text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 275

IBM code page 275 (CCSID 275) is an EBCDIC code page with the full Latin-1-charset support used in IBM mainframes in Brazil.

An older version is code page 1073.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 276

IBM code page 276 (CCSID 276) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Canada to support the French language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 277

IBM code page 277 (CCSID 277) is an EBCDIC code page with the full Latin-1 character set used in IBM mainframes in Denmark and Norway.

Code page 1142 (CCSID 1142) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 277. In that code page, the "¤" (currency) character at code point 5A is replaced with the "€" (euro) character.

An older version is code page 1074.

Characters 00–3F and FF are controls, 40 is space, 41 is no-break space, and CA is soft hyphen. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 278

IBM code page 278 [CCSID 278) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset support used in IBM mainframes in Finland and Sweden.

Code page 1143 (CCSID 1143) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 278. Byte 5A is replacing ¤ with € in that code page.

An older version is code page 1075.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 279

IBM code page 279 (CCSID 279) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in France to support the French language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 280

IBM code page 280 (CCSID 280) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset used in IBM mainframes in Italy.

Code page 1144 (CCSID 1144) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 280. Byte 9F is replacing ¤ with € in that code page.

An older version is code page 1076.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 281

IBM code page 281 (CCSID 281) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1 character set used in IBM mainframes in Japan.

An older version is code page 1077.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 282

IBM code page 282 (CCSID 282) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1 character set used in IBM mainframes in Portugal.

An older version is code page 1078.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 283

IBM code page 283 (CCSID 283) is an EBCDIC code page with full code page 256 charset used in IBM mainframes. It was used in Spain.

It has been superseded by code page 284, which includes the Latin-1 charset at the same time code page 256 was superseded by code page 500.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 284

IBM code page 284 (CCSID 284) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset used in IBM mainframes in Spain and Latin America.

Code page 1145 (CCSID 1145) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 284. Byte 9F is replacing ¤ with € in that code page.

An old version is code page 1079.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 285

IBM code page 285 (CCSID 285) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1 character set used in IBM mainframes in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Code page 1146 (CCSID 1146) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 285. Byte 9F is replaced ¤ with € in that code page.

An old version is code page 1080.

For other English-speaking countries, see EBCDIC code page 037.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 286

IBM code page 286 (CCSID 286) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Germany and Austria to support the German language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 287

IBM code page 287 (CCSID 287) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes in Denmark and Norway to support the Danish language and the Norwegian language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 288

IBM code page 288 (CCSID 288) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Sweden and Finland to support the Swedish language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 289

IBM code page 289 (CCSID 289) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in the Spain to support the Spanish language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 290

IBM code page 290 (CCSID 290) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan. It supports Katakana. Contrast EBCDIC 298.

CCSID 8482 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 290. Code point E1 is the "€" (euro sign) character.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 297

IBM code page 297 (CCSID 297) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset support used in IBM mainframes in France.

CCSID 1147 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 297. Byte 9F replaces ¤ with € in that code page.

An old version is code page 1081.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 298

IBM code page 298 (CCSID 298) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan. It supports Katakana. Contrast EBCDIC 290.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 320

IBM code page 320 (CCSID 320) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Hungary to support the Hungarian language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 321

IBM code page 321 (CCSID 321) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes in the five countries of what was known as Yugoslavia to support the Croatian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Slovenian language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 322

IBM code page 322 (CCSID 322) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Turkey to support the Turkish language.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 330

IBM code page 330 (CCSID 330) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It supports the following languages:
 * Albanian (fully compatible with EBCDIC 256 for Albanian texts)
 * Bosnian
 * Croatian
 * Czech
 * English
 * German (fully compatible with EBCDIC 256 for German texts)
 * Hungarian
 * Polish
 * Romanian language
 * Serbian Latin
 * Slovak
 * Slovene
 * Upper Sorbian
 * Lower Sorbian

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 352

IBM code page 352 (CCSID 352) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Printing and Publishing Option. This code page is supported by IBM i.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 361

IBM code page 361 (CCSID 361) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is similar to EBCDIC 500, but does not support all of ASCII (circumflex (^), grave (`), and tilde (~) missing) or code page 437 or 850, but the missing characters are in its supplement EBCDIC 396. It contains a number of ligatures and quotation marks but (‚) (U+201A) is missing, because it is unified with the comma in this codepage. This code page is supported by IBM.

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes. Byte 0x9F may also be used the bullet (U+2022)


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 363

IBM code page 363 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Symbols, Set 8. This code page is supported by IBM.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 382

IBM code page 382 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: Austria, Germany, Switzerland. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 383

IBM code page 383 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: Belgium. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 384

IBM code page 384 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: Brazil. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 385

IBM code page 385 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframess. It is called Publishing: Canada (French). This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 386

IBM code page 386 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframess. It is called Publishing: Denmark, Norway. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 387

IBM code page 387 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: Finland, Sweden. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 388

IBM code page 388 is EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: France or Publishing: France, Switzerland. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 389

IBM code page 389 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is called Publishing: Italy or Publishing: Italy, Switzerland. This code page is supported by IBM. It is a modification of EBCDIC 361.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 410

IBM code page 410 (CCSID 410) is an EBCDIC code page that supports Cyrillic used in IBM mainframes. A revision is EBCDIC 880.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 420

IBM code page 420 (CCSIDs 420 and 16804) is an EBCDIC code page with support for Arabic script and the Latin alphabet. It is used in IBM mainframes.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

0x45 represents the zero-width space (ZWSP, U+200B) in the ICU version, which is probably an earlier version.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 421

IBM code page 421 (CCSIDs 421 and 4517) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia for Arabic and French. Note that the official charts show a and u with acute, probably an error for a and u with grave (shown below) as a and u with acute are not used in French.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

0x45 represents the zero-width space (ZWSP, U+200B) in the ICU version, which is probably an earlier version.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 423

IBM code page 423 (CCSID 423) is an EBCDIC code page with Greek support used in IBM mainframes in Greece. It has been superseded by Code page 875.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 424

IBM code page 424 (CCSID 424) is an EBCDIC code page that supports Hebrew used in IBM mainframes in Israel.

In CCSID 8616, the directional controls were added at positions DB, DC, DD, FB, FC, FD, and FE. In CCSID 12712, the euro sign was added at position 9C and the new sheqel sign was added at position 9E.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 425

IBM code page 425 (CCSID 425) is an EBCDIC code page defined for IBM's OS/390 Open Edition to support Arabic, English, and French.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 500

IBM code page 500 (CCSID 500) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset support used in IBM mainframes.

Code page 1148 (CCSID 1148) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 500. Byte 9F is replacing ¤ with € in that code page.

It superseded code page 256. An old version is code page 1084.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 803

IBM code page 803 (CCSID 803) is an EBCDIC code page that supports Hebrew used in IBM mainframes in Israel.

CCSID 4899 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 803. The euro sign was added at byte 9C and the new shekel sign was added at byte 9E. Bidirectional text] control characters were added at bytes DB-DD and FB-FE.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 833

IBM code page 833 (CCSID 833) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 836

IBM code page 836 (CCSID 836) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in China.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 838

IBM code page 838 (CCSID 838) (Thailand EBCDIC) is an EBCDIC code page with support for Thai script used in IBM mainframes.

Code page 1160 (CCSID 1160) (Thai SB EBCDIC) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 838. Byte FE is replaced with € in that code page.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 870

IBM code page 870 (CCSID 870) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-2-charset used in IBM mainframes in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

Code page/CCSID 1110 replaces byte 90 ° (degree sign) with ˚ (ring above).

Code page/CCSID 1153 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 870. Byte 9F is replacing ¤ with € in that code page.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 871

IBM code page 871 (CCSID 871) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-1-charset support used in IBM mainframes in Iceland.

Code page/CCSID 1149 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 871. In that code page, the "¤" (currency sign) character at code point 9F is replaced with the "€" (euro sign) character.

An older version is code page 1085.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 880

IBM code page 880 (CCSID 880) is an EBCDIC code page that supports Cyrillic used in IBM mainframes in Russia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. A revision is EBCDIC 1025. EBCDIC 880 is a revision of EBCDIC 410 to cover all of ASCII.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 892

IBM code page 892 (CCSID 892) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes for optical character recognition.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

Characters not in Unicode:
 * Group erase (0x77)
 * Character erase (0xBF)


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 893

IBM code page 893 (CCSID 893) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes for optical character recognition.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes. Note that the grave, acute, circumflex (at 0xDF), tilde, diaeresis, and cedilla con be added over (in the case of the cedilla, under) letters to form accented letters.

Note that the alternative Latin small letter M, vertical bar, and euro sign were not originally part of this code page.

Characters not in Unicode:
 * Alternative small letter m (0x64)
 * Group erase (0x77)
 * Alternative vertical bar (0xBB)
 * Character erase (0xBF)


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 905

IBM code page 905 (CCSID 905) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-3-charset used in IBM mainframes in Turkey. It has been superseded by EBCDIC 1026. The original version did not have the middle dot (U+00B7).

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 918

IBM code page 918 (CCSID 918) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes in Pakistan to support Urdu.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.

0x48 represents aleph after lam (not in Unicode).


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1002

IBM code page 1002 (CCSID 1002) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. Code page 264 is a superset of this code page.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1025

IBM code page 1025 (CCSID 1025) is an EBCDIC code page with full Cyrillic-charset used in IBM mainframes. It is a revision of EBCDIC 880.

Code page 1154 (CCSID 1154) is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1025. In that code page, the "§" (section sign) character at code point E1 is replaced with the "€" (euro sign) character.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1026

IBM code page 1026 (CCSID 1026) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-5-charset used in IBM mainframes in Turkey.

Code page/CCSID 1155 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1026. Byte 0x9F replaces ¤ with € in that code page.

Code page/CCSID 1175 is the lira currency update of code page/CCSID 1155. Byte 0x9A replaces ª with ₺ in that code page (as in ICU's version of code page 1026 ).

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1027

IBM code page 1027 (CCSID 1027) is an is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan. It supports Katakana.

CCSID 5123 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1027.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1047

Code page 1047 (CCSID 1047) is an EBCDIC code page with the full Latin-1 character set. It is closely related to both EBCDIC 037-2 (with only two points differing) and EBCDIC 037 (with six points differing), both of which also encode Latin-1.

Code page 924 (CCSID 924) is an update of code page/CCSID 1047 which adds various characters including the euro sign. It is an EBCDIC version of Latin-9 (ISO 8859-15).

Code page 1047 layout
Characters are shown with their Unicode equivalents. Differences from EBCDIC 037 are shown in yellow.

Code page 1047 translation
Since CP 01047 contains all of the standard Latin-1 characters, it is possible to translate the character codes from the CP 01047 charset to ISO 8859-1 character codes, so that translation back to the CP 01047 charset is an exact value-preserving round-trip conversion. Likewise, half of the control character codes can be translated into their exact ASCII equivalents. If the remaining EBCDIC-only control characters are translated (arbitrarily) into the remaining unused ASCII codes points (hex 80 to 9F) as well, the resulting translation covers all of the 256 character code points. Such a conversion table (for translating from CP 01047 to ISO 8859-1) is shown below:

 * {| class="wikitable chset nounderlines" frame="box" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-family:monospace; border-collapse:collaps; background:#FFFFEF"

 * colspan="17"| CP 1047 → ISO 8859-1
 * - bgcolor=#EFF3FF
 * bgcolor=#BFBFBF| ||_0||_1||_2||_3||_4||_5||_6||_7||_8||_9||_A||_B||_C||_D||_E||_F
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|0_||00||01||02||03||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9C||09||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|86||7F||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|97||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8D||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8E||0B||0C||0D||0E||0F
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|1_||10||11||12||13||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9D||85||08||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|87||18||19||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|92||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8F||1C||1D||1E||1F
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|2_||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|80||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|81||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|82||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|83||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|84||0A||17||1B||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|88||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|89||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8A||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8B||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|8C||05||06||07
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|3_||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|90||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|91||16||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|93||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|94||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|95||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|96||04||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|98||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|99||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9A||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9B||14||15||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9E||1A
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|4_||20||A0||E2||E4||E0||E1||E3||E5||E7||F1||A2||2E||3C||28||2B||7C
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|5_||26||E9||EA||EB||E8||ED||EE||EF||EC||DF||21||24||2A||29||3B||5E
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|6_||2D||2F||C2||C4||C0||C1||C3||C5||C7||D1||A6||2C||25||5F||3E||3F
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|7_||F8||C9||CA||CB||C8||CD||CE||CF||CC||60||3A||23||40||27||3D||22
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|8_||D8||61||62||63||64||65||66||67||68||69||AB||BB||F0||FD||FE||B1
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|9_||B0||6A||6B||6C||6D||6E||6F||70||71||72||AA||BA||E6||B8||C6||A4
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|A_||B5||7E||73||74||75||76||77||78||79||7A||A1||BF||D0||5B||DE||AE
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|B_||AC||A3||A5||B7||A9||A7||B6||BC||BD||BE||DD||A8||AF||5D||B4||D7
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|C_||7B||41||42||43||44||45||46||47||48||49||AD||F4||F6||F2||F3||F5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|D_||7D||4A||4B||4C||4D||4E||4F||50||51||52||B9||FB||FC||F9||FA||FF
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|E_||5C||F7||53||54||55||56||57||58||59||5A||B2||D4||D6||D2||D3||D5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|F_||30||31||32||33||34||35||36||37||38||39||B3||DB||DC||D9||DA||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9F
 * }
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|8_||D8||61||62||63||64||65||66||67||68||69||AB||BB||F0||FD||FE||B1
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|9_||B0||6A||6B||6C||6D||6E||6F||70||71||72||AA||BA||E6||B8||C6||A4
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|A_||B5||7E||73||74||75||76||77||78||79||7A||A1||BF||D0||5B||DE||AE
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|B_||AC||A3||A5||B7||A9||A7||B6||BC||BD||BE||DD||A8||AF||5D||B4||D7
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|C_||7B||41||42||43||44||45||46||47||48||49||AD||F4||F6||F2||F3||F5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|D_||7D||4A||4B||4C||4D||4E||4F||50||51||52||B9||FB||FC||F9||FA||FF
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|E_||5C||F7||53||54||55||56||57||58||59||5A||B2||D4||D6||D2||D3||D5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|F_||30||31||32||33||34||35||36||37||38||39||B3||DB||DC||D9||DA||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9F
 * }
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|C_||7B||41||42||43||44||45||46||47||48||49||AD||F4||F6||F2||F3||F5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|D_||7D||4A||4B||4C||4D||4E||4F||50||51||52||B9||FB||FC||F9||FA||FF
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|E_||5C||F7||53||54||55||56||57||58||59||5A||B2||D4||D6||D2||D3||D5
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|F_||30||31||32||33||34||35||36||37||38||39||B3||DB||DC||D9||DA||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9F
 * }
 * bgcolor=#EFF3FF|F_||30||31||32||33||34||35||36||37||38||39||B3||DB||DC||D9||DA||bgcolor=#E7E7E7|9F
 * }
 * }

Code page 924 layout
Characters are shown with their Unicode equivalents. Differences from EBCDIC 1047 are shown in yellow.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1069

IBM code page 1069 (CCSID 1069) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-4-charset support used in IBM mainframes.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1070

IBM code page 1070 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an old version of code page 37.

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1079

IBM code page 1079 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Spain and Latin America for the Basque, Catalan, English, and Spanish languages. It is an old version of code page 284.

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1081

IBM code page 1081 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in France. It is an old version of code page 297.

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1084

IBM code page 1084 is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an old version of code page 500.

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text:
Transwiki:EBCDIC 1097

IBM code page 1097 (CCSID 1097) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes in Iran to support Farsi.

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Characters not in Unicode:
 * 0x46 represents aleph madda after lam
 * 0x49 represents aleph after lam
 * 0x54 represents aleph hamza after lam

title: Transwiki:EBCDIC 1097


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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1112

IBM code page 1112 (CCSID 1112) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Latvia and Lithuania.

CCSID 1156 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1112. Byte 9F is replaced with € in that code page.

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1113

IBM code page 1113 is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-6-charset used in IBM mainframes.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1122

IBM code page 1122 (CCSID 1122) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Estonia.

Code page/CCSID 1157 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1122. Byte 5A is replaced with € in that code page.

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1123

IBM code page 1123 (CCSID 1123) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Ukraine.

Code page/CCSID 1158 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1123. Byte E1 is replaced with € in that code page.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1130

IBM code page 1130 (CCSID 1130) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Vietnam.

Code page/CCSID 1164 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 1130. Byte 9F is replaced with € in that code page.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1132

IBM code page 1132 (CCSID 1132) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes to support Lao script.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1137

IBM code page 1137 (CCSID 1137) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes to support Devanagari script. It contains characters from the Devanagari Unicode block and is different from CCSID 806 (which is based on ISCII).

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1159

IBM code page 1159 (CCSID 1159) is an EBCDIC code page with full ASCII used in IBM mainframes. The related CCSID without the euro sign is 28709.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1165

IBM code page 1165 (CCSID 1165) is an EBCDIC code page with full Latin-2-charset used in IBM mainframes in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1166

IBM code page 1166 (CCSID 1166) is an EBCDIC code page is a revision of EBCDIC 1154 to cover the Kazakh language.

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text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/JEF codepage

JEF is a stateful EBCDIC charset used in Fujitsu mainframe systems called FACOM and some OASYS series personal word processors. JEF is an acronym for "Japanese processing Extended Feature". It was introduced by Fujitsu in April 1979, but the implementation predates JIS C 6226-1978.

Encoding structure
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Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/KEIS

KEIS is a stateful EBCDIC charset used in Hitachi mainframe systems. KEIS is an acronym for "Kanji processing Extended Information System". It is also known as Code page 1279.

Encoding structure
Here are the valid ranges of bytes according to its encoding structure.


text:
User:Rev CE Victory

Rev Chukwuemerie Ezuma Victory

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₩

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User talk:Rev CE Victory

This page is used for editors to communicate with each other about the writing of books. It's not a private space for you to use as a web host. I have deleted the content you added here as it is clearly not relevant to the purpose of this project. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 16:36, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

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User:Padiks/sandbox

Test page

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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Walter Phillip Renshaw

Walter Phillip Renshaw (Callsign VK2DE) was a well known early wireless experimenter in the period before WW1 through the 1930s. He was a member of the original Wireless Institute of Australia formed in Sydney in 1910. He was a founding member of the reformed WIA NSW from 1919, becoming President in the mid 1920s and Federal President shortly afterwards. Promoted the renaming of the WIA NSW to Institute of Radio Engineers around 1930, creating considerable dissent. He was in business as a consulting engineer which eventually impacted his amateur radio activities. Became entangled in a NSW corruption matter from the mid 1930s. Passed 16 November 1968.

A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Walter Phillip Renshaw - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Walter Phillip Renshaw - Nothing uploaded as yet


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Walter Phillip Renshaw/Notes

Key article copies
OBITUARY - PHIL RENSHAW, VK2DE On 16th November, 1968, there passed from the ranks of Wireless Pioneers one who did much to build up the world of Amateur Radio Experiments — Phil Renshaw. I first met Phil Renshaw about 1912 when the Wireless Institute of N.S.W. was formed and through his efforts Wireless Amateurs became a united body. He was not very active on the air, but he did much to make the Wireless Institute an active organisation. In 1922, when the Institute was formed into the N.S.W. Division of the Wireless Institute of Australia, he was the first Secretary of the N.S.W. Division, and was one of the signatories to the Articles of the Association. In 1923 the Wireless Institute N.S.W. Division held an Exhibition in the Sydney Town Hall, and as Secretary of the Division he was largely responsible for the success of the enterprise. He continued as Secretary of the N.S.W. Division until he became its President and in 1926 became Federal President of the Institute. Some may remember him in the early days as a motor bike enthusiast, riding a big Red Indian cycle. In later years he was often heard on the air using his call sign VK2DE. In early 1930, when the Wireless Institute was attracting Professional Radio men, it was decided to revive the Institute of Radio Engineers, which, at the time, was not functioning. In this, with others, Phil Renshaw played an important part and the Institute of Radio Engineers was re-born. Phil will always be remembered, not so much for the noise he made on the air, but for his energy and his personality, which endeared him to all who knew him. His bright and cheerful nature made it a pleasure to work with him. His interest in radio continued until business pressure forced him to leave the hobby he so much loved. He did not enjoy good health in later years, although he carried on as a Consulting Engineer in the city. So his passing removes yet another pioneer Radio identity to whom, we as Amateurs, owe so much.— H. A. Stowe.


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User:Georgie8301/common.css

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User:Mrdallaway

User mrdallaway for WikiBooks

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User talk:Rajthebeast

Let's talk about Startups and Business.

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Template:Syntax

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Mirad Grammar

Welcome to a textbook on the grammar of Mirad. Formerly known as Unilingua, Mirad is an artificially constructed auxiliary language (conlang) developed originally by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a serious medium for easy, regular, expressive, and logical international communication. This textbook is a revision of the language with many new features, plus access to a bilingual dictionary containing over 110,000 words, over ten times the size the original Unilingua vocabulary. The vocabulary is internally consistent and was developed systematically from scratch with no relation to existing natural languages.

title: Mirad Grammar


text:
Mirad Grammar/Introduction

Mirad, formerly known as Unilingua, is an artificially constructed auxiliary language (conlang) developed and published in 1966 by the now-deceased Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a serious medium for easy and logical international communication. Mirad, which means world speech, and is pronounced mee-RAHD, is categorized by constructed language experts as taxonomic or ontological, because its vocabulary is mapped letter-by-letter to a semantic ontology or thesaurus. Also, the word-stock of Mirad is considered a priori, meaning that there is no deliberate association with words or roots in existing natural languages. The vocabulary is from scratch, yet based on internal lexical and semantic rules that help the learner to construct and deconstruct derivations sytematically, logically, mnemonically, and consistently. The author claims in his book Unilingua -- Langue universelle auxiliaire that this language is well-suited for universal, logical communication because it is based on principles already exploited globally by sciences like mathematics and chemistry, where symbolic formulas are constructed in accordance with strict rules and a limited sequence of symbols understood by all practitioners.

Principles
Mirad is constructed on the following principles:
 * Every vowel has numeric, vectorial, scalar, semantic, or grammatical value.
 * Every consonant is meaningful either lexically or grammatically.
 * Word derivation is systematic, consistent, analogical, and mnemonic.
 * Words are as ontologically unambiguous as possible.
 * Words are as short and as easy to pronounce as possible.
 * Inflection and derivation of words is regular and predictable.
 * Word opposites differ only in the stem vowel (iva....happy; uva....sad).
 * Words that have similar meanings will share all but one or two letters (iva....happy; ivra ....joyful).
 * All words in the language are constructed from fewer than 500 building blocks.
 * Vocabulary in specialized and scientific fields is built on internationally agreed conventions.
 * The grammatical rules are regular and as simple as possible.
 * The vocabulary is totally a priori and neutral and not based on any existing language.
 * Formatives (derivational and inflexional prefixes, infixes, and suffixes) are nonexponential, that is, each one has only one purpose or meaning. In other words, the language is non-fusional.

Changes from earlier version

 * This book contains a revision of the language with additions and modifications to the original. The principal changes are:
 * The writing system now consists only of letters of the Latin alphabet, with no diacritics.
 * The letter w was added to mark the passive voice of verbs, among other things.
 * The letter s was changed to sound like the s in English  s un.
 * The letter x was changed to sound like the sh in English  sh ow.
 * The letter c was changed to sound like the ch in English  ch air.
 * The letter h was added, mainly to create a systematic set of determiners like this, that, and every.
 * The letter q was added for certain scientific words and outside-imported words such as daiqiri or Qatar.
 * Grammatical cases were eliminated and replaced by prepositions.
 * Some prepositions and conjunctions were changed or added.
 * The definite article ha (the) was introduced.
 * Much new vocabulary was added and some words were altered.
 * The system of determiners was overhauled.
 * The manner of encoding names of chemicals, metrical units, and other entities was changed.
 * The language was gender-neutralized but provided the means to mark gender where necessary.
 * Zoological and botanical terms in Unilingua were differentiated by semi-random numerical scaling (apet....horse, epet....ox, etc.). This has been changed in Mirad to a systematic prefixation of syllables to the base name where the syllables come from the |international Linnaean Taxonomy.

Conventions in this book

 * In this book:
 * Words in Mirad are boldfaced.
 * Words in English that are translations of Mirad are italicized.
 * Technical grammatical terms in English are both boldfaced and italicized.
 * For example:
 * The Mirad word van means that and is a positive subordinating conjunction.

title: Mirad Grammar/Introduction


text:
Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography

= Pronunciation =

Consonant and Glides

 * The following IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) chart shows the consonant phonemes (minimal meaningful sounds) and semi-consonant (glide) phonemes in Mirad:

 * {| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="background:lightyellow"

! !! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal ! colspan="2" | Nasal ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! voiced ! unvoiced ! rowspan="2" | Affricate ! voiced ! unvoiced ! rowspan="2" | Fricative ! voiced ! unvoiced ! colspan="2" | Approximate ! colspan="2" | Flap
 * + Consonant Phonemes
 * /m/ || /n/ || || ||
 * /b/ || /d/ || || /g/ ||
 * /p/ || /t/ || || /k/ ||
 * || || /t͡ʃ/ || ||
 * /v/ || /z/ || /ʒ/ || ||
 * /f/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || || /h/
 * || /l/ || /j/ || /w/ ||
 * || /ɽ/ || || ||
 * }
 * The phonemes /r/ and /l/ are consonant liquids and behave in a special way in forming words in Mirad.

 * The approximate phonemes /j/ and /w/ are semi-consonantal glides and are used to form diphthongs (complex vowels). See Vowels.

 * The following chart shows the correspondence of the consonants and glides with their phonemic values:

 * {| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="background:lightyellow"

! PHONEME !! /b/ !! /t͡ʃ/ !! /d/ !! /f/ !! /g/ !! /h/ !! /ʒ/ !! /k/ !! /l/ !! /m/ !! /n/ !! /p/ !! /ɽ/ !! /s/ !! /t/ !! /v/ !! /w/ !! /ʃ/ !! /j/ !! /z/
 * + Consonant Graphemes and Phonemes
 * GRAPHEME || b || c || d || f || g || h || j || k || l || m || n || p || r || s || t || v ||style="background:yellow"| w || x ||style="background:yellow"| y || z
 * GRAPHEME || b || c || d || f || g || h || j || k || l || m || n || p || r || s || t || v ||style="background:yellow"| w || x ||style="background:yellow"| y || z
 * }

 * In Mirad, every consonant has a one-to-one correspondence with a single phoneme (ideal sound). Mirad does not use digraphs like sh or ph to represent consonant sounds.  There are no double consonants, although sometimes a consonant will come together with the same consonant in the same word, but not the same syllable.  There are no silent consonants.  Also, there are no letters in "native" Mirad with diacritical marks like é or ñ.

 * That said, the y and w, while functioning as consonants in words borrowed from other languages, such as Yohan (Johann) and wan (wan), they are, in Mirad native words, used as semi-consonantal glides to alter the pronunciation of vowels. See Pronunciation of Vowels.

Pronunciation Compared to English

 * Here are the letters that are pronounced somewhat differently from English:

 * The letter x is pronounced like an sh in English.
 * The letter h is never silent. It is used to form the determiners in Mirad and is also used to simulate foreign sounds like the ch in Yiddish la ch ayim (to life!), or German Ba ch .
 * The letter j is pronounced like the zh in Russian  Zh ivago or the ge in English mira ge .

 * The letter s is always unvoiced as English ss and never sounds like a z.

 * The letter g is always a hard sound as in English  g ap, not as in English wa g e.

 * The letter c is used mostly in foreign words and represents the unvoiced affricate sound t͡ʃ like the ch in English  ch ur ch . For example, the Mirad name for  Ch ina is  C inam.  Some chemical names and metric units use the letter c, in which case, it is also pronounced like the ch in English church.

 * The unvoiced plosives p, t, and k are pronounced without the puff of breath that sometimes follows them in their English counterparts. The corresponding consonants in French are exact equivalents.

 * The consonant r should be a flap or trill like the r in Brit. Eng. ve r y or the single r in Spanish pe r o.

 * The consonants in the Mirad alphabet correspond one-to-one with phonemes. There are no cases of consonant sounds being represented in native words by digraphs as in English ph, sh, ch, or th.  For example, the sh sound in English is represented by x in Mirad.

 * Here is a chart showing the pronunciation of Mirad consonants:

Note: If you see a blank here instead of an IPA symbol, it probably means that the font you are using to display characters in your browser does not support these characters.

Vowels

 * Mirad vowels are divided into simple and complex vowels. The simple vowels are single-letter, while the complex vowels have one or more glides.

Simple Vowels
The graphemes (alphabetic letters) in Mirad used to represent the simple vowel phonemes (minimal meaningful sounds) are as follows:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="background:lightyellow"

! GRAPHEME !! a !! e !! i !! o !! u
 * + Vowel Graphemes and Phonemes
 * PHONEME || /a/ || /e/ || /i/ || /o/ || /u/
 * }
 * }

 * The simple vowels are pronounced as they are in many European Latin-based languages. The table below gives their phonetic values and some close examples in Spanish and French, and not-so-close examples in English.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! VOWEL !! IPA1 !! SPANISH !! FRENCH !! ENGLISH APPROXIMATION
 * + Simple Vowels
 * a || [a] || m a no || à [[File:fr-à.ogg]] || f a ther
 * e || [e] || h e cho || et [[File:fr-et.ogg]] || d ay  2
 * i || [i] || s i || s i [[File:fr-si.ogg]] || s ee 2
 * o || [o] || n o || de l' eau [[File:fr-eau.ogg]] || s o 3
 * u || [u] || t u || ou [[File:fr-ou.ogg]] || t oo 3
 * }
 * o || [o] || n o || de l' eau [[File:fr-eau.ogg]] || s o 3
 * u || [u] || t u || ou [[File:fr-ou.ogg]] || t oo 3
 * }
 * u || [u] || t u || ou [[File:fr-ou.ogg]] || t oo 3
 * }

Complex Vowels

 * Complex vowels are those preceded or followed by the glides y or w. This chart shows the possible complex vowels and their pronunciations:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! GLIDED VOWELS !! IPA1 !! PRONUNCIATION ! colspan=3 | PRE-Y-GLIDED VOWELS ! colspan=3 | PRE-W-GLIDED VOWELS ! colspan=3 | POST-Y-GLIDED ! colspan=3 | POST-W-GLIDED ! colspan=3 | CIRCUM-Y-GLIDED ! colspan=3 | PRE-W-POST-Y-GLIDED
 * + Glided Vowel Patterns
 * ya || [ja] || Eng. y ach t, Fr.  hia cinthe (there is) [[File:en-us-yacht.ogg]]
 * ye || [je] || Eng.  ye t, Fr. grill é  (grilled) [[File:fr-grillé.ogg]]
 * yi || [ji] || Eng.  yea st*, Fr. bou illi
 * yo || [jo] || Eng.  yo ke*, Fr. ma illot [[File:fr-maillot.ogg]]
 * yu || [ju] || Eng.  you *, Fr. p iou-piou
 * yi || [ji] || Eng.  yea st*, Fr. bou illi
 * yo || [jo] || Eng.  yo ke*, Fr. ma illot [[File:fr-maillot.ogg]]
 * yu || [ju] || Eng.  you *, Fr. p iou-piou
 * yu || [ju] || Eng.  you *, Fr. p iou-piou
 * yu || [ju] || Eng.  you *, Fr. p iou-piou
 * wa || [wa] || Eng. w a ter, Fr. g oua che (poster paint) [[File:en-us-water.ogg]]
 * we || [we] || Eng. w e t, Fr.  ouais  (yes)
 * wi || [wi] || Eng. w ee 2, Fr.  oui  (yes) [[File:Fr-oui.ogg]]
 * wo || [wo] || Eng. w o ke2
 * wu || [wu] || Eng. w oo 2
 * wi || [wi] || Eng. w ee 2, Fr.  oui  (yes) [[File:Fr-oui.ogg]]
 * wo || [wo] || Eng. w o ke2
 * wu || [wu] || Eng. w oo 2
 * wu || [wu] || Eng. w oo 2
 * wu || [wu] || Eng. w oo 2
 * ay || [aɪ] || Eng. s igh t, Sp. h ay  (there is) [[File:en-us-I.ogg]]
 * ey || [eɪ] || Eng. d ay , Sp. r ey  (king) [[File:en-us-day.ogg]]
 * iy || [iɪ] || Eng. s ee , Fr. b ille  (marble) [[File:en-us-see.ogg]]
 * oy || [oɪ] || Eng. b oy , Sp. h oy  (today) [[File:en-us-boy.ogg]]
 * uy || [uɪ] || Eng. g ooey , Sp. m uy  (very) [[File:en-us-gooey.ogg]]
 * iy || [iɪ] || Eng. s ee , Fr. b ille  (marble) [[File:en-us-see.ogg]]
 * oy || [oɪ] || Eng. b oy , Sp. h oy  (today) [[File:en-us-boy.ogg]]
 * uy || [uɪ] || Eng. g ooey , Sp. m uy  (very) [[File:en-us-gooey.ogg]]
 * uy || [uɪ] || Eng. g ooey , Sp. m uy  (very) [[File:en-us-gooey.ogg]]
 * uy || [uɪ] || Eng. g ooey , Sp. m uy  (very) [[File:en-us-gooey.ogg]]
 * aw || [ɔ] || Eng.  awe  [[File:en-us-awe.ogg]]
 * ew || [eʊ] || Br. Eng. b eau , colloq. Eng. T ell me! [[File:en-us-tell.ogg]]
 * iw || [iʊ] || Eng.  eew! (sound of disgust), Du. ni ew [[File:Nl-nieuw.ogg]] (new)
 * ow || [oʊ] || Eng. kn ow , f oe [[File:en-us-know.ogg]]
 * uw || [uʊ] || Eng. g oo  [[File:en-us-goo.ogg]]
 * iw || [iʊ] || Eng.  eew! (sound of disgust), Du. ni ew [[File:Nl-nieuw.ogg]] (new)
 * ow || [oʊ] || Eng. kn ow , f oe [[File:en-us-know.ogg]]
 * uw || [uʊ] || Eng. g oo  [[File:en-us-goo.ogg]]
 * uw || [uʊ] || Eng. g oo  [[File:en-us-goo.ogg]]
 * uw || [uʊ] || Eng. g oo  [[File:en-us-goo.ogg]]
 * yay || [jaɪ] || Eng. y i kes [[File:en-us-yikes.ogg]]
 * yey || [jeɪ] || Eng. y ea ! [[File:en-us-yay.ogg]]
 * yiy || [jiɪ] || Eng. y ee sh! (sound of disgust) [[File:en-us-ye.ogg]]
 * yoy || [joɪ] || Eng. y oi nk ( = New Jyoizy )
 * yuy || [juɪ] || Eng. H ughie  [[File:EN-AU_ck1_Hughie.ogg]]
 * yiy || [jiɪ] || Eng. y ee sh! (sound of disgust) [[File:en-us-ye.ogg]]
 * yoy || [joɪ] || Eng. y oi nk ( = New Jyoizy )
 * yuy || [juɪ] || Eng. H ughie  [[File:EN-AU_ck1_Hughie.ogg]]
 * yuy || [juɪ] || Eng. H ughie  [[File:EN-AU_ck1_Hughie.ogg]]
 * yuy || [juɪ] || Eng. H ughie  [[File:EN-AU_ck1_Hughie.ogg]]
 * way || [waɪ] || Eng.  wi se, Fr.  ouailles  (flock) [[File:en-us-wise.ogg]]
 * wey || [weɪ] || Eng.  way  [[File:en-us-way.ogg]]
 * wiy || [wiɪ] || Eng.  wee ! (sound of fun) [[File:en-us-we.ogg]]
 * woy || [woɪ] || Eng.  woy  (rhymes with boy)
 * wuy || [wuɪ] || Eng.  wooi sh (rhymes with gooey)
 * }
 * In Mirad, the above complex vowels are considered single glided vowels for the purposes of grammar, syllabification, and stress.
 * woy || [woɪ] || Eng.  woy  (rhymes with boy)
 * wuy || [wuɪ] || Eng.  wooi sh (rhymes with gooey)
 * }
 * In Mirad, the above complex vowels are considered single glided vowels for the purposes of grammar, syllabification, and stress.
 * In Mirad, the above complex vowels are considered single glided vowels for the purposes of grammar, syllabification, and stress.

 * Note 1: International Phonetic Alphabet. See chart and click on sounds at [].
 * Note 2: Without the typical y-glide at the end of the English vowel. The vowel should be pure, as in the Romance languages of Europe.
 * Note 3: Without the typical w-glide at the end of the English vowel. The vowel should be pure, as in the Romance languages of Europe.

= Syllabification =

 * Every syllable in Mirad contains one and only one vowel. A y when final or followed by a consonant is used to post-y-glide or diphthongize the previous vowel and is therefore considered part of the syllable in which that vowel is the nucleus (see case 2, below).  Similarly, the liquids r and l, when final or followed by a consonant are considered to be a part of the syllable where the preceding vowel is the nucleus (see case 4, below).  Two vowels in a row form two syllabic nuclei (see cases 3, 6, and 7, below).  Two non-glide consonants (i.e. not y or w, are split between them (see case 8).  How syllables are divided is important for determining where the stress accent goes in a word (see /Stress/, below).

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! CASE !! EXAMPLE !! SYLLABIFIED
 * + Syllabification
 * 1 || ama.....hot || a-ma
 * 2 || ayma.....warm || ay-ma
 * 3 || aymsea.....warming up || aym-se-a
 * 4 || prexwa....exploded || pre-xwa
 * 5 || upayo....will have come || u-pa-yo
 * 6 || vyaa....true || vya-a
 * 7 || vyaay....truly || vya-ay
 * 8 || vay....indeed || vay
 * 9 || tambwa....settled || tam-bwa
 * }
 * 6 || vyaa....true || vya-a
 * 7 || vyaay....truly || vya-ay
 * 8 || vay....indeed || vay
 * 9 || tambwa....settled || tam-bwa
 * }
 * 8 || vay....indeed || vay
 * 9 || tambwa....settled || tam-bwa
 * }
 * }

= Phonotactics =

 * For the purpose of this section:
 * G stands for the glides y or w.
 * L stands for the liquids r and l.
 * C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids.
 * V stands for single vowels.
 * + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter
 * Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional.
 * Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns.

 * Syllables in Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! ALLOWABLE SYLLABIC PATTERNS !! EXAMPLES
 * + Phonotactics
 * (C)[LG]V+(G)(L)(C) || o, ay, xwa, gyo, gra, toyb, glays, alp, mayr, hyos, va, xwa, gyo, gla, gre, vyaa, lo, wa, yu
 * ...V(G)m[psx] || m amp, y omx
 * ...V(G)n[kgsx] || y ank, y ons , anx , Eng lam, eynx
 * }
 * ...V(G)n[kgsx] || y ank, y ons , anx , Eng lam, eynx
 * }
 * }

 * Two non-glide/liquid consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words.
 * Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words.

= Stress =

 * Stress in Mirad is not marked and is not phonemic, i.e. not semantically distinctive. However, in all words of more than one syllable, the stress is applied to the last, non-final vowel, included complex (i.e. glided) vowels. The following chart gives some examples:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Mirad Word !! With Stress and Syllabification Marked
 * + Stress
 * teja....vital ||  t e -ja
 * igay....quickly ||  i -gay*
 * Mirad....Mirad || Mi- r a d
 * booka....tired || bo- o -ka
 * bookan....fatigue || bo-o- k a n
 * tejea....alive || te- je -a
 * oyse....lacks ||  oy -se
 * }
 * * Here ay is a post-y-glided complex vowel, and final, so it is not stressed.
 * bookan....fatigue || bo-o- k a n
 * tejea....alive || te- je -a
 * oyse....lacks ||  oy -se
 * }
 * * Here ay is a post-y-glided complex vowel, and final, so it is not stressed.
 * }
 * * Here ay is a post-y-glided complex vowel, and final, so it is not stressed.

= Capitalization =

 * Words in Mirad are capitalized as in English, that is:

 * The first word of a sentence is capitalized.
 * Proper nouns, including names of places and persons, inhabitants of those places, and the languages spoken there, are capitalized. (This contrasts with usage in most European languages.)
 * All the letters of an acronym are upper case.

 * The following chart illustrates this:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Mirad !! English
 * + Capitalization
 * Amerikam || America
 * Amerikama || American
 * Amerikat || an American
 * Amerikad || American English
 * Ivan || Ivan
 * Dropek ay Poos || War and Peace
 * At Mirade. || I speak Mirad.
 * Hyat be ha mir Mirado glojo. || Everyone in the world will speak Mirad soon.
 * Yat tambeseya Boston. || We were living in Boston.
 * His se Fransa vafil. || This is a French wine.
 * Ha Anxwa Doobi gey dyunuwe ha AD. || The United Nations is also called the UN.
 * Ha AD || The UN
 * }
 * At Mirade. || I speak Mirad.
 * Hyat be ha mir Mirado glojo. || Everyone in the world will speak Mirad soon.
 * Yat tambeseya Boston. || We were living in Boston.
 * His se Fransa vafil. || This is a French wine.
 * Ha Anxwa Doobi gey dyunuwe ha AD. || The United Nations is also called the UN.
 * Ha AD || The UN
 * }
 * Ha Anxwa Doobi gey dyunuwe ha AD. || The United Nations is also called the UN.
 * Ha AD || The UN
 * }
 * Ha AD || The UN
 * }

= Punctuation =
 * Punctuation and the rules governing it are basically the same as in English, except for one difference. The part of a sentence in Mirad that introduces a direct quotation uses a colon  instead of a comma, eg.:

 * It da: "At voy te."  .... He said, "I don't know."

title: Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography