text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Structured exercise interventions in older populations

What is the background to this research?
Overall, 27.5% of adults aged 50 years and over report no physical activity, this prevalence has significantly increased with age and from ages 50-64 years was 25.4%, 26.9% among people aged 65-74 years, and 35.3% aged 75 years and over (Watson et.al 2016). Physical inactivity can lead to serious health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Throughout this research, Coronary Heart Disease will be highlighted Coronary Heart Disease was the leading cause of death for people aged 45-64 years and people aged 75-84 years, in between years (65-75), Coronary Heart Disease was 2nd behind Lung Cancer. For people over 85 years it was dementia, followed by Coronary Heart Disease (AIHW 2018). The research throughout will focus more on physical inactivity rather than specifically Coronary Heart Disease, however it is important to mention that it is caused by physical inactivity. The specific need of this research is to reduce the strain on the health care system by a lifestyle change earlier in life and if needed, to be used as a primary option rather than alternate treatments such as surgery and medication.

Where is the research from?
Initially, the research took place in Belgium from March 2004 until April 2006, highlighting that it cannot be used in a contemporary setting as the main causes of death in Belgium in 2003/2004 was circulatory diseases (Renard 2014). Beyond this, all current and future research will need to highlight the impact of Covid-19 on all aspects of health and diseases. The study authors also need to be addressed. All of the authors are not only from the same university, but the same faculty, with the only difference between them being Jack and Filip in the Department of Human Kinesiology, and Nele and Christophe in the Department of Biomedical Kinesiology. This highlights concern to the variance and range of the data as all authors can be questioned that they are all just friends with each other, have become too comfortable and not focused on proper research, as well as preconceived ideas of belonging at the university where at a different university can provide more perspective.

What kind of research was this?
The research was a participants-based lifestyle intervention based on random assignment. The participants were recruited through personal letters and advertisements on local radios and in local newspapers. In terms of lifestyle, exercise and health, random assignments of individuals to groups is highly inappropriate due to the absolute change in lifestyle rather than the comparative nature of those with physical activity/inactivity, this is highlighted as an ethical issue. Other limitations include; low external validity, higher cost of implementation, impractical when answering non-causal questions, impracticality when studying the effect variables that cannot be manipulated, and, difficulty to control participants. (Friedman 2015)

What did the research involve?
The research involved a lifestyle intervention (n=60), including an individualized home-based program supported by phone calls, or to a structured intervention (n = 60) consisting of three weekly supervised sessions. the Results were compared with a control group (n=66). Furthermore, it is very easy to lie or not tell the whole truth about exercise over the phone and when there is a visit every three weeks, the subject could do the exercise program a couple of days prior and when the supervisor is there may show better performance due to the recent completion of exercise. Also, the physical activity was measured with self-report questionnaires, pedometers, and accelerometers, just highlighting how easy it is to lie without constant supervision.

What were the basic results?
At the posttest (11 months) the results showed both intervention groups having significantly increased their total physical activity compared with the control group. At follow-up (23 months post), the lifestyle group showed significantly larger increases in active transportation and total steps than the control and structured group respectively. Finally, there were no longer significant differences between the structured intervention and the control group. From these very basic results all that can be identified is that forcing a group to be active compared to letting a group do as they please will show an increase in physical activity, which can be easily deduced by physical inactivity data already available. Furthermore, all that is said is there is/isn't significant differences which begs the question of the p value used and what the actual data range was as there were only 186 subjects it would be quite easy to have a wide range between the groups but not statistical significant different.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
In conclusion, it can be highlighted that there are health benefits of physical activity amongst older populations, which illustrates the effectiveness of the research. A positive of the research is that the lifestyle intervention group had maintained a significant increase in physical activity, which can serve purpose to the creation of lifestyle programs for all older adults that do not meet the required physical activity standards.

Practical advice?
In conclusion, from the research and critique of the study, there are multiple aspects that can be highlighted and drawn from to improve further study. Initially, more transparency of the data and how the data was reached alongside the results and conclusions. Secondly, more authors from different universities or at least different faculties to create a more holistic approach to the study. Finally, more supervision or tailoring the research so that what is to be completed is only under supervision. It is a holistic approach however when it comes to health, a balanced lifestyle of exercise and nutrition earlier in life will be great for later in life and can be preventative to diseases such as Coronary Heart Disease or just physical inactivity.

Further information/resource
Firstly, as September is Mental Health Awareness month https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/ BDI is Australia's only medical research institute to research mental health across the lifespan. 1 in 5 of us will experience symptoms of mental illness, in Australia that's about 5 million people and 60% of those won't seek help. If you or anyone you know is suffering from mental health, please give them a hand. It ain't weak to speak.

Behaviour change techniques applied in interventions to enhance physical activity adherence in patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738399118307699

Physical Activity and Performance Impact Long-term Quality of Life in Older Adults at Risk for Major Mobility Disability

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749379718322682

Lifestyle intervention in general practice for physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and diet in elderly: A randomized controlled trial

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167494313001416


text: Template:Niceemoji

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Niceemoji


text:
Template:Niceemoji/doc

Creates an emoji.

Usage
Makes:

Makes:

Changing size
Simply add a size parameter, like this: Which makes

Different emoji types
You can use any id from this list, as well as a few words, including (case-insensitive):
 * smile:
 * happy:
 * laugh:
 * silly:
 * silly laugh:
 * sad:
 * cry:
 * angry:
 * shocked:
 * dead:
 * zzz:
 * good:
 * bad:
 * wave:
 * cool:

title: Template:Niceemoji/doc


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?

This is a critique is of the article: "Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Wearable Technology-Based Physical Activity Intervention in Preschoolers: A Pilot Study" by Wonwoo Byun, Erica Y. Lau and Timothy A. Brusseau.

What is the background to this research?
Childhood obesity is a worldwide health and economic concern with a continual rise in school-age children affected over the years. Therefore, beginning to address this issue in the years prior to starting primary school is critical. Among the many contributors to the childhood epidemic, the lack of physical activity (PA) has been shown to be a key determinant of excessive weight gains in preschool age children. Due to the association between being moderately overweight prior to puberty and the increased health risks, there is an urgency to implement effective interventions. As significant portion of time is spent by children at education institutions, schools are a prime place to promote PA. Conventional approaches to promote PA include structured programs and the modification of physical environments. If valid, the use of wearable technological devices could provide a more flexible and cost-efficiet way to increase PA in this population.

Where is the research from?
This research was conducted collaboratively by Wonwoo Byun and Timothy A. Brusseau from the University of Utah with Eric Y. Lou from the University of British Columbia. Participants included preschoolers from five childcare centres regulated by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Carer consent and approval of the University’s Institutional Review Board were obtained before commencement. The article was published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) in August 2018. IJERPH is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors.

What kind of research was this?
This was a pilot research study with a quasi-experimental, two parallel group post-test only design. The purpose of the pilot study was to determine the validity of the intervention on a smaller scale and assist in enhancing the quality and efficiency of a potential main study.

What did the research involve?
The intervention was established using the social ecological model (SEM) and health belief model (HBM). It employed real-time PA monitoring at the childcare centres via Fitbit Flex for a week. Fitbit Flex is a validated tool for this age group. The focus was to successfully influence PA behaviours through teacher interactions and reduce the barriers teachers have in promoting PA in children. The study involved five childcare centres who were randomly assigned into two control and three intervention groups all consisting of between 16 and 21 participants. Each group was supervised by a minimum of two teachers. All data and measurements from the childcare centres were acquired in the same timeframe to minimise inaccuracy due to environmental factors.

Intervention groups:
 * Participants wore activity trackers for the duration of childcare.
 * Teachers were able to check the PA and sedentary behaviour (SED) levels of participants via Fitabase API to identify individuals who required more opportunity to be active.
 * Teachers attended a training session prior to and were supported by research staff during the intervention.

Control groups:
 * The control groups were requested to go about their day as per normal in the week and given the opportunity to participate in the same intervention program at the end.

Feedback methods:
 * Carers of participants were given a 5-point Likert scale self-reported questionnaire related to their perceptions of the child’s PA. And a survey related to the wearing of activity trackers and PA monitoring at childcare.
 * Teachers provided feedback via a 5-point Likert scale survey regarding the intervention . Importantly, there is debate about the validity of using a 5 point scale compared to the 7 point scale.

Limitations:
 * The limitations in this study include the short intervention period, and the lack of pretest and statistical power. Thus, there is an uncertainty regarding the validity of the surveys used and the accuracy of significant results found.

What were the basic results?
The final analysis consisted of data from 45 control-group and 48 intervention-group participants. Characteristics of both groups were similar apart from the education level of parents. The results showed the intervention group spent significantly less time in sedentary behaviour (2 min/hr) and more PA time overall (2 min/hr) compared to the control group. Teachers in the intervention group used the real-time monitoring system an average of four times a day and reported the intervention’s suitability within the classroom setting. Likewise, the parent surveys indicated a high positivity (between 3.8 and 4.7 on a 5-point scale) of the intervention and the use of Fitbit activity trackers among their children.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
From this intervention, the use of wearable technological devices seems promising regarding feasibility and compliance of teachers, children and their carers within a childcare centre setting. This is in line with current research which suggests the use of technological wearables are effective for short-term increases in PA. An intervention on a larger scale is warranted as it could provide potential long term health benefits to participants through a decrease in SED and increase in their PA levels.

Practical advice
Considerations:

 * Wearable technology can be a useful tool not just for teachers but for parents at home.

 * It is important for wearable devices to be easy to use and perceived by children to be enjoyable to achieve adherence. They were generally found easy to use in this study.

 * A holistic approach is required to make positive change, in particular utilising the parents and teachers of children. Parents in particular can positively aid their child’s view and participation in PA through modelling encouraging and active behaviour.

Recommendations for future trials:

 * Future trials need to be implemented for a longer duration with a larger population size. This study while limited due to time and resources was an initial step towards more extensive research of the validity of potential strategies to increase PA in preschool age children.

 * Provide different options of software operating systems to cater for personal preferences of teachers.

 * Offer teachers a more customisable Fitabase API user interface for tracking specific data targets with the option to access children’s activity data via a picture instead of their name.

 * Provide relevant resources to teachers such as lesson plans and activity ideas to help them be more effective and better equipped in promoting PA within the class setting.

 * Integrate family involvement in the intervention during out of care hours. For example, providing parents with the opportunity to monitor and actively promote PA during those times.

Further information/resources

 * Childhood obesity:
 * https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obesity-in-children
 * https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/overweight-obesity-australian-children-adolescents/summary
 * https://www.obesityaction.org/get-educated/understanding-childhood-obesity/what-is-childhood-obesity/

 * Fitabase API: https://www.fitabase.com/resources/knowledge-base/fitabase-api/what-is-the-fitabase-api/

 * Fitbit Flex: https://www.fitbit.com/pl/shop/flex

 * Health belief model (HBM): https://www.verywellmind.com/health-belief-model-3132721

 * Likert scale: https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html

 * Social ecological model (SEM): https://www.simplypsychology.org/Bronfenbrenner.html

 * WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128


text: User talk:L10nM4st3r/sig.css

title: User talk:L10nM4st3r/sig.css


text:
User talk:212.237.255.112

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks! You do not need to log in to read or edit books at Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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Feel free to ask any questions on my talk page or in the Reading room. Be sure to sign your talk page comments with four tildes ( ~ ). -- L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:47, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.237.255.112


text:
User talk:115.64.113.41

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks! You do not need to log in to read or edit books at Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * A username of your choice for directly attributing your contributions.
 * A personal user page, a talk page, and a watchlist to monitor pages that interest you.
 * The ability to rename pages and to customize some aspects of the Wikibooks interface.
 * People will recognize you as a member of the Wikibooks community, and you will be eligible to review pages as you gain experience.
 * Your IP address will be hidden from most users, which may give you a greater sense of security and privacy.

We hope that you choose to join our community as a Wikibookian and create an account.

Feel free to ask any questions on my talk page or in the Reading room. Be sure to sign your talk page comments with four tildes ( ~ ). -- L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 15:50, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:115.64.113.41


text:
Hobo tourism/Two hundred days in Latin America

Two hundred days in Latin America (ru.Двести дней в Латинской Америке) — a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who traveled several continents, practicing methods of hobo tourism.

Literary work, created in the travel memoirs genre, describes the author’s longest solo expedition, covering South, Central and North America, including 12 countries: Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba. During the trip had overnight in the open air, twice visit street acquaintances; the temporary accommodation options were spontaneous and unpredictable, as well as the whole route. Narrative depiction of historical, archaeological and natural objects is supplemented by a color illustration tab, allowing the reader to feel for a while conqueror of overseas latitudes.

General information

 * Year of publication: 2017.
 * Number of pages: 210.
 * Illustrations: the author.
 * Color of illustrations: black and white.
 * Color tab: 20 pages (38 photos).
 * Language of publication: Russian.
 * Genre: journalism, travel essays, road adventures.
 * Topics: country studies.
 * Continents: South America, Central America, North America.
 * Style: artistic publicism.
 * Designed: for a wide range of readers.
 * Where published: Simferopol.
 * Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0.

Quote
''A stack of obsolete banknotes — to distract the robbers, a notebook with translations of the necessary phrases into Spanish, and some information about the first five countries to be visited — that’s all I brought with me. The round-trip ticket bought in advance did not give a chance to retreat, slightly frightening the duration of the expedition. Two hundred days of nomadic life... It’s like falling into an abyss that you can’t see the bottom.''


text:
Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner

Afghan prisoner (ru. Афганский арестант) is a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who traveled to several continents, practicing the methods of hobo tourism. The literary work in the travel memoirs genre describes the author’s Afghan expedition, the route of which included seven Asian countries, where the priority was to visit Afghanistan. Temporary residence in a Pashtun family — the result of a casual street acquaintance with a simple guy from Mazar-i-Sharif, allowed the creator of the work to get acquainted with the life and life of the local population (which is one of the components of the cultural travel), and being in a Kabul prison gives the story some action-packed.

General information

 * Year of publication: 2018.
 * Number of pages: 144.
 * Illustrations: the author.
 * Color of illustrations: black and white.
 * Color tab: 20 pages (34 photos).
 * Language of publication: Russian.
 * Genre: journalism, travel essays, road adventures.
 * Topics: country studies, historical sciences, earth sciences.
 * Continents: Asia.
 * Style: artistic publicism.
 * Designed: for a wide range of readers.
 * Where published: Simferopol.
 * Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9909912-3-1.

Quote
''The cellmate, smiling, tried to talk. But I had no desire to start a conversation: lay down in the bunk and went into himself. It seemed like someone was about to come in — the bearded one who brought me here or the beardless one... the warden, and would say: "We were joking, you can go..." ''

title: Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of team sports on the mental health of individuals who had adverse childhood experiences

This is a critique of the journal article "Association of team sports participation with long-term mental health outcomes among individuals exposed to adverse childhood experiences" by Easterlin, Chung and Leng (2019).

What is the background to this research?
The objective of the research study was to discover whether there is a positive association between team sports participation and the diagnosis of mental health among individuals who have faced adverse childhood experiences.

Five out of the top ten leading causes of death are linked to adverse childhood experiences, with one in six adults stating they have encountered four or more types of adverse childhood experiences. Adverse childhood experiences can include parental substance abuse or mental illness, witnessing or being apart of family violence and childhood physical, sexual and emotional abuse. Studies convey that adverse childhood experiences are linked not only to mental health problems but also to chronic and cardiovascular health problems and behavioural problems and substance abuse in adulthood.

An intervention that would help improve the mental health of individuals who encountered adverse childhood experiences would be participation in team sports. Research displays that there is a positive relationship between mental health and participating in team sports. Evidence shows that partaking in team sports boosts aspects such as self-confidence, motivation and feeling content in life. Team sports compared to individual sports enhance feelings of being connected with peers which increases the social and emotional well being of the individuals. Team sports decrease mental health aspects including stress, anxiety and depression.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted from students who studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the 1994-1995 school year. The students were apart of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

What kind of research was this?
This is a qualitative research study, as interviews and questionnaires were used to collect the data used in the study.

What did the research involve?
9668 individuals who were a part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were used in the study. These 9668 individuals did encounter adverse childhood experiences and did not partake in team sports during adolescence. These selection of participants included data waves one (1994-1995 school year), this year was used to investigate their participation in team sports and wave four (2008) was used to explore their mental health 13 to 14 years later. This research was performed from November 6, 2017, to January, 2019. The diagnosis of depression, anxiety and depressive symptoms were compared when exploring the 9668 individuals' adult mental health problems.

As a control group 4870 participants who did not encounter adverse childhood experiences to compare them. To determine the study sample the students were asked to answer a questionnaire.

Questionnaire:

If the students selected one or more sports they were recognised as participating in team sports and if the students selected no sports they were recognised as not participating in team sports.

What were the basic results?
Studies express that those who have suffered adverse childhood experiences have a higher chance of being diagnosed with mental health problems. The most common mental health problems diagnosed are depression, anxiety and depressive symptoms.

The results of the study showed that there was a positive correlation between team sports participation and improved mental health among individuals who have encountered adverse childhood experiences. The study revealed that there were similar results between both genders when comparing the relationship between participation in team sports and improved mental health. However, it was identified that males had a larger number of significant correlations between participation in team sports and improved mental health compared to females. When differentiating the genders, the results demonstrated that for the males, depression, anxiety and depressive symptoms were the mental health outcomes that had significantly lower chances of being diagnosed when participating in team sports during adolescence. Compared to the females, anxiety was the only mental health outcome that had significantly lower chances of being diagnosed when partaking in team sports during adolescence.

How did the researchers interpret the results?
The researchers interpretation of the results was that there was a positive relationship between team sports participation and improved mental health among individuals who have suffered adverse childhood experiences.

Certain considerations had to be recognised when interpreting the results. In many circumstances questionnaires being used to obtain answers or results can be influenced by self reporting bias, which can negatively influence the results. Individuals untruthfully answering questionnaires can be due to many reasons, some including respondents want to appear better than what they are, respondents want to give the answer they believe will help the researcher or they don’t want to answer questions about sensitive behaviour. In this study's case, the participants are asked “ Are you participating or do you plan to participate in the following sports”. Self-reporting bias could definitely be a contributing factor when the participants answered this question as they may be embarrassed about not participating in sports and choose to untruthfully answer this questionnaire to make themselves feel better. This would negatively impact the results as this questionnaire was used to compare the mental health of individuals who do participate in team sports to those who don’t participate in team sports. This is why self-reporting bias would have to be taken into consideration when interpreting results.

What are the implications of this research?
This research has justified that participation in team sports would be a useful intervention to improve mental health among individuals who have suffered adverse childhood experiences. However, for this intervention to be successful, the individuals partaking in team sports need to be engaged and fully involved in the team sport. Therefore, making it enjoyable and successful in improving the mental health and overall wellbeing of the individuals.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
There is a positive relationship between participation in team sports during adolescence and improved mental health among individuals who have suffered adverse childhood experiences. Stress, anxiety, depression and depressive symptoms are the most common mental health outcomes that are reduced from participation in team sports. Other sources express that team sport participation not only improves mental health but can boost aspects including self-confidence, motivation, fulfilling a content life and a feeling of connectiveness with peers. Studies also state that social and emotional wellbeing is increased from team sport participation.

Further information/resources
Further information regarding team sports participation and better mental health; click on the links below.
 * The psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
 * Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental well-being https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2906-3
 * Team sport participation beneficial for youth mental health https://www.labroots.com/trending/neuroscience/22911/team-sport-participation-beneficial-youth-mental-health


text:
Holo, Jonathan!

'''Holo, Jonatan! Cristianés by the Direct Method'''

"Holo Jonathan nea zhen?" Hrp as istorio das ant inzlatekohn jofeq ge irp ep aos fihitiz aos avizh das ep aos otrh europohn pais...oas nat parecrp.

Vamu 1
Uq ovfrtt zhen eq as ciudazh, as ovfrtt oicrifirp ant diarih. As ovfrtt frp uq ciudazh.

Zhen as ovfrtt eq as ciudazh? Hi, ep zhen eq as ciudazh.

Zhen as ovfrtt eq...ant ovfrtt? Ch, ep zhen ch eq ant ovfrtt. Ep zhen eq uq ciudazh.

Zhen as ovfrtt eq uq treq? Ch, ep zhen ch eq uq treq. Ep zhen eq uq ciudazh.

Oicrifirp as ovfrtt ant diarih? Hi. Ep oicrifirp ant diarih.

As diarih oicrifirp ant ovfrtt? Ch, as diarih oicrifirp ch ant ovfrtt. Ant ovfrtt oicrifirp. As ovfrtt oicrifirp as diarih.

As ciudazh frp aos ovfrtt? ch, as ciudazh frp ch aos ovfrtt, uq ciudazh frp ch. Ant ovfrtt frp. As ovfrtt frp aos ciudazh. Hi, as ovfrtt frp as ciudazh.

Dondtt zhen as ovfrtt? Ep zhen eq as ciudazh, Ge oicrifirp as ovfrtt? Mz oicrifixy ant diarih. Ge frp as ovfrtt? Ep frp uq ciudazh, Ep oicrifirp ant diarih enzo frp uq ciudazh.

|1

title: Holo, Jonathan!


text:
Pokémon/Incorrect vs. Unofficial

Every franchise has official terminology for the people, places, and things that appear in the movies, games, and books, and every franchise has official rules and official pronunciations of words and names invented for the series. If you are a longtime Pokémon fan, you have undoubtedly witnessed fellow Pokémon fans correct others and criticize others for how they pronounce Pokémon names. Pokémon fans frequently argue about pronunciations, just like there are debates in real life about pronunciations of English dictionary words. Purists get irritated when you pronounce a name differently from what is given in official Pokémon handbooks that have pronunciation guides. Talking casually about Pokémon with your friends is a different world from how Pokémon are presented in movies and handbooks and other official Nintendo products.

Official rules
Aside from pronunciations, there are two major grammar rules that Pokémon purists insist on, and you risk irritating them if you go against these rules. These rules are official to the Pokémon franchise, so violate these rules only if you are around people who are not nitpicky about the way you talk about Pokémon, or if you are around people who won't go out of their way to needlessly criticize every insignificant minute detail in your remarks about Pokémon.

For the record, deviations from the official information are not "incorrect" or "wrong." They are "unofficial", though if they are widely accepted enough, they can still be considered valid. For example, the official pronunciation of "Ferrothorn" is to stress the second syllable (Fer-AH-thorn), so that the middle "ro" sounds like the word "raw", but most people pronounce it FER-o-thorn, with the stress on the first syllable so that the "fer" part sounds like "fair." This pronunciation, while different from the official version, is used often enough by enough people for it to be a valid alternative pronunciation of "Ferrothorn." On April 24, 2022, when False Swipe Gaming did his video on "How Great Was Ferrothorn Actually?", he opened the video with the clip from the anime showing the official pronunciation of "Ferrothorn", then willingly refusing to pronounce it that way, instead opting for how most fans pronounce it. And if you participate in the competitive Pokémon subcommunity, you will likely have to get used to saying this name, as Ferrothorn is one of the select few elite Pokémon that have been in the OU tier (Smogon's standard tier) for all four generations that it has existed.

The first rule that Pokémon purists are obsessed with is all Pokémon names are to be treated as invariant nouns, meaning they do not change when plural. For example, you may casually say, when talking to your friends, "I caught three Jigglypuffs today", but according to the official rule about plurals, the official plural of "Jigglypuff" is "Jigglypuff." When talking casually, either is fine. "Jigglypuffs" is not incorrect or wrong; it is simply an "unofficial" plural of "Jigglypuff."

The second rule that Pokémon purists insist on being followed is that all individual Pokémon should be referred to as "it" rather than "he" or "she." Again, follow this rule only around people who are not purists, traditionalists, or people who think "mailman" and "freshman" are bad words. Other than that, it is perfectly fine to refer to your sweet Level 100 Blissey as a "she" as in: "My Blissey knows Soft-Boiled and Toxic, and she is amazing in battle."

When to correct someone (or not correct someone)
To correct or not to correct your friend, that is the question. The answer may surprise you, so read on.

For the rules stated above, there is usually no need to "correct" your friend for being off from the official way. Even if you know the official pronunciation of Ferrothorn, the widespread pronunciation among fans is not offensive or rooted on anything offensive, so criticizing your friend's pronunciation of "Ferrothorn" is 100% optional. You don't have to correct someone who says, "I found four Zigzagoons on Route 101 today." And unless you are in a situation that makes gendered words unsuitable, you should allow your friend to refer to his or her Hitmonlee with masculine pronouns ("he", "him", "his").

If your friend makes a factual error, such as claiming that Ferrothorn is faster than Blaziken, then you should question your friend's sanity and knowledge about these two Pokémon and their stats. Ferrothorn is absolutely not faster than Blaziken. Not even close. Off by a factor of four, as Ferrothorn has base 20 Speed (and is arguably supposed to be slow, to maximize "Gyro Ball" power), while Blaziken has base 80 Speed and often runs its hidden ability "Speed Boost."

If your friend struggles in a game by not knowing where to find the Bicycle, or even worse, trying to find it in the wrong place, you should give your friend advice on how to obtain the Bicycle. Otherwise, your friend will continue to struggle, possibly fruitlessly, and not be able to continue the story.

If your friend makes a serious mispronunciation of a Pokémon name that no rational, educated person would make, such as pronouncing "Dragonite" as "Bragonite", then you should correct your friend and remind them about English pronunciation rules.

title: Pokémon/Incorrect vs. Unofficial


text:
Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu

Holiday of wandering mzung (ru.Холидей бродячего мзунгу) is a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who traveled several continents, practicing the methods of hobo tourism.

The travel essay describes one of the author’s most difficult expeditions, which included 10 African countries (Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland), including 11 islands. In addition to the "duty" misadventures evenly distributed throughout the route, the creator of the book was deported by the authorities of a tiny island state — at the beginning of the trip, and robbed by professional criminals of one of the most criminal cities on the African continent — at the end.

The use of standard accommodation facilities of bum tourist, such as ruins of buildings, habitats of homeless people, frozen objects of construction, this time supplemented the not often practiced, "exotic" methods — in police stations and public toilets.

General information

 * Year of publication: 2018.
 * Number of pages: 180.
 * Illustrations: the author.
 * Color of illustrations: black and white.
 * Language of publication: Russian.
 * Genre: journalism, travel essays, road adventures.
 * Topics: country studies, earth sciences.
 * Continents: Africa.
 * Style: artistic publicism.
 * Designed: for a wide range of readers.
 * Where published: Simferopol.
 * Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9909912-4-8.

Quote
''… Once, having collected a small backpack, overcoming the "barbed wire" of consciousness, I went out into the uncertainty; descended from the plane ramp to an strange, slightly frightening ground of equatorial Africa. How long has it been since... The first trip to the Black Continent lasted only two weeks. Then — more successful long-term attempts of "conquest" of the third world countries, which lasted from a month to three. And finally... the period of stay in the edge of palms trees has reached six months.''

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
Hobo tourism/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars

Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars (ru.Два месяца странствий и 14 дней за решёткой) is a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who traveled several continents, practicing the methods of hobo tourism.

A literary work in the genre of travel essays describes the author’s solo expedition, the route of which included South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Singapore, Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga and Samoa, and 20 islands belonging to those countries. The book describes the attractions of the visited places, road adventures, the methods used — |open-air overnight, as well as with the Aborigines, in the cemetery and in other extravagant places, spontaneously prompted by fantasy.

For ordinary readers, as well as geographers and ethnologists, the chapter may be interesting about small village of Bunlap, located on Island of Pentecost, where the native people, without knowing it, "built" some model of communism.

General information

 * Year of publication: 2020.
 * Number of pages: 116.
 * Illustrations: the author.
 * Color of illustrations: black and white.
 * Language of publication: Russian.
 * Genre: journalism, travel essays.
 * Topics: country studies.
 * Continents: Asia, Oceania.
 * Style: artistic publicism.
 * Designed: for a wide range of readers.
 * Where published: Simferopol.
 * Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5.

Quote
''The tiny states of Oceania, where foreign tourists set foot reluctantly and extremely rarely, have always attracted me with picturesque exoticism and the absence of civilization. Going to conquer the islands, chose four Asian countries for the "springboard" and, as a true traveler, bought a one-way ticket. It was this fact that played a cruel joke.''

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User talk:108.7.216.159

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks! You do not need to log in to read or edit books at Wikibooks, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * A username of your choice for directly attributing your contributions.
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We hope that you choose to join our community as a Wikibookian and create an account.

Feel free to ask any questions on my talk page or in the Reading room. Be sure to sign your talk page comments with four tildes ( ~ ). -- L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:06, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect vs. unofficial
A page you recently created, Incorrect vs. unofficial, has been queried and will be deleted soon if the page isn't moved to an existing book or some clarification is given as to whether this is a book or part of another book.--Xania   talk 08:19, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I moved it to Pokémon/Incorrect vs. Unofficial. -- L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 09:05, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

Real World Algebra/Chapter 1: The Language of Algebra
Hello, I've deleted this page because it was still not a pedagogic book seven days after its creation. But if you would create an account, I would be able to move it to your sandbox instead. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 07:42, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:108.7.216.159


text:
User:The samr

Hi, my name samr.

title: User:The samr


text:
Cookbook:Pumpkin Purée

Pumpkin purée is a cooked and mashed mixture of a variety of edible pumpkins and, occasionally, other winter squash. Dickinson pumpkins are a common choice for pumpkin purée due to their sweetness and lower water content. Pumpkin purée can be store-bought, often in canned form, where it should not be confused with canned pumpkin pie filling. It can also be homemade by cooking pumpkin and processing it into a smooth paste. It should be noted that different brands and different methods of making pumpkin purée will have different water content—for consistency in a recipe, be sure to use the specified brand or method.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Purée


text:
User:Al Piskun

says Hello

Al Piskun (discuss • contribs) 00:20, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User:Al Piskun


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 25

Introduction
The particle in a one-dimensional box model describes the movement of a particle in one dimension. It is confined to a "box" where it can only move horizontally along the x-axis within the confines of the box. The particle cannot escape the box due to the areas outside of the box having an infinite potential energy, thus trapping the particle inside an infinitely deep well. If the leftmost boundary of the box is position 0 and the rightmost position is position L, the potential energy of the particle inside the box is zero between position 0 and L. This is denoted mathematically as $$V(x)=0, 0\leq x \leq L $$ where $$V(x)$$ is potential energy as a function of position. Outside the box, the potential energy is $$V(x)=\infty$$ for $$x<0$$ and $$x>L$$. The problem below proposes a situation where the potential energy is zero everywhere along the x-axis, meaning the particle is no longer bound by areas of infinite potential energy like in the 1D box model. Rather, $$V(x)=0 $$ across the interval $$-\infty \leq x \leq \infty $$.

Problem
Suppose an electron is free to move along the x-axis and its potential energy everywhere is zero. Derive a wavefunction for this system.

Schrödinger Equation and Definition of the Hamiltonian
First the Hamiltonian operator $$\hat{H}$$ must be defined in order to solve the Schrödinger equation for this system. $$

The Hamiltonian is simply the total energy of the system. It is expressed as the sum of the total kinetic energy ($$\hat{T}$$) and total potential energy ($$\hat{V}$$) of the system. Therefore the Hamiltonian is defined as,

$$\hat{H}=\hat{T}+\hat{V}$$

However, the problem states that the potential energy everywhere is zero, so the Hamiltonian is simply equal to the total kinetic energy of the system.

$$\hat{H}=\hat{T}+0$$

$$\hat{H}=\hat{T}$$

Definition of the Kinetic Energy Operator and Substitution into the Schrödinger Equation
In one dimension, the kinetic energy operator is defined as, $$

So the Hamiltonian becomes,

$$\hat{H}=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m_e}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}$$

Where $$m_e$$ is the mass of an electron and $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck's constant. This can then be substituted into the Schrödinger equation to give,

$$-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m_e }\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\psi(x)=E\psi(x)$$

The above is simplified by multiplying both sides of the equation by $$-2m_e$$ and then dividing both sides by $$\hbar^2$$.

$$\hbar^2\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\psi(x)=-2m_eE\psi(x)$$

$$\frac{d^2 } {dx^2}\psi(x)=\frac{ - 2m_eE } {\hbar^2} \psi(x)$$

Finding a General Solution and Solving the Differential Equation
$$\frac{d^2 } {dx^2}\psi(x)=\frac{ - 2m_eE } {\hbar^2} \psi(x)$$ is a linear homogenous second order differential equation where $$k=\frac{\sqrt{2m_e E }} {\hbar}$$, so,

$$\psi(x)= A\sin(kx)+B\cos(kx)$$

$$\psi(x)= A\sin \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2m_e E }} {\hbar}x \biggr) +B\cos\biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2m_e E }} {\hbar}x\biggr)$$

Since the potential energy everywhere is zero, the electron can exist anywhere on the x-axis. The position of the particle exists across the interval $$-\infty \leq x \leq \infty $$, therefore the probability of finding the electron at any position $$x$$ is infinitely small and approaches zero.

$$\frac{1}{\infty}\approx0$$

Thus it can be assumed that $$x = 0$$ for both terms of the general solution due to the absence of any boundary conditions. Putting $$x = 0$$ into the general solution yields,

$$\psi(x)= A\sin \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2m_e E }} {\hbar}0 \biggr) +B\cos\biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2m_e E }} {\hbar}0\biggr)$$

$$\psi(x)=0$$

Therefore, the wavefunction collapses and is zero if the potential energy is zero everywhere along the x-axis, due to the probability of finding the electron at any position $$x$$ being infinitely small.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 25


text:
User:Sidoniecarroll

I'm Sidonie Carroll and I'm currently studying to become an Exercise Physiologist at the University of Canberra.

title: User:Sidoniecarroll


text:
User talk:12.90.152.114

You cannot edit for 2 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 04:59, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:12.90.152.114


text:
User:Liammullins

liam mullins

title: User:Liammullins


text:
Bune Ğonatan!

'''Bune Ğonatan! Lingaust by the Direct Method'''

Bune Ğonatan! Qes es la stur dun ğuven anglian qe va visitar a seu amiq natre națiu europei... o is sembla.

1 de mai
Un om es nan cită. L'om sqri un ditar. L'om vi an cită.

Es l'om nan cită? Si, il es nan cită.

Es l'om intu... un om? Non, il non es intu'n om. Il es nan cită.

Es l’om nun trĕn? Non, il non es nun trĕn. Il es nan cită. L’om es nan cită.

Sqri l’om un ditariu? Si, il sqri un ditariu.

U ditariu sqri un om? Non, u ditariu non sqri un om. Un ditariu non sqri. Un om sqri. L’om sqri’l ditariu?

Vi la cită a l’om? Non, la cită non vi a l’om. An cită no vi. Un om vi. ¿Vi l’om la cită? Si, l’om vi la cită.

Ŭn es l’om? Il es nan cita. Qe sqri l’om? Il sqri an ditariu. Qe vi l’om? Il vi an cită. Il es nan cită i sqri un ditariu i vi an cită.

Es l’om nun ditariu? Non, il sqri nun ditariu. L’om vi an om? Non, il non vi an om; il vi an cită.

L’om es gran, l’om es bun i l’om es inteligent. Il pens. Il pens su la cită. Il pens: Q’es la cită? Es la cită bun? Es la cita gran?

L’om sqri an cită? Non, il non sqri an cită; an cită es gran. Il sqri un ditariu; un ditariu non es gran.

U ditariu pens su l’om? Non, un ditariu non pens. Un om pens. Il pens su’l ditariu i pens su la cită.

Il sqri nun ditariu. Il sqri su la cită. Il sqri: “La cită es bun i la cită es gran”.

Il pens: “La cită es bun”; il pens qe la cită es bun. Il pens: “La cita es gran”; il pens qe la cită es gran. Il pens su la cita ‘il pens su’l ditaru.

Q’es un ditariu? U ditariu es ŭn l’om sqri; il sqri nu ditariu. Nu ditariu, l’om sqri su la cită. Un ditariu, l’om non sqri su’l tren; l’om es na cită, ni nu tre. Il non pens su’l cită, la cită de Munič.

Q’es la cită? Qe’s Munič. Ŭn es Munič? Qes’ ŭn es l’om. Ŭn es l’om? Il es in Munič?

Si, Munič es an gran cită i an bun cită. L’om pens qe Munič es an bun cită, ‘il pens qe qes’ an gran cită. L’om es inteligent. Il di: “Bune, Munič! Il es un bun om.

L’om s’aţ i pens: “Ŭn es u tren? Il vi… il vi u tren! Il pens: “U tren!” Aqur il non pens su’l ditariu ni su la cită; il pens su’l tren.

|1

title: Bune Ğonatan!


text: Category:Book:Holo, Jonathan!

title: Category:Book:Holo, Jonathan!


text: Category:Book:Bune Ğonatan!

title: Category:Book:Bune Ğonatan!


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients

This wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the journal article "Effects of Exercise and Diet in Nonobese Asthma Patients—A Randomized Controlled Trial" by Toennesen.

What is the background to this research?
Asthma is a condition that affects the airways, restricting breathing with the potential to be fatal. The incidence of obesity and asthma coexisting within a patient is steadily rising, likely due to obesity being a known predisposing factor of asthma. Previous research has identified that changes in exercise and diet behaviour improved asthma control in an obese population but this was unknown if this was similar for a non-obese population. Whilst the majority of the Australian asthmatic population is obese, this study is important because there is still an unrepresented 30% that fall within a ‘normal’ BMI.

Another point of difference for this study, that separates itself from others, is its focus on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) rather than low to moderate-intensity exercise. This decision is justified by the study as it states a lack of research on this form of exercise as well as HIIT becoming increasingly popular for its "efficiency"

Where is the research from?
The study is conducted by an array of authors including Toennesen, Meteran, Hostrup, Wiem Geiker and Jensen. All listed authors have contributed to at least 3 different journal articles across a range of subjects. Namely, Hostrup has contributed to 20. This large input from experienced authors helps the credibility of this source.

However, the journal in which this article is published is not highly ranked on the Scimago Journal Ranking (SJR) system. With a rank of 1918th, it does not compare to some of the more prolific journals in its field. Whilst this ranking system is not perfect and is based largely on how often it is cited, it does provide some indication of how popular it is and therefore a rank this low can be considered significant. Although, the study was conducted in Amsterdam which, using the same ranking system, ranks 15th across the world which is notably high. Despite the data coming from the Netherlands, it is still applicable to Australians.

What kind of research was this?
The research method utilised within this study was a randomised control trial. These are believed to be the 'gold standard' in research as they reduce bias and allow for the examination of cause-effect relationships (but cannot be used to prove them). Random assignment was done via sealed envelopes which were generated by a computer. The researchers involved in collecting data were also blind to the random assignment of the four different groups, adding to its validity.

What did the research involve?
The study took participants aged 18-65 with specific BMI characteristics (between 20 and 30) and having both achieved a certain score on the Asthma Control Questionnaire (1.0 or more) and at least 1 positive diagnosis of variable airflow. Whilst BMI is a commonly used indicator of obesity, it is an indirect measure which can lead to misclassification. Anthropometric indicators such as relative fat mass, body shape index and body roundness index are some other potential measures which are beginning to emerge.

Participants were split randomly into four groups

 * Exercise group (8 weeks HIIT on indoor bikes 3 times per week).
 * Diet group (5 group counselling sessions in which they prepared food pertaining to a diet that was high in protein and low GI).
 * Exercise + diet group (followed both exercise and diet interventions).
 * Control group (No intervention)

An issue with this methodology, as with any behavioural intervention, is the potential for participants to behave uncharacteristically when being observed. This is known as the 'Hawthorne Effect' and, if incorrectly managed, can skew results.

What were the basic results?
Results showed a significant positive change in the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) for those in the diet and exercise group, however, there was no significant difference for participants in the exercise or diet groups. A meta-analysis testing the accuracy of the ACQ for measuring asthma control found some limitations and identified the Asthma Control Test (ACT) as better suited for clinical use. This may lead to a potential over-emphasis on the results provided, however, since the difference is significant and ACQ can still provide correct results there is still a chance that this intervention may be effective. NOTE. Values are mean ± SD

It is significant to note that other variables pertaining to asthma control and lung efficiency were measured, however, the greatest emphasis was placed on the ACQ score which is why the information pertaining to its accuracy is particularly relevant.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study is a good introduction to an area that is largely unexplored. Whilst it concluded that a combination of HIIT and diet is effective for improving asthma control, there is still more research that needs to go into the specificities of both the exercise and dietary components. Searching for similar articles provides very few results due to the large focus on the association between obesity and asthma leading to little comparable information. This makes the information in the study important but difficult to validate.

Practical advice
This research emphasises the importance of a balanced lifestyle. Identifies that a multifaceted approach to health is more effective than changing behaviour in a single aspect of health. Specifically, it identifies HIIT as the form of exercise that should be conducted to achieve the results that occurred in the study. This is a good outcome as HIIT is becoming a more popular form of exercise and is easily accessible both via internet tutorials or through an organisation like HIIT Republic.

As well as a specific exercise, a diet containing high-protein and low GI is recommended from the results gathered. Like the HIIT workouts, this type of diet can be easily researched, however, a limitation is that it can sometimes be difficult to filter through the information that may not be correct as everyone has access to the internet and is capable of putting anything online. Some further scientific study into specific meals and/or protocols to follow with this diet would be beneficial to those trying to take advantage of its positive outcome.

Further information/resources
Severe Asthma Toolkit

Asthma Australia

HIIT Republic Canberra

What is a High-Protein, Low-GI diet


text:
User talk:Hansmoonfoot

Sirius black
I thought he was unmarried. -- L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 07:19, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hansmoonfoot


text:
Guide to the Godot game engine/UI skinning

UI skinning allows you to turn a game's UI (user interface) to something more fancy than the default. The deafult styling for buttons and panels is an ugly shade of gray. But you can change it as far as complex textures as backgrounds. Whether you go that far or not depends on the game, your time, and your artistic skills.

Basic skinning with themes
To do this, let's first create a. You will need to create a new resource using the file system. Search for.

After saving it, a dock will open which allows you to preview the theme. Looks pretty dull, right?

Lets make buttons look nice first. Click Edit theme, and select Add Class Items. Do not confuse with Add Class Item.

Type  in the popup, under "type". Then press Add All.

In the Inspector, you will see a property category called "Button". Expand it. Expand the sub-categories "colors" and "styles". Set the style for "normal" to a new. Some of the more common things you can change are:
 * Background color
 * Corner radius (the higher the value, the bigger the curve)
 * Border width and Border color
 * Shadow
 * Content margin (a margin between the border and the content within)
 * Expand Margin (a margin to expand the style outside the Button's bounding-box, without increasing its size - you can only interact with a button by clicking the area inside the bounding box itself)

Have fun changing styles as much as you like! Remember to choose a single styling theme, like retro, or ski-fi, that suits your game.

You can change much more than just buttons. But only skin the UI elements that are needed, not every single Control-derived node.

After you are done, go to Project->ProjectSettings->Gui->Theme and set the  value to the path to the newly created theme. Save, and then play your main menu scene.

Fancy skinning with themes
Instead of using StyleBoxeFlat, use StyleBoxeTexture. This allows using images instead of styled boxes. You can also set the icons for certain Control node elements, like the "increment" and "decrement" buttons in number edits and the "clear" button for text edits.

Custom UI events
Some games show fancy effects when clicking on buttons, like fading menus out. Here are some suggestions:
 * When clicking on a button that changes the scene, consider fading the screen out for a fraction of a second before changing the scene, then fading the new scene in. The whole process should take less than a tenth of a second, or less. It should be subtle and quick, or you risk boring the player as the ui "loads", which could in theory happen instantly. Here is a code example:

modulate.a -= (., ).

 * The opposite to this (to fade in a new menu) can be done with an set to "autoplay", or initiated in the   function.

 * When disabling a button, consider setting its  to , for stylistic purposes. Not doing so layers the "disabled" style and the "clicked" style on top of each other when clicking it, which doesn't look that good. Remember to set the   to   when you enable the button again.


text:
Salam, Jonathan!/kapitule 2

2a os maye

nuo bate ini vage. lo ne eni munhen; lo eni vage. lo turi. lo meni: "nuo me turi da munhen na vin. si bona ture. me ami ture".

lo meni tem munhen. lo meni: "nuo me eni vage, may predio me eni munhen. ni nuo me kitci dibuke en munhen. ni nuo me meni en vage, may predio me meni en munhen. predio me meni tem munhen en munhen, ni nuo me meni tem vin en vage. nuo me eni vage, ne en vin. may me meni ni me kitci tem vin."

ki bate nuo meni en munhen? ne, lo nuo ne meni en munhen. lo meni en vage. predio lo meni en munhen. lo peli: "salam, vage!"

bate eni vage, ni lo turi na site. site ne si munhen; munhen si predia site. site si vin; vin si nudia site.

bate meni tem munhen ni vin. lo meni: "munhen si predia site, ni munhen boni. nuo si nudio, ni me eni vage; vage boni. ki vin boni?

bate meni tem munhen: munhen si predia site. lo meni en vage: lo nudio eni vage. ni lo meni tem vin: vin si posdia site.

ni lo meni: "munhen gui. vage gui. ki vin gui?"

ni lo meni: "en munhen me kitci in dibuke. en vage me kitci in dibuke. ki me posdio kitci in dibuke en vin? ha, posdio me kitci in dibuke. me ami dibuke". bate "multo" meni, ni lo multo kitci. he, lo si cesabla bate. cesabla bate multo kitci, ni multo meni. lo si djon'; djon' si cesabla bate.

lo kitci: "me djon'. me eni vage. predio me eni munhen; postio me eni vin".

lo meni, ni lo kitci: "vage... boni, may denovi. lo ne novi; lo denovi. ki vage denovi en munhen? ha, vage denovi en munhen. may vage a munhen boni, ni me ami vage a munhen. predio me ami vage en munhen, ni nudio me nuo ami vage, ni posdio me ami vage en vin. me ami vage".

djonatan kitci: "munhen si bona site ni denova site, ni vin si bona site ni denova site. munhen ni vin ne novi, may ley boni. munhen ni vin si denova site, may bona site. olbi site ne novi, may boni. me ami site!"

djonatan meni ti bia tura die boni. lo peli: "nudio si bia tura die. me ami ture".

|1

title: Salam, Jonathan!/kapitule 2


text:
Hobo tourism/Indian dreams

Indian dreams (ru. Индийские сны) — a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who visited several continents, practicing non-standard methods.

The literary work in the genre of travel notes tells the story of the author’s two-week trip to India.

General information

 * Year of publication: 2020.
 * Number of pages: 40.
 * Illustrations: the author.
 * Color of illustrations: black and white.
 * Color tab: 4 pages (7 photos).
 * Language of publication: Russian.
 * Genre: journalism, travel essays.
 * Topics: country studies.
 * Continents: Asia.
 * Style: artistic publicism.
 * Designed: for a wide range of readers.
 * Where published: Simferopol.
 * Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5.

Quote
''Now, when there are fifty-plus countries behind, the second independent (without the help of travel agencies) trip abroad is perceived by me differently: two weeks — a trifle against the background of half-yearly hobo tours. But if the first step had not been taken, there would have been no continuation... The choice is not accidental: there are places on the map of the world that every traveler should visit... Mug and bowl — in a backpack, mess of hopes, expectations and uncertainty — in the head. Forward!''

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Indian dreams


text: Category:Book:Yi syallables

title: Category:Book:Yi syallables


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease

This is a critical appraisal of the 2021 article, "Cognitive Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial" by Fang Yu, David M Vock, Lin Zhang, Dereck Salisbury, Nathaniel W Nelson, Lisa S Chow, Glenn Smith, Terry R Barclay, Maurice Dysken, and Jean F Wyman. This critical appraisal was conducted by a student at the University of Canberra.

What is the background to this research?
An estimated 459000 Australian's are currently living with dementia, with this number predicted to more than double by 2058. The estimated cost for caring for people with dementia in Australia as of 2016 was $14.25 billion. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of all cases. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative brain disease. Early symptoms include mild cognitive impairment and memory loss. These symptoms progressively worsen and cause decreased independence until ultimately resulting in severe physical and mental impairment which requires full-time care. The article details a pilot randomised controlled trial and its findings on the effects of aerobic exercise on the cognition of AD patients. Previous studies on the relationship between aerobic exercise and AD show's a positive effect on modulation of biomarkers and systems related to AD. Previous research has also shown aerobic exercise to help in the prevention of AD, however the findings from randomised control trials (RCT) on the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in treating those with AD have been inconsistent. Generated on existing knowledge, the researchers for the trial hypothesised that the treatment group (aerobic exercise) will show a slower decline in global compared the natural expected decline.

Where is the research from?
Screening, testing and data collection for this study was conducted at the University of Minnesota between 2014 and 2020. The study was published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease in 2021. The article credits 10 researchers for the study, nine of which had previous published work on the relationship between AD and exercise. This includes several similar RCT studies exploring aerobic exercise as a treatment for AD as well as a systematic review on the topic. The authors all had nothing to disclose in the articles conflict of interest statement.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a pilot RCT with 96 participants. The participants were all older adults living with AD. Similar RCT have been conducted however results have been inconsistent due to the methodological difference such as inclusion criteria, exercise modality and load. Meta-analysis studies on the topic conclude that aerobic exercise appears to delay the decline in cognitive function however more RCT with objective measurements are needed to confirm these findings. The purpose of this trial was test to a new methodology that a full scale RCT could adopt in the future.

Participants

 * 96 participants (53 male, 43 female), mean age: 77.4±6.8 years.
 * Inclusion criteria: Minnesota local 66+ year olds with AD verified by providers and clinician experts per 2011 diagnostics criteria; who had Mini-Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating of 15–26 and 0.5–2 respectively; had taken AD medication longer than one month if prescribed; received provider clearance for exercise safety and spoke English.
 * Exclusion criteria: resting heart rate 100 beats per minute, neurologic disorders (other than AD), psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), alcohol or chemical dependency, risked harm from exercise, new symptoms or diseases that had not been evaluated by providers, abnormal findings from the cycler-ergometer test or magnetic resonance imaging.

Setting

 * In-person screening, data collections, and cycle-ergometer tests was conducted at the Univerisity of Minnesota
 * The exercise intervention took place at a YMCA gym or senior community, before additional exercise sites were added in year 3.

Method

 * Participants were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ration to the treatment group and the control group respectively.
 * Treatment group participants completed a six-month cycling intervention that involved participants cycling three times a week. Participants cycled at 50–75% of their heart rate reserve (HRR) or to 9–15 on the Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participants cycled for between 20-50 minutes a session. The intensity and length of each session increased linearly until participants were cycling at 75% of their HRR or 15 RPE and for 50 minutes, which occurred in week 10. Each session included a five-minute warm-up and cool-down. Participants were under interventionist supervision and heart rate was monitored continuously throughout each session.
 * The control group completed a stretching and range of motion program. Like the treatment group, control group participants had three sessions a week and gradually increased the duration of each session starting at 20 minutes in week one and increasing to 50 minutes by week 10. The program mostly consisted of seated movements and static stretches at <20% HHR or <9 RPE.
 * Participants were tested on a battery of cognitive function tests prior to the beginning of the intervention and again after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post the intervention commencing. The primary outcome was global cognition, which was measured using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog). Secondary outcomes were episodic memory, executive function, attention, processing speed, and language. These were measured using the AD Centers’ Uniform Data Set neuropsychological test battery as well as alternative instrument, if available, to reduce the practise effect.

Global cognition
Note: Higher ADAS-Cog equals poorer global cognition

The ADAS-Cog score for the cycling group increased by 1.0±4.6 after six months. This is significantly less than the natural expected 3.2±6.3 increase (p = 0.001), supporting the studies primary hypothesis. The ADAS-Cog score for the stretching group increased by 0.1±4.1 after six months. After 12-month, the change in ADAS-Cog was 2.4±5.2 for cycling and 2.2±5.7 for stretching. The between-group difference in score changes was not statistically significant at 6 or 12 months.

Other outcomes
No other testing results were significantly different between groups at 6 or 12 months.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Based on this studies' findings, aerobic exercise does have a positive effect on slowing the decline of global cognition in AD patients. There was however no significant between the treatment and control group. This may be due to several confiding factors such as the Hawthorne effect, social interaction effect, poorer health and baseline cognition for treatment group, and lack of power to given to detect the difference.

Future studies have supported the notion that aerobic exercise has a positive effect on AD patients' cognitive function. It is important to note however the importance of exercise modality and load in determining the effectiveness of the treatment.

Practical advice
Although further research needs to be done on the topic, it does appear from this and other research that aerobic exercise does have a positive impact on the cognitive function of AD patients, and sequentially on their quality of life. It is important however to consider if there is any risks involved with exercise by consulting with practitioners. Individual circumstances need to be considered and exercise routines modified to suit. Greater scale RCT with refined methodologies are necessary to establish the best practise for utilizing aerobic exercise in the treatment of AD.

Further information/resources
AD fact sheet

Meta-analysis of RCT


text:
User talk:173.196.129.231

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title: User talk:173.196.129.231


text:
Hobo tourism/How to celebrate the New Year in bum tours

The following chapter of the textbook, being an optional part of it, is advisory in nature.

Long intercontinental travel in the format of a hobo tour is more convenient to combine with a period of cold in the country of permanent residence, which means that the route can take the night from December 31 to January 1 — the so-called New Year, considered a holiday in many countries of the world, which implies a special attitude to the said date by the members of society, including  a bum tourist as one of them.

Recommendations
Since it is customary to celebrate the New Year collectively, it is desirable to choose from the possible accommodation options to live with Aboriginal families, or to join a company of bums. The first way will allow you to get acquainted with the traditions of the locals (which is one of the components of cultural travel), and second — to understand and feel the inner world of the homeless from a distant unfamiliar country. If the first option involves your participation for the most part as a passive observer, the second — provides a space of imagination: you can take on the role of a tamada, offering new companions, for example, to decorate a branch of the existing tree (spruce, palm, etc.) by materials at hand, and (depending on the mood of others) to take other actions aimed at creating the festive atmosphere.

If there is no opportunity to implement the above methods of accommodation — do not be upset. The feeling of a holiday (provided you are in the city, not in the jungle) will surround you everywhere, creating a specific mood (see visual supplement to the article).

Practical examples
Bustling New Year’s Eve (or "This song is good — start over again"). 31 December 2012, Snake Lake, Brunei (Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to Papua New Guinea). ''The evening was a reminder of the need for a bed. A small building on the coast near the houses of local residents could well be suitable for this purpose. The covered area with wooden flooring, was intended either for cafes or for dancing. Darkness came to its rights, taking a circular defense. I didn’t want to sleep. Leaving the backpack under the roof, armed with a flashlight, went to the same coastal path: suddenly lucky to take a vodyanoy photograph or kikimora. Bad luck, not even a crocodile met, only the jungle in the pitch dark stretched out the shaggy paws of the branches. Apparently, all the animals have gone to the burrows New Year to celebrate. Only vagrants do not sit at home. I returned and went to bed. But it was not there: a hundred meters away from my "bedroom" concert began: all night an ensemble of local amateurism performed. The soloist only knew two songs that, by 3:00, I had already learned also.''

New Year under the fence; 31 December 2014, San Juan, Argentina (Latin American expedition of Viktor Pinchuk). ''With the coming of the evening, I wandered in the direction of the outskirts: it is calmer there... to spend the night. Walked for a long time, but "civilization" did not retreat. Pulled out a map: the road — a closed loop, a ring.''

''...Slept under a concrete fence of a private house, where noisy noises of households celebrating the New Year came out of the window all night long. Next to the highway. The passing cars were directing the headlights towards me, but the drivers could only see the thick grass, at least a meter high, which protected my "den". <... >''

''"New Year under the fence" — a kind of international holiday, invented by me improvised. "Noting" it as befitting went to the station.''.

New Year's Eve with the harbour bums; 31 December 2017, Anjouan Island, Comoros (Viktor Pinchuk's solo expedition to Africa, 2017/18) ''An attempt to reach the neighbouring island failed due to unforeseen reasons. I checked out of the hotel, already said goodbye to the manager, so there was no desire to return back. I had to spend the night on a concrete parapet in the company of either vagrants or homeless sailors. The main thing — there was a shed: protection in case of rain.''

New Year's Eve on the technical floor of the railway station; 31 December 2018, Chiayi, Taiwan (Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania). ''By the evening I arrived in the capital of Chiayi County, in the area of which is the Alishan National Scenic Area. New Year "celebrated" lying down to sleep on the technical floor of the railway terminal, from where after two hours of the night I was escorted out by a lineman. I had to go downstairs and lay my sleeping gear in the spacious lobby. But even here the policeman asked to leave a place at six o'clock in the morning: difficult life at the bum, especially international.''

authors: Виктор Пинчук


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Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Synesthesia

Synesthesia

Introduction
Some people can see or hear a word, yet they taste food; detect sounds yet see shapes; or, recognize sounds after smelling a specific scent. These are just three of the 61 different variants of the condition called synesthesia. The precise definition of synesthesia is hard to define as it needs to be broad enough to capture the different variants of it. However, the most commonly used definition of synesthesia is the phenomenon where a stimulus evokes a consistent sensation that is not derivable from the stimulus. The word synesthesia has Greek roots from which it translates to perceive together, and the people who have this ability are called the synesthetes. Throughout this research, synesthesia will be explored such as its history, development, types, neural basis and its heredity.

History of Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a rare neurological trait from which it interests scientists for nearly 200 years. Within the period of 1876 to 1895, there was considerable debate over the nature of synesthesia, what it should be called, and its causes, that is why this period is known as the golden age of synesthesia. During this period, the conception of synesthesia was broadened away from purely color-based experiences into a wide diversity of diverse phenomena. In 1876, Gustav Theodor Fechner, a renowned figure in neuroscience and psychology, conducted an experiment from which he confirmed that music can be matched with distinct associations that can replace words, and afterward described color associations to vowels given to him by four acquaintances .This was the first attempt by any researcher to find correlations between vowels and colors. In 1881, two 20 years old men named Bleuler, and Lehmann reported the first case of synesthesia in history in which smell, touch, pain, and taste act as inducers. Blueler and Lehmann listed colors for each letter of the alphabet from about a dozen people, and beyond letter-color associations. As a result of their inquiries, they produce double sensations such as sound photisms associated with light, color, and form sensations elicited through hearing.

Development of Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a variation of human experience that involves the automatic activation of unusual concurrent experiences in response to ordinary inducing stimuli. Synesthesia development is not yet understood well, but it may have a genetic basis resulting in enhanced cortical connectivity during development. Some hypotheses explore the development of synesthesia: immune theory, serotonergic hyperactivity hypothesis, and neonatal hypothesis. The immune hypothesis states that genes responsible for normal cortical development are also involved in the development of synesthesia. The serotonergic hyperactivity hypothesis proposed that psychedelic drugs—psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline—can induce synesthesia. A neurotransmitter suspected to be central to perceptual changes is serotonin. Excessive serotonin in the brain can cause symptoms of psychedelic intoxication and may also play a role in synesthesia after brain injury. The neonatal hypothesis argues that the newborn does not keep sensations separate from one another, and they mix sights, sounds, feelings, and smells. As a result, newborns' perception has sounds, and their feelings have a taste.

Types of Synesthesia
There may be as many as 61 types of synesthesia, depending on which senses paired together. The three most studied and prevalent synesthesia are grapheme-color, sound-to-color, and lexical-gustatory synesthesia. People with grapheme-color synesthesia associate letters and digits with colors. In a given synesthete, the associations between graphemes and colors are specific, in that each grapheme corresponds to a particular hue that is mostly consistent across the lifespan. An example of people who have this kind of synesthesia is that Z may be green, and the number 10 can be black. The grapheme-color synesthetes are typically identified based on the consistency of their grapheme-color matchings. Sound-to-color synesthesia is the type of synesthesia where, for example, the E chord on a piano might be blue, but the note three octaves lower might be red. This synesthesia is the focus of the present investigation. The sound-color synesthesia utilizes pathways applied to integrate visual and auditory information as part of the ordinary mechanisms of cross-modal perception. The cross-modal audiovisual areas of the brain appear to respond more to the combined presence of vision and sound than to either vision or sound alone. Amanda and her team experimented with this type of synesthesia. According to them, three families who experience color when listening to sounds are connected by rare genetic variants affecting genes that contribute to axonogenesis. Furthermore, some people do also experience lexical-gustatory synesthesia. Lexical-gustatory synesthesia is the phenomenon where words often trigger vivid but subjective experiences of food that have texture and temperature as well as complex tastes. In lexical-gustatory synesthesia, reports have explored the episodic links between inducers and their concurrence. Inducer words are often familiar names that may have semantic or episodic links to the concurrent taste. An example of this is, hearing the brand Quaker from which the synesthete might perceive oatmeal taste.

Neural Basis of Synesthesia
Considerable attention has been devoted to the neural mechanisms underlying synesthesia, a healthy condition involving atypical brain activation and the concurrent experience of color photisms in response to letters, numbers, and words. The neuroimaging research of synesthesia has focused on brain areas activated during the experience of synesthesia and associated structural brain differences. Synesthesia offers a unique opportunity to study the neural basis of subjective experiences in healthy brains. Synesthesia does exist and is not related to any psychological, neurological, or psychiatric disease. Comparing synesthetes to non-synesthetes shows structural differences in their grey and white matter properties. The structural differences are obtained in the modality-specific regions as well as in other brain areas. Brain areas involved in further processing, reactivating, and combining information can mediate synesthesia.

Heredity in Synesthesia
About 2% - 4% of the population has the condition of synesthesia. Children born with the neurological trait are surprised to discover that other people do not experience the world the way they do. The children who have the phenomenon often keep their perception to themselves as others disbelieve what they are experiencing. Kylie Barnett and her team conducted a methodological experiment from which they recruited a first-degree relative with synesthesia. The study proved that different types of synesthesia occur within the same family. The findings strongly indicate that various types of synesthesia are fundamentally related at the genetic level, but the individual differences between synesthetes are influence by other factors.


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Cryptography/full-disk encryption

Most modern operating systems support full-disk encryption (FDE): a small boot area is left unencrypted (and never changes), containing the code to ask for a password and use that password to decrypt and run the rest of the operating system. The entire rest of the disk is always encrypted -- every write to the disk is intercepted by the operating system and encrypted, so everything written to the disk is encrypted.

Even if the entire computer is stolen, the data is useless without the password.

As of 2020, the latest FDE software running on modern server hardware is fast enough that the latency is indistinguishable from not using encryption at all.

Even-Mansour block ciphers
Even-Mansour block ciphers are very simple: Given a block of data, these XOR a key with the block, apply a publicly-known permutation, then XOR a key again. Many cryptographers have studied this construction and some variants.

As of 2014, the de-facto standard disk encryption mode for full-disk encryption (FDE) is a specific variant called XEX-based tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing (XTS). It's good for full-disk encryption, but authenticated encryption has several advantages over XTS in almost any other application.

title: Cryptography/full-disk encryption


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does training lumbar extension improve outcomes in participants with chronic low back pain?

This wikibooks page is a review of the journal article “Isolated Lumbar Extension Resistance Training Improves Strength, Pain, and Disability, but Not Spinal Height or Shrinkage (“Creep”) in Participants with Chronic Low Back Pain” by Steele et al (2020)

What is the background to this research?
Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a multifactorial condition experienced by millions of people worldwide, representing great economic cost, and pain and suffering for those afflicted. There is growing evidence that a significant percentage of CLBP cases may be caused by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), the prevalence of which increases with age. IDD is characterised by a loss of disc height, and a recent study of 85 participants confirmed a significant negative dose-response relationship between the degree of L1 > S1 disc degeneration, and the height of lumbosacral disc(s) in those experiencing LBP.

The use of physical activity and exercise interventions in the treatment of CLBP is common , but it is not known if resistance training for the lumbar spine can promote disc healing and regeneration, or confer any protection against any of the detrimental physiological processes or pathologies involved in IDD.

This study investigated the use of isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) resistance training specifically, to assess whether or not this type of intervention could:

 * increase disc height in the lumbosacral region and thereby increase spinal height, and
 * improve other important outcome measures for ILEX strength, pain, and disability.

Where is the research from?
This study was conducted within the Sport and Exercise Science laboratories at Solent University in Southampton (SSU), United Kingdom. The five authors named have an impressive publication record, collaborating on the topic of lumbar spine strength, pain and disability in more than 10 articles dating back to 2012.

Notably, this study claims to be the first to examine changes to the discs in vivo; in a living human rather than an animal model.

What kind of research was this?
The study used a quasi-experimental wait-list controlled design and received SSU ethics committee approval. Quasi-experimental designs are used to estimate the effect of an intervention in the absence of randomisation. Because the inclusion criteria required participants to have experienced LBP for more than 12 weeks, and be cleared to exercise by their general practitioner, randomisation was not practical.

What did the research involve?
Nine participants undertook pre-testing (T1), a 12 week control period and re-testing (T2), then a 12 week intervention period and post-testing (T3). At each test point (T1, T2, and T3) four outcomes were investigated:

 * 1) Spinal height was measured using seated stadiometry,
 * 2) ILEX strength was tested using the MedX Lumbar Extension machine (MedX),
 * 3) Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and
 * 4) Disability was measured using the revised Oswestry disability index (ODI).

The ILEX resistance training intervention comprised of one training session per week for 12 weeks. The participants were supervised as they performed one set of ILEX exercise through their full range of movement (ROM) using the MedX.

The variable resistance was set at 80% of the participants maximum (increasing by 5% if the participant achieved strength adaptations over the intervention period), and repetitions were performed until momentary failure.

The repetition protocol used was: Concentric phase = 2 seconds > Full extension = 1 second hold > Eccentric phase = 4 seconds.

What were the basic results?
This study used effect size (ES) as a measure of the magnitude of difference, or change, between each test point. ES was described using common indices of small (ES between 0.20 - 0.49), moderate (ES between 0.50 - 0.79), and large (ES greater than 0.80).

The measure of spinal height using seated stadiometry found small ESs between T1 and T2 (the control period), and small or less than small ESs betweenT2 and T3 (the intervention period). These results showed that there was no change in spinal height or shrinkage using seated stadiometry measurements post ILEX resistance training intervention for this group.

ILEX strength increased significantly between T1 and T3. While the ES over the control period was small, the ES over the intervention period was considered large. These results confirm that ILEX resistance training increases ILEX strength in those with CLBP.

Changes in pain and disability were compared with consensus standards. The intervention saw positive changes in pain using the VAS, finding an ES of moderate post intervention period. Positive changes in disability using the ODI were also found, with an ES considered large post intervention period.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The use of ILEX and other forms of resistance training and conditioning is recommended for those who suffer from CLBP. This study shows improvement in important outcome measures of ILEX strength, experience of pain, and degree of disability. However, at this time there is little evidence to support the notion that ILEX training can reliably promote healing or regeneration of the intervertebral discs, and in turn, increase spinal height or reduce shrinkage.

This study is encouraging and lays the groundwork for future research. As we progress our understanding of IDD and the physiological processes that influence IDD, research will be more targeted. Similarly, measuring tools and imagery will likely become more sophisticated and provide greater accuracy in the future. Larger sample sizes for research are always desirable, and the prevalence of LBP worldwide indicates no shortage of participants for the research efforts to come.

Practical advice
CLBP is usually complex, and achieving an accurate diagnosis may take time. Numerous red flags to undertaking resistance training for the lumbar spine exist. Most are associated with pain and neural symptoms including (but not limited to): sciatica, tingling, numbness, loss of reflexes, and motor deficits or disability in the legs or hips. Clearance from a medical professional is advised.

Exercise is recommended as a conservative first step, and supervision while learning resistance training exercise is encouraged so that form and control are given the highest priority. Careful planning around training frequency, load, and intensity is essential. Importantly, training frequency of one session per week for 12 weeks has been shown to significantly improve ILEX strength.

Further information/resources
For more information on CLBP, spine health more broadly, IDD, or lumbar extension training, click on the links below:

Spine-Health.com https://www.spine-health.com/ This site has a variety of high-quality resource pages concerning a range of spinal health matters. There are numerous helpful animations showing a variety of spine surgical interventions and other treatments.

MedicalNewsToday.com https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266630 This page has an excellent explanation of what happens in disc degeneration, symptoms, and treatment.

The PhysicalTherapyAdvisor.com https://www.thephysicaltherapyadvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Lumbar-Extensor-Exercises.pdf This PDF shows a series of key bodyweight spinal extension exercises that can be performed with minimal equipment.


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Quantum Chemistry/Example 26

The square of the angular momentum of a hydrogen atom is measured to be $$L^2 $$$$= 20\hbar^2 $$. What are the possible values of the z-component of the orbital angular momentum, $$L_z $$, that could be measured for this atom?

 Solution:

The eigenvalues of the square of the angular momentum operator ($$\hat{L}$$2) for a quantum mechanical system, such as an electron in a hydrogen atom, are given by:

$$\hat{L}^2 Y_l^m (\theta,\phi)= h^2 l (l + 1) Y_l^m (\theta,\phi) $$

where $$Y_l^m (\theta,\phi) $$ are the spherical harmonics, which are eigenfunctions of $$\hat{L}$$2, $$l $$ is the orbital quantum number, and $$m $$ is the magnetic quantum number. The given value for $$L^2 $$ = 20 ħ2, so we set up the equation:

$$\hbar^2l(l+1)=20\hbar^2 $$

Dividing by $$\hbar^2 $$ and simplifying, we get:

$$l(l+1)=20 $$

$$l^2+l-20=0 $$

In this quadratic equation, $$l $$ can be factored to get:

$$(l-4)(l+5)=0 $$

$$l=4 $$

Since $$l $$ must be a non-negative integer. The magnetic quantum number $$m $$ can take on any integer value from $$-l $$ to $$l $$, thus for $$l=4 $$, $$m $$ can be:

$$m=-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 $$

The z-component of the angular momentum, $$L_z $$, is quantized in units of $$\hbar^2 $$and given by:

$$L_z=m\hbar $$

$$L_z=-4\hbar, -3\hbar, -2\hbar, -1\hbar, 0\hbar, 1\hbar, 2\hbar, 3\hbar, 4\hbar $$.

Therefore, the possible values of the z-component of the orbital angular momentum, $$L_z $$, that could be measured for the atom with a given $$L^2 $$$$= 20\hbar^2 $$ are $$L_z=-4\hbar, -3\hbar, -2\hbar, -1\hbar, 0\hbar, 1\hbar, 2\hbar, 3\hbar, 4\hbar  $$.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 26


text:
User:Kenny Au 914

Exercise as it relates to Disease/ The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males.
This Wikibook page presents a critical appraisal of the research article: The Effect of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Body Composition of Overweight Young Males

What is the background of this research?
Obesity and overweight are medical conditions in which excess body fat accumulates to the extent that affects health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese. Since obesity is associated with many health issues, effective fat loss strategies are needed. Aerobic exercise programs have been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and maintain lean body mass. Most aerobic exercise interventions consist of stationary, moderate-intensity exercise lasting about 30 to 40 minutes, 3 to 4 days a week, for 4 to 6 months. Disappointingly, these types of training programs result in minimal fat loss.

Therefore, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) or other forms, such as High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve fat loss in all age groups. According to the research, there are two groups that have done exercises, one following a 20-minute HIIE program, which consisted of an 8 seconds sprint followed by 12 seconds of low-intensity cycling, and the other group carrying out an aerobic cycling protocol for 40 min each session. Results have shown a 0.5 kg increase in fat-free mass (FFM) after HIIE exercise. However, the results of the aerobic cycling protocol were changeless. Hence, this study focus on HIIE intervention on the total body, abdominal, trunk, and fat-free mass of overweight young males.

Where is the research from?
This research is organized in 2012 at the University of New South Whales in Sydney Australia. Specifically, all the authors have track-record in health and medicine, Heydari,is from School of Medical Sciences in University of New South Whales, and Freund was performed in St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurs, Sydney.

What kind of research was this?
The study method was a randomized controlled parallel-group study (n=25), and the control group (n=21). Both groups were similar in terms of age (24.7 ± 4.8 and 25.1 ± 3.9 years) and body mass index (BMI: 28.4 ± 0.5 and 29 ± 0.9 kg m−2). Specifically, all participants were recruited from the UNSW university population and randomly allocated to either exercise.

The research hypothesis was "that HIIE would result in significant reductions in the total abdominal, trunk, and visceral fat and a significant increase in fat-free mass and aerobic power."

Strength

Randomization helps to minimize bias in studies by providing a fair and accurate way to investigate relationships between interventions and outcomes. Additionally, the Procedures of this research. Subjects were advised to avoid strenuous activity and caffeine consumption for 24 hours prior to testing and to enter the laboratory after a 10-hour fast. Testing for all subjects in the control and exercise groups was done at the same time of day. Moreover, subjects were asked to fill out The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, the questionnaire is to identify whether the subjects have a higher risk for a disease. Specifically, subjects used TrueMax 2400 Metabolic Cart and Monark 869, an electronically braked cycle ergometer to assess aerobic power and V˙O2max.

What did the research involve?
This research aimed to examine the effects of 20 minutes of HIIE, repeated three times a week for 12 weeks, on the body composition of overweight males. To make the research results valid, procedures are required, it delivers a systematic and scientific, and orderly work plan to complete the research. All procedures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), diet, body composition, work output, and assays. Subjects in the exercise group performed continuously monitored exercises (8-second sprint, 12-second recovery) during each 20-minute session. The HIIE workload was set at 80-90% of each subject's maximum heart rate (HR), with a cadence between 120 and 130 rpm, and recovery was set at the same resistance, but with a cadence of 40 rpm. Instruct subjects to maintain exercise intensity at the level required to achieve between 80% and 90% of peak HR.

It is important to know that the research statistical analysis was considered significant while the probability level less than 0.05.

What were the basic results?
Furthermore, the research pointed out that HIIE have taken place within the first month as reduction in waist circumference was significantly correlated.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
In conclusion, 20 minutes of HIIE, exercised three times per week for 3 months, resulted in increased in fat-free mass of overweight adolescent. The main findings of this study was that HIIE significantly increased V˙O2peak and significantly decreased total fat, abdominal fat, trunk fat, and visceral fat in young obese men. Additionally, lean torso and leg mass increased significantly after HIIE. Moreover, HIIE resulting in enhanced aerobic fitness and developing in cardiorespiratory fitness is an important factor to counter obesity or other heart disease.

Practical advice
HIIE exercise is more suitable than normal seated exercise, such as jogging and cycling to lower trunk fat and overall bodyweight. Because this HIIE program requires the least amount of time, it affects population's adherence to the exercise intervention. Therefore, a physical activity regimen that requires minimal effort while providing adequate reduction of subcutaneous and visceral fat may be optimal. HIIE exercise appeared to fail into this category, as the total exercise commitment was 60 minutes per week. Therefore, patient are needed and no shortcut

Further information/resources
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01291

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.018

title: User:Kenny Au 914