text:
User talk:Tanbirzx

The page named 'Story of Magnet' I created. This is not accidentally. This is a small book in Wikibooks. Many people don't know about the history of Magnet. In order that children can know about Magnet and the uses of it. I created this page for child education. In order that they would be able to take some information from this page. And I thought that it will be a benefit for us. Thank you.

 * I have moved your page into the School Science book where it belongs. You will find it here School Science/Story of Magnet. The use of language is quite poor, I suspect you aren't a native English speaker. Someone will probably edit it for you. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 22:21, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tanbirzx


text:
User:PatMasterWIKI147

TEST

title: User:PatMasterWIKI147


text:
English-Hanzi/Oat

Oat is a cereal food. It is usually eaten as oatmeal. Oat is a nutritious food which can lower cholesterol if eating often.

燕麦是谷类食品. 它通常作为燕麦片食用. 燕麦是一种营养食品，如果经常进食可以降低胆固醇.

title: English-Hanzi/Oat


text:
User talk:PatMasterWIKI147

Roast Suckling Pig (Mu Han)
Mu Han - The piglets cut off the entrails and plugged the iron into a whole grill. By grilling the iron skewers until the skin is crispy.

Ingredients of Mu han
1 pork,6 kg

5 tablespoons of oyster sauce

5 tablespoons of seasoning sauce

3 tablespoons of Flavoring powder

3 heads of garlic

1 tablespoon of pepper

3 coriander roots

2 tablespoons of coconut sugar

4 tablespoons of honey

1 tablespoon of food coloring (red)

1 teaspoon of salt

2 tablespoons of lime water

How to make Mu Han
1. Clean pork

2. Mix all the ingredients. # And shrug off the pork when grilling

3. Marinate the pork for 3 hours.

4. Free the pork, fastened to the bamboo The wire is tied tightly, not bamboo and pork tightly.

5. Set fire to heat Then burn the fire into a circle, not to touch the pig

6. Pork is free, grilled calmly, often turning over.

7. While grilling, then apply the marinade as well If you have butter, you can use butter.

8. Grilled to a saw, chill comfortably, flip often until the pork is cooked Once the pork is cooked, it's time to have fun together. ^^

title: User talk:PatMasterWIKI147


text:
User:TeamSWU886

Roast Suckling Pig (Mu Han)
Mu Han - The piglets cut off the entrails and plugged the iron into a whole grill. By grilling the iron skewers until the skin is crispy.

Ingredients of Mu han
1 pork,6 kg

5 tablespoons of oyster sauce

5 tablespoons of seasoning sauce

3 tablespoons of Flavoring powder

3 heads of garlic

1 tablespoon of pepper

3 coriander roots

2 tablespoons of coconut sugar

4 tablespoons of honey

1 tablespoon of food coloring (red)

1 teaspoon of salt

2 tablespoons of lime water

How to make Mu Han
1. Clean pork

2. Mix all the ingredients. # And shrug off the pork when grilling

3. Marinate the pork for 3 hours.

4. Free the pork, fastened to the bamboo The wire is tied tightly, not bamboo and pork tightly.

5. Set fire to heat Then burn the fire into a circle, not to touch the pig

6. Pork is free, grilled calmly, often turning over.

7. While grilling, then apply the marinade as well If you have butter, you can use butter.

8. Grilled to a saw, chill comfortably, flip often until the pork is cooked Once the pork is cooked, And Enjoy! ^_^

title: User:TeamSWU886


text:
User:Teamswu808

How to make Mango Sticky Rice

First of all you have to prepare the ingredients which are... • ripe mango • 500 grams of sticky rice • 750 ml of fresh coconut milk • 300 grams of sugar • 3 pandans • 1 tablespoon of tapioca starch • 1 teaspoon of salt

Step 1: Cooking sticky rice. Use rice cooker to steam sticky rice, this the most easiest way, it’s really helpful. First, we have to clean sticky rice 5 times, add pure water a little bit over the sticky rice and use mode steam of the cooker start cooking it! ;)

Step 2: Fresh coconut milk. Use fresh ground coconut 500 grams (You can buy from the local market). First, add hot water into it, mix it together and squash it, Use a sieve to get pure coconut milk. :)

Step 3: Cooking Sticky Rice and Stew coconut milk. - Making sweet coconut milk : set the small pot over the medium heat and use 500 ml of fresh coconut milk, add 2 pandans and sugar and stew it together, remove it from the heat. - Add cooked sticky rice and sliced pandan into a bigger bowl, add 500 ml of sweet coconut milk into the cooked sticky rice, mix it together and cover it. Wait for 30 minutes. - Set the small pot over the low heat and use 250 ml of fresh coconut milk, water mix with tapioca starch and pour into the pot, add 1 teaspoon of salt and stir the ingredients until it looks a bit sticky, remove it from the heat.

Let’s prepare the plate! Add sweet sticky rice and sliced mango with coconut milk!

title: User:Teamswu808


text: User talk:Dylanford0104

title: User talk:Dylanford0104


text:
User talk:Teamswu808

How to make Mango Sticky Rice
How to make Mango Sticky Rice First of all you have to prepare the ingredients which are... • ripe mango • 500 grams of sticky rice • 750 ml of fresh coconut milk • 300 grams of sugar • 3 pandans • 1 tablespoon of tapioca starch • 1 teaspoon of salt

Step 1: Cooking sticky rice. Use rice cooker to steam sticky rice, this the most easiest way, it’s really helpful. First, we have to clean sticky rice 5 times, add pure water a little bit over the sticky rice and use mode steam of the cooker start cooking it! ;)

Step 2: Fresh coconut milk. Use fresh ground coconut 500 grams (You can buy from the local market). First, add hot water into it, mix it together and squash it, Use a sieve to get pure coconut milk. :)

Step 3: Cooking Sticky Rice and Stew coconut milk. - Making sweet coconut milk : set the small pot over the medium heat and use 500 ml of fresh coconut milk, add 2 pandans and sugar and stew it together, remove it from the heat. - Add cooked sticky rice and sliced pandan into a bigger bowl, add 500 ml of sweet coconut milk into the cooked sticky rice, mix it together and cover it. Wait for 30 minutes. - Set the small pot over the low heat and use 250 ml of fresh coconut milk, water mix with tapioca starch and pour into the pot, add 1 teaspoon of salt and stir the ingredients until it looks a bit sticky, remove it from the heat.

Let’s prepare the plate! Add sweet sticky rice and sliced mango with coconut milk!

วิธีทำข้าวเหนียวมะม่วง
วิธีทำข้าวเหนียวมะม่วง เริ่มแรกเราต้องเตรียมวัตถุดิบก่อน วัตถุดิบในการทำข้าวเหนียวมะม่วงมีดังนี้... • มะม่วงน้ำดอกไม้สุก • ข้าวเหนียวเขี้ยวงู 500 กรัม • น้ำกะทิสด 750 มิลลิลิตร • น้ำตาลทราย 300 กรัม • ใบเตยสด 3 ใบ • แป้งมัน 1 ช้อนโต๊ะ • เกลือป่น 1 ช้อนชา

ขั้นตอนที่ 1: นึ่งข้าวเหนียว เราเลือกใช้หม้อหุงข้าวในการนึ่งข้าวเหนียว (จริงๆต้องแช่ข้าวเหนียวในน้ำเปล่า 3 ชั่วโมง แล้วนำไปนึ่งในหวด) อันดับแรกล้างทำความสะอาดข้าวเหนียวเขี้ยวงูประมาณ 5 ครั้ง หลังจากล้างข้าวเหนียวแล้วใส่น้ำในหม้อหุงข้าวเหนียวให้ท่วมข้าวเหนียวนิดหน่อย เลือกโหมด หุงด่วน/นึ่ง เพื่อนึ่งข้าวเหนียวให้สุก

ขั้นตอนที่ 2: คั้นน้ำกะทิสด นำเนื้อมะพร้าวขูด 500 กรัม ที่ซื้อมาจากตลาดสด ผสมน้ำร้อน 750 มิลลิลิตร คั้นน้ำกะทิและกรองด้วยกระชอน เสร็จแล้วก็จะได้หัวกะทิสดที่เข้มข้น

ขั้นตอนที่ 3: เคี่ยวน้ำกะทิและข้าวเหนียวมูน - เคี่ยวน้ำกะทิสำหรับข้าวเหนียวมูน ตั้งหม้อขนาดเล็กที่ไฟความร้อนปานกลาง เทน้ำกะทิสด 500 มิลลิลิตร ใส่ใบเตย 2 ใบ และน้ำตาลทราย เคี่ยวน้ำกะทิและน้ำตาลทรายให้ละลายเข้ากันดี เสร็จแล้วยกลงจากเตาไฟ - นำข้าวเหนียวที่นึ่งสุกแล้ว และใบเตยสด ใส่ภาชนะค่อนข้างใหญ่นิดนึง นำน้ำกะทิที่เคี่ยวเสร็จสำหรับมูนข้าวเหนียว ใสในข้าวเหนียวที่เตรียวไว้ คนให้เข้ากันและปิดฝาทิ้งไว้ประมาณ 30 นาที เพื่อให้ได้ข้าวเหนียวมูนที่หอมหวานและอร่อย ;) - ในระหว่างที่รอข้าวเหนียวมูน เราก็มาทำน้ำกะทิอีกส่วนหนึ่งที่เหลือสำหรับราดข้าวเหนียวมะม่วงกัน ตั้งหม้อขนาดเล็กใช้ไฟอ่อน เทน้ำกะทิสด 250 มิลลิลิตร ลงในหม้อ ใส่เกลือป่น และแป้งมันสำประหลังผสมกับน้ำเปล่าก่อน และค่อยๆเทผสมกับน้ำกะทิ คนให้เข้ากัน เคี่ยวจนน้ำกะทิข้นหนึด และยกลงจากเตาได้เลย ;)

หลังจากนั้น นำข้าวเหนียวมูนมาจัดใส่จาน พร้อมมะม่วงน้ำดอกไม้สุก หอม หวาน และน้ำกะทิสำหรับราดเพื่อเพิ่มรสชาติข้าวเหนียวมะม่วงให้อร่อยมากยิ่งขึ้น

title: User talk:Teamswu808


text:
English-Hanzi/Wheat is a widely planted grass

Wheat is a widely planted grass, and its seeds are the world's main food.

小麦是一种广泛种植的草，其种子是世界主要食物.


text:
Cookbook:Foithong (Egg Threads in Syrup)

Foi Thong (Golden Egg Yolk Thread) is a famous Thai dessert.The word foi means thread, and the word thong means gold. It is very delicious and sweet. It has Portuguese culinary influences and it's based on a Portuguese treat called fios de ovos.

Ingredients

 * 6 duck egg yolks
 * 3 chicken egg yolks
 * 1 kilogram white granulated sugar
 * 1 liter water
 * 2 pandan leaves
 * 2 tablespoons egg white

Equipment

 * Wok
 * Chopsticks or skewers
 * Funnel with small opening or squeeze bag (piping bag) for drizzling

Recipe

 * 1) Prepare your eggs by separating egg whites and yolks. Strain egg yolks with muslin cotton.
 * 2) Combine the sugar and water in wok. Add the pandan leaves, and heat the sugar mixture on high heat until sugar is dissolved and bubbling.
 * 3) Lower the heat slightly when the syrup is bubbling.
 * 4) Place the egg yolks in the funnel or piping bag. Snip a very small hole for the egg yolks to pass through.
 * 5) Drizzle or pour the yolks in a circular motion into the hot syrup. Make about 15–30 circles
 * 6) Wait for the yolk threads to cook in the syrup for about 1 minute.
 * 7) Use chopsticks to remove the yolk threads, fold, and rest them on cooling tray.
 * 8) Repeat the drizzling and cooking steps until all yolk is used up.


text:
User:Reameeii

Kanom Piak Poon ( Rice Flour Custard)

For this recipe, the recipe is to add coconut milk in it, resulting in a pleasant aroma, both coconut milk and pandanus. The method is simple and not difficult.

Ingredients of Kanom Piak Poon

Flour 80 grams ,

40 grams of arrowroot flour

200 grams of Sugar

Lime water 600 milliliters

Fresh pandan juice 200 milliliters

200 milliliters of coconut milk

1 teaspoon salt

1 cup grated coconut meat

How to make Kanom Piak Poon

STEP 1: Prepare Rhombic Dough Mixing rice flour Arrowroot And lime water, stir well. Then add the remaining ingredients: sugar, water, pandan juice, squeezed coconut milk, salt, then stir until sugar dissolves. Filtered in a brass pan (or pot) to filter flour and pandan crumb Put the pandan juice in the flour mixture.

Filter the flour mixture in a brass pan.

STEP 2: Stir the flour Bring a pan over low heat. If overheated, the flour may be overcooked. Stir the flour continuously in the same direction Stirring speed uniformly Take about 30-40 minutes until the flour is cooked to be glossy. Emphasizing that it must be glossy Tasting the powder without the smell TIP: If the pot or pan starts to heat until the smoke rises, reduce the heat a little and hurry the flour mixture quickly. In order not to make the pastry a wedge If a little wedge People continue, for a moment, the candy becomes homogeneous. Stir the flour continuously in the same direction Stir until the flour is cooked to be glossy

STEP 3: Serve Pour the mixture into the oiled mold. Smooth the face, then take to rest until cool. When the rhombus is cold Cut the knife into the desired shape. Served with grated coconut This is ready for the end.

title: User:Reameeii


text:
Cookbook:Mango Coconut Sticky Rice

Ingredients

 * 210 g coconut milk
 * 6–7 pandan leaves
 * Salt
 * 8 cups coconut water
 * 2 cups uncooked sticky rice, rinsed well
 * 250 g brown sugar
 * Mango
 * Young coconut meat

Procedure

 * 1) Bring coconut milk to a boil with pandan leaves. Add a little salt to taste.
 * 2) Stir in the coconut water. Stir in the sticky rice, and simmer about 15 minutes over low heat.
 * 3) Stir in the mango, and simmer for 5 minutes.
 * 4) Add sugar and stir until the sugar has dissolved. Add the coconut meat.
 * 5) Serve.

title: Cookbook:Mango Coconut Sticky Rice


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Tragedies/Titus Andronicus/Act 1

The play begins, set shortly after the death of the Roman emperor, with his two sons, Saturninus and Bassianus, squabbling over who will succeed him.


text:
User:Neomorph Xenomorph/sandbox

HOW TO MAKE KEYBOARD ART

First we need to see what you can do. So try drawing this (>'-')> if you've realized that this isn't for you, then thats fine but if you can achieve this drawing then lets get on with the show.

Now we need to try something a little more difficult while addressing the problems. Lets try a more 'time' consuming project. ==o== | |

title: User:Neomorph Xenomorph/sandbox


text:
User:Fairflow

I am a teacher of A level Computer Science (AQA) and sometime teacher of A and AS level mathematics and further mathematics. My research background is in computational logic and programming language semantics.

title: User:Fairflow


text:
User talk:Hrkalona

Images
Hi, Thank you for your page and images. Can you add more info about images ? like fractal type, location or maybe also more parameters. TIA --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 21:06, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hrkalona


text:
Cookbook talk:Mini Herb Baguettes

Is this a cookie recipe? Adlihtam (discuss • contribs) 22:04, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Mini Herb Baguettes


text:
User:Pinky Fan Est.2004

Hi!I am Timothy Ciurczak.

title: User:Pinky Fan Est.2004


text:
User talk:Rhosh Justin

Think Big

title: User talk:Rhosh Justin


text:
Solitaire card games/Seven Up

Cards are dealt in a row. Spot cards (cards that value from ace to ten) are taken at face value, while jacks are valued at eleven, queens at twelve, and kings at thirteen. Groups of any number of cards that are next to each other and total to a multiple of seven can be discarded. A seven can be discarded on its own.

The game is won when all cards have been discarded. The game is lost if all cards have been dealt from the deck, no more matches are possible and cards are left on the row.

title: Solitaire card games/Seven Up


text:
Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Principality of Seborga

The Principality of Seborga is a micronation that claims a 14 square km area located in the northwestern Italian Province of Imperia in Liguria, near the French border, and about 35 km from Monaco. The principality is in coexistence with, and claims the territory of, the town of Seborga.

History
In arguing for the founding of Seborga in 1963, a Seborgan named Giorgio Carbone claimed, based on documents from the Vatican archives, that during the Middle Ages the town had become part of the feudal holdings of the Counts of Ventimiglia. He insisted that in the year 954, Seborga became the property of the Benedictine Monks of Santo Onorato of Lerins and in 1079 the Abbot of this monastery was made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with temporal authority over the Principality of Seborga.

Allegedly on 20 January 1729, this independent principality was sold to the Savoy dynasty and became a protectorate of theirs. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna overlooked Seborga in its redistribution of European territories after the Napoleonic Wars, and there is no mention of Seborga in the Act of Unification for the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Unification of Italy in 1861 and the founding of the Italian Republic in 1946 would therefore be illegitimate and unilateral acts because they violate the legitimate sovereignty of the people of Seborga. The exile of the Savoy, in 1946, involved also the end of ius patronatus.

The argument for Seborga's present-day status as an independent state is based on the claim that the 1729 sale was never registered by its new owners, resulting in the principality falling into what has been described as a legal twilight zone.

Origins
In the early 1960s, Giorgio Carbone began promoting the idea that Seborga should restore its historic independence as a principality.

By 1963 the people of Seborga were sufficiently convinced of these arguments to elect Carbone as their Head of State. He then assumed the style and title His Serene Highness Giorgio I, Prince of Seborga, which he held until his death in 2009.

Carbone's status as Prince was confirmed on 23 April 1995, when Seborgans voted 304 in favour, 4 against, for the Principality's constitution and in favour of independence from Italy.

Monarch
Prince Giorgio I reigned until his death on 25 November 2009. His successor Marcello Menegatto was elected on 25 April 2010 and crowned on 22 May 2010, styled His Serene Highness (Sua Altezza Serenissima or SAS) Marcello I.

The monarch's position is not hereditary and elections are held in Seborga every seven years. The 2017 election was held on 23 April. On 23 April 2017, Prince Marcello was re-elected and took office for another seven years after gaining 129 votes and beating his rival Mark Dezzani, a British-born radio DJ from Crawley, West Sussex, in England, who had lived in Seborga for nearly 40 years and only managed to gain 42 votes.

On 12 April 2019 Marcello I announced his intention to abdicate. He remained in office ad interim until the election of his successor, on 10 November 2019.

On 10 November 2019 Nina Menegatto, former Crown Counsellor for Foreign Affairs since 2010, was elected Princess of Seborga, the first woman to hold this position, by the inhabitants of Seborga. She defeated Laura Di Bisceglie, daughter of Prince Giorgio I, for 122 votes to 69.

Claimants
In June 2006 a woman calling herself "Princess Yasmine von Hohenstaufen Anjou Plantagenet", who claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne of Seborga, wrote to Italy's president offering to return the principality to the state. Her claim was contested by the then-prince, Giorgio I (Giorgio Carbone), who asserted that there were no credible sources supporting her, and said "Pah! No one’s ever even seen her as far as I know. I call her the 'internet princess'."

Since 22 February 2016 Nicolas Mutte, a French writer, claims to replace Marcello I. On 14 June 2019 Nicolas Mutte and his brother Martial were investigated for criminal association aimed at fraud, production of counterfeit money, and production of false administrative documents.

Crown Council
According to the constitution of Seborga, the reigning monarch has to rule under advisement by his Crown Council. Five members of the Council are elected by the citizens of Seborga while other members can be named by the Prince himself. The Crown Council is the executive in the principality.

Sport
The Principality of Seborga has an Olympic committee (not recognised by the International Olympic Committee), and a football association (not recognised by FIFA or UEFA). The Seborga national football team is a member of the N.F.-Board, and plays fixtures against other member teams, which represent various small nations, micronations, sub-national regions, and unrecognised de facto states.

Population
As of 1st January 2018, Seborga had a population of 297 people, with 146 males and 151 females.

Currency
The Seborga luigino is the local currency of the micronation of Seborga. Its subunit is the centesimo which is valued at 1/100. It is circulated alongside the Euro. The luigino has no value outside of the Principality of Seborga. The value of the Seborga luigino is pegged to the USD at 1 luigino: US$6.00. That would make it the world's highest-valued currency unit if it were considered an official currency. Luigini coins were issued between 1995 and 1997 with the effigy of Prince Giorgio in denominations of 5 centesimi, 15 centesimi, 1/2 luigino (50 centesimi), 1 luigino, and 7 ½ luigini. Coins with the effigy of the new prince, Marcello, were issued in 2012 and 2013 in denominations of 1, 2 and 2½ luigini. No banknotes have been issued.

Military
The Principality of Seborga maintains a volunteer defence force and border guard, originally known as the Knights of St Bernard, but now simply as the Corpo delle Guardie. Members of the Corps volunteer their services, and wear a uniform principally in the blue and white colours of the Seborga flag. Guards attend the Princess and members of her family on ceremonial occasions, and patrol the streets of Seborga throughout the year. During the tourist season they mount guard at the unofficial border crossing on the main road into Seborga. On its official website the Corps states its current Commander to be Luigi Zanni, and also claims that it has a mounted regiment.


text:
Cookbook:Khao Pad (Thai Fried Rice)

Khao pad is Thai fried rice.

Ingredients

 * 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
 * 1 tablespoon minced garlic
 * 2 eggs
 * 2 cups cooked rice, cooled
 * 1 tablespoon fish sauce
 * 1 tablespoon soy sauce
 * 1 cup cooked meat (e.g. shrimp, pork, chicken, etc.)
 * 2 teaspoons sugar
 * ½ teaspoon ground black pepper
 * Spring onion as desired, sliced

Procedure

 * 1) Heat up a frying pan or wok and add the oil, then the minced garlic. Stir fry until fragrant.
 * 2) Add the eggs, and stir fry the eggs until cooked.
 * 3) Add the rice and stir fry.
 * 4) Season with fish sauce, soy sauce, and sugar, then continue frying until the rice is crumbly.
 * 5) Add meat, pepper, and spring onions. Stir again until heated through, then transfer to a serving dish.

title: Cookbook:Khao Pad (Thai Fried Rice)


text:
User:Ytrog

Hi,

I am Ytrog and have a keen interest in Math, Physics, Programming and Lojban

Reading List
Lojban

Haskell

title: User:Ytrog


text:
Cookbook:Stir-Fried Shrimp with Broccoli

Ingredients

 * 1 tbsp vegetable or peanut oil
 * 1 tbsp minced garlic
 * 200 g shrimp, peeled
 * 300 g broccoli, cut into florets and rinsed
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 1 tbsp oyster sauce

Procedure

 * 1) Heat a pan, add the oil and garlic, and fry until golden.
 * 2) Add the shrimp and broccoli. Season with salt and oyster sauce, and add a little water. Stir together.
 * 3) Put on a plate and serve.


text:
Classical Chinese/Lesson 6

喜雨亭記

title: Classical Chinese/Lesson 6


text: User talk:208.71.79.37

title: User talk:208.71.79.37


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/October

Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project
. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some improvements to the desktop interface over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects.

We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups. So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes.

We would like individual feedback on the following:

 * Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered
 * Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know
 * Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far

We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building.

When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project:

 * Make it easier for readers to focus on the content
 * Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing)
 * Put things in logical and useful places
 * Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps
 * Eliminate clutter
 * Plan for future growth

As well as the following constraints:

 * Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves
 * Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain
 * No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors

Please give all feedback (in any language) at mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements

After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype.

Quiddity (WMF) (talk) 06:53, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Community Wishlist Survey 2020: Proposal phase opened until 11 November 2019
Hello,

I though it'd be good and interesting to let you know that the Community Wishlist Survey 2020 is now accepting proposals until Nov., 11.

This year's survey will only focus on non-Wikipedia projects, so it might be a good oportunity to raise the technical issues and needs Wikibooks users do have.

Best regards, --MarcoAurelio (discuss • contribs) 11:42, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages
Read this in another language • Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter

Inside this newsletter, the Editing team talks about their work on the mobile visual editor, on the new talk pages project, and at Wikimania 2019.

Help
What talk page interactions do you remember? Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it!

Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the talk page for this project. The team wants your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage.

Talk pages project
The Talk Pages Consultation was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The Phase 2 Report of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: Talk Page Project project page.

The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the "Getting involved"  section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate.

Mobile visual editor
The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the visual editor on mobile. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at Talk:VisualEditor on mobile.

Edit Cards

 * On 3 September, the Editing team released version 3 of Edit Cards. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor.
 * There is an updated design on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target.
 * Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the Edit cards talk page.

Toolbar

 * In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor.
 * One toolbar: All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things.
 * New navigation: The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed.
 * Seamless switching: an improved workflow for switching between the visual and wikitext modes.
 * Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the Toolbar feedback talk page.

Wikimania
The Editing Team attended Wikimania 2019 in Sweden. They led a session on the mobile visual editor and a session on the new talk pages project. They tested two new features in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in the team's report on Wikimania 2019.

Looking ahead

 * Talk Pages Project: The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page:  Getting involved.
 * Testing the mobile visual editor as the default: The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist:  VisualEditor as mobile default project page.
 * Measuring the impact of Edit Cards: This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations.  The Editing team hopes to share results in November.  The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist:  Edit Cards project page.

– PPelberg (WMF) (talk) & Whatamidoing (WMF) (talk) 11:13, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Rollback
Hi, does anyone know why I can't use rollback sometimes? 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 12:21, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * We can't rollback the page creator to nothing. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 12:30, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Not about the IP, just sometimes I run into the problem when trying to revert random vandalism in a structured page. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 12:57, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * User:大诺史, I had the same problem. I think its because our accounts are rate limited on rollback, as we don't have the "noratelimit" right.
 * See mw:Manual:$wgRateLimits, default is 10 rollbacks over a 60 second period for confirmed users. So any faster than a rollback every six seconds can be rejected. I suspect that en.wb has the default value.
 * See also Special:ListGroupRights for which groups have the"noratelimit" right, not included in the reviewer group. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:23, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Can someone change the limit as it will be easier to use mass rollback instead of rejecting/undoing their changes individually. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 13:28, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

I don't know too much about it, so take what I say with a pinch of salt. But to alter the ratelimit you would have to edit the LocalSettings.php file for en.wb, see mw:Manual:LocalSettings.php for an explanation. I don't think this can be done on the web interface, so would have to be done by a WMF sys admin. Quite how you would go about requesting this is not something I know.

I think it makes sense for reviewers to have a ratelimit applied for rollback, otherwise there could be abuse and a very large cleanup in the hands on a rogue editor with a scripted bot. But I would like the reviewer rollback ratelimit set to something lower (e.g. 1 rollback per 1 second), as otherwise it can be a pain for reviewers to do mass rollback when needed.

,, , in case they have an additional input on this matter. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:55, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe it is, yes, the sort of thing for which we'd get a community consensus to change the site configuration. It's quite rare for us to tamper with that. (This difficulty with rollback was invisible to me, apparently because as an admin, looking at the above, I'm exempt.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:23, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Nothing much to add to the comments above. Yes it has to be modified by a developer and to do so would require a community discussion and approval followed by a phabricator request. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 20:36, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Wasn't aware of this issue. If the limit is indeed the issue I'd be happy for it to be raised, but I somehow doubt that's actually the problem - I would have thought that it's high enough. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 01:07, 6 October 2019 (UTC)
 * . I've created a proposal at WB:PROPOSALS, do check it out. 大 诺 史 ( Talk/留言/토론/Discussion ) 06:55, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

Boston, etc
I want to create books on Boston, like info whatnot. Also other books. How? GazaOaku (discuss • contribs) 13:53, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi GazaOaku, Welcome to Wikibooks. I suggest you read it here first ( See Wikibooks FAQ ) before you start to create a book . Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 15:02, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi . Books about a place would probably be better suited to out sister project Wikivoyage. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 01:09, 6 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Talk:School Science/Story of Magnet

The page named 'Story of Magnet' I created. This is not accidentally. This is a small book in Wikibooks. Many people don't know about the history of Magnet. In order that children can know about Magnet and the uses of it. I created this page for child education. In order that they would be able to take some information from this page. And I thought that it will be a benefit for us. This page is not a copied page. Thank you.

https://sciencetechmiracle.blogspot.com/2018/12/story-of-magnet.html makes a good source here

title: Talk:School Science/Story of Magnet


text: Chinese (Classical Mandarin)/Glossary

title: Chinese (Classical Mandarin)/Glossary


text: Chinese (Classical Mandarin)/Transliteration and pronunciation


text:
English-Hanzi/Xi Jinping proposed to jointly build a new economic zone-the Silk Road Economic Belt

Xi Jinping visited Astana, Kazakhstan and Southeast Asia in September and October 2013 and proposed to jointly build a new economic zone-the Silk Road Economic Belt. Basically, the "economic belt" includes the countries of Central Asia, West Asia, the Middle East, and Europe on the original Silk Road.

习近平于2013年9月和10月访问了阿斯塔纳，哈萨克斯坦和东南亚，并提议共同建设一个新的经济区-丝绸之路经济带. 基本上，“经济带”包括原始丝绸之路上的中亚，西亚，中东和欧洲国家.


text:
English-Hanzi/Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world and the ninth largest country in the world.

哈萨克斯坦是世界上最大的内陆国家，也是世界第九大国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Kazakhstan


text:
English-Hanzi/Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the east of Africa.

埃塞俄比亚是非洲东部内陆国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Ethiopia


text:
English-Hanzi/Nigeria

Nigeria is a country in the west of Africa.

Nigeria是非洲西部的一个国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Nigeria


text:
English-Hanzi/Sudan

Sudan is a country in the northeast of Africa.

Sudan是非洲东北部的一个国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Sudan


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice

Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice

Table of contents
{|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="15"
 * valign="top" width="33%"|
 * valign="top" width="33%"|

Introductory Material

 * /About/
 * /Peer Review/
 * /Introduction/

/Theory/

 * /Environmental Health Engineering: What it is and What it is Not/
 * /Genetics/
 * /Susceptibility/
 * /Exposure/
 * /Disease/

Toxicological Paradigm

 * /Internal Dose/
 * /Biologically Effective Dose/
 * /Early Biologic Effect/
 * /Altered Structure or Function/

Infectious Disease

 * /Carriage/
 * /Infectious Dose/
 * /Infected Cells/
 * /Agent Replication/

 * valign="top" width="33%"|

/Practice/

 * /Geographic Scope/
 * /Regulations/
 * /Communities/
 * /Populations/
 * /Individuals/

Core Topics

 * /Food Safety/
 * /Drinking Water/
 * /Sanitation/
 * /Indoor Air Quality/
 * /Wastes/
 * /Housing/
 * /Disaster Sanitation/
 * /Statutes and Regulations/

Additional Topics

 * /Biological Agents/
 * /Chemical Agents/
 * /Radiological Agents/
 * /Vectors and Pests/
 * /Occupational Exposure/
 * /Noise/
 * /Pools/
 * /Institutions/

 * valign="top" width="33%"|

Emerging Areas

 * /Antimicrobial Resistance/
 * /Plastics/
 * /Climate Change/

Case Studies

 * /1993 Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA /
 * /2014 Lead in Drinking Water Crisis; Flint, Michigan, USA/

Conclusions

 * /Conclusions/
 * }

Related Wikibooks

 * GNU Health
 * Drinking Water
 * Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Environmental Health

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: National Environmental Health Association, USA
 * CIEH: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, UK
 * IFEH: International Federation of Environmental Health


text:
English-Hanzi/Poland

Poland is a country in central Europe.

波兰是欧洲中部的一个国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Poland


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/About

About
This wikibook is aimed at undergraduate environmental engineering students, though the material may provide a useful review for practitioners and graduate students in environmental engineering as well as professionals in related fields including civil engineering, chemical engineering, and public health. Typically, this wikibook would serve as a text for an Introduction to Environmental Health Engineering course, which might be taken by most students as a technical elective in their senior year. If we imagine environmental engineers as T-shaped professionals, this elective would contribute to the horizontal of the T to create breadth of knowledge and exposure to interprofessional education.

Engineers as Healthcare Professionals
One way to use this wikibook is through the lens of explaining how engineering technology can be used to promote wellness and health in the individual, population, and community. It begins with theory - the foundational concepts of exposure and associated risks. This is followed by modern rules of thumb for practice, organized into core and additional areas of interest. Next, areas of emerging interest are described, and finally, case studies provide concrete examples of discussion among professionals who are known to learn best through engaging material in the context of practice. Throughout this wikibook, the importance of interprofessional education is emphasized - where two or more healthcare professions learn together. It may be strange to consider engineers as healthcare professionals, yet the code of ethics of the National Society of Professional Engineers (and other engineering societies), includes an important point, namely, engineers must be, dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare.

Each page corresponds approximately to the notes from one lecture.

Authors
Authors of this book include Daniel Oerther.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * National Society of Professional Engineers: Code of Ethics
 * World Health Organiation: Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice


text: Category:Book:Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice


text:
English-Hanzi/Greece

Greece is a country in the southeast of Europe.

希腊是欧洲东南部的一个国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Greece


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Introduction

Introduction
The title of this wikibook, Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice, was selected with great intention to serve as the organizing principle for the text. For example, environmental describes where we focus our interest. The environment is the space around or between objects. It can be natural or it can be human-made. The environment provides life support - air to breathe, water to drink, and food to eat. And the environment can be degraded through its use (i.e., pollution). Similarly, health describes what is the focus of our interest. Health is not only the absence of disease, but it is also much more the promotion of wellness. If we presume that the natural state of humanity is healthy, then the purpose of environmental health engineering becomes to return the human to health through manipulation of the environment. And finally, engineering is the how of our focus. Engineers design and deploy technology to meet the needs of humanity - from the bridge over the river to the mobile communication device that connects one human to all of humanity. Environmental health engineering is a noble profession, which traces it origins to the earliest excavations of human settlements - to garbage mounds with broken pottery and the earliest toilets.

Theory and Practice references the twin pillars that support the profession of environmental health engineering. Engineers learn through experience; we are a profession of tinkers who constantly attempt to improve the world around us through the use of technology. Mathematics and science are two of the tools of engineering; we use math to describe our work, and we use the knowledge of science to help inform our best engineering guesses (i.e., guesstimates. Because engineering is constantly striving to create something new, it may not be possible to predict the outcome from an application of technology (i.e., we often lack an understanding of failure). Therefore, engineers use the scientific method in a poor imitation of the scientist. None the less, the engineer has an obligation to understand the current theoretical frameworks developed by scientists, and to use these theories as first principles for our work.

Describing the Sections of this Wikibook
This wikibook begins with an introduction to the theory of environmental health engineering. This theory is grounded in the modified toxicological paradigm first developed and then further refined by healthcare professionals at The Johns Hopkins University. In brief, the environment and disease are connected by the human through exposure and manifestation of illness. Important concepts in the toxicological paradigm include the role of genetics and susceptibility, and details include vectors and routes of exposure. From there, this wikibook will explore both core and additional practices of environmental health engineering as described by the National Environmental Health Association - a professional body that administers the Registered Sanitarian Exam as part of a pathway towards professional recognition as a practitioner of environmental health. Some of the core areas include disaster response as well as protecting air, water, and food. Some of the additional areas include housing, noise, and pools as well as regulatory frameworks.

As with other healthcare professions, environmental health engineering is an emerging field of practice, with new discoveries uncovered everyday. To capture the latest details of these areas of emerging interest, a section entitled, "Emerging Areas" has been included in the Table of Contents. And because environmental health engineering is an area of professional practice within healthcare, it is important to learn by doing - or, at least to learn by reading, discussing, and reflecting on case studies, which are in-depth descriptions of practical challenges faced by environmental health engineers. Each case study is identified by one or more relevant portions of theory and one or more areas of practice, and each case study includes references to additional resources as well as guiding questions, which may be used to facilitate both face-to-face discussion as well as reflection via a discussion board or other form of written communication.

Encouraging Readers to be Authors
As a wikibook, Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice is meant to be alive and interactive. Where you find confusion is the text, take time to fix it. Where you have a serious disagreement with the text, take time to comment on the talk page. And when you have new areas of emerging interest or case studies to offer, add them! Authoring, editing, and updating a wikibook is the responsibility of everyone who finds value in these pages. Yes, partake in consuming the knowledge provided, but also take professional responsibility for improving our profession through active stewardship of this wikibook. YOUR participation is vital!

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)
 * NEHA: National Environmental Health Association


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Environmental Health Engineering: What it is and What it is Not

Environmental Health Engineering
In 1869, Florence Nightingale, the foundress of modern nursing published her now-famous book, Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not. In this 76-page book, Nightingale outlined what she believed would be helpful guidance to be shared with others who wanted to practice nursing - to care for others. While we can find errors in Nightingale's book - now that we understand more and more about the science of illness and the promotion of wellness - it is amazing to note the areas where her work remains timeless. Indeed, what is now commonly known as Nightingale's environmental theory remains as relevant today as in a prior century. For example, Nightingale wisely noted that the natural state of a human is healthy, and that the primary purpose of the practice of nursing was to modify the environment around the patient to help return the patient to health. What a perfect definition for nursing then and now, and what a perfect point of departure for introducing the theories central to environmental health engineering.

Through years of evolution, it is reasonable to assume that both the human body as well as the social and economic structures that surround humans - including the cultural constructs of families and communities - have emerged and been tested through the Darwinian process of natural selection. Variation - because of genetic error or socio-cultural dissatisfaction - produces a number of alternative states of humanity, and those states that thrive may be considered to be selected for survival. At the level of the individual patient - the environment more likely to be the work place of a nurse - we each need fresh air, nutritious food, and adequate access to clean drinking water, and basic sanitation and hygiene (i.e., cleanliness). Nightingale encouraged nurses to observe their patients, and the environments around their patients, and to make modifications to the environment that helped to provide improvements in air, food, water, sanitation, and hygiene. Similarly, the environmental health engineer must observe the public - including populations, communities, states, and global humanity - and make modifications to the environment that help to restore humanity to its natural state of health.

What it is
Therefore, it is reasonable to claim that Nightingale's environmental theory is the foundation of modern environmental health engineering. Furthermore, it is reasonable to claim that Nightingale was the first environmental health engineer. And finally, it is reasonable to claim similarities between the field of nursing and the field of environmental health engineering because both aim to restore humanity to its natural state of health through improvements in the environment.

What it is not
Environmental health engineering is not limited to environmental engineering - the design, construction, and sustainable operation of large-scale treatment works that produce clean drinking water, treat large flows of pollution, or scrub pollutants from smokestacks. Neither is environmental health engineering the same as occupational health, which is focused upon the worker in a highly specialized environment where s/he is present for 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, from the age of 20 to 65. Environmental health engineering is not a synonym for public health, and environmental health engineers should be recognized as healthcare professionals. In the remainder of this section, we will explore, in detail, the toxicological paradigm and how this can serve as a modern theory to underpin the field of environmental health engineering.

Toxicological paradigm
The toxicological paradigm is composed of two sets of reactions. First, toxicokinetics describes how a human is exposed to something in the environment - including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure on the skin. Second, toxicodynamics describes how the human responds to this exposure - up to and including death. At the interface of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, scientists can predict how a biological effective dose may result in an early biological effect such as a modification in a strand of DNA inside the nucleus of a human cell. Exposure assessment is the process of working backwards from the biological effective dose to the initial exposure, while risk assessment is the process of working forwards from the early biological effect to the final outcome of morbidity (i.e., illness) or mortality (i.e., death). Each of the six steps in the toxicological paradigm (from environment to human health: 1) exposure; 2) internal dose; 3) biological effective dose; 4) early biology effect; 5) altered structure and/or function; and 6) disease) occurs within the a background of genetic variation among individuals as well as susceptibility factors that depend upon socio-economic-cultural environment.

Whether the agent of interest is a chemical, a radiological, or a biological agent (i.e., infectious organism), the toxicological paradigm may be used by the environmental health engineer to both understand the progression of a possible risk as well as to identify specific points of intervention where technology may be used to reduce the ultimate risk. And of course, policy (i.e., regulation) and economics (i.e., costs) are vital co-factors, which enable the success of any technological intervention by the environmental health engineer.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Notes on Nursing provided online by University of Pennsylvania Libraries
 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Food Safety

Food safety is used as a scientific discipline describing handle, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Food Safety


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Drinking Water

Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Water Quality


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Sanitation

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Water Quality


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around buildings and structures. IAQ is known to affect the health, comfort and well-being of building occupants. Poor indoor air quality has been linked to sick building syndrome, reduced productivity and impaired learning in schools.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Air Quality


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Wastes

Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Housing

Housing, or more generally living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned usage of houses or buildings collectively, for the purpose of sheltering people — the planning or provision delivered by an authority, with related meanings.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Health Homes


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Disaster Sanitation

Emergency sanitation is the management and technical processes required to provide sanitation in emergency situations. This can include man-made or natural disasters. Emergency sanitation is also required during humanitarian relief operations for refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Preparedness


text:
Solitaire card games/Six By Six

Layout: The game consists of 6 columns each with 6 cards dealt to them at the start of the game. If any aces are found during the deal then they are moved to the foundations and the next card dealt replaces it. Play: Build in descending sequence on the tableau. A block of same suit cards can be moved at once. A space can be filled by any card. Cards are dealt from the stock to the first tableau column. There is no redeal.

title: Solitaire card games/Six By Six


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/1993 Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

The 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Cryptosporidium in Milwaukees water supply caused widespread illness: The 1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak remains the largest epidemic of waterborne disease in U.S. history, (2007).


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/2014 Lead in Drinking Water Crisis; Flint, Michigan, USA

The Flint water crisis is a public health crisis that occurred beginning in 2014, after the drinking water source for the city of Flint, Michigan was changed.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * A Case Study of Environmental Injustice: The Failure in Flint, (2016).


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * World Health Organization: Antimicrobial Resistance


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Plastics

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United Nations Environmental Program: Single-use plastics: A roadmap for sustainability


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Climate Change

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health. The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health. This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * World Health Organization: Climate Change and Human Health


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Geographic Scope

Geographic Scope
Environmental health engineering begins at the tip of your nose and extends all the way to the upper reaches of the atmosphere, to the depths of the ocean, and into the crust of the Earth. The geographic scope of environmental health engineering - the boundaries placed upon a particular exposure assessment - can stop at the door of your home, at the grazing pasture uphill of your drinking water well, or at your neighborhood salad bar. Or the boundaries could begin hundreds of kilometers upwind where slash and burn agriculture predominates, with the manufacturing of single use plastic bottles half-way around the world, or as part of a global food network where current international standards for labelling fail to protect you and your family from unwanted allergens in your ready-to-eat food.

United Nations World Health Organization (WHO)
The United Nations World Health Organization (UN WHO) defines three determinants of health, including: 1) a person's individual characteristics and behaviors; 2) the social and economic environment around a person; and 3) the physical environment. The physical environment includes: safe water; clean air; healthy workplaces; safe houses, communities and roads. The physical environment also includes employment and working conditions, because people who are employed are healthier, in particular if they have a level of control over their working conditions.

United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) includes physical determinants as part of the broader category of social determinants of health. For example, in Healthy People 2020 the SODH are defined as, "conditions in the environments in which people live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks." The conditions include the physical environment, and are referred to as placed-based risks (e.g., in neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and churches or other public gathering places). The CDC links the patterns of social engagement and the second of security and well-being to the physical place, and [| research from Harvard University] has shown that an individual's health may depend as much on zip code - or the physical location of an individual's home - as genetic code - the composition of an individual's DNA.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * World Health Organization: Determinants of Health
 * Centers for Disease Control: Healthy People 2020


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Biologically Effective Dose

In pharmacology, an effective dose (ED) or effective concentration (EC) is a dose or concentration of a drug that produces a biological response. The term effective dose is used when measurements are taken in vivo, while the term effective concentration is used when the measurements are taken in vitro.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Internal Dose

Toxicokinetics (often abbreviated as 'TK') is the description of both what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Early Biologic Effect

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Altered Structure or Function

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Disease

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of part or all of an organism, and that is not due to any external injury.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Exposure

Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant(s) of interest and the organism(s) being considered.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Carriage

An asymptomatic carrier (healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but that displays no signs or symptoms.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Infectious Dose

The concept of minimal infective dose (MID) has traditionally been used for bacteria that contaminate foods that cause infection in or from the digestive tract.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


text:
Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Infected Cells

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Agent Replication

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Genetics

Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Susceptibility

In epidemiology a susceptible individual (sometimes known simply as a susceptible) is a member of a population who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Biological Agents

Infectious disease, also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections. An infectious disease specialist's practice may consist largely of managing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, or it may be out-patient based.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * World Health Organization: Infectious Diseases


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Occupational Exposure

An occupational exposure limit is an upper limit on the acceptable concentration of a hazardous substance in workplace air for a particular material or class of materials. It is typically set by competent national authorities and enforced by legislation to protect occupational safety and health. It is an important tool in risk assessment and in the management of activities involving handling of dangerous substances.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * World Health Organization: Occupational and Work-related Diseases


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Peer Review

The wiki collection of publications, including well-known Wikipedia, provides an easy means of co-authoring work through a global network of contributors. Some formats, such as Wikipedia, are highly fluid with the possibility for many changes without a high degree of rigor of review. Other formats, such as Wikijournals, are still open to edits but include rigorous peer review process resulting in a static version of the article based upon a publication date. While Wikibooks doesn't offer a formal means of peer review, for Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice, our team of co-authors has decided to invite peer review as part of our self-policing before publishing a static PDF version of this book. In this manner, each edition, published in a static PDF format, will be more rigorously vetted than a typical Wikipedia article and perhaps slightly less vigorously policed as compared to a typical Wikijournal article.

We thank the following peers who have agreed to provide their reviews on Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Policy:

LIST TO BE INCLUDED LATER.


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Solitaire card games/Spiderette

This is a challenging combination of Klondike and the two-pack Spider.

Thee first 28 cards are dealt the same way as in Klondike, i.e. the first column should have one face-up card, the second column should have one face-up card and one face down card at the bottom, and so on.

Cards in the tableau are built down regardless of suit. Only the top cards of each column can be moved; however, a sequence of cards that are in suit (such as 9-8-7-6 ♥ ) can be moved as one unit. Face-down cards that become exposed are turned face-up and empty column spaces on the tableau are filled by any card. If all possible plays have been made, a new set of seven cards (one for each column) are dealt, provided that each column must contain at least one card. After three such deals, and the game becomes stuck, the three left over cards are dealt on the first three columns.

Once a suit sequence of 13 cards from king down to ace is successfully built, it is discarded from the game. The game is won when four such suit sequences were built and discarded this way.

Variations
Will o' the Wisp – On the onset, twenty-one cards are dealt into seven columns of three with only the top card of each column face-up.

title: Solitaire card games/Spiderette


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English-Hanzi/Italy

Italy is a country in the south of Europe.

意大利是欧洲南部的一个国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Italy


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English-Hanzi/Austria

Austria is a landlocked country in the central of Europe.

奥地利是欧洲中部的一个内陆国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Austria


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Regulations

Regulations
Laws, regulations, statutes, and ordinances are related yet different instruments used by governing authorities - federal, state, and local jurisdictions - to protect the public health, safety, and welfare.

International Law
International law, including multilateral and bi-lateral treaties among two or more nations, adds an additional layer of complexity on-top of federal, state, and local jurisdictions. International law particularly relevant to environmental health engineers include aspirational policy statements such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, foundational declarations such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and collections of standards such as Codex Alimentarius.

United States Federal System
Within the US, at the nation-wide level there are both Congressional Acts and federal regulations. Acts of Congress are laws that set-out the way a particular environmental health engineering challenge will be addressed, such as the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. These Congressional Acts identify regulatory agencies that are empowered to enforce the Acts. The regulatory agencies are given general direction and funds by Congress (i.e., Legislative Branch), but regulatory agencies perform their day-to-day duties under the specific direction of the President (i.e., Executive Branch). When employees of the regulatory agencies attempt to enforce the law on the public, a dispute may arise if the public disagrees with the regulator. These disputes are settled by courts, lead by the Supreme Court (i.e., Judicial Branch). As thh courts settle disputes, the meaning of the Congressional Acts may become more clear, regulations may be updated, and the behaviors of the public should change. Alternatively, the public may exercise its democratic freedom to change the members of the federal government as a means of overturning or modifying Congressional Acts, regulations, or the process of enforcement.

Statute is the name given to a law that is created by a legislative body, such as a Congressional Act. Statutory law is subordinate to Constitutional law, which is the highest law in the nation, and therefore statutory laws must be written and interpreted within the context of the Constitution.

Regulation is the name given to a law that is issued by an executive, such as the President or regulatory agency.

Precedent or case law is the name given to a law that is decided by the courts, including the Supreme Court.

Enforcement is an action by an employee of a regulatory agency, and involves calling for a change in behavior by a member of the public.

US State and Local Systems
Within the US, at the state-wide level the system of laws and regulations are similar in structure to the nation-wide level, yet the state-wide level system is always subordinate to the Constitutional law of the US. Therefore, there often exist state-wide laws and regulatory agencies which are similar in name to the federal system (i.e., the Environmental Protection Agency is a federal regulatory agency, while the Department of Natural Resources or state EPA is the state-wide regulatory agency).

Within the US, ordinance is the name used for laws created by jurisdictions below the state-wide level (i.e., counties, cities, or towns). Again, the local ordinance is always subordinate to both the Constitutional law of the US as well as the state constitution.

The environmental health engineer must operate within this complex, multi-layered system of laws enacted, enforced, and adjudicated by multiple legislative, executive, and judicial bodies.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Department of Agriculture: US Codex


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User:Pha88

some stuff here

title: User:Pha88


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Communities

A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or neighbourhood) or in virtual space through communication platforms.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: Community Health


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Populations

In biology a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area where inter-breeding is potentially possible between any pair within the area, and where the probability of interbreeding is greater than the probability of cross-breeding with individuals from other areas.

In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans and their entire race. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. Population, in a more simple term, is the number of people in a city or town, region, country or world; population is usually determined by a process called census (a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and publishing data).

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: Population Health Training


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Individuals

Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: Personal Health Emergency Preparedness


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Statutes and Regulations

International Statues and Regulations
The Codex Alimentarius is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines, and other recommendations relating to foods, food production, and food safety.

1938, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. A principal author of this law was Royal S. Copeland, a three-term U.S. Senator from New York. In 1968, the Electronic Product Radiation Control provisions were added to the FD&C. Also in that year the FDA formed the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) to incorporate into FD&C regulations the recommendations from a National Academy of Sciences investigation of effectiveness of previously marketed drugs. The act has been amended many times, most recently to add requirements about bioterrorism preparations.

1963, Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act of 1963 (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments.[4] Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Sub-chapter C, Parts 50-97.

1970, National Environmental Policy Act
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970. To date, more than 100 nations around the world have enacted national environmental policies modeled after NEPA.

1972, Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so, including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment; and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.

1974, Safe Drinking Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the principal federal law in the United States intended to ensure safe drinking water for the public. Pursuant to the act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to set standards for drinking water quality and oversee all states, localities, and water suppliers that implement the standards.

The SDWA applies to every public water system (PWS) in the United States. There are currently over 151,000 public water systems providing water to almost all Americans at some time in their lives. The Act does not cover private wells.

The SDWA does not apply to bottled water. Bottled water is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services: Laws and Regulations


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Chemical Agents

A highly hazardous chemical is a substance classified by the American Occupational Safety and Health Administration as material that is both toxic and reactive and whose potential for human injury is high if released. Highly hazardous chemicals may cause cancer, birth defects, induce genetic damage, cause miscarriage, injury and death from relatively small exposures.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Chemicals


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Radiological Agents

Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation. Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to living things but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and thyrotoxicosis. Its most common impact is the induction of cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. High doses can cause visually dramatic radiation burns, and/or rapid fatality through acute radiation syndrome. Controlled doses are used for medical imaging and radiotherapy.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: Radiation Emergencies


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Vectors and Pests

In epidemiology, a disease vector is any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism; most agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as intermediate parasites or microbes, but it could be an inanimate medium of infection such as dust particles.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Vectors and Pests


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Noise

Noise is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, noise is indistinguishable from sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arises when the brain receives and perceives a sound.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Pools

A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * NEHA: Assessing Recreational Water Health


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Institutions

Community health worker (CHW) are members of a community who are chosen by community members or organizations to provide basic health and medical care to their community capable of providing preventive, promotional and rehabilitation care to these communities. Other names for this type of health care provider include village health worker, community health aide, community health promoter, and health advisor.

Useful Off-site Resources

 * United States Centers for Disease Control: Community Health Worker Toolkit


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Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Conclusions

By the end of this wikibook, our hope is that you find Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice a helpful resource to learn more about this unique healthcare profession. Remember, the environment - natural or human-made - is the space around or between objects; health is not only the absence of disease, but it is also much more the promotion of wellness; and engineering is the design and deployment of technology to meet the needs of humanity.

This wikibook began with an introduction to the theory of environmental health engineering grounded in the modified toxicological paradigm and supported by examples from practice described by the National Environmental Health Association and others. Emerging areas and case studies provided both an opportunity to consider the future of environmental health engineering as well as an opportunity to learn by doing - or, at least to learn by reading, discussing, and reflecting on case studies.

As set-out in the introduction, and again encouraged in the conclusion, Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice is meant to be alive and interactive. Fix the problems you encounter, add where you feel more information is needed, and debate actively where you disagree. You are encouraged to consume the knowledge provided, and to take professional responsibility for improving our profession through active stewardship of this wikibook. YOUR participation is vital!

Useful Off-site Resources

 * Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
 * A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)
 * NEHA: National Environmental Health Association


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English-Hanzi/Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a landlocked country in the west of Europe.

卢森堡是欧洲西部的内陆国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Luxembourg


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English-Hanzi/Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked country in the west of Europe.

瑞士是欧洲西部的一个内陆国家.

title: English-Hanzi/Switzerland


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User:Shenlebantongying

Hi everyone, I am shenlebantongying

User:Shenlebantongying/deleted

Finished Reading
LaTeX

Pending List
OpenGL Programming Haskell

Wait me to write :)
OCaml

title: User:Shenlebantongying


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User:Alexey Vazhnov

Wolne resources about Polish languages
Internal links:

 * Polish — not finished book.
 * Wikijunior:Languages/Polish — short version for children.

External links:

 * Po polsku po Polsce — CC BY 3.0 PL;

Bookmarks

 * Blender 3D: Noob to Pro

Subpages
Below is a list of my drafts. Don't hesitate to edit them and/or move them to the main pagespace!

title: User:Alexey Vazhnov


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Talk:Old Norse/Grammar/Alphabet and Pronunciation

I thought a "v" in Old Norse has a "w" sound. Is this not the case?67.83.99.134 (discuss) 20:15, 17 December 2019 (UTC)corpho


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User:Lovepreet punnu

Lovepreet Singh Aka Lovepreet punnu from a Town Jagraon District ludhiana punjab state

title: User:Lovepreet punnu


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User:Oertherdb

I enjoy reading and contributing to wikibooks. Thanks for the opportunity! You can learn more about me at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Oerther. Respectfully, Dan

title: User:Oertherdb