text:
User:Speech SA

SPEECH

1) BORN NAMES: NEO MAVUSO

2) STAGE NAME: SPEECH

3) CITY and PROVINCE: KHUMA KLERKSDORP NORTH WEST

4) RELIGION: CHRISTIAN

5) PROFESSION: RAPPER

6) NAME OF THE ALBUM: KOSH MENTALITY (EP)

7) DESCRIBE THE ALBUM in full:  IT’S ABOUT EVERYTHING AND LIFESTYLE OF KOSH BUT EXPLAINING IT THROUGH KASI RAP

8) WHEN AND WHERE DID YOU START WITH MUSIC? WHEN I WAS IN GRADE 10 YEAR 2015

9) SONGS CAUSING WAVES IN THIS ALBUM AND WHY: FUG

10) WHY THE TITLE:  (BECAUSE I TALK ABOUT DRUGS & GANGSTERISM AROUND KK KAUNDA DISTRICT)

11) FAVOURITE ARTIST (PROFESSIONAL): LOCAL (BLAKLEZ) INTERNATIONAL (DAX)

12) MUSICIANS THAT HAVE WORKED WITH ON THE ALBUM: SAPCLIPS,PROSCREEPTION,V-FLEX,BLVQ-GEE & SHAYDOX	`

13) INSPIRATION:THE LOVE OF MUSIC I HAVE AND TO SEND MESSAGE AND BRING ENTERTAINMENT WITH WAT I ENJOY

14) FUTURE PLANS: TO PERFOM AS MANY EVENTS AND TO SEE MY ALBUM ON SHELVES SELLING AND WINNING AWARDS TO SELL PLANTINUM ON MY DEBUT AND I WILL MAKE IT

15) WHAT KIND OF MUSIC ARE YOU SINGING? KASI RAP  HIP HOP

CONTACT : 067 167 1440

EMAIL        : kspeechn@gmail.com

title: User:Speech SA


text:
Internal Improvements of the State of Ohio

This is intended to be a guide to all legislative acts of the state of Ohio with regards to its internal improvements, from its statehood to 1851.

Table of Contents

 * General Assembly Acts
 * List of Corporations

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Internal Improvements of the State of Ohio/General Assembly Acts

Pages:

 * General Acts
 * Local Acts


text:
Internal Improvements of the State of Ohio/General Assembly Acts/Local Acts

This is a list of acts of a local nature of the General Assembly of Ohio with regard to internal improvements, sorted by year.

 * Volume I (1802-1803)
 * Volume II (1803-1804)
 * Volume III (1804-1805)
 * Volume IV (1805-1806)
 * Volume V (1806-1807)
 * Volume VI (1807-1808)
 * Volume VII (1808-1809)
 * Volume VIII (1809-1810)
 * Volume IX (1810-1811)
 * Volume X (1811-1812)
 * Volume XI (1812-1813)
 * Volume XII (1813-1814)
 * Volume XIII (1814-1815)
 * Volume XIV (1815-1816)
 * Volume XV (1816-1817)
 * Volume XVI (1817-1818)
 * Volume XVII (1818-1819)
 * Volume XVIII (1819-1820)
 * Volume XIX (1820-1821)
 * Volume XX (1821-1822)
 * Volume XXI (1822-1823)
 * Volume XXII (1823-1824)
 * Volume XXIII (1824-1825)
 * Volume XXIV (1825-1826)
 * Volume XXV (1826-1827)
 * Volume XXVI (1827-1828)
 * Volume XXVII (1828-1829)
 * Volume XXVIII (1829-1830)
 * Volume XXIX (1830-1831)
 * Volume XXX (1831-1832)
 * Volume XXXI (1832-1833)
 * Volume XXXII (1833-1834)
 * Volume XXXIII (1834-1835)
 * Volume XXXIV (1835-1836)
 * Volume XXXV (1836-1837)
 * Volume XXXVI (1837-1838)
 * Volume XXXVII (1838-1839)

 * Volume XXXVIII (1839-1840)
 * Source:

 * Volume XXXIX (1840-1841)
 * Volume XL (1841-1842)
 * Volume XLI (1842-1843)
 * Volume XLII (1843-1844)
 * Volume XLIII (1844-1845)
 * Volume XLIV (1845-1846)
 * Volume XLV (1846-1847)
 * Volume XLVI (1847-1848)
 * Volume XLVII (1848-1849)
 * Volume XLVIII (1849-1850)
 * Volume XLIX (1850-1851)


text:
Internal Improvements of the State of Ohio/General Assembly Acts/Local Acts/Volume XXXVIII

Acts of a Local Nature of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, for the session of 1829-1830, pertaining to internal improvements.

An ACT to authorize and empower the Commissioners of Muskingum county to build a Bridge over Wakatomica creek, in said county, at a place therein named.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the Commissioners of Muskingum county be, and they are hereby authorized, if they deem it expedient, to contract for the erection of a Bridge across the Wakatomica creek, on the road leading from Frazeysburgh, in Jackson township, Muskingum county, to Zanesville, at a point where the said State road crosses the same: Provided, That the Commissioners contracting for the erection of said Bridge, shall be governed in all respects by the provisions of the fourth and fifth sections of the act, entitled “An act providing for the erection of public buildings,” passed on the tenth-day of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four.

Sec. 2. That the Commissioners of said county, if they deem the erection of said Bridge expedient, are hereby authorized to appropriate, for the purposes aforesaid, out of the road tax of said county, or out of any other money in the Treasury of said county, not otherwise appropriated, any sum not exceeding four hundred dollars; or if they deem it expedient, may levy a tax for the purpose of raising the said sum of four hundred dollars; which tax shall be levied at the same time, and collected in the same manner, that county taxes are levied and collected.

THOMAS L. HAMER,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

ROBERT LUCAS,

Speaker of the Senate.

 * December 31st, 1829.

An ACT to repeal an act therein named.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the act passed January twenty-first, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine, entitled “An act to authorize the Commissioners of the county of Fayette, to permit gates to be put across the public roads", be, and the same is hereby repealed.

THOMAS L. HAMER,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

ROBERT LUCAS,

Speaker of the Senate.

 * December 24th, 1829.

An ACT authorizing the Commissioners of certain counties, to cause the plat and survey of the State road, from Bellefontaine to Dayton, to be recorded, and for other purposes.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the county Commissioners of the counties of Logan, Champaign, Miami, Clark and Montgomery, be, and they are hereby authorized and required, (where the same has not been done), to accept, and cause to be recorded, the survey, plat and report of John Newell, William G. Serviss and N.Z. M'Colloch, Commissioners, and Walter Clement, surveyor; and to audit and pay the expense of the location and survey of the State road, from Bellefontaine to Dayton, in the same manner they would have been required to record, audit, and pay, if the survey had been made by the said Samuel Lafferty.

THOMAS L. HAMER,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

ROBERT LUCAS,

Speaker of the Senate.

 * January 18th, 1830.

AN ACT to provide for the laying out and constructing a road, from Hardestey’s mill to Harrisburgh, in Stark county.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That William Hodge be, and he is hereby appointed a Commissioner, for the purpose of locating and constructing a road beginning at Hardestey's mill; thence the nearest and best rout, to intersect Sandy street, in the town of Harrisburgh, in Stark county; thence to intersect the Richmond road, near said town of Harrisburgh; according to the provisions herein contained, and the provisions of an act entitled “An act defining the mode of laying out and establishing State roads.”

Sec. 2. That said Commissioner, and his successor in office, shall be invested with the same power and privileges, in entering upon land near said road, for the purpose of procuring the necessary materials therefor, and draining water therefrom, with which supervisors are invested by the “Act for opening and regulating roads and highways;” and any person aggrieved, may obtain redress in the manner pointed out by said act.

Sec. 3. That the said Commissioner may take any subscriptions or donations for the use of said road; and may receive, collect, and apply the same, for the purpose of constructing said road, as he shall think best; and may contract for making said road, or any part thereof; and may maintain suits for the nonperformance of any contract, or for any injury done to, or concerning said road; and when said Commissioner shall think it expedient, he may cause any part, not exceeding one half of the tax assessed for road purposes, in any road district through which said road shall be laid out and established, to be expended thereon, by making out his order to the trustees of the proper township, and the supervisor of such district, which order, such trustees and supervisors are hereby required to obey: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be so construed, as to prevent such trustees from causing the residue of the road tax in any such district, to be expended on said road, should they think it expedient.

Sec. 4. That the ascents and descents of said road, when completed, shall in no place exceed an angle of five degrees with the horizon, unless the Commissioner shall consider it impracticable to construct it at that grade.

Sec. 5. That in case the Commissioner aforesaid should die, refuse to perform the duties of his appointment, or remove out of the county of Stark, the County Commissioners thereof shall, as soon as convenience will permit, proceed to appoint a suitable person to fill such vacancy, occasioned by such death, refusal, or removal; and so continue to fill such vacancy as often as the same shall happen, until said road shall be completed.

THOMAS L. HAMER,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

ROBERT LUCAS,

Speaker of the Senate.

 * January 25th, 1830.

An ACT to provide for laying and establishing certain State Roads therein named.
==An ACT to amend the act, entitled "An act for laying out and constructing certain roads therein named," passed January the twenty-fourth, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven; and also the act, entitled "An act to provide for the laying out and constructing a State road from Unionville," &c. passed January twenty-ninth, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.==

An ACT to repeal part of an act, entitled "An act to provide for laying out and constructing certain State roads therein named."
(continue)


text:
User talk:Nqwathisile

Hi Wikipedians,

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(Nqwathisile (discuss • contribs) 19:14, 19 March 2020 (UTC))

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 12:15, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nqwathisile


text:
Talk:Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing

This is a wikibook being created as part of CEIE 690 (Emerging Technologies in Transportation) at George Mason University. Projected completion date: April 16, 2020 Mmiglio2 (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 19 March 2020 (UTC)


text:
Professionalism/Anarchist Cookbook

Introduction
 The Anarchist Cookbook (1971) by William Powell is a book consisting of a collection of instructions on how to create improvised weapons, drugs, and explosives. The book consists of four sections focusing on Drugs, Electronics and Sabotage, Weapons, and Explosives. The book's publication was instantly controversial, with the federal government receiving numerous complaints about the dangers of such a book upon news of its publication being spread in the media. The book has since been tied to numerous bombings, hijackings, and acts of terrorism since 1976, although much of the information in the book is oversimplified or inaccurate. Despite the misinformation, the book continues to have a cult appeal and has inspired many people who have gone on to create other publications or commit illegal acts in its wake.

Conception of Idea and Publication
In 1969 at the age of 19, Powell quit his job working at a bookstore in Manhattan to begin writing the collection of instructions, plans, and schematics that would later be known as the Anarchist Cookbook. Powell's primary motivation for creating the text was to create civil unrest in the context of the Vietnam war and counterculture movement of the late 1960s. In the Foreword, Powell writes that the book is for "the silent majority [of the United States]... to protect themselves against the fascists, communists, and capitalists." According to Powell, the majority of information regarding improvised weapons was collected from declassified U.S. military documents that he accessed in the New York public library. There had been incidences of violence between student protesters and the government before the writing of this work, such as violent protests against Dow Chemical at the University of Wisconsin in 1967 and a bombing at Southern Illinois University in May 1968, that may have inspired Powell as to what violent actions could be committed against pro-Vietnam organizations. The book was published in 1971 under controversial publisher and has since sold more than 2 million copies.

Modern Day Effects
There have been several incidents of violence directed at the masses where the perpetrators took direct instruction from this book, and even more where the perpetrators possibly drew inspiration from the text. The first known incident directly following instructions from the book was a Croatian Nationalist bombing and the hijacking of in 1976 at New York City that killed one and injured others. The most notable linkages are to the that killed 168, the  that killed 56, and the  that killed 15.

Today with the widespread use of the internet, copies of the Cookbook continue to be circulated, although most of its recipes have since been found to be incorrect or obsolete. Many fans of the book instead say how it was written is more important than the actual content of the book. Many updated works, such as the Anarchist Cookbook 2000, have been created by other authors and published freely on the internet after being inspired by the original Cookbook.

Implications
Many advocates against the book cite it as inspiring and providing direction to individuals trying to carry out acts of terrorism and violence against the general public and the state. The Supreme Court case (1969) determined for speech to be protected in the United States, it could not incite "imminent lawless action." Other documents have also been inspired by the Anarchist Cookbook. In 2010, a Texas court described the book More Forbidden Knowledge as "an Anarchist Cookbook." Jolly Roger's cookbook is a website that lists text files for many "recipes" similar to those in the Anarchist Cookbook. Kurt Saxon wrote as a survivalist's guide to improvised weaponry, though with apparent political roots.

An Ethical Dilemma
The creation of a book with clear instructions on how to create improvised weaponry is controversial in nature, with the debate centralized on whether freedom of the press should protect texts with the potential to cause great harm to people. Powell expressed extreme regret after writing the book, asking for it to be taken out of print just 5 years after its first pressing. The rights for the book have since changed publishers many times, and the current owner is Billy Blann of Delta Press, who bought the rights in 2002 and claims it was his company's best-seller as of 2013. As an advocate for a free press, Blann stated: "I just don’t think we need to start banning books in America." The Anarchist Cookbook also raises questions about revoking your own published material for any reason, even if not controversial. Should an author be able to show remorse for their work and take it back? This is referenced in legal copyright documents as a "termination of transfer" under certain circumstances. However, these laws have strict deadlines, with some stating that attempting to terminate late is "a fatal mistake under the law." This can effectively render termination impossible for authors who miss deadlines, raising ethical questions about how termination should be handled in copyright.

William Powell
Author of the infamous book, Powell was frustrated and angered at the time of writing. As stated in the book, “If an individual feels strongly enough about something to do something about it, then he shouldn’t prostitute himself by doing something symbolic. He should get out and do something real.” However, by 1976 Powell had changed his tune, expressing deep regret for writing the book: “...the basic premise behind the Cookbook is profoundly flawed.” Repercussions from the book's publication, and Powell's subsequent disavowal of its content, were the subject of the 2016 documentary film by Charlie Siskel. In the film, William Powell explains in depth his thoughts on the book and the consequences it had in his life. In a note Powell wrote sent to vendors of the book he states, “The book, in many respects, was a misguided prospect of being drafted and sent to Vietnam to fight a war that I did not believe in.”

U.S. Government
The release of the book impelled a response from the U.S. Government. It was immediately vetted by the Department of Justice, the White House, and most intensely by the FBI. Upon publication, the FBI described the book as "one of the crudest, low-brow, paranoiac writing efforts ever attempted". However, the FBI concluded it could not be regulated as it was published through mass media. It was ruled the book does not incite "forcible resistance to any law of the United States" and is therefore protected under the First Amendment. In 2010 the FBI released most of their investigative file to the public.

Other Anarchists
Advocates of anarchism dispute the association of the book with anarchist political philosophy. The anarchist collective says it was, "not composed or released by anarchists, not derived from anarchist practice, not intended to promote freedom and autonomy or challenge repressive power – and was barely a cookbook, as most of the recipes in it are notoriously unreliable”. This prompted anarchist groups to write their own "cookbooks" in an attempt to spread their true gospel. In 2001, Terrance Brown a British businessman tried to push his agenda by creating anarchist-cookbook.com, and by selling copies of his derivative work, titled Anarchist Cookbook 2000.

The Media
As the source of news and stories regarding important or controversial topics, upon the book's release, the media, specifically newspapers, ran stories on its contents and the ethical conundrum surrounding it. Coinciding with the rise of the internet in the early 1990s, the book was copied and made available as text documents online through and  sites hosted in academic institutions. Again the media spread the message of how the text was easily accessible and the influence it may have had with terrorists, criminals, and experimental teenagers. Powell's passing in 2016 received little media coverage until the release of, which was released a few months after his death.

Justine Sacco and Social Media
Social media gives everyone access to an audience allowing written records to survive. On December 20, 2014, Justine Sacco tweeted “Going to Africa. Hope I don’t get AIDS. Just kidding. I’m white!” The racist Tweet was met with controversy, ending with her being fired from her job. Sacco apologized to Cape Argus, a South African newspaper, stating "Words cannot express how sorry I am, and how necessary it is for me to apologize to the people of South Africa, who I have offended due to a needless and careless tweet." Despite the apology, images, and records of the Tweet remain available.

Christian Picciolini and Music
Music is a particularly influential realm that could be left out of the creator's control. is a former white supremacist who devoted his life to renouncing his past. This led him to write and perform "racist music that found its way to the internet" and partially inspire Dylann Roof, the one behind the Charleston church shooting. This was beyond Picciolini's control, and, despite his efforts to denounce his past self, the music can be found free on Youtube.

Voting Records
Transparency in politics leads voting records to remain public, even after politicians retract their past. GovTrack is a website which "shows the outcome of all recorded votes on the Senate floor and House floor," among other methods of getting politician's voting records. Access to records inspires many to write articles about politician's past, such as Kyle James Lee, who wrote about "The Long List of Joe Biden’s Terrible Record." Many believe this political transparency to be good, though some disagree, such as Andrea Mattozzi and Antonio Merlo, who claimed: "Our results suggest that enhancing the transparency of politics may not be a desirable thing to do."

Conclusion
The Anarchist Cookbook is a concrete example of what professionals face every day with any publication. The book partially inspired many heinous acts and outlived the maker's desire to remove it from the shelves. This is prominent in professional life, with any written records distributed throughout a company, or through social media, but often less dire. Learning from The Anarchist Cookbook could help potential creators not have their work used for purposes they later deem destructive. There will always be more incidents of people making unfortunate decisions they end up regretting, this casebook can be updated in the future to include more examples of these events and how the introduction of these materials affects people.

title: Professionalism/Anarchist Cookbook


text:
User:Thastp

I am mainly on Thai language wikibooks. Contact me here in English or Thai

title: User:Thastp


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Robert Kelvin Allen

Robert Kelvin Allen was a prominent amateur operator and amateur broadcaster in the late 1930s. He was educated at Scots College at Warwick and was appointed to the Queensland state public service with the Treasury Department. His station callsign was 4PR (4=Queensland, P=?, R=?) and he operated from Brisbane and Toowoomba, Queensland. He joined the RAAF in 1940, shortly after the commencement of the Second World War, excelled in the examinations and qualified as a pilot. In January 1942, he sadly passed in an aircraft accident in the the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). "Greater love hath no man than this"

A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Robert Kelvin Allen - More than 20 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Robert Kelvin Allen - Nothing uploaded as yet

A brief biography of former students of Scots College, Warwick, who made the supreme sacrifice (including 4PR) was published in 2007.

Each year, the Wireless Institute of Australia conducts a Remembrance Day contest to celebrate the lives of Australian amateur operators killed in action in the Second World War. As at 2020, Michael Charteris (VK4QS) is working on a book of biographies to record those who made the ultimate sacrifice and it is expected to be published by the Wireless Institute of Australia in 2021.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Robert Kelvin Allen/Notes

Non-chronological material
4PR's entry in the Australian War Memorial's Roll of Honour * ROLL OF HONOUR: Robert Kelvin Allen
 * Service number: 404945
 * Rank:	Pilot Officer
 * Unit:	No. 13 Squadron
 * Service: Royal Australian Air Force
 * Conflict/Operation: Second World War, 1939-1945
 * Conflict Eligibility Date: Second World War, 1939-1947
 * Date of Death: 01 January 1942
 * Place of Death: Maluku, Indonesia
 * Cause of Death: Accidental
 * Cemetery or Memorial Details: Ambon Memorial, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia
 * Source: AWM148 Roll of Honour cards, 1939-1945 War, Air Force
 * Location on the Roll of Honour: Robert Kelvin Allen's name is located at panel 100 in the Commemorative Area at the Australian War Memorial (as indicated by the poppy on the plan).

Entry for 4PR's fatal crash in Aviation Safety Network * Date: 01-JAN-1942
 * Time:	16:40
 * Type:	Silhouette image of generic L14 model; specific model in this crash may look slightly different - Lockheed Hudson
 * Owner/operator: 13 Sqn RAAF
 * Registration:	A16-29
 * C/n / msn: 1880
 * Fatalities: Fatalities: 3 / Occupants: 4
 * Other fatalities: 0
 * Aircraft damage: Written off (damaged beyond repair)
 * Location: Off Ambon - Indonesia
 * Phase: Initial climb
 * Nature: Military
 * Departure airport: Laha Airfield
 * Destination airport:
 * Narrative: Crashed after loss of control due to port engine fire and starboard engine failure. One survivor recovered by US Navy PBY.
 * F/O John Turnbull, 642 (pilot) killed
 * F/O Robert Kelvin Allen, 404945 killed
 * SGT Walter John Lay, 408079 killed
 * SGT B. E. Hack, 407102 survived
 * Sources:
 * http://www.adf-gallery.com.au//
 * www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/hudson/A16-29.html

Entry for 4PR's crash in Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives CRASH OF A LOCKHEED L-414 HUDSON I OFF AMBONE: 3 KILLED
 * Date & Time: Jan 1, 1942 at 1640 LT
 * Type of aircraft: Lockheed L-414 Hudson
 * Operator: RAAF
 * Registration: A16-29
 * Flight Phase: Takeoff (climb)
 * Flight Type: Survey / Patrol / Reconnaissance
 * Survivors: Yes
 * Site: Lake, Sea, Ocean, River
 * MSN: 414-1880
 * YOM: 1940
 * Location: Ambon-Pattimura Maluku
 * Country: Indonesia
 * Region: Asia
 * Crew on board: 4
 * Crew fatalities: 3
 * Pax on board: 0
 * Pax fatalities: 0
 * Other fatalities: 0
 * Total fatalities: 3
 * Circumstances: Shortly after take off, while climbing, the aircraft stalled and crashed into the sea few hundred yards off shore. Three crew members were killed while the fourth occupant was injured.
 * Crew (13th Squadron):
 * F/O John Turnbull, pilot, †
 * F/O Robert Kelvin Allen, †
 * Sgt Walter John Lay, †
 * Sgt B. E. Hack.
 * Probable cause: The loss of control was caused by a fire on left engine and a failure of the right engine during the initial climb.

Entry for 4PR in Royal Air Force Commands database Pilot Officer Robert Kelvin ALLEN (404945) of the Royal Australian Air Force
 * Circumstances of Death: Lost in aircraft Hudson A16-29
 * Death of Death 1942-01-01
 * Age : 25 years.
 * Served in 13 Sqdn RAAF
 * Burial/Commemoration Details : Column 9. at Ambon Memorial, Indonesia
 * More Details: SON OF ROBERT HARTLEY AND DAISY MAUD ALLEN, OF IPSWICH, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA.

Thumbnail history of the aircraft in which 4PR passed '''ADF-SERIALS. Australian & New Zealand Military Aircraft. Serials & History.'''
 * RAAF A16 Lockheed Hudson Mk.I/Mk.II/Mk.III/Mk.IIIA/Mk.IV/MK.IVA RAAF Serials
 * RAAF Serial: A16-29
 * Type: Mk.I
 * Const No.: 1880
 * USAAF Serial:	n/a
 * RAF Serial: (blank)
 * Delivered: 09/03/40
 * Aircraft History:
 * Delivered on SS Kaituna to Sydney.
 * Rec 2AD ex USA 09/03/40.
 * Issued to 14Sqn RAAF 04/04/40.
 * Issued 13 Sqn RAAF 28/12/41.
 * Accident and loss at 1640Hrs on the 01/01/42, after take-off from Laha, crashed into sea near Ambon, Indonesia when pilot lost control after an starboard engine stopped and then suffering fire in port engine.
 * Witnessed by crews of two other aircraft in flight, A16-84 and A16-96.
 * Crew; FLGOFF John Turnbull Serv# 642 (Killed), PLTOFF Robert Kelvin Allen Serv#404945 (Killed), and SGT Walter John Lay Serv#408079 (killed) and Sgt B E Hack Serv#407102 survived and picked up by USN Catalina Flying Boat but was seriously injured with right compound leg fracture, burns to body and cuts and placed into Ambon Hospital.

1882 09
Qld birth registration for 4PR's father
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Birth date: 14/09/1882
 * Mother's name: Mary Jane Abbott
 * Father/parent's name: William Allen
 * Registration details: 1882/C/6075

Birth notice for 4PR's father '''BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, & DEATHS. BIRTH.'''. . . ALLEN.— On the 14th September, at her residence, Crescent Lodge, Rockhampton, the wife of William Allen, of a son.

1887 07
Qld birth registration for 4PR's mother
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Birth date: 24/07/1887
 * Mother's name: Jane Haine
 * Father/parent's name: William Henry Cole
 * Registration details: 1887/M/1502

1912 07
Qld marriage registration for 4PR's parents
 * Qld BDM
 * Marriage registration: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Marriage date: 17/07/1912
 * Spouse's name: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Registration details: 1912/C/2885

1913 09
Qld birth registration for 4PR's brother Clive Hartley Allen
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Clive Hartley Allen
 * Birth date: 14/09/1913
 * Mother's name: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Father/parent's name: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Registration details: 1913/C/12431

1916 06
Qld birth registration for 4PR
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Robert Kelvin Allen
 * Birth date: 17/06/1916
 * Mother's name: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Father/parent's name: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Registration details: 1916/C/8582

1919 11
Qld birth registration for 4PR's sister Marjorie Lorna Jean Allen
 * Qld BDM
 * Birth registration: Marjorie Lorna Jean Allen
 * Birth date: 25/11/1919
 * Mother's name: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Father/parent's name: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Registration details: 1920/C/125

1929 06
4PR passes the State Scholarship examination at Goondiwindi "STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. EXAMINATION RESULTS. Country Successes. DEPARTMENTAL LIST. BRISBANE, Saturday.— Country results of the recent State Scholarship Examination, released by the Department of Public Instruction today, are as fellows:— . . . GOONDIWINDI. Robert Kelvin Allen, Robert Henry Doyle, Louis Arthur Eric McCorkell, Charles Albert Myers, Alan Clifford Palmer Smart, Leo Stephen Stratford, Eleanor Joyce Fletcher"

1932 01
4PR gains a good pass in the Junior certificate examinations "THE JUNIOR. EXAMINATION RESULTS. Downs Students. LARGE NUMBER OF PASSES. BRISBANE, Thursday.— There were 3689 entries for the junior public examination held in November last. The results have now been completed, except in the case of 67 candidates whose position in regard to the award of certificates requires further consideration in relation to the compulsory requirements in English. Owing to the abnormally large increase in the number of entries for 1931, extended time had to be granted to the examiners for the completion of their part of the work, and the detailed compilation of the results by the clerical staff has been correspondingly affected. The claims of the most successful candidates in regard to the award of the Byrnes Memorial medal and the Brunton Stephens Essay Prize are now being reviewed, and the names of the winners will be announced as early as practicable. Particulars in regard to percentage of candidates who have qualified for certificates will be afforded at the same time. In the particulars that follow the several subjects of the examination are represented by numerals, as indicated: (1) English; (2) French; (3) German; (4) Latin; (5) Greek; (6) English History); (7) Geography; (8) Arithmetic; (9) Algebra; (10) Geometry; (11) Chemistry; (12) Physics; (13) Geology; (14) Botany; (15) Physiology; (16) Art; (17) Music; (18) Freehand Drawing; (19) Theory of Music; (20) Pianoforte; (21) Violin; (22) Organ; (23) Singing; (24) Elocution; (25) Book-keeping and Business Methods; (26) Stenotyping; (27) Home Science (A); (28) Home Science (B); (29) Agricultural Mechanics; (30) Animal Husbandry; (31) Horticulture; (32) Principles of Agriculture; (33) Geometrical Drawing and Perspective; (34) Industrial A (Woodwork); (35) Industrial B (Metalwork); (36) Industrial C (Trade Drawing); (37) Trigonometry (S.P.S.). In the junior examination endorsed certificates are granted in the following sections, namely, general section, art, commercial, home science, agricultural, and industrial. In the detailed results the candidates who have qualified for endorsed certificates are indicated by the letters E.C. in brackets at the end of their results, and the respective sections are represented by the following numerals entered in brackets with the letters mentioned: (1) General Section; (2) Art Section; (3) Commercial Section; (4) Home Science Section; (5) Agricultural Section; and (6) Industrial Section. Following are the names (with details of results in each case) of the candidates from the centres (with the exception of the outstanding cases referred to in paragraph 1 above), who have fulfilled the requirements for certificates:—. . . WARWICK CENTRE. . . . SCOTS COLLEGE. Robert Kevin Allen: 1B, 2C, 4A, 6C, 8B, 9A, 10A, 12A (E.C.1.)."

1932 02
4PR awarded university extension as a result of his junior scholarship pass "EXTENSION WINNERS. UNIVERSITY JUNIOR. Successful Candidates. MANY FROM TOOWOOMBA. BRISBANE, Tuesday.— The following State Scholarship holders have qualified for extension scholarships, as a result of the University Junior examination:— . . . WARWICK CENTRE. . . . SCOTS COLLEGE. Robert Kevin Allen. . .."

1937 08
4AW participates in record breaking 5 metre experiments by the WIAQ, involved in Montville party "Queenslanders Make Record Short-Wave Transmission. An Australian record was established by members of the Wireless Institute of Australia (Queensland division) at the weekend when, working on a wavelength of 5 metres, a transmission was carried out between Montville and Sprlngbrook, a distance of 109 miles. The previous longest distance transmission on this wavelength was made recently between Sydney and Newcastle, a distance of 75 miles. Other transmissions made on the same wavelength at the weekend were between Springbrook and Toowoomba, a distance of 90 miles, between Brisbane and Springbrook, 58 miles, and between Brisbane and Montville, 52 miles. All the equipment used was of a portable type, in some cases a specially arranged beam aerial being used and in others an ordinary conventional aerial of the vertical type. According to Mr. A. E. Walz, the president of the Queensland division, the signal strengths received in the morning indicated that it would have been possible to extend the transmission for at least a further 100 miles. Those who took part in the transmissions were: Springbrook, H. Scholz; Montville, A. E. Walz (4AW); P. Hubsher (4UL), R. Allen (4PR), Toowoomba; H. Buzacott (4UZ), —, Blades (4RX) Mount Coot-tha, W. L. Herston (4RY), R. Chadwick (4GU); Mount Gravatt, the official station, 4WI."

Further details of 4AW's involvement above "Montville. . . . Wireless Experiment. Messrs. A. E. Walz (4HW) (sic, 4AW), P. Hubsher (4UL) and R. Allen (4PR), members of the Wireless Institute, visited Montville last weekend for the purpose of conducting experiments on the ultra-short wave for the purpose of endeavouring to establish a new long distance record between two land stations on the 5 meter wave length. Aerials were erected on the front of the range in Mr. Geo. Marshall's paddock. During Saturday evening and Sunday contact was made with several places. The standing record was 75 miles between Newcastle and Sydney, but by making contact with a party at Springbrook, led by Mr. H. Scholz (4HP) (sic, 4HR), a calculated distance of over 100 miles, the previous record was broken. Contact was also made with parties at Mt. Cootha, and Mt. Gravatt (Brisbane). Mr. Scholz's party at Springbrook also established contact with a party at Toowoomba (4UZ), a distance which would also break the previous record."

1940
Caption of photo of aircrew colleague Turnbull, notes 4PR killed with him in crash of Hudson A16-29 "Group portrait of Aircrew trainees; amongst this group is 642 Aircraftman (later Flying Officer [FO]) John Turnbull of Toorak, Victoria. FO Turnbull later served with 13 Squadron and was killed on operations over the Netherlands East Indies on 1 January 1942. The airfield in the Northern Territory was named Turnbull Field in his honour. FO Turnbull was piloting A16-29, one of three Hudson aircraft which had been sent on a mission to locate shipping. Flying back low at 100 metres to avoid detection by the Japanese, his starbord engine failed and he made an attempt to jettison his bombs and gain some height; his aircraft stalled and crashed. FO Turnbull, 404945 Pilot Officer Robert Kelvin Allen and 408079 Sergeant Walter John Lay were all killed in this crash. The badly burned gunner, Sergeant Bernie Hack survived the crash and was picked up by Air Sea Rescue."

1941 09
4PR promoted from Leading Aircraftman to Pilot Officer "ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE. HIS Excellency the Governor-General in Council has approved of the following changes being made:— CITIZEN AIR FORCE. General Duties Branch. The following Leading Aircraftmen are appointed to commissions on probation with the rank of Pilot Officer with effect from the dates indicated:— . . . No. 404945 Robert Kelvin Allen . .."

1942 01
Qld death registration for 4PR
 * Qld BDM
 * Death registration: Robert Kelvin Allen
 * Death date: 01/01/1942
 * Mother's name: Daisy Maud Cole
 * Father/parent's name: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Registration details: 1943/S/961

First newspaper report of 4PR killed in action "Magistrate's Son Killed In Action. Mr. and Mrs. R. H. Alien, of Townsville, have been informed that on January 1, last, their second son, Robert Kelvin Allen, who was aged 25 years, was killed on active service in an aircraft accident at Laha, N.E.I. Mr. Allen, who now is Stipendiary Magistrate at Townsville, formerly filled that post at Innisfail, where, with Mrs. Allen, he has many friends who will extend the bereaved parents and their family sincere sympathy upon the loss of a galant young Australian."

Another report of 4PR's death, location now suppressed "QUEENSLAND AIRMEN DEAD. . . . Mr. R. H. Allen, S.M., and Mrs. Allen, of Townsville, have been advised of the death of their second son, Pilot Officer Robert Kelvin Allen, of the R.A.A.F., in an aircraft accident while on active service in the Near East. Pilot-Officer Allen, who was 25, was educated at the Scots College, Warwick, and subsequently was employed in the Treasury Department, Brisbane. He entered on R.A.A.F. training in January, 1940, and after his appointment to commissioned rank he was transferred to Townsville, a month later went to Laverton for a navigation course, and was sent to Darwin in December."

As previous, some further detail "KILLED IN ACTION. Townsville Pilot. TOWNSVILLE, Monday.— Mr. R. H. Allen, Stipendiary Magistrate, and Mrs. Allen, of Townsville, have been advised of the death of their second son, Pilot-Officer Robert Kelvin Allen, R.A.A.F., in an aircraft accident whilst on active service in the Near East. Pilot-Officer Allen, who was 25 years of age, was educated at Scots College, Warwick, and then employed in the Treasury Department, Brisbane. He entered on R.A.A.F. training in January, 1940, and in August, 1941, secured the highest average in the final results in 44 trainees of No. 3 Service Flying Training School. He secured his wings and was appointed to commissioned rank. He was transferred to Townsville and a month later sent to Laverton for the navigation course. He went to Darwin in December."

As previous, further detail again "PERSONAL. . . . Mr. R. H. Allen, Stipendiary Magistrate and Mrs. Allen, of Townsville, have been advised of the death of their second son, Pilot Officer Robert Kelvin Allen, R.A.A.F., in an aircraft accident while on active service in the Near East. Pilot Officer Allen, who was 25 years of age, was educated at The Scots College, Warwick, and, prior to entering on his training course in January, 1940, was employed by the Queensland Government in the Treasury Department, Brisbane. He entered Amberley and, on graduating, went to Tamworth Flying School and secured an A.A. course. Returning to Amberley he secured the highest points, 2238, for all examinations and topped 44 trainees in the No. 3 Service Flying Training School. Securing his wings and commissioned rank. Pilot Officer Allen was transferred to Townsville in August last. A month later he was sent to Laverton for a navigation and reconnaissance course, and then transferred to Darwin in December,"

As previous, further detail from St George perspective "KILLED ON ACTIVE SERVICE. FORMER P.M.'s SON. Mr. R. H. Allen S.M., and Mrs. Allen, of Townsville, have been advised of the death of their second son Pilot Officer Robert Kelvin Allen, of the R.A.A.F., in an aircraft accident while on active service in the Near East. Pilot Officer Allen who was 25, was educated at the Scots College, Warwick. and subsequently was employed in the Treasury Department, Brisbane. Mr. R. H. Allen was for many years Police Magistrate stationed at Goondiwindi, and visited St. George, on numerous occasions."

1944 11
Qld death registration for 4PR's, not long after his son's passing
 * Qld BDM
 * Death registration: Robert Hartley Allen
 * Death date: 15/11/1944
 * Mother's name: Mary Abbott
 * Father/parent's name: William Allen
 * Registration details: 1944/C/4819

1967 02
Qld death registration for 4PR's mother
 * Qld BDM
 * Death registration: Daisy Maud Allen
 * Death date: 24/02/1967
 * Mother's name: Mary Haine
 * Father/parent's name: William Henry Cole
 * Registration details: 1967/C/860


text:
User:Jarin robertson

I'm in sytheran from meadowbrook high school

title: User:Jarin robertson


text:
User:Gaborgulya/sandbox

 * 1) wsdg
 * 2) sdfgks
 * 3) asdfs

title: User:Gaborgulya/sandbox


text:
User:Jarin real/sandbox

I'm sytheran from meadowbrook high school graduate woodbrow Wilson

title: User:Jarin real/sandbox


text:
User:Jarin real

I'm sytheran from meadowbrook high school and I graduated woodbrow Wilson college 2.      Lupe fiasco

3.     Anthony avent

title: User:Jarin real


text:
US Criminal Law/Defenses/Consent

Consent involved with entrapment can be defined as law giving an individual and or individuals permission to enter into a situation in which they may or will have to enter some environment participating in unlawful conduct. This permission is allowed to an individual so that evidence and prosecution may be obtained by getting first hand knowledge of a crime without the purpose being known. This consent giving allows immunities to the informant protecting them from prosecution by the law itself. This consent can be considered helpful as well as harmful as the situation the informant is sent to may lead to addiction or later conflicting troubles. This consent can also be used as a legal defense in later circumstances in which the informant cannot be held to full extent of law due to the previous permission giving by the same law. Entrapment is tricky and can be used either way. Depending on the honesty and true intentions set forth to conduct law instructed business.

title: US Criminal Law/Defenses/Consent


text:
US Criminal Law/Defenses/Self defense

Self defense against any entrapping measures can be very tricky. First, are you able too get away or have a definite method too escape what is being forced. Say you have an addiction too a substance and have been clean. You are also having mental and health issues as well as attempting too avoid particular situation. The simple act of saying no 1 time and it being pushed or coerced, shifts entrapment too a form of legal and mental abuse as well as criminal responsibility of another and can be used against the agency operating. If you are forced out of an environment you have too be in by constant tactics too subdue by using unexplainable circumstances, you actually did not intentionally and willingly and maybe also without knowledge break a law. This turns entrapment in a dangerous or unlivable environment and should be took as unconstitutional. Any good agency will get the job done by deesculation and attempting other methods that allowing trusting behavior. Forced bad scenarios make trust issues and legal discrimination

title: US Criminal Law/Defenses/Self defense


text:
User talk:Dreamance/Preparation of phenol injection

This article is a tutorial for preparing phenol injection, which will be cited in a Wikiacademy research article later. This article is an independent part, can be treated as a tutorial.Dreamance (discuss • contribs) 09:50, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

Speedy
User:Dreamance also created v:Draft:An application of phenol injection in treating coronavirus-2019 which credits Li Yuehua with the idea of injecting phenol apparently to "cure" COVID-19. The person is described in news reports as "Additionally, Li Yuehua, a “divine doctor” (神医), was also investigated for asserting that he had cured Covid-19 patients using a low-cost method of acupoint injection therapy." --mikeu (discuss • contribs) 21:13, 21 March 2020 (UTC)
 * yes, Li Yuehua was investigated by the government and the result came out shows that his team members weren't infected with the COVID-19 after Nucleic acid detection for times, although they didn't wear protective suits when treating patients.211.195.235.67 (discuss) 01:18, 22 March 2020 (UTC)


text:
User:Mathew goon

Michael Jordan

title: User:Mathew goon


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook

This handbook is produced specifically to list down the defects that are commonly found in ceramicware and ways to reduce the defects. The ceramicist and the industrial ceramic producers may found this book to be upmost helpful in troubleshooting the problems that they may have faced during daily production and preventive steps to reduce the same defects from occurring again in the production. However, take note that some of the "defects" mentioned here such as crawling may be deliberately introduced in certain types of ceramic ware to enhance the aesthetic of the ceramic wares. On the endnotes, by producing this book, it is hoped that the ceramicist as well the industrial ceramic producers may have an understanding of the basic theory of the ceramics and their defects and the ways to solve them.

All of defects that are listed here are grouped accordingly to the processes where it mostly occurs:

Bisqueware/Biscuitware

 * /Crack/
 * /Dunting/
 * /Pinhole/
 * /Specking/

Glazed ware/Glost ware

 * /Crazing/

Decoration

 * /Crawling/
 * /Colour flow/
 * /Colour variation/

title: Ceramicware Defects Handbook


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Crawling

Defects description
Crawling is described as the bare area(s) in which the molten glaze does not cover during the glaze firing. The severity of the defects may vary from case to case from the isolated area (pin hole) to more serious cases such as 'beading' which it is akin to forming beads of water on waxed surfaces. Generally, it is caused by surface tension forces (particular in molten glaze) overcoming the adhesion forces.

Causes and solutions
The common cause of the crawling such as:
 * Underglazes decorations may cause crawling due excess of the medium (in underglaze decoration) or insufficient fluxes.
 * Excessive mediums cause the greasy surfaces causing glazes unable to stick to the underglaze decoration. Hardening (about 600 C) should burn away the medium and will cause colour to sinter and bonded firmly to the ceramic ware.
 * Insufficent flux can be remedied by adding flux (borax frit) in 5%-50% or SCMC binders in 1%-3% to colour pigment may help for the glazes to attach to underglaze decorations.

 * Area may be contaminated with grease, specks of dust or similar materials which will cause lack of adhesion glaze which causing the glaze to roll back during glaze firing
 * Thick glazes may aggravate the problems since minute cracks may be formed during firing which is then healed leading to the formation of large cracks in molten glaze producing crawling. It is usually seen in inside holloware and around handle joints. Thin the glaze by using water or adding a bit of binder (to increase adhesion)
 * Consider using spray glazing instead of manual dipping as this has several advantages
 * # The glaze is partially dried when travelling from nozzle guns to the ceramic surfaces (Reduced water contents will be helping in forming less crawling)
 * # The sprayed glaze is deposited in a more 'fluffy' arrangement which offers less resistance for water vapour to escape during glaze firing

 * Overgrinding glazes may produce dusty glazes with poor adhesion. Also due to the chemical compositions, it will become more viscous increases crawling risks
 * Zircon opacified glazes, zinc oxides, high alumina and leadless glazes are considered as highly viscous glaze. Highly viscous glaze may be corrected using extra additives such as flux (borax flit) or firing at higher temperatures.
 * Glaze recipes formed partly of colemanite by Asian sources which generate voluminous gases which cause patches of glazes ejected from wares. Adding flux calcium borate frit to the glaze or slower rate firing (increase soaking time) may reduce the crawling to ensure the gasses had ample times to escape.

title: Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Crawling


text:
User:Cxristopher

x

title: User:Cxristopher


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Colour flow

Defects description
Some colour pigments especially cobalt blue and nickel can be affected by covering glazes during firing which will produce blurred outline The problems are more noticeable if the decorations are at slanted and not flat-down surfaces

Causes & solutions

 * Glaze is too thick. Thicker glaze may "flow" down and drag colour pigment with it. Thinning the glaze as realistically possible by applying lesser glaze.
 * Lower the glaze firing temperature for the glaze to melt lesser molten glaze (To minimiises potential of molten glazes "dragging" colour pignments)
 * Adding 5%-10% alumina in the glaze to increase molten glaze viscocity
 * Shorten the soaking period as realsitically as possible (Also not too short until the glaze layer is not properly melted)


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Crack

Defects description
Cracks are usually caused by stress/strain in the clay material either due to the design of ware itself OR types of clay used. Cracks in clay are considered to be naturally occurring and its causes are often too broad and overtly complex in its nature. It is highly possible that the ceramic ware may be strained during the processing but are able to withhold the strain until changes in clay body causing the drastic failure. When searching for remedies, it should be understood that the objective is not to totally eliminate strain-free pots (due to the impossibility of this tasks as each ware have different shapes and sizes) but rather minimizes the magnitude of the problems and minimizes the effect due to natural variation in recipe ingredients. Solutions: There are a few types of cracks namely:
 * Try to minimises the differences of section thickness to prevent uneven drying which causes the strain as thinner sections shrink earlier and faster to compared to thicker sections. The strain will be stored permanently once it is dried
 * If the cracks are appearing at same places, it is advised to use paraffin. The paraffin will make the "invisible" crack line appearing for few seconds and the crack lines can be pegging to close the crack.
 * Cut, trimmed and fettled areas should be wiped with sponges to close up the minute cracks as it will act as stress manipulators causing the cracks to deepen and open out during firing.
 * Edge cracks
 * Surface cracks
 * Handle cracks
 * Biscuit cracks

Edge cracks
Causes:
 * Too fast drying
 * If appeared even before drying occurs, the raw materials have excess addition of filler, grog or sand or reclaimed clays.
 * Uneven cross-section thickness
 * Readsorption due to dried clays exposed to high humid temperature. If clays readsorp the water vapour, the slight expansion will take place. Usually, ceramic ware with low clay contents may not enough strength to withstand the moisture expansion causing fine cracks that are visible after biscuit firing.
 * Clay is too dry when cut or fettled upon. The clay is much weaker when too dry and can have minute cracks in trimmed surfaces. Smoothing the surface by wet sponging will remove the problems
 * AFter glost firing, the kiln is immediately open of its door without proper cooling down to more ambient temperature. This is called thermoshock as the just fired ceramicware is exposed to relatively cooler air. The kiln door should be opened between 80 C - 150 C to minimizes the crack.

Surface cracks

 * If excess water formed at the base of the ceramic wares, it will form S crack on the bottom of the wares. Use the suitable sponge to remove excess water after jiggering may help
 * If the straight crack appears at the base of the jiggering ware, perhaps it is caused by uneven drying

Biscuit cracks

 * Rapid firing /Uneven firing will cause uneven shrinkage. If the top of ceramic wares reaches high temperature quicker than the bottom of the wares, it will cause the cracking due to uneven firing.
 * Cracks can be repaired by using stopping without the need of re-firing. Stopping is a filler made from pre-fired grounded materials mixed with special gums and glazes.

Handle cracks
Descriptions: Cracks occurring at joint may be due to imperfect joining or using too much/little slips. It also occurs when the handle "spring" aways from its main body due to internal stress during drying and/or firing. It is usually caused by different "clay hardness" between handles and the main body. Therefore, during drying/firing, one part may shrink faster compared to others, giving it increased stress and eventually cracking.

Solutions:
 * It is also generally found better to mix a bit of Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) into the slips as Epsom salts will increase the plasticity of slips. It is also a flocculant, meaning the clay particles will attract each other.
 * Ideally, the handle clay and main body should be of same type of clay and ideally in same conditions to reduce the risks of differences shrinkage causing cracking
 * If handle section is too wet, it may cause the handle to become weak causing cracks

title: Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Crack


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Pinhole

Defects Description

Pinholes are usually a small holes that appears on the surface of ceramic wares and mainly caused by the materials that burnt out during firing leaving a minuscule crater on the clay bodies.

Causes & Solutions
There are many possible sources of defects such as:
 * Airborne particles stuck onto the surface before firing
 * Solution: Ensure the firing kiln are cleaned at least once a week and generally ensure proper cleaning is done in the production floor where the unfired wares travel

 * Contaminated sands used during slip mixing.
 * Solution: Need to sieve the slips before casting

 * Foreign contaminants such as fibers from cleaning clothes, particles of sponge or foreign debris from water that are burnt off when firing leaving a hole on its place.
 * Solution: Try replacing the consumable materials (such as sponge) to materials which are less likely to leave foreign contaminants (such as silicone scrubber)

 * Poor pugging due to faulty de-airing machine (vacuum parts). The vacuum should extract any of the air bubbles inside the clay cakes.
 * Solution: Check the vacuum functions of de-airing machine are still functioning according to the manual

 * Rapid firing may cause trapped remnants air bubbles inside clay to burst through the surface
 * Solution: Try the slower firing allows the air to percolate to the surface without rupturing clays causing pinhole

 * Direct uses of reclaimed slip cast. Slips drained from moulds may pick up dust and dirt from pouring holes, casting throughs and etc.
 * Solution: Only mix the reclaimed slips to main stocks if the slips are ensured in good condition; otherwise return to blunger

 * Insufficiently blunged slips (especially if dried scrap clays are added)
 * Solution: Increase the blunging time and blunger speed and manual checking on slips to see if the slips are properly blunged.

 * Thick glaze coating where the bubbles may form as bubbles may take times to travel from bottom of layers to surface
 * Solution: Thinning the layers to reduce the travels of bubbles

 * Short heat soaking time causing the glaze is still bubbling at end of glost firing
 * Solution: Extend the soaking time at max temperature by half-hour or more to allow the pinholing to recover and glaze to stabilize

 * Contamination in glaze tubs due to dried glaze falls into the glaze slips during next dipping sessions. The dried glaze has the air pocket which will cause air pockets
 * Solution: Cover the glaze tubs when not in use, the sides of tubs should be wiped with clothes or hands

title: Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Pinhole


text:
Talk:Castles of England/Methods of Attack

do you know da wae yes I do no da way to killing you and all your descendants

quien lo lea bobocrak mastodonte con cara de pepino y si se llama rozino pues es un campesino

a q es una buena rima


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Robert Greatham Chatfield

Robert Greatham Chatfield was a prominent amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, amateur club member and administrator from 1925 through at least 1955. His station callsign was 2AV (2=NZ second district, A=?, V=?) and he operated from Wellington, New Zealand. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Robert Greatham Chatfield - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Robert Greatham Chatfield - Nothing uploaded as yet but a photo of his shack in the early 1930s and a substantial portion of his early QSL collection 1925-1930 is held (including a QSL in 1925 of 4AB, New Zealand's first broadcasting station)


text: History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Robert Greatham Chatfield/Notes


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2020/February

Bartdolls
Please block. VOA. Thanks. —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 20:15, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Help to rollback the "barnstars" vandal . Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 20:27, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Blocked. What does VOA stand for? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:45, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Vandalism-only account. Seems to be a LTA. Thanks for blocking that account. —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 20:57, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Ah. Vandalism-only account.  Makes more sense that what I immediately thought of, from hanging out so much on Wikinews — Voice of America. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 21:43, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the term might have originated on Wikipedia: see w:WP:VOA. Btw I remember Voice of America back in the day on my radio. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:05, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I haven't this issue (maybe because Voice of America is Voz de América in Spanish). Also I saw them on Meta. —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 00:21, 1 February 2020 (UTC)


text:
User:OfficialIrishMan

Just a random Internet user trying to help.

Also, I'm sorry if I make a mistake when editing.

title: User:OfficialIrishMan


text:
User:Draco505

Hi I’m new to wiki books I enjoy editing and making pages contact me if you need assistance.

If you are looking for developer assistance friend and message me on roblox.com @ dandascienceman. https://www.roblox.com/users/835363201/profile

title: User:Draco505


text:
Cookbook:Fried Potato Wedges

| Potato

Ingredients

 * 4 medium/fair sized potatoes (Russets are preferable)
 * 4 tablespoons of olive oil or (canola oil)
 * 5 grams sea salt (paprika or onion salt works too)
 * 4 grams of parsley or oregano (many seasonings can work)

Procedure

 * 1) Slice potatoes evenly (over-sized wedges can result in uneven cooking).
 * 2) Sprinkle seasoning and salt over each potato.
 * 3) Deep fry potato wedges until brown and crispy (cook longer for more crispiness.)
 * 4) Put in a plastic container and put in fridge (or just put on a cooling area if eating immediately).

title: Cookbook:Fried Potato Wedges


text:
Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Specking

Specking
Specking can caused by a great variety of sources, To narrow down the potential causes, it would be best to break up the wares to observe if the specking is observed inside the ceramic wares or merely on surface If observed inside and outside of the ceramic wares, it is highly caused during body preparation stages If observed at both top and bottom facing, it implies it occurs during the early stages of clay processing Brown or black specking may occurs due presence of iron contaminants Sources of the contaminants are as followed:
 * Presence of iron / rusts insisde the slip. Use double/triple sieve with decreasing aperture sizes (or deck sifters). Sieves should be magnetted to removed iron particles and magnets should be regularly cleaned.
 * Regulary checking on slip storage do not have contaminants
 * Filtered pressed cakes may be contaminated by pallets rusted nails
 * During rainy seasons, the rain drops may bring the rusts of rooftop trusses possible dripping on clay cakes
 * Electromagnet are not functioning
 * Pug mills rusted in the barrel screws (No proper maintainence)
 * Airborne dust that maybe blown around due to poorly design ventilations/ blower fans
 * Exhaust discharge from grinding wheels. Silicone carbide are notorious specking agent and if possible, use sintered alumina
 * Contaminations in water supply due to rusted metal
 * Particles that are logged in to the kiln shelf onto ware below. Placing the wares from topmost shelf slowly downard to bottom to minimses any of the dislodged particles fall to the shelf below
 * Contamination of the glazes (dipping) Keeping glaze tub covered when not in use.
 * Repair technician perform repairing which includes but not limited to metal cutting, welding metals, knocking metals by hammers/chisels  which may cause debris of iron particles spreading especially if it is near or inside production area
 * Inadequate cleaning of kiln may causes kiln's batt particle to be spread over

title: Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Specking


text:
Sustainability and Sense of Place in the Sonoran Desert/Lower Colorado River

Introduction
The Lower Colorado River area is home to a myriad of specimens, ranging from the iconic barrel cactus to the venomous rattlesnake. While this region is known specifically for its scorching hot temperatures, and its long river, this following information will explore the specifics behind life in this region.

Colorado River Toad
The Colorado River Toad ranges from 4.3 to 7.4 inches (110 to 187 mm). Its skin is leathery and can range from olive brown to black, with bumps and glands on their eyes and limbs. Female toads are distinguished by red warts in straight lines on their back. Tadpoles have a brassy color, rounded tail, flat body, and can reach 2.2 inches (57 mm) in length. Although the Colorado River Toad is listed as secure in Arizona, it is endangered in New Mexico and considered locally extinct in California.

Melanerpes uropygialis
One animal in the Lower Colorado Region is the Gila Woodpecker. The wings of the bird are spotted and have zebra-like pattern, they also have a grey and tan color neck, throat and belly. The difference between male and female Gila Woodpeckers is males have a red cap on their head and females and younger birds do not have the red cap. Many of these birds can be found in low desert scrubs in the Sonoran Desert. Many of these birds make their homes in Saguaros or in Honey Mesquite trees. Breeding for these animals occurs in a hole in the Saguaro or Honey Mesquite. Typically they lay about three to four eggs and this occurs usually about two to three times a year. Interestingly both males and females feed and incubate the eggs. The Gila Woodpecker usually feeds on insects but it will occasionally feed on fruits, nectar, seeds, lizards, worms and sometimes they will even eat young chicks. In California the number of Gila Woodpeckers has dropped drastically but in Arizona the number is remaining constant. it is believed that the drastic drop in number in Gila Woodpeckers in California is due to climate change. The Saguaro, which also houses Gila Woodpeckers, has been drastically effected by climate change and doesn't grow as fast as it usually does. So if one of the habitats aren't available for these birds they will go somewhere else or just wont survive.

Panthera onca
Humans are having a continual impact on these plants, along with other endangered animal species. According to Joe Zentner, the distribution of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) is all along the southwest of the United States (Zenter, n.d.). It's rare to see one of these animals because they are currently an endangered species. Just like the Organ Pipe Cactus, humans have become a significant threat. For example, with the construction of the border wall and hunting of the jaguar, their population is decreasing (Kutz, 2019). Since jaguars prey on livestock, farmers kill these animals to prevent this from happening. The development of the border wall is affecting the habitat and population of both these species. The wall will take over some of the lands that the organ pipe cactus covers. The effect that this has on the jaguars is that it's limiting their travel movement. Joe Zentner mentions in his article, " jaguars today are found in this country only in southern Arizona, and their existence there is precarious" (Zenter, n.d). To protect these animals, the United States put them under the Endangered Species Act. The Endangered Species Act is encouraging farmers to try to conserve their livestock, so Jaguars don't feed off of them.

Pylodictis olivaris
Flathead Catfish resemble cats due to their whiskers and sly way of moving about the sea floor. These fish also vary in size and length. Majority of catfish species in live the Americas. A lot of them live in freshwater and shallow water habitats including the Colorado river. This catfish can grow to about 155cm (61 inches) and can weigh about 56kg (126lb). They are also known to be the second largest catfish in North America. The average length is roughly 25-46in (64-117cm). It maximum lifespan that has been recorded is about 24 years. Male catfish tend mature at about 4 years old and female catfish mature at about 5 years old. The Flathead Catfish prefers live prey. It feeds on other fish and insects as well. The habitat for this animal is west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Mule deer
The mule deer is considered to be a deer that is indigenous to western side of North America and is known for its ears which has come to be large like those of the mule. Furthermore, the deer is only found in the western area such as the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains in which one of the biggest difference between the white tailed deer and the mule is their appearance is the color of their configuration of their antlers and the size of their ears. The mules deer's tail is also black tipped when the whitetail is not. Their antlers are bifurcated in which they fork as they grow rather then branching from a single main beam.

Apricot Mallow
One type of plant is the apricot mallow which grows to 3 feet in height and spreads up to 2 to 3 feet in width. The leaves are fuzzy with white hairs on both sides, lobed, palmately veined, and on long stems, the number of which increase in age. The fruit is a brown capsule containing many seeds with it first being quite spherical as implied by its original name, and later flattening to a disk. The flowers are bowl-shaped, five-petaled, apricot to orange in color, and bloom in the spring. It grows well in alkaline soil, both sandy or clay with it usually being in the company of the creosote bush scrub and desert chaparral habitats. It is a larval host to the common checkered skipper, northern white skipper, painted lady, small checkered skipper, and west coast lady.

Parkinsonia aculeata
The Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) can either be a spiny shrub or a small tree. It can grow to be between 6 to 26 feet tall. The leaves can grow to be 15 to 20 centimeters long and grow about 25 tiny oval leaflets (WIkipedia, 2020). About eight of the yellow-orange flowers grow on the tree and this occurs between March and April or September and October. In certain areas this plant can be one of the worst weeds of all and that is due to its thickness. It prevents animals from wandering through the area, as well as blocking waterways which can cause major problems over time ( Wikipedia, 2020). The Mexican palo verde is not endangered and is very successful in this environment. This plant can thrive in almost any environment which works in its favor so it can adapt to any environment it lives in.

Phacelia crenulata
Also known as scorpion-weed and heliotrope phacelia. It is native in the Colorado and Baja California areas. It grows up to 80 cm tall and the leaves are 2 to 12 cm long. In terms of human interaction, the plant is secure and not endangered.

Salix exigua
Coyote Willows are considered endangered, but are native to North America. Their branches have been used as flexible poles and many Native Americans used to use them years ago. They were especially used for building huts and different types of shelters. The flowers that blossom from these plants allow for bees to pollenate, but only the male plants provide this feature. This plant can reach 4-7 meters (13-23ft). The leaves are very narrow grow to about 4-12cm (1.6-4.7in) long and 2-10mil (0.079-0.394in). They are very green and with silky white hairs when they are beginning to grow.

Stenocereus thurberi
The Organ Pipe Cactus (Stenocereus thurberi) is essential to our ecosystem. This plant is also commonly called the Organ Pipe Cactus due to its resemblance to a pipe organ. This plant comes from the kingdom Plantae, Phylum Anthophyta, the class is the Dicotyledoneae, Order Caryophyllales, Family of the Cactaceae, Genus Stenocereus, and the species is Stenocereus thurberi. The Organ Pipe Cactus is known as "sweet pitaya or the sweet cactus fruit. It helps store water to help protect itself against the heat and the desert droughts (Wikipedia, 2019). They also offer proteins and some oils to the soil. Humans are having a continual impact on many different species, especially these plants. The development of the border wall is affecting the habitat and population of manyspecies. The wall will take over some of the lands that the organ pipe cactus covers. The Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument helps protect the organ pipe cactus to flourish in ideal conditions.

Climate Changes
With the droughts that are affecting this region, it's impacting the population of many animal species. Chris McCreddy, Charles van Ripper III, Todd Esque, and Abigail Darrah mention that the threat that this drought is having on the bid population is being underestimated (McCreedy, 2015). The average number of birds that do their nesting in this refuge has decreased over the years. With the frequent studies that Chris McCreddy, Charles van Ripper III, Todd Esque, and Abigail Darrah have been doing; they suggest that that the droughts will cause these nesting decreases to occur more frequently. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service states that "climate change poses one of the greatest conservation threats of the 21st century" (System, 2020). This article mentions that with the seawater rising, it's having an effect on the species that surround that area. Along with other environmental changes like wildfires, water shortages, and invasive species, it's causing harm to places like Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. Climate change is having a continual effect on many areas in the Lower Colorado River, and humans are not helping.

Cultural use of Minerals
The Lower Colorado Region is home to many mines across multiple cities and towns. For example, Yuma Arizona is home to 156 active mines and 6,357 closed mines, and the primary commodities are gold, silver and copper.Lake Havasu City is smaller in comparison to the Yuma area, therefore they only have about 100 active mines. Also, in Lake Havasu City, rockhounding (hobby of collecting rocks and minerals from their natural environment) is a very popular activity as the area holds many different rocks and minerals. Rockhounding is also done in Yuma, however it is not as popular of an activity as it is in Lake Havasu City.

Geology
Geology deals with continents that break "apart, collide and re-form or slide beneath one another, with rivers and oceans that appear and disappear, with mountain ranges whose battered remnants have been carried away and now lie buried on some other continent." During the Cretaceous period, which was about 100 million years ago, part of western North America was still connected to the Pacific Ocean. About 20-30 million years ago volcanic activity led to the "Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up that created smaller formations, such as the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and left a significant amount of volcanic ash and debris." The Basin and Range started about 20 million years ago and Sierra Nevada began forming about 10 million years ago that caused the Colorado to flow south towards the Gulf. As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise around 2.5-5 million years ago the river would stay its course still. In the last 1 million years the Salton Sink formed and reached 260 feet below sea level. After about 50 tears the lake evaporated the Colorado continued to flow to the gulf which left the lower Colorado River region.

Life Zones
The Lower Colorado River region has a plant life that spans six main life zones. Yuma is the lowest point at 70 feet and the highest area is around 12,670 feet near Flagstaff. The Lower Sonoran life zone is located at around 4,500 feet and the plants in this zone can survive scorching temperatures and little precipitation. The Lower Sonoran life zone is where most of us live and is correlated with the hot desert sun of the southwest. Creosote, jojoba, mesquite, paloverde, bursar, and cacti can all be found here. The average amount of rain in these regions is about 10 inches or less. When spring time comes, depending on how much rain the region has had, there will be a decent amount of flowers blossoming. A lot of plants can live for years, but those that can not are called ephemerals. Ephemeral means "short duration" since these types of plants rarely make it through an entire spring season. There are five other main life zones in Arizona and they are: the Upper Sonoran, Transition, Canadian, Hudsonian, and Alpine.

e in Yuma, however it is not as popular of an activity as it is in Lake Havasu City.

Physical Geology
The lower Colorado region is considered to be one of 21 major geographic areas or regions that have successfully been able to divide and sub-divide the U.S. into smaller hydrologic units. These areas either contain either the drainage area of a major river or the combined drainage areas of several rivers. This region includes the drainage within the U.S. of the Colorado Basin below the Lee Ferry, streams that originate within the U.S. and ultimately discharge into the Gulf of California, and the Animas Valley, Willcox Playa, and among others. It is included in parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. In addition, it is the approximate size of 140,146 square miles and has eight subregions.

Agriculture in Yuma
Yuma is known as the lettuce capital of the US for a reason. It produces most of the winter lettuce used across the US. Recently, Yuma gained fame due to the fact that lettuce with e coli was traced back to here. But what makes Yuma the lettuce capital of the world? Why is this town the #1 producer? That is because Yuma has rich soil thanks to the Colorado River which allows many farmers to grow a ton of lettuce.

Cibola National Wildlife Refuge
Humans are using the resources that the Cibola Refuge has to offer. According to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, humans go wildlife watching, on nature trails, fishing, and hunting (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2019). This refuge takes advantage of the water resources that surround the park to assist in maintaining the land. The refuge uses the amount of land for farming. According to the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, the water from the Colorado River is reserved for the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, 2004). This article also mentions that the "diversion of the Colorado River water rights, including surface flows and pumping for the Havasu, Cibola, Imperial, and Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuges." Colton Gavin states that the expansion of the property in this refuge could benefit the "migratory bird and other wildlife" (Gavin, 2014). With the increase in land size, it would make more space for the habitats of those different species. Colton Gavin also mentions that the birds that are migrating to this area need more land. It's vital to protect the land and the water that surrounds this refuge because it's not only going to benefit the farming of the land but the species that live in that area.

Parker Dam
The Parker Dam is located north of Yuma and on the border of Arizona and California. This dam is also known as the 'deepest dam in the world.'It was built entirely out of concrete and about 85 feet of the dam is actually seen. The Parker Dam's capacity is roughly 646,200 acre feet and Lake Havasu is behind the dam. Lake Havasu goes for about 45 miles behind the dam itself and can cover about 32 square miles. There is a pumping plant for the dam about 2 miles upstream from the start of the dam. The plant is called, The Metropolitan Water District's W.P. Whitsett Pumping Plant for the Colorado River. The water that is divided from this plant is distributed to different states. Arizona, California, and even Nevada are all beneficiaries of the Parker Dam. The dam is also an attraction for people of all ages and has become very popular to travel over. It truly impacts the current of the Colorado River as a whole and ensures it won't stop flowing.

Puerto Penasco
Many people across the United States visit Puerto Penasco and in doing so many different restaurants, hotels, motels, RV facilities, market places and homes have covered the land (Wikipedia, 2020). With such a high demand in tourism much of the land is used to help bring more people around. For example, there are beach houses that sell at ridiculous prices, areas where tourists can drive through different landscapes to see where ancient volcanoes erupted and the lava solidified. The water in the area comes from wells and various aquifers and is then purified for drinking. The only thing that makes people hesitate to drink the water is the taste of the water and that is due to the high mineral content (Huerita, 2009). Government officials are also looking into making the Puerto Penasco Desalination Facility that could potentially help get more water out into the community when needed and in the future be able to share water with the U.S.. The water that will be used will come from the Sea of Cortez, which over time can cause serious issues (Pace, 2020).

]

Mule Deer Trailhead
The mule deer trailhead is a 9.6-mile loop trail that is located near Golden Colorado by which features beautiful wildflowers with being rated as being moderate. The trail is usually used for hiking, trail running, camping, and nature trips. The best time to visit the mule deer trailhead is from May until October. Also, dogs are also able to use the trail, but they have to be kept on a leash at all times. Furthermore, the trail is a one loop option through as said earlier the Golden Colorado with the expected variety of terrain from rocky single-track through denser pine forest to smooth trails winding through alpine meadows. When going through the trail you will first start at the Ole Barn Knoll and then climb up to Panorama Point where you will experience gradually steepening terrain along wider paths. Once you are past Panorama Point you will then be in dense pines and will eventually make your way back down through some meadows.

Diamond Creek
Diamond Creek serves as a intermitted stream that goes through the Hualapai tribal reservation northern from the Peach Springs in Arizona to the Colorado River. It is graded into the river canyon adjacent to and within the streambed of the Creek itself. More so, the road attached to it only provides vehicular access to the Colorado River between the Lee’s Ferry upriver and Pierce Ferry downriver. This type of access makes the creek a popular location for white water rafting trips to take through the Grand Canyon as well as launching from the same location and proceeding downriver to Lake Mead.

Lake Bastrop North Shore Park
Lake Bastrop serves as a reservoir in the area of Spicer Creek within the Colorado River Basin northeast of the town of Bastrop itself with it being in the central of Texas in Bastrop County. The lake was formed first in 1964 due to the creation of a dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority. More so, the lake also serves as a place for outdoor recreation such as fishing, boating, swimming, camping, and picnicking. Altogether, this reservoir is maintained at a constant every year.

Droughts
Some threat affecting this area is the flow of the canal water. If this water completely stops flowing, then it will also affect the levels of the groundwater. Since the drought has become a concurring problem, it is affecting the water sources in this region. The farmers have to dig deeper to get groundwater. The deeper the dig for this water, the saltier the water gets, and the cost increases. Haley mentions that "thirty percent of what flows through open canals from the wells to the fields here either evaporates or soaks into the ground" (Nolde, 2020). The demands for water have become more urgent as the year's pass. Sandra Dibble mentions that water managers are trying to create new water sources that can provide to cities in Baja California (Dibble, 2015). A solution to this problem is to build more underground pipes. These pipes can help conserve more water for farmers to use to irrigate their land. It's necessary to try to preserve the water during this drought. In Sandra's article, she quotes Gasper, he states "For us, the river signifies life, sustenance of our families, sustenance of our cities" (Dibble, 2015).

Land Threats
The Colorado River has a lot of major threats that cause it to be considered the most endangered river in the U.S. Wildfires are a huge threat to this region and has destroyed multiple habitats along the way. The fires seem to favor salt cedar over cottonwood or willow and this makes the Lower Colorado River region, a perfect place for a wildfire to ignite. The high water flows that occur along the river don't help due to the drought in the lands surrounding it. The habitats that surround the river are also crucial because most of them have been overgrown by the salt cedar. This has caused environmentalists to consider revegetation of the land there. The amount of flooding could potentially change the curvature of the land and would alter the environments in which plants and animals thrive in. Pollution and contamination of the land has truly affected the river and ecosystems. The idea of clearing the lands near the river are a potential threat and could cause major harm, if they decide to do so. Some opportunities to change the fact that the river is on the endangered list, would be to stop polluting. Also, the wildfires that occur in the land can be prevented if people stop making fires near brush or other plants. Man made wildfires have become a major issue and is one of the things we as humans need to control more. The vegetation that grows there can be controlled so it doesn't become invasive or kill off other plants.

https://www.audubon.org/important-bird-areas/lower-colorado-river-gadsden-riparian-area

Water Threats
For some time the Salton Sea was a popular place but over time people stopped visiting. This was due to the agricultural runoff, pollution and the increasing salinity of the water. With all these different things occurring the fish in the water began to die off and people weren't interested in smelling decaying fish. There also was decaying fish washing up on the beach and it would sit there for days on end (Wikipedia, 2020). Now people who go visit the Salton Sea go and explore the abandoned areas around the water. This once beautiful place is now a “dead” place. The threat was humans taking advantage of the opportunity that was here. Trash was dumped into the sea and now we can only hope that over time the Colorado River can help improve the area before it becomes dried up (Wikipedia, 2020).

Animal Threats
One species that is endangered is the green turtle with its species being apart of the Chelonia Mydas. The dorsal area of the shell or carapace can be green, brown, rusty reddish brown, or a light brown. They also have markings such as spots, streaks, or mottling which are common especially with older ones. The underside of the shell or plastron is typically a whitish or yellowish (Bioweb, 2020). They often can move across three habitat types depending on their life stage as well as lay their eggs on the beach. Mature ones spend most of their time in shallow, coastal waters with lush seagrass meadows. Entire generations often migrate between one pair of feeding and nesting areas. The Chelonia Mydas is classified as a n aquatic species and are distrusted around the globe in warm tropical to subtropical waters. The environmental parameter that limits the distribution of the turtles is ocean temperatures below 7 to 10 degrees. They often stay near continental and island coastlines in which near the coastlines they live within shallow bays and protected shore. In areas that are protected shores and bays their habitats are coral reeds, salt marshes, and nearshore seagrass beds. Luckily the coral reefs provide red, brown and green algae for their diet and give protection from predators and rough storms within the ocean. In addition, the salt marshes and seagrass beds contain seaweed and grass vegetation which allows an ample habitat for them. Unfortunately, the green turtle has repeatedly been listed in the red list with it being considered a endangered species. Specifically, in the area of my own region they are listed as critically endangered. This is because of the human use of their meat and egg which has shown to steadily increase over the years and continues to do so. Even though the sea turtle has been a spiritual importance in many cultures across the globe it has not prevented humankind to consume their eggs or meat. For instance, in many coastal communities such as Central America and Asia they have been provide as a source of food. During their nesting season, hunters will comb through the beaches at night looking for nesting females. Often times they will wait until the female has birthed her eggs to kill her and then take the eggs and meat. In addition, many people will use other parts of the turtle for products such as oil, cartilage, skin, and shell.

The Chiricahua leopard frog is endangered due to habitat loss and chytrid fungus, which has led to the species to be almost entirely eliminated from its former habitat.

The kanab ambersnail is also another endangered species in the Arizona region. Most of the fact that the snail is endangered is due to human interference of their natural habitat.

Conclusion
The animals, plants and geology observed in this Wikibook is just a taste for what the Lower Colorado River Region has to offer. Also, while our book touches on the impact that humans have on the species in this region, like how Coyote’s are limited in their range of travel, the impact affects the Lower Colorado Region as a whole. The ecosystem is greatly altered due to interference of man-made objects and the rapid expansion of businesses and factories. Hopefully, this information allows a greater appreciation of the region and a different point of view behind the importance of nature, not just in the Lower Colorado River, but in general.

Group Members:
 * 1) Nicole Dressler
 * 2) Olivia Garcia
 * 3) Patrick Jauregui
 * 4) Izabeau Wright
 * 5) Aileen Zavala Ramirez


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User:Izabeau18/sandbox

Willow baccharis The plant that I chose is called the Willow Baccharis or otherwise known as being the Baccharis Salicina which is a shrub found in wet areas and along stream banking and roadsides. They can also reach up to 9 feet in which this species is important to wildlife because it provides shade, protection, and food. It is also a key component to the Southwest desert riparian understory habitat. One other fact is that Emory's baccharis is synonymous with this species.

Mule deer The mule deer is considered to be a deer that is indigenous to western side of North America and is known for its ears which has come to be large like those of the mule. Furthermore, the deer is only found in the western area such as the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains in which one of the biggest difference between the white tailed deer and the mule is their appearance is the color of their configuration of their antlers and the size of their ears. The mules deer's tail is also black tipped when the whitetail is not. Their antlers are bifurcated in which they fork as they grow rather then branching from a single main beam.

title: User:Izabeau18/sandbox


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User:Mopswade

Greetings!

title: User:Mopswade


text: User talk:TowfiqSultan

title: User talk:TowfiqSultan


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User talk:Modanung

=Cookbook:Chocolate Mousse (Vegan)= Thank you for contributing a Cookbook recipe to Wikibooks! I'm going to eventually add your recipe to Wikidata as it helps in order to make queries that can find vegan recipes(which you seem to like). Like this one https://w.wiki/K$H Datariumrex (discuss • contribs) 09:55, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Modanung


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Cookbook talk:Fried Potato Wedges

talk:potato wedges
A little about this recipe: I got the idea of this recipe when visiting my friends who made them during a cookout. I got some of my ideas from their recipe. For example they told me about how instead of using salt using paprika and how they found it to be a better alternative. So credits to them I guess. [Have a suggestion or improvement? discus it with me below.] ..........................................................

title: Cookbook talk:Fried Potato Wedges


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Hebrew/Introduction/Time

Hours
shaah - שעה - hour

The answer is "_________ השעה היא" (hashaah hi ...)    e.g. "השעה היא שלוש" (hashaah hi shalosh)
 * What is the time? ?מה השעה (mah hashaah?)

Times of day

 * In the morning: בבוקר (baboker)
 * At noon: בצהריים (batzhoraim)
 * In the Afternoon: אחרי הצהריים (ahrei hatzhoraim)
 * In the evening: בערב (baerev)
 * At midnight: בחצות (bahatzot)

The answer is "_______ עכשיו (achshav...)   e.g. "עכשיו אחרי הצהריים" (achshav ahrei hatzhoraim)
 * What time of day is it? ?מה הזמן ביום עכשיו (mah hazman bayom achshav?)

Military clock
In Hebrew, military clock notation is used in writing. However, in spoken Hebrew, say the number and then time of day.
 * 3 A.M. = 3 in the morning: שלוש בבוקר (shalosh baboker)
 * 3 P.M. = 3 in the afternoon: שלוש אחרי הצהריים (shalosh ahrei hatzhoraim)

title: Hebrew/Introduction/Time


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Basic Geography/Settlement

A Settlement is a place where a group of people live together or is a process of settling somewhere

title: Basic Geography/Settlement