text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2022/New Brunswick

= Introduction = Streetcars are light rail transit vehicles that are powered by electricity and run on tramway tracks; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. Most streetcars carry passengers and occasionally also haul freight.

Technological characteristics
Streetcars' vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than rapid transit trains and they used to be the mainstream public transit mode in over one hundred cities of North America in the early-20th century. As an early light rail vehicle, it was initially powered by horse and with the development of technology, and then gasoline, steam and cable driven by electricity took the stage as mechanical energy sources. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line.

Main advantages and markets
One of the advantages over earlier modes of transportation was the low rolling resistance of the metal wheels on the rails, allowing the streetcar to carry a greater load for a given effort. As a result of the design of the streetcar, a rider would feel much more comfortable compared with the traditional horsecars since it is a more smooth ride. Moreover, a streetcar carried a larger number travelers per vehicle. This feature would allow a substantially large number of transit users being able to travel from original to destination at the same time. It consequently increased access of city dwellers from the crowded city centre to the new and growing communities, and this was the form of suburb where people began to settle down and took a streetcar to the downtown for commuting. Besides, The government saw the gradual rise of the suburbs. On the one hand, it increased investment in transportation to benefit the people. On the other hand, the population growth in the suburbs brought more housing demand. This attracted more investment from real estate developers, which is conducive to the improvement of government finances. After the rise of automation, people were willing to pay for this convenient transport mode; the tram undisputedly replaced the horse-drawn carriage in urban public transport. It has become the first choice for working class travel living in the suburb. Its market expansion is highly coordinated with the urban sprawl of the metropolis.

= Era before Streetcars = Before the official introduction of electric streetcars in Canada, horsecar and omnibuses driven by horses or mules had been used as the important means of transportation systems. It is partly because steam locomotives were not suitable for land use as they scared horses and were dirty to city dwellers. During the period of 1820s to 1880s, Toronoto had 'horse power' trams in operation in 1845, Montreal in the 1860s and soon after other Canadian cities followed the trend.

However, horse driven streetcars were never an ideal transportation. Overwhelmingly heavy loads could not be hauled by horse, and the animals were expensive and needed to rest frequently. This reduced the reliability of the system; also the illness of animals directly impacted the network stability. Given these factors, the operation of animal railway did last too long: the horsecar system in St John of New Brunswick operated from 23 August 1869 to early 1876 - solely 7 years. Moncton, the second largest city in New Brunswick, did not even implement it. Many street car operators had realized the demerits of horse-driven transportation, and started to transfer to other types of motive power. During the transition period, steam dummies or cables cars was attempted in the US and Canada. It eliminated the negative impact from animal drive power mentioned.

= Birth of electricity Streetcars = Werner von Siemens demonstrated the world's first electric locomotive at the 1879 Berlin Fair. The reply was worth seeing: Siemens and halsk have received inquiries from all over the world about the investment and operation cost of electrified railway. But that's not enough to satisfy the company's founders: for Warner, electric locomotives are just an experimental model. Now he is planning an electric transport system with a lofty vision: an elevated railway in central Berlin. As early as 1867, Werner von Siemens was excited about the potential application of dynamic electrical principles he discovered the previous year and dreamed of "building a railway on the iron pillars on the streets of Berlin and running on electricity". Around 1880, electrical pioneers tried to obtain the concession of Friedrich stra and Leipzig Strass elevated electrical railway in Berlin to prove the operation and applicability of a promising new transportation system for daily use.

= Lifecycle of Streetcars in New Brunswick (1893 - 1948) = Generally speaking, Tram began to operate in St.John of New Brunswick in the era of local horse powered transportation. It expanded rapidly with electrification and fade away with the shift of public policy to rubber tire vehicles. Recently, it has become light rail transportation again. The electricity streetcar were mainly distributed on St.John and Moncton, which operated respectively from 1893 and 1896, to 1931 and 1948.

Early market development (1894 - 1904)
The Saint John streetcar system was the first public transit system in the state of Arizona. 1893 was the birth year of Saint John streetcar. It was operated by the Consolidated Electric Company. However, the company was sold at bankrunptcy auction on 7 April 1897. Then, the system was suceeded by the Saint John Railway Company. At that time, streetcars stretched up and down Main Street, Douglas Avenue and throughout the city's south end. In fact, before the introduction of electric streetcars, St.John had already had its own Saint John city railway that is animal railway starting from 17 October 1887.

The idea for a street railway system was proposed by Charles Young of St. Stephen in 1891. The street railway become reality with financial assistance from several influential businessmen among the area. The Province of New Brunswick approved the operation of the line for fifteen years. On July 4, 1894 the streetcar system began its operation. The route began from the car barns in Calais, Maine, travelled up Main Street to North Street and then to Milltown, Maine where it crossed over the Milltown Bridge in to St. Stephen.

During the early developing period, the length of tracks in was 12 miles. For a certain line, a person was able to travel by street covering the distance of 7 miles for five cents, which not ony provided infrastructure for new immigrants and international labour, but also enhanced relations between communities.

The growing period (1905-1920)
The length of tracks for New Brunswick grew from 12 up to 29 miles, in which St. John doubled its electric streetcars mileage, Moncton and St.Stephen respectively built their streetcar system. Moncton Tramways, Electricity and Gas Company was responsible for the operation in Moncton; St.Stephen Street Railway company took charge of the tracks and interestingly, for this cross-border railway, road is controlled by the Calais Street Ry Company of the US.

With the development of this transportation, the streetcar suburb was generated. In the St.John, neighbourhoods near suburb were intended to be towards the Uptown. However, the growth was not always smooth. In 1914, there took place a disgraceful disorder: about 10,000 people gathered after the city's trolleybus conductors and car drivers went on strike. Under cover of darkness, the crowd overturned two streetcars, thwarted the cavalry charge, smashed every window in the traction company's offices, poured cement over the generators, and plunged the city into darkness.

Maturity and decline (1921-1948)
Sponsorship funding has declined since the early 1920s. The system is in deficit and unable to bear operating costs. Moreover, streetcars failed the competition with Buses and automobile. In 1927, the principal system in St.John, New Brunswick Power Company introduced the first bus for sightseeing service, and then the fitst buses used in transit service 1936. This forced to close its street railway by the city of St.John. In Moncton, Grey Bus Line Company became the principal system, and in 1921, it began route in direct competition to the "John Street" streetcar route. In 1926, there were 5 more buses line.

At the same time, The rapid development of automobiles has begun to change the way people travel. Such tram system was no match for the convenience of a car, and due to noise complaints, streetcars were gradually being replaced by grey buses. The Great Depression of 1930-1932 accelerated the decline of streetcars. Tracks are gradually removed. In 1948, streetcar service ended in New Brunswick.

Reborn as light rail transit?
Technological changes came into play again in the 1970s and 1980s, using modern articulated car trains (with multiple body sections connected together by flexible joints) to provide transportation services with many of the characteristics of traditional "heavy-duty" rapid transportation at lower costs. Light rail transit services capable of running on city streets are restoring street rail. However, New Brunswick is mainly relying on its intercity bus service as the principle public transit system. The reborn light rail systems currently exist in Ontario and Alberta.

= Quantitative Analysis = 'McGraw Electric Railway Manual – the red book of American street railway investment' give access to several valueable data of all the streetcar systems in the US and some of its neighbors between 1894 and 1920. Table 1 shows the length of tracks of each streetcar system in New Brunswick in that period:

Table 1: Length of tracks (miles) in New Brunswick

The S-curve regression model
Using S-curves (status vs. time), identify the periods of birthing, growth, and maturity for streetcars system in New Brunswick. A three-parameter logistic function is estimated:

$$S(t)=\frac{K}{1+e^-b(t-t_0)}$$

Where:

S(t) is the status measure (miles of tracks in this model)

t is time (usually in years),

t0 is the inflection time (year in which 1/2 K is achieved),

K is saturation status level,

b is a coefficient.

 K  and b are to be estimated.

When modelling the regression of track length, it is supposed to test the S-max value. It is noticeable that when the K is equal to 37, there is the highest R-square. This indicates that it modle has the best of goodness fit when the saturation status is estimated as 80 miles, as illustrated in Figure below:

Next, the regression analysis is applied to estimate two cofficients. The result of the regression is as follows:

Table 2: Regression statistics Table 3: Regression Results

Interpretation
1. The R square of the model is 0.898756, meaning that the model has an acceptable goodness of fit, approximately 89.88% of the value of miles of track in the state can be explained by the independent variable.

2. The P-value of the independent variable (i.e., year) is less than 0.01, meaning that the years as the independent variable in this model are statistically significant in predicting the miles of tracks in that corresponding year.

3. According to the OLS model, it is predicted that the track length of the streetcar system in New Brunswick demonstrate a continuing growth trend before reaching 37 miles, the saturation status level. The increase in carstreet mileage become slow and actully witnesses a significant fluctuation after 1909 in which reaching 1/2 $$K$$. Accordingly the year of 1909 is the inflection time. It is consistent with the actual situation.

= References =


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Rust for the Novice Programmer/Basic Maths Testing Program/User Input

Reading in User Input
Now, we want to read in user input. In the terminal, when the user types in text it gets sent to something called stdin(short for standard input). Again we turn to the standard Rust documentation on stdin. Documentation is extremely important since very few programs live on their own, instead integrating with other code/systems to make it easier to do common things. stdin lies within std::io where std is short for standard and io is short for input/output. std is the Standard library which means it is officially designed and documented by the same group who design the Rust programming language. This generally offers a greater degree of certainty around the code being safe and performant as well as the documentation being clear and detailed. Here, we want to write a new function that waits for user input and when it receives that input, returns the number. First, let's just take in the input and print it out to the terminal: fn wait_for_input { let mut buffer = String::new; io::stdin.read_line(&mut buffer).unwrap; println!("{}", buffer); } Notably, the read_line function takes in a mutable string rather than returning a string. This is because it can be costly to create and allocate a string of characters and if we want to append to an existing string, it would require an extra allocation. Therefore, taking in a string buffer allows the user to create their own string or use an existing string which is more flexible without extra cost. It also can fail and produce an error which is in the form of a Result. For now, we will just assume no error and panic if there is an error. Then, we remember to put use std::io; at the top, and change our main function to: fn main { print_question(35, 23, Operator::Subtraction); wait_for_input; } And now if we run it, we can see it doesn't stop immediately and we can type in the terminal. When we type something in and press Enter, the thing we typed in is repeated again, indicating that it's working! However, we have a string when we need the user input as a number.

Next: converting a string to a number

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Einschlauesding

Thingsome else

 * I'll just nag my dad tomorrow every time I can to sort it out. Eventually he will just do it. Then we'll know the issue. 21:37, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Finally! No idea how discord works lol, but I made a server somehow, and this is the code: https://discord.gg/jjCNzhca. No idea how to "ass" you though. 19:21, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Einschlauesding


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4/3...exd4

3... exd4!
Black strongest and natural response is to accept the gambit with '''3...exd4. This is the best option against the Urusov Gambit, accepting the sacrificed d4-pawn.'''

If Black know what has to be done, they will reach an equal or even slightly better position.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3.d4!? exd4!'''


text:
User:Einschlauesding

•I'm 15 and from Germany :)

•Music enjoyer

•Artists i love:                                                                        -Tyler,The Creator, Cavetown, Linkin Park, Conan Gray,  TV Girl, wavvyboi, MARINA, Coldplay, Melanie Martinez, Mitski, Twenty one piltos, Joji, Gorillaz, Mother Mother, Tame Impala, ... -> If you know them I love you

•Also my friends are getting tired from me saying: what, huh, what did u say, can you say that again,       I don't get it (•-•?)..

•yeah ok im just here to chat..but I do like reading books :D

title: User:Einschlauesding


text:
User talk:Seeaver

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Seeaver!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
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 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:56, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seeaver


text:
User talk:KhangXYZ

Welcome to Wikibooks, KhangXYZ!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks Thanks, KhangXYZ (discuss • contribs) 13:20, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

title: User talk:KhangXYZ


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nf3

4. Nf3
White has placed the knight on f3, supporting the idea of the pawn in e5 to expand in the centre and attack Black’s knight.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3. d4!? exd4! 4. Nf3'''


text:
Cookbook:Fireweed

Fireweed is a traditional spring and summer food. The young shoots, leaves, and stems can be eaten, along with the roots and flowers.

Harvest

 * Mt. Shuksan & Mt. Baker
 * Spring & Summer (July-September)
 * Cut off the sideshoots

Nutrition

 * Excellent source of vitamin A, B & C
 * Good source of Iron and Protein

Preservation and storage

 * Air dry for two days and store in a container (cool dry place)
 * Wash then air dry, store in covered container in refrigerator
 * Can be stored up to 24 months, in dry conditions

title: Cookbook:Fireweed


text:
Cookbook:Fireweed Vinegar

Ingredients

 * 2 cups fireweed blossoms and buds
 * 1 cup rice or white wine vinegar

Procedure

 * 1) Rinse blossoms in a colander and let dry.
 * 2) Place blossoms in a sterilized jar and pour vinegar over the top.
 * 3) Place mixture in a dark place and allow it to steep for 3 to 4 weeks. Strain vinegar through a strainer or a paper coffee filter.
 * 4) Store in the refrigerator. For longer storage, process in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Fireweed Vinegar


text:
Final Fantasy VII/Materia/Command Materia

The Yellow Materia equips new commands to use during battle. Some types of yellow materia will gain new abilities as they mature.

There are thirteen different Command Materias in the video game.

Support
Materias that do not affect enemies directly.
 * Mime: Duplicates the last battle action performed by a party member without consuming MP or items. Limit Breaks cannot be mimed by characters other than the one who owns the limit, but every other battle action including counter attacks and defend can.
 * W-Item: Allows user to utilize two items from inventory at once. (See also: Item duplication cheat)
 * W-Magic: Allows user to cast two magic spells at once.
 * W-Summon: Allows user to cast two summon spells at once.

Debuff
Materias that target enemies but deal negligible or no damage.
 * Manipulate: Allows user to take control of an opponent and use up to three of their battle commands. While manipulated, a target's dexterity falls to negligible levels. Control will be broken as soon as the target takes physical damage. This is the only way to learn several Enemy Skills, though it does not work on all enemies.
 * Morph: Causes physical damage with reduced attack power on equipped weapon below 500 points. If the attack kills the enemy, the enemy becomes an item.
 * Sense: Allows user to see the stats (lvl., HP, MP, etc.) of a target. Not all enemies can be scanned.
 * Steal: Has the following abilities:
 * 1) Steal: Attempt to steal an item from a single target.
 * Mug: Takes the place of Steal of the command list when matured. Causes physical damage to a single target when attempting to steal an item.

Attack
Materias that deal damage to enemies.
 * Deathblow: Either kills enemy (dealing double damage) or misses. Effective on weakened enemies only.
 * Double Cut: Has the following abilities:
 * 1) 2x Cut: Attacks one target twice in a single round.
 * 2) 4x Cut: Takes the place of 2x Cut on command list when matured. Attacks four enemies in succession.
 * Slash-All: Has the following abilities:
 * 1) Slash-All: Attacks all enemies simultaneously. Attack is reduced to approximately 2/3 of normal and back row defenses still apply.
 * 2) Flash: Replaces Slash All on command list when matured. When successful, causes Death to all enemies.
 * Throw: Has the following abilities:
 * 1) Throw: Throws an item from inventory at a single target for damage.
 * 2) Coin: Throws coins at a single target for damage. 1,000gil = 100HP of damage.
 * Enemy Skill: Learns the following enemy abilities and allows the player to use those abilities once they have been used against him/her:
 * L5 Death: Causes Death to a single target on one side of the battle screen if its experience level is divisible by five.
 * Laser: Halves the HP of a single target.
 * Magic Breath: Causes lightning-, ice-, and fire-elemental damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Magic Hammer: Causes damage to and absorbs up to 100MP from a single target.
 * Matra Magic: Shoots magical missiles toward all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Pandora’s Box: Causes physical damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * ????: Causes physical damage to a single target based on the Max HP - Current HP of the user.
 * Roulette: Randomly causes Death to a random target on either side of the battle screen.
 * Shadow Flare: Causes non-elemental magic damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Trine: Causes lightning-elemental damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * White Wind: Restores all targets on one side of the battle screen with HP based of user’s current HP, and heals all status effects.
 * Angel Whisper: Revives a knocked out target with full HP and no status ailments.
 * Aqualung: Causes water-elemental damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Bad Breath: Causes random status effects to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Beta: Causes fire-elemental damage to all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Big Guard: Casts Barrier, Mbarrier, and Haste on all targets on one side of the battle screen.
 * Chocobuckle: Attacks target with damage proportionate to the number of times the user's party has fled from battle.
 * Death Force: Makes target immune from instant Death.
 * Death Sentence: Gives target a sixty second countdown to instant Death.
 * Dragon Force: Increases Vitality and Magic def. stats of a single target.
 * Frog Song: Gives Toad and Sleep status effects to a single target.
 * Goblin Punch: Causes physical damage to single target. Damage multiplies if target and user are of equal experience level.
 * L4 Suicide: Lowers the HP of, and gives the Mini status effect to, all targets on one side of the battle screen with an experience level divisible by four.

Materia location
It may be useful to know how early any materia can be obtained. This list also includes the Blue "Counter" Materia and two accessories, Hypnocrown and Sneak Glove, because they only affect Command Materia.

 Disc 1, part 1 (Midgar):
 * Steal (sewers)
 * Sense (on Nanaki)
 * Enemy Skill (n.1, Shinra H.Q.)

 Disc 1, part 2 (land travels):
 * Throw (on Yuffie)
 * Enemy Skill (n.2, Junon)
 * Manipulate (on Caith Sith)
 * Deathblow (Gongaga)

 Disc 1, part 3 (sea travels):
 * Morph (Temple of the Ancients)
 * Enemy Skill (n.3, Forgotten Capital)
 * [Hypnocrown (Forgotten Capital): it upgrades Manipulate materia]

 Disc 2:
 * [Sneak Glove (Midgar Sector 5): it upgrades Steal materia]
 * Enemy Skill (n.4, Chocobo Sage's)
 * Mime (materia cave near Wutai)
 * Slash-All (Ancient Forest)
 * W-Summon (Gold Saucer)
 * Double Cut (Sunken Gelnika)
 * W-Item (Midgar)

 Disc 3:
 * W-Magic (Northern Crater)
 * [Counter materia (Northern Crater)]

Master Command
The Master Command materia combines the Deathblow, Manipulate, Mime, Morph, Sense, Steal, and Throw Command Materias, allowing the user to equip all seven command abilities with a single Materia. It can be obtained by mastering all seven Command Materia and then combining them with the yellow Huge Materia. A second Master Command Materia can be obtained by defeating Emerald Weapon.

It takes a total of 430000 AP to master the seven yellow materias necessary for the Master Command, i.e. less than half of the AP required to obtain the Master Magic (1029000 AP) or one sixth of the AP required for the Master Summon (2535000 AP) materia. Just for curiosity, 1050000 AP total are required to master the remaining five yellow materias.


text:
Final Fantasy VII/Materia/Support Materia

Many of the materia slots in weapons and armor are joined with others. Blue Materia placed into these coupled slots give an added bonus to the materia it is joined with.

There are thirteen different Support Materia in the video game. It takes 1845000 AP to master one blue materia per type; no "master support" materia exists.

In the tables below, Command "main-7" materia refers to the seven materias listed here; these materias are the same ones that have to be mastered in order to get the Master Materia:
 * 1) Steal
 * 2) Sense
 * 3) Throw
 * 4) Morph
 * 5) Deathblow
 * 6) Manipulate
 * 7) Mime

Materia locations
It may be useful to know how early any materia can be obtained, possibly for free.

 Disc 1, part 1 (Midgar):
 * All (Beginner's Hall in Sector 7, RedXIII comes with one)
 * Elemental (Shinra H.Q.)

 Disc 1, part 2 (land travels):
 * Added Effect (Cave of Gi)

 Disc 1, part 3 (sea travels):
 * HP Absorb (Wutai)
 * MP Absorb (Wutai)
 * Added Cut (Great glacier)
 * MP Turbo (Whirlwind Maze)

 Disc 2:
 * Final Attack (Gold Saucer)
 * Sneak Attack (Gold Saucer)
 * Magic Counter (Gold Saucer)
 * Quadra Magic (near Mideel)
 * Steal as Well (Wutai)

 Disc 3:
 * Counter (Northern cave)


text:
Final Fantasy VII/Materia/Independent Materia

Purple Materia acts independently and is generally very specialized in its use. All effects increase as materia matures.

There are seventeen different types of Purple Materia in the video game.

Attribute boosting materia
They only affect the equipped character (except for Gil Plus).

 * EXP. Plus: Gains extra EXP after winning a battle. Also adds Luck +01.
 * Gil Plus:  Earns extra Gil after battles. Also adds Luck +01.
 * HP Plus:   Increases maximum HP.
 * Luck Plus: Increases Luck.
 * Magic Plus: Increases Magic.
 * MP Plus:   Increases maximum MP.
 * Speed Plus: Increases Dexterity.
 * HP <-> MP: Switches HP and MP.

Field materia

 * Chocobo Lure: Attracts chocobos to battle while in their habitat. Also adds Luck +01.
 * Enemy Away: Decreases chance of random enemy encounters. Also adds Luck +01.
 * Enemy Lure: Increases chance of random enemy encounters. Also adds Luck -01.

Battle materia
Unless stated otherwise, they affect the equipped character only.

 * Counter Attack: Counter attacks with physical strike when character is attacked.
 * Cover: Equipped character will take damage on behalf of ally when they are attacked. Also adds Vitality +01.
 * Long Range: Allows the strength of a front row attack from the back row. Can also hit flying enemies that are otherwise out of reach. (Note that most of Barret's, Yuffie's and Vincent's weapons are inherently long range so it is pointless to equip this on them.)
 * Mega All: Changes Attack to Slash-All and allows abilities that would only allow a single target to effect entire parties.
 * Pre-emptive: Increases the whole party's chance of side-attacks and surprise-attacks. Also adds Dexterity +02.
 * Underwater: Allows the whole party to breathe underwater, eliminating the twenty minute time limit for the battle with Emerald Weapon.

Materia locations
It may be useful to know how early any materia can be obtained.


text:
Final Fantasy VII/Minigames/Basketball Game

This minigame is located just to the right of the front door of the arcade section of Wonder Square. The goal is quite simple: For 200 gil each game, you can make as many shots into the basket as you can... as long as you don't miss any. This sounds much easier than it actually is, but the rewards are worth it.

For each basket that you score you get 1gp for it and another shot. Thus if you score 2 baskets; you get 2 gp... 3 baskets; 3 gp... and so on. But when you reach shot 10, it gives you the option to double or 1gp your total. If you make your shot, you go straight up to 20gp, and then you continue from there. When you hit your 20th shot, it again asks you to double or 1gp your total; thus pushing you up to 60gp at that point.

The following is the amounts that you can "shoot" for:

 * 1 - 10, then double
 * 21 - 30, then double
 * 61 - 70, then double
 * 141 - 150, then double and so on...

In the PlayStation Classic, you can use the save state cheat feature should they miss the basketball hoop, they can start over until they succeed. They can get a total of 300 GP.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Archibald Scott

George Archibald Scott
A comprehensive biography of George Archibald Scott has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Research - George Archibald Scott - Summary of research to date

 * Transcriptions and Notes - George Archibald Scott - More than 250 transcriptions

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - George Archibald Scott - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several photographs available in Trove articles

 * Incubator of Wikipedia Article on George Archibald Scott - Coming real soon now!

Key internet links: Nil yet identified

Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely biography from Perth's Daily News, summarising George's life to 1925, clearly shows how much George contributed to the development of wireless in Australia from 1911:

"W.A.'S RADIO INSPECTOR. SOMETHING OF HIS SERVICE. Many curious minded people have asked, since wireless became the vogue 'What qualifications has Mr. G. A. Scott for his position?' This probably comes of holding a position in which conflict with sections of the public is occasionally made. It is interesting therefore to know that Mr. George Scott joined the Imperial Naval service at the time of the late Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and was attached to that service from 1897 to 1911. In February 1901 he made his debut in wireless at which time he was on H.M.S. Vindictive (of Zeebruge fame) when that vessel was doing duty as one of the escorting cruisers to His Majesty the King (then Duke of York) on his visit to Australasia in the s.s. Ophir to inaugurate the Australian Commonwealth. Those were the days of the ten-inch spark coil and the little receiving instrument known as the coherer. At that time the naval men prided themselves on the excellent results attained and although keeping in touch with the Ophir and other cruisers at distances up to 100 miles may not seem much in these more sophisticated days, it was an achievement in the early days of wireless science. From 1901 until 1908 Mr. Scott had the benefit of a thorough training in naval wireless telegraphy and in the latter year he came to Australia as Petty Officer Telegraphist on H.M.S. Pegasus and as his period of service in the Imperial Navy was due to expire before the fulfilment of the vessel's commission, he elected to sever his connection with the Navy and become a good Australian. On leaving in February, 1911 he came into contact with Father Shaw of the famous Randwick (Sydney) wireless station and entered the service of this well-known scientist. His experiences with Father Shaw ranged from New Guinea to King Island, Tasmania. Whilst at the Shaw station at King Island he applied for the position of operator at the Melbourne Radio station, and in March 1912 received notification that his application had been accepted. Here he commenced duties with the Commonwealth Radio Service. He remained an operator at Melbourne until July 1912 when he was selected by the then Engineer for Radio Telegraphy (Mr. J. G. Balsillie) to proceed to Brisbane to take over the construction of the radio station. When the Brisbane station was completed and in good working order he proceeded to Rockhampton and supervised the erection of the radio station at that centre. He then returned to the Brisbane station as officer in charge and remained there until July, 1918 when he was transferred to W.A. as Radio Inspector with the rank of Radio Lieutenant, the radio service having been taken over by the R.A.N. as a war measure. With the signing of peace he reverted to the P.M.G.'s Department, when everything pertaining to wireless was assigned to that Department. Since then he has occupied an office on the sixth floor of the G.P.O., which is replete with testing instruments and other wireless paraphernalia."