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The Story of Rhodesia/Rudd Concession

Know all men by these presents, that whereas Charles Dunell Rudd, of Kimberley; Rochfort Maguire, of London; and Francis Robert Thompson, of Kimberley, hereinafter called the grantees, have covenanted and agreed, and do hereby covenant and agree, to pay to me, my heirs and successors, the sum of one hundred pounds sterling, British currency, on the first day of every lunar month; and further, to deliver at my royal kraal one thousand Martini-Henry breech-loading rifles, together with one hundred thousand rounds of suitable ball cartridge, five hundred of the said rifles and fifty thousand of the said cartridges to be ordered from England forthwith and delivered with reasonable despatch, and the remainder of the said rifles and cartridges to be delivered as soon as the said grantees shall have commenced to work mining machinery within my territory; and further, to deliver on the Zambesi River a steamboat with guns suitable for defensive purposes upon the said river, or in lieu of the said steamboat, should I so elect, to pay to me the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, British currency. On the execution of these presents, I, Lobengula, King of Matabeleland, Mashonaland, and other adjoining territories, in exercise of my sovereign powers, and in the presence and with the consent of my council of indunas, do hereby grant and assign unto the said grantees, their heirs, representatives, and assigns, jointly and severally, the complete and exclusive charge over all metals and minerals situated and contained in my kingdoms, principalities, and dominions, together with full power to do all things that they may deem necessary to win and procure the same, and to hold, collect, and enjoy the profits and revenues, if any, derivable from the said metals and minerals, subject to the aforesaid payment; and whereas I have been much molested of late by divers persons seeking and desiring to obtain grants and concessions of land and mining rights in my territories, I do hereby authorise the said grantees, their heirs, representatives and assigns, to take all necessary and lawful steps to exclude from my kingdom, principalities, and dominions all persons seeking land, metals, minerals, or mining rights therein, and I do hereby undertake to render them all such needful assistance as they may from time to time require for the exclusion of such persons, and to grant no concessions of land or mining rights from and after this date without their consent and concurrence; provided that, if at any time the said monthy payment of one hundred pounds shall be in arrear for a period of three months, then this grant shall cease and determine from the date of the last-made payment; and further provided that nothing contained in these presents shall extend to or affect a grant made by me of certain mining rights in a portion of my territory south of the Ramaquaban River, which grant is commonly known as the Tati Concession.

(signed by Lobengula, Rudd, Maguire, Thompson, Helm and Dreyer)

I hereby certify that the accompanying document has been fully interpreted and explained by me to the Chief Lobengula and his full Council of Indunas and that all the Constitutional usages of the Matabele Nation had been complied with prior to his executing the same.

(signed by Helm)

title: The Story of Rhodesia/Rudd Concession


text: Category:Book:Mundeze

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Book:Mundeze


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User talk:Ngcfhbj52

cat are the best pets ever get one to day

title: User talk:Ngcfhbj52


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User:Cakeordeath123/sandbox

Medicine and Health Sciences
Health in general, physical health, and life expectancy play an important part in the assessment of a person’s happiness; these are medical concepts which allow the determination of a person’s quality of living, as well as their overall corporal well-being.

Physical health plays an essential role in an individual’s happiness due to biological factors (e.g. hormones released) that have been quantifiably proven to correlate with improved emotions and mental health. Life expectancy is linked to physical health, for when one has poor physical health, life expectancy is shortened. Therefore, the WHR considers life expectancy and physical health as evidence of the level of one’s happiness.

Evidence on life expectancy is taken from the World Health Organisation, which defines life expectancy as the ‘average number of years that a new-born could expect to live’. If one has a longer life expectancy, the likelihood for the person to be happy also increases. Evidence in life expectancy incorporates both quantitative and qualitative elements such as documentation of birth mortality in hospitals and oral accounts provided through census. , while evidence for physical health is primarily based on qualitative observation, through simply looking at a person and evaluating their actions.

An important factor that determines physical health and life-expectancy is the healthcare system; an adequate healthcare system is required to constantly monitor a citizen’s physical well-being.

Plan: Intro - health is important, physical, mental etc Main measure used in WHR is Healthy LE - data acquired from WHO - who define HLE as .... Being healthy enables us to enjoy other aspects of life... work, earn, take care of others.. for longer.. therefore important Evidence in WHR shows that diff in avg score between top 10 and bottom 10 is 4.16 points. Of 2.96points attributed to the 6 key factors, WHR estimates that 0.62 = ~20% can be attributed to HLE, highlighting importance

title: User:Cakeordeath123/sandbox


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Wikibooks:Requests for import/Archives/2020/October

Missing Character encodings support templates
I found four missing templates.Alexlatham96 (discuss • contribs) 01:38, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * :w:Template:Character encoding
 * w:Template:Infobox character encoding
 * w:Template:Is empty
 * w:Template:Yesno-no
 * How do you plan on using them here --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 07:50, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Here is an example of a page that uses these templates: Transwiki:EBCDIC 037; you can also look at the Wikipedia character encoding articles that use them, for example: w:Code page 437. Also, you can ask User:Bigdelboy, who imported the other templates, for more information. Alexlatham96 (discuss • contribs) 20:44, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * @: At a glance, and to my best understanding, and I may be wrong, the "Character encoding" template is not an accepted navigation practice within WikiBooks manual of style. The same is true, to my best understanding, of "Infobox character encoding".  I'm not entirely where templates "Is empty" and "Yesno-no" are used but I might try to import them if I am not blocked and have some RL time in the next 24h, but no promises.Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 12:53, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

@: I have imported the above to the Transwiki space. I have not installed these to template space on Wikibooks. At this particular time I have not currently got bandwidth to satisfy myself personally can check and justify that installation so I am standing back from that: it doesn't mean it is or isn't correct .. it just means I am tired and RL tied up. I observe for Template Yesno-no the documentation, if I am correct, points to the Template:Yesno/doc which is seems to be an existing high visibility template so again I am cautious AND PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IF ATTEMPTING TO MODIFY THAT DOCUMENTATION. Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 20:11, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Transwiki:Is empty
 * Transwiki:Is empty/doc
 * Transwiki:Yesno-no


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 20

Today in 1963 an issue of the MIT newspaper The Tech was published with the first documented use of the term “hacker”. Contrary to Richard Stallman’s narrative, it was bearing a black-hat connotation.


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User:སངས་རྒྱས་དབང་ཕྱུག

གསོལ་འདེབས་དཀར་པོ་ཆིག་ཐུབ་བཞུགས་སོ།།
༄༅། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །རྗེ་དུས་གསུམ་སངས་རྒྱས་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི། །སྐུ་གསུང་ཐུགས་དང་ཡོན་ཏན་དང་། །ཕྲིན་ལས་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ངོ་བོ་ཉིད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །འཁོར་བའི་རྒྱ མཚོ་མ་སྟོངས་བར། །འགྲོ་བ་ཡོངས་ཀྱི་སྐྱབས་མགོན་མཛད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །འདས་དང་མ་འོངས་ད་ལྟ་རུ། །སྐུ་ཡི་བཀོད་པ་བསམ་མི་ཁྱབ། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཡི་དམ་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །གཟུགས་སྐུའི་སྣང་བ་སྣ་ཚོགས་པ། །མཐའ་དག་མ་ལུས་རྫོགས་པར་མཛད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །མཁའ་འགྲོ་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །སྐྱེ་མེད་ཆོས་སྐུའི་ངང་དུ་བཞུགས། །སྣང་བ་བདེ་སྟོང་དུ་བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབས། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་སྐྱོང་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ། །སངས་རྒྱས་བསྟན་ལ་གནོད་བྱེད་པའི། །མི་དགེ་བའི་རྒྱུ་འབྲས་རྡུལ་དུ་རློག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །གདམས་ངག་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །གནས་ལུགས་སྤྲོས་བྲལ་ཆོས་སྐུ་རུ། །བྱིན་གྱིས་བརློབ་ཅིང་མངོན་དུ་མཛད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཉམས་ལེན་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །ལུས་སྲོག་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཕྱོགས་སུ་འདོར། །ཆོས་བརྒྱད་ཚེ་འདིར་མཁའ་ལྟར་དག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཉམས་མྱོང་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །སེམས་བྱུང་ལས་དང་ཉོན་མོངས་དག །སེམས་ཉིད་ཟག་མེད་བདེ་བར་ཤར། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྒྲུབ་ཐབས་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །སྣང་སྲིད་སྐུ་གསུམ་གྱི་དཀྱིལ་འཁོར་ལ། །ཐུན་དུ་མ་བཟུང་རྒྱུན་ཆད་མེད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །བསྙེན་པ་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །དུས་གསུམ་སངས་རྒྱས་ཐུགས་བསྐུལ་བའི། །གསོལ་འདེབས་སྔགས་ཀྱི་ང་རོ་སྒྲོག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །དཔེ་ཆ་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །གསུང་རབ་བཀའ་དང་བསྟན་བཅོས་རྣམས། །སྤྱོད་ལམ་རྣམ་ཐར་ཆོས་སུ་སྟོན། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཐབས་ལམ་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །ཟབ་ལམ་བླ་མའི་མོས་གུས་ཀྱིས། །ཕུན་སུམ་ཚོགས་པའི་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་འགྲིག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྒྲིབ་སྦྱོངས་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །ཐུགས་དགོངས་ཆོས་ཉིད་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལ། །སྤང་བྱའི་ཉེས་ལྟུང་ངང་གིས་དག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །འགྲོ་དོན་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །མཁྱེན་བརྩེ་ནུས་པར་ལྡན་པ་ཡིས། །གདུལ་བྱ་འཁོར་བ་དོང་སྤྲུག་མཛད། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོསརྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །རྒྱལ་ཁམས་ཀྱི་སྤྲང་པོ་བློ་བདེ་བདག །མི་གཅིག་ཆོས་གཅིག་ཡོན་ཏན་གཅིག །ས་གཅིག་ལམ་གཅིག་འབྲས་བུ་གཅིག །ཀུན་གོ་གཅིག་གིས་ཆོད་པ་ནི། །མོས་གུས་དཀར་པོ་ཆིག་ཐུབ་ཡིན། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཀུན་མཁྱེན་ཡང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །ཀུན་ཁྱབ་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །ཀུན་འདུས་ཀྱང་བླ་མ་རིན་ཆེན་ཡིན། །གསོལ་འདེབས་གཅིག་པུས་ཆོག་པ་འདི། །གནད་རྣམས་གཅིག་ཏུ་དྲིལ་བ་ལགས། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྐྱབས་བྲལ་བ་མེད་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྐྱབས་འགྲན་ཟླ་བྲལ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྐྱབས་འགྱུར་བ་མེད་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྐྱབས་གཉེན་གཅིག་པོ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །སྐྱབས་མི་མཛད་གཏེར་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །མཚན་ལྡན་བླ་མས་བྱིན་གྱིས་རློབས། །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །རྗེ་རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་སྐུ་དྲིན་གྱིས། །སྤྲང་མོས་གུས་ཀྱི་གཤོག་སྒྲོ་ནང་ནས་རྒྱས། །དཀར་བརྒྱུད་ཀྱི་བསྟན་པ་མཁའ་ལ་ལྡིང་། །འཁོར་འདས་གཉིས་མེད་ཀྱི་ནམ་འཕང་སྤྱོད། །ཕ་རྗེས་བུ་ཡིས་ཟིན་པར་ཤོག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །གསོལ་འདེབས་ཡོན་ཏན་ཀུན་འབྱུང་འདི། །ཚེ་གཅིག་སངས་རྒྱས་རྟེན་འབྲེལ་ཡིན། །ཆིག་ཆོག་རྒྱལ་པོ་ངོ་མཚར་ཆེ། །བན་བུན་མང་པོ་མེད་པར་ཤོག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །བླ་མ་དུས་གསུམ་སངས་རྒྱས་དང་། །ཐུགས་ཡིད་གཅིག་ཏུ་འདྲེས་ནས་ཀྱང་། །ཚེ་འདི་བློ་ཡིས་ཐོངས་པ་དང་། །རྟག་ཏུ་བླ་མ་བསྒྲུབ་པར་ཤོག །མ་ནམ་མཁའ་དང་མཉམ་པའི་སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད། །བླ་མ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། །ཆོས་རྗེ་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་ལ་སྐྱབས་སུ་མཆི། ། རྗེ་སྤྱིལ་དཀར་བས་མཛད་པའོ།།     །། 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

authors: སངས་རྒྱས་དབང་ཕྱུག

title: User:སངས་རྒྱས་དབང་ཕྱུག


text:
User:Ambzulu

Drambzulu

title: User:Ambzulu


text:
Lentis/The Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global investment and infrastructure development program introduced in 2013 by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). “Belt” is short for the new Silk Road Economic Belt, a vision to restore the Han Dynasty Silk Road trade routes through Central Asia. “Road” refers to the existing sea corridor spanning from South China to India, the Middle East, and Europe, known as the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road. The BRI lacks a precise definition. Although its name suggests that it is confined to the "belt" and "road," it is a global initiative reaching as far as the Americas. Even leaders of the program discuss it in vague terms.

The BRI is a focal point of Chinese foreign policy. It is controversial, particularly among Western countries, due to the lack of transparency in many of its projects. While advocates praise the BRI as a model for sustainable regional development, critics view it as a political agenda to re-establish a Sinocentric world economy. Other critics warn about the climate consequences of the BRI.

=Motivations= The historical context of the “Century of National Humiliation” and the security of China's core interests are key motivations behind the BRI.

Sinocentrism and The Century of National Humiliation
For most of China's imperial history, Asia was organized in a Sinocentric system. Nearby tributary nations would send emissaries to kowtow to the Chinese emperor, seeking protection in return. These states were effectively vassals, but also had de facto autonomy. China's relationship to the West was also skewed in China's favor. The West desired Chinese goods such as tea and silk, but lacked goods to trade in return. From 1500 AD to the mid-1800s, China’s GDP surpassed that of all the European nations combined. The notion of hegemony is so ingrained in Chinese tradition that China's name in Mandarin, 中國 (Zhōngguó), translates to Central Country.

However, the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839 was the beginning of a century in which which China was bullied, attacked, and torn apart by imperial powers. This period, known in the Chinese historical consciousness as “Bainian Guochi” (a Century of National Humiliation), has been a central motivation for the PRC’s rapid modernization since Mao Zedong announced its end in 1949.

The West often views China’s tremendous transformation since the 1980s as its “rise.” The Chinese instead use the word “rejuvenation,” which “emphasizes their determination to wipe out past humiliations and to restore themselves to their former glory.” Given China's longstanding tradition of hegemony, the BRI may serve to rectify the Century of Humiliation by restoring a Sinocentric trade network and world economy. With heavy investment and infrastructure development throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, China increases its power locally, expands its spheres of influence globally, and secures its interests, returning to the preeminent nation it once was.

In imperial China, Sinocentrism was justified by the Mandate of Heaven. Now, the CCP hails legitimacy from China's rapid economic development, and may wish to use this rationale to justify any future attempts at hegemony.

Security
The BRI serves China’s core interests in guaranteeing "state sovereignty, national security, territorial integrity and national reunification, China's political system...and overall social stability.” According to an official white paper, the Chinese government believes ”security and development are closely linked and mutually complementary.” The Chinese seem to think that economic development in regions susceptible to insecurity, such as many of China’s neighbors, will lead to security development. Economic cooperation leads to security cooperation, enhancing China's security.

The Chinese regions which border Central Asia, Xinjiang and Xizang (Tibet), are historically the most prone to insecurity due to their non-Han ethnic majority. BRI projects along the “belt” will lead to economic development and connectivity in these two regions. The CCP hopes that through this economic development, the stability of these regions can be guaranteed. The CCP couples this economic strategy with the mass internment of ethnic minorities, especially in Xinjiang. The CCP fears that a situation mirroring the collapse of the Soviet Union, where economic decline contributed to the loss of legitimacy, is possible in China. According to The National Interest, the CCP believes that “economic success legitimizes one-party rule in China, and that without it the country could break out in some kind of spontaneous combustion.” China has a surplus industrial capacity and is facing the middle income trap. Exporting this surplus capacity and increasing Chinese construction abroad through the BRI prevents the stagnation of the Chinese economy, securing legitimacy for the CCP.

=Reactions= Initially, the Belt and Road Initiative was praised by participant countries and criticized mainly by the United States, which views the BRI as a threat to its global soft power. However, reactions from some participant countries have changed in recent years because of leadership changes and loan repayments.

Support
The Chinese government has made significant efforts to control the perception of the BRI and has persuaded over 130 countries (largely non-Western) to endorse the program. Russia, which is involved in more than 150 BRI projects, is the largest supporter of the initiative outside of China itself. Other countries such as Italy, Greece, the Philippines, and Singapore have also chosen to either join or endorse it.

Criticism
Critics accuse the BRI of promoting corruption, being a form of neocolonialism, and exacerbating climate issues.

Debt Trap Diplomacy (“Loan to Own”)
Claims that the BRI is a form of neocolonialism and a salami-slicing strategy stem from accusations that China utilizes debt-trap diplomacy. Critics allege that China knowingly negotiates loans with countries that cannot repay them in time. When those countries then default on the loan, China seizes strategic assets and gains political influence. In many BRI countries the external debt to China comprises a significant percentage of the GDP. Many ports along the "road" have been seized in the wake of payment defaults. China’s current relationship with some BRI countries is similar to China’s relationship with tributary states in the imperial era (periodic collection of payments, influence in politics and government, preferential treatment in trade, etc.). The Chinese government denies accusations of neocolonialism, and evidence is difficult to obtain because of the lack of transparency in negotiations. Due to COVID-19, many countries have reached out to the G20 (which includes China) for aid. African BRI participants in particular owe $145 billion to China, with over $10 billion due in 2020. How the Chinese government deals with upcoming defaults will influence the future perception of the BRI.

Corruption
The BRI has been accused of fostering and exploiting corruption in some participant countries. Many BRI participant countries rank in the bottom half of the TRACE Bribery Risk Matrix. 10 of these countries are within the top 25 corruption-prone countries in the world. In these countries, many of the procedures for investment negotiations are allegedly bypassed through bribes and back-door deals. China gets favorable terms and the corrupt leaders of the participant countries are able to sustain their corruption. The Chinese government denies these allegations, however, some view the Malaysia and Sri Lanka case studies as evidence that China has fostered corruption.

Climate Consequences
A Tsinghua University report indicates that BRI participant countries are expected to exceed a 2-Degree Scenario carbon budget by 2030. If this expectation holds, BRI countries would account for half of the global carbon emissions by 2050. China is ahead of schedule to meet its Paris Agreement goals, but critics argue that China's progress is offset by the BRI's heavy reliance on coal. China is the world leader in renewable energy but conspicuously does not promote it for BRI projects. Yale Climate Connections suggests that this discrepancy is because most renewable companies are private while traditional energy companies are state-owned. China also possesses a strong workforce for coal, and the BRI may be a way to export its coal technology and surplus industrial capacity. Development along the waterways of the “road” causes disruption to coastal wetlands, declines in biodiversity, and drops in drinking water quality according to Yale Climate Connections. The Mekong River is a case study which validates the environmental concerns associated with the BRI. Projects along the “belt” pose risks such as “landslides, flooding, soil erosion, sedimentation in rivers, and interruptions of water courses.” In Myanmar, 25 million people live down-slope of BRI projects and are at risk of flooding. Critics warn that the BRI requires strategic environmental planning, which the Chinese government is failing to do.

Case Studies
The following case studies are often cited in the accusations of how debt-trap diplomacy and corruption play a role in BRI dealings.

Malaysia
Malaysia was a BRI country before 2018. Despite heavy criticism within the country, former Prime Minister Najib Razak negotiated with the Chinese government to be a part of three BRI projects: the East Coast Rail Link, the Trans-Sabah Gas Pipeline, and the Multi-Product Pipeline. Razak was the head of the authoritarian UMNO party that had been in power since Malaysian independence in 1957. In 2016, he offered China stakes in Malaysian railway projects and space at two ports to dock Chinese navy ships as part of the BRI. In return, he sought Chinese aid in influencing the United States to drop investigations into the 1MDB scandal that involved him. In 2018, there was a historic change of power in Malaysia, partially due to Razak's corrupt dealings. The new Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed promptly canceled all three BRI projects, stating that they were detrimental to the country and its fiscal health.

Sri Lanka
Former Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa looked for funding for an ambitious port project in his hometown of Hambantota. After being rejected by frequent lenders like India because feasibility studies indicated the debt would be unsustainable, Rajapaksa turned to China. Over the course of development, Sri Lanka incurred heavy debt to China, which it was unable to repay. In 2015, Rajapaksa was voted out of office, despite the Chinese directly funding his campaign to keep him in power. As a result of heavy pressure from the Chinese government, in 2017 the new Sri Lankan government leased the entire port and 15,000 surrounding acres to China for 99 years. The deal erased some of Sri Lanka’s debt, but $12.3 billion out of the Sri Lankan government’s $14.8 billion revenue in 2018 was still debt repayments.

=Conclusion= The Belt and Road Initiative may be the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken. The initiative provides great opportunities for cooperation and economic development throughout the world, especially in Asia. However, understanding the historical motivations behind the BRI is necessary in discerning its true purpose. The manifest function is to build infrastructure globally, but there are a variety of important side effects (Sinocentrism in economic and geopolitical contexts, security motivations, climate consequences, etc.). The BRI is still in its early stages, but it is being watched closely by the West to see how it will shape the geopolitical and economic climate for the rest of the century.

There are many other aspects of the BRI that warrant expansion of the chapter. For example, the BRI's impact on the Sino-Indian border dispute, which involves the world's two most populous countries, can be investigated to expand this chapter. This chapter also focuses heavily on the criticisms of the BRI and only informs readers that support exists. Case studies about the support of the BRI will add meaningful value to this chapter.

=Further Reading= Below is a list of links to information outside the scope of this chapter, as well as tangentially related topics that curious readers may find interesting.

Directly related to the BRI

 * Chinese BRI investment in Pakistan affects the Sino-Indian border dispute
 * Blue Dot Network (how some western powers aim to counter the BRI)
 * investment in the Congo
 * Further investigation into accusations of the BRI as a form of neocolonialism
 * discussion of the BRI with respect to poverty and economic impacts
 * University of Virginia assessment of the BRI

Tangentially related to the BRI

 * Made in China 2025
 * and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy
 * Territorial disputes in the South China Sea (Nine-dash line)
 * Marshall Plan
 * String of Pearls Theory
 * History of colonialism

=References=

title: Lentis/The Belt and Road Initiative


text:
Talk:Lentis/The Belt and Road Initiative

For outside reviewers
This is a group project for a university class. Feel free to add to it and edit it, but please do not delete the entire page just because it is a work in progress.

To the casebook group:
11/14

I have done some research, written a summary of that research and split it into sections which I thought were appropriate.

It may look like I have written a lot but this is just a starter for us so that we can be prepared for our presentation. It definitely needs a lot of work. And definitely needs to be cut down. Please feel free to edit what I wrote, remove excess information, delete entire sections or rewrite them, add links and pictures, or add sections. The 31 resources which I used to find the information are referenced in the placeholder chapter. If you guys haven't started doing research yet, that may be a good place to start to get your bearings before looking for specific things.

-ur6yr

11/24

Hey guys, I had a few minutes so I added a further reading section based on some of the things our classmates suggested in the presentation feedback. I also added some links throughout the chapter. Again, just as before, please feel free to add, delete, modify, or copy edit for economy any of what I've already written. For example, one idea could be to spend less words on the leadership and financing parts and instead add a subsection under "criticism" about the climate impacts of the BRI. That was also something suggested in the presentation feedback doc. Also, we should probably add some images throughout the chapter. Remember that images must be in the public domain.

-ur6yr

12/4

I added some images. Adding some charts or graphs might be useful, but I couldn't find any in the public domain quickly. We could probably create them if necessary. The chapter needs to be copy edited and cut down for economy. I also think adding sections under criticism about environmental impact (carbon emissions, wildlife, water, cement production etc.) and a case study about this might be useful. Although China itself is set to meet their Paris agreement climate goals ahead of schedule, the new BRI involved countries could be the largest source of carbon emissions in the next few decades. Some of this could also be added as a motivation subsection because the BRI creates new markets for China's coal resources, but we do need to be careful not to write too much. That climate angle was something both our classmates and the professor said might be interesting. Here are some links to help get started with that: Yale Climate Connections on the BRI climate consequences, A Duke and World Bank combined study on reducing BRI environmental risks, and Brookings on reducing BRI emissions

Also UVA has its own assessment of the BRI. It might be interesting to check that out.

-ur6yr

12/7

I talked to the professor in office hours. I think it's definitely a good idea to add a section about the climate consequences. We also can probably remove most of the "What is the BRI?" section because it reads like a Wikipedia article and that's not the purpose of the chapter. Things like financing or leadership are not particularly important. We can just link the BRI Wikipedia page. Our introduction already introduces what the BRI is. That will also help us get it closer to the target 1500 words.

-ur6yr

12/8

I removed the "What is the BRI?" section and added a very rough climate consequences section. To see the deleted section look at the version at 22:08, 7 December 2020.

I did some copy editing to cut down on unnecessary information and make things more clear and concise. It's likely that a lot of it still needs copy editing. It's hard to edit sentences just after writing them since the meaning is clear in my head. A fresh set of eyes will likely help.

I think the support section could just be removed too since it's just informative. We can just say in the conclusion that people can expand the chapter by looking support and providing case studies or something.

-ur6yr


text:
User:Osman Mikdat

I'm Osman Mikdat and A proud Student of Walewale Senior High Technical School.

title: User:Osman Mikdat


text:
User talk:SonOfAxum

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, SonOfAxum!

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--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:13, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:SonOfAxum


text:
User talk:Pvize1

Start text

title: User talk:Pvize1


text:
User talk:Tanjum.nusrat

--Martin Urbanec (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanjum.nusrat


text:
User talk:2600:387:5:807:0:0:0:4F

—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 19:49, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:2600:387:5:807:0:0:0:4F


text:
User talk:69.117.121.216

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks! Thank you for your contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but if you wish to acquire additional privileges, you can simply  [ create a named account] . It's free, requires no personal information, and lets you:
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If you edit without using a named account, your (69.117.121.216) is used to identify you instead.

By the way, please make sure to sign and date your talk page comments with four tildes (~~~~).

Happy editing! —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 19:50, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.117.121.216


text:
User talk:AkanoToE

Welcome, AkanoToE!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 19:51, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:AkanoToE


text:
User talk:181.176.99.226

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikibooks! Thank you for your contributions so far. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikibooks, but if you wish to acquire additional privileges, you can simply  [ create a named account] . It's free, requires no personal information, and lets you:
 * Create new pages and rename pages
 * Edit semi-protected pages
 * Upload images
 * Have your own watchlist, which shows when articles you are interested in have changed.

If you edit without using a named account, your (181.176.99.226) is used to identify you instead.

By the way, please make sure to sign and date your talk page comments with four tildes (~~~~).

Happy editing! —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 19:53, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:181.176.99.226


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000

Background
Ohio Art is a company based in Bryan, a small community in northwest Ohio. The company had begun to experiement with an electronic Etch-A-Sketch when they released the original Etch-A-Skech animator, a device capable of 12 frames of animations, in 1986. The system retailed for $139.99 and cartridges cost $29.99. It's important to note that the original Etch-A-Sketch animator was essentially a digital version of the analog Etch-A-Sketch, and as purely an art and animation device it did not play games.

Development
Development of the Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 began in 1987. In 1988 Ohio Art received a patent for the original Etch-A-Sketch Animator.

Launch
"Its mother is a computer. Its father is a toy"

The Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 launched in 1988.

Legacy
The Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 was not a success and production ended by 1990.

A TV plug and play system, the Etch-A-Sketch ETO was launched in 2004 for $35. The Ohio Art Company would later work on a different system, the K-Magic

Compute
The Etch-A-Sketch Animator was advertised as having "196K memory", as well as having "30 functions".

22 images could be stored in the Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000, and 99 animation frames using those pictures could be saved. A memory cartridge was available to expand storage.

Hardware
The Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 has a black and white LCD with a resolution of 60 pixels by 40 pixels.

The Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 has a touch pad and stylus.

The Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000 uses six AA batteries.

The system was protected by a styrofoam shell while in its box.

The system was made in the USA with some parts sourced from Hong Kong and Japan.

Original Etch-A-Sketch Animator Specs
The original Etch-A-Sketch Animator has a 4-bit Sanyo LC6523 microcontroller, two kilobytes of RAM, and an LCD screen with a resolution of 40 by 30 pixels.

Game Library
Three games were released for the Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000.
 * Putt-Nuts - 18 hole Mini golf game. Has a two player mode.
 * Flyby - Flight simulator. Todd Marshall worked on this game.
 * Overdrive - Racing game.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/IM-26

History
The IM-26 was released in the Soviet Union in 1988. The system is noted for it's similarity to the Digi Casse.

The console would slightly outlive the Soviet Union, which dissolved on the 24th of December in 1991. Development for the IM-26 stopped after 1992.

Technology
The console display was included in game cartridges.

The IM-26 is powered by two LR43 batteries.

External Resources

 * Video Game Kraken - IM-26 page.
 * Game Medium - IM-26 page.

title: History of video games/Platforms/IM-26


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Light Games

History
The Grandstand Light Games system was a projector based console released in 1988. It is one of the few consoles that elected to go with a projector based design, alongside its contemporary the Proscreen, and the much later 2020 console the BL6.

Technology
The Grandstand Light Games uses a projector to display graphics. The projector shines through a LCD in the cartridge, which produces the graphics in lieu of slides.

The top of the console includes a cartridge slot.

Games
There are at least nine cartridges for the Light Games console.

External Resources

 * Handheld Museum - Playtime Light Games page.
 * Game Medium - Light Games page.
 * Video Game Console Library - Gallery of Educational Systems including Light Games.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/PreComputer 1000

History
The V-Tech PreComputer 1000 was launched in 1988 in the United States of America.

Technology
The V-Tech PreComputer 1000 is powered by either an 8-bit Zilog Z84C0004PEC or a Toshiba TMPZ84C00AP Z80 clone processor clocked at 4 megahertz.

The V-Tech PreComputer uses 2 kilobytes (16 kilobits) of RAM and 126 kilobytes (1 megabit) of RAM.

The display is a one line, 20 character LCD. Below is a representation of what could be displayed on such a screen, where a black box is an alphabetical character.

▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮

Built in

 * Fact quizzes
 * Typing course
 * Mathematics activities
 * Games
 * Calculator
 * PRE-BASIC 1.0

Cartridges

 * Bible Knowledge
 * Fantasy Trivia
 * General Knowledge II
 * Super Science
 * Speller
 * Famous Places and Things


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman

Background
The game of Mah-Jong has existed since at least the 1800's. Mah-Jong became a popular game in Japan from the 1920's on, following its introduction from China. Thus Nintendo would try to bring a portable electronic version of the popular board game to market.

Launch
Nintendo launched the Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman in 1983 for 16,800 yen.

The Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman was succeeded by the Nintendo Game Boy, which would feature the return of the Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman brand as the 1989 GameBoy Yakuman cartridge. Unusually for a Nintendo console, the system has been poorly documented, and relatively little is known of its history.

Technology
The Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman uses a black and white dot matrix LCD.

The Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman supported a link cable for multiplayer, becoming one of the first consoles to support a console to console communication standard by default.

The Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman is powered by four AA batteries. The system could also take 6V DC input.

The console bore the model number MJ 8000.

External Resources

 * Handheld Museum - Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman page.


text:
User talk:192.147.231.2

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 02:53, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.147.231.2


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Connor Videosmarts

Launch
The Connor Videosmarts was launched in 1986 for between $45 and $50.

Videos for the Connor Videosmarts were made up to 1990.

Technology
The Connor Videosmarts uses four C type batteries.

Notable games
A number of educational video cassettes were made for the Conner Videosmarts.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Proscreen

History
The Proscreen was launched by V-Tech in 1984.

Technology
The Proscreen can project images through an LCD onto a wall, or onto itself. Light is produced through a bulb.

Games
The Proscreen included a pack in game, and two other games were available separately.

External Resources

 * Game Medium - Proscreen page.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 29

Today in 1972 first of the annual Phone Phreak Conventions was held in New York. Initially consisting mainly of blind people, phone phreaks studied and experimented with the largest automated machine of the time. This was possible due to signaling within the main channel: For example, whistling certain tones gave them control. Increasing public attention following a 1971 article in Esquire magazine attracted a lot of phone company agents to the convention and led to some high-profile arrests. The next year, everyone was wearing a mask. This community was a precursor to the hacker movement. Apple started out as a manufacturer of phreaking equipment.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 29


text:
User talk:Mario the super star

your account is unblocked

StrategyWiki
You were banned because you kept adding false information. -- Prod (discuss • contribs) 21:20, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mario the super star


text:
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title: Template:Wikibook


text:
User talk:153.107.43.17

Blocked
You cannot edit for 3 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:53, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:153.107.43.17


text:
Annotated Republic of China Case Law/Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 793

Date
28 August 2020

Issue
Would the Act Governing the Settlement of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations be unconstitutional? Several judges officially petitioned for a constitutional interpretation after the disputed Act would primarily target Kuomingtang regarding questionable property.

Holding
The disputed Act is constitutional.

Effect
The Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee would have legislative ando judicial bases to pursue questionable property held by Kuomingtang.


text:
User:ElfSnail123/sandbox

This is my sandbox.

=Part 2: Company Rule in Rhodesia=

Rhodes’s Dream
=References=

title: User:ElfSnail123/sandbox


text:
User talk:Flankbed

Welcome!
Welcome, Flankbed!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:17, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flankbed


text:
User talk:Wise marvel jr

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:45, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

What's wrong? Wise marvel jr (discuss • contribs) 06:50, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey Wise marvel jr and Welcome to Wikibooks! Your userpage contained a Facebook link to your "notorious hiphop group" - which falls under Dealing_with_vandalism: "Adding external links to a module or user page for promotional purposes is disruptive, and is considered to be spam". This is why your userpage was deleted and you've been given a warning regarding your edit. Thank you :) —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:01, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wise marvel jr


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson

IRPA Section 159
Section 159 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Chairperson

159 (1) The Chairperson is, by virtue of holding that office, a member of each Division of the Board and is the chief executive officer of the Board. In that capacity, the Chairperson (a) has supervision over and direction of the work and staff of the Board; (b) may at any time assign a member appointed under paragraph 153(1)(a) to the Refugee Appeal Division or the Immigration Appeal Division; (c) may at any time, despite paragraph 153(1)(a), assign a member of the Refugee Appeal Division or the Immigration Appeal Division to work in another regional or district office to satisfy operational requirements, but an assignment may not exceed 120 days without the approval of the Governor in Council; (d) may designate, from among the full-time members appointed under paragraph 153(1)(a), coordinating members for the Refugee Appeal Division or the Immigration Appeal Division; (e) assigns administrative functions to the members of the Board; (f) apportions work among the members of the Board and fixes the place, date and time of proceedings; (g) takes any action that may be necessary to ensure that the members of the Board carry out their duties efficiently and without undue delay; (h) may issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides, after consulting with the Deputy Chairpersons, to assist members in carrying out their duties; and (i) may appoint and, subject to the approval of the Treasury Board, fix the remuneration of experts or persons having special knowledge to assist the Divisions in any matter.

Delegation (2) The Chairperson may delegate any of his or her powers under this Act to a member of the Board, except that (a) powers referred to in subsection 161(1) may not be delegated; (b) powers referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) and (i) may be delegated to the Executive Director of the Board; (c) powers in relation to the Immigration Appeal Division and the Refugee Appeal Division may only be delegated to the Deputy Chairperson, the Assistant Deputy Chairpersons, or other members, including coordinating members, of either of those Divisions; and (d) powers in relation to the Immigration Division or the Refugee Protection Division may only be delegated to the Deputy Chairperson, the Assistant Deputy Chairpersons or other members, including coordinating members, of that Division.

159(1)(a) The Chairperson has supervision over and direction of the work and staff of the Board
In accordance with subsection 159(a) of the Immigration Act, the Chairperson of the Immigration and Refugee Board is the "chief executive officer of the Board and has supervision over and direction of the work and staff of the Board." Under this authority, the Chairperson has issued sets of Instructions.

159(1)(h) The Chairperson may issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides
Section 159(1)(h) of the Act gives the Chairperson two separate powers - 1) to issue guidelines and 2) to identify decisions as jurisprudential guides. The power to issue guidelines was provided to the Chairperson in an amendment to the Immigration Act in 1993 and was swiftly used to introduce gender guidelines at the Board: Canadian Refugee Procedure/History of refugee procedure in Canada. That said, the use of guidelines in the refugee program has a longer history. Under the system that existed prior to the creation of the Immigration and Refugee Board, the Minister had issued guidelines to its officers which reflected internationally accepted standards for refugee status determination. The Plaut report which led to the founding of the IRB recommended that those guidelines, together with the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, be used as a basis for the Board's guidelines. The power to identify decisions as jurisprudential guides was introduced with the IRPA.

More information on this power is contained in the IRB Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides. See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker.

Jurisprudential guides may relate to issues of fact
The Federal Court of Appeal holds that it is reasonable to interpret paragraph 159(1)(h) of the IRPA as conferring upon the Chairperson the authority to issue Jurisprudential Guides (JGs) on factual issues. This is consistent with international standards for refugee adjudication; for example, the United Kingdom now has more than 300 country guidance cases relating to asylum seekers from more than 60 countries. They were introduced in the refugee status determination process in the UK in 2002 to help provide consistency in decision-making when considering the same or similar issues and evidence. That said, as noted in the IRB Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides, "country conditions, by their very nature, are bound to change, and the decision to designate a jurisprudential guide which provides guidance on country conditions should be taken with the utmost caution."

Jurisprudential guides may be distinguished from lead cases
In the words of Sharryn Aiken, ''et. al.,'' a lead case aims to identify a refugee claim on which to create a full evidential record that the hearing panel can use to make informed findings of fact and provide a complete analysis of the relevant legal issues. While not binding on other panels of the Board, the factual findings on country conditions and legal conclusions in a lead case are intended to guide future panels hearing similar cases and promote consistent, informed, efficient, and expeditious decision-making. A "lead case" is different from a jurisprudential guide (JG) in that a lead case is planned and organized before the case is heard, whereas a decision is identified as a JG after it has been rendered.

Simply referring to or adopting the framework of analysis contained in a revoked jurisprudential guide does not render a decision unreasonable
As noted in the IRB Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides, a jurisprudential guide remains in effect unless the Chairperson revokes it. That policy notes that the decision whether or not to revoke the identification is at the Chairperson's discretion, after consulting with the Deputy Chairpersons, as applicable, and provides examples of situations in which the Chairperson may issue a notice of revocation, namely where a higher court subsequently overturns the underlying decision, country conditions have changed to a point where the reasoning in the jurisprudential guide no longer assists members, or there are other reasons that the jurisprudential guide no longer assists members. The Federal Court has considered the import of a decision having referred to or adopted the framework of analysis contained in a revoked jurisprudential guide, holding that this does not per se render the decision unreasonable.

The Board has other ways of designating decisions, besides its power to issue jurisprudential guides
Apart from the ability of the Chairperson to designate a decision as a jurisprudential guide pursuant to s. 159 of the IRPA, the Board may also designate decisions as being persuasive. "Persuasive decisions" are a more informal instrument and are not referred to in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, but the IRB’s approach to the designation of persuasive decisions is set out in the IRB’s Policy Note on Persuasive Decisions. Decisions are identified by a division head as persuasive because the reasons for decision hold persuasive value in developing the jurisprudence of the RPD or RAD.

The Chairperson's guideline‑issuing and rule‑making powers overlap
Section 159 of the IRPA, supra, sets out the Chairperson's guideline-issuing powers. Section 161 of the IRPA concerns the Chairperson's power to make rules: Canadian Refugee Procedure/161 - Functioning of Board and Division Rules. As the IRB Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides notes, "the Chairperson's guideline‑issuing and rule‑making powers overlap." That policy goes on to state that "that the subject of a guideline could have been enacted as a rule of procedure issued under paragraph 161(1)(a) of the IRPA will not normally invalidate it." It cites the Federal Court of Appeal’s reasoning in Thamotharem v. Canada as support for this proposition.


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User talk:ArtMecho

Welcome, ArtMecho!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 06:23, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArtMecho


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History of video games/Etiquette

Timeline
Gaming Etiquette has evolved over time, often in response to emerging technology and game trends.

United States Arcades
"I got next."

1980's arcade etiquette in the United States of America encouraged modesty, good sportsmanship, and respect of skill.

During the 1980's the practice of leaving a quarter on a machine emerged, a polite non-intrusive way to let a gamer know that someone wanted to have a go at the game they were playing was to put quarters on the machine deck. The number of quarters either indicated the desired play time for a solo gamer waiting, or in the case of Coin Lining the number of people waiting in line if multiple people were waiting, typically only putting down one coin each in that case.

United States Arcades
In 1995 some American arcades had for etiquette surrounding fighting games, including the quarters on cabinet signal morphing into a way to challenge a player to a match on a fighting game.

Networked Computer Gaming
By 1994 the term gg ("Good Game") stated to be used online to genuinely and efficiently congratulate players at the end of a game, with the release of StarCraft popularizing the term. By 1999 and in increasing frequency as time went on GG would start to be used as an insult, often in at the beginning or the middle of a match, and this has lead to the development of variations such as GGWP ("Good Game Well Played"). In general, l337 speak finds its way into online gaming communities.

Fragging and rage-quitting are practices that predate video games, though Quake II ' s ability to call out any player that rage-quits mid-match likely helped popularize the term among gamers.

2000's
The proliferation of portable electronics and online communications during the 2000's created new etiquette questions. One example is the proliferation of griefing, with many players having experienced this breach of etiquette by the late 2000's.

Arcades
Common Arcade rules in the 2010's included not being overly drunk (Particularly for barcades), and good sportsmanship.

For barcades with free play it is expected that gamers buy a drink to support the establishment, whether the drink is alcohol or a non-alcoholic does not matter.

Animal Crossing etiquette
During the COVID-19 pandemic etiquette in 2020 Animal Crossing: New Horizons was covered by a number of media sources, and recommendations were generally made not to make major changes without asking the host.

title: History of video games/Etiquette


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OpenSCAD User Manual/WIP/Offset Extrude

Offset Extrude
NOTE:  is not available in snapshot builds, but   provides similar functionality and is available in snapshots as of August 2022.

Offset Extrusion is a operation that takes a 2D object as input and generates a 3D object as a result.

The extrusion takes place on the Z axis by first taking an offset of the 3d object, then extruding up/down to that offset.

A slices parameter is also available to increase the resolution of the extrusion, increasing the number of offsets.

See offset for how the offsetting works.

Usage

Parameters

is the height of the extrude. It can be positive or negative.

is the number of slices to make, with an offset at each slice. It must be greater than or equal to 1.

,, and   define the offset function. It works exactly the same as offset.

defines if the extrusion should be centered on the Z-Axis at the current 2d objects height.

Possible Issues

If an offset causes the resulting model to not generate, try increasing the number of. In many cases this will resolve any issues.

If an offset causes a resulting model to self-intersect, the resulting geometry may or may not be manifold.

There are other trivial cases where the resulting model is not valid, in which case using  with scale may be a better solution.

title: OpenSCAD User Manual/WIP/Offset Extrude


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Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/undersized circular objects

I understand how the holes would come out too small due to the segments being inside the circle.

But surely it would also be true of any circle, and thus all cones & cylinders, not just holes.....?

If so, why does OpenSCAD not add the fudge factor for all circles (or at least if fn > some value, such as 20)?

The fn threshold would preserve the creation of regular polygonal prisms.

That way, when we specify a cylinder of diameter 6 (fn=50) we get a cylinder with diameter 6.

If there is concern for backward bug compatibility, set a flag/parameter such as: truecircle=true  or  circumscribe=true

Anyway, this may be a more flexible approach:

'''function fudgeR (r,fn=$fn) = r / cos(180/fn); // return fudged radius to obtain accurate circle made from fn polygons '''

then that function can be called to adjust the radius with any of the primitive solids, for example:

cylinder(h=5,r=fudgeR(100,64),$fn=64, center=true);

The advantage is that other parameters (such as center= can also be specified)


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Calculus/Conic sections

Conic sections are the intersections of a surface of a cone and a plane. There are three ways to intersect. The first method is to intersect the cone vertically, which the intersection will yield a hyperbola. The second method is to intersect the cone parallel to the outermost line of the cone, which will yield a parabola. The third method is to intersect the cone horizontally or slightly horizontally, which will yield an ellipse. For more information, see Conic section. If you have knowledge on this particular subject, you can help expand here.

In future chapters, you will encounter more about conic sections. As you progress into polar coordinates, parametric equations, and three-dimensional quadric surfaces, conic sections will again be a difficult subject to discuss. In this chapter, we will only talk about the basic Cartesian-coordinate conic sections.

Ellipse
Ellipses are shapes that have an interesting property. In order to find the standard equation for the ellipse, we must know what an ellipse is. Apart from the intersection of a inclined plane and the surface of a cone, there is another way to construct an ellipse.

The image on the right is the graph of an ellipse. If there is a point $$P=(x,y)$$, then $$PF_1+PF_2=C$$, where $$C$$ is a constant.

Knowing the defining characteristic of an ellipse, we can start find the equation.

Derivation
To make things simple, let's set the center of the ellipse on the origin and the points $$F_1$$ and $$F_2$$ on the $$x$$-axis. (see image on the right)

Since $$PF_1+PF_2=C$$ and $$F_1=(c,0),F_2=(-c,0),P=(x,y )$$, using the distance formula, we can get: $$PF_1=\sqrt{(x-c)^2+(y-0)^2}=\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$PF_2=\sqrt{(x+c)^2+(y-0)^2}=\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$PF_1+PF_2=\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}+\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

Now for the constant $$C$$. Let the length of the semi-major axis be $$a$$ and the length of the semi-minor axis be $$b$$. Imagine that point $$P$$ is now at the vertex, so $$P_0=(a,0)$$. At this particular point,

$$P_0F_1=a-c$$

$$P_0F_2=a+c$$

$$\therefore C=P_0F_1+P_0F_2=2a$$

Because the definition says that $$PF_1+PF_2=C$$ for any $$P$$, we can safely say that $$C=2a$$. Thus, we can start solving the equation.

$$\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}+\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a$$

$$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a-\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2=4a^2-4a\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}+x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2$$ (Square both sides)

$$\Leftrightarrow 4a\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=4a^2+4xc$$ (Simplify it)

$$\Leftrightarrow a\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=a^2+xc$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2(x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2)=a^4+2a^2xc+x^2c^2$$ (Square both sides)

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2x^2+2a^2xc+a^2c^2+a^2y^2=a^4+2a^2xc+x^2c^2$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2x^2-c^2x^2+a^2y^2=a^4-a^2c^2$$ (Simplify it)

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2(a^2-c^2)+a^2y^2=a^2(a^2-c^2)$$ (Factor it)

Finally, the equation is

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2-c^2}=1$$

This should be the equation. But $$a^2-c^2$$ can be further simplified. To do so, imagine again that our point $$P$$ is on the co-vertex, so $$P_1=(0,b)$$. Thus,

$$P_1F_1=\sqrt{c^2+b^2}$$

$$P_1F_2=\sqrt{c^2+b^2}$$

$$\therefore C=P_1F_1+P_1F_2=2\sqrt{c^2+b^2}$$

Since we have already established that $$C=2a$$, we can write down an equation that links $$a,b,c$$ together:

$$2\sqrt{c^2+b^2}=2a$$

$$\Leftrightarrow c^2+b^2=a^2$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2-c^2=b^2$$

Now we substitute $$a^2-c^2$$ as $$b^2$$, we get the final result:

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$

$$\blacksquare$$

This equation is the standard form of the ellipse. It is considered standard because all key points are on the axes.

Terminology and properties
We already derived the equation. So, the terminology and properties will be based on that."$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$"

 * Focus (plural: foci): the points $$F_1,F_2$$ which have coordinates $$(c,0),(-c,0)$$ respectively. The definition gives those points their function: $$PF_1+PF_2=2a $$.
 * Semi-major axis: the axis with length $$a$$.
 * Semi-minor axis: the axis with length $$b$$, $$b<a$$.
 * Vertex (plural: vertices): the endpoint of the semi-major axis. It has the coordinate $$(\pm a,0)$$.
 * Co-vertex: the endpoint of the semi-minor axis. It has the coordinate $$(\pm b,0)$$, $$b<a$$.
 * Center: the middle point between the two foci. It has the coordinate $$(0,0)$$.

Note that any changes towards the equation will change the coordinates for the key values. The coordinates above are strictly based upon the standard equation of the ellipse.

In the derivation, we stumbled upon a property, which is the relationship between the constants $$a,b,c$$. The property is $$c^2=a^2-b^2$$. In the derivation of the equation of the hyperbola, we will encounter this property again. However, it will be slightly different because of the signs. In the ellipse, $$a>c$$, so the property $$c^2=a^2-b^2$$ ensures that $$a^2>0,b^2>0,c^2>0$$. In the hyperbola, as we will see, $$c>a$$, which means the length of the foci to the center is larger then that of the vertices to the center. In order to ensure that $$a^2>0,b^2>0,c^2>0$$ for convenience, the property will be slightly adjusted.

Transformations
If we want the ellipse to be more "vertical" instead of "horizontal", the equation of the ellipse needs to be changed. To be more "vertical", the foci of the ellipse should be on the $$y$$-axis, having coordinates $$(0,\pm c)$$. Using the same method for derivation, we get:"$\frac{x^2}{b^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2}=1$"If we want the ellipse to translate (move without rotating) in the plane, using what we've learned in Chapter, we can modify the equation into:"$\frac{(x-m)^2}{a^2}+\frac{(y-n)^2}{b^2}=1$, where $(m,n)$ is the center of the ellipse."

Parabola
Parabolas can be interpreted as the more general form of the quadratic function. However, they are essentially different. While quadratic function is a function which describes a relationship between a variable and another, parabola is a curve in 2D space.

To make things simple for derivation, we put the point $$F$$ on the $$y$$-axis and the vertex of the parabola on the origin (see image on the right), so $$F=(0,p)$$ Now, imagine that point $$P$$ is on the vertex, so $$P_0=(0,0)$$. Because $$PF=Pl$$ and $$PF=p$$, the equation for line $$l$$ is $$l:y=-p$$.

Now, we can start deriving the standard equation for the parabola.

Derivation
Since we know that $$F=(0,p)$$, $$l:y=-p$$, and $$P=(x,y)$$, we can solve $$PF=Pl$$ $$PF=\sqrt{(x-0)^2+(y-p)^2}=\sqrt{x^2+y^2-2yp+p^2}$$

$$Pl=y+p$$ So the equation $$PF=Pl$$ can be turned into $$\sqrt{x^2+y^2-2yp+p^2}=y+p$$

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2-2py+p^2=y^2+2py+p^2$$ (square both sides)

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2=4py$$ The standard equation for a parabola is

$$x^2=4py$$

$$\blacksquare$$

In Chapter, we talked about the various forms of quadratic functions, which if viewed as a geometric curve, is a parabola. To make the standard equation more familiar, we can adjust it to"$y=\frac{1}{4p}x^2$"

Terminology and properties
Similar to the ellipse, we will use the standard equation to demonstrate key terms in the parabola."$y=\frac{1}{4p}x^2$"

 * Focus: the point $$F$$ with coordinates $$(0,p)$$.
 * Directrix: the line $$l$$ with the equation $$y=-p$$.
 * Vertex, the lowest point on the parabola with coordinates $$(0,0)$$.

Recall that the vertex form of the quadratic function is $$y=a(x-h)^2+k$$. We can find that $$\frac{1}{4p}=a$$.

Transformations
If we want the curve to face horizontally (the axis of symmetry is the $$x$$-axis instead of the $$y$$-axis), we change the coordinates for $$F$$ to $$F=(p,0)$$ and the line to $$l:x=-p$$. After some calculations, we get:"$x=\frac{1}{4p}y^2$"If we want to translate the parabola in the plane, using what we've learnt, we get:"$y-k=\frac{1}{4p}(x-h)^2$, where the vertex is $(h,k)$."This resembles the vertex of the quadratic function $$y=a(x-h)^2+k$$. However, it is important to realize that parabolas and quadratic functions are fundamentally different. One is a geometric curve while the other is a transformation between two variables.

Hyperbola
The relationship between the hyperbola and the reciprocal function is similar to that between the parabola and the quadratic function.

Again, to make things easier, we put the points $$F_1,F_2$$ on the $$x$$-axis and the center on the origin, so $$F_1=(c,0),F_2=(-c,0)$$. Also, the length between the vertex and the center is $$a$$. See the image on the right for more clarification.

Derivation
Since we know that $$F_1=(c,0),F_2=(-c,0)$$, we can solve for $$PF_1\text{ and }PF_2$$. $$PF_1=\sqrt{(x-c)^2+y^2}=\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$PF_2=\sqrt{(x+c)^2+y^2}=\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$|PF_1-PF_2|=|\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}-\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}|$$ Similar to the ellipse derivation case, we need to turn the constant $$C$$ into something in terms of either $$a$$ or $$c$$. In this case, imagine point $$P$$ is on the vertex, so $$P_0=(a,0)$$. $$P_0F_1=c-a$$

$$P_0F_2=a+c$$

$$|P_0F_1-P_0F_2|=|(c-a)-(a+c)|=2a$$ So, $$C=2a$$. Now, we derive. $$|\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}-\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}|=2a$$

Let's assume that $$PF_2>PF_1$$, which means the curve is on the positive $$x$$-axis, and

$$\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}-\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a$$ $$\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a+\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2=4a^2+4a\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}+x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2$$ (square both sides)

$$\Leftrightarrow a\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}=-a^2+xc$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2x^2-2a^2xc+a^2c^2+a^2y^2=a^4-2a^2xc+x^2c^2$$ (square both sides)

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2(a^2-c^2)+a^2y^2=a^2(a^2-c^2)$$

$$\Leftrightarrow \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2-c^2}=1$$ For convenience, we substitute $$c^2-a^2$$ as $$b^2$$ because looking at the graph, $$c>a$$, and we want our constants to be positive. So

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$

What about when $$PF_2<PF_1$$? That means the curve is on the negative $$x$$-axis, and

$$\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}-\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a$$

Using the same method, we get: $$\sqrt{x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2}=2a+\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}$$

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2-2xc+c^2+y^2=4a^2+4a\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}+x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a\sqrt{x^2+2xc+c^2+y^2}=a^2+xc$$

$$\Leftrightarrow a^2x^2+2a^2xc+a^2c^2+a^2y^2=a^4+2a^2xc+x^2c^2$$

$$\Leftrightarrow x^2(a^2-c^2)+a^2y^2=a^2(a^2-c^2)$$

$$\Leftrightarrow \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2-c^2}=1$$ Because we let $$c^2-a^2=b^2$$, so

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$ All possibilities have been discussed, and we can safely say that the equation of a hyperbola is

$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$

$$\blacksquare$$

Terminology and properties
$$\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$$

 * Focus (plural: foci): the points $$F_1=(c,0),F_2=(-c,0)$$.
 * Vertex (plural: vertices): the endpoint of the semi-major axis. It has coordinates $$(\pm a,0)$$.
 * Semi-major axis: the axis that has a length of $$a$$.
 * Asymptote: the line where the hyperbola is approaching but never intersects.

We briefly discussed the property of the hyperbola when talking ellipses. In that discussion, we said that we have to change the property slightly to make sure that all constants are positive. In this case, since $$c>a$$, instead of the ellipse's $$c^2=a^2-b^2$$, we have $$c^2=a^2+b^2$$.

The asymptote is a little bit difficult to calculate because we need limits to find it."Since $\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1$, the relationship between $y$ and $x$ is: $y=\pm\sqrt{\frac{b^2}{a^2}(x^2-a^2)}=\pm\frac{b}{a}\sqrt{(x^2-a^2)}$"Thus, the slope of the line passing through a point on the hyperbola and the center is:"$m=\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\frac{\pm\frac{b}{a}\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}{x}$|undefined"The asymptote is the line where the hyperbola is approaching but never intersects. So, we can imagine that $$x$$ is infinitely large to a point that it intersects the asymptote (see Chapter and  for more)."$\frac{\pm\frac{b}{a}\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}{x}$ (where $x$ is infinitely large) $=\pm\frac{b}{a}$|undefined"Formally, if we want to express "where $$x$$ is infinitely large", we write it like this: $$\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\pm\frac{b}{a}\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}{x}=\pm\frac{b}{a}$$. We will discuss this expression in the next unit.

The slope of the asymptote is calculated to be $$\pm\frac{b}{a}$$. As a result, the asymptote equation for the hyperbola is"$y=\pm\frac{b}{a}x$"$$\blacksquare$$

Transformations
If we want the hyperbola to face north-south instead of east-west, changing the coordinates of key points and using the same method for derivation will yield:"$\frac{y^2}{a^2}-\frac{x^2}{b^2}=1$"If we want to translate the hyperbola in the plane, the equation will become:"$\frac{(x-m)^2}{a^2}-\frac{(y-n)^2}{b^2}=1$, where the center is $(m,n)$ and the asymptote is $y-n=\pm\frac{b}{a}(x-m)$"

Axes rotation
When we start rotating curves like conic sections, it is extremely difficult to intuitively visualize the process of rotating curves: we are more used to translation than rotation. So, instead of rotating the curve back to something like $$\frac{(x-m)^2}{a^2}-\frac{(y-n)^2}{b^2}=1$$, we rotate the axes to make the curve look like $$\frac{(x'-m)^2}{a^2}-\frac{(y'-n)^2}{b^2}=1$$. Note that $$x',y'$$ are the rotated coordinates. In order to do so, we need to find out the relationship between the pre-rotation axes and the post-rotation axes. In other words, suppose there is a point with coordinates $$(x,y)$$. After the rotation, the coordinates are $$(x',y')$$. Express $$(x',y')$$ in terms of $$x,y$$. Now, we need to establish some coordinates and some of the properties.

 * 1) The coordinate of the point is $$(x,y)$$ in a $$x0y$$ plane
 * 2) The distance between the point and the origin is $$r$$
 * 3) The angle between the line segment connecting the point and the origin and the positive $$x$$ -axis is $$\alpha$$
 * 4) The axes rotated $$\theta$$ counterclockwise to establish a new plane: $$x'0y'$$
 * 5) Bullet points 3 and 4 can help us know that the angle between the line segment connecting the point and the origin and the positive $$x'$$ -axis is $$\alpha-\theta$$

Now, we try to evaluate $$(x',y')$$ According to trigonometry (see Chapter ):

$$x'=r\cos(\alpha-\theta)= r \cos \alpha \cos \theta + r \sin \alpha \sin \theta$$

$$y' = r \sin( \alpha - \theta ) = r \sin \alpha \cos \theta - r \cos \alpha \sin \theta$$ We can also evaluate $$x,y$$ in terms of $$r,\alpha$$:"$x=r\cos\alpha$$y=r\sin\alpha$"Then substitute into the first two equations, we get:

$$x' = x \cos \theta + y \sin \theta$$

$$y' = y \cos \theta - x \sin \theta$$ Finally, the coordinate for the point $$(x,y)$$ after the rotation is $$( x \cos \theta + y \sin \theta, y \cos \theta - x \sin \theta) $$.

$$\blacksquare$$

The inverse transformation is $$x = x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta,y = x' \sin \theta + y' \cos \theta$$.

General Cartesian form
The best way to get an understanding of the general form is to look at the following example. It covers most of the content in this chapter and is relatively difficult.

Example: Find the foci for this conic section with the equation $$7x^2-2xy+7y^2+6\sqrt{2}x+6\sqrt{2}y-18=0$$

To find the foci, we need the standard form. However, this is the general form. To make things worse, this is a rotated curve, which makes it impossible for humans to factor the equation into the translated standard form.

We know that the curve is rotated because after factoring, there is a $$(ax+by)^2$$ factor. And the translated standard form does not have that particular factor. So, we should start rotating the axes so that after the rotation, the $$Bxy$$ part can be cancelled.

First, we should list down what we know."$A=7,B=-2,C=7,D=6\sqrt{2},E=6\sqrt{2},F=-18$"Then, we start rotating the axes. Assume that we've rotated the axes $$x0y$$ into $$x'0y'$$ by rotating the axes by $$\theta$$ counterclockwise. The new rotated equation should be

$$A'x'^2+B'x'y'+C'y'^2+D'x'+E'y'+F'=0$$

Since after factoring the equation, we don't any $$(ax+by)^2$$ factor, we need to make $$B'x'y'=0$$. To make it simpler, we just need to make $$B'=0$$.

Then, we need to express $$B'$$ in terms of the constants $$A,B,C,D,E,F$$, and $$\theta$$ so that we can know how much we should rotate the axes. $$\because x = x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta,y = x' \sin \theta + y' \cos \theta$$

$$\therefore Ax^2+Bxy+Cy^2+Dx+Ey+F=0$$ After substituting, we get:

$$A(x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta)^2+B(x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta)(y' \cos \theta + x' \sin \theta)+C(y' \cos \theta + x' \sin \theta)^2+D(x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta)+E(y' \cos \theta + x' \sin \theta)+F=0 $$

After a lot of calculations and algebraic manipulations, we get: $$A'=A\cos^2\theta+B\cos\theta\sin\theta+C\sin^2\theta$$

$$B'=(A+C)2\cos\theta\sin\theta+B(\cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta)$$

$$C'=A\sin^2\theta-B\cos\theta\sin\theta+C\cos^2\theta$$

$$D'=D\cos\theta+E\sin\theta$$

$$E'=E\cos\theta-D\sin\theta$$

$$F'=F$$ We want $$B'=0$$. $$B'=(A+C)2\cos\theta\sin\theta+B(\cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta)=0$$

Recall the trigonometric identity: double-angle formulae that "$2\cos\theta\sin\theta=\sin2\theta,\cos^2\theta-\sin^2\theta=\cos2\theta$"So, the equation can be turned into $$\cot2\theta=\frac{A+C}{B}$$

For convenience, we will just solve for the simplest value.

$$\theta=\frac{\pi}{4}$$ Knowing the rotation angle and the other constants, we can solve for the new constants.

$$A'=7\cos^2\frac{\pi}{4}-2\cos\frac{\pi}{4}\sin\frac{\pi}{4}+7\sin^2\frac{\pi}{4}=6$$

$$B'=(7+7)2\cos\frac{\pi}{4}\sin\frac{\pi}{4}-2(\cos^2\frac{\pi}{4}-\sin^2\frac{\pi}{4})=0$$

$$C'=7\sin^2\frac{\pi}{4}+2\cos\frac{\pi}{4}\sin\frac{\pi}{4}+7\cos^2\frac{\pi}{4}=8$$

$$D'=6\sqrt{2}\cos\frac{\pi}{4}+6\sqrt{2}\sin\frac{\pi}{4}=12$$

$$E'=6\sqrt{2}\cos\frac{\pi}{4}-6\sqrt{2}\sin\frac{\pi}{4}=0$$

$$F'=-18$$ The new rotated equation for the curve is

$$6x'^2+8y'^2+12x'-18=0$$ We can now factor the equation into the translated standard form. $$6x'^2+8y'^2+12x'-18=0$$

$$\Leftrightarrow 6x'^2+12x'+6+8y'^2=24$$

$$\Leftrightarrow 6(x'+1)^2+8y'^2=24$$

$$\Leftrightarrow \frac{(x'+1)^2}{4}+\frac{y'^2}{3}=1$$ This is the standard equation for the ellipse. Recall that in an ellipse, $$c^2=a^2-b^2$$.

Finally, we can determine the rotated coordinates of the foci. The rotated coordinate of the center is $$(-1,0)$$

Because $$c^2=a^2-b^2$$, $$c=1$$.

The rotated coordinates of the foci are

$$F_1'=(-2,0),F_2'=(0,0)$$ Now, we rotate the axes back to the original state. $$x = x' \cos \theta - y' \sin \theta,y = x' \sin \theta + y' \cos \theta$$

$$F_1=(-\sqrt{2},-\sqrt{2})$$

$$F_2=(0,0)$$ Therefore, the foci are $$F_1=(-\sqrt{2},-\sqrt{2})$$ and $$F_2=(0,0)$$.

$$\blacksquare$$

title: Calculus/Conic sections


text:
User talk:Tjc5tp

Welcome, Tjc5tp!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 13:18, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tjc5tp


text:
User talk:2409:4062:210E:B06:AC46:DBFF:FEC6:3E3C

𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 14:36, 19 November 2020 (UTC)


text: Category:Book:Web App Development with Google Apps Script


text: Category:Book:Venom Academy

title: Category:Book:Venom Academy


text:
User talk:MargeIn

Welcome!
Welcome, MargeIn!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:01, 19 November 2020 (UTC) —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:01, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay MargeIn (discuss • contribs) 05:12, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:MargeIn


text:
Mandarin Chinese/Sentences/How are you

This sentence is How are you? It is pronounced as Nǐ hǎo ma

title: Mandarin Chinese/Sentences/How are you


text:
Mandarin Chinese/Sentences/I am 42

This Sentence is I am 42 years old. You pronounce it as Wǒ sìshí'èr suì.

title: Mandarin Chinese/Sentences/I am 42


text:
User talk:DCollins2021

Tom Yardic and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota
Hi, is Tom Yardic and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota meant to be part of the Lentis book? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:22, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

 * No it was meant to be in professionalism, I appreciate the fact that you moved it there! DCollins2021 (discuss • contribs) 16:07, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:DCollins2021


text: User talk:Zjordanconde

title: User talk:Zjordanconde


text:
Cookbook talk:Pomegranate

Any recipes?
The pomegranate page doesn't give any recipes, but is supposed to. Please add. GregZak (discuss • contribs) 07:51, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Although there is a lack of pomegranate recipes, you could use the "What links here" feature. I was able to find Cookbook:Charoset which uses a pomegranate as an ingredient. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:29, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Pomegranate


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in "The Crown"

Introduction
The Crown is a Netflix-original series that portrays the life of Queen Elizabeth II. This chapter analyses Truth in the episode ‘Aberfan’, which depicts the collapse of a spoil tip that killed 144 people, 116 of which were children, in the Welsh village of Aberfan in 1966.

Historical Approach
There has been consistent enthusiasm for the British Royal Family, particularly our Queen Elizabeth II. Her reign of 68 years has been a source of stability. Amidst the Aberfan tragedy, the Queen’s position was relatively tenuous; declining colonial influence and successive economic crises put pressure on her public response to the Aberfan tragedy, particularly for the Welsh who were seeking ways to become more independent. Nevertheless, the monarchy was viewed as having a necessary role in Britain’s leadership, and economic hardships did not erase pervasive loyalty to the Crown.

Historical Truth is presumed to be objective, and led by evidence; the moulding of Truth into a narrative directly contradicts objectivity. However, historical narratives make partial Truths more accessible, but in order for these to be valuable, we must acknowledge them as such and draw distinctions between Truth and narrative. During the 19th century, an approach to Historical Truth which focused on heroic individuals became fashionable, created by Scottish Philosopher Thomas Carlyle who stated, “The History of the world is but the Biography of great men.” The Crown is a product of this ‘Great Man’ approach, constructing a narrative around the Queen. The show’s depiction of the Queen fulfils the theory’s assumptions that necessary qualities are innate in a predestined ‘Great Man’ and will arise when a leader is needed. This is shown in the portrayal of the Queen’s ability to conform to different situations without becoming emotionally involved. Social Historians would contest this, stating that more evidence is needed relating to groups disenfranchised by this approach, otherwise Truth cannot be interpreted from the evidence presented. However, both approaches to Historical Truth involve the construction of a narrative, whether it be around an individual or a movement, and we should not devalue one source over another as Truth can be gleaned from both.

Film Studies Approach
To produce a historically accurate episode, The Crown’s research team relied on quantitative and qualitative evidence. The quantitative evidence constituted data about the Aberfan community, the events leading up to and following the incident, and the casualties. The qualitative evidence came from archival material (such as newspaper articles that commented on the disaster and the societal, political and royal responses), biographical works about the royal family, consultations with historians about the incident, and interviews with the survivors.

Nevertheless, this plentiful and diverse evidence presented challenges to The Crown’s writer, Peter Morgan. He shared that the survivors’ recollections of the Queen’s visit to Aberfan contradicted the negative public response to her late arrival (which she also regretted in hindsight). Therefore, Morgan had to decide how to tell the story.

In the episode, the Queen’s response to the tragedy is presented as cold-hearted and it is strongly suggested that she only visits Aberfan to avoid bad publicity. However, a survivor, Jeff, claims that she “showed outward emotion” and that she “shed genuine tears when a young Aberfan survivor handed her a posey” (while in the show, after receiving the posey, the Queen fakes a tear ). The Mirror approach to Truth was not employed because the portrayal of the Queen in the show does not align with the qualitative evidence from the interviews with the survivors. What is the reason behind overlooking that qualitative evidence and thus, risking the historical accuracy of the episode? A possible answer is that The Crown is concerned with a larger Truth, presented through the Interpretative approach. Overall, the show focuses on the monarchy as an institution. Perhaps the Queen’s response is portrayed as unsympathetic in order to emphasise her duty as a monarch to present stoicism during a national crisis, which she fulfills exceptionally well. This could suggest that in order to fulfil her duty, the Queen has repressed a part of herself, namely, her emotional response to tragedy. The central themes in The Crown could be equated to Truths that are consistent throughout the show, and which the filmmaker chooses how to tell.

Behavioural Psychology Approach
The episode partly focuses on the differing duties between a Royal and the Prime Minister. Wilson – the then Labour Prime Minister – in The Crown encourages the Queen to visit Aberfan, which she resists and questions as it was not considered her duty. Wilson responds with “to comfort people”, which baffles her.

After the Queen did visit Aberfan, a scene depicts Wilson and the Queen confiding in each other about the fronts they put on to satisfy public expectations. The Queen is portrayed as emotionally void, and whether this is true or not, it brings up an important discussion about what the public requires from the monarchy and its government. Wilson reveals that he was Oxford educated, doesn’t like beer, and prefers cigars over pipes “but cigars are a symbol of capitalist privilege” which interferes with his appeal to voters. He comforts the Queen’s inability to have genuine outward emotional responses by stating that “no one needs hysteria from a head of state…the truth is, we barely need humanity”, suggesting that a Queen must be stoic to fulfil her civic duty. Robertson states that “In Stoicism, the passions, or irrational emotions, are conceived of as emotionally charged cognitions…and are, therefore, susceptible to disputation.” This is a representation of a Social Constructivist approach to truth. Here Morgan gives the Queen and Wilson certain character traits for the audience, so they can understand why and how they make decisions. Whilst characterisation is integral to producing a drama, and this demonstrates a logical understanding of these roles, a Truth here has been created that nobody, other than those depicted, can confirm.

Evaluation
The Crown approaches Truth in the episode of ‘Aberfan’ through its focus on royal and political response. Whilst being more realistic than other episodes, with respect to the tragedy it depicts, the show is a historical drama, not a documentary, and with that comes necessary compromises. From a historical perspective, the show mainly uses the Mirror approach to Truth to depict historical events that reflect reality. However, this is complicated by the ‘Great Men’ perspective which the show employs, conveying explicitly one viewpoint to the detriment of others. From a Film Studies perspective, the show may be seen to use an Interpretive approach, presenting a logically constructed Truth based on historical data without fully reflecting historical reality. The show also uses the Social Constructivist approach to Truth as it conveys real people as characters for an audience to get to know through their language and social context. This allows the viewer to sympathise, blame and praise those characters for their actions, and develop opinions on the historical and political figures depicted. The Truth of these real people that the show represents, however, is one that cannot ever be truly known by the public, yet is necessary for the makings of a successful drama. It is here that Truth can, (and in some ways, must) be influenced by the creators of the show.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in the definition of Gender

Meeting 20/11/20
All members present

Created chapter with rough sub-sections

Meeting 24/11/20
All members present

Added more notes

Decided we needed to do more research within the discipline of Biology:
 * consider chromosomes
 * health
 * hormones

Meeting 7/12/20
Discussed plan

Roles to Write up:
 * Camille: sociology + conclusion
 * Emz: Intro + help w/ bio section
 * Amaris: revise sociology section + critique of biology
 * Bella: biology section

Meeting 12/12/20
-All members present -Deleted notes -Finished formatting -Made final edits to fit word count

Possible structure for our essay
-- could this be included in the conclusion as a brief suggestion of a solution? Basc.blue (discuss • contribs) 19:51, 8 December 2020 (UTC) --- yes, that was the idea! Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs) 10:20, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) Gender defined by Sociology
 * 2) Gender defined by Biology
 * 1) insisting on the differences between sex and gender
 * 2) talk about biological approach on gender (no distinction between sex and gender)
 * 3) Find a theory that brings two ideas together (biosocial approach on gender? The idea that both anatomy- biological (neurological differences) + social expectations affect behaviour )

Revised structure:
Intro w/ overview of case study (Christie Lee Cavazos)

1)Biological standpoint w/ critique of sociology

2)Sociological standpoint w/ critique of biology

Conclusion (maybe w/ biosocial definition)

 * critiques don't have to be too long... we won't have enough space otherwise Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs) 10:26, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Question ?

 * Should we talk about the sociological approach on sex or not? Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)
 * Should we talk about how the body defines gender? Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)
 * How do we narrow down all of the information we have??

Ideas
-I think this could be an engaging way to introduce our subject, and could help us structure the chapter as 'solving an issue' or 'answering a questions' rather than just laying out different facts. AurelieJane (discuss • contribs)
 * Should we talk about the case study in the introduction? To introduce our subject, and show where the conflict occurs? Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)

- This does sound like a really good way of illustrating it effectivelyBasc.blue (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 6 December 2020 (UTC) - I've just written the intro in this day if someone could review it for me :) Basc.blue (discuss • contribs) 19:52, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
 * At the end of each section (gender defined by sociology / gender defined by biology), we should add critiques of these perspectives Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)
 * Always make a short conclusion/sentence at the end of each paragraph referring to our subject (truth) Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)

- This would have been a great idea, but I don't think we have enough space to do that... Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs)
 * At the end of each section should we also find a way to link it to the case study (Christie Lee Cavazos) we introduced at the beginning?--Ivoryallen (discuss • contribs) 12:54, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Outline of everyone's contributions- Final
link to initial google doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/13r_snIwBxk80VpNcs6vD5ercAyH4g2FiJ43JxW1Jmms/edit?usp=sharing

Emz (Emily)
- Initial research in google doc (copied into this document by one group member)

- Introduction of wikibook

- Criticism to sociological approach (David Reimer case)

- Review of other members' work

- Group review of wikibook, cutting words and organising points (done on Amaris' account)

Amaris
- Initial research (on wikibook)

- Critique of biological approach

- Reviewing of references

- Review of other members' work

- Group review of wikibook, cutting words and organising points (done on Amaris' account)

Camille
- Initial research in google doc (copied into this document by one group member)

- Sociological approach

- Conclusion to wikibook

- Review of other members' work

- Group review of wikibook, cutting words and organising points (done on Amaris' account)

Isabella
- Initial research in google doc (copied into this document by one group member)

- Biological approach

- Review of other members' work

- Group review of wikibook, cutting words and organising points (done on Amaris' account)


text:
User:Cocowiki2001/sandbox

Brainstorming:

-Gender --> socialization into gender roles (in childhood?)

-racism and capitalism- BLM? in power

title: User:Cocowiki2001/sandbox