text:
User talk:ILTFP

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title: User talk:ILTFP


text:
Mirad Thesaurus/Clothing

= Clothing =
 * The stem of clothing items echos the body part they cover (see Human Body. Basically, the final b (organism) of the body part is changed to an f (''textile"") or v for softer linen equivalents.  The item worn by women is formed by infixing a y before the f or v stem-final consonant.  The stem of the commercial materials from which clothes are made begins in n.

Textiles

 * Words having to do with commercial textiles begin with n, meaning commercial and end in f or v.

Drof Family

 * The words in this family begin with dr, meaning materials on with things are written:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mirad Thesaurus/Clothing


text:
User:Saltrabook/Module 2: Diagnosis, causality, prevention, and prognosis of occupational diseases/'''Module 2'''Maritima: Diagnosis, causality, prevention, and prognosis of occupational diseases

User: Saltrabook/

Module 2: Diagnosis, causality, prevention, and prognosis of occupational diseases
Tendovaginitis of the wrist, work-related

Definition
Wrist tendinitis is a clinical condition defined by pain, local swelling, redness, tenderness, and sometimes crepitation in the wrist region.

The condition has many names that refer to the specifically affected tendon structure, but which in clinical practice are only confusing because the specific localization for inflammation cannot be determined. One possibility is to consistently name the condition tendinitis as here

 * Work-related de Quervain's tendinitis is treated separately

Occurrence
In epidemiological studies, different case definitions are used, which is why very different prevalences are reported among employees with and without wrist-loading work1 The acute wrist tendinitis with characteristic symptoms and clinical signs is rarely seen in cross-sectional studies of working people because the condition is short-lived. In contrast, recurrent persistent wrist pain with no signs of acute inflammation is common in professional groups with unilateral, repeated manual labor.

Occupational risk factors
Risk factors for developing wrist tendinitis are 1.	high repetitiveness 2.	exercise of force 3.	use of the hand in awkward positions or combinations thereof 4.	There are mainly cross-sectional studies but also a few follow-up studies for work-related reasons. Several of these show, despite the extremely different prevalence of the disease, an excess risk of these factors of 2-4 times, but there are also studies that can not demonstrate an excess risk2 5.	The condition is seen with increased incidence, among other things, in slaughterhouse workers, employees in the fishing industry, in packing work, in industrial seamstresses, in power-intensive assembly work and certain types of cleaning work. 6.	Clinic and diagnostics – see hand problems


text:
User:DrWJK

William J. Kelleher, Ph.D.

title: User:DrWJK


text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2021/Mississippi

= Mississippi Streetcar = A streetcar (also commonly known as a tram, trolley or electric railway) is a mode of public transport that operates on rail tracks constructed on the street. Unlike that of buses, streetcars are restrained to the existing rail tracks and cannot reach locations that have no pre-existing tracks. Also, unlike that of other public transport systems that operate on rail networks (particularly train and metro systems) streetcars commonly operate on the streetscape in mixed traffic and share the road with pedestrians and occasionally, vehicles, as opposed to operating in isolation deep underground or on dedicated rail tracks. While historically, streetcars have operated on various power sources, they are now most commonly relying on electricity.

Technological Characteristics
Streetcars have been designed to serve one of two main purposes: to carry cargo and to carry passengers, from one location to another. Like that of other modes of transport, the usage of the service incurs a small fee for the user and is paid to the owner of the network. In the United States as well as around the world, streetcar networks have been commonly owned and operated by private companies. It comes without question that these networks have been constructed with the aim of maximising returns for the company. Therefore, the rail tracks are typically built in areas with greatest predicted usage to optimise on returns. This incentive is in general desirable as it allows the network to provide accessibility to the maximum number of people, creating a healthy and natural supply and demand relationship.

Advantages and disadvantages
The main advantages and disadvantages of streetcars [1] are summarised in the following table

History
Prior to the development and widespread usage of the streetcar, transport of passengers across land was most commonly conducted through that of horse drawn vehicles; the most popular of which was the omnibuses.These typically consisted of an enclosed passenger cabin with wooden benches along the sides. The cabin was supported by four wooden spoked wheels and was drawn by one or two horses. The driver was usually seated on a separate front facing bench in the outside of the cabin. Omnibuses were popular in both the United States as well as Europe throughout the eighteenth to nineteenth century.

However the horse drawn omnibus was inefficient. The force required to pull the carriage was large due to the rolling resistance between the wheels and the unpaved ground. The horses which pulled the carriages would become fatigued very fast, limiting the operation of the omnibuses to a small number hours each day. Even then, in order for such a service to be properly operated in accordance with the schedule, the companies must house and care for tens of horses for every service they operate.

As a result, omnibus services were relatively expensive. In most cities, the middle to lower class would hence often choose to walk as the primary mode of transport [2]. The lack of pavement however, meant that the commute by walking was often muddy, if not dusty. The roads were also commonly filled with manure from the horses pulling the omnibuses. This made the commute an unpleasant journey. There was hence a constant interest for growth in public transport as the demand for better means of transport was persistently there.

Invention of the streetcar
The development and growth of the streetcar was a result of an amalgamation of technological advances accumulated up over the course of several centuries. The success of it is mainly owed to a combination of iron working techniques from the industrial revolution, adoption of electric powered engines and human ingenuity for combining various ideas.

While rails have been historically used as early as the sixteenth century, they were originally used to carry heavy loads of ores from mines. The rail tracks in the early invention were constructed from wood as were the wheels of the cart. The cart itself was horse drawn or pulled by a cable. However, it wasn’t until the eighteenth century that concept of horse drawn carriages on a rail system was introduced as a mode of transport inside cities. This system significantly improved the smoothness of the ride by reducing the rolling resistance between the wheels of the cart and the rail, solving the issue of horse fatigue. A larger carriage was therefore able to be drawn but a single horse as opposed to two like that of the omnibus. Companies were thus able to operate transport services at lower expenses and at the same time, provide a service with greater comfort.

In the mid eighteenth century, the invention of the steam engine led to an explosive growth known as the industrial revolution. During this time, the invention of the blast furnace significantly increased the iron production. As a result, in the late eighteenth century, iron plates and wheels began to be formed using cast iron. A layer of cast iron was commonly fixed onto the upper surface of wooden rails to form a composite wood/iron rail track. The use of cast iron in tracks was a step up from that of using wood. They could hold significantly higher loads, and had even less rolling resistance in comparison to the wooden predecessor further increasing efficiency and comfort. Cast iron however also had its corresponding set of problems. It was brittle and was prone to wear and tear. High traffic and constant use of the rail with heavy loads would lead to damage to the rails. The cast iron plates will therefore need to be replaced often, also making it a significant economical expense.

The brittleness of cast iron was solved by the invention of a new metal work process which created a ductile material known as wrought iron in the early nineteenth century. This was another improvement since the ductility of the wrought iron allowed for the tracks to last for much longer, making it more economically efficient. However, the softness of wrought iron still meant that the tracks would last for less than 10 years before requiring maintenance, repair or replacement. This was a key constraining factor in the growth of the streetcar networks.

In the mid to late nineteenth century, the Bessemer process along with the open hearth furnace was invented. The combination of these two allowed for steel to be made efficiently at a very cheap cost. Given this condition, rail tracks constructed from steel were rapidly adopted due to the desirable properties. The high strength of steel along with its durability and low cost meant that it lasted many times longer than those made from wrought iron and further came at a similar price. This resulted in strong, long lasting and smooth rail tracks, sparking an explosive growth in the rail industry in the late nineteenth century. Many railway companies started and thousands of miles of railway tracks were constructed over the next decades.

There were many attempts at utilising different power sources for the streetcar. However, over time it was found that steam engines were too large in size to fit into a small vehicle and diesel engines would be too heavy and consequently inefficient. The source of power of choice therefore quickly shifted into electricity as it was small and efficient, particularly for light carriages like that of the streetcar. By the early nineteenth century, most street railways were converted from horse operated carriages into electrified railways.

The use of electrified streetcars meant that the initial investment was within reason. The system could be set up by constructing the rail tracks, the overhead wiring which carried the electricity and finally, constructing carriages that have electric motors on board. This led to the rapid expansion of the electric streetcar industry in the United States.

Market Development
The birthing phase of the streetcar in Mississippi began with the adoption of horse drawn carriages along wooden and iron composite rail tracks in the late nineteenth century. These acted as a replacement for the horse drawn omnibuses [3]. The earliest cities with such systems were Greenville (1887) and Natchez (1886) where the privately owned companies Greenville Street Railway and Co. and Natchez Street Railway Co. were the respective developers and owners of the system [3]. The networks were privately owned and maintained at the company’s own expense. By 1894, Greenville Street Railway and Co. had $100,000 of authorized capital stock and maintained 6 miles of tracks with 15 horses and 9 carriages [4]. On the other hand Natchez Street Railway Co. had grown to a similar size, also owning $100,000 of authorized capital stock and maintained 5 miles of tracks along with 20 horses and 7 carriages [4].

Several other cities had companies which constructed and maintained horse car systems in the late nineteenth century but due to low ridership, the routes were abandoned and the companies which operated the systems were dissolved. This is likely because Mississippi was a rural state with a low population density making the streetcar a difficult and non economically viable business to run. The lack of natural demand for the service therefore made it hard for companies to operate in smaller cities. The only cities with streetcar systems were therefore the larger ones such as Meridian, Greenville, Natchez, Jackson and Gulfport. At any one time, there was a maximum total of a mere thirteen trolley lines across the entire state of Mississippi.

After the widespread adoption of the steel rail track and electric carriage design, there was a rapid growth in the streetcar industry across the United States. This was a process of functional discovery and enhancement where many saw the new technology as an opportunity for growth. This was also true for Mississippi. However, since the construction of such systems required large capital investments, most local governments did not provide funding for the construction. Instead, they franchised the streets to private companies who would then proceed to get chartered for a length of time, typically in the order of twenty years. Those who saw this as a profitable opportunity therefore gathered the capital and formed a chartership with the local government. As a result,  a new wave of railway companies were chartered.

The original horse drawn streetcar systems in Greenville were halted in 1899 and the construction of new electrified steel tracks began over the course of two years. The new company Delta Light and Traction Co. was chartered and thereafter, purchased the previous railway companies in Greenville and monopolised Greenville’s lighting and streetcar industry. The line was a major success and experienced growth over the course of the following decade.

Policy development
Like that of most other states, the legislation ruling the operation of the electric streetcar in its birthing phase was borrowed from the preceding transit services, namely the omnibus and the horse drawn streetcar service. Particularly, right of way policies were in line with those of the horse drawn streetcar services. This was mostly because of the similarities between the horse drawn streetcar and the electric powered streetcar.

However, the government further introduced more policies to reduce their costs of maintenance in public infrastructure. The price which private companies needed to pay for the franchise agreement involved negotiation of terms and often required the private companies to contribute to the expansion and improvement of the quality of the public roads [2]. While the private companies often argued against these policies, they were ultimately imposed upon the operators at the signing of the franchise agreement after a reluctant agreement.

Market growth patterns similar to that of Greenville were observed in other major streetcar cities across Mississippi including Meridian, Natchez and Jackson where companies which constructed, maintained and operated the streetcar system emerged. Quickly, each city had its own corresponding private company which adopted a model where they run both the lighting and electrified streetcar services. The private companies were relatively small in size, and did not expand beyond the city due to the limitation of demand for more services. The small size of the companies led to simplistic and direct management of the services, and overall resulted in a short but successful streetcar system [4].

However, the lack of competition and monopoly of the streetcar system across an entire city naturally drove the fare prices higher. Therefore, as the system matured, the government introduced a lock-in policy in the franchise agreements to prevent the operators from increasing the fare price beyond five cents. All operators who have agreed to the franchise therefore needed to keep their fares to five cents regardless of market conditions. As a result, the streetcar system was well received by the public and opening of new services often came with great celebration [3].

Public Sector Contribution
While the growth of the streetcar system was smaller than that of other cities around the United States at the time due to the smaller demand in Mississippi, the government still played a key role in its development. Particularly, the government mostly controlled the planning of the systems through its franchise agreement. By restricting the path of the streetcar to certain routes, the government had control over the urban planning component of the service. Furthermore, by introducing aforementioned policies such as a maximum fare on the service, the government was able to ensure that the services were readily accessible to the general public. This planning therefore guided a path towards a more efficient economic growth.

Private Sector Contribution
The private sector was the main contributor to the streetcar services. Private companies constructed, owned, maintained and operated all of the systems with an expectation to profit from the services. While they must operate under the policies that have been agreed upon from the franchise agreement, private sector companies continually sought to improve efficiency and maximise profits. This pushed private companies to extend streetcar services to areas where the private companies saw as profitable and also created an incentive for the private sector companies to improve the quality of their services to increase ridership. Railway companies would hence purchase lighting companies and provide lighting services along their routes to attract passengers. As a result, the private sector contributed greatly to the public transit network infrastructure, operation of the services as well as improvements to the quality of infrastructure in cities.

Policy Issues
The greatest conflict of interest between the public and private sector lies in the policies associated with fares. The governing body wanted ease of access at low costs while the private companies wanted to maximise profits. While the lock-in policy which limited the fares that streetcar operators could charge was not a problem to begin with, it became an issue when inflation began to occur in the twentieth century. As a result, many railway companies were no longer economically viable and were soon replaced by other forms of transport like that of the car.

Mature Phase
Due to the low population density across Mississippi, the mature phase of the streetcar network was reached relatively early, approximately around 1918. Most streetcar systems did not experience significant growth and ridership did not improve over the years. As such, there was no incentive for the private companies to continue expanding their networks as it would not be profitable.

This was further compounded with the lock-in policy for the maximum fare of 5 cents. As inflation grew, the lack of improvement in ridership meant that the private sector was gradually making declining profits and eventually, they were no longer economically viable. The onset of the streamlined automobile manufacturing from Ford Motor Co. was the final push that sent the streetcar industry into its declining phase. By 1930, the automobile industry was rapidly growing and streetcar systems were rapidly replaced by new buses that were more efficient, flexible and did not need an extensive rail infrastructure [5]. Since right of way policies haven’t changed since their horse drawn predecessors, streetcars needed to share a way with other vehicles on the road. The increase of other forms of transport including cars and buses therefore made competition for the right of way and pushed the streetcar out of service due to its lack of flexibility. As a result, between the 1930s and the 1950s, well over a hundred cities abandoned their streetcar systems and replaced it with buses and private cars [5]. All cities in Mississippi lie in this category of cities that have abandoned their streetcar systems. By the mid 1930s, there were no longer any more streecars to be seen in Mississippi [3].

Reinventing the Mode
While the streetcar has been long abandoned, and replaced by more flexible services such as buses, there remains to be a list of advantages which streetcars hold. Consequently, there exists an opportunity to reinvent the streetcar for modern usage, particularly in short lengths in highly congested areas. However, policies must be changed accordingly to accommodate for this to happen. Highly congested roads in the central business district can be readily converted into streetcar systems at low costs. However, to prevent further conflicts for the right of way, it is necessary to adapt the roads so that there are no conflicts between the cars, buses and the streetcars.

Streetcar systems are also unlikely to be profitable to operate for the private sector. Funding from the public sector will therefore also be necessary for such a system to be reinvented. While the cost of capital is relatively high, the economic benefits and growth that comes along with the streetcar can potentially outweigh the costs of the line.

Quantitative Analysis
For each city in Mississippi with a streetcar system, quantitative analysis was conducted to fit the length of track in the Mississippi streetcar system to a logistic function to identify the three stages of development: the birthing, growth and mature stages. Data was collected from "McGraw electric railway manual - the red book of American street railway investment" from years 1894 to 1920 using an automated Python script where possible. The data was then checked manually and then used for curve fitting. The function that is used to fit the data is

$$S(t) = \frac{K}{1 + \exp(-b(t - t_0))}$$

where $$S(t)$$ represents the length of track in miles in the year $$t$$, $$K$$ represents the saturated length of track in the mature stage of the system, and $$b$$ and $$t_0$$ are parameters which are fitted using least squares regression in a linear form

$$b(t - t_0) = \ln\left( \frac{S(t)}{K - S(t)}\right)$$

Since some networks have not yet entered their mature stage, the parameter $$K$$ is unknown. In such cases, we iterate through a range of possible values and maximise the correlation $$R^2$$ in least squares regression. This optimisation problem is solved for using a brute force iterative method in Python. For each system in Mississippi over the study period, a logistic function is fitted, albeit some data shows that a logistic function may not be the best fit.

Mississippi - Aggregated
The data was summed across all the systems in Mississippi and aggregated together to find the total track length in Mississippi in the years between 1894 to 1920. When there was no reports to changes in the track length of a system, it was assumed that the track has experienced no changes and therefore maintained its previous reported length. The results are summarised for every year in the table below. The coefficients of the logistic return are summarised in the table below: From the logistic regression where $$R^2$$ is optimised, it appears that the logistic function seems to be a reaonsable fit to the data. The $$R^2$$ value is reasonably high at 0.927 which suggests that the goodness of fit for this curve is quite high. However, that being said, there still appear to be some discrepancies between the recorded data and the fitted line. After optimsiation of the goodness of fit, it is found that the saturation length of tracks in Mississippi was around 137.4 miles. Therefore, there was still some room for growth in the years outside the study period. Some approximate years for the birthing phase was from 1882 to 1898, the growth phase was from 1898 to 1917 and the mature phase was from 1917 to 1930 before declining shortly after.

Cities
For completeness, the logistic returns analysis is conducted for each city within Mississippi as well. However, some cities like that of Natchez demonstrate that the logistic function may perhaps not be the best model to fit to. Other cities such as Greenville, Jackson and Meridian, however, demonstrate that the logistic function is a reasonable fit since the goodness of fit is relatively high.

Columbus
Columbus appeared to experience its birthing phase quite early, before 1906. However, it wasn't until 1906 when the growth rapidly expanded and quickly reached its mature and saturated phase in 1910.

Greenville
Greenville initially had a horse drawn streetcar system in place. However, after the introduction of the electric streetcar, the original system was abolished and the rail lines were electrified. The birthing phase of the electric streetcar system therefore started in around 1901 before a rapid expansion from 1904 to 1911, after which the network saturated at around 7.75 miles long.

Gulfport
Gulfport also appeared to experience a rapid expansion from the birthing in 1905 into its growth phase during 1906 to 1910. The Gulfport network was larger than most other cities in Mississippi and saturated at 30 miles around 1911.

Jackson
Jackson also appeared to fir the logistic function reasonably well. The birthing started in around 1893 and quickly proceeded into its growth phase from about 1900 to 1910, after which the network matured. While the data is limtied to before 1920, the logistic function suggests that the network continued to mature until reaching a potential saturation length of 15.6 miles.

Meridian
Meridian demonstrated a high goodness of fit to the logistic function. The network birthed fairly early at around 1890 before reaching its growth phase from 1894 to 1910 over which, the length of the tracks extended to a length of about 11 miles. The network then reached its mature phase and eventually saturated at around 14 miles in length.

Natchez
Natchez was an interesting case that did not fit very well to a logistic function. The goodness of the fit is poor and the parameters of the fit do not reflect very well on the three stages in the development of the network. However, it is safe to claim that the network matured very early and stayed at a saturated length of 7 miles.

Code - Scraping the data
When a txt file of the data was available, the following code was run to simplify the data extraction process. This was not perfect and thus, after extracting the data, there needed to be some manual work to clean and check the data.

Code - Optimising the linear regression and plots
= References = [1] Parsons Brinckerhoff. Seattle Streetcar Network And Feasibility Analysis.Seattle Department of Transportation. 2004

[2] Monroe Dodd. A splendid ride - The Streetcars of Kansas City 1870 - 1957. Kansas City Star Books. 2002.

[3] Frank A. Brooks, Jr. Stories about street cars - Southern Traction - Travelling by Trolley in Mississippi. 1983.

[4] McGraw electric railway manual - the red book of American street railway investment. 1894.

[5] Peter Spearritt. Why Melbourne Kept Its Trams. Landscapes and Ecologies of Urban and Planning history.


text:
Template:Dbox/doc

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High School Life Science/Reproduction

Organic compounds they contain of elements hydrogen and oxygen and inorganic compounds they do not contain hydrogen and oxygen, they contain other elements but they do not normally contain carbon and hydrogen together

title: High School Life Science/Reproduction


text:
User talk:TLP314

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, TLP314!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

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Talk:Main Page/Featured

Missing end tag
should be.

. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 18:43, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 19:03, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Main Page/Featured


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Template:Spanish/Vocab/styles.css

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Diplomacy/Alliances by country

Jump to navigation		Jump to search

Austria

 * Anschluss (A+G)
 * The Lepanto (A+I)
 * The Austronaught/Peppermint (A+R)
 * Central Triple, Triple Alliance, Central Powers, Axis (A+G+I)
 * Austria/Turkey (A+T)
 * The Wall or Dagger (A+E+T)
 * The Scissors (A+F+T)
 * The AIRhead (A+I+R)
 * The Mediterranean Axis (A+I+T)
 * The Eastern Triple or the RAT Pact (A+R+T)
 * Three Emperors Alliance (A+G+R)
 * Unholy Alliance (A+E+T)

title: Diplomacy/Alliances by country


text:
History of video games/Platforms/ST-3200

History
The system was developed by Sumitomo Electric Networks, Inc. and deployed by the telecom company NTT Pala for their Hikari TV streaming service.

The full name of the device was the Stream Cruiser Smart TV 3200, and was commonly shortened to the ST-3200. The system was launched as a rental unit only in June 2013. This device offered one of the first shipped domestic cloud gaming consoles in Japan, following the unreleased Taito WOWOW in the 1990's.

On September 1st, 2013 orders for the system began being accepted, with units being shipped on September 9th, 2013. system was available in two bundles, a base bundle of console, controller, and remote costing 24,800 to 19,800 Japanese Yen, and another bundle adding a 2 terabyte external hard disk costing 34,800 to 29,800 Japanese Yen. Setting up the system notably required a phone call and physical paperwork to be handled.

Technology
The system was based on the STiH415 processor, which included a dual core ARM A9 CPU clocked at 1 gigahertz. The onboard computer ran Android 4.0 as an operating system.

The system could record two video streams simultaneously by using an external storage device.


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Romanian/Lesson 6

Romanian past tense is different from Present because you are required to use pronouns to indicate who is doing the action. This is because the verb itself does not conjugate and therefore the pronoun is required to. You may have noticed that the pronouns are nearly identical to the conjugated forms of 'have/has' in Romanian. Keep this in mind when memorizing. Above 'Merge' (s/he goes) has been modified for the past tense. Notice how the 'S' ending is used. Above 'Spune' (s/he speaks) has been modified for the past tense. Again, notice the replacement of the final consonants with an 'S'. Above 'Face' (s/he does) has been modified for the past tense. See here how, like the other examples the final consonant has been replaced. This makes no sense on paper, as on it paper it hasn't changed. 'C' is 'C'. But it has changed in pronunciation. Rather than being pronounced as 'Fachay', it is pronounced as 'Fuhkoot'. This is a result of the letter 'C' having two alternative sounds in Romanian (it is the only letter to do so). The difference between this example and the other two is that instead of an 'S' at the end, there is a 'T'. Both 'S' and 'T' are used for the Romanian past tense, so when you come across a new vowel, make sure to know if the past tense ends in an 'S' or a 'T'.

title: Romanian/Lesson 6


text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2021/Pennsylvania Streetcar

Introduction
The industrial revolution occurred in much of Europe and America throughout the 19th century, people moved from agricultural to machines based manufacturing. This caused mass urbanisation as people looked for work in factories located in major cities. The population of London doubled during the period (1801-1851). Similarly in Pittsburgh, the population growth rate doubled that of the rest of the country as immigrants travelled through Ellis island and the Erie Canal looking for various manufacturing opportunities such as steel and iron production. With the absence of public transport, the population generally lived within walking distance to work. As city planning at the time was not equip for this sudden increase in population. The lack of affordable housing resulted in city slums where people lived under terrible conditions best depicted by Jocob Riis' iconic photo 'Five Cents a Spot'. Showing multiple labourers housed into crowded tenements in lower Manhattan in 1888. Due to these circumstances people began to relocated further away from the downtown areas. Streetcars emerged out of necessity as a more localised form of public or mass transit to transport people to work from the outer downtown areas.

Streetcars also know as trams and trolleys (in europe and the rest of the world) is a single unit vehicle made of timber or steel that runs on steel rails. It is generally a more localised form of public or mass transit. There are four different types of streetcars, horse drawn, cable drawn streetcar, electric streetcar and in Philadelphia trackless trolley and trolley buses.

This article explores the historic life cycle of the US streetcar system and its specific context to the Pennsylvania State. Discussing the inception, growth and mature stages of streetcars as a mode of transport.


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History of video games/Platforms

Major home consoles

 * /Magnavox Odyssey/
 * Magnavox Odyssey series
 * /Coleco Telstar series/
 * Coleco Telstar Marksman - Lightgun variation.
 * Nintendo Color TV-Game
 * Epoch TV Tennis Electrotennis
 * /APF TV Fun series/
 * /PC-50x Family/

Minor home consoles

 * Entex Gameroom Tele-Pong
 * /Pong consoles/

DIY consoles

 * /Elektor TV Games Computer/
 * /Visulex Kit/

Interton Video Series

 * /Interton Video 2000/
 * /Interton Video 2400/
 * /Interton Video 2501/
 * /Interton Video 2800/
 * /Interton Video 3000/
 * /Interton Video 3001/

Telejogo Series

 * /Telejogo/
 * /Telejogo II/

Other home consoles

 * /Telescore 750/
 * /Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450/
 * /Philips Tele-Game series/
 * /Video Pinball series/

Regionally important home consoles

 * /Sportronic Electronic TV Sport/
 * /Salora Playmaster/

Warsaw Pact Home Consoles

 * /BSS 01/
 * /Ameprod Television Game 10/
 * Ministry of the Electronics Industry Турнир (Turnir)

Canceled home consoles

 * /Atari Game Brain/

Screenless handheld consoles

 * Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe
 * Merlin (Parker Brothers)

Major Home Consoles

 * Atari 2600 / VCS
 * /Atari 5200/
 * /Fairchild Channel F/
 * /Magnavox Odyssey²/
 * /Intellivision/
 * /ColecoVision/
 * /RCA Studio II/
 * /Visicom COM-100/

Minor Home Consoles

 * Cassette Vision
 * Bally Astrocade
 * APF-MP1000
 * Bandai Super Vision 8000
 * Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy
 * SHG Black Point
 * VTech CreatiVision
 * Pyūta Jr
 * Palladium Tele-Cassetten Game
 * Unisonic Champion 2711
 * /Maikon Mahjong/

2001 family

 * Arcadia 2001
 * Leisure Vision
 * Tele-Fever

1292 family

 * 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System
 * /Interton Video Computer 4000/

Tabletop Consoles

 * Vectrex
 * /Entex Adventure Vision/
 * Children's Discovery System
 * /Philips Videojeu N60/

Canceled Consoles

 * Ultravision Video Arcade System
 * Atari Cosmos
 * /Sony Prototype TV Game Machine/
 * /Intellivision III/

Major handhelds consoles

 * Nintendo Game & Watch series
 * Microvision

Minor handheld consoles

 * /Epoch Game Pocket Computer/
 * /Entex Select-A-Game/
 * /VTech Variety/
 * Colorvision
 * /Palmtex Portable Videogame System/
 * /Digi Casse/
 * Nintendo Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman
 * /Bandai LCD Solarpower/

3D handheld consoles

 * /Tomytronic 3D/
 * /VTech 3D Gamate/

Major home consoles

 * Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Sega SG-1000
 * Sega Master System
 * /Atari 7800/

Minor home consoles

 * /Philips Videopac+ G7400/
 * Super Cassette Vision
 * Vidéoway
 * Casio PV-1000
 * My Vision
 * /Micro Genius/
 * /Dina/
 * /Ending-Man Terminator/

Console versions of Home Computers

 * /Atari XEGS/
 * /Amstrad GX4000/
 * /Commodore 64 Games System/
 * Zemmix

VHS Consoles

 * /View-Master Interactive Vision/
 * Video Challenger
 * Action Max
 * /Connor Videosmarts/

Educational consoles

 * /VTech Socrates/
 * /LJN Video Art/
 * /BBC Bridge Companion/

Canceled home consoles

 * RDI Halcyon
 * Control-Vision

Projector Game Systems

 * Proscreen
 * Light Games

Portable LCD Game Systems

 * Ohio Art Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000
 * IM-26
 * PreComputer 1000

Major home consoles

 * Super Famicom / Super Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Sega MegaDrive / Genesis
 * NEC TurboGrafx-16
 * PC Engine SuperGrafx
 * /TurboDuo/

Console versions of arcade systems

 * SNK NEO•GEO
 * /Capcom Power System Changer/
 * /Otoko Attack System/

Minor home consoles

 * /Super A'Can/
 * /TV Boy/
 * /KW-501/

Interactive multimedia devices

 * /Tandy Video Information System/
 * /Terebikko/
 * /LaserActive/
 * /Commodore CDTV/
 * /CD-i/

Educational home game consoles

 * Sega Pico
 * Konami Picno

Canceled home consoles

 * Taito WOWOW
 * /Konix Multisystem/
 * /Atari Panther/
 * /Atari Mirai/
 * /Кроха/

Major handheld consoles

 * Nintendo Game Boy
 * Sega Game Gear
 * Atari Lynx
 * NEC TurboExpress
 * Barcode Battler

Minor handheld consoles

 * /Watara Supervision/
 * Mega Duck / Cougar Boy
 * /Gamate/
 * /Game Master/
 * /Nintendo Mini Classics/
 * J.Cock New Wave Z400S
 * /Tomy Data Battle/

Cancelled handheld consoles

 * /Action Gamemaster/

Major home consoles

 * Nintendo 64
 * PlayStation
 * Sega Saturn

Minor home consoles

 * Virtual Boy
 * Atari Jaguar
 * 3DO Interactive Multiplayer

Obscure home consoles

 * Apple Bandai Pippin
 * NEC PC-FX
 * Bandai Playdia
 * /Casio Loopy/
 * FM Towns Marty
 * Commodore Amiga CD32

Canceled home consoles

 * Hasbro Toaster VR / Sliced Bread Project
 * /SNK NeoStar/

Major handheld consoles

 * Sega Genesis Nomad
 * WonderSwan
 * SNK NeoGeo Pocket

Minor handheld consoles

 * Pokémon Pikachu
 * Game.com
 * R-Zone
 * Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu
 * /Bemani Pocket/
 * /PasoGo/

Major home consoles

 * Sega Dreamcast
 * Nintendo GameCube
 * Sony PlayStation 2
 * Microsoft Xbox

Minor consoles

 * XaviXPORT & Domyos Interactive System
 * V.Smile
 * /Atari Flashback series/
 * /Let's! TV Play Classic/
 * /DVD Kids/
 * /Tomy Kiss Site/

Retro Revival consoles

 * /C64 Direct-to-TV/
 * /Intellivision Play Power/

Educational DIY Consoles

 * XGameStation
 * /MACH64/

Platform Technology

 * /Nuon/
 * /DISCover/

Canceled consoles

 * /SNK Millennium/
 * Apex Digital ApeXtreme
 * /Phantom/
 * Indrema L600
 * /Panasonic M2/

Major handheld consoles

 * /Game Boy Advance/
 * /Pokémon Mini/

Mobile Phone Gaming hybrids

 * Nokia N-Gage
 * /GPANG/
 * /Sony mylo/

Minor handheld consoles

 * /Tapwave Zodiac/
 * /GP32/
 * /digiBLAST/
 * /Leapster/
 * /Pelican VG Pocket/
 * /GameKing/
 * /Cybiko/
 * /Pixter/
 * /Pepper Pad/
 * /Hasbro P-O-X/
 * Aquaplus P/ECE (PIECE)

Unconventional formfactors

 * /iQuest/
 * /Kek Powerizer/
 * /Kasey the Kinderbot/
 * /Pocket Neopet/
 * /iriver clix/

Canceled handhelds

 * /Red Jade/

Major home consoles

 * Nintendo Wii
 * Sony PlayStation 3
 * Microsoft Xbox 360

Minor consoles

 * /Game Wave Family Entertainment System/
 * /HyperScan/
 * /Zeebo/
 * /Vii/
 * Hasbro Designer's World
 * /Sifteo Cubes/

Educational consoles

 * /V.Flash/
 * /PlayPower/
 * Hasbro Net Jet
 * Hasbro MyQ

Open consoles

 * /UzeBox/
 * /EVO Smart Console/
 * /HYDRA Game Development Kit/
 * HARDKERNEL ODROID
 * /Mignon/
 * /Mignonette/

Major handheld consoles

 * /Nintendo DS/
 * /PlayStation Portable/

Minor handheld consoles

 * /Gizmondo/
 * /Coleco Sonic/
 * /Pocket Dream Console/
 * /Mi2/
 * /DIFRNCE MGC01/
 * /Swinxs/
 * /JXD 1000/
 * /Gemei X760+/
 * /Retro Duo/
 * /Tuttuki Bako/

Educational handhelds

 * /Leapster Explorer/
 * /LeapFrog Didj/
 * /Teachermate/
 * /Fly Pentop Computer/

Open Platform Handhelds

 * Dingoo series
 * Open Pandora
 * 4D systems PoGa
 * /Meggy Jr RGB/

GP2X Family

 * /GP2X/
 * /GP2X Wiz/
 * /GP2X Caanoo/

Canceled handhelds

 * VIA MoMA Eve
 * /XGP/
 * GamBros handhelds

Major Home Consoles

 * Nintendo Wii U
 * Nintendo Switch
 * PlayStation 4
 * Xbox One

Retro revival consoles

 * NES Classic Edition & Famicom Classic Edition
 * Super NES Classic Edition & Super Famicom Classic Edition
 * PlayStation Classic
 * /TurboGrafx 16 mini/
 * /Sega Genesis Mini/
 * /Super Retro Trio/
 * /PC Classic/
 * Polymega (RetroBlox)
 * /Retro Freak/
 * /Retro-Bit Generations/
 * /PasocomMini MZ-80C/
 * /PasocomMini PC-8001/
 * /Sega Zone/
 * /Atari 2600 Plug & Play Joystick/
 * /Ocelot Arcade System/
 * /VILROS Retro Gaming Kit/
 * My Arcade/dreamGEAR Game Station

Microconsoles

 * /Nvidia Shield TV/
 * /Ouya/
 * /GameStick/
 * Mad Catz M.O.J.O.
 * /Razer Forge TV/
 * /Fuze Tomahawk F1/
 * /ZTE Fun Box/
 * /miniStation/
 * /ST-3200/
 * TGP Box / Tencent Games Platform Box / The Blade Box
 * /FlarePlay/
 * /Xtreamer Multi-Console/
 * /GamePop series/
 * /SlimPort Nano Console/
 * /ZRRO/
 * /PlayJam OTT/

TV Platforms
A number of multimedia devices were released during this time, many of which included the ability to play video games.
 * Amazon Fire TV
 * Google Nexus Player
 * /Apple TV/
 * /Roku/
 * /Exent GameTanium/

Minor consoles

 * /Steam Machines/
 * /LeapTV/
 * /ZX Spectrum Vega/
 * /CT510/
 * /Sony Toio/
 * /Tovertafel/
 * /InnoTV/

Art consoles

 * /Slow Games/
 * /R-Kaid-6/
 * /Cary42/
 * /Analogue CMVS/
 * /Analogue Nt/

FPGA consoles

 * /Analogue Nt mini/
 * /Analogue Super NT/
 * /Analogue Mega Sg/

Canceled consoles

 * Chameleon
 * /Huawei Tron/
 * /OUYE/
 * /Asus GameBox/
 * /Unnamed Amazon Game Console/

Major handheld consoles

 * Nintendo 3DS
 * Sony PlayStation Vita

Open handhelds

 * Tiny Arcade & Tiny Pocket
 * /Pokitto/
 * /Arduboy/
 * /Gamebuino/
 * /Adafruit PyGamer/
 * /Game Gadget/
 * /Clockwork GameShell/
 * /Kano Pixel/
 * /Kitronik GameZip 64/
 * /Creoqode 2048/
 * /Creoqode PYXA/
 * /Minty Pi/

Retro revival handhelds

 * /Neo Geo X/
 * /ZX Spectrum Vega+/
 * /Namco Museum Mini Player/
 * My Arcade Retro Champ

Minor handhelds

 * Nvidia Shield Portable
 * Sony Xperia Play
 * /GCW Zero/
 * /JXD S5100/
 * /GPD XD/
 * /GPD Win/
 * /GPD Win 2/
 * /Gemei A330/
 * /Monon Color/
 * HG-501 and HG-503
 * /MobiGo/
 * /iXL/
 * /K-Magic/
 * /Yinlips YDPG18/
 * /Wikipad/
 * /Fire Phone/
 * /Technology Will Save Us DIY Gamer Kit/

Gaming Tablets

 * /Razer Edge/
 * /Unu/

Canceled handhelds

 * Panasonic Jungle
 * /Razer Switchblade/
 * /nD/

Major home consoles

 * Xbox Series X and Series S
 * /PlayStation 5/

Minor Consoles

 * /KFConsole/
 * /Moranbong/
 * /Mad Box/
 * /GameBender/

PC Based Consoles

 * /Big O/
 * /Lenovo IdeaCentre 5 17IAB7/
 * /MSI Trident/

Retro revival consoles

 * /Intellivision Amico/
 * Atari branded consoles
 * /Atari VCS/
 * /Atari 2600+/
 * Atari GameStation Pro
 * /Mega Drive Mini 2/
 * /Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro/
 * /Roshambo Retro Gaming Kit/
 * /RetroN Sq/
 * /Evercade VS/
 * /Amiga A500 Mini/
 * /C64 Mini/
 * /Zuiki X68000 Z/
 * /Hyperkin Retron Ult/
 * /Warrior 64/
 * Anbernic PAP II

DIY or Open Game Consoles
Consoles that were marketed as having end users assemble or develop for them. Note that most of these overlap with the retro revival consoles above.
 * /Bootleg/
 * /Open Game Station/
 * /Pimoroni DV Stick/
 * /PiCade/
 * /weeCee/

FPGA based platforms

 * /MiSTer/
 * /Analogue Duo/
 * /Analogue 3D/
 * /Tassei Denki Saturn/
 * /MARS FPGA/

Home Arcade Systems

 * /Capcom Home Arcade/
 * /Neo Geo Mini/
 * /Sega Astro City Mini/
 * /Sega Astro City Mini V/
 * /Taito Egret Mini II/

Unreleased

 * /Spartan/
 * /Polium One/
 * /Unnamed SNK Console/

Cancelled Consoles

 * Subor Z+

Major Handhelds

 * Valve Steam Deck
 * /PlayStation Portal/

Indie or Open handhelds

 * /Playdate/
 * /DragonBox Pyra/
 * /Pimoroni PicoSystem/
 * /32Blit/
 * /ESPboy/
 * /CircuitMess devices/
 * Tiny Circuits Thumby

Retro revivals handhelds

 * Nintendo Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.
 * Nintendo Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda
 * Sega Game Gear Micro
 * Evercade Family
 * /Evercade/
 * /Evercade EXP/
 * /Super Pocket/
 * /FunKey S/
 * /GameForce CHI/
 * /BittBoy/
 * /TinyTan BTS Tamagotchi/
 * /TinyPi/
 * /Asterisk/
 * /PocketStar/

Emulator Oriented

 * /ODROID-GO Series/
 * /TRDR Pocket/
 * /PiBoy series/ PiBoy DMG and PiBoy SRX
 * /Miyoo Mini/

 * /Creoqode LYRA/
 * Retroid Pocket Line
 * /Retroid Pocket 2/
 * /Retroid Pocket 2+/
 * /Retroid Pocket 3/
 * /Retroid Pocket 3+/
 * /Retroid Pocket Flip/
 * / M17/
 * Anbernic line
 * /Anbernic RG351/
 * /Anbernic RG ARC/
 * My Arcade Family
 * My Arcade Nano Player
 * My Arcade Micro Player
 * My Arcade Pixel Classic
 * My Arcade Pocket Player

FPGA Oriented

 * /Analogue Pocket/

High Performance Mobile Gaming

 * /Logitech G CLOUD gaming handheld/
 * /Lenovo Legion Play/
 * /AYN Odin/
 * /G3x/
 * /SMATCH Z/
 * /OneXPlayer/
 * /Asus ROG Ally/
 * /Lenovo Legion Go/
 * /AOKZOE A1 Pro/
 * /Tassei Denki Project Nadeshiko/
 * Tassei Denki Project RadaR

 * GPD Line
 * /GPD Win Max/
 * /GPD Win 3/
 * /GPD XP/
 * /GPD Win 4/
 * Aya Neo line
 * /Aya Neo/
 * /AYA Neo 2021 Pro/
 * /AYANEO 2/
 * /AYANEO Geek/
 * /AYANEO Air 1S/
 * /AYANEO Air 2S/
 * /AYANEO Kun/
 * /AYANEO Slide/
 * /AYANEO Flip/

 * /AYANEO Next II/

Other Handhelds

 * /Kitronik Arcade/
 * /microByte/
 * /Circuit Gem/
 * /Gem Boy Zero/

Educational Handhelds

 * /Kittenbot MeowBit/
 * /Elecrow Crowbits/

Unreleased Handhelds

 * /Alienware Concept UFO/
 * /LaVie Mini/

Enhanced traditional formfactors

 * /WOWCube/
 * /Gameboard/
 * /SquareOne/

Unconventional Formfactors

 * Bud Light BL6
 * /LaserCube/
 * /Tamagotchi Smart/
 * /InWin 309 Gaming Edition/
 * /Light Pong/
 * /Play! Remote/
 * /Tovertafel 2/
 * /Picoo/
 * /Amazon Glow/
 * /Playpulse One/

1970's computers

 * Apple II
 * Atari 8 bit family
 * VideoBrain Family Computer

1980's computers

 * IBM Personal Computer
 * Commodore 64
 * Commodore Amiga
 * BBC Micro
 * /Acorn Electron/
 * /Acorn Archimedes/
 * Sinclair ZX Spectrum
 * /Amstrad CPC/
 * MSX computers
 * /Texas Instruments TI-99/4A/
 * Fujitsu FM Towns
 * NEC PC-8800 series (PC-88)
 * Sharp X68000
 * /Sharp X1/
 * /Jupiter Ace/
 * /Mattel Aquarius/
 * /Tomy Tutor/
 * /Coleco Adam/
 * /Spectravideo/
 * /Galaksija/

1990's computers

 * Windows 95 & 98
 * Classic Mac

Virtual Reality

 * /Virtual Boy/
 * /Hasbro Toaster VR/
 * VFX1
 * Oculus Rift
 * SteamVR headsets
 * PlayStation VR

Wearables

 * /Apple Watch/
 * /Fitbit/

Automobiles

 * /Tesla Arcade/
 * IndiEV Indi One

Cloud Chapters

 * /AirConsole/
 * /Xbox Game Pass cloud gaming/
 * /Google Stadia/
 * Sony PlayStation Now
 * /Gaikai/
 * /OnLive/
 * Amazon Luna
 * Nvidia GeForce Now
 * /Shinra Technologies/
 * /Dive In/
 * /Tizen cloud gaming/
 * /Utomik/
 * /YouTube Playables/

External Resources

 * Google Arts and Culture - Online exhibit on early home gaming.

title: History of video games/Platforms


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Book-Lover

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Mirad Thesaurus/Society

= Society =
 * The core words of this theme begin with the letter d for communication and end in t for human or person

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text: World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1981

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Applied Programming/RegEx

Regular Expression
In programming, regular expressions refers to a series of characters that can be used to specify a search function. They allow for robust and powerful ways of searching through a plethora of data without creating redundant or repetitive lines of code. Regular expressions, or regex(es) for short, behave like a ctrl+f for coding, allowing us to easily retrieve data patterns such as email addresses, domain names, phone numbers; virtually any data that we can attribute a pattern to.

Regex characters consist of a combination of special metacharacters, and certain standard characters used to specify what elements of the string to match.

Metacharacter
A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning to a computer program, such as a shell interpreter or a regular expression (regex) engine.

Characters

A set of characters Output: ['h', 'e', 'a', 'i', 'i', 'a', 'i']
 * []

Signals a special sequence (can also be used to escape special characters) Output: ['5', '9']

Any character (except newline character) Output: ['hello']

Starts with Output: Yes, the string starts with 'hello'

Ends with Output: Yes, the string ends with 'world'

Zero or more occurrences Output: ['ai', 'ai', 'ai', 'ai'] Yes, there is at least one match!

One or more occurrences Output: [] No match

Exactly the specified number of occurrences Output: ['all'] Yes, there is at least one match!
 * {}

Either or Output: ['falls'] Yes, there is at least one match!

Other Examples

Some other characters may have special meaning in some environments.

 * In some Unix shells the semicolon (";") is a statement separator.
 * In XML and HTML, the ampersand ("&") introduces an HTML entity. It also has special meaning in MS-DOS/Windows Command Prompt.
 * In some Unix shells and MS-DOS/Windows Command Prompt, the less-than sign and greater-than sign ("<" and ">") are used for redirection and the grave accent/backquote ("`") is used for command substitution.
 * In many programming languages, strings are delimited using quotes (" or '). In some cases, escape characters (and other methods) are used to avoid delimiter collision, e.g. "He said, \"Hello\"".
 * In printf format strings, the percent sign ("%") is used to introduce format specifiers and must be escaped as "%%" to be interpreted literally. In SQL, the percent is used as a wildcard character.
 * In SQL, the underscore ("_") is used to match any single character.

Greedy Algorithm
Greedy is an algorithmic paradigm that builds up a solution piece by piece, always choosing the next piece that offers the most obvious and immediate benefit. So the problems where choosing locally optimal also leads to global solution are best fit for Greedy.

Here are the reasons for using the greedy approach:

 * The greedy approach has a few tradeoffs, which may make it suitable for optimization.
 * One prominent reason is to achieve the most feasible solution immediately. In the activity selection problem (Explained below), if more activities can be done before finishing the current activity, these activities can be performed within the same time.
 * Another reason is to divide a problem recursively based on a condition, with no need to combine all the solutions.
 * In the activity selection problem, the "recursive division" step is achieved by scanning a list of items only once and considering certain activities.

Greedy algorithms have some advantages and disadvantages:

 * 1) It is quite easy to come up with a greedy algorithm (or even multiple greedy algorithms) for a problem.
 * 2) Analyzing the run time for greedy algorithms will generally be much easier than for other techniques (like Divide and conquer). For the Divide and conquer technique, it is not clear whether the technique is fast or slow. This is because at each level of recursion the size of gets smaller and the number of sub-problems increases.
 * 3) The difficult part is that for greedy algorithms you have to work much harder to understand correctness issues. Even with the correct algorithm, it is hard to prove why it is correct. Proving that a greedy algorithm is correct is more of an art than a science. It involves a lot of creativity.

Activities
1) Write a program that uses Regex to parse through a text file containing individual e-mail addresses and sort them into a dictionary where the key is the e-mail address' handle and the value is the domain.

Example: A file containing  'johndoe@aol.com ' and 'janedoh@yahoo.com ' would result in ["johndoe": "aol", "janedoe": "yahoo"].

2) Write a program that uses Regex to find and replace all occurrences of vowels in a string and replaces them with a period. Only replace 'y' if it is the only vowel in the word.

Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" would result in "Th. q..ck br.wn f.x j.mp.d .v.r th. l.zy d.g"

3) Write a program that uses Regex to convert a date in dd-mm-yyyy format to yy-mm-dd format.

Example: 06-04-1992 would result in 92-06-04.

4) Write a program that uses Regex to break down a URL and sort the information into a dictionary. The key should be the primary domain while the value should be a list of subpages.

Example: " https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming " would result in ["wikipedia": ['wiki', 'Computer_programming']]

Key Terms
Approximate string-match algorithm - (also known as Fuzzy String Searching) searches for substrings of the input string.

Escape character - A character used to bypass a symbol that may be a metacharacter and express the symbol literally.

Exact string-match algorithm - To find one, several, or all occurrences of a defined string (pattern) in a large string (text or sequences) such that each matching is perfect.

Greedy algorithm - An algorithmic paradigm that builds up a solution piece by piece, always choosing the next piece that offers the most obvious and immediate benefit.

Kleene star - A programming resource that offers outcomes related to the concatenation of a string set. Using the Kleene star, developers and others assess how to filter given results based on input.

Metacharacter - A character that has a special meaning to a computer program, such as a shell interpreter or a regular expression (regex) engine.

Monoid - A set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element.

Pattern - A regular expression against which text is either matched or captured.

Quantifier - A modifier that follows another regex token, enumerating the number of times you expect it to appear.

RegEx processor - A processor that translates a regular expression in the above syntax into an internal representation which can be executed and matched against a string representing the text being searched.

Regular expression - A regular expression (regex or regexp for short) is a special text string for describing a search pattern.

Wildcard - A generic character that stands in for anything.

title: Applied Programming/RegEx


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 * The remainder of the file deals with syntax highlighting.

title: User:Zuzij/vector.css


text: User talk:Molandfreak

title: User talk:Molandfreak


text:
Talk:Main Page/Recipe

Lint /formatting concern
Minor formatting concern:-

should read

Alteranatively, the DIV wrapper on this and other embedded category links should be classed? . ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 07:22, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ for the first, not sure what you want for the second. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 07:26, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Main Page/Recipe


text:
Template:!end

 * }

title: Template:!end


text: World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1987

title: World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1987


text:
User:Kabelo lethole/sandbox

Hi, my name is Kabelo Lethole and I am intressted in WIKIBOOKS

title: User:Kabelo lethole/sandbox


text:
Talk:Fluid Mechanics/Analysis Methods

Are those Strea_k_lines??
'For steady non-fluctuating flows where a pathline is followed continuously by a number of fluid elements, the pathline is called streamline' User:Bergey~enwikibooks: Was that supposed to be a streakline?? via Oldest Version Special:Contributions/Bergey~enwikibooks ref: Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines
 * Yes, i am convinced that it has to be streakline instead of streamline and have fixed in the edit: diff view of edit. ref: Cowan Academy video on these line's difference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grMmkSP637w --Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 11:59, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

Why is this page needed??
The contents of this page are duplicate of what's given at Fluid Mechanics/Control Volume Analysis and the Hydrostatics section feels like orphan fragment and better suited at Fluid Mechanics/Fluid Statics/Fundamentals of Fluid Statics. And with that, Only Bernoulli's equation will be left here - which i am projecting will be mentioned somewhere else too. So, nothing new will be left on this page/article/chapter.

So, why will this page be needed then?? Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 08:06, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, have copied over both those sections respectively to: * Fluid Statics Fundamentals ; * Control Volume Analysis. Ohh, and Path-, Streamlines was already there at Kinetmatics/Field This page is not needed anymore imo. But please check/verify those pages at least once before deleting this one. --Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 11:59, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fluid Mechanics/Analysis Methods


text:
Konkani

Table of Contents

 * 1) /Introduction/
 * 2) /Alphabet/

Chapters

 * 1) /Greetings/
 * 2) /Talking about oneself/
 * 3) /Asking questions/
 * 4) /Likes and dislikes/
 * 5) /Food and Drink/
 * 6) /Numbers/
 * 7) /Shopping/
 * 8) /Staying at hotels/
 * 9) /Housing/
 * 10) /Letters/
 * 11) /Traveling/
 * 12) /Staying well/
 * 13) /Emergencies/
 * 14) /Zodiac Signs/

Grammar

 * 1) /Sentence Formation/
 * 2) /Nouns/
 * 3) /Pronouns/
 * 4) /Verbs/
 * 5) /Adjectives/
 * 6) /Adverbs/
 * 7) /Postpositions/
 * 8) /Auxiliaries/

Vocabulary

 * 1) /Animals/
 * 2) /Birds/
 * 3) /Body parts/
 * 4) /Colors/
 * 5) /Days and Months/
 * 6) /Directions/
 * 7) /Dressing/
 * 8) /Flowers/
 * 9) /Foods/
 * 10) Grains
 * 11) /Fruits/
 * 12) /Household objects/
 * 13) /Music and dance/
 * 14) Plants and trees
 * 15) /Family relations/
 * 16) /Stationary/
 * 17) /Tools/
 * 18) /Vegetables/

Appendix

 * 1) Appendix A: Common phrases
 * 2) /External references/

title: Konkani


text:
Konkani/Numbers

__INDEX__

title: Konkani/Numbers


text:
Talk:Fluid Mechanics/Fluid Statics/Fundamentals of Fluid Statics

ToDo

 * [ ] Improve the flow of newly added section "Hydrostatics" with existing content. this can be done by either integrating it with "Static Pressure" or if to be kept as separate section as is now, then by adding some introductory/joining content in the newly added section. some cleanup/polish would be needed too, obviously. Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 10:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Yashpalgoyal1304

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Yashpalgoyal1304!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

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-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:20, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

It would have been much easier to grasp if there was one document containing all the syntaxes, and other document containing all the followed/preferred styles (or if needed to be as separate pages, then better in the book's format - like previous chapter, next chapter etc). Currently, it seems to be following the encyclopedia's motto - let the reader get lost in wonderland and hit new things - which doesnt help much when trying to learn things from ground zero.
 * hi, thanks for reaching out.
 * there was one thing li'l bit of rant i had to say, wikipedia's (the whole of it - wikipedia, wikibooks etc - i am treating all these as one) format/markup language and editors are wayyy too scattered and fragmented.
 * there are 4 types of editors i have hit so far.
 * Sometimes i am shown the live preview (like i am typing here), sometimes i see a "see preview" button, and sometimes the preview button is only available in the dialog when i click publish page.
 * Sometimes my input is auto-signed immediately, sometimes bot does it, sometimes i have to do it on my own. And sometimes it is mentioned that sign ur input, and other times it is not, but i still have to do it manually.
 * some buttons in the visual editor are inaccessible and no reason is mentioned why? like this one: 🚫 Remove Ctrl+\, Ctrl+M
 * Sometimes the text for link is given by space, sometimes it requires using vertical line
 * Sometimes when i put - a suggestion shows up, other times not.
 * There is no quick access to the cheatsheet etc. I always have to search for them, and they led me to dont know how many different pages - there is cheatsheet, style sheet, preferred style sheet, how to sign sheet etc etc etc.
 * i mean, it's TOTALLY chaotic in my opinion. Not at all organised. I dont see how it is beginner friendly. Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 18:08, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * u dont need to reply, and i might have been a bit over dramatic. As far as i can see, the biggest hurdle in editing is the last point - the fragmented documentation, at number 2 in my short exposure will come the inconsistent editors. Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 18:17, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * the other most painful papercut is in the wiki's viewer. which is why there is not button (gen # or $ on other sites) on section headings to help pick their #id - currently, to get the link of a section, one needs to scroll allllll the way to the "contents" at the top which is very inconvenient.
 * Further things would be option of moving the contents table in the sidebars, and cleanup of sidebars - but these issues are still bearable. Yashpalgoyal1304 (discuss • contribs) 18:24, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:42, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Well it's not easy really. Even for old-hands like myself it can be a pain. But be aware of Reading room where you can ask questions. We don't have a good cheat sheet here really, but take a look at w:WP:CHEATSHEET for the absolute basics. Although we have quite a number of help pages (see Help:Contents), the help pages at English Wikipedia are immense, and a good place to look if you can't find something here. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:57, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yashpalgoyal1304


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/Dialer.Mod

(* ETH Oberon, Copyright 1990-2005 Computer Systems Institute, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich. Desktops.OpenDoc http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/ and follow the "license agreement" link. *) MODULE Dialer;	(** non-portable *)	(* 26.08.96 mg *) IMPORT Oberon, NetSystem, Strings, Texts, Input, V24, NetBase, Modules, TextFrames; CONST RI = 5; DCD = 6;	(* input *) Service = "dialup"; GrabPort = TRUE;	(* take over com port by force, if already in use *) VAR W: Texts.Writer; script: Oberon.Task; host: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; waitStr: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; waitPos: INTEGER; (* DoScript runs in the background.  waitPos  	    maintains the identity of an operation across iterations of the  	    Oberon system event loop. 	    waitPos = -2 while a pause is in progress; 	                  = -1 while interpretation of a script statement is pending 	                  and in progress; 	                  = 0 while a match to a specified string is pending; 	                  = 1..n-1 as characters are received and matched.  	                  2004-10-20, ple *) waitTime: LONGINT; err, open: BOOLEAN; S: Texts.Scanner; port: INTEGER; dev: NetBase.Device; PROCEDURE Delay (i: LONGINT); VAR t: LONGINT; BEGIN t := Input.Time; WHILE Input.Time - t < i DO END END Delay; PROCEDURE Hang(port: INTEGER); BEGIN V24.ClearMC(port, {V24.DTR}); Delay(Input.TimeUnit DIV 6); V24.SetMC(port, {V24.DTR}) END Hang; PROCEDURE InitComPort (port: INTEGER; baud: LONGINT); VAR ok: BOOLEAN; res: LONGINT; BEGIN ok := TRUE; V24.Start(port, baud, 8, V24.ParNo, 1, res); IF GrabPort & (res = 1) THEN V24.Stop(port); V24.Start(port, baud, 8, V24.ParNo, 1, res) END; ok := FALSE; IF res = 0 THEN ok := TRUE ELSIF res = 3 THEN Texts.WriteString(W,"Dialer: Baudrate not supported"); Texts.WriteLn(W) ELSIF res = 1 THEN Texts.WriteString(W,"Dialer: Port already in use"); Texts.WriteLn(W) ELSE Texts.WriteString(W,"Dialer: Init error "); Texts.WriteInt(W, res, 1); Texts.WriteLn(W) END; Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); IF ~ok THEN err := TRUE END END InitComPort; PROCEDURE SendStr(str: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR ch: CHAR; i: INTEGER;  res: LONGINT; BEGIN i := 0; WHILE str[i] # 0X DO ch := str[i]; IF ch = "~" THEN Delay(300) ELSE V24.Send(port, ch, res) END; INC(i) END; V24.Send(port, 0DX, res) END SendStr; PROCEDURE WaitStr(str: ARRAY OF CHAR; timeOut: LONGINT); BEGIN COPY(str, waitStr); waitPos := 0; waitTime := Input.Time + timeOut END WaitStr; PROCEDURE StartLine; BEGIN IF open THEN Texts.Write(W, "}"); open := FALSE END; Texts.WriteLn(W) END StartLine; PROCEDURE SendUser(use: BOOLEAN; VAR err: BOOLEAN); VAR user, passwd: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR; BEGIN user := ""; NetSystem.GetPassword(Service, host, user, passwd); IF (user # "") & (passwd # "") THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Sending "); IF use THEN Texts.WriteString(W, "USER ["); Texts.WriteString(W, user);  SendStr(user) ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "PASSWORD [not printed"); SendStr(passwd) END; Texts.WriteString(W, "]"); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Texts.Scan(S) ELSE StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "NetSystem.SetUser "); Texts.WriteString(W, Service); Texts.WriteString(W, ": @ ~ required"); err := TRUE END END SendUser; PROCEDURE Call(cmd: ARRAY OF CHAR); VAR F: TextFrames.Frame; par: Oberon.ParList;  T: Texts.Text; BEGIN IF Oberon.Par = NIL THEN par := NIL ELSE NEW(par); par^ := Oberon.Par^ END; NEW(T); Texts.Open(T, ""); Texts.WriteString(W, cmd); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(T, W.buf); F := TextFrames.NewText(T, 0); TextFrames.Call(F, 0, FALSE); IF (par # NIL) & (Oberon.Par # NIL) THEN Oberon.Par^ := par^ END END Call; PROCEDURE DoScript(me: Oberon.Task); VAR timo, res: LONGINT; any: BOOLEAN;  ch: CHAR; BEGIN err := FALSE; (* Components of IF statement reordered so that the values of waitPos 		are in numerical order, 2004-10-27, ple *) IF waitPos = -2 THEN (* Pause in progress. *) IF (Input.Time - waitTime > 0) THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " Pause completed."); waitPos := -1 (* Another script statement pending. *) (* ELSE continue the pause. *) END ELSIF waitPos = -1 THEN	(* execute next script statement *) IF S.class = Texts.Name THEN IF S.s = "USER" THEN SendUser(TRUE, err) ELSIF S.s = "PASSWORD" THEN SendUser(FALSE, err) ELSIF S.s = "START" THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Enabling device");  Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); IF (dev # NIL) & (dev.state = NetBase.pending) THEN dev.state := NetBase.open END; dev := NIL; Texts.Scan(S) ELSIF S.s = "CALL" THEN Texts.Scan(S); IF (S.class = Texts.String) OR (S.class = Texts.Name) THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Calling [");  Texts.WriteString(W, S.s); Texts.WriteString(W, "]"); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Call(S.s); Texts.Scan(S) ELSE StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Command expected after CALL"); err := TRUE END ELSE StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Unknown keyword [");  Texts.WriteString(W, S.s); Texts.Write(W, "]"); err := TRUE END ELSIF S.class = Texts.String THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Sending [");  Texts.WriteString(W, S.s); Texts.WriteString(W, "]"); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); SendStr(S.s); Texts.Scan(S) ELSIF S.class = Texts.Int THEN (* Wait for string followning int. *) timo := S.i * Input.TimeUnit; Texts.Scan(S); IF S.class = Texts.String THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Waiting ");  Texts.WriteInt(W, timo DIV Input.TimeUnit, 1); Texts.WriteString(W, "s for [");  Texts.WriteString(W, S.s);  Texts.WriteString(W, "]."); IF S.s[0] = 0X THEN (* String is empty.  Wait the specified interval.  2004-10-28, ple. *) waitPos := -2; waitTime := Input.Time + timo ELSE (* Wait for non-empty string. *) Texts.WriteString(W, " {"); open := TRUE; WaitStr(S.s, timo); END; Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Texts.Scan(S) ELSE StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Wait string expected after integer"); err := TRUE END ELSIF S.class = Texts.Char THEN IF S.c = "}" THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "End of script"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Oberon.Remove(script); script := NIL;  dev := NIL ELSE StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Unexpected character in script"); err := TRUE END ELSE HALT(99) END ELSIF waitPos >= 0 THEN	(* wait for response from modem *) any := FALSE; WHILE (waitPos >= 0) & (V24.Available(port) > 0) DO 			any := TRUE; V24.Receive(port, ch, res); IF ch = 0AX THEN (* skip *) ELSIF ch = 0DX THEN Texts.Write(W, "|") ELSIF (ch >= 20X) & (ch <= 7EX) THEN Texts.Write(W, ch) ELSE Texts.Write(W, CHR(147)) END; IF waitPos >= 0 THEN IF CAP(ch) = CAP(waitStr[waitPos]) THEN INC(waitPos); IF waitStr[waitPos] = 0X THEN waitPos := -1 END	(* matched! *) ELSE waitPos := 0	(* restart *) END END END; IF any THEN Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END; IF (waitPos >= 0) & (Input.Time - waitTime > 0) THEN StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Timed out"); err := TRUE END ELSE (* waitPos has an unintended value. 2004-10-28, ple. *) StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "DoScript: Unintended value of waitPos."); StartLine; Texts.WriteString(W, "waitPos = "); Texts.WriteInt(W, waitPos, 1); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); HALT(99) END; IF err THEN Oberon.Remove(script); script := NIL;  dev := NIL; Hang(port); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.WriteString(W, "Dialer: Script aborted"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END END DoScript; PROCEDURE GetDevice(device: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR devnum: LONGINT); BEGIN Strings.Lower(device, device); IF device = "default" THEN devnum := 0 ELSIF Strings.Prefix("device", device) & (device[6] >= "0") & (device[6] <= "9") & (device[7] = 0X) THEN devnum := ORD(device[6])-ORD("0") ELSE devnum := -1 END END GetDevice; PROCEDURE Dial*;	(** config device {config.Host is used to find password, config.Init for port, config.Dial for script} *) VAR S0: Texts.Scanner; prefix, path: ARRAY 64 OF CHAR;  err: BOOLEAN;  devnum: LONGINT; BEGIN err := FALSE; Texts.OpenScanner(S0, Oberon.Par.text, Oberon.Par.pos); Texts.Scan(S0); IF S0.class = Texts.Name THEN COPY(S0.s, prefix); COPY(prefix, host); Texts.Scan(S0); IF S0.class = Texts.Name THEN GetDevice(S0.s, devnum); dev := NetBase.FindDevice(devnum); IF dev # NIL THEN IF dev.state = NetBase.open THEN dev.state := NetBase.pending; Texts.WriteString(W, "Warning: "); Texts.WriteString(W, S0.s); Texts.WriteString(W, " device is already open"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END; COPY(prefix, path); Strings.Append(path, ".Init"); Oberon.OpenScanner(S, path); IF S.class = Texts.Name THEN IF S.s = "COM1" THEN port := V24.COM1 ELSIF S.s = "COM2" THEN port := V24.COM2 ELSIF S.s = "COM3" THEN port := V24.COM3 ELSIF S.s = "COM4" THEN port := V24.COM4 ELSE HALT(99) END; Texts.Scan(S); IF S.class = Texts.Int THEN InitComPort(port, S.i); COPY(prefix, path); Strings.Append(path, ".Dial"); Oberon.OpenScanner(S, path); IF script # NIL THEN Oberon.Remove(script) ELSE NEW(script) END; waitPos := -1; script.safe := FALSE; script.time := 0; script.handle := DoScript; Texts.WriteString(W, "Dial script started"); open := FALSE; Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Oberon.Install(script) ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Init syntax error"); err := TRUE END ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Init syntax error"); err := TRUE END ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, S0.s); Texts.WriteString(W, " device not found"); err := TRUE END ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Dial syntax error"); err := TRUE END ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Dial syntax error"); err := TRUE END; IF err THEN Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END END Dial; PROCEDURE GetPort(VAR port: INTEGER; VAR devnum: LONGINT); VAR S, R: Texts.Scanner; i: LONGINT; BEGIN devnum := -1; Texts.OpenScanner(S, Oberon.Par.text, Oberon.Par.pos); Texts.Scan(S); IF S.class = Texts.Name THEN Strings.Append(S.s, ".Init"); Oberon.OpenScanner(R, S.s); IF R.s = "COM1" THEN port := V24.COM1 ELSIF R.s = "COM2" THEN port := V24.COM2 ELSIF R.s = "COM3" THEN port := V24.COM3 ELSIF R.s = "COM4" THEN port := V24.COM4 ELSE HALT(99) END; Texts.Scan(S); IF S.class = Texts.Name THEN GetDevice(S.s, devnum) END ELSE HALT(99) END END GetPort; PROCEDURE Hangup*; VAR port: INTEGER; devnum: LONGINT; BEGIN GetPort(port, devnum); IF script # NIL THEN Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.WriteString(W, "Script aborted"); Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf); Oberon.Remove(script); script := NIL;  dev := NIL END; Hang(port) END Hangup; PROCEDURE State*; VAR port: INTEGER; devnum: LONGINT;  s: SET; BEGIN GetPort(port, devnum); V24.GetMC(port, s); IF DCD IN s THEN	(* carrier detected *) Texts.WriteString(W, "Modem on-line") ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, "Modem off-line") END; IF devnum # -1 THEN dev := NetBase.FindDevice(devnum); Texts.WriteString(W, ", device "); Texts.WriteInt(W, devnum, 1); IF dev = NIL THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " not installed") ELSE IF dev.state = NetBase.closed THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " closed") ELSIF dev.state = NetBase.open THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " open") ELSIF dev.state = NetBase.pending THEN Texts.WriteString(W, " link pending") ELSE Texts.WriteString(W, " in state"); Texts.WriteInt(W, dev.state, 1) END END END; Texts.WriteLn(W); Texts.Append(Oberon.Log, W.buf) END State; PROCEDURE Cleanup; BEGIN IF script # NIL THEN Oberon.Remove(script); script := NIL END END Cleanup; BEGIN Texts.OpenWriter(W); script := NIL; dev := NIL;  port := 1; Modules.InstallTermHandler(Cleanup) END Dialer. System.Free Dialer ~ Compiler.Compile SYS:Dialer.Mod \OSYS: ~ Compiler.Compile USR:Dialer.Mod \OSYS: ~ NetSystem.SetUser dialup:pmullerppp@ETHPPP ~ Dialer.Dial ETHPPP default Dialer.State ETHPPP default Dialer.Hangup ETHPPP

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/Dialer.Mod


text:
User talk:Lethuxolo Radebe

Question
You've created a couple of pages at High School Life Science/Cell Structures and High School Probability and Statistics/Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable. My question to you: are you going to develop them further? If you're just experimenting you should use User:Lethuxolo Radebe/sandbox. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:35, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lethuxolo Radebe


text:
User talk:Josef Pavlik

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Josef Pavlik!

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-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 17:14, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Josef Pavlik


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3/3...d3

This moves declines the second pawn sacrifice, but gives White back the advantage because of Bxd3.


text:
User:Wonderwool/sandbox

asdadasd

title: User:Wonderwool/sandbox