another section. FreedomBox must be configured as described above but with a static IP address for ease of debugging. Then configure the Internet connection itself, if needed as described in this section.


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Object Oriented Programming/Fundamentals

= Fundamentals =

There are some books on OOP that will tell you that the cornerstones of object oriented programming are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, or something along those lines. This is fairly typical of the classic OOP view.

OOP Fundamentals

 * /Classes/ *
 * /Constructors/
 * /Classes/
 * /Constructors/
 * /Methods/
 * /Properties/
 * /Getters and Setters/
 * /Static vs Dynamic Methods/
 * /Private vs Public/


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Object Oriented Programming/Subclasses

Subclasses, also referred to as derived classes, heir classes, or child classes, are classes that inherit one or more language entities from another class/classes. While their may be some minor differences in how class inheritance works between different languages, generally, the subclass automatically inherits the instance variables and member functions of it's superclasses or parent classes. From the wikipedia page on inheritance, you can see how a subclass is generally defined.

The colon at the end of 'Subclass' means that it inherits from the "SuperClass" at the end.

Non-subclassable classes
Some languages have non-subclassable classes. These are classes that have no subclasses. Non-subclassable classes can be created by adding certain class modifiers to the class declaration. After being created the non-subclassable classes will restrict reusability of code, especially when source code is not accessiable. A few examples of class modifiers that creat Non-subclassable classes include Java's 'final' keyword or C#'s 'sealed' keyword. These modifiers are added to the class declaration before the class keyword and identifier declaration.

Since a non-subclassable class has no subclasses, references or pointers to objects of that class can be easily deduced to be referencing instances of that class and not instances of subclasses or superclasses since a non-subclassable class has no subclasses, and an instance to a superclass would be violating the type system. Early binding(static dispatch) can also be used instead of late binding(dynamic dispatch) due to the exact type of the object referenced being known before execution.

title: Object Oriented Programming/Subclasses


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Object Oriented Programming/Superclasses

Superclasses are the parents of subclasses. In relationships between two objects, a superclass is the name given to the class that passes down it's 'traits'(language entities.) An example of a superclass would be an object like 'car' which would hold information like, make, model, mileage etc. An example of a Superclasses's format can be found below.

public class Person { }

Virtual methods
From the wikipedia page on inheritence: "If the superclass method is a virtual method, then invocations of the superclass method will be dynamically dispatched. Some languages require that methods be specifically declared as virtual (e.g. C++), and in others, all methods are virtual (e.g. Java). An invocation of a non-virtual method will always be statically dispatched (i.e. the address of the function call is determined at compile-time). Static dispatch is faster than dynamic dispatch and allows optimisations such as inline expansion."


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Talk:Structured Query Language/Data Definition Language

TRUNCATE
The TRUNCATE statement is not a DDL statement because it doesn't change the structure of the database. It's only an efficent way to delete all rows of a table (as described). The structure keeps unchanged.

TRUNCATE is described in the Standard Track of the book. This redundancy - and other arguments - lead to the question whether we should merge the two tracks. --Kelti (discuss • contribs) 06:40, 13 September 2019 (UTC)


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FreedomBox for Communities/Performance Measurement

Wi-Fi signal strength is susceptible to many factors including obstruction by walls and buildings in between the access point and the mobile device, weather and even the presence of vegetation. Once the Wi-Fi network is setup, it is important to measure the signal strength and network performance to ensure that all the important locations in the community area get good network bandwidth. There are two primary ways to measure this. First is to measure that signal strength and the second is to measure actual bandwidth. Signal strength is easy to measure and is an indicator of performance while bandwidth measurement actually measures the performance.

Measuring Signal Strength
The power of Wi-Fi signal received is a good indicator of how well a given device will perform on the Wi-Fi network.

The power for the Wi-Fi signal is measured in dBm which is a logarithmic scale with 0 dBm meaning 1mW (1 milliwatt). 10 dBm = 10mW, 20 dBm = 100mW, 30 dBm = 1000mW and so on. Since typical Wi-Fi signal power received by a device is lot more weaker than a 1 mW it is on negative dBm scale where -10 dBm = 100 μW (100 microwatt), -20 dBm = 10 μW, -30 dBm = 1 μW and so on. A typical signal between -40 dBm and -60dBm usually gives an acceptable network performance.

Some devices are better at receiving and transmitting the Wi-Fi signal than others. So on a given spot in space two different devices may actually perform differently even though they are connected to the same Wi-Fi access point receiving same signal strength. This is another reason to actually measure the performance.

Measuring from Mobile Phone
To measure Wi-Fi signal strength use a mobile device with Android operating system. Due to difference in device capabilities, it is best to make the measurement with the same device or same model of the device. The model of the device should like be an average device used by the community member rather than high-end model. At the least, it is best to check multiple devices in the same spot to see the differences in their capabilities before starting the actual measurement.

To measure, install and use an application that shows the signal strength of the Wi-Fi network at a given point. There are also apps that can also provide heat maps based on signal strength. Roam around the community area and collect the measurements. Some special points of interest include points in the middle of two access points, points obscured by buildings or vegetation etc. Based on the measure it is important to communicate the characteristics of the network to the community members to set their expectations.

Measuring Bandwidth
Wi-Fi signal strength even when it is measured in dBm is not good enough to understand the quality of the Wi-Fi network at a particular point in the large community area. Measuring bandwidth between the FreedomBox server and the Wi-Fi device in the village is a better way to understand the quality of the Wi-Fi signal.

Iperf3 is a tool that can be used to measure the bandwidth between nodes in a network. We can run iperf3 as a server on FreedomBox that runs all the time so that any time a device wants to measure the bandwidth with FreedomBox it can be done. See iperf3 documentation on how to tweak bandwidth measurement further.

Setting Up Server
Configure the FreedomBox server to run iperf3 server all the time.

Install iperf3 package

Create a user and a group for iperf3 daemon to run.

Create a systemd service file for running iperf3 as a daemon

Enable and run systemd

Open Firewall port for clients to connect to the server.

Testing from Laptop

Install iperf3

Run the client for bandwidth test (where IP address is typically 10.42.0.1)

Testing from Mobile Phone

Install the Magic iperf with iperf3 app.

Provide the command as follows (where IP address is typically 10.42.0.1):


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FreedomBox for Communities/Monitoring Client

The team consisting of technical volunteers managing FreedomBox community network needs to monitor it for maintenance issues. If a component of the network such as Wi-Fi access point goes offline, the team needs to be notified automatically for immediate rectification. Further, if the network is reaching bottlenecks due to increase in number of members or insufficient Internet bandwidth, they need to address those by adding bandwidth or more hardware. Overall understanding of how many users are using the network can also help in improving the network and planning for other networks.

This section describes the setup of a monitoring client on the FreedomBox server that is responsible for collecting various parameters such as CPU usage, memory usage, number of access points currently operational in the network, etc. It then sends this information on a continuous basis to a server outside the network as configured by the administrators of the network. This information can then be used to construct a dashboard that issues alerts to administrators when they need to fix a problem with the network.

Setup on FreedomBox
FreedomBox server is act as a central point to monitor all the equipment in the network and its performance. This is done by installing a monitoring agent on the FreedomBox server.

Install collectd and its dependencies.

Copy the collectd configuration file from its examples directory

Edit /etc/collectd/collectd.conf and change the following lines:

 Set the hostname to the full domain name of the community's FreedomBox as reachable from outside. This is necessary because there may be multiple community networks that may be sending monitoring data to a single monitoring server setup by the administrator. Hostname decides how data is stored for each of these networks without clashing with each other. Hostname "[mycommunity.domain]"

The configuration copied from examples to should have enabled the following plug-ins by default. Verify. LoadPlugin conntrack LoadPlugin cpu LoadPlugin df LoadPlugin disk LoadPlugin interface LoadPlugin load LoadPlugin memory LoadPlugin processes LoadPlugin swap LoadPlugin uptime LoadPlugin users

Enable the ping plugin and set its configuration to monitor all the hosts in the network. For each host in the network (such as a Wi-Fi access point) add one entry in the ping plug-in's configuration. Include an Internet host such as "1.1.1.1" to monitor Internet connectivity. Each of these configured hosts will be pinged each second to ascertain whether they are up and running in the network. LoadPlugin ping  Host "1.1.1.1" Host "10.42.0.4" Host "10.42.0.5" Interval 10

Make collectd connect to a external monitoring server and deliver the results of the continuous monitoring it performs. Enable a plug-in for writing to Graphite. Graphite is the server side software (along with Grafana and Carbon) used for the monitoring setup that the administrator will install on the central monitoring server. LoadPlugin write_graphite  <Node "[remoteservername]"> Host "[myremoteserver.domain]" </Node> </Plugin> </li> </ul>

</li>

<li>Restart collectd service to apply the configuration set. </li>

</ol>

Setup on Monitoring Server
After monitoring setup has been completed on the FreedomBox server for a community network, it will start sending data to the monitoring server. The data is not immediately available unless the data is used for aggregation. The administrator of the monitoring server should then setup a separate dashboard for all the parameters that this community network is sending. Further, alerts should be setup to notify administrators when unexpected results are observed in the data being sent. See section on setting up monitoring server for details on how to accomplish this.


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FreedomBox for Communities/More Use Cases

Although unexplored by the authors of this book, there are many more use cases for hosting a server for a community apart from those described and documented here. Some potential use cases are:

 * Social Networking and Microblogging: Centralized social networks violate our privacy, take ownership of our data and perform censorship that violate our fundamental rights in the digital space. Social networking using decentralized infrastructure owned by small communities can address these issues. Mastodon, a federated, decentralized social network, works on an open protocol called ActivityPub published by the World Wide Web Consortium. With it, one can setup an instance of Mastodon for a small community of users. The users can create accounts on that instance. However, these users can follow other users on any other instance of Mastodon (or any social network built on top of the ActivityPub protocol). Members of the community can decide what to share and what to keep private. They own their data and become resistant to censorship.

 * Federated Video Streaming: Similar to Mastodon but for sharing videos, Peertube is a federated, decentralized platform for sharing videos. A community can host their own instance of Peertube for distributing videos from the members of the community. At the same time, they can discover videos from other instances and spread their videos over the larger federated network.

 * Discussion board: A discussion boards such as Discourse can encourage and organize communities online. On a FreedomBox server, an instance of this discussion board can be setup for internal discussions of the community members or for involving external participants from the larger Internet.