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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in international relations

Interpretations of power in international relations
The concept of power has been interpreted in different ways in the field of international relations (IR).

Elements of national power approach
The 'elements of national power approach' is a conceptualisation of power that regards it to be controlled by the state. It aims to define power by referring to a nation's resources and capabilities. Within this approach, some thinkers have developed a single-variable understanding of power, whilst others look at a nation-state's total accumulation of resources (known as a multi-variable approach). Following a single-variable method, political scientists such as Inis Claude and Karl Deutsch solely focus on the military capabilities of a nation-state in order to determine its power, whilst others, such as Kingsley Davis or Bruce Russett, regard a state's economic capability, measured using indicators such as gross national product or a nation's total electric energy and fuel consumption, as the definitive feature of its power. However, following the multi-variable line-of-thought, the realist Hans Morgenthau views national power as the aggregation of nine core elements: geography, the availability of natural resources, the military capacity of a state, the economic capacity of a state, population, national character, national morale, the quality of government, and that of diplomacy.

Relational power approach
The relational power approach, developed by Joseph Nye, however, conceives power to be the ability of a nation-state, using its resources and capabilities, to influence another state in order to achieve its desired outcomes. Using this definition, Nye has developed distinct frames of power.

 * Hard power is a coercive form of power, whereby one nation uses its economic and military might to get another to act in a way it would not have done so otherwise, in order to reach its national objectives. Characteristics of hard power in international relations entail the use of coercive diplomacy, in addition to the implementation of economic sanctions, alongside threats of military intervention. It is typically emphasised by realists.

 * Soft power, on the other hand, is a non-violent, persuasive form of power that relies upon one state shaping the preferences of another, in order to pursue its national interests. The means of exercising soft power include attraction, political values and the moral appeal of foreign policies, in addition to culture. It is particularly revered by liberalists.

 * Smart power is a form of power that incorporates elements of both hard and soft power. It is defined by Chester A. Crocker as 'the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy' (p.13).

Power structures in international relations theories
Many of the prominent theories in international relations perpetuate racial inequalities. The concept of social Darwinism, which established a rigid hierarchy of races, presenting non-whites as subservient to white Europeans, influenced early IR theorists' development of ideas pertaining to paternalism and Western domination through colonisation and genocide. Indeed, it is contested by Zvobgo and Loken that the current main paradigms in international relations theory - realism, liberalism, and constructivism - are all based upon racist, hierarchical discourse, utilised to present non-whites as primitive and uncivilised, thereby justifying their subjugation. Moreover, they also highlight that the well-reputed notion of democratic peace theory is only supported by evidence in Western countries, whilst its conclusions are actually disputed in Middle Eastern and Arab nations. Furthermore, on a similar vein, the balance-of-power theory, a crucial component of international relations, has only been tested in modern Europe, and as such, doesn't provide a truly global perspective.

Power structures within international relations scholarship
There are also institutionalised racial and gender-based disparities within the discipline.

Racial inequalities
In the United States, only 8% of scholars contributing to the field of international relations identify themselves as either black or Latino. Moreover, the International Studies Association - the most well-reputable scholarly body for people seeking to work in international relations - does not yet have a specific caucus for ethnic minorities (whilst there are separate divisions for women, or LGBTQA members within the field).

Gender inequalities
According to the 2006 Teaching, Research, and International Politics (TRIP) Survey carried out in the United States, only 23% of scholars in international relations there were women. These women not only were more likely to hold lower positions (only 14% of all IR professors were female), but also held less academic tenure, potentially attributed to them tending to be more focused on less conventionally explored areas within the discipline, such as Latin America. The survey also found that 9% more female IR scholars than men taught at institutions that did not offer Ph.D. programmes in political science.

Furthermore, other studies have found out that women working in international relations are not only more likely to face discrimination than their male counterparts, but are also more likely to switch jobs due to these antagonistic working conditions.


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/approches to knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Evidence/Evidence in Economy

I think it would be beneficial to include some real-world examples of evidence-based marketing in the sandbox to illustrate its benefits and limits. A few words on how the evidence is usually collected would also be insightful as I believe it is one of the most discussed and controversial issues (data privacy) in recent years. XxXdiehardbascloverXxX (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I add an example of a real-world evidence-based marketing Borabora18 (discuss • contribs) 14:53, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Evidence/Evidence in medicine

Thanks for the detailed contribution! The inclusion of examples really makes the ideas easy to grasp even for a person like me who has very little knowledge of medicine. It would be interesting to see a few words on some of the ethical consideration/controversies over the collection of external research evidence. XxXdiehardbascloverXxX (discuss • contribs) 01:50, 9 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in social networks

Thank you for this well-written article! I find it very inspiring and there are a few ideas that spawn in my mind after reading. Truth sometimes can be a construct, subjected to different narratives, especially in the current post-truth era. Will social media, as a tool for interaction and bringing people to social issues, drive us/our society back to the truth or further from it in the future? With the way that even AI, ideas that are developed from algorithms and layers of deep machine learning, can be biased, is it right to assume that the subjective truth can never be attained in certain aspects of society? How will the lack of truth damage people's confidence in democracy? Once again thanks for your thought-provoking article. XxXdiehardbascloverXxX (discuss • contribs) 02:08, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your thoughtful questions! Truth in social media is I hope going to be more present with better fake news algorithms systems that are supposed to take them down and should be less biased as the content find on internet is becoming much more diverse but fake news are never going to completely disappear. Regarding to social issues, I find it quite odd that nowadays social issues has been linked to our social media where you can see someone posting a picture of his dog and then a minute later about a crisis in some country! I think that a new type of interconnection has to exist for new generations to come to feel connected to social issues such as The Ethos network that is pushing towards that direction. The lack of truth indeed will affect people's confidence in democracy because it's becoming harder to believe in certain sayings of any political figure as you can find multiple sources accusing X of anything. People are losing track from the really important matters by being overwhelmed by so many informations not always stating the truth. People are loosing confidence in democracy but democracy itself is suffering from communautarism created by social media, provoking unbalanced power and impoverishing the government's authority. ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 11:00, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:Macabre Roses

Hi! it appears we worked on the same theme but after reading your sandbox I'd say we have not discussed the same things within education (I would say your part is more specific). So I just added my part as a general overview in the education section and made a reference to what you wrote right below. Let me know it it is okay with you :)

title: User talk:Macabre Roses


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in literature

Defining literature as a discipline
From a modern perspective, literature includes all written and oral works generally considered as a form of art such as poetry or drama. They may or may not be fictitious. If literature is nowadays much used for entertainment, it is also a way to transmit knowledge and thus to bring about change.

Literature has the power to change the world
Many people refer to literature as "the mirror of society". Indeed, this discipline has the power to reveal hidden truths on a collective scale. Fiction in particular is an important tool for seeing reality differently. This is how literature can change the world: it enables change, whether political, social, cultural or even economic, through the power of words. A well-known example of this indirect power of literature is the novel To Kill a Mockingbird published by Harper Lee in 1960. Indeed, the author uses many symbols and characters to denounce the omnipresent racism in the United States during the 1930s. This novel thus allowed a better understanding of the situation, especially at a time when the Civil Rights Movement was growing.

Literature has the power to change people
On a more personal scale, literature also has the power to change people in depth, in particular by making them feel a variety of emotions and feelings. Reading allows reflection on one's own life and can thus become a real experience during which a subtle process of evolution takes place. It can then become a real quest for the self with multiple revelations about the reader's own personality. Even more interesting is the fact that scientific studies have looked at the benefits of reading on health. Literature could therefore have a direct impact on the reader's well-being. However, it is also relevant to question the experience of the author, which can also change drastically. Being an author implies a real inner exploration which is found in published works and which is fundamental to the very existence of literature.


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User talk:Purplerain24

That's a great idea, thank you. I'll have a look into that soon. In any case, feel free to add a section about that if you have some good insights!

title: User talk:Purplerain24


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User talk:TimRJordan/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 3/Power

Suggestions for Different powers involved in Biology
Your section on the different forms of power in biology was really interesting to read! I was wondering if you wanted to elaborate more on the underrepresentation of women in science, like the reasons behind their underrepresentation and how it's linked to power? An interesting article I found was https://academic.oup.com/rev/article/26/2/102/3060345 which investigates the reasons behind underrepresentation of women in science and https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00703/full which explains how gender stereotypes influence a woman's decision to go into STEM. Was thinking that it ties nicely with the concept of power but this is just my suggestion! If you don't mind, could I add a few lines on it unless you would like to do it? PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 00:46, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Go ahead! I'll be happy to read your contribution to my article! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Thanks! I've added it, do let me know what you think and feel free to edit as you wish. PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 14:52, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Thank you! That was really interseting! I edited it a bit, hope you don't mind. Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in History
This section was really interesting to read, I particularly enjoyed the part on historical nihilism and how governments have the power to 'reshape' history. I added subheadings and made some minor edits (like how disciplines don't need to be capitalised), do feel free to change/undo them! PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 23:34, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Collaboration in Power of Philosophy
I found your article very interesting about imbalanced gender power in Philosophy, but I was wondering if elaborating the article by talking about how Philosophy is a powerful subject like you said it was created in Ancient times then why we are still studying it or how it influences the society? Api20 (discuss • contribs) 11:04, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestions for Power in Nursing
Hello, do you mind if I add just a brief passage at the beginning of your article on how it is usually women who face discrimination in disciplines but nursing is one of the few where men are discriminated? (or feel free to add it yourself if you are inspired) Also I added titles within your article but if you feel like the naming of the sections don't exactly match the point you were trying to make in your different paragraphs feel free to change them! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 12:39, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Please feel free to add a brief passage at the beginning. Also thanks for the subtitles! --PepperOud (discuss • contribs) 23:29, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay finished writing it (it's very short), feel free to edit it if you want! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Thank you! I've just added a source to prove the gender inequality phenomenon in your brief passage as well. --PepperOud (discuss • contribs) 15:37, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay great! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 16:54, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Question for Power in History
Hello, I've noticed that you haven't talked at all about the role of power within history but more about the powers surrounding it. I don't know if that's very clear but basically you've talked about gender inequalities and the control of historical knowledge but not the study of power which, I think is a major factor in history (through the study of any government, any nation, any conflict, always connected to multiple power dynamics; nobility vs peasants, USA vs USSR, etc.) and I was just curious as to why you took that perspective of power in history as I would've expected quite the opposite? (By the way this isn't a criticism, more of curiosity) Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 19:13, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I tried to write about how different forms of power influence History as a discipline, rather than how power is conceived within the discipline. I hope what I wrote isn't too off topic then... This approach came rather naturally as I thought it was very interesting to "question" this discipline in which we place so much trust. But as you mentioned the other approach is very relevant as the notion of power is fundamental in History, despite its evolution in its application. --Fantomasque (discuss • contribs) 16:50, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay that makes sense! I agree on the importance of questioning history's authority (did my Truth article on truth in history haha). Thanks for your insight! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 16:56, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Question and Collaboration for Power in Literature
I added a couple of citations for the writers you mentioned and expanded on your comment on the Iliad, stating that it is still interesting because the content of its stories are commonly direct human experiences even though it tells the story of the divine interfering with humans.

I wondered whether you could further explain your comment "As the human itself doesn’t change but does its society, stories remain in Time."

Sugarfreejazz1 (discuss • contribs) 03:17, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

What I meant by this was that we still relate to characters in very old stories written a long time ago even if we live in a totally different society. But the reason is that we still have the same feelings and emotions, especially in social interactions. For example, you can see that Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare during the 17th century but there have been hundreds of movies and books adapting the story changing only the world around the characters. You can see that in Romeo + Juliet by Baz Luhrmann in 1996 with Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes, the story takes place in Verona Beach in Los Angeles but the names, the relations between the characters and the events are exactly the same. Another famous adaption is West Side Story by Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise in 1961. It is a movie inspired by the tragedy Romeo and Juliet and takes place in New York City in the sixties. Therefore, a story written a hundred years ago can still be understood and related by people today. Api20 (discuss • contribs) 10:56, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I really enjoyed your entry! I just have a friendly suggestion to use gender-neutral pronouns. I noticed that in your second paragraph, you refer to the writer as "he", and I think it would be more suitable to use "they". Eagle1020 (discuss • contribs) 14:14, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Will do! Thank you Api20 (discuss • contribs) 17:30, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Power in Social Psychology
Hi, I found this section really interesting and engaging. My suggestion would be that you include a brief definition of conformation bias within your writing (or, alternatively, hyperlink to the wikipedia page on conformation bias?). In fact, I talked about conformation bias within my writing for Truth and I used a source from JSTOR called 'What is conformation bias and why do some people have it?' to define it. Hope that helps. HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 17:26, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Oh that's a great idea, thanks! PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 22:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Power in Biology
Hello, your article was very interesting. It made me think about another form of power in Biology. Maybe you could elaborate a form of power in Darwin's Theory of Evolution: only the most "powerful" or "suitable" could survive the Evolution. It could be interesting. An article about Evolution : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0128-1 Darwin's Theory: Darwin. The Evolution of species. ISBN-13 : 978-0451529060

Furthermore, I also thought of the power of the discipline itself. Biology is a scientific subject. It changes and evolute in Time discovering new truths that societies follow. It has a certain power in finding the truth about life. And sometimes discoveries in science are too hard on societies. Moreover, we could think of how the interactions inside and outside the discipline show relations of power? (fights between biology and religions in History for example). Maybe this idea could develop another power in social power. Here is an article about facts and debates around the Theory of Evolution : https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/02/11/darwin-day/

Here is a book that could be interesting : Michaels A. The Power of a Theory: confronting Evolution and the Nature of our Existence. ISBN-13: 978-1536932454

An article about Biology in our society : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_04_372.

About the impact of science on societies by James Burke Jules Bergman and Isaac Asimov: https://history.nasa.gov/sp482.pdf

Api20 (discuss • contribs) 10:56, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Oh sorry I hadn't seen that as there was already a section concerning my article in the discussion page. I don't think I'll manage to add anything to my article knowing that the deadline is in a few minutes but I'll definitely read these articles! Thanks! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 17:00, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Question about Power in History
Like a previous question about your article, I was wondering if you thought of any different form of power in History. You talked about nihilism and gender but do you think that historical characters, testimonies or facts in History could be examples of power? For example, we choose to talk about an event more than another... I also thought of how History is powerful, why we still learn what is past?

Api20 (discuss • contribs) 10:57, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Power of Gender Bias in Medicine
Hi! I thought you gave some very interesting insight into gender bias in the treatment of patients and medical research, and thought you could maybe also talk a bit more about gender bias within medical professions, as in inequality between men and women working in the medical field, and what power dynamics these create? Here are some linked articles and studies on the subject: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24889702/ and https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/FullText/2018/02000/It_Is_Time_for_Zero_Tolerance_for_Sexual.15.aspx --TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs) 12:54, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello, thank you very much for these links that are very interesting. As I had already written a lot, I only added a small paragraph on this but I will definitely keep it in mind. Feel free to add anything if you want to! Saucesoja (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for power in literature and collaboration
I found your contribution very interesting. I was wondering if you would be interested in looking into post-colonialism and its implications for power in literature. I wrote a section about power in translation, which is connected to literature, and I think post-colonialism is a topic that would be very relevant to both of us, so maybe we could explore the idea together and share resources.Ridumdepiro (discuss • contribs) 14:22, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Sounds very interesting! It could indeed be interesting to talk about the power of gender and culture in Literature... Api20 (discuss • contribs) 17:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion on the Power in Translation
Hey! I find your section very interesting. I've made some minor edits to the grammar of the content. Also, I wonder if you can give a specific example of how the cultural differences between the translator and the author of the source text can influence the outcome? I think it might make your article even better. --PepperOud (discuss • contribs) 15:28, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, I didn't write on this topic, but I was wondering the same thing and I looked up some examples. Most of them were on the impact of translation in diplomatic relations, and I found this very interesting article on the role of language and translation in diplomatic relations between the United Sates and China, if you want to have a look! https://medium.com/discourse/lost-in-translation-how-language-impacts-diplomacy-a81efbbf81ba. This article could also be linked to the last paragraph on the role of culture. Saucesoja (discuss • contribs) 16:12, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for power in translation
Hello, last year in my History class we learned of different translations of the Bible. Interestingly enough, we learned that the word used to describe Mary in the most ancient version (a greek one) was "virgo" which has 2 latin meanings: 1) young girl under 15 and 2)virgin as we think of it now. Maybe you could add a small section where you talk of the gender discrimination that can follow certain translations as the Christian Church chose the second meaning in the Bibles ever since and forced girls to be virgin before a wedding, or that women's sexuality was more taboo then the men's. Just an example of how translation can give more power to a gender :)

Suggestion for the Power of Law
Firstly, I found it very interesting that you included the theories of Michel Foucault in your article as he pushes power farther than the law as you explain clearly. My suggestion was that it could be interesting to analyze the limits of the law and the cases in which it finds itself powerless. You could take the example of international laws that were completely ignored by the USA and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, or countries changing their laws to please big multinational firms. The example of Donald Trump applying pressure to France by adding tariffs as they wanted to tax Google comes to mind. Can individuals, organizations, or countries be powerful enough to render the law powerless?


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User talk:SteRos7/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/Seminar 2/Power

Power in international politics and relations
Even though, as you said, it is difficult to give a single definition of power in international relations, in an article published in the International Organization, Jeffrey Hart distinguished three ways to assess and analyze power at the scale of international relations. It provides a framework so that we can better try to define power. For him, power would be measured first by the resources held. Then according to the actors directly or indirectly involved in these international relations, based on Robert Dahl’s definition of power which is “the power is the ability of A to get B to do something which he would otherwise not do”. Finally and most importantly, he also talks about the links between actions and events rather than actors directly. One way to assess power would therefore be to estimate control over certain events or outcomes that do not necessarily directly concern the actor of the event (eg. Exclusion of Venezuela and Ecuador from the Trad Act by the US : no important consequences for the US but substantial ones for Venezuela and Ecuador).

I also find interesting articles on soft and hard power :

https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/49538 and https://www.jstor.org/stable/26328671

--Write&Leave (discuss • contribs) 12:53, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Good contributions and an interesting article. You may also be interested in the concept of sharp power(propoganda).
 * https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=831031 This is an article on china's use of soft, hard and sharp power in the global arena, especially in relationship to the USA and their fascinating tactic's in using hollywood's economic insentivisation to influence them to create pro-chinese propaganda (only films that show china in a positive light are allowed to be shown). There are also interesting instances of the use of sharp power throughout the cold war.
 * --Oliveoilandgarlic (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I think that when analyzing power in the field of International Relations it is especially interesting to look at how different theories such as realism explore the idea of power.

There are two types of realism that have a different approach to power. The first one is defensive realism that is explored by political sociologists Kenneth Waltz or Robert Jervis. This branch explains that a country should not try to gain too much power as it will be punished by the international system. Indeed, because of the anarchy of the international system, when one country becomes too powerful, other countries are forced to create flexible alliances to bring the increasingly dominant country to an average level of power. This auto-regulating system punishes countries that seek to much power, showing that power is only needed in a certain quantity in order to create a balance in the international order.

However, in offensive realism, states are seen as power maximizers. Indeed, a state only obtains total security when it becomes the global hegemon. Otherwise, a country will always be insecure about other states intentions. This theory therefore uses power as a way to achieve security, but not as a mean to control others.

We can therefore see that in the realist theory of International Relations, power is a mean to obtain balance in the international system (defensive) and a way to achieve national security (offensive), rather than a tool to influence other countries decisions; showing us the multipolarity of power in this discipline.

Power in Health
I find your topic very interesting. However, I struggled to understand some of the sentences. I corrected a few mistakes, please doublecheck the text. I have a few suggestions that could further improve your work.

Firstly, I do not agree with this statement: "These inequalities in healthcare are complex, but are arguably not always due to racism but instead arises from an institutionalised problem in society, built on unconscious biases". Stating that racism is not the cause of health inequalities is very controversial. One could argue that the "institutionalised problem", that you have mentioned, is due to systemic racism. I attach a few articles, that could be very useful. Moreover, you could elaborate more on unconscious bias. Don't you think that it could have emerged from stereotyping and racism?

Secondly, PDI (Power Distance Index) is a very interesting concept, that has its application in healthcare. The index investigates how the understanding of power differs between countries. I know a study by Meeuwesen et al (2009), who investigated how PDI impacts medical communication between the patient and the doctor. You could mention it in "The relationship between the doctor and the patient" section.

PDI (Power Distance Index)/ Cultural Dimensions - https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/the-usa/ Meeuwesen et al study - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399108005302?via%3Dihub

Thirdly, I would advise you to read one more time through your text. The long sentences are confusing and do not improve the overall communication of your work.

--Grammaloretoo (discuss • contribs) 01:18, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for your contributions, I read about the PDI and this is really interesting. For your first point I totally agree with you that these inequalities emerged from stereotyping and racism, this passage in the text is not from me someone added it.

--Write&Leave (discuss • contribs) 10:40, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello @Bascer1000, I am delighted with your great contribution on my text. I decided to repost the part of the text that belongs to you on this page as it is here that the contributions must be made :

These inequalities in healthcare treatment are complex. It is important to realise that these inequalities do not simply stem from individual racism on behalf of doctors, but instead are a more institutionalised problem of in the profession and society as a whole. The power dynamics presented in healthcare are multi-dimensional. Discrimination concerning equity in access to healthcare and the quality of treatment once it is recieved works to diminish the power that minorities have over their treatment. A blunt example of this is that 'Black Americans are systematically underrated for pain relative to White Americans'. New policies and change in society are needed to re-balance this power and eliminate the injustice between patients. The National Committee of Vital Health and Statistics suggests that in order to address racial bias in healthcare, data on medical encounters need to be consistently reported. It is believed that this will enable researchers to spot systematic patterns of discrimination'

--Write&Leave (discuss • contribs) 10:50, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi @Write&Leave and @Grammaloretoo - thanks for your comments. Apologies for putting the section in the wrong place! Also wanted to correct my point above- i was intending to argue that inequalities in healthcare and treatment were less due to conscious, individual racism on behalf of the doctors but was more due to an institutionalised problem of racism in the profession and society as a whole. Thank you for flagging this up -it is an important clarification. I have edited the above passage.

--Bascer1000 (discuss • contribs) 14:42, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi! This was a great contribution and cooperation. Good that we sorted that out! --Grammaloretoo (discuss • contribs) 16:56, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Male Power in Global Politics
Hi! Once again as I contributed to Power in Health, I think PDI (Power Distance Index) would work great here. It is a part of Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory and explains how the relations between the people in power and "normal" citizens affect humans behaviour. You could look at how PDI effects men-women relationships. Moreover, you could look at the negatives of male domination and politics in terms of Covid-19 pandemic.

--Grammaloretoo (discuss • contribs) 17:00, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Social Media
No references subheading even though there were in text citations so fixed that and also made some grammatical and stylistic changes to your work in order to make it read better. I also think it would be interesting if you expanded on the Influence Marketing as you've blanketed it to one type of interaction between influencer and company when, in reality, there are many different contract types influencers have with companies (some being more transparent than others), and the difference this clarity makes in manipulating its users.Apricotptr (discuss • contribs) 12:26, 17 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:PanosKratimenos/sandbox/BASC001/2020-21/Thursday2-3/Power

Power in Science and Gender
I have added a paragraph that adds on from your discussion of gender bias towards female patients in medical treatments. I felt inspired by the part discussing Coronary Heart Disease in female versus male patients and decided to do some of my own research in this subject, as I previously had no idea about the role that gender plays in survival of illnesses. I believed the study of Greenwood et al. is important as it very clearly highlights the dangers that are created when training in medical schools is focused on the male anatomy rather than the female anatomy. Your contribution of the role that gender plays in medical treatment emphasises that power dynamics are still extremely apparent in our everyday life and can have dire consequences if they are not recognised and dealt with in an interdisciplinary manner, as soon as possible. Perhaps by creating a universal and standard set of rules that training in disciplines should be just as focused on issues suffered by females as it is on issues suffered by males. Whether this is in psychology, medicine or literature. MM.Mar 08 (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 09 November 2020 (UTC)

I also added a paragraph similar to the one MM.Mar 08 added, in relation not only to gender but also a racial bias in the medical field. Black women are less likely to be diagnosed, tested, and treated for a condition than the rest of medical patients. While a specific cause for this has not been determined yet, this could be linked to the lack of bibliography on how symptoms manifest on black skin, to the implicit bias of the medical staff, or to the racist assumption that black females overreact to medical symptoms. While in my paragraph I talked about only one specific example, there are plenty of studies confirming this injustice. Cannedtomatoes (discuss • contribs) 02:31, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

That is an incredibly important contribution. I had no idea about this issue existing before now, and now I am grateful to have read your research into it as I feel like it has helped me become less ignorant towards this horrendous problem. MM.Mar 08 (discuss • contribs) 14:45, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your contributions - it's useful to have a more in-depth example of discrimination in medical treatment, and how gender and race interact to cause double-discrimination in black women. I've added these two contributions under "Medical Research and Treatment" as sub-sub-sections because I feel like it is easier to read and understand this way. Alpacamaka (discuss • contribs) 12:50, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power of nonviolence
I have edited the sentence structure of some parts of this contribution, in attempt to aid understanding and help clarifying the points that are being made. I think talking about non-violent approaches is incredibly relevant to power, and thus I hope my slight grammatical corrections, added to your contribution. I must admit, there were some sentences which I did not understand the meaning of and therefore I was unable to help (as I did not want to mess with your overall argument) so I would recommend having another quick read over it. (Bienchen4338 (discuss • contribs) 11:34, 10 November 2020 (UTC))

I have added some structural titles to organise the sub-elements a little bit more. (MM.Mar 08 (discuss • contribs) 14:53, 10 November 2020 (UTC))

The power of Language
I added a sub-section on power in gender and language as an example to show how language is rooted in patriarchy and unequal distributions of power, and how this persists to influence the collective consciousness of people in society today and reinforces gender inequality. Alpacamaka (discuss • contribs) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * This is a very interesting contribution and it is extremely relevant to this section. While my original contribution only ends up mentioning the use of sexist language in English, as I was discussing English as a Lingua Franca, it is important to recognise that this is a phenomenon observable in many languages. This addition, further provides insight into how this still impacts our interpretations and current world views, supporting the point that this is not an issue contained within the discipline of linguistics. Thank you for adding this section. (Bienchen4338 (discuss • contribs) 13:51, 10 November 2020 (UTC))

I corrected a typo from 'coerc' to 'coerce' in the 'Language as a tool' section. (12Tig (discuss • contribs) 12:23, 16 November 2020 (UTC))


text:
User talk:GCooper316/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 10/Power

Formatting, Suggestions and Edits in "Power in Legal Systems"
I did my entry about "power in immigration systems" and I noticed the person above me did "Power in the US electoral system". This both seemed to tie with legal systems, so I changed the formatting by making the titles of both posts "secondary" to "Power in Legal Systems" so they appear as mini sections of each. This way, I think it is a bit more organized, as someone who is interested in reading about Legal Systems and the power relationships within them can click in and pick one issue they are curious towards. RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 13:51, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * It is a good idea to combine the part! However, I personally think that we could give a more relevant part to this section, because it is not very obvious to associate legal with US electoral and immigration is usually referred as illegal (even if it is a legal system at the origin). Hence, the name if not incorrect but I believe we could improve it. I was thinking about: "Power in Institutionalized Systems". This is just a proposition but let me know if you agree. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 07:53, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in the US Electoral College: Suggestions
I think the writer did an excellent job of describing how the rather disproportionate system in place for the electoral college is an example of institutionalised power, but I just have a few comments:

 * 1) This form of power is referred to as indirect, or institutionalized coercion; the institutional process that operates "systematically and consistently to the benefit of certain persons and groups at the expense of others. Those who benefit are placed in a preferred position to defend and to promote their vested interests." I think this statement in the entry needs a reference - where did you get this quote/definition from? The entry on "Power in immigration systems" has a pretty similar statement which is referenced (Check out reference 18) - if it is where you got this definition from, you can use it, if not, perhaps you can alter your entry to utilise this reference.
 * 2) There are some opportunities to make some (inter)disciplinary connections in your entry since there aren't many clear ones right now. You could potentially talk about how the electoral college is an example of institutionalized power within the discipline of politics (more explicitly, perhaps); the intersection between law and politics; how this is a sociological phenomenon that can be studied, etc.

Of course, these are non-exhaustive and just ideas, and if time allows me to I'll try adding onto your wonderful entry. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 16:52, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for spotting that! I have now added the reference to taht quote. I think it would be a great idea to look at it from a sociological perspective, please feel free to add and contributions Avotoast (discuss • contribs) 10:14, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

1. Majority of the information from the text are figures, and I think the author seemed to have properly cited resources (Paragraph 1, …in essence of…..;  Paragraph. 2 it is best to indicate where [1] definition and [2] statistics came from.)

2. Last sentence lacks reference. Without the references, the article would sound like a personal essay where the writer may be deemed a political analyst, which is not clearly established in the essay. Thus, it is recommended to consistently refer to where ideas are extracted from.

3. I find some minor grammatical errors such as the agreement of words in number and spelling. In [15], “this ideas” should be changed into “these ideas” and “giver rise to” should be rewritten “give rise to”. uhmmmm (discuss • contribs) 18:07, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Editing the reference:"Power in Immigration systems"
I've regrouped some references for the part "Power in Immigration systems" because they were references repeated multiple times. Just in case you want to know how to do this in the future, take a look at the discussion in the Truth sandbox where I explained the steps to do. I hope this will help you! Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 07:23, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

In-text citation format
Hi, though I've already posted this in the other issues' sandbox, would like to remind all that it would be better if the in-text citation edits were placed outside the periods or commas instead of before it.

I am basing this in-text citation formatting style off other Wikipedia articles, and this website: https://wilkes.libguides.com/c.php?g=191948&p=1266506#:~:text=Placement%20of%20the%20citation%20numbers,inside%20of%20colons%20and%20semicolons., whereby it states "Generally reference numbers should be placed outside of periods and commas, inside of colons and semicolons."

I've made edits to the in-text citations of "Power in Immigration Systems" entry to reflect this change, but let me know if op wants it reverted. (I also made some minor grammar and language edits, and fixed some of the inconsistent capitalisations especially with country and continent names. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 16:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Fashion (Edits and suggestions)
The content of this entry was thoughtful and interesting! But as I was reading it I made a handful of grammar edits (mostly relating to tenses, verbs relative to singular/plural context, word changes) - please view the Edit History tab to see them, and revert them if you think I've made a mistake. I usually make direct edits to grammar without posting them on the Discussion page, just to let everyone know!

Anyways, I have some further suggestions and clarifications for the entry:

 * 1) The use of "Thus" is rather heavy in this entry, so you may want to consider changing some of it to other sentence starters other than "thus".
 * 2) This phenomenon was accentuated over time with the industrial revolution (mass production and middle class). The statement within the brackets could benefit from further elaboration. I understand that it is to describe what the industrial revolution entailed but perhaps it could have its' independent sentence, something like "Industrial revolution gave rise to mass production..." etc.
 * 3) Even if fashion is not among the “7 arts”, it remains one of it means of expression. I'm not sure what this sentence means - do you mean that even if fashion is not considered an art, it is considered a means of expression? If so, I think "It remains as one of the means of expression" would be more grammatically accurate.

I know today's the last day of the sandbox assignment so hopefully you'll see this in time to make the edits! Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 09:13, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for all these suggestions! I didn't realize how much I repeated myself. I will try my best to do some changes before the deadline. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 15:44, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

I think the author did a great job at explaining the power dynamics surrounding fashion from a variety of different disciplines. In the first paragraph though I am having trouble with the following 3 sentences: "It is a collective phenomenon, therefore it reflects the image of a society and the norms it follows. It is a form of power as indirect coercion. It creates a system of so-called common values (common sense of fashion) that people follow automatically if they don’t want to feel excluded and hence, become the targets of this system" It makes it sound like just because it reflects the image of society it is a form of direct coercion. I would rewrite it to make it clearer and so that it emphasizes that if they do not follow the trends, they become targets of the system which shows the power hierarchy of indirect coercion.

The economy section is great, I can see how this creates power, however in the psychology section the author doesn't really explain how this relates to power. Is it by creating a system of bias (like mentioned in the sociology section)?

For the history section again, I think the author could explain not only "where fashion came from and where it originated." but the historical background of the power hierarchy and maybe how power has shifted throguhout history.

Lastly, in the Arts section the author talks about how the big fashion school are all in Europe and the US, but what is the effect of this? Maybe this leads to the western world imposing their western beauty standards onto other parts of the world? This could be a from of power too.

BUt overall I think you did a great job and these are simply suggestions and are non-exhaustive Avotoast (discuss • contribs) 10:11, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestions, I will try my best to do some further research but I am not sure I could cover all of our suggestions because of the limited time. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

I found your contributions to be an extremely enjoyable read and extensively researched. If it doesn’t bother you, I would like to make some suggestions in your section about Sociology. In your sentences “This vision is not shared by all sociologies. Another sociologist named Carter thinks that the two classes are trying to define his own style while they keep up with the trends”, I feel like the two sentences could be combined and the phrase ‘another sociologist…’ could be replaced into something like this: ‘However, other sociologists such as Carter argue against this claim writing...’. Again, these are just suggestions, you don't have to heed them and I felt like your arguments were well conveyed. Gingerisadog3025 (discuss • contribs) 22:14, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestion! I just made the change. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 15:35, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I've added a section entitled "Further exploration: How Power in Fashion has affected the environment". I discussed how power in fashion continues to act as an issue, more specifically an environmental one, in the form of fast fashion - though it is somewhat outside of a disciplinary context. You can edit the section however you like, op. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 10:50, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your contribution! I have done some rearangement in the section so we could see clearly that your part was opening into another aspect of the power of fashion. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 13:33, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Formatting Discussion Page
I have found not the sandbox, but the discussion page itself unorganized, since suggestions on "Power in Legal Systems" including "Power in US Electoral College" as well as the same suggestions on the "Power of Fashion' repeated multiple times and appeared as different sections, so I have decided to combine all of them under one section, so it is easier to read all of the suggestions about a particular section.--Piscesmoodphase (discuss • contribs) 19:18, 15 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Evidence/Evidence in law

I think it can also be interesting to talk about secondhand evidence. Secondhand evidences are called hearsay evidence. It is when a witness wants to provide evidence on a specific fact relying on a third-party. Since it is secondhand evidence, the court will possibly not accord much intention to it compared to other evidence. Still, it can be useful in an investigation where there are not so many proofs, for example. Borabora18 (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 9 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:Abeg22

In your addition to the contribution on Critical Pedagogy, you made some great comments about power and education on the topic of unequal access - the main focus of critical pedagogy is to empower marginalised students who are disadvantaged and Paulo Freire's work was central to this effort in Brazil! However, I am just wondering whether you think it might be clearer if you added your sentence at the end of the section as an addition to the contribution instead of inserting it within the discussion itself? This is just since the contribution is really elaborating on the views of those within a particular tradition of Critical Theory. Perhaps the way I wrote it made it seem unclear that I was simply sharing the views from this approach as opposed to my own, if you think this is the case feel free to re-phrase some of my sentences to make it more clearer! Xrcaatnp (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abeg22


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in Activism

=Power in activism= Power dynamics is heavily embedded in the act of activism. Activism can be defined as action(s) and effort(s) that promotes a cause in society, with an objective of causing social change. The role of power in three different forms of activism will be examined to demonstrate the ways power can be a force for or against change.

Power in racial activism
The South African apartheid is a system of policies that segregates its citizens by race (the word apartheid is ‘segregation’ in Afrikaans). It was enforced from 1948 to 1994 through its legislation. Activist movements opposing apartheid within South Africa began as early as 1949, mainly through strikes and boycotts mobilized by the African National Congress (ANC). From this point on towards the late 50s, the notion of power held by activist and political groups is demonstrated through a strategy of influencing from a grassroot level, by inspiring thoughts on individuals and mobilizing them. The mainly peaceful domestic activist movements later escalated to armed conflicts in the 60s, which can be interpreted as the power of direct coercion held by the white South African authority clashing with the physicalized strategical activist power of the then underground ANC and other organizations.

On the international level, the US and its western allies initially generally avoided interference in South Africa’s racial movements. However, with the pressure from the rising civil rights movements within the US and Western European countries, states began to impose sanctions through the UN on the South African regime during the 60s and onwards. Here denotes a transition of power from transnational protest strategies in the activist movements of the Western society to an institutionally coercing power represented by Western states in international politics, through interventionalist efforts of condemnation, sanctions, and boycotts. Some historians noted the lack of direct impact on South African’s white minority regime from the transnational activist movements until the power is transformed to the nation-states level, and suggested that states’ institutional power remain more dominant in promoting socio-political change compared to civil transnational activism.

Power in economic activism
Economic activism promotes change with economic power as the means. Consumers hold the power to promote opinion and ideals by purchasing goods from certain brands that share their vision and ideas on certain issues, and on the other hand they can boycott goods to pressurize corporations and organizations to participate (or not to participate) or fund (or defund from) certain movements and policies. Here the purchasing power of consumer is given a new layer of socio-political meaning, and the power can transfer into higher levels of capital coercion among the corporate level.

Economic activism also comes in the form of corporate/industry lobbying, where private sectors and interest groups mobilize their socioeconomic power to influence policies or government opinion. This can be seen as a power of indirect coercion where influences of corporations in the neoliberal capitalist market systematically change social opinions and create political trends/values that ultimately benefits the set of corporations. An example is the donations made by the tobacco industry to the Republican administration of the US in exchange for representation of interest and bias in public health and economic policies.

Power in academic activism
Activism has been visible in many aspects of academia. One form of academic activism is the cause for changes in the policies of higher education and research institutions. The gender and racial inequality and bias in universities and research departments across the Western world has been brought to discussion and scrutiny in the recent years, concerning that institutional power of certain races and genders is mobilized to defend bias in academia.

The academia also hold power in shaping and promoting the development of social activism. It can be seen as putting theory into practice, and that the conventional political turbulence between moderates and progressives can also be found in the academic activist discourse. Here the power of the arguably subjective truth that is generally perceived to be produced through academic research and debate is mobilized to strategically inform and empower activist movements.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/1292 Advanced Programmable Video System

History
The 1292 Advanced Video Programmable Video System was released in either 1976 or 1978.

Technology
The 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System is powered by an 8-bit Signetics 2650AI processor clocked at about 887kHz.

A Signetics 2636N Programmable Video Interface (PVI) chip clocked at 3.58 megahertz is used for graphics, capable of rendering four sprites, a background grid and four score digits. By programming in real-time during each scan of the TV picture, the sprites may be reprogrammed further down the screen. Similarly, score digits may be displayed at both the top and bottom of the screen. All video is generated from 113 registers in the PVI. As such, there is no video RAM in this system. The PVI also provides the programmer with 37 bytes of scratch memory that maybe used for variables. A few games cartridges for these consoles such as chess included an extra 1kB of RAM.

Games
Two games were specific to the Voltmace Database.

External Resources

 * IGDB - 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System page with history and specs.
 * Video Game Console Library - Page with history, specs, and photos of variants.


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History of video games/Platforms/Electro Tic-Tac-Toe

History
The Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe was released in 1972. The Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe is perhaps among the first electric handheld systems and a possible influence to many other designs that would follow, though it's reliance on players for logic and scoring makes this status disputed. Unfortunately, little more is known about the history of the Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe.

Technology
Button illumination came from lamps, with filters used to add color. The system was simple, and gameplay only supported two players. The Electro Tic-Tac-Toe is powered by two D size batteries.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Merlin

Development
The Merlin was developed by former NASA employee Dr. Bob Doyle and his astrophysicist wife Dr. Holly Doyle in the 1970's. In 1977 Bob Doyle was working on an electronic tic tac toe game, but was told by a marketing employee to make something that wasn't boring. The case was designed by Arthur Venditti, who had also named the Nerf Ball.

Speaking to Washington Post reporter Tom Zito in 1978, Robert Doyle lamented not having long term storage for the Merlin due to the limitations of technology at the time. Doyle also hoped to use voice activated technology in the future. Reporter Tom Zito himself would later work on the Control Vision console.

Launch
The Merlin was launched by Parker Brothers in 1978. The Merlin cost $25 dollars or $35 dollars. In 1979 the Merlin continued to sell well.

In 1982 the Master Merlin was launched. In 1996 the screen based system Merlin, the 10th quest was released. A smaller, more power efficient Merlin was released in 2004.

Technology
The Merlin is powered by a 4 bit Texas Instruments TMS1100 processor. When ordered in bulk, the TMS1000 was inexpensive, and cost around $2.

The Merlin has 48 bytes of RAM and two kilobytes of ROM.

External Resources

 * Centre for Computing History - Merlin the Electronic Wizard page.
 * Computer History Museum - Merlin page.
 * Handheld Museum - Merlin page.
 * Handheld Museum - Master Merlin page.
 * Handheld Museum - Merlin the 10th quest page.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Merlin


text: User:Nathanwhit/Miracle Rice

title: User:Nathanwhit/Miracle Rice


text:
User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 12/Power

Social Media in Politics
Hey to the writer of Power of Social Media in Politics! I wrote power in social media and would like to know if you want to combine both our works. Let me know if you want to. hplover101 (discuss • contribs) 11:51, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi undercoveraustrian ! Just to say that maybe you should clarify which disciplines you're linking to power by defining by saying it clearly as I think you're tackling several ones such as marketing and media. Hope I helped ! Basc0024 (discuss • contribs)

Hey Basc0024, I am sorry, I am not quite sure what you mean? Marketing and media are not part of my text, I think you might be mixing my text up with someone else's? Thank you anyway! Undercoveraustrian (discuss • contribs) 12:23, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Undercoveraustrian

Hey basc00024, i think you're talking to me! I'll clarify it in my introduction.

Hey ! Sorry, I was talking about the work on Power and Social Media ! Basc0024 (discuss • contribs)

Hello to the writer of Power in Social Media! I think it's a really relevant topic, especially given how heavy its use has been within the recent US elections. In a similarly global thread, nations like China seem to have recognized the power of social media, leading to widespread censorship of its residents. Here's a bit about that if you're interested: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-54818111 If you don't want to listen to it, it's basically a short interview with a journalist in Beijing who explains how certain words carry weight with censorship authorities, and the negative legal trouble people can face if their social media even contains a single volatile word. It leads to self-censorship because nobody wants that negative attention, and creates a very strategic form of power that almost polices itself with the threat of punishment for even mild displays of dissent. It's a stark contrast to a lot of Europe and the US, where censorship may be present, but to a far lesser degree, and authorities only get involved when criminal activity or terrorism is involved. Simply voicing displeasure with the government here, for example, is a perfectly legal thing in a nation with free speech. Dyinghouseplant (discuss • contribs) 02:15, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

new link, hope it works this time! https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-49527899 Dyinghouseplant (discuss • contribs) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi Dyinghouseplant! I wrote the Power in Social Media and think that your short summary is useful. However, I don't think it's the right link. Could you give me the correct link so that I could i add a short paragraph on this? Thank you so much for your contribution. hplover101 (discuss • contribs) 11:43, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Art and Power
I found your article very interesting, especially your point of art as a counter power. Your contribution inspired me to do a bit more reading on the topic of art and power and I found a book that discusses the function of art in balancing power dynamics in the modern world. A preview of the book (Art Power, Boris Groys (2008)) is available here if you are interested!

Hi ! Thank you for the link ! I read it but it is more about the power of art while I discussed the relation between art and power ! However, it's always interesting to see another way I could've dealt with this subject ! Basc0024 (discuss • contribs) Hi Basc0024! I read your article on "Art and Power" and I find this topic fascinating. Especially how you analyzed the way in which Art is used as a tool for propaganda. However, I was wondering if maybe your article might lack some referencing, or maybe it was made like this on purpose. If you want it, I found an essay written by Richard Reitzell that I think tackles exactly your subject. You can do whatever you want with it! Here is the link: https://cmato.org/art-and-power

Uclqrdi (discuss • contribs) 17:59, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Uclqrdi

Hi uclqrdi ! Yes in fact I mostly made my article based on things I learned in some courses in high school and didn't really use any new information so that is why it might seem poor in references. But thank your for your link, I will look at it ! Basc0024 (discuss • contribs)

Hey Basc0024! I enjoyed reading about your topic :) and I found a really interesting lecture about the history of art/ art and politics. You can read it out of interest if you don't have much time left but I'll leave you with the reference :) (was going to choose this topic at first) History of Art | Art and the Politics of Power [Internet]. Sessions.edu. 2020 . Available from: https://documents.sessions.edu/eforms/courseware/coursedocuments/history_of_art/lesson6.html Vranuq

Hi Vranuq, thank you for this very interesting link, I just add a short paragraph based on it in my work. I find it great to see that not only paintings but also architecture are used by the power in the same purpose. Basc0024 (discuss • contribs)

Hey! This is not super relevant to the points in the article, and it's pretty late so I thought I'd just put it in the discussion. I think quite an interesting illustration of power in Art is how art was treated in Nazi Germany. They banned modern art, then handpicked modern up pieces to create a gallery of degenerate art, which existed so that people could come look down at it. It was contracted with exhibitions of more conventional art, all presented to back up the Nazi Party's message. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/degenerate-art

Great article! YouShouldNeverHaveLetMeBegin (discuss • contribs) 23:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Literature
Hey, to the person that wrote power in literature, I love what you wrote and the subject you chose and I wanted to look more into literature for children and the power behind it so I did some research and found this book Arizpe, E. (Ed.), Smith, V. (Ed.). (2016). Children as Readers in Children's Literature. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315751542. I didn't read everything but I did found some interesting facts about children's literature and I wrote a little paragraph to add to your article ! Hope your like it ! --Uclqesm (discuss • contribs) 10:42, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Uclqesm

Hi Uclqesm! I love what you wrote. It's really interesting to analyze how literature affects children into becoming teenagers and adults! Thank you for your contribution to my article, I loved it!

Uclqrdi (discuss • contribs) 13:05, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Uclqrdi

Hey Uclqrdi,

I just wanted to say that I loved your text and found especially the paragraph about "power of explanation" very touching. Literature really is a mirror of reality in a way, and as you say, allows us to experience things through someone else's eyes. Describing an experience like the one you mentioned with the arrest and the trauma that person must have gone through truly evokes strong emotions, which is also a very powerful thing, don't you think?

Undercoveraustrian (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Undercoveraustrian

Hi Undercoveraustrian! Thank you for your feedback, it's really appreciated. Being able to feel the emotions of the narrator while reading his book is definitely extremely powerful. To the point where it can sometimes be traumatizing if not well prepared and aware. I completely agree with you. Thanks again for your feedback!

Uclqrdi (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Uclqrdi

Hi Uclqrdi ! I just read your article and really liked it! I just wanted to add something regarding children's literature. In fact, it often carries really stereotypical point of views on gender. As an example, boys are often depicted as girls' savior, especially in princess' stories. It can then influences the way in which the children see the genders and their place in society. I think it really shows the importance of the power of literature, even more at a time where gender equality is a global issue we still need to fight for. Basc0024 (discuss • contribs)

Hi Basc0024! I completely agree with you. This is a great example of how powerful Literature is. However, I really wanted to insist on the positive aspects more than the negatives ones. But you are completely right, and Literature can be full of misconceptions!

Uclqrdi (discuss • contribs) 16:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)Uclqrdi


text:
History of video games/Platforms/BSS 01

Development
The system used imported chips from the United States of America, a rare occurrence due to the prevalence of clone chips and serious export restrictions on legal transport of such chips to communist nations. These chips were likely obtained by funneling them through a network of fake companies to hide their use from export regulations and then smuggled across the border to East Germany.

Launch
The BildSchirmSpiel 01 (BSS 01) was released sometime around 1980 in East Germany for 500 East German marks, playing games similar to Pong. This cost of the console was prohibitive, costing as much as a worker would make in a half month.

Legacy
The price was reduced to 330 East German Marks in 1984, when the system was discontinued having sold 1,000 consoles, in order to focus production on alarm clocks with radios.

Around the reunification of East Germany with West Germany in 1990, most East German computer organizations folded. This included the BSS 01 manufacturer Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt Oder (HFO), which ceased operations around 1991. Despite widespread unemployment initially, the computer industry had returned to former East German areas by 2000.

Retrospective
The BSS 01 serves as a unique example of how a Warsaw Pact country approached building a video game console during the Cold War, and the barriers that had to be surmounted to create it. It furthermore shows how social factors surrounding the release of a console could cause it to sell poorly, in this case a high cost compared to standard worker wages.

Technology
The BSS 01 uses a GI AY-3-8500-7 chip and produces black and white graphics.

External Resources

 * Old Computers - BSS 01 page with history and specs.
 * Pong Museum - BSS 01 page with history, photos, and specs.
 * Game Medium - BSS 01 page with history.

title: History of video games/Platforms/BSS 01


text:
History of video games/Platforms/L600

History
"Your home will never be the same."

Development
The L600 was originally devised out of a desire to play Quake CTF on console.

Indrema was founded by John Gildred in January of 2000 with 50 employees. The L600 was announced in March of 2000.

Indrema was present at Linux World 2000 in San Jose.

By November of 2000 Indrema was in talks with third party peripheral manufacturers to make accessories for the console.

Indrema offered developer support through the Indrema Developer Network via the CollabNet.

The Indrema L600 was to cost $299, and would have included one bundled game along with one official controller. Indrema stated the system would be sold at a loss.

The platform technology was named the Indrema Entertainment System, or IES for Short, and the first and only console to use it was the L600.

Indrema had been planning to attend the August 2001 Linux World Expo, which was being held in San Francisco, California that year.

Legacy
"The revolution will continue without Indrema"

On April 6th of 2001 Indrema became defunct following the pull out of Venture Capital funding, laying off all employees. Unlike most canceled consoles, due to its comparatively open development process, the L600 offers a unique look at the gaming industry, at a time when console gaming industry practices were relatively opaque.

John Gildred later would work at Google as the director of project management on Android TV.

Compute
The L600 was to use an x86 AMD Duron CPU clocked at 600 (later 750 megahertz ).

The L600 would have had 64 megabytes of "Core" RAM, and 32 megabytes of "local" RAM.

The L600 would have had an upgradable NVIDIA GeForce 3 AGP GPU. This GPU was listed as being able to render between 120 million and 180 million polygons a second as configured in the L600. The system could output resolutions as high as 1080i.

Hardware
The L600 would have had a 7200RPM 10 gigabyte IDE ATA100 hard drive, as well as a 4x speed DVD drive. Hard drive storage capacities for up to 50 gigabytes were noted. The LSeries would have used DVD-9 discs for physical games, and even CD-Rs were considered.

The L600 would have had 10/100 megabit ethernet. The system optionally supported a 56k dial up modem.

A built in DVR function was planned to be released three months to a half year following launched in an updated higher end model.

The system would have had four front mounted USB ports for controllers.

The system was designed to look like high end home theater equipment, and its dimensions were 12.5 inches by 10.5 inches by 3 inches.

Official controllers would have had dual analog sticks, four face buttons, two triggers, a directional pad, and rumble feedback.

Software
The L600 would have ran the DV Linux operating system made in partnership with Red Hat. Proprietary applications would have been allowed.

The system software was optimized for running 3D titles, and OpenGL was supported as a graphics API. The system also used OpenAL and OpenStream. Applications were intended to always be full screen.

Games developed for the system were to be certified, with either a one time freeware fee being collected, or a one time plus per copy cut for commercial titles. DRM would have restricted what software could be run to certified titles only. All certified software would be cryptographically signed by Indrema as a result. Special consideration was given to open source games.

Game updates were supported, though discouraged as Indrema was worried about consumer reactions to developer overreliance on updates. System software was also updatable over the internet.

The console used the X11 window system, and Indrema partnered with MetroLink to ensure good support. Indrema had been developing a proprietary TV friendly UI API called Xtrema.

The system software featured the Mozilla internet browser and email client out of the box, and would have been among the first home consoles to do so.

External Resources

 * Video Game Console Library - L600 page.
 * IDN Developer Chat Archive

title: History of video games/Platforms/L600


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History of video games/Platforms/ApeXtreme

History
Apex Digital was founded in 1997.

The ApeXtreme was set to launch in spring, and then the summer of 2004 at a cost of around $399 for the full unit, and $299 for a reduced capability console. The announcement of revised specifications around March 2004 also included raising the price to $499. This would also cause VIA to seek a partner in the handheld gaming space, which they would find in the VIA MOMA.

At E3 2004 Apex Digital showed support for DISCover.

In December 2004 the chairman of Apex Digital was arrested by authorities in China on charges of fraud. At the time Apex had 113 employees.

By January 3rd, 2005 development on the ApeXtreme was postponed, with DISCover support being dropped from the planned console.

Compute
The ApeXtreme uses a VIA CN400 processor clocked at 1.4 gigahertz

The GPU of the ApeXtreme is a S3 DeltaChrome.

Hardware
The ApeXtreme had planned to use a 40 gigabyte IDE hard drive and a DVD player for storage.

Via Vinyl Audio was going to be used to offer Dolby 5.1 sound output.

The ApeXtreme offered 10/100 megabit ethernet, and also a dial up modem with a speed of 56.6 kilobits per second for internet connectivity.

Software
The ApeXtreme runs an embedded version of Windows XP.

Compute
The ApeXtreme was supposed to use an AMD Athlon XP 2000+ processor.

The ApeXtreme was set to use a GeForce 4MX GPU built into a motherboard using the nForce2 chipset by Biostar.

RAM used was 256 megabytes of DDR SDRAM clocked at 256 Megahertz.

Hardware
The revised system still included a 40 gigabyte hard drive.

The ApeXtreme was supposed to be capable of recording video.

Notable games
The ApeXtreme was intended to play existing PC games.

External Resources

 * Video Game Console Library - DISCover technology and ApeXtreme page.


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History of video games/Platforms/Chameleon

Development
The Chameleon was a retro themed console themed after the Atari Jaguar that would have used cartridges and would have cost $300 at launch. Despite featuring casing from a former Atari product, the console was briefly marketed under the Coleco brand, which had famously been a rival to Atari with their ColecoVision console about a decade before the Jaguar was launched. Thus despite heavy anachronisms, the console had serious retro theming.

Initially conceived as the Retro VGS and later as the Coleco Chameleon, the project was launched on Indiegogo where it raised $81,158 out of a $1,950,000 goal. The Chameleon was supposed to be launched on Kickstarter, though the Kickstarter page launch was delayed due to the lack of a working prototype. Unusually, the case of the console was decided on before the console electronics.

A number of suspect photos and demonstrations in early 2016 caused the system to be mistrusted online, and Coleco pulled the right to use their name to the console makers.

Legacy
Chameleon development stopped in April 2016. The system is mainly remembered as a high-profile example of one of many crowdfunding projects that never materialized.

Technology
The Chameleon went from being designed around an FPGA to being designed around an ARM processor.

One demonstration unit appeared to be an New-Style Super NES inside an Atari Jaguar case.

External Resources

 * YouTube - Demonstration at the 2016 New York Toy Fair.


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User talk:SteRos7/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/Seminar 1/Power

Power in Journalism
Perhaps it is worth noting the significance of the media? Try to contextualise the use of power in the academic discipline of media studies instead of journalism.

Re: Power in Journalism
I did not see this topic when I decided to write my post on the power of the fourth estate. I was pleasantly surprised because your post on journalism serves as a nice complement to my post on the power of the fourth estate. While I talked about the powers of traditional media and journalism, your post talks about the limitations of journalism and the press and its dwindling power in modern times. I believe it is good to understand both sides of the coin. While we should understand the power of journalism, we should also be cognizant of its flaws and its limitations. To add on to your point, I think something to think about is that many people do not trust the news anymore, and it is interesting to think about this shifting power dynamic and landscape.

Power in filmmaking
It could be worth mentioning the power that filmmaking has on a subconscious level, that even though the film might not explicitly be dealing with specific topics, it can still have influences on the audience. E.g. the power that films have to reenforce gender stereotypes by how characters are presented. In the documentary 'Miss Representation' it mentioned that between 1937-2005 there were only 13 female protagonists in animated movies, and only 1 of their story lines didn't involve looking for love. This will have a profound impact on how audiences few female's overtime.

Power in History
To expand a little on your point about history not always being written by the victors, I think there's lots of evidence from even further back, such as the Vikings and Genghis Khan. Contemporary history like the Vietnam War is something that different people definitely have different views on. I feel like it would make a stronger case to bring up more ancient history, because we tend to see that as more set and unchanging.

Also, something interesting I came across was the idea that history is written not by the victors, but by the writers, which sounds silly but is meaningful because very few people were literate throughout most of history. That might be worth addressing as well. Pacific23

Power of Law
Hello, I read your section and found it pretty interesting. Respectfully, there may be a point missing though: 'It is claimed that people are more likely to obey the law when they think the law is legitimate and fair', what if not ? You could maybe post one example of that kind of problem and its resolution (briefly).


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in geography

Definition of geography
Ethymology : from Greek, “geo” means the world and “graphy” means “to write”. Geography’s purpose was to describe the world the Greeks lived in. Nowadays, according to National Geographic, its definition is :"The study of places and the relationships between people and their environments ." With all the discoveries that have progressively been made throughout history, the perception of our world has changed. We can observe this shift through maps, which stem from cartography. Indeed, we could say that, “the truth of geography” evolves with “the truth of cartography”. But how does truth change in a discipline that should represent our world, when our world does not physically change? Who decides of those changes and why?

Evolving Truth
The oldest map that has been found was created during the 6th century BC by the Babylonians. Early civilisations like the Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians represented their territory at the center of the world. It was not accurate, some enemy populations did not appear on the map as it was rather constructed around the Babylonians' religious beliefs (which was also the case during very religious periods such as the Middle Ages). Many tried mapping out the world after this.

But during the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy was the first one to democratize the techniques that we are familiar with today : longitudinal and latitudinal lines. (This idea originates from geographer, Marino of Tyre). This gave a scientific dimension to the discipline that helped future geographers and cartographers map out the world using a global system.

The second wave of exploration, started with the discovery of the Americas in 1492, broadened europeans' perception of the world as they had only been aware of the existence of Africa and Asia up until then.

As the explorers traveled by sea, they used these methods :

 * Recorded all ports, used a compass to (imprecisely) determine directions from one port to the other.

 * Measured sailing times in between ports.
 * Drew out sketches of coastal boarders.

Consequently, people in charge of mapping out the world (explorers, geographers, cartographers) were in control of people's Truth regarding their world. Progress in technology (satellites, GPS etc.) has allowed anybody to observe an accurate representation of the world from any technological device. (Google Earth)

Distortions of Truth
We will observe two examples, at different scales : regional and international.

 * The Sea of Japan borders Japan, North and South Korea. Since 1992, at the 6th United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, there have been objections to the name that had been most commonly used since the 19th century: Sea of Japan. Indeed, North Korea wants to rename it “Korean East Sea” while South Korea “East Sea”. This doesn't change any laws about the sea itself, but the more land is in a territory's name, the more powerful it appears to foreign countries.
 * The map that has been most commonly used since its creation by Mercator in 1569, has been criticized for actually distorting reality. This is the result of trying to convert a surface that is round onto a flat surface. Consequently, territories located toward the middle of the map (the equator) shrink and territories closest to the poles expand. Mercator chose to prioritize the accurate shape of the continents instead of their size. This has led to some misconceptions, which tend to benefit the wealthiest part of the world, the North; by minimising the size of (usually) less developed countries.
 * For example, Africa appears smaller than it actually is. Greenland seems to be 2 to 3 times bigger than Africa, but is in reality 14 times smaller. Likewise, countries like China, the United States and Russia are represented bigger than they actually are. Which might further emphasize their power.

These two examples show us how things that could seem unimportant because they don't affect reality directly, have a consequential impact on our perception. Indeed, Truth is relative and shifts with what is commonly considered as such. If the only way for us to know about the world were through maps (as it was before internet and the democratization of education), then these maps would become our truth. This highlights the close link between Truth and Power.


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User:Toad40

This account was just created on here so no one can impersonate me from other wiki projects. Please go to my talk pages on other wikis if you want to contact me. This isn't a requirement though, you can contact me here if you want. (I have cross-wiki notifications on.)

title: User:Toad40


text:
User talk:43.251.108.126

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 week due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 03:35, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:43.251.108.126


text:
History of video games/Platforms/UzeBox

Introduction
As a result of it's minimalist design, Uzebox became the perhaps the first open hardware game console to see significant production and development, proving a model that many other open source consoles would follow in.

History
Uzebox 1.0 was released on August 24th, 2008.

Adafruit produced a Uzebox variant called the Fuzebox in November of 2008.

In late 2009 video playback support was added to the Uzebox.

In March of 2011 the energy drink company Redbull created a console based on the UzeBox.

The Belogic domain which hosted the UzeBox website appears to have gone offline around January 26th, 2021.

Technology
The technology direction of the Uzebox is described as "Retro Minimalist" by Uzebox creator Alec Bourque. As a result the Uzebox uses far fewer components and uses much older technology compared to other contemporary consoles.

Compute
The Uzebox is based around an 8-bit Atmel ATmega644 AVR architecture microcontroller that is rated for 20 megahertz, but overclocked to 28.6 megahertz. The ATmega644 has four kilobytes of RAM and 644 kilobytes of flash storage, which is the entirety of memory and storage on the console. The Microcontroller is responsible for general compute, graphics, and sound, which is especially impressive given the lack of an built in hardware GPU or audio codec on the chip. The system can generate up to 32 sprites can be displayed at once, and output at a maximum resolution of 360 by 244 pixels.

The microcontroller is the primary integrated circuit on the console. The only other integrated circuit used is either an AD725 or an AD723 chip depending on the configuration, which converts RGB from the microcontroller into an NTSC signal.

A simple but effective DAC is implemented in resistors, with a mini DAC for Red, Green, and Blue each. This allows the system to output up to 256 colors, with 3 bits of green, 3 bits of red, and 2 bits of blue.

For sound the UzeBox has three wavetable channels, one noise channel, and one PCM channel that outputs in 8 bit mono at 15 kilohertz.

The console originally adopted controllers from the NES, but were later replaced with easier to find SNES controllers. Support for an SD card reader and ethernet support eventually added to the console.

Games
A number of UzeBox games and demos exist.
 * ESD Attack - A game developed by Sparkfun Electronics.

Read more
The WikiBook Embedded Systems has a section on programing Atmel AVR processors.

title: History of video games/Platforms/UzeBox


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History of video games/Platforms/Arduboy

Development
The first version of the Arduboy was made in February 2014. By March 2014 the 1.6 millimeter thick Bateske Arduboy was shown off online as a business card that plays a clone of Tetris and goes viral.

In January 2015 the creator of the Arduboy quits their job and moves to China to begin working in a co-working space at hardware accelerator HAX in Shenzhen, China. Interestingly, Bunnie Huang, a key developer of the earlier MOMA handheld game console, would serve as a HAX partner, though it is unknown if there was any deeper connection with the Arduboy. By May 2015 the Arduboy Kickstarted is launched, receiving four times their funding goal on the first day.

In February 2016, the production version of the Arduboy Schematic was released. Around that time, production of the Arduboy was handled by a factory operated by SEEED Studio.

Launch
The Arduboy was launched in August 2016.

A version of the Arduboy called the Tetris Microcard was launched in April 2017 at a cost of $54, and was built around an officially licensed Tetris Game.

In April 2019, Kevin Bates demonstrated the Arduflexboy, a one off flexible version of the console. Using a 2 layer flexible polyimide substrate PCB created with OSH Park services, the system was 2.5mm thick at it's deepest point. . Despite its proof of concept status, it is perhaps one of the first game console models to be foldable.

The size reduced Arduboy Mini was announced on July 4th, 2019 with plans for a limited release.

In October 2019 the Arduboy was used in the Roanoke Public Library in Roanoke, Virginia for its first official use in an educational workshop. The economic and logistic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic affected both shipping and the education program.

By mid 2019, a community made cartridge system was developed for the console by making use of existing test pads, leading to plans for an official expansion capable of handling multiple different games. By November 1st, 2020 the Arduboy FX official modchips began shipping. Seeed Studio was given an order for 1,000 Arduboy FX consoles by November 30th, 2020. By March 4th, 2021 the chips had shipped, which included a 16 megabyte W25Q128 flash chip for keeping multiple applications loaded on the system storage at once. The rear silkscreen of the FX module included community artwork.

On February 1st, 2021 an Arduboy Nano was demonstrated, featuring the same compute resources as the full model in well under a square inch, but with only a 25mAh battery.

Compute
The ArduBoy uses an ATmega32u4 clocked at 16 megahertz as it's processor. The ATmega32u4 is an 8-bit AVR architecture CPU capable of 16 DMIPS of performance.

The Arduboy has 2560 bytes (2.5 kilobytes) of SRAM. The Aduboy has 32 kilobytes of flash program storage and one kilobyte of EEPROM.

Hardware
The Arduboy uses an SSD1306 OLED display, a black and white display incapable of grayscale shades, and a resolution of 128 by 64 pixels. The display uses horizontal addressing by default, but can also use vertical addressing. For audio, the Arduboy has a piezo speaker with two channels for basic sounds.

The Arduboy is powered by a 180 miliamp hour thin film lithium polymer battery. The Bateske Arduboy business card was powered by a coin cell battery for around 9 hours.

The Arduboy is five millimeters thick. The Tetris Microcard has a thickness of about ten credit cards. Both the Arduboy and the Tetris Microcard are designed to be stored in a wallet.

Community Technology
A modified version of the Arduboy with a crank controller on the side was demonstrated on June 5th, 2019.

A PCBless 3D printable design was demonstrated by a community member by February 2020.

A number of community projects involved repurposing old hardware to function as Arduboys.

Games
Despite limited system capabilities, a number of games have been developed or ported to the system. While the system is optimized for 2D games, a few 3D games have been developed for the system.

MicroCity
A city simulation game with 3 terrains, eight buildings, and disasters.

Mirco Arcade Series

 * The Oregon Trail
 * Tetris
 * Missile Command & Centipede Combo
 * PacMan
 * Asteroids & Breakout Combo
 * DigDug
 * Qbert
 * Space Invaders
 * Galaga
 * Millipede & Combat Combo

External Resources

 * Arduboy website
 * Arduboy Kickstarter
 * ProjectABE - Open source HTML5 Arduboy emulator and IDE.


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History of video games/Platforms/Pokitto

History
Finnish product designer Jonne Valola developed the Pokitto. At Maker Faire Rome in 2016, prototypes of the Pokitto were available for hands on demonstrations. A Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the project was launched on April 28, 2017.

The Pokitto was released around New Years 2018. Pokitto Magazine Issue 1 was released in July 2019. Pokitto Magazine Issue 2 was released in July 2020.

Compute
The Pokitto is powered by an using an 32 bit ARM Cortex M0+ LPC11U68 processor clocked at 48 megahertz with 36 kilobytes of RAM and 256 kilobytes of flash storage built in.

Hardware
The Pokitto uses a color 2.0" TFT LCD.

The Pokitto has a 600 mAh lithium polymer battery which lasts for 6 to 8 hours.

The computer is made in the USA, and the ABS plastic casing is made in Finland.

The Pokitto uses a microSD card.

Add ons
A Joystick N' Rumble Hat add on uses a 3D printed case that mounts to the top of the unit and adds a joystick, two additional face buttons, and optional rumble capability.

The Traffic Lights Kit adds either two or four miniature traffic lights to the console.

Games
A number of games have been made for the Pokitto.

External Resources

 * GitHub - Pokitto GitHub page.


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History of video games/Platforms/Gamebuino

Development
The original Gamebuino was initially a project done for the amusement of its creator.

Gamebuino Launch
The launch of the original Gamebuino classic occurred in 2014. Thousands of Gamebuino classic consoles were distributed. Outside it's home nation of France, the console was typically exported to countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.

An open source DIY kit called the MAKERbuino was demoed at Maker Faire Rome 2016 and later crowdfunded through kickstarter. This version was designed by a Croatian developer, and through collaboration with the original Gamebuino team, was made 100% compatible with it. This developer also received some assistance from the Pokkito developer.

Gamebuino Meta Development
A Kickstarter in November 2017 was held for the improved Gamebuino Meta with a planned launch date for January 2018.

Gamebuino Meta Launch
Gamebuino production started on the 9th of February 2018, with the option of picking up units in St-Etienne, France. Gamebuino began shipping on February 20, 2018. Uniquely for a console launch, members of the community were invited to come to an office to see production, and were also invited to a February 26th, 2018 party to help the team ship consoles.

In 2019 Python programming support was added to the Gamebuino.

Temporary Closure and Revival
On October 1st, 2020 the Gamebuino line was quietly discontinued when Gamebuino maker Aadalie SAS entered judicial liquidation. This closure is said to be unrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic. A DIY Kit for the Gamebuino Meta had been planned, but not released.

In February of 2021 it was announced that the company Papillon Ingénierie would revive the Gamebuino project By the 25th of 2021 the GameBuino was fully relaunched.

Gamebuino Technology
The original Gamebuino was a simple Arduino based portable system which used a black and white display and a rechargeable battery.

Compute
The Gamebuino Meta is powered by a 32 bit ATSAMD21 ARM Cortex M0+ architecture microcontroller.

The microcontroller has 32 kilobytes of RAM and 256 kilobytes of flash storage built in.

Hardware
A 1.8" backlit color TFT LCD with a resolution of 160 by 128 pixels is included. By default the display runs at half resolution to highlight pixel art. Eight RGB LEDs on the Gamebuino Meta offer off screen lighting effects.

The system sports a microSD card slot for expanded storage.

The Gamebuino has a 10 bit DAC and a class D amp for audio.

Battery life is about 16 hours on the included 900 mAh LiPo battery.

The Gamebuino Meta was made in France, leveraging French manufacturing facilities.

Software
Games for the Gamebuino are typically free and open source games coded in C or C++.


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History of video games/Platforms/Adafruit PyGamer

History
The Adafruit PyGamer was released on May 21st, 2019 for $39.95.

In July 2019 the system attracted media attention for a media player developed for the system that displayed GIFs of noted actor Keanu Reeves. The previous month Keanu Reeves had gained widespread attention in the gaming community for announcing his role in Cyberpunk 2077.

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic Adafruit shifted focus to manufacture and distribute vital personal protective equipment under New York State Executive Order 202.6. As a result non-essential orders for products such as the PyGamer were routed through distributors such as DigiKey.

Though niche, the system had an enduring legacy, and was well known for it's good software support.

Compute
The PyGamer is powered by an 32 bit ARM Cortex M4 ATSAMD51J19 processor clocked at 120 megahertz with 192 kilobytes of RAM and 512 kilobytes of flash storage. The processor can be overclocked to at least 200 megahertz for increased performance.

The PyGamer has eight megabytes of flash storage. A microSD card slot is used for expanded storage.

Hardware
The PyGamer has a color 1.8" TFT LCD with a resolution of 160 by 128 pixels. This screen was backlit, and had adjustable brightness levels. The PyGamer also has five "NeoPixels", which are individually addressable RGB LEDs.

The PyGamer sports a 3 axis accelerometer and a front facing light sensor. This allows some motion controls for games, as well as to dynamically adjust screen brightness or use ambient light as a game input.

A feather socket is used for expansion wings. This gives compatibility with a number of feather add ons. Such wing add ons include things like IR cameras, or additional displays. Additionally the PyGamer has three JST ports for expansion through that standard.

The PyGamer board is compliant with the ROHS3 standard. The system includes hardware for managing LiPo batteries, but notably did not ship with a battery by default.

Instructions for a DIY crank controller add on were released.

Software
Programming environments supported include Arduino, Python, and Microsoft MakeCode Arcade. TensorFlow Lite was ported to the platform.

Games
The Adafruit PyGamer loads games from Makecode Arcade, including those shared by other users through the service.