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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

This Wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the journal article "A two‐year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson's disease" by Corcos et al. (2013).

= What is the background to this research? =

Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological disease which affects an extensive population worldwide. Individuals with PD have been known to display the characteristics of rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia. PD tends to progress over time with the development of numerous cognitive issues including poor memory, problems of viso-spatial functioning and slowness in motor tasks and psychological responses.

Progressive Resistance Exercise
Progressive resistance Exercise (PRE) is a popular intervention in various forms of studies due to the mental and physical improvements which it can have on individuals. In a general population, PRE has been seen to decrease symptoms of depression, whilst also improving bone mineral density and reversing aging factors in skeletal muscle along with various other physical improvements.

Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, motor subscale (UPDRS‐III)
One of the scales used in this study is the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, motor subscale (UPDRS-III). The UPDRS-III is one of the four sections comprising the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, and focuses on the motor aspects related to individuals with PD. The UPDRS-III is the most frequently used outcome measure throughout clinical trials working with PD.

modified Physical Performance Test (mPPT)
The modified Physical Performance Test (mPPT) is a mobility function examination which includes various whole-body skills, with integrated tasks of gross and fine motor skills, whilst also including activities targeting the upper extremities.

Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐39)
The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) is the most common patient reported rating scale regarding PD. The PDQ-39 is comprised of 39 items which cover 8 different dimensions and is developed to systematically evaluate the effect which PD has upon an individual and their quality of life.

= Where is the research from? = This study was conducted in America, primarily throughout Chicago. The study was published in volume 28, issue 9 of Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Authors
Daniel M. Corcos PhD [] Julie A. Robichaud PT, PhD Fabian J. David PhD [] Sue E. Leurgans PhD [] David E. Vaillancourt PhD [] Cynthia Poon PhD [] Miriam R. Rafferty DPT [] Wendy M. Kohrt PhD [] Cynthia L. Comella MD []
 * Kinesiology and Nutrition: University of Illinois
 * Bioengineering and Psychology, University of Illinois
 * Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical centre
 * Kinesiology and Nutrition: University of Illinois
 * Kinesiology and Nutrition: University of Illinois
 * Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical centre
 * Preventative Medicine, Rush University Medical centre
 * Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology: University of Florida
 * Kinesiology and Nutrition: University of Illinois
 * Neuroscience: University of Illinois
 * Geriatric Medicine: University of Colorado School of Medicine
 * Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical centre

= What kind of research was this? = This study is a randomized controlled trial where the participants are randomly allocated into one of the intervention groups.

= What did the research involve? =

Population
The criteria for the population for this study is as follows: Individuals were ineligible if they had: The population was then followed for 24 months with measures being taken at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.
 * Idiopathic PD
 * Moderate severity
 * Aged 50-67
 * On stable dopaminergic therapy
 * Able to walk for 6 minutes
 * A neurological history other than PD
 * Significant arthritis
 * Were already exercising
 * Had undergone surgery for PD

Interventions
The two interventions were completed with programs identical in all aspects, twice a week and with no additional exercise.

Modified Fitness Counts (mFC)

 * Stretches
 * Balance exercises
 * Breathing
 * Nonprogressive strengthening

Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE)

 * Chest press
 * Latissimus pull downs
 * Reverse flys
 * Double leg press
 * Hip extension
 * Shoulder press
 * Biceps curl
 * Rotary calf
 * Triceps extension
 * Seated quadriceps extension
 * Back extension

Strengths

 * The duration of the study allows for numerous measures to be taken.
 * Use of numerous well recognised tests and scales.
 * Variety of measures taken that relate to both physical and mental health

Limitations

 * The study didn't have a control group which made it difficult to understand the overall improvement which both interventions can provide to the population.
 * Patients who had previous surgical procedures related to PD were excluded from the trial. Inclusion of this population would provide an understanding of the greatest extent of improvement possible for these patients.

= What were the basic results? =

Motor signs and medication status
The mean off-medication UPDRS-III score had decreased for both interventions between baseline and 6 months. At 24 months, the mFC group had returned to a similar score to their baseline measure, whilst the PRE group’s score had continued to decrease. The final difference between groups was a mean score difference of 7.3 at 24 months.

Torque
Mean off-medication elbow flexion torque increased in both intervention groups from baseline to 6 months. At 24 months elbow flexion torque had improved by 9.0±6.9 Nm in the PRE group whilst it had decreased 5.3±9.5 Nm in the mFC group.

Speed
Mean off-medication elbow flexion speed increased in both intervention groups from baseline to 6 months. At 24 months, the PRE group was faster than the mFC group (43.5 degrees per second), although both intervention groups had shown improvement. The mFC group made a 74.8±53.5 degrees/second improvement from baseline to 24 months, while the PRE group made a 118.3±60.7 degrees per second improvement over the same time period.

Physical function
The mean off-medication mPPT scores for both intervention groups showed a significant increase between baseline and 6 months. The mean score for the mFC group remained quite steady between 6-24 months, whilst the PRE group’s mean score continually increased. At 24 months there was no significant difference between the two interventions.

Quality of life
The mean PDQ-39 score in the PRE group decreased significantly at 6 months, whilst the mFC group’s mean score remained relatively stable. At 24 months there was no significant difference between the two intervention groups.

= What conclusions can we take from this research? = Results of this study have shown that PRE in PD patients can lead to significant improvements to UPDRS-III scores and both elbow flexion torque and velocity. The short-term quality of life of patients is also benefited significantly by participation in PRE. This improvement, in comparison to mFC participation, also leads to a minimal long-term benefit. In evaluating these results, PRE is a more appropriate intervention for PD patients, when seeking improvement to motor signs, quality of life and strength and movement speed.

= Practical advice = Individuals with PD should initially consult their medical experts to understand their limitations when exercising. With medical clearance, Individuals with PD should try to participate in PRE at least twice a week, which corresponds with the frequency of this study. Participation in such exercise can lead to improvements to motor control, strength and movement speed. Not only have physical benefits been identified, the mental health and quality of life of an individual can also be benefited.

= Further reading =
 * Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS):[]
 * modified Physical Performance Test (mPPT):[]
 * Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39):[]

= References =


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Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes

=VIN format After 2019= Super Seven Stars Motors Industry Co.,Ltd used the following VIN format and codes in the Myanmar 2019-2020

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER DESCRIPTION FOR SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD

Geographic Zone (position 1)

 * M = Asia (Myanmar)

Manufacturer (position 2)

 * S = SSS (SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD), Myanmar

Vehicle Type (position 3)

 * 0 = Passenger Vehicle, MPV, SUV, RV, Sedan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Indvidualoist

And so, he or she may become self-righteous in the process. What that person fails to realize is that in making a choice, he is actually less good because he failed to perceive Individualogist the shadow part – the negative aspect of making a choice.

Individualogist is much right and much wrong in this significant essay. He standard a five-year sentence for his law-breaking. Children turn mindful, for object lesson, that what is said. Sigmund freud, e h weber believed that as order modernised it would likewise see a decline in levels of pietism. The third is much more hard to absolve and enters the problematical surface area of rationing and priorities that is outside the cathode-ray oscilloscope of this paper.

Individualogist help people strike their true pilot by giving them an precise version of their true form exploitation their name and date of birth. Individualogist prototypal depth psychology is like a complete political platform that contains quintuplet ebooks or you can say quintuplet stairway and the sole purpose of this political platform is to extradite you all the entropy that you moldiness have a go at it to live an ideal animation. Natal destiny image is just one of the services offered by the online site individualogist.

title: User:Indvidualoist


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English-Hanzi/When talking, avoid putting the phone between your ear and shoulder

When talking, avoid putting the phone between your ear and shoulder to prevent neck pain. Please use headset or speakerphone instead.

通话时，避免将手机放在耳朵和肩膀之间，以防止颈部疼痛. 请改用耳机或免提电话.


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User talk:2A02:2F09:3D10:2F00:1DF4:27C:D593:CA9C

--Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 13:07, 8 September 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:78.111.60.4

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks! You do not need to log in to read or edit books at Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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Feel free to ask any questions on my talk page or in the Reading room. Be sure to sign your talk page comments with four tildes ( ~ ). --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:78.111.60.4


text:
User:福きたる/sandbox

「福きたる」は日本のことわざの「笑う門には福来たる」に由来する. 「福きたる」は日本に住んでいる. 「福きたる」は英語を理解しない. また日本語に詳しい.

title: User:福きたる/sandbox


text:
User:Byfo

Hi =)

title: User:Byfo


text: User:Prahlad balaji

title: User:Prahlad balaji


text: User talk:82.21.139.75

title: User talk:82.21.139.75


text:
User talk:Prahlad balaji

Archives are here

title: User talk:Prahlad balaji


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary

This is a study from the British Journal of Sports Medicine "Effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infection in sedentary subjects' T weidner, T Schurr (2003)

What is the background to this research?
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are considered to be among the most common types of infections experienced by humans. Per year the average adult suffers between 2 and 5 URTI's such as the common cold or influenza. Symptoms of a URTI can include: Common advice suggests that one should rest while dealing with a URTI, although other suggest the health benefits of of moderate exercise
 * coughing/sneezing
 * nasal discharge and congestion
 * fever
 * sore throat
 * nasal breathing

This study assessed the effects of exercise on the severity and duration on upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) on sedentary subjects.

Where is the research from?
T.Weidner and T.Schurr conducted their research at the School of physical education, Ball State University in Munice Indiana USA. The study was conducted August 2002 and published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2003.

Thomas Weidner is a distinguished professor of athletic training at Ball State University, Indiana and has received various awards/honours for the contributions of his research (3). Other authors involved in the study have published various studies relating to health and respiratory conditions.

What kind of research was this?
This study is classified as a observational study given the proposal of supervised exercise sessions prescribed to half of the subjects who all completed the same level of exercise while the 2nd group was instructed to stay sedentary bar some exceptions. There is also an experimental aspect as they are manipulating one variable to determine its effect on another.

What did the research involve?
Subjects were students from Ball State University who has contracted a URTI within the preceding 3–4 days. They were interviewed about their physical activity levels and completed questionnaires about their health history and symptom severity.

The subjects were divided into two groups, group EX for the sedentary group that wouldn't complete any exercise bar some exceptions (working, study) and group NEX for the group that was prescribed supervised exercise sessions daily over the study. Activities were prescribed and supervised to ensure all of the group was doing the same level of exercise. Moderate exercise was deemed as 70% of target heart rate. Forms of exercise chosen by the subjects included: All subjects had to report every 12 hours for the 7 consecutive days to complete a symptom severity questionnaire and activity log.
 * Cycling
 * Walking
 * Jogging
 * Stair climbing

Participants were excluded if they had acute and chronic diseases e.g. asthma, immune deficiencies. Also must have completed less than 30min of exercise 2–3 days a week for the previous 3 months.

Although this approach ensures all the participants have similar health and fitness levels, the results wont convey the effects of higher levels of exercise on URTI's. People that are sedentary aren't likely to begin a exercise program while SUffering from a URTI.

What were the basic results?
Between the NEX and EX groups there was no difference overall in the mean score values for the cold symptoms over the study. In both groups the cold symptoms dropped linearly over each AM and PM reporting periods (12 hourly). There was no difference between the two groups for the mean number of days from the beginning till the subjects were asymptomatic.

The researches interpreted these results confirm current recommendations that people are able to exercise lightly while suffering from a URTI. Moderate exercise does not affect the severity of symptoms or the duration of a URTI.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study concludes that the researchers expectations that moderate exercise would not increase the duration or severity of symptoms of a URTI. Both EX and NEX groups became asymptomatic at approximately the same point and no significant difference in symptom severity was recorded.

The Study was conducted on a cohort consisting of participants ages 19–29 and further research would need to be conducted to observe the effects of moderate exercise on people outside that age bracket with a URTI, particularly the elderly. Results show that URTI symptoms and duration is related to energy expenditure during physcial exercise in elderly people.

Further research is warranted to observe the effects of exercise on a URTI on non sedentary subjects as this is the demographic that is more likely to engage in physical exercise while suffering from a URTI. For example at the opposite end of the spectrum evidence suggests endurance athletes are at a significantly increased risk of contracting a URTI

Practical advice
This study concludes that moderate exercise while suffering from a URTI will not increase the intensity or duration of symptoms deaming it safe to do so. Moderate exercise as stated in the study is exercise conducted at no more than 70% of target heart rate for 30 minutes per day

Examples of moderate exercise include:

 * Cycling
 * Jogging
 * Walking
 * Stair climbing

Further information/resources
Other studies related to this research: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2000/01000/The_symptomatology_of_upper_respiratory_tract.8.aspx Is There a Relationship?: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2165/00007256-199214060-00003.pdf https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/50/12/1229.full.pdf
 * The symptomatology of upper respiratory tract infections and exercise in elderly people:
 * Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
 * Upper respiratory tract infections and exercise


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?

This is a critique of the original research article 'Physical Activity and Osteoporosis in Post-menopausal Women' written by Nancy Oyster, Max Morton and Sheri Linnell from the Department of Anatomy and Physical Education, Colorado State University. It was published in the journal Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 44–50, 1984.

Background to the research
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder where by the strength and integrity of a person’s bones are compromised, increasing the risk of fractures. It is noted in this research that osteoporosis is an accepted fact of ageing in women. Post-menopausal women are a high risk demographic of developing osteoporosis because the onset of osteoporosis is linked to the decline of oestrogen that naturally occurs after menopause. Oestrogen suppresses the reabsorption of bone, therefore more bone is reabsorbed for calcium. Physical activity and weight baring exercise has been proven to increase bone mineral density which results in the delayed onset and reduced severity of osteoporosis. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine whether regular physical activity affected the degree of osteoporosis in women, post-menopause.

Reducing the severity of osteoporosis is important in reducing the likelihood of fractures in older populations. Fractures in any bone of the body have been shown to reduce an individuals quality of life, increase the risk of sustaining another fracture and places a large burden economically on the health care system. It is not only women that are impacted, 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 also experience osteoporosis. Therefore, increasing physical activity and reducing the chances and severity of osteoporosis will benefit everyone, worldwide.

Where is this research from?
This research is from the department of Anatomy and Physical Education at Colorado State University (CSU). CSU has a very large and diverse science background, with notable programs in human and exercise sciences. This department, along with countless others at the university, continue to contribute research across many different areas of health such as nutrition, public health, infectious disease and healthy ageing. The three authors of this study were all researchers and faculty members at CSU at the time this study was conducted and are experienced individuals which makes them appropriate researchers for this particular topic  ..

What kind of research was this?
This research was a case control study. Some disadvantages to a case control study include lack of control and knowledge of external variables, there can also be recall bias of the subject leading to incorrect assumptions. This means the evidence from this study design would not be as reliable as a randomised control trial for example. There are also some advantages of a case control study. They are usually fast, in-expensive and offer insight to long term results of a behaviour in a short testing time.

Method
40 post-menopausal women aged 60–69 were selected at random from a group of volunteers. They were asked to complete a physical activity profile of a normal three day period, including one weekend day, and were asked to recall their typical activity levels including daily living, recreational pursuits, planned physical fitness participation. Intensity of these activities were also estimated. 10 of the women were deemed the most active and placed in the ‘physically active’ group, and another 10 were deemed the least active and placed in the ‘sedentary’ group. Physical activity levels were measured by estimating the oxygen consumption of the subjects based on their height, weight and activities they completed. These two groups were then compared to determine if physical activity can alter degree of osteoporosis. This was done by measuring the cortical diameter of their second metacarpal on the non-dominant hand using X-RAY technology. The authors hypothesised that the more active group would have thicker bone mineral density. This thicker bone mineral density would then result in the delayed onset of osteoporosis.

Limitations

 * 40 is a small sample group, the 40 is then split again into an even smaller group of 20. This could lead to misleading results that aren’t representative of the majority of women
 * Only asking about 3 days’ worth of activity is not representative of a lifetime of physical activity. Therefore, the hypothesis that physical activity over a lifetime impacts severity of osteoporosis is not represented in the results of this study.
 * The study does not take into account diet or calcium/oestrogen supplements over the lifetime, they only ensured they had not been taking them for the last 5 years.
 * The time since menopause beginning is largely estimated. The amount of time post-menopause is an important variable to know because the longer a women is post-menopause, the more likely osteoporosis developing is.

Results
The authors found that the ‘physically active’ groups average cortical diameter (4.305mm) was larger than the ‘sedentary’ groups (3.654mm). The researchers interpreted and compared these results using an independent t-test for small samples. The t of 2.77 was statistically significant (P value= <0.05). Importantly, the researchers also compared the women with the smallest cortical diameters (most-osteoporotic) to the women with the largest cortical diameters (least-osteoporotic), and compared their height and weight. They used an independent t-test for small samples again and found that height was not statistically significant (t= 1.52), but weight was (t= 3.02) and concluded that heavier women were the least osteoporotic, independent of physical activity.

Due to the amount of variables in this study, it is possible the authors over emphasise the implications of their findings. Some ways future studies can overcome some of these variables are to study younger subjects and implement a physical activity intervention that can be more closely controlled. Then measure the severity of osteoporosis once post-menopause. This longer study design will take more time and expenses, but results will be more indicative of the true impact physical activity has on osteoporosis.

Conclusions
Physical activity can delay the onset of osteoporosis and decrease the severity post-menopause. Physical activity results in more bone mineral density. This means that women who are physically active throughout their life have a bigger buffering capacity between reaching menopause and developing osteoporosis. Heavier women were also found to be less osteoporotic, emphasising the importance of lighter women to engage in physical activity.

The impact of physical activity on bone mineral density is a largely researched area. Resistance training in particular results in greater gains in bone mineral density. Greater bone mineral density and reduced severity of osteoporosis is also a largely researched area. Therefore, the result from this study align well with results found in similar studies.

This study however doesn’t investigate the effect physical activity has on diagnosed osteoporosis, only how physical activity during a lifetime can prevent it once post-menopausal. Which, while useful for younger women who still have time to be more physically active and develop more bone mineral density, is still not very useful for inactive, already post-menopausal women.

Practical advice
Being physically active throughout the entirety of your lifetime will delay the onset of osteoporosis post-menopause and decrease overall severity. This is important in decreasing the amount of fractures in older populations and increasing their quality of life, as well as decreasing the economic burden of the disease. Resistance training is a particularly important mode of exercise in increasing bone mineral density.

The Australian Physical Activity Guidelines for 18-64 year old adults recommend accumulating 150-300min of moderate intensity exercise, or 75-150min of vigorous exercise each week. Muscle strengthening exercises should be done at least 2 days a week. Older populations (65 years and older) should aim for 30mins of moderate activity on most or all days, including fitness, strength, flexibility and balance exercises. Before commencing a physical activity program, see a general practitioner, exercise physiologist, personal trainer or any health professional to make sure it is safe for you to do so.

Further information/resources
Osteoporosis Australia- more information and support

Exercise Physiologists in Canberra

At home strength training tips

Calcium rich, osteoporosis friendly recipes

Further reading: The world wide problem of Osteoporosis


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity

The following information is a critique of Broman-Fulks, J. J., Berman, M. E., Rabian, B., & Webster, M. J. (2004). Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety sensitivity.

What is the background to this research?
Anxiety sensitivity refers to the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations. In Australia, one in seven people are currently experiencing and anxiety disorder. Of the one in seven, more women experience anxiety than men.

There were various test completed by the participants to determine anxiety sensitivity. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) used was a 16 item scale. The test contains 16 questions that specify different concerns that subject could have concerning their anxiety. The subjects answers each question by selecting one of five phases; each phase has a point attached to it: The higher the subjects score, the greater anxiety sensitivity.
 * Very little (0 points)
 * A little (1 point)
 * Some (2 points)
 * Much (3 points)
 * Very much (4 points)

The Body Sensations Questionnaire is compiled of 18 questions to determine which specific body sensations occur when the subject is put in a nervous or stressful situation. The subjects answer all of the questions using one of five phrases:
 * Not at all (1 point)
 * Somewhat (2 points)
 * Moderate (3 points)
 * Very (4 points)
 * Extremely (5 points)

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is used to assess levels of state and trait anxiety. This is done through the subject answering 40 questions, 20 relating to state anxiety and 20 relating to trait anxiety. State anxiety refers to the emotional status that results from situational stress. Trait anxiety refers to how a person reacts in stressful situations.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted by Joshua J. Broman-Faulks, Mitchell E. Berman, Brian A. Rabian and Michael J. Webster at the University of Southern Mississippi. The paper was then published in February 2004 in Faculty Publications by The Aquila Digital Community.

What kind of research was this?
The study is a randomized-control trial (RCT). A RCT aims to create a comparison of results between two or more different groups/treatments. It is important that participants in RCT’s are as similar as possible; for this trial they are of similar age, health status and ASI result. The participants are allocated a group at random to decrease bias in the results.

What did the research involve?
The purpose of the study is to examine different rates of physical activity and how it effects the participants mood. 54 participants were selected for the trial, 41 women and 13 men. Although there isn't an equal amount of men and women who participated in the study, it is more accurate of a general population as more women have reported to suffer from anxiety disorders than men. To be included in the study, participants must meet the specific criteria: Participants would be excluded if:
 * 1) Achieve a score of ≥25 on the ASI
 * 2) Be at least 18 years or age
 * 3) Be in good general health
 * 1) They have a health condition that would not allow for exercise to be completed
 * 2) They had current involvement in psychotherapy
 * 3) Are currently using psychotropic medication
 * 4) Have current involvement in an aerobic exercise program

Volunteers who were seen to meet the criteria were given the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) to determine if medical clearance was necessary before the commencement of exercise. The chosen participants were then randomly assignment to either a high-intensity (HI) aerobic exercise condition (n=29) or a low-intensity (LI) walking comparison condition (n=25). Participants completed a STAI, BSQ and ASI tests over three different sessions: before the first exercise session, after the five minute cool-down after the final session, and during the one week follow up.

The participants completed a total of 6x20 minute sessions over the span of two weeks, with 2-4 sessions completed per week. The warm-up for each session consisted of two minutes of stretching and two minutes on the treadmill. The HI exercise group were asked to walk or jog on the treadmill at a speed that will produce heart rates of 60-90% of their age predicted maximum heart rate. The participants were encouraged to increase their treadmill speed with each following session but were required to stay beneath 90% of maximum heart rate. Following the completion of the session, participants completed a five-minute active cool-down. The LI group followed the same protocol as the HI group however, their treadmill speed was set continuously at one-mile per hour. Participants heart rates were monitored during every session with the use of a heart rate monitor.

What were the basic results?
The researches hypothesised that both the HI exercise group and the LI exercise group would show improvements in anxiety sensitivity, however the HI group would have a greater improvement at the follow-up appointment.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The results show that there is a positive relationship between exercise and anxiety sensitivity. The data shows that if the participants are able to exercise within 60-90% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate, there are better results when aiming to reduce anxiety sensitivity than when the participants are to keep their heart rate below 60% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. This shows that both the HI exercise group and the LI exercise group a positive affect on anxiety sensitivity when compared to pre-treatment data, however the HI exercise group had a greater decrease in ASI results than the LI exercise group. This is what was predicted by the researches prior to the commencement of the trail.

The HI exercise group is the only group that showed significant reduction of fear of anxiety-related sensation, when comparing BSQ scores. The BSQ scores for the HI exercise group begins to decrease at the beginning of the second sessions. This shows that it was effective at rapid reduction of fear of anxiety-related sensations. There have been previous studies that have found aerobic exercise to reduce state anxiety (STAI scores). However, his study was unable to use aerobic exercise to reduce state anxiety. This could be due to participants not having been chosen based on high general anxiety scores. There is no evidence to suggest an association between ASI scores and STAI scores. However, there was evidence to suggest and association between ASI sores and BSQ scores.

Practical advice
The study found that 20 minutes of HI exercise was the most effective intensity of exercise to decrease anxiety sensitivity. However, it also showed that even 20 minutes of LI exercise had a positive effect on anxiety sensitivity. This could include simple activities such as walking to work, walking around during lunch, taking the dog for a walk 3 times per week to have a very positive impact on how people are feeling in their every day life.

Further information/resources
Beyond Blue

Full Research Article (Refer to Reference 1)

Black Dog Institute


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?

This Wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the journal article "Outdoor gyms in Santiago: urban distribution and effects on physical activity" by Mora et al. 2017

What is the background of this research?
There are many barriers that people from low socio-economic backgrounds face in terms of their overall health and fitness. One of the major impacts that is often brought up is the lack of access to facilities.

Access to facilities is a very important factor to look at when trying to improve the physical activity levels of a population, access to to gyms, sporting facilities and walking tracks have all been shown to increase physical activity levels an almost all populations around the world. . Although access to facilities has increased as a whole throughout the world, the implementing and construction of facilities hasn't been performed equally throughout all neighbourhoods/area's. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of outdoor public gyms and the impact they have on the physical activity levels of people living in low socioeconomic areas. The study observed this by looking at the location of all existing outdoor gyms (OGs) in Santiago, Chile, and establish a profile of the users.

What kind of research was this?
The research was broken down into two stages. The first stage was a mixed type research which used qualitative and quantitative measures that aimed to locate all outdoor gyms in in the city of Santiago, Chile, in order to map them and look how different socioeconomic levels have different accessibility to these facilities. The second stage of the research was through the use of a questionnaire which required qualitative answers.

What did the research involve?
The research was broken down into two stages. The first stage was performed by observing all outdoor gyms throughout the city of Santiago, Chile and pinpointing them on a map. The map was then broken down into districts to show accessibility to outdoor gyms. The procedure consisted of selecting all blocks within the 500m radius of outdoor gyms, and then analysing the socioeconomic characteristics of all households living in these blocks, based on data from the 2002 National Census. This is a good method of find out accessibility for differing socioeconomic levels as the distance is short and they are taking advantage of data obtained by the government census, however, the data is still old compared to when the study was conducted with the socioeconomic levels data coming from 2002 while the study was performed in 2017.

The second stage of the study was performed through the use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire collected basic characteristics of users, such as age, gender and educational level as well as asking questions about their use of the outdoor gyms such as: These questions aimed to get a better understanding of how people were using the facilities and how it has impacted their physical activity levels. The questions used were good, however there are some more questions that would have been helpful to get data on such as; "how long have you been using the outdoor gyms in your area?" as these can be helpful to figure out if people are performing enough physical activity to fit their guidelines. It is important to note that the data obtained from the questionnaire is still self reported so we should still take into account biases.
 * 1) How many blocks they lived from an OG they were using
 * 2) how long they spent at these facilities
 * 3) if they walked or used a bicycle for more than 10 minutes to get to work, or school/university, and how frequently they did this
 * 4) evaluation of their general health level compared to one year ago
 * 5) whether prior to using the outdoor gyms these users had carried out any physical activity and what was their main motivation to use the OGs.

What were the basic results?
The data received from the study showed while there is a large number of outdoor gyms in the city of Santiago, Chile, the outdoor gyms are not spread evenly throughout all neighbourhood. The poorer areas in the city are shown to clearly have greater access to outdoor gyms than the areas of more affluent living.

The second part of the study showed that 64% of people that were using the gyms had access to one within 500m of their place of living, however this was access to an outdoor gym with at least 2 forms of equipment. In terms of gyms with at least 6 types of equipment, only 27% of people using them said they lived within 500m of it. The questionnaire also had the same results as the map, showing that in lower socioeconomic areas, access to outdoor gyms was greater with the lowest socioeconomic group was greatest with 60% of them saying that they had access to an outdoor gym with 500m of their living place. The questionnaire also showed positive results in terms of increasing the physical activity levels of those that were using them.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study shows that having an increased access to facilities for those living in low socioeconomic areas has a positive effect on increasing the levels of physical activity within the population. The results can be back up by other literature showing similar results in different populations. The results also conclude that governments should be looking into distributing funds to create more areas that are free to access that the public can use, as access to facilities such as paid gyms and other paid areas is increased in areas with greater wealth. However, we must take into account that the data received from this study does come from a developing country meaning that if the study was performed in a developed country such as Australia, results may differ slightly.

Practical advice

 * The article does show the correlation between increased access to outdoor gyms and increased physical activity levels within low socioeconomic populations.
 * The study shows that, often, outdoor gyms are placed in areas of lower socioeconomic backgrounds, however this should be looked at in other countries with different populations before this is taken as facts worldwide.
 * The study was performed in the capital city of a developing country so there may be some differences in results when performed in developed countries or even in smaller cities within the same country
 * Study looked at the lower socioeconomic population as a whole and didn't look at the other variables within the population using it such as their age or ethnicity

Further information/resources

 * | Outdoor gym access Canberra
 * | parkfit
 * | instruction video - outdoor gym equipment
 * | The Best Bodyweight Exercises You Can Do Anywhere


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Music Theory/Indian/Gāndhāra

Gāndhāra/Gandhar/Gandhara is the 3rd Svara from the 7 svaras of Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Gandhara is the long form of the syllable ग. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Gandhara is pronounced as Ga (notation - G). It is also called as गान्धार or गंधार.

More information and importance of Gandhara
The following is the information about Gandhara and its importance in Indian classical music:

'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म. Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.''' So the svara Ga is formed from Sadja. Consequently, the Ga after the Re of 540 Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 600 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Ga. For example, if these are the 2 Shruti's of Ga then,
 * Gandhara is the third svara in an octave or Saptak.
 * Gandhara is the immediate next svara of Ṛiṣabha (Re).
 * The svara of Gandhara is Komal and Shuddha.
 * It is said that Sadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Sadja then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in marathi. So basically the translation is :
 * The frequency of Gandhara is 300 Hz. The frequencies of the 7 svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
 * There are Shruti's of Gandhara. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Ga but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.

Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Ga. ^              1   2              ^              But now this position has become the main Shruti of Ga. Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - Komal Svaras Ma - Tivra Svaras
 * All the other svaras except Sadja(Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be Komal or Tivra svaras but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called Achal Svaras, since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called Chal Svaras, since these svaras move from their original position.
 * Ragas from Kafi That, Asavari That, Todi That and Bhairavi That, have Komal Gandhara.
 * Ragas where Ga is the Vadi svara - Raga Kafi, raga Bageshri, raga Bhoopali etc. Ragas where Ga is the Samvadi svara - Raga Sohni, etc.
 * Hypothetically speaking, Ga is said to be the Gandharvas, Gandharvas as in, the three main gods, Bhrama, Vishnu and Shiva were first created i.e. Sarkar (Sa) and then these three gods created Rishimuni i.e. Re and then Gandharvas were created for singing. Ga is made the acronym of Gandharvas for showing the importance of the syllable Ga.
 * Gandhara is said to be sourced from the bleating of a goat.

title: Music Theory/Indian/Gāndhāra


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User:Essential M

In ostemyelitis a person's bone gets infected due to an attack by staph bacteria or fungi. The attacking bacteria reach the victim's bone by passing through the blood flow and eventually Essential M attaching itself onto the bone and infecting it. People who have had minor or serious fractures of their body parts or people who have immuno suppressing diseases such as HIV and Diabetes are quite to acquire an osteomyelitis infection of the bone.

Some of the likely symptoms that one may experience due an osteomyelitis infection of the bone are severe pain in the bone which is infected, feeling of being tired and weak, and some soreness around the region. These symptoms might indicate that the person has an osteomyelitis infection.

In the diagnosis of an osteomyeliti staph infection a blood test may be carried out to find out the organism which is causing the infection and an thorough mri scan may be done as well to determine the level of damage done to the infected bone.

title: User:Essential M


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User:Esental M/sandbox

When you complete online brain trial, we get “snapshots” of your health and fancy work. With many snapshots, from you and others, we can compel a huge difference. NutritionEvidence Mind System Secrets BasedHow Omega-3 Fish Oil Affects Your Brain and Mental Health Written by Keith Pearson, PhD, RD on December 5, 2017Fish oil is a lay over-the-counter eke out extracted from fatty drop in a line like sardines, anchovies, pimp and salmon pink.

Fish anoint originally contains two style of omega-3 fatty acids — eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA, which are well given for their heart haleness and skin benefits.However, fish oil also has an nonsensical stroke on the brain, particularly when it comes to soft remembrance detriment and despondency.

This stipulate revision the investigation on how the omega-3 fatty acids in fishing smear may affect your genius and intellectual health. What Are Fish Oil Omega-3s.Share on PinterestOmega-3 gross acids are polyunsaturated coarse responsible for most of the imagination and psychic health beneficence of piscine smear.

title: User:Esental M/sandbox


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User:Jackson Stewartt

Hi, My name is Jackson and I am a student at the University of Canberra studying Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation.

Background Originally from the Snowy Mountains of Australia, I have grown up in a small, supportive community. My passion for a higher education in the sports science field drew me to the city to pursue further qualifications.

Interests Outside of university hours, I play rugby, ski and skate to distract my mind and get outdoors.

Wikibooks projects

title: User:Jackson Stewartt


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?

This is an analysis and evaluation of the research paper by Mary Latka, Jennie Kline and Maureen Hatch; Latka M, Kline J, Hatch M. Exercise and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Epidemiology. 1999 Jan 1:73-5.

Research Background
Miscarriages affect on average 10% of pregnancies worldwide and are thought to affect up to 31% of pregnancies in nonclinical instances. Recreational exercise has been identified to have a number of health benefits including reduced mortality risk, increased MPS, decreased risk of cancer, improved bone health, improved cardiorespiratory health, increased muscle mass, decreased body fat, improved metabolic fitness, and improved blood volume. In recent years, exercise recommendations for women during pregnancy have presented multiple health benefits including improved neurodevelopment of the child, improved fetal development and volume, improved self-image of the mother, improved maternal fitness, and reduced risk lower back pain. With emerging research identifying recreational exercise as a method to reduce health-related risks of the mother and child, a recent research paper by Mary Latka, Jennie Kline, and Maureen Hatchwas conducted in 1992-1996 to examine the use of recreational exercise as a method to reduce the risk of a miscarriage during pregnancy.

Research origin
The research was conducted by Mary Latka, Jennie Kline, and Maureen Hatchin at the New York Academy of Medicine, C.U.E.S. Room 556, New York, NY 100 in 1996. Funding and publishing were supported by the JSTOR library with the publishing of the research paper taking place in Jan.1999

Research Type
The research was completed using a case-control, longitudinal self-reported questionnaire study. Participants were initially chosen from public and private hospitals, but the low prevalence of participants that exercised in the public healthcare group caused research to be completed only on private healthcare participants. This should be considered throughout the study with such a low prevalence of pregnant mothers completing leisure exercise throughout pregnancy. Participants completed questionnaires 15 days after a miscarriage (average 92.6 days between questionnaires)or during gestation (average 182.8 days between questionnaires). Results were collated using a logistic regression model to create an estimation of the odds ratios of exercise and the prevalence of abortions for chromosomally normal and chromosomally aberrant groups. The use of a regression model should be considered when examining results with the awareness that results are an estimation on the effect of exercise on a premature miscarriage and not collected data.

Research Methodology
The research was conducted on 346 pregnant private healthcare patients from a Private, New York City Hospital in America. For the 346 patients omitted to the study, two groups were separated and compared throughout the study; 173 Chromosomally normal abortions 173 Chromosomally aberrant abortions Each participant was questioned on any physical activity completed throughout their week and categorized their activity types from their chromosomal group based on; Exercise status and type Do they complete any standing at work Are they Employed, how many hours do they work Are they a Childcare worker, how much work do they complete Do they Complete housework throughout the week and how much Issues relating to the use of self-reported questionnaires as the data collection method should be considered throughout the study. Although self-reported questionnaires are a fast and efficient method to collect data with a large cohort group, the tendency of participants to overexaggerate values can overinflate results.

Basic Results
25% of the 346 sampled participants involved in the study completed exercise throughout their pregnancy consisting of jogging (38%), aerobics (37%), swimming (42%), and inadvertent exercise while working; >35 hrs/wk Standing (8%), >10hrs/wk housework (7.2%) Results indicated that leisure-time exercise such as walking, running, rowing, swimming and incidental exercise during work was a protective factor against Chromosomally normal and different abortion (Odds ratio = 0.6, 95% CI 0.3–0.9). This indicates that general, unprogrammed physical activity can benefit the risks related to chromosomally normal and afferent abortions.

Note; ^ = Have never previously had an abortion before
 * = Have previously had an abortion

The use of questionnaires are generally low expense methods to evaluate the physical activity completed by patients throughout the pregnancy, however, problems arise related to the information provided on the number of physical activity participants completed per week. The chosen participants used in the physical activity group did not have a structured program to assess the effect of training type, intensity, and duration of training completed per week. This caused participants who all had exercise durations, intensities, and exercise types to be grouped into the same exercise cohort. The lack of structured programming affects the information provided on recommended Physical activity for pregnant women and the degree of effect exercise on reducing a miscarriage. Further studies should be completed to identify the best type of training to reduce the risk of miscarriages.

Research Conclusions
Based on the research results provided, we can conclude sedentary exercise can reduce the risk of miscarriages in non-chromosomally and chromosomally normal cohorts. These exercise types include; aerobic exercise, walking, jogging, swimming, housework, gardening, cycling. Further research should be completed to evaluate the effect of work-related exercise such as standing and resistance exercise as a method to reduce the risk of a miscarriage. Further research should also be complete to evaluate the best training prescription method to reduce the risks of a miscarriage, these include training type, training frequency, and training intensity,.

Practical Advice
Using exercise as a generally low-cost method to assist health practitioners, general practitioners, and obstetricians in reducing the risks associated with pregnancy would be a largely beneficial non-clinical method related to pregnancy if the appropriate exercise prescription is discovered. In conclusion, further research to identify the most appropriate exercise prescription at varying stages of pregnancy to improve the health of the mother and fetus should be made prior to practical application.


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User talk:124.158.21.226

Warning
If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edit(s) mentioned, you can log in or create an account to avoid future irrelevant messages. Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 06:23, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:124.158.21.226


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation

This is a critique of the research article: Keteyian, S., Hibner, B., Bronsteen, K., Kerrigan, D., Aldred, H., & Reasons, L. et al. (2014). Greater Improvement in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Using Higher-Intensity Interval Training in the Standard Cardiac Rehabilitation Setting. Journal Of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation And Prevention, 34(2), 98-105.

The critique was written as an assignment in the unit; Health, Disease and Exercise at University of Canberra, August-September 2020.

1) What is the background to this research?
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) accounts for more deaths world-wide each year than any other cause. More than 75% of CVD's occur in low to middle income countries. CVD's are a set of often highly preventable diseases via modifying physical activity, diet, tobacco and alcohol use. CVD relate to a group of diseases/conditions of the heart and the vascular system. Coronary heart disease (disease of blood vessels supplying the heart) is a type of CVD and is the focus of the present study. The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease primarily occurs with the development of plaque within the arteries. The formation of plaque is primarily caused by elevated levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) circulating in blood. Consuming unhealthy/fatty foods regularly can keep blood-LDL levels consistently elevated, and thus increase the risk of plaque development (also known as atherosclerosis). The narrowing of arteries associated with atherosclerosis causes reduced blood flow and consequently reduced heart-oxygen availability. This process can impair cardiac (myocardium) function. Due to the discussed global prevalence of CVD, modifiable risk factors/ lifestyle changes to attenuate CVD's should be of strong interest in current/on-going research.

2) What is the research from?
The article of interest was published in the Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention (JCRP) in 2014. 13 authors collaborated on the present study; their credentials follow. Steven J. Keteyian, PhD; Brooks A. Hibner, BS; Kyle Bronsteen, MS; Dennis Kerrigan, PhD; Heather A. Aldred, PhD; Lisa M. Reasons, BS; Mathew A. Saval, MS; Clinton A. Brawner, PhD; John R. Schairer, DO; Tracey MS. Thompson, MSA; Jason Hill, BS; Derek McCulloch, BS; Jonathon K. Ehrman, PhD.

3) What kind of research is it?
The present study was a randomised controlled clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (MCT - Moderate Continuous Exercise) or the intervention group (HIIT - High Intensity Interval Training). The length of the experiment lasted 10 weeks from baseline to follow-up. Randomisation of patients occurred via a computerised random number generator. A total of 39 subjects were randomised (HIIT; 21, MCT; 18) with 15 and 13 patients completing the testing protocol respectively. Resistance training was disallowed for all patients involved in the study (a measure designed to control a potential confounding variable). The present study compares a proposed intervention (integration of HIIT into standard CR practice) against a standard CR 'control'(MCT) group. The randomisation of patients to a certain group eliminates allocation bias. This in turn leads to a stronger level of evidence, the strongest level of evidence for studies of this design.

4) What did the research involve?
Men and women between the ages of 18-75 years participating in one of the Henry Ford Health Systems phase 2 CR programs were screened for participation. The study involved 39 patients; all patients involved were considered to have 'stable' coronary heart disease. The following eligibility criteria was defined. Patients must have a sinus rhythm; ejection fraction > 40% > 3 weeks following myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention > 4 weeks following coronary bypass surgery. One of the above conditions must be coupled with both of the following; a) the successful completion of the run-in period (attending greater than or equal to 4 of the 6 first CR sessions without complications using MCT), b) free of a co-morbidity which might limit treadmill exercise. Also note that patients with Canadian cardiovascular society class 2-4 angina, significant Arrhythmia, or >1 mm horizontal or down-sloping ST segment depression during CPX were excluded. The present study monitored the following physiological variables (as markers of cardiovascular fitness) over time. These included HR and blood pressure as a response to exercise testing and exercise training. Although, the main focus of the study was to monitor changes to sub-maximal endurance over time as a response to an exercise training intervention. Consequently, peak VO2 was monitored at baseline and finish. Peak VO2 was also calculated via ventilatory-derived anaerobic threshold using the CPX cole LAB protocol and was completed with 3 reviewers blinded to group assignment.

5) What were the basic results?
In both the control (MCT) and intervention (HIIT) groups there were similar changes in resting HR and blood pressure from baseline to follow-up. At follow-up sub-maximal HR determined at the exercise test was significantly lower for both groups (there was no significant difference between groups). Peak VO2 improved more in the intervention (HIIT) group (3.6 ± 3.1 mL/kg/min - P<0.05) versus the control (MCT) group (1.7 ± 1.7 mL/kg/min - P<0.05). VO2 at ventilatory-derived anaerobic threshold increased more with the intervention group (3.0 ± 2.8 mL/kg/min - P<0.05) than with the control group (0.7 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min - P<0.05).

6) what conclusions can we take from the research?
The sample size of the study was relatively small with 39 patients; therefore, replication by others across other CVD brackets (with different demographics and eligibility criteria) is warranted to fortify conclusions made. Furthermore, patients were generally younger and male. As a consequence, possessing a higher exercise capacity. With this granted, additional studies should aim to address older patients, women, or those with lower functional capacities. Eligibility criteria limits applicability to other CVD patients; therefore, impact of findings is limited to those meeting criterion. Considering the previous limitations, further studies which address patients with different backgrounds, eligibility criteria, pathophysiology, age, gender, and physical ability must be made when considering integrating HIIT into standard CR regimes. Conclusions made regarding the interventions' impact on improving both peak exercise capacity and sub-maximal endurance cannot safely be extrapolated to patients excluded from study criterion. Moreover, the clinical safety and efficacy of HIIT in patients outside study criterion has not been clearly elucidated. A key weakness of the study was that relevant CVD health parameters were not measured and so impact of the intervention upon quality of life for CVD patients remains unclear.

7) Practical Advice:
Generally, when possible prevention through lifestyle intervention (such as physical activity, and nutrition) is most effective in minimising risk of acquiring CVD. If you are a patient with coronary heart disease that does not meet the discussed study criterion, do not attempt HIIT variety exercise until discussed and approved by your doctor and associated cardiac rehabilitation team. Additionally, note that patients involved in the study were considered 'stable' meaning that a number of associated symptoms and severity of symptoms patients experienced had to meet certain limitations. In general, patients should undergo symptom-limited testing prior to engaging in unfamiliar exercise in order to identify potential complications and/or suitability of the exercise prescription.

8) Further Information/Resources:
Exercise and Cardiovascular Health

Lifestyle Changes for Heart Attack Prevention

Cardiac Rehab

Overview of Exercise Stress Testing

[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042160#:~:text=Another%20meta%2Danalysis%20found%20that,with%20cardiovascular%20disease%2C%20Keech%20said. Evidence for HIIT Benefits for Cardiac Rehabilitation]


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Wikibooks:Requests for import/Archives/2020/August

Pages for Character Encodings book

 * Transwiki:EBCDIC
 * Transwiki:Code page

Be pleased import above pages on a content copy basis as some content on these pages have a significant change of forming the start base for a page on Character Encodings which hopefully will start soon. Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 2 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I now have importer privilege so should be able to do this myself. thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 17:06, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: I've had a couple of goes at importing EBCDIC and its barfed due to WikiMedia server error. I need to retry this at a different time as I have some concurrent RL issues and report any errors clearly.  Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 22:04, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hurrah, An import at about 07:45 UTC for EBCDIC succeeded. I've immediately added a Template:Dewikify but need to look at next moves in depth.  Perhaps ought to transfer the talk/discussion page for it as well.  Lots to look over (and I am particularly busy today). Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 07:53, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've tried an import of "code page" that just barfed and by copy/paste of the error failed .. (should've sniped but I'm useless with touchpads, this laptop's knackered and pressure and keypad dodgy and I dont have a mouse or anywhere to put it). I'll be trying again maybe in an hour to see if the caches warn up or maybe in a day or two ... this isn't a critical path at the moment anyway. Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 04:15, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok tried again and "Code page" transwikied (per wait a few minutes). Will check out and determine if talk pages useful in due course.  Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 04:21, 9 August 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:Synoman Barris/Archive 1

Welcome, Synoman Barris!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

PS: I've answered to User talk:JackPotte. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 07:43, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Minor edits
Hi, you're causing a bit of a problem because every edit you are making is kicking the page to the pendingchanges queue. Typically we ask people who want to run automated or semi-automated processes to ask for the +reviewer or +bot bit first to avoid generating loads of work. Essentially for every edit you are making, someone will have to manually check it. Could you pause and start a discussion at WB:RFP please - thanks QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:14, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , Hello my request is already there, I think no one has looked at it for days, and yes, I am using a script to fix the typos, but it is not that automated. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, okay, I will take a look and flip the bit. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:19, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry for giving you all that trouble and thank you for accepting my request.Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

??
Why revert you my delete request?--WikiBayer (discuss • contribs) 14:12, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Left a note on your talk page. I have also reported the associated users to the an administrator here. I suggest you request a global lock/suppression if needed. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Synoman Barris/Archive 1


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass

A critique of: Resistance and Agility Training Reduce Fall Risk in Women Aged 75 to 85 with Low Bone Mass: A 6‐Month Randomized, Controlled Trial. Liu‐Ambrose T, Khan K, Eng J, Janssen P, Lord S, Mckay H.

What is the background to this research?
An increase in falls risk is a common occurrence in older populations and is a significant contributor to morbidity and disability. The risk of falling is exacerbated by risk factors including: muscular weakness, reduced balance, longer reaction times, impaired vision or abnormal gate. This study investigates the link between resistance and agility training and falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass. Previous research has been conducted observing the relationship between general exercise programmes and falls risk. This study expands upon previous research by focusing on the effects resistance and agility training have on fall risk. Research in this population is essential in the identification of risk factors and fall prevention strategies. Through the prevention of falls in older populations, quality of life can be significantly improved. A reduction in falls in older populations also reduces the economic burden related to medical care required following falls.

Where is the research from?
This study was conducted in Canada and received funding from the Vancouver Foundation (BCMSF), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. All authors contributing to this research declared no conflicts in interest.

What kind of research was this?
The study completed was a single blind randomised control trial. Randomised control trials are considered to be one of the most reliable study designs and are an effective method of establishing whether or not a correlative relationship exists between two variables. The randomisation of subjects and the implementation of single blinding ensures a reduction in selection bias and reduces the possibility of results being impacted, either intentionally or unintentionally.

What did the research involve?
The primary outcome measured in this study was to study the effect that various exercise interventions had on the fall risk of women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass. Fall risk scores were calculated using the Physical Profile Assessment (PPA), which assessed strength, postural sway, proprioception, reaction time and vision. Subjects were allocated into one of three intervention groups. The first intervention group was a resistance-training intervention. The resistance training targeted the trunk and extremities and was designed to be high-intensity and progressive. A second intervention group underwent an agility-training programme which predominantly targeted coordination, static and dynamic balance, and reaction times. The final group took part in a stretching programme and acted as an active control group. This programme focused on stretching, deep breathing, relaxation and posture. All groups completed two 50-minute sessions per week. The participants were assessed at baseline, at 13 weeks, and at the end of the 25-week intervention.

What were the basic results?
Over the 25-week training period, the resistance training was the only intervention that led to a significant reduction in fall risk scores. The resistance intervention also displayed improvements in quadriceps strength, postural sway, reaction time, proprioception and edge contrast. In the agility intervention, the most significant improvements were made in postural sway and reaction times; however, improvements were less than those made in the resistance group. In their analysis, Liu-Ambrose et al. state that the fall risk scores of the resistance intervention group were reduced by 57.3%, the agility intervention group scores were reduced by 47.5% and the scores of the stretching group were reduced by 20.2%. Based on the data gathered in this research, the actual reduction in falls risk scores was 54.5% for the resistance group, 29.2% in the agility group and 21.1% in the stretching group. Liu-Ambrose et al. also indicated that the agility intervention underwent a reduction in fall risk score between the midpoint and final assessments; however, based on the data provided, this is inaccurate and likely due to either an error in data collection or in the analysis. This error led to an over-emphasis of positive results in the agility intervention group.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
While results from the stretching and agility interventions were either insignificant or unclear, this research outlines a significant association between resistance training and a reduction in fall risk in older women with low bone mass. From the data presented, a conclusion can be drawn that resistance training in older women with low bone mass can lead to a reduction in fall risk. This conclusion, made based on the findings of this research, is also supported by the results published by LaStayo et al. No conclusions can be drawn in support of the implementation of agility training programmes due to the inconsistencies found in this research.

Practical advice
Based on the findings of this research, implementing resistance-training programmes for older adults with low bone mass, identified as high fall risk, may be beneficial. The implementation of resistance training programmes in at-risk individuals is likely to reduce falls risk, increase bone mass and improve quality of life. Resistance training programmes implemented should be carefully monitored to ensure adaptations and prevent injury. Implementation of a supervised intervention is also likely to increase programme compliance and lead to greater adaptations compared to self-monitored, home-based programmes. Prior to beginning the intervention, subjects should be assessed using the pre-exercise screening tool and exercise risk factors should be identified and assessed. The programmes implemented should consist of two sessions per week, as per resistance exercise recommendations, and should be progressive in nature and increase load over time to ensure continued improvements in muscle strength.

Further information/resources

 * Stay On Your Feet - professional resources: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/stayonyourfeet/for-professionals/resources-prof
 * Fall Risk Assessment: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_nursing/models_tools/fall_risk.html
 * Falls Fact Sheet: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/falls
 * Growing Stronger - CDC Training Programme: https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/growing_stronger.pdf


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?

This is a critique of the article titled “Effectiveness of resistance interval training versus aerobic interval training on peak oxygen uptake in patients with myocardial infarction” by Zara Khalid, Hania Farheen, Muhammad Iqbal Tariq, Imran Amjad published in 2019 by the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association.

What is the background to this research?
Myocardial infarction (MI), or in layman’s terms a heart attack, is an acute form of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) characterised by ischemia of the cardiac muscle, secondary to a decrease in blood flow to different regions of the heart. This directly results in the death of cardiomyocytes due to the supply of oxygen not meeting the demand of the tissue, and subsequent cardiac dysfunction; a dire health outcome. IHD was the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for 1.4 million deaths in the developed world and 5.7 million deaths in developing regions. Through addressing IHD and MI specifically, health professionals are able to reduce morbidity and mortality related to these diseases. Multiple studies have shown long term morbidity and mortality can be significantly reduced through lifestyle alteration and risk factor reduction. A large portion of these approaches involves increasing exercise levels, henceforth increasing the oxygen delivery to the cardiac muscle. In ensuring oxygen delivery is adequate post-MI through increasing exercise levels and tolerance, health professionals hope to prevent further ischemic events and improve baseline health post MI.

The article under review scrutinises the effectiveness of resistance interval training versus aerobic interval training on peak VO2 in patients with MI. In this way, the article analyses how exercise can help an individual improve their health and quality of life post-MI and which form of exercise is best at achieving these goals. Exercises for endurance significantly increases the aerobic capacity, whereas resistance training increases the muscle strength and endurance. This study aims to analyse how these different modes of exercise contribute overall to return to health post MI, informing all health professionals and patients alike on how quality of life (QOL) and functional capacity can be improved and further deterioration in health associated with potential future ischaemic events can be avoided.

Where is the research from?
Khalid, Farheen, Tariq and Amjad conducted their research in Pakistan and had their article published by the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association which is a leading, monthly, biomedical journal of Pakistan.

Khalid, Farheen, Tariq and Amjad have all collaborated and published multiple creditable health studies, the majority involving physical activity/exercise and cardiovascular health.

There does appear to be a conflict of interest as the individual signing ethical review statement on behalf of the Institutional Review Board is also a co-author of the manuscript.

What kind of research was this?
The research in question was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted over five months, with very strict inclusion criteria. This was the most appropriate form of methodology as RCT are considered the most stringent way of determining whether a cause-effect relation exists between the intervention and the outcome.

What did the research involve?
The research for this study was carried out at Railway General Hospital Rawalpindi and involved observing 26 stable patients with MI from August 2016 to January 2017. Inclusion and exclusion criteria included:

 * Haemodynamically stable patients
 * both males and females
 * age >35 years
 * able to complete the first three minutes of the exercise tolerance test without any aggravated signs or symptoms
 * no sign of poor left ventricular ejection fraction, i.e. <35%
 * no presence of any arrhythmias or significant lung disease

The protocol involved randomising the subjects into interventional (n=13) and control groups (n=13) using toss and trial method HERE. Baseline data of variables was collected. This included anthropometric measurements, primary outcomes, i.e. six-minute-walk test (6MWT) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as well as the secondary outcome of Quality of life (QOL). A generic standard health related quality of life tool, SF- 36, was used to determine the pre and post cardiac rehab differences in QOL parameters.

The control group was exposed to aerobic interval training (AIT), consisting of intervals of aerobic exercises on stationary cycle and treadmill, alternated with rest intervals. In contrast, the interventional group was exposed to resistance interval training on lower and upper body in addition to AIT. The total duration of the exercise regimen was 35-40 minutes. Intensity and resistance was gradually increased to accommodate the exercise load. This supervised training protocol was followed three times a week on alternate days for six weeks.

It is unclear whether or not this methodology was the best approach. Furthermore, there are some limitations to this study. Firstly, the study was conducted at a single-centre. In addition, study was a small scale study with a comparatively small sample size due to the rigorous inclusion criteria and lack of awareness about cardiac rehabilitation in their societal context the study took place in. There were also less females due to societal views surrounding women and gender roles. The trial was also not registered due to not having a registry and a focal person available during the time the study was being conducted.

What were the basic results?
The study found the following key results:

 * Baseline characteristics of subjects in both groups showed no differences with regards to age, BMI, physical activity level and co-morbidities
 * Baseline analysis of peak VO2 and 6MWT distance showed no significant difference between interventional and control group (p >0.05)
 * Post 6 weeks of cardiac rehab intervention, a significant improvement was observed statistically in the experimental group (p = 0.001)
 * QOL seemed to increase substantially, as there was a significant increase in post-exercise mean in energy/fatigue, emotional well-being and social functioning

What conclusions can we take from this research?
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that resistance interval training is more effective than AIT for the improvement of peak VO2in cardiac patients However, most of research also says that any form of aerobic training is beneficial compared to no aerobic training at all and that mortality due to IHD can be prevented by physical activity and fitness. Further, the study concluded that a combination of resistance interval workout and AIT is superior as it significantly increases the peak VO2, aerobic capacity and QOL in patients with MI. Improvement in QOL was also noted to be associated with the physiological improvements

Peak VO2 has lately gained significance as a crucial independent predictor of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Hence exercise training induces gains in aerobic capacity and a marked increase in the chances of survival as well. Adding resistance interval training for strength in debilitated MI aids in a functionally independent lifestyle. Therefore, we suggest that although both aerobic interval training and resistance interval training are effective for the improvement of cardiac outcomes alone, the combination of resistance interval workout and AIT is superior as it significantly increases the peak VO2, aerobic capacity and QOL in patients with MI.

Practical advice
Research suggests that we need to encourage health professionals to inform people of the benefits of exercise and its ability to help improve health overall and ultimately prevent further ischemic events post-MI. It is important to remember that while a combination of AIT and RIT is beneficial for improving overall health and QOL post MI, it is imperative that a few measures are followed before and during this intervention:

 * Exercise must only be prescribed after signing informed consent and completing an ESSA adult pre-exercise screening
 * Supervised by a qualified professional
 * progress should be monitored to ensure improvement

Further information/resources
If you are interested in further information please see the links below:

 * Exercise & Activity After a Heart Attack
 * Physical activity after a heart attack: Heart Foundation
 * The risks and benefits of exercise after a myocardial infarction


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?

The following article is a critique and analysis of the paper: Adolescents’ knowledge about the benefits of physical exercises to mental health. Campos CG, Muniz LA, Belo VS, Romano MCC, Lima MdCJC, Coletiva S. 2019;24:2951-8.

What is the background to this research?
The study looks at what an adolescent population understands about how mental health is impacted by physical exercise, the benefits of which have been well documented. And if there is a correlation between this understanding with socioeconomic status. Research has shown that adolescents with higher PA levels have lower incidence of anxiety and depression, with obese adolescents increasingly likely to become overweight adults.

By understanding when an increase in knowledge may reduce physical inactivity levels and associated negative health outcomes will improve adolescent quality of life. By having background research of an adolescent cohorts knowledge about physical activity, and mental health the researchers aim to influence relevant public health care policies in clinical and education environments.

Where is the research from?
This article was published in August 2019 in SciELO. The Science & Collective Health Publication of the Brazilian Association of Public Health.

Maira de Castro Lima authored this study following an extensive history of research publications in Brazilian health science. Co-authors included Márcia Christina Caetano Romano who has published multiple studies on adolescent health, Vinícius Silva Belo who has significant publishing history in veterinary studies, and finally Cezenário Gonçalves Campos and Luciene Aparecida Muniz both of whom have co-authored a minimal amount of research papers.

With data to 2017 indicating the adolescent obesity rate in Brazil nearly tripled over the last 30 years along with more than 50% of the Brazilian adult population being declared obese, and given the WHO data supports the tripling of the obesity rate globally. The implications from this research could provide pivotal evidence to implement policy changes globally.

No authors declared a conflict of interest or external funding sources. This experimental study had ethics approval of the university of the Federal University of São João del-Rei.

What kind of research was this?
This study was completed in a state high school in the City of Minas Gerais.

As a descriptive observational study designed to learn and analyse data from a population at one point in time, a quantitative approach to the data analysis was applied. The study had 302 participants aged between 14 and 19, of which 65.8% were female and 34.2% male.

Study participants measurements where recorded using a questionnaire designed by the researchers due to a lack of an existing suitable alternative. The questionnaire and study could be easily replicated across many varied cohorts.

What did the research involve?
The research included the use of a profile card to characterise the sample studied, a structured questionnaire on physical exercise and mental health of twenty closed questions that categorised knowledge of the function of the CNS, anxiety and depressions, neurogenesis, self-image, self-esteem and their relation to mental health. The 20 closed questions were scored with one point. Each point adding up to indicate an increased knowledge of the relationship between PA and mental health.

The IPAQ short version and socioeconomic questionnaire of the Brazilian association of research companies was also used.

Data was collected over 30 days from students present on any day of data collection at the school. Of the 302 students, 121 were first year, 116 second year and 65 third year students.

Due to the small cohort, lack of randomisation of participants and no control group there are limitations to the research data. Furthermore it has limited validity due to lack of peer review or calibration of questions used. Questions were reviewed by the teaching faculty of the study school, not by education experts nor a psychometrician.

By using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire that had been validated for Brazil was used, with studies showing the use of the IPAQ should be avoided due to inaccurate responses.

No reference was made to any research regarding the comprehension of the study populations socioeconomic status or accuracy of this data. Providing further questions regarding the validity of this specific data.

SPSS 19 was used for statistical data analysis.

Therefore, this study can be described as having a low to medium level of evidence indicating further research is needed.

What were the basic results?
With a mean questionnaire score of 14.2 (71%) and a standard deviation of 2.2 points highlighting that the individuals with an increased knowledge of the benefits of PA on mental health are more active. A statically significant p> 0.05 was found with the comparison of socioeconomic status, the level of physical activity practised and the correlation of the level of knowledge.

Both the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test showed statistical significance of p=0.002 between the sedentary, very active, active and irregularly active categories.

Study participants IPAQ level of physical activity characterisation (Table 1)

Study participants socioeconomic classification (Table 2)

What conclusions can we take from this research?
More knowledge of physical activity and its benefits to mental health will positively influence adolescents’ habits. Although knowledge does not result in behaviour transformations. Students classified as obese had high levels of nutritional knowledge and awareness of unhealthy eating habits, reinforcing education did not increase healthy behaviour adoption.

Individuals with less knowledge were more likely classed as sedentary, reinforcing the need for health and education interventions.

Those from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds within this study had higher levels of physical activity from necessity due to the use of walking and cycling as a means of daily transport. Additionally, females may have higher levels from an increased requirement to complete daily household chores.

A conclusion can be drawn that any physical activity knowledge intervention must consider the social context and individuality of an adolescent to have an increased chance of success.

Practical advice?
Awareness about physical activity benefits to mental health is critical to increasing self-engagement regardless of socioeconomic background, with knowledge potentially being a proactive mechanism against sedentary behaviours. Education interventions alone do not work for adolescents; interventions need to have stimulating behaviours.

Many strategies have been researched, designed and applied over the years, all of which may be beneficial. Notwithstanding the shift in technology-based distractions and ease of access to low nutrient foods, it needs to be considered how relevant and engaging these strategies have been.

Education of both adolescents and their primary care giver are two approaches that need to be undertaken. By educating adolescents and providing stimulating behavioural interventions the incidence of mental health issues will decline. Without primary caregivers engagement and adolescents having the adequate support from one or more of these, an interventions chance of success is decreased.

These interventions must be created and delivered in an appropriate easily understood format by adolescents for measurable changes to be seen.

Larger longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the results of this study. Further research to understand the highest level of knowledge regarding the positive benefits of physical activity on mental health, finding of which could be used across global adolescent populations.

Further information/resources
World Health Organisation e-library for nutrition actions

World Health Organisation Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health

Brazilian Association of Research Companies

Guidelines for healthy growth & development for Children & young people (5 to 17 years)


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English-Hanzi/When a neck spinal disk stick out

When a neck spinal disk sticks out, such as from an injury, it may add pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. This is called a neck spinal disk stick out.

当颈椎椎间盘突出（例如由于受伤）时，可能会增加脊髓或神经根的压力. 这称为颈椎间盘突出症.


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User talk:85.92.167.226

Notice
Aranya (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:85.92.167.226


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User:Rickapel/sandbox

My personal collection of WikiBooks Links

title: User:Rickapel/sandbox


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User talk:WikiBayer

Speedy deletion
Hello, I have noticed you have been tagging user pages with no content/unregistered users pages with the speedy deletion templates with the explaination “cross Wiki abuse”. I don’t think either of the pages met the SD criteria. I suggest reporting the issue to the stewards for a global lock. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:13, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Synoman Barris The title is Harassment.WikiBayer (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Deltion won’t remove the username, only an oversighter/global steward can suppress usernames. I suggest you report the users at meta. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * All accounts locked by steward QuiteUnsual. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:21, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The name doesn't need suppressing. Martin has a thick skin and they aren't that offensive. I've locked the accounts globally. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 14:22, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

A new proposal
Hi, there is currently a proposal at Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals for non-admins to be given the ability of    and. Since you’ve been an active user on Wikibooks for the last thirty day, I thought you might join in by giving feedback/opinion or amendments. Thank you so much for your time Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 12:39, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:WikiBayer


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Basic Algebra/Polynomials/Multiplying Monomials and Polynomials

Basic Algebra/Polynomials/Multiplying Monomials and Polynomials. 1 term=monomial,2 terms=binomial,3 terms=trinomial and more than 3 terms=polynomial.You can classify an algebraic expression according to the number of terms it has.A polynomial is an expression with any number of terms which are greater than three terms.A monomial is an expression with only one term,a binomial is an expression with two terms and a trinomial is an expression with three terms. WORKED EXAMPLES:1.-2(x)=-2x. 2.4(x+2)=4(x)+4(2)=4x+8    3.-3xy(x²y+2x² -x-1). Remember when calculating, don't forget the signs.When the signs are the same it becomes a addition sign.But when the signs are different it becomes subtraction sign.These signs are the ones which separate the terms e.g.addition(+)*addition (+)=addition (+). subtraction (-)*subtraction (-)=addition and addition (+)*subtraction (-)=subtraction (-). subtraction (-)*addition (+)=subtraction (-).An exercise you can do is :1.a)-2 and 2x-3y


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User:Synoman Barris/JWBscript.js

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