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Perspectives in Digital Literacy/"Stuffed with Garbage"

Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo.

— W. H. Auden

'''The lowest form of popular culture—lack of information, misinformation, disinformation, and a contempt for the truth or the reality of most people’s lives—has overrun real journalism. Today, ordinary Americans are being stuffed with garbage.'''

— Carl Bernstein.

My definition of fake news is a content-like object that is a story, an article, a video, a tweet that has been fabricated, completely invented out of thin air, intentionally for the purpose of misleading.

— Vivian Schiller

'''I suppose, in the end, we journalists try - or should try - to be the first impartial witnesses of history. If we have any reason for our existence, the least must be our ability to report history as it happens so that no one can say: "We didn't know - no one told us."'''

— Robert Fisk

While we claim to live in an information age, disinformation has become the order of the day.

— Farid A. Malik

= Stuffed with Garbage: How Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation Impact the Journalists' Code of Ethics in Digital News Media  = Journalists and media practitioners face several complex ethical challenges due to the rise of digital technologies. The impact of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation on the code of ethics followed by media in digital journalism is significant. With the advent of multimedia, it has become effortless for such user-generated content to propagate quickly and extensively, posing a challenge for digital news media to ensure the integrity of their content. Collectively, misleading news has led to a growing concern about the impact of these phenomena on journalism ethics and standards in digital media. By shedding light on how false information can affect ethical journalism, this exploratory article can help digital news and social media publishers protect their audience from fallacious news and promote the open exchange of ideas based on truthful reporting.

The Effects of Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation in Digital News Media
In 1938, the CBS Radio Network aired a radio drama, "The War of the Worlds ,” which depicted Martians' fictional invasion of Earth. The drama is famous for causing mass panic, as many listeners mistook it for an actual news broadcast. When the episode was broadcast, it was dramatic theater for some and revealed as orchestrated misinformation for others.

It is increasingly difficult to differentiate between real and fake news stories. The Internet is filled with numerous examples of blatantly false news:  examples of blatantly false news:

 * The U.S. Capitol police gave the protesters an "okay" to enter the Capitol. A video clip was widely shared on social media and posted by a group of Trump supporters. The video showed the group attacking the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., on January 6, 2021, after U.S. President Donald Trump lost the 2020 presidential election. The group claimed that a police officer had told them that they could enter the building. However, upon reviewing the video, no evidence supports this claim. The Gateway Pundit, a fake news website, also reported this claim on their Facebook and Instagram pages. Additionally, a radio show in Texas called "Walton & Johnson" ran a similar headline.
 * The FBI has released ample evidence to the public, which demonstrates that Trump supporters violently attacked officers at the Capitol. Additionally, other footage shows them breaking through a metal barrier outside the Capitol and breaking windows of the building to enter. It can be concluded that the U.S. Capitol police did not allow protestors to enter the Capitol.

 * High doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19. In 2020, numerous websites and social media posts propagated that high vitamin C could cure or effectively treat COVID-19.
 * There was a lot of hype around unproven claims for vitamin C as a cure for COVID-19, spread through fake news, personal websites, and social media influencers. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims.
 * Chickens are not laying eggs because RNA is being added to commercial chicken feed. The source of the claim was an article titled "Messenger RNA sequencing and pathway analysis provide novel insights into the biological basis of chickens' feed efficiency." The study aimed to understand the differences between chickens with low and high feed efficiency and used RNA sequencing to analyze the levels of RNA produced by the chickens' cells. However, the article did not mention adding RNA to chicken feed. The goal of the study is to improve the selection process for feed efficiency.
 * Several experts have confirmed that the claim regarding commercial feed manufacturers adding RNA to chicken feed misinterprets the data. The FDA has also stated that RNA is not considered a feed additive. The articles cited in the original TikTok video do not provide evidence to support the argument made in the video. Moreover, the FDA has advised seeking advice from a licensed veterinarian to examine the chicken and gather a detailed medical and diet history, as there are several reasons why a chicken's egg-laying behavior and production may change.
 * The first thing that should be questioned is the reference to RNA in the post. RNA, scientifically known as ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all living cells. Therefore, the argument of adding synthetic Arnie into commercial feed does not seem logical. Additionally, research confirms that factors such as management practices, improper nutrition, parasite infection, disease, lighting, and stress commonly affect chicken egg production. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn that RNA is not added to commercial chicken feed.

During the 2016 election, President Donald Trump began expressing concerns about the possibility of election rigging. He spoke about it repeatedly, claiming that the election was rigged and that something was going wrong on the part of Hillary Clinton. Trump's attempt to destabilize the election created a sense among his supporters that the election was being manipulated. Hence, a fake news content creator from Maryland saw an opportunity to capitalize on this sentiment and decided to create false evidence to support the idea that the election was rigged. He started with a headline claiming that thousands of fraudulent Clinton ballots were found in an Ohio warehouse.

But, in his 2017 New York Times article, "From Headline to Photograph: A Fake News Masterpiece," Scott Shane uncovered the truth behind this questionable story that would be a headliner for “a dubious art just coming into its prime” —fake news. He dives into how the 23-year-old fake news creator intentionally designed a website and Facebook pages to generate revenue from the distrust of Clinton among “six million” Trump supporters. Although the bogus story was verifiably false, Shane points out that the damage had been done. The blatantly, intentionally disseminated information sparked outrage from people who believed Clinton would cheat Trump, underscoring the effect of false information in digital news media.

Journalism, “Fake News” and Disinformation —a handbook designed to address the issue of disinformation that confronts societies in general, and journalism in particular—avoids legitimizing that the term “fake news” has a straightforward or commonly understood meaning because “news” implies verifiable information in the public's interest. If the information does not meet these standards, it does not deserve the “news” label. Therefore, “fake news” is an oxymoron that undermines the credibility of information that meets the threshold of verifiability and public interest—real news. In this handbook, the term "disinformation" is commonly used to describe the act of intentionally deceiving or manipulating people using false information. The term often involves a range of tactics, including disseminating misleading or dishonest information and hacking or compromising individuals. All the same, "misinformation" typically refers to unintentionally misleading information. While both are problematic, disinformation is considered more dangerous as it is often well-planned, well-funded, and supported by automated technology.

Those who spread false information target people vulnerable to their messages or can amplify them for their purposes. They use the public’s tendency to share information to persuade their audience to become the carriers of their messages. The danger lies in the fact that such "fake news" is usually free and accessible to everyone, making it particularly risky for those who cannot afford quality journalism or do not have access to unbiased news media. With the help of technology and social media, fake news stories can appear in legitimate electronic news publications. Political organizations and groups may use ads that resemble news to deceive some target audience. Additionally, hackers may use bots, which are small pieces of software, to create numerous social media accounts and spread false information. This subversion of reality and twisting of facts can make a fabricated story appear genuine, as many people have shared it.

Fake news is a growing problem, made worse by the ease of access and sharing on social media. Technology like generative AI and deepfakes make it challenging to differentiate between real and fake news. This can lead to misinformation and confirmation bias17, as people are likelier to believe news confirming their beliefs. Echo chambers18 further exacerbate this problem by promoting biased opinions as fact.

False information is a problem in our society and can come from dissimilar sources. Some people create it to make money, while others use it to harm their competitors. Unfortunately, these articles can cause many problems, such as confusion and bad decisions. They can also make people lose trust in journalism. Gossip is another issue where people spread rumors without verifying whether they are true. Propaganda is a message that tries to convince people to support a particular political or ideological agenda. It often has misleading information, making it hard for people to make good choices. Nowadays, anyone can publish opinions without checking the facts. This manipulative use of news has led to a decrease in ethical norms in journalism, according to Forbes magazine.

The Importance of Ethical Journalism in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]
Media ethicist Stephen J.A. Ward believes that “[we] are moving towards a mixed news media—a news media citizen and professional journalism across many media platforms.” This alternative media has become increasingly prevalent as the mass communication landscape evolves. Ward explains that with this shift comes the need to establish fresh hybrid media ethics that can guide amateur and professional individuals, regardless of their platform—bloggers, broadcasters, Twitterers, or traditional journalism writers. These guidelines should be comprehensive and inclusive, considering each medium's unique challenges and opportunities. They should also prioritize accuracy, fairness, and transparency while respecting the privacy and dignity of all individuals involved in the news-making process. These ethics should ensure that the public can trust the information they receive from all news media sources.

Traditional journalism is losing its grip on public trust in digital news media. The cornerstone of journalism ethics is balance and fairness, striving for accuracy and conveying all sides of a story. However, there is a debate about how far media people should go to represent all perspectives. Although journalists should take their time to present all sides of a story, especially during urgent situations, they should avoid "false balance" or giving equal weight to both sides of a story when one side is false. Even if a reporter has a point of view, they must still aim for balance and fairness. Sometimes, it is impossible to achieve complete balance and fairness, as news coverage often caters to those at the extremes. David Robert Grimes, who contributes to several media outlets on questions of society, thinks that "when the evidence is clear-cut, the assumption that good journalism requires mutually opposed views to be treated as equally valid simply doesn’t hold." It is essential to recognize that not all perspectives are equally valid, primarily when one side is based on false information.

In this ever-evolving digital media environment, adhering to ethical norms is a proactive measure that benefits columnists and their readership. Trust is paramount in creating an informed and responsible society. New ethical guidelines must be established and upheld with citizen journalism, blogging, and social media disrupting traditional journalism. Yet, the current measures must be revised to guide journalists in this new era that combines professionals and amateurs. Therefore, new ethical ideologies must be tailored to this new media landscape to ensure reliable information. Upholding ethical guiding principles combats misinformation, safeguards against false information, and promotes accurate reporting. Codes of ethics in media establish credibility, preserve the reputation of digital news sources, and serve the public interest. The digital age has transformed journalism, making ethics more crucial than ever.

Maintaining transparency as an online reporter is necessary. This requires a demonstration of openness and accountability. To achieve this, the Ethics of Online Journalists emphasizes: “If [a journalist] make[s] a correction to an article that is already published, note the correction on the updated version. When [an online reporter is] connected personally to a story, share that information in the interest of full disclosure.” Moreover, maintaining open communication with the audience is essential. Credibility is of utmost importance for online writers, who are constantly under scrutiny. To earn credibility, it is necessary to check facts and use supporting documentation, avoid inserting subjective opinions, and provide supporting links to reliable sources. By adhering to the Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists, which includes being honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information, online reporters can uphold exacting standards of excellent journalism and enhance their professional reputation.

Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the precursor to justice and the cornerstone of democracy. Ethical journalism guarantees the unfettered exchange of precise, impartial, and comprehensive information. An honest journalist always upholds integrity. The Society identifies these four principles as the bedrock of ethical journalism and encourages their implementation by all individuals in all forms of media.

How to Protect the Public from Fallacious Information in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]
Digital news media must expose fake news and disinformation while avoiding giving them undue credibility. They can achieve this by relying on their internal experts and reputable fact-checkers. To educate the public about misleading news sites, well-regarded websites such as PolitiFact, Factcheck.org, and Snopes evaluate the accuracy of claims made by elected officials and publish stories that detail the truth or falsehood of specific developments. These fact-checking sources have become visible in election campaigns and candidate evaluations in the United States and elsewhere. Darrell M. West’s article, “How to Combat Fake News and Disinformation,” reports—according to research by Dartmouth College Professor Brendan Nyhan—that labeling a Facebook post as "disputed" can reduce the percentage of readers who believe the false news by ten percentage points. Additionally, West—a nonpartisan analyst for the Brookings Institution, a nonprofit organization dedicated to independent research and policy solutions—discloses that communication and media professor Melissa Zimdars of Merrimack College has compiled a list of 140 websites that use "distorted headlines and decontextualized or dubious information," which helps people find promoters of false news. In times of significant turmoil and confusion, the world requires a robust and effective news media that informs citizens about current events and long-term trends.

The Radio Television Digital News Association—the world's largest professional organization dedicated to broadcast and digital journalism—emphasizes that disseminating false information has become a significant menace to the public. Addressing this problem is vital and requires the active involvement of news professionals and newsroom managers. Journalists are the first line of defense against inaccurate and deceptive content across all mediums. Newspeople should refrain from repeating false claims, reposting manipulated images, or restating incorrect quotes to avoid generating false or misleading deceptions. Instead, they should always state the truth and accuracy before correcting erroneous information. While correcting falsehoods, it is decisive to ensure that the content is not being amplified—and has not been viewed or shared by many people. A trumped-up story should be corrected when the alternative fact reaches a critical mass and appears to be spreading.

Submitting material or information to a news organization is pivotal in disseminating news. Nonetheless, it is equally essential to ensure that the authenticity of the material is verified before it is published. This verification process involves a thorough investigation to confirm the source, date, and ownership of any videos, photos, or audio recordings. Journalists should contact anyone identified in the material to ensure its accuracy and context. When confusion, diversion, and distraction are ramped up, they become a pollutant of public debate. Newspeople must get the sources to verify how the material was obtained and to seek additional evidence to support any claims. Graphics should be scrutinized for accuracy, and their sources should be disclosed to ensure transparency. In addition, news organizations should carefully examine all material for signs of manipulation, including unnatural movements and lighting. A review process involving more than one reporter should be implemented to ensure that all material is thoroughly vetted before publication. By taking these steps, news organizations can maintain their credibility and ensure that the information they publish is accurate and reliable. It is important for news organizations to continuously educate and train journalists on how to identify and combat misinformation, using free resources such as those provided by First Draft News—a nonprofit coalition providing practical and ethical guidance on how to find, verify, and publish content sourced from the social web. Reporters are responsible for informing the public about the methods used to spread false information and how to spot it. Anyone who writes for news websites or prepares news to be broadcast can build trust with their audience by sharing their reviews and verification processes. Additionally, having a second person proofread news content across all platforms can help ensure accuracy.

How to Promote an Open Exchange of Ideas in Digital News Media  [edit | edit source]
What will journalism look like in the next century? While change is inevitable, as stated in “The Rise of Digital Journalism: Past, Present, and Future”—a Maryville University blog—"[it is] clear that the Internet and digital age are here to stay, and humanity will continue to find new ways to connect and interact as the 21st century goes on.” Irrespective of the outcome, journalists and media practitioners in the digital era must adapt. With innovative technologies, platforms, and tools emerging, the best reporters must find ways to incorporate them into their skills or explore new areas in the field. As per the Poynter Institute, journalists in the next 10 to 20 years will require the same level of inquisitiveness, writing proficiency, and fact-checking abilities as today's writers, but they will also need to rely more on digital film, photo, and editing skills, as well as their capacity to "build their brand."

Journalism has undergone significant changes, from its origins before the Industrial Revolution to the present era of citizen journalism and media conglomerates. To be successful in this field in the 21st century, news writers and journalism students must be adaptable to new platforms and technologies and stay attuned to the public's opinions and interests. Despite the uncertain future of journalism, there will always be opportunities for entrepreneurial individuals with a grasp of technology and human nature to tell engaging stories. Regardless of what they call themselves, that is the essence of journalism.

With the media landscape changing swiftly, today's scenario demands continuous adaptation and evolution. By introducing participatory journalism—where the audience can actively gather, report, examine, and share information—professionals and amateurs can foster a more inclusive conversation around the news by treating their audience as collaborators, advisors, advocates, partners, and contributors. Digital news media can promote access to reliable information and diverse viewpoints by encouraging open discussions, providing diverse perspectives, and offering engaging video-based content. Personalized content based on data and analytics can enhance audience engagement and encourage user-generated content, leading to an open exchange of ideas and a sense of community. With advanced technology, digital news media can create a more immersive and interactive experience for their readers, leading to a more informed and connected society.

The Fourth Estate, or the press, is influential in informing the public about current events and issues and holding those in power accountable. On the other hand, the rise of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation makes delivering accurate and reliable information increasingly difficult. Digital news media outlets must prioritize truthful reporting and fact-checking to ensure the public is well-informed and can engage in meaningful discussions. While there is a debate about how far reporters should go to represent all perspectives, promoting balanced and fair reporting is a prerequisite.

Responsible journalism involves several noteworthy components, such as fact-checking principles, source verification, transparency, diversity, and adherence to ethical guidelines. By adhering to these standards, digital news media outlets can ensure that their reporting is fair, accurate, and unbiased. By investing in the professional development of their journalists, digital news media outlets can promote responsible journalism practices and improve the quality of their reporting.

How Technological Advancements Will Shape the Future of Journalism—a blog associated with Maryville University—acknowledges that the world of journalism is undergoing a rapid transformation. Traditional desktops have been replaced by more portable and versatile laptops and notebooks. With the Internet, vast content resources are now available worldwide. Several news organizations, such as the Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times, have started utilizing artificial intelligence to generate automated content, tag digital text, and reformat articles. Regardless of these technological advancements, qualified and experienced news writers are still indispensable in covering a wide range of events like breaking news, local happenings, and forums on public policy, board of education meetings, and elections.

Conclusion  [edit | edit source]
Promoting responsible journalism is foremost when ensuring accurate and credible news and information. By implementing constructive measures to encourage audience engagement, inclusivity, and critical thinking and prioritizing truthful reporting and fact-checking, journalists can overcome the challenges posed by digital media and promote a trustworthy, unbiased, and fair culture of responsible journalism.

Wikipedia Sources[edit | edit source]

 * Alternative Media
 * Blog
 * CBS Radio Network
 * Citizen Journalism
 * Codes of Ethics in Media
 * David Robert Grimes
 * Deepfake
 * Digital Age (Information Age)
 * Digital Journalism
 * Digital Media
 * Disinformation
 * Facebook
 * Fake News
 * Fact-checking
 * False Balance
 * First Draft News
 * Fourth Estate
 * Generative AI (Artificial Intelligence)
 * Hacker
 * Instagram
 * Journalist
 * Journalism Ethics and Standards
 * Mass Communication
 * Misinformation
 * Multimedia
 * Scott Shane
 * Social Media
 * Society of Professional Journalists
 * The War of The Worlds (1938 Radio Drama)
 * Twitter
 * User-generated Content

Glossary of Terms[edit | edit source]
Alternative Media. Sources of media that are distinct from conventional or dominant forms of media, such as mainstream or mass media, in their content, production, or distribution.

Blogger. Someone who regularly writes for a website, usually run by an individual or small group, and uses an informal, conversational writing style.

Broadcaster. A person employed to talk on radio or television shows.

Citizen Journalism. Also referred to as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism, or street journalism, involves public members actively participating in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and distributing news and information.

Code Of Ethics in Media. In 1947, the Hutchins Commission recommended the creation of a code of ethics in the media. The commission believed journalists, newspapers, and broadcasters were responsible for ensuring accurate and reliable journalism and should be held accountable for it.

Confirmation Bias. When people process information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.

Deepfakes. A type of synthetic media created by digitally manipulating one person's likeness with another.

Digital Age. Also referred to as the Computer Age, Information Age, Silicon Age, New Media Age, or Media Age, it began in the mid-20th century and is characterized by a rapid shift toward an economy centered on information technology.

Digital Journalism. A modern form of journalism that delivers editorial content through the internet rather than print or broadcast.

Digital Media. Digital media is any communication media that operates with encoded machine-readable data formats. It includes text, audio, video, and graphics transmitted over the Internet for viewing or listening.

Digital Technologies. Electronic tools, systems, and devices can generate, store, or process data. Examples include social media, multimedia, and mobile phones.

Diverse Viewpoint. It is understanding that all people have unique experiences and see things differently.

Echo Chambers. As seen in news and social media, an echo chamber is a closed system where individuals are exposed to beliefs that amplify or reinforce their existing beliefs through repetition and communication while insulating from opposing viewpoints.

Electronic News Publication. Commonly referred to as an online newspaper, it can either exist as a standalone publication or as the digital version of a printed periodical.

Ethical Norms. Standardized conduct and behavior refer to universally accepted guidelines that individuals in a society or organization follow.

Fact-checking. Fact-checking verifies the accuracy of information presented in a written work, news article, speech, or other communication piece.

Fake News Websites. Fake news websites publish hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation as real news. They use social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.

False Balance. Also known as bothsidesism, it is a type of bias in media where journalists tend to present an issue as being equally balanced between opposing viewpoints, even when the evidence does not support it.

Fourth Estate. It pertains to the press and news media, which possess the explicit capability of advocacy and the implicit ability to shape political discourse.

Generative AI. Refers to the ability of AI to create text, images, and other media using generative models. These models learn from input training data and produce new data with similar characteristics.

Gossip. Casual or unconstrained conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details not confirmed as valid.

Hacker. Someone who uses technical skills to solve problems can also refer to someone who illegally accesses systems for criminal purposes.

Ideological Agenda. A set of beliefs and values that form the basis of political action in a country or political system.

Journalistic Ethics and Standards. Journalistic ethics are the principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. It is also known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism."

Mass Communication. Refers to the transmission and exchange of information to vast segments of the population through mass media. Technological advancements have made conveying information through various media platforms more efficient. The primary examples of these platforms include journalism and advertising.

Media Conglomerate. A company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises. Six major companies, including Comcast, Fox, The Walt Disney Company, Viacom, AT&T, and CBS control the US media. These companies are part of a media conglomerate and serve as significant news sources.

Media. The means of communication, such as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely.

Media Practitioners. Individuals involved in producing, editing, or disseminating news and information to the public. This can include broadcasters, journalists, publishers, editors, and managers or owners of broadcasting stations or publications.

Multimedia. Multimedia combines various content forms, like writing, audio, images, animations, or video, into an interactive presentation.

News media. The news media comprises newspapers, TV journalism, and other forms of communication that provide current events and analysis.

Participatory Journalism. Also known as citizen journalism is a modern form of journalism in which ordinary citizens who are not professional journalists participate in the news-gathering process. It expands the traditional path of journalism, created by journalists and distributed to an audience, to allow more active and potential roles for the public. This includes their involvement in gathering, analyzing, reporting, and sharing information.

Political Agenda. A list of current government and public concerns.

Political Groups. Political groups such as political parties and trade unions are created to promote a shared ideology and achieve objectives in the public sphere.

Political Organizations. Political parties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and advocacy groups engaged in activities like lobbying, organizing, and advertising to achieve political goals for their members. Parties are political organizations focusing on winning elections and controlling the government.

Propaganda. Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Social Media. A type of online technology that allows people to create and share content with others in virtual communities. It involves interactive participation and is a new form of media.

Traditional Journalism. Also known as legacy or mainstream media, it comprises television, radio, newspapers, news magazines, and online versions. These forms of media are regulated by media law and press ethics—and were once considered the most trustworthy sources for news. Before the internet, they were the only means of information dissemination.

Twitterer. Someone who posts short messages or information on the social media platform formerly Twitter.

Wikiquotes[edit | edit source]
Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo.

— W. H. Auden

'''The lowest form of popular culture—lack of information, misinformation, disinformation, and a contempt for the truth or the reality of most people’s lives—has overrun real journalism. Today, ordinary Americans are being stuffed with garbage.'''

— Carl Bernstein.

My definition of fake news is a content-like object that is a story, an article, a video, a tweet that has been fabricated, completely invented out of thin air, intentionally for the purpose of misleading.

— Vivian Schiller

'''I suppose, in the end, we journalists try - or should try - to be the first impartial witnesses of history. If we have any reason for our existence, the least must be our ability to report history as it happens so that no one can say: "We didn't know - no one told us."'''

— Robert Fisk

While we claim to live in an information age, disinformation has become the order of the day.

— Farid A. Malik

Further Reading[edit | edit source]

 * Allyn, Bobby. “Deepfake Video of Zelenskyy Could Be ‘Tip of the Iceberg’ in Info War, Experts Warn.” NPR, NPR, 16 Mar. 2022. Hackers circulated a fake video of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on social media and a news website before being debunked and removed. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * Arguedas, Amy Ross, et al. “Echo Chambers, Filter Bubbles, and Polarization: A Literature Review.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 19 Jan. 2022. The authors review social science work on online echo chambers, their causes, effects, and how they shape public understanding of science. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * Bartlett, Bruce R. The Truth Matters: A Citizen’s Guide to Separating Facts from Lies and Stopping Fake News in Its Tracks. 1st ed., Ten Speed Press, 2017. Bartlett offers tips on critical reading, fact-checking, avoiding bias, and identifying trustworthy sources.
 * Hill, Alison. “Citizen Journalism vs. Traditional Journalism - Writer’s Digest.” Writer’s Digest, writersdigest.com, 27 Feb. 2022. Alison Hill explores the relationship between citizen journalism and traditional journalism, highlighting their potential to complement each other.
 * Pavlik, John V. “Concept: Media Ethics in the Digital Age.” Media Ethics, 2012. Media ethics guide responsible journalism through principles such as seeking truth, working independently, being accountable, and minimizing harm, with a code that may need updating for innovative technologies and ethical dilemmas, as suggested by Pavlik. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * Rosenstiel, Tom, et al. "Journalism Ethics and Values: Challenges in the Digital Age." Vimeo, uploaded by Knight Center, 29 April 2014. At a journalism symposium in 2013, experts discussed the challenges posed by digital news and how ethics can be applied in real-world situations. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * “Reliable Sources/Perennial Sources.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Dec. 2023. This page lists sources discussed for their reliability and use on Wikipedia. Accessed 13 December 2023.

 * Wemakor, Joseph. “The Role of Media Practitioners, Citizen Journalists in Promotion of Peace and Security in an Era of Fake News.” The Role of Media Practitioners, Citizen Journalists in Promotion of Peace and Security in an Era of Fake News | SDG Philanthropy Platform, sdgphilanthropy.org, 13 Mar. 2022. The blog examines the role of media practitioners and citizen journalists in promoting peace and security. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * Zimdars, Melissa. “False, Misleading, Clickbait-Y, and Satirical ‘News’ Sources.” Google Docs, Google, 2017. This is a reliable resource for assessing a website's credibility and evaluating online media sources. Accessed 13 December 2023.
 * Zimdars, Melissa, and Kembrew McLeod, editors. Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age. The MIT Press, 2020. This book explores the issue of fake news, covering its multiple forms and contexts.

Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

 * What would you say to someone who argues that identifying fake news should lie solely with the reader?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that ethical guidelines may stifle free speech and limit the diversity of opinions expressed in citizen journalism?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that labeling a Facebook post as "disputed" may increase the percentage of readers who believe the false news due to the backfire effect?
 * What about those who argue that citizen journalism can lead to a lack of accountability and professionalism in reporting?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that readers should be responsible for verifying the accuracy of the news they read instead of relying on media outlets to fact-check?
 * What about those who argue that fake news, misinformation, and disinformation have always existed and are not a new phenomenon in digital news media?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that fake news is not a significant issue because it only affects unsuspecting people who are easily fooled?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that people should be responsible for fact-checking news stories rather than relying on media outlets to differentiate between real and fake news?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that people who consume fake news are responsible for their misinformation and should be more critical of the sources they trust?


text:
Cookbook:Measuring Spoons

Measuring spoons usually come in a set of 4 or 6 and usually the smallest is a 1/4 teaspoon measure. If you can find it get a set with a 1/8 teaspoon measure. Though the shape of the spoon does not matter for measuring the kind where the scoop part is long and narrow fits into small spice jars much easier. I find I like the stainless steel ones much better than plastic ones.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook:Measuring Spoons


text: Category:Bambara bean recipes

title: Category:Bambara bean recipes


text:
Bikol/Past and Future When

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

In Bikol language, there are two words for the English word "when". The usage depends on whether the expected answer is happening in the future or it already happened in the past.

1. nuarin (noo-ah-REEN) — if the expected answer is happening in the future.

Examples:

 * Nuarin ka mabalik digdi sa Bikol? When are you coming back to Bicol?

2. kasuarin (kah-soo-ah-REEN) — if the expected answer already happened in the past.

Examples:

 * Kasuarin ka nagbalik digdi sa Bikol? When did you come back here in Bicol?

Quiz: Translate these English sentences to Bikol 1. When was your last birthday? 2. When will you take a vacation? 3. When did you get married? 4. When will she pay us a visit? 5. When did you learn to drive a car?

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Past and Future When


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5

3. Nxe5
In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5, the move 3.Nxe5 is a pawn capture by the white knight. This move is part of a strategy where white aims to gain material advantage early in the game. However, this move can lead to a complex situation.

After 3.Nxe5, black can respond with 3...Bxf2+, a counter-attack that targets the white king¹. This move forces the white king to capture the bishop on f2 (4.Kxf2), leaving the king exposed and potentially vulnerable to further attacks¹.

However, white has options to handle this situation. One way is to play 3.Nc3 instead of 3.Nxe5 if they don't want to take the pawn¹. This move protects the pawn on e4, so if black attacks the pawn and plays Qh4, the pawn on e4 is protected¹.

Another way to prevent this is to keep the knight on f3 to defend the h4 square against the queen, or advancing the g-pawn to g3 (with the intention of a fianchetto)¹.

It's important to note that chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. The move 3.Nxe5 can lead to interesting and complex positions, and it's up to the player's judgment to decide whether this move aligns with their overall game strategy.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5/3...Bxf2

3...Bxf2+
In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5, the move 3...Bxf2+ is a counter-attack by black that targets the white king¹.

If white responds with 4.Kxf2, the king is forced to capture the bishop on f2, leaving the king exposed and potentially vulnerable to further attacks¹. However, white can handle this situation. For example, white can play g3 to defend against a potential Qh4+ check by black, if black decides to play Nf6 instead of an instant Qh4+¹.

If white decides to play 4.Ke2 instead of 4.Kxf2, it's considered a worse move because it prevents castling to protect the king, endangers the king, ignores development and the center, and blocks the queen and bishop, which are the two pieces that are free after 1. e4.

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5 Bxf2+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6

3...Nc6 - Chiodini Gambit
In the sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5, the move 3...Nc6 is a better alternative to 3...Bxf2+. This move, known as the Chiodini Gambit, is considered safer and more strategic for black¹².

The move 3...Nc6 serves multiple purposes: - It defends the pawn on e5. - It controls the d4 square. - It avoids committing another pawn for the moment⁴.

After 3...Nc6, the game can proceed in various ways depending on white's response. For instance, white could respond with 4.d4, leading to a very open game with a lot of space for both players⁵.

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Chiodini Gambit with 3...Nc6 offers black a solid and flexible position to develop their pieces and control the center of the board. It's considered a good choice for players who prefer a more positional and strategic style of play.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Bc5 3.Nxe5 Nc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7

4. Nxf7!? - Pusab Countergambit
The Pusab Countergambit is a variation of the Stafford Gambit, which is a line in Petrov's Defense¹². The sequence of moves is as follows:

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nc6 4. Nxf7'''

In this sequence, white sacrifices a knight on f7 to capture the pawn, leading to an exposed black king¹². This gambit is known for its ability to generate traps, despite being disliked by computers¹².

After 4.Nxf7, black's king is forced to move, and white can gain a tempo by attacking the black king. However, this also leaves white's knight vulnerable and potentially trapped behind enemy lines¹².

Despite the risks, the Pusab Countergambit can lead to complex and interesting positions. It requires precise play from both sides, and a single mistake can lead to a quick defeat¹².

According to lichess.org, white has a win rate of 53% in this line¹². This suggests that while the Pusab Countergambit is risky, it can be effective if played correctly¹².

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Pusab Countergambit offers an aggressive and tactical approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution¹².

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7!?


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7

4...Kxf7
In the Pusab Countergambit, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7, black can choose to take the white knight with 4...Kxf7. This leads to an exposed black king, but also leaves white down a knight early in the game.

White's main plan after 4...Kxf7 is to exploit the exposed black king and try to develop their pieces quickly to launch an attack. One common way to do this is to play 5.d4, aiming to control the center and open lines for the bishop and queen.

The line 5. d4 Nxe4 6. Qh5+ Kg8 is a surprising and uncommon trap that white can set. If black blunders with 6...Kg8??, white can deliver a shocking mate with 7. Qd5#!. This is a checkmate because the black king is trapped by its own pieces and has no legal moves, while the white queen attacks it.

However, it's important to note that 6...Kg8?? is a blunder and not a move that a well-prepared player would make. A better move for black would be 6...g6, blocking the check and also attacking the white queen.

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Pusab Countergambit offers an aggressive and tactical approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution.

.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4

5. d4

This is White's main plan in the Pusab Countergambit.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4

5...Nxe4

Black takes a free center pawn.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5

6. Qh5+

White takes advantage of the exposed black king.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8

6...Kg8??

This blunder loses immediately. White should now play: 7.Qd5#!

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8??


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8/7. Qd5

Pusab Countergambit Trap
In the Pusab Countergambit, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5. d4 Nxe4 6. Qh5+ Kg8, there's a trap that white can set if black blunders with 6...Kg8??¹².

The move 7.Qd5#! is a checkmate. Here's why: - The black king is trapped by its own pieces and has no legal moves. - The white queen attacks the king and no other black piece can block or capture the queen¹².

This is a shocking mate because it's unexpected and it ends the game immediately. However, it's important to note that 6...Kg8?? is a blunder and not a move that a well-prepared player would make¹². A better move for black would be 6...g6, blocking the check and also attacking the white queen¹².

.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7!? Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8?? 7.Qd5#!'''


text:
User:Me Lendroz

Hello! I was born and raised in Bicol Region, Philippines. Bikol is my native language.

Fried Banana Eggrolls #turon

These are deep-fried bananas with ripe jackfruit rolled in eggrolls wrappers. The thin caramel coating on the outside is a plus! This is a Filipino favorite snacks! Anyone would love to try this.

Ingredients

 * 2 saba plantains banana, sliced and divided into 10 pieces (3 inches length)
 * Jackfruit, sliced (optional)
 * 1/2 cup brown sugar (caramelized)
 * 10 eggrolls wrappers
 * Oil for frying

Preparation

 * 1) Sliced banana and jackfruit accordingly. At least 10 equal portions separately. On the eggrolls paper, add the banana and jackfruit.
 * 2) Roll and seal the wrapper with water. Repeat the process until done.
 * 3) In a pan, add oil, fry each eggrolls until golden brown on medium heat. Set aside.
 * 4) On the same pan, add brown sugar until caramelized.
 * 5) Add the eggrolls back and coat it with caramelized sugar. Take it out from the pan and set on the serving plate. Enjoy this crispy snacks!

title: User:Me Lendroz


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2/2...Ke7

2...Ke7?! - The Double Bongcloud
The Double Bongcloud is a chess opening that involves moving the king to e2 (or e7 for black) on the second move, after playing e4 (or e5 for black) on the first move⁴. It's considered one of the worst openings in chess, as it exposes the king to danger and loses the right to castle⁴.

The sequence of moves is as follows:

1. e4 e5 2. Ke2 Ke7

This opening is known as the Double Bongcloud because both players move their kings on the second move¹²³⁵. This opening is considered self-destructive as it breaks practically all of the principles you're taught about chess openings from day one: it doesn't fight for the center, it leaves the king exposed and it wastes time, all while eliminating the possibility of castling and managing to impede the development of the bishop and queen¹.

Despite its reputation, the Double Bongcloud has been played by grandmasters like Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura in a game that was intentionally drawn by threefold repetition¹³⁵. This particular sequence they used is known as the "Hotbox Variation" of the Double Bongcloud¹³⁵.

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy. The Double Bongcloud offers an unconventional approach to the game, but it also requires careful planning and execution¹²⁴.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Ke2? Ke7?!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5

2...c5? - Jalalabad Gambit
The Jalalabad Gambit is a variation of the King's Knight Opening that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5¹³. In this opening, black sacrifices the e5 pawn for no apparent reason, which is considered a blunder¹³.

The move 2...c5 is indeed unusual in this position. It doesn't contribute to controlling the center, it doesn't help with the development of black's pieces, and it leaves the e5 pawn undefended¹³.

After 2...c5, white can simply capture the e5 pawn with 3.Nxe5, gaining a pawn advantage early in the game¹³. This is why 2...c5 is considered a blunder¹³.

Despite this, the Jalalabad Gambit can lead to complex and interesting positions if both players are not careful. It's a risky strategy that requires precise play from both sides¹³.

Remember, chess is a game of strategy and every move has potential consequences. It's up to the player's judgment to decide whether a move aligns with their overall game strategy¹³.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? /3. Nxe5/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5

3. Nxe5!
In the sequence 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5, the move 3. Nxe5! is a good move for White. Here's why:

After 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3, White is attacking the pawn on e5. If Black then plays 2...c5, this does not defend the e5 pawn. Therefore, White can capture this pawn for free with 3. Nxe5!, gaining material advantage early in the game.

This is a basic principle in chess: to take advantage of your opponent's mistakes. In this case, Black's mistake was not defending the e5 pawn, and White can capitalize on this mistake by capturing the pawn with 3. Nxe5!./3...f6/

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6

3...f6?
This natural looking move appears to eventually regain the pawn, but completely loses to 4. Qh5+!, and when black responds with 4...g6, White has 5. Nxg6!! and then, after 5...hxg6, there is 6. Qxh8, winning the rook.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! f6?


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5

4. Qh5+!
This move will eventually win a rook with 5. Nxg6!! followed by 6. Qxh8 or wins more and more pawns and pieces. Black has two legal moves: /4...g6/ and /4...Ke7/.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! f6? 4. Qh5+!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6

4...g6
Black defends the check with a pawn. White should now play /5. Nxg6/. The move '''5. Nxg6!!''' wins a rook with 5...hxg6 then 6. Qxh8.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6

5. Nxg6!!
This move appears to lose a knight, but wins a rook instead. Black's only try is /5...hxg6/.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6/5...hxg6

5...hxg6
This is black's best response. White's only sane move is /6. Qxh8/.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!! hxg6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...g6/5. Nxg6/5...hxg6/6. Qxh8

6. Qxh8
This is the only move that wins in this position. Up a rook, white has a very high chance of winning the game.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! g6 5.Nxg6!! hxg6 6.Qxh8'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7

4...Ke7
Black thinks he avoided the loss of his rook, but white now has /5. Nf7/.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7/5. Nf7

5. Nf7
This move wins a rook.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7 5.Nf7'''


text:
Kitchen Remodel/Schedule

In this chapter, I would like to unmethodically itemize some thoughts about the schedule of a kitchen remodel.

Getting in touch with a contractor
We didn't only have a kitchen to be remodeled, but the entire house. Still, not even this put us on top of the priority list of the general contractor whom we trusted with our construction. They started half a year later than they originally promised they would do, and the work took also considerably longer than they had scheduled initially. The kitchen alone was populated with craftspeople for more than three months, despite the fact that we changed our original plans at some point and decided to do both the cabinet installation and floor tiling ourselves.

One of the lessons that we learned from this experience was that you cannot get in touch with your contractor too early, and that oral pledges may show a great deal of goodwill, but can never replace a proper schedule that comes in writing and with all legal trimmings.

The topic of contracts for a remodel as such, I cannot discuss in this book. Only so much: the more thoroughly you educate yourself about it before signing, the better. If you won't, it can get extremely stressful, nasty and expensive for an owner. In particular figure out if the estimate of cost that your contractor gives you with the contract is legally binding for them, and educate yourself about the significance of the term "contingencies". Request a detailed account from your contractor of how they will handle unforeseen rises in costs…

 * because the materials became more expensive; some possible reasons:
 * the store prices went up
 * they miscalculated the amounts that were needed
 * because the work became more expensive; some possible reasons:
 * the salaries went up (unfortunately, this seems to be the most unlikely reason)
 * they underestimated the amount of work needed
 * their itemization of works was incomplete
 * their craftspeople made mistakes that needed to be fixed; in the worst case the whole work may need to be redone from zero; some possible reasons for such mistakes are lack of carefulness, lack of craftsmanship, and poor communication between contractor and the craftspeople
 * the contractor suggest a measure that later turns out to be infeasible, so that a (more expensive) plan B must kick in.

In our house renovation, except for salary rising, every single one of these events applied eventually, and I strongly believe our case was only average. They bid low, possibly fully knowing that the pricing is unrealistic. If we would do such a remodel again, we would probably spend the money to have a lawyer check the contract through before we commit to it.

Another nuisance that we experienced a lot was the reluctance of our project managers to take notes. Since they generally didn't, we had to explain things over and over. That your project manager takes notes, all the time, is something that you can expect. It is probably an indicator for a high level of organization, and something you may look out for when selecting your contractor.

Ordering appliances
The obvious advantage of ordering appliances early is that you thereby secure them; postponing can lead to unhappy surprises, especially if your whole kitchen layout is based on the dimensions of an appliance that later turns out not to be available anymore. Another advantage is that if may be helpful for your contractor to know certain technical specifications.

A disadvantage is that the product warranty may expire before you even get a chance to put the appliance in operation.

Ordering cabinets
If you purchase your cabinets from Ikea and this is your first Ikea kitchen, it is probably highly advisable to request the assistance of one of their kitchen designers. Since we were nowhere near an Ikea store, we had an online conference with ours. Doing this in person would probably have facilitated an overall better and more redundant communication, but the outcome was still good for us.

The goal of such a kitchen planning session is the compilation of a "shopping" list. Based on this list, there can actual orders being made, either in a store or with a specialized kitchen representative that you can call. Our communication with those telephone representatives went better than we expected, they were easy to reach, friendly, patient, and helpful.

The one thing that did not work was speedy delivery. We had our kitchen planning session early March and put our first order in at the end of the same month. Subsequently, we put in no less than eight more orders, because there were always items on our shopping list that still were not available yet. The last items were being ordered and delivered mid-October. A reason that contributed to that problem were obviously supply chain issues caused by the Covid pandemic, but as you can tell from a look at the web site, these issues still may persist. One downside of sequential ordering – beside the anxiety if your kitchen will ever be completely delivered – is that you pay for delivery not just once but multiple times.

We saved a considerable amount of money by joining Ikea's "Family" program and applying for their credit card, which supplied us with oodles of 15-Dollar coupons. Due to our choked ordering history, we had plenty of opportunity to spend those.

Another advantage of purchasing our kitchen from Ikea was, beside the 25-year warranty for cabinets and 5-year warranty for appliances, that we could return items which we didn't use. They take unpacked items back for 90 days, and packed ones for a year; we didn't even have difficulties to return some very last items after 14 or 15 months.

Entire room flooring vs partial flooring
While some construction companies prefer to install the flooring (tile, vinyl, hardwood, etc.) before the cabinets, others advice to install the cabinets first and the flooring later. I would like to give you some pros and cons:

title: Kitchen Remodel/Schedule


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...Qe7

3...Qe7
Black tries to do the best in the position. Black develops the queen and attacks the knight, but it also blocks in the dark squared bishop. For this reason, after the white knight moves, black's move might be something like 4...g6.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 c5? 3. Nxe5! Qe7'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c5/3. Nxe5/3...f6/4. Qh5/4...Ke7/5. Nf7/5...Qe8

5...Qe8
Black tries to hold on, but white can still win the rook with 6. Bc4 d6 7. Nc3 Nh6 8. Nd5+ Kd7 9. Qh3+ Kc6 10. Qd3 Kd7 11. Nxh8. if 6...g6??, White has 7. Qxc5! and after 7...d6, which is a forced move, White has 8. Qxd8#. Also, if 10...Rg8??. White can mate in one with 11. Bb5#!.

'''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c5? 3.Nxe5! f6? 4.Qh5+! Ke7 5.Nf7 Qe8'''


text:
Category:Quesadilla recipes

Recipes for quesadilla

title: Category:Quesadilla recipes


text:
Category talk:Tortilla recipes

A different category for recipes involving tortilla
I think it would be better to reserve this category for the recipes for tortilla and create a new one for recipes involving tortilla because right now it is difficult to navigate the recipes for tortilla. Wikiuser13 (discuss • contribs) 13:10, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * A good point! I think this issue can be addressed by creating relevant subcategories once there are enough recipes (I'd say >3) to populate that category—this helps make the parent category easier to navigate. I've gone ahead and done that for several of the tortilla recipes. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:50, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Tortilla recipes


text: Modular Arithmetic/Sophie Germain's Theorem


text:
User:MinggoIpuan

Maayong adlaw kaninyo! I am Dominic.

I am currently studying for a BS Statistics degree in the University of the Philippines in the Visayas, thus I have some background in Statistics and Math.

I was also a member of the Kidapawan City History and Heritage Research Team, and I co-founded the Youth Society on Kidapawan Heritage. With this these two groups, I have worked closely with the writer, Karlo Antonio Galay David, who had been my mentor and who had been working on Kidapawan History for many years. For that, I have a background on the history and heritage of Kidapawan and you may encounter my name in pages connected to these topics. You may also see me on pages about Kidapawan's sister, daughter and granddaughter towns.

I can speak fluently in four languages, and can hold basic conversation in three. I grew up with two native languages (Hiligaynon and Sinugbuanong Binisaya), and learned at school the another two (Tagalog and English). Meanwhile, I can understand basic French, Dutch, and Spanish. Aside from these seven, I am also trying to learn other languages, both foreign and local.

I am here in Wikipedia to help expand pages concerning the Greater Kidapawan Area, and help edit pages on other topics I know.

__NOINDEX__

title: User:MinggoIpuan


text: Category:Taco recipes

title: Category:Taco recipes


text: Category:Enchilada recipes

title: Category:Enchilada recipes


text:
User:The Master of Hedgehogs

A human who edits Wikibooks at a fast pace using AutoEd.

title: User:The Master of Hedgehogs


text:
Cookbook:Measuring

In following recipes it is essential that you have the means to make exact measurements. There are two common systems of measurement, imperial and metric. In the US the imperial system is common. In most of the rest of the world metric is more common. Unfortunately, there appears to be no trend for the US to follow the rest of the world and go metric. It is a simple calculation to go from one measurement to another though if the recipes you use are as likely to be in imperial as in metric then it is probably easier and more accurate to have set of measuring spoons and cups of each system.

title: Cookbook:Measuring


text:
Cookbook:Whipping Siphon

A whipping siphon is a canister that allows a user to inject pressurized gas into a substance to lighten it.

title: Cookbook:Whipping Siphon


text:
Cookbook:Food Mill

A food mill is a tool used to grind/purée and strain soft foods.

title: Cookbook:Food Mill


text:
Cookbook:Storage Containers

Food storage containers, often called tupperware, pyrex, or cambros, are specialized containers designed to hold foods.

title: Cookbook:Storage Containers


text:
Cookbook:Shears

Kitchen shears are scissor-like tools used for cutting and snipping food items.

title: Cookbook:Shears


text:
Cookbook:Bench Scraper

A bench scraper, bench knife, dough scraper, or dough knife is a dull metal tool used for handling dough in the kitchen.

title: Cookbook:Bench Scraper


text:
Cookbook:Lame

A lame is a very sharp, thin tool commonly used to slash dough before baking.

title: Cookbook:Lame


text:
Effective Reasoning/Deduction and Induction

Deduction and induction are two different methods of reasoning.

 * Deduction uses logical assumptions to reach a logical conclusion. It involves reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logical conclusion. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false.
 * Induction uses observations to justify a conclusion. In other words, inductive reasoning is drawing conclusions by going from specific to general. While deductive reasoning goes from general information to specific conclusion.

Inductive reasoning
Simple Definition: using observations to form a general conclusion.

Deductive reasoning
Simple Definition: using logical premises to reach a logical conclusion.

If p represents all the premises, and q represents the conclusion then $$p \Rightarrow q$$. In other words, if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.


text: Category:Bamboo shoot recipes

title: Category:Bamboo shoot recipes


text:
Haskell/Comonads

Let’s compare the monad with the comonad. A monad provides a way of putting a value in a container using return. It doesn’t give you access to a value or values stored inside. Of course, data structures that implement monads might provide access to their contents, but that’s considered a bonus. There is no common in- terface for extracting values from a monad. And we’ve seen the example of the IO monad that prides itself in never exposing its contents. A comonad, on the other hand, provides the means of extracting a single value from it. It does not give the means to insert values. So if you want to think of a comonad as a container, it always comes pre-filled with contents, and it lets you peek at it.

title: Haskell/Comonads


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Bikol/Common phrases

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

Bikol is a regional language spoken in Bicol Region, Philippines. It is a member of the Austronesian language family and is one of the most spoken among indigenous languages in the Philippines.

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Common phrases


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User:Persues Tene

“A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.”

~Marcus Mosiah Garvey.

“When two cultures collide is the only time when true suffering exists”

~Hermann Hesse.

"Animals do not think like we do. People who forget that get themselves killed. That tiger … is not your friend. When you look into his eyes you are seeing your own emotions reflected back at you."

~David Magee

"People think magic's a way of transforming reality — but in the end, you find that all that you've really changed is yourself. Which probably explains why every magician I've ever met's a self-absorbed arsehole. Still, first rule of magic: perception is reality. You gotta look the part."

~Andy Diggle

"No magic can change something into something that it is not; the imaginative transformation at the heart of magic is recognition, not creation."

~Susan Palwick

Analysis
Culture Clash on Use of Objects:

An Analysis of “The Paper Menagerie”

Marcus Moshia Garvey Jr., the founder and first President-General of the Universal Neegro Improvement Association and African Communities League, once said “[a] people without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots.” Garvey’s interpretation of the quote influences the key theme in Ken Lui’s “The Paper of Menagerie” where the main protagonist Jack has found himself with an incomplete understanding of his Chinese heritage. We will see how Jack finds himself in a conflict between his two cultures, American and Chinese, and the story uses objects to represent the two cultures: the American culture is represented by an Obi-Wan action figure and the Chinese culture is represented by origami, especially an origami tiger called Laohu, which is meant to represent Jack, as he was born The Year of the Tiger.

At the start of the story, Jack is fully Chinese. As Jack continues growing up and being affected by outside forces, he starts feeling that he doesn’t belong either to the American or the Chinese culture. He mostly feels like an outsider and eventually, he decides to reject his Chinese culture by speaking English, eating more American food, and playing with what he considers “real toys” such as plastic action figures instead of origami. As the story comes to an end, he discovers a letter from his late mother. He doesn't understand the writing but he finds someone to read the letter. After hearing his mother’s story from the letter, he feels that he lost something important such as knowledge of his past, his origins, and the history of his ancestors.

In the beginning of the story, Jack grows up embracing his Chinese culture. As he grows up he finds himself affected by external forces that are being raised in an American country. He gets the feeling that he doesn't belong to either of those two cultures, feeling as an outsider. Trying to fit in the society he decides to reject his chinese culture by speaking english, eating mostly american food and playing with “real toys” referring to toys that are made out of plastic and not paper referring to origami.

The reason and story behind why Jack decided to reject his culture was when he was younger decided to play with his neighborhood name Mark. Each of them decided to demonstrate their toys to each other, Mark decided to show his “Obi-Wand” which is an action figure, Jack decided to show him his origami made out of paper that consisted of a goat, tiger, deer, water buffalo and shark that his mom made for him. Mark after seeing the origami he said to Jack that his toys are made of garbage because they are made out of paper. Jack after hearing what Mark said about his toys decided to push him against the floor, Lahou whose origami tiger decided to do the same but to Mark's toy. In Jack’s perspective his origamis had always had lives, they were able to move and play with him, but Lahou was always his protector since it represented Jack’s birth year:

I stumbled and fell to the floor. Laohu growled and leapt at Mark’s face. Mark screamed,     more out of fear and surprise than pain. Laohu was only made of paper, after all. Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.” (Liu 68)

This event was a really turning point in Jack's life, in that moment he realized that he was never gonna fit him or feel comfortable sharing his culture with others because they would make fun of him. After this he decided to isolate and reject the culture that he grew up in just to be like everyone else, so can relate and have similar experiences as them. Probably the origami cannot be compared with monetary value, he was too young to understand that was something deeper than that. He was an age that he just wanted to have friend and not make fun of it but he knew if he show other kids his origami, probably events like what happened with Mark would happen again which he wanted to avoid. Forgetting what the origami mean to him and his culture, forgetting a part of himself trying to fit in with everyone else.

As the story continues, Jack starts to reject his Chinese culture and accepts his American Culture. The most important key that shows his rejection of Chinese culture on expressing that in the house, he should speak more English and less Chinese, every time his mom speaks to Jack in Chinese he acts as if he doesn’t listen to his mother and interacts with his mother like when he was a little kid such as stop spending time like they used on playing with the origami that his mother made. Jack describes that each that he is in the outside world he feels like an outsider, This mostly implies that his family is not like the other families:

“We should eat American food.” Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese sometimes.” “We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other families don’t have Moms who don’t belong. He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. “I’ll get you a cookbook.” Mom turned to me. “Bu haochi?” “English,”  I said, raising my voice. “Speak English.” Mom reached out to touch my forehead, feeling for my temperature. “Fashao la?” I brushed her hand away. “I’m fine. Speak English!” I was shouting. “Speak English to him,” Dad said to Mom. “You knew this was going to happen someday. What did you expect?”. (Liu 69)

At this point in the story, it’s demonstrated that Jack is starting to show or demonstrate his rejection of Chinese culture. Jack is starting to say things like his family is not like the other’s families that are more American style, they don’t eat Chinese food mostly expressing that they should stop eating Chinese food and start eating mostly American food, also explaining that they should speak more English. It’s the comment that Jack made about his mother saying “Other families don’t have Moms who don’t belong.” This comment of Jack is important to show the start of rejecting his Chinese Culture as a method to express that he wants to put a stop to his mother Jack doesn’t embrace his Chinese culture.

Third, as the story ends, he starts to notice the truth that he needs to reconnect with his Chinese culture. He is not able to read the letter that his mother left before she died, and is unable to understand the customs of his mother. Once he found someone to read the letter to him, he noticed that his mother was completely isolated from any culture, she was completely alone without any family that she could connect with her culture and she was very happy when Jack was little and was playing with Laohu because she was able to continue the things that her family was appreciate all the things that mean Laohu. Jack describes every emotion that he feels each time he hears the words of his late mother and acknowledges he never got to learn his past, his origins and more importantly the history of his ancestors.

Laohu stopped playing. He got up, jumped with feline grace into my lap, and proceeded to unfold himself. In my lap was a square of creased wrapping paper, the plain side up. It was filled with dense Chinese characters. I had never learned to read Chinese, but I knew the characters for son, and they were at the top, where you’d expect them in a letter addressed to you, written in Mom’s awkward, childish handwriting. I went to the computer to check the Internet. Today was Quingming. I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour bused stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” ''Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood''. A young woman agreed to help. We sat down on a bench together, and she read the letter to me loud. The language that I had tried to forget for years came back, and I felt the words sinking into me, through my skin, through my bones, until they squeezed tight around my heart. (Liu 73)

Jack realizes that he in the past didn’t have to reject his Chinese culture and the more important thing is that he doesn’t know how to read the letter that was inside Laohu; the only Chinese character he knows is the word for “son.” The moment the young woman read the letter to Jack, he started to have mixed feelings that he should not reject his Chinese Culture the past and he wanted to find a way to reconnect with that culture but at that time it was kind of impossible because there not know to teach him and the only the person that was able to teach him about his roots is already dead and the letter is not a very helpful way to reconnected with his Chinese culture. Jack during this moment after hearing everything on the letter he is hopeless on a way to connect with his mother but it’s kind of impossible still, but he will accept everything that his mom left behind such as his origami figures.

“The Paper Menagerie” starts with a little kid embracing his Chinese culture. There is no easy way to accept a culture in which everyone in your surroundings is from another culture because there will be times the certain traits of that culture are not related to yourself. Eventually, there is a conflict between two or many cultures that you are part of, and you will become burned trying to choose if you should accept one of your cultures and reject the other’s culture. This will become one of the most challenging parts of living your life. There are times when there is no easy approach to accepting a new culture and rejecting the other culture mostly because we keep ourselves locked inside ourselves as Jack did with all the origami figures that he put inside in a box and maintained hidden or kept inside ourselves in a way to symbolize his rejection or abandonment of his Chinese Culture. One day eventually a person will notice that something is missing from themselves. They will try to reconnect with that culture that stays hidden which will become a hole that will be impossible to reach and every time that they think you can reach the missing parts of your culture they will find another obstacle and they will notice that each time that you reach it will become deeper will be not an easy way to understand you as a person and how to reconnect with people of that culture.

Critical Questions

 * Do you think in living with two different cultures children will find themself conflicted on trying to connect with the outside world?
 * In your opinion, do you think that the future generations will find their lives conflicted on living with two cultures? Why? Why not?
 * In your opinion, do you think that American Culture will be the same in the next five years? Why? Why not?
 * Do you think that multicultural families would find difficulty to connect with an ethnocentrism family?
 * In your opinion,  do kids with multicultural ideas have disadvantages when connected with the ethnocentrism community? Why? Why?
 * Do you think that children with multiple cultures will find it easy to tolerate the diversity among people?

Extension Activity
If you are living a life with two or more cultures, create a diagram with two circles. The center of the circles should superimpose. In the middle, write the similarities of the two cultures and in the parts that don’t align write the differences.

INSTRUCTIONS:

In the position that is A and B you will be write difference meaning which make you culture different.

In the center of the the two circles you be write the similar things that your both cultures had on common.

title: User:Persues Tene


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Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Na6

1...Na6? - Australian Defense
The dubious Australian Defense (1. d4 Na6?) is a chess opening that is not very popular or well-regarded by experts. It is a transposition of the De Bruycker's Defense (1. e4 c6 2. d4 Na6), which is a more solid and principled defense against 1. e4. However, some players may choose to play 1. d4 instead of 1. e4, hoping to surprise their opponents with an unusual move order.

According to the web search results, the dubious Australian Defense has only a 29% chance of success for black, according to an analysis engine². Black can sometimes transpose to the De Bruycker's Defense or the Caro-Kann Defense (1. d4 c6 2. e4) with moves like 2...c6 or 2...e5². Moreover, most of the games played with this opening are short and uninformative, as white usually wins after a small amount of moves or after dozens of exchanges.

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Na6


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Annotated Bibliography of Jonah

This bibliography does not include most versions of or commentaries on 2 Kings 14:25, Tobit 14:3-8, Sirach 49:10, Luke 11:29-32, Matthew 12:38-42, 16:1-4. These passages also mention Jonah son of Amittai, but extensive literature exists on each. Jonah is also often mentioned with particular regard to the oracles against the city of Nineveh in Nahum and Zephaniah 2:13-15, and to the mention of the city in Genesis 10:11, 2 Kings 19:36 and Isaiah 37:37. Sometimes also in connection to the city of Tarshish (Genesis 10:4-5, 1 Kings 10:22, 22:48, 2 Chronicles 9:21, 20:36, Psalms 48:7, 72:10, Isaiah 2:16, 23:1-14, 60:9, 66:19, Jeremiah 10:9, Ezekiel 27:12, 25, 38:13). The psalm of Jonah 2:2-9 is also Canticle 6 in Eastern Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox, tradition, and formerly also within many Catholic traditions (sometimes alternating with Habakkuk), but the relevant literature has not yet been included, and a full treatment apart from works focused on these Odes or Canticles requires a Bibliography of the Psalter.

His father Amittai is also strongly linked to the Book of Jonah. And Nineveh, Tarshish and Joppa are directly relevant and are rarely unaccompanied by at least a mention of Jonah; Jonah is especially frequent in literature on Tarshish, while Nineveh is especially relevant to the story. A relatively comprehensive bibliography on Nineveh would be too long. YHWH, Elohim and Dagon are likewise relevant. Although Jonah always appears in exhaustive works on those deities, a similar problem exists for YWHW and Elohim as for Nineveh. The Hebrew and Assyrian ethnicities are likewise relevant to the study of Jonah, and especially relationships between the two, but the Book of Jonah is not the only religious text in which they feature prominently even within the same collection (Nahum), with much of that literature finding a more fitting place in bibliographies focused on the historical texts (chiefly those of the Deuteronomist and the Chronicler).

As it stands, this bibliography encompasses mostly Christian literature, with forays into Jewish and Islamic literature for a more panoptic effect and links for further research should the urge ever come to anyone to "complete" this venture or at least carry it out in greater detail. Script-related difficulties slow progress on those fronts. Within Jewish literature, Jonah already features extensively already in the Talmud (i.e. Eruvin, Ta'anit, Megillah, Nedarim, Sanhedrin). And Yunus is one of the most prominent figurs in Islam. Even the Christian fathers have not been thoroughly searched, let alone the appearances of Jonah in liturgical use, for example as Ode 6. The bibliography is also missing most non-English translations of the Book of Jonah itself outside of select continents. The two major bibliographies of Jonah were not incorporated into this bibliography (the Bibliography on the Book of the Twelve Prophets on Zotero by Schart and colleagues and Bibliography on the Book of Jonah (1800-2014) by David Bouillon). Nor was the more comprehensive Index Theologicus, let alone WorldCat. Most homilies on Jonah remain in manuscript form and most printed homilies on Jonah have yet to be catalogued as such.

Table of Contents

 * 2010-
 * 2000-2009
 * 1975-1999
 * 1900-1974
 * 1800-1899
 * -1799

title: Annotated Bibliography of Jonah


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Talk:Getting Started as an Entrepreneur/Money/Finding the Money

Small 41.113.173.141 (discuss) 19:35, 17 December 2023 (UTC)