text:
Guitar/Expand your repertoire

= Expand your repertoire = You may not believe it at this stage, but with just the four chords G - Em - C - D you now have hundreds of songs open to you, so you can slowly start to build up a repertoire of songs for every occasion.

It is therefore worth opening your songbook and looking for songs that you may already be able to play.

Here are a few tips for learning new songs:
 * Many libraries have songbooks that focus only on chord playing (and often copiers are available at low cost).
 * Ask your friends and acquaintances, there are bound to be many guitar players among them.
 * Use the Internet, a search for any song title + "chords" will give you many results.
 * Browse music stores. There are now a lot of very good books, so there should be something for every taste. Books are often easier to handle than a loose collection of notes. You can also find many new pieces that you would not have thought of on your own. And the layout of the books is far superior to online printouts. And when you take into account the time and printing costs, a songbook is hardly more expensive than copying everything from the Internet. In addition, the quality of the arrangements is in most cases better than the Internet sources.

Prefer music books
Even if there are excellent song collections with lyrics and chords only, as a beginner it is advisable to also buy songbooks with sheet music. Even if you can't read music "yet", the bar lines help you to recognize how long a beat pattern has to be sustained and when you have to change the chord. And even those who can't read music at all are able to look from bar line to bar line. Each bar line corresponds to a full beat pattern (in some songs even two beat patterns if one beat pattern would be far too slow).

The bar lines also make it much easier to find stumbling blocks, such as a quick chord changes or long pauses.

Even a tentative guessing of notes, where you only recognize that the higher the notes are in the staves, the higher a melody must be, helps to get an orientation for the course of the melody. Often, even quite limited note-reading skills are enough to at least find the starting notes of songs or, in more difficult passages, a clue as to how to continue.

So it really makes sense to take a closer look at sheet music at the next opportunity.

Orientation to accidentals
A common feature of major and minor parallels is that the corresponding scales have the same accidentals. The "sharps" or "flats" in the staff tell you what kind of scale it is.

 * If a song has a sharp at the beginning of the staff, then it is either G major or the parallel E minor.
 * If there are two sharps, then it is either the key of D major or the parallel of B minor.
 * If it has no sharps at all, then it is either the key of C major or the parallel A minor. The key of C major is soon conquered in the Folk Diploma.

Limit chords
A scale with two sharps is either D major or the minor parallel B minor. This means that you usually know which chords to expect in a piece of music (G, D, A, Em, Hm, F#m and occasionally F#). Chords other than these 7 occur much less frequently with two crosses. This is a method of searching songbooks with sheet music for suitable songs. First of all, just look for the songs with one or two sharps and see if you can play all the chords. Because it is not uncommon for the chords Hm and F#m not to be used in the song at all. If a Hm (Bm in English songs) does occur, just try to see if you can bypass it with a D major. This doesn't always work, but often enough to make it worth a try.

In the key of G major or the minor parallel E minor there is only a cross. In the songs you expect the chords (C G D Am Em Hm and occasionally B7). So here you only need to check whether there is no Hm or B7. If there is a Hm, try replacing it with D major again.

So first look in your songbook for songs that contain a sharp or two sharps.

Of course, there are also some exceptions to the possible chords that are most frequently found in a key. This overview only shows what is most commonly found in the standard songbooks. There may also be a few songs in other keys that you can already play, but you will probably find most of them in those with one or two sharps. You'll be amazed at how many songs are already within playable range.

Listening to songs in the original
Many songs are not played exactly according to the original. They are simplified or transposed to a key that is easier to sing and play. Nevertheless, it is much easier to learn rests and rhythm by simply listening.

Simplifying songs

 * Especially at the beginning, it is advisable to only play songs with simple chord progressions. You can try to simplify a few things.
 * Very often you can avoid some fast fingering changes by simply leaving out one of the two chords. Which one to leave out is determined by trial and error. It doesn't always work, but often enough to give it a try.
 * Many of the digits in chords can usually be omitted without any problems. It may be that the version with the numbers sounds much better, but the simplified version is often sufficient for home use. As soon as you have climbed a few "diplomas", you will be able to master the chords with numbers or the faster fingering changes without any problems. But until then, you can simply play a D major instead of a D7 or a D4 or a D6.
 * When the barré chord Hm (or Bm) appears, you can try to replace it with its major parallel D major (substitution). It doesn't always work, but often enough.
 * You could also try to replace an A minor with a C major, but to be honest it is rarely worth the effort. Your own taste or ear plays the bigger role here.

Pay attention to repetitions
In many songs, the same fingering changes occur over a long period of time. Such typical chord changes have already appeared in the song examples.

If the following chord sequence appears in the song Leaving On A Jet Plane (John Denver)

 * G C G C G C D G C G C G C D

This makes the whole piece much easier to learn if you observe that G and C usually alternate.

 * G C - G C - G C - D - G C - G C - G C - D

If you then observe that D major often appears at the end of a movement and is sustained for longer. And if you also know that songs are often divided into groups of 4 or 8, then the song can be divided into manageable sections.

 * G C - G C - G C - D D
 * G C - G C - G C - D D

Despite all the regularities, pay attention to the exceptions
In the song Stay (just a little bit longer) the following chord sequence with quick chord changes is used almost exclusively.
 * ( G Em ) - ( C D )

You have to pay even closer attention to the final turns of the song so that you don't just carry on playing the chord sequence as it is. It doesn't hurt to practice the exceptions a few times in isolation until they are as automatic as the regular chord sequence.

In the song Stay there are only the two chords C and D, each of which is held for one bar. By the way, the song Stay is an excellent interlude for a medley of songs in G major.
 * C - D

Pay attention to standard chord progressions
It is not so easy to say exactly what a standard chord progression is. It is enough if certain chord progressions occur frequently. The advantage of such "standards" is that certain chord sequences are seen and played as a unit. You no longer move from chord to chord, but always play 3 to 4 chords as a unit. Such repetitions can be recognized after a while simply by listening. They are small modules that you can put together like building blocks when playing. After some practice, songs are divided into familiar chord sequences and exceptions. The more practice you get at paying attention to standard chord progressions, the easier it is to pay attention to chord progressions that don't (yet) fit into a familiar pattern.
 * For example, the "final turn" G-D(7)-G often appears at the end of a song.
 * Of course, the "Doo Wob" G-Em-C-D is also a typical standard chord progression.
 * G-D-Em-C also occurs very frequently in pop songs.
 * The so-called "church ending" G-C-G is also often found after a verse or chorus, i.e. in a break.

Father & Son is very easy to accompany with two standard chord progressions:
 * Examples
 * It's not time to make a change, just re-lax and take it easy

 * You're still young that's your fault, there's so much you have to know

The first line G-D-Em-C is also known as the "pop formula" because there are hundreds of pop songs that are structured according to this pattern. Anything that is used frequently becomes a standard chord sequence and is often given a nickname.

The "doo-wop" G-Em-C-D has been a popular chord progression since the late 50s and is appropriately called "50s Progression" or "Ice Cream Changes". The latter is derived from the ice cream cafes where there was often a "jukebox". Oh yes, a "jukebox" is a rather large record player from a time when there were no MP3 players. Be that as it may, there are many songs for both chord progressions that consist almost exclusively of this chord progression.

In the chorus of "Country Roads", the first chord sequence of "Father & Son" is rediscovered:

 * Country roads, take me home, To the place, I be-long

 * West vir-ginia, mountain momma Take me home, country roads

The "closing formula" G-D-G is slightly delayed in the second line by the inserted C, so that it almost sounds like the "church ending" G-C-G.

One and the same chord sequence, first with the pop formula, then with the delayed final formula, also fits in "Let It Be"

 * When I find myself in times of trouble Mother Mary comes to me,
 * speaking words of wisdom, Let It Be.

Incidentally, it may well be that other chords are also suitable for individual songs. If you have the choice, it is worth using standard chord progressions (clichés), at least at the beginning. These are much easier to memorize. Learn first what is simple and what occurs frequently, the easier you will progress. Even in songs with more complicated chord progressions, you will often rediscover a few old acquaintances. As soon as you have found one or two standard cadences, the whole chordal accompaniment of the song becomes easier. You can derive some of them from the simple major cadence or minor cadence, you will get to know other clichés later. Ultimately, there are only a few chord progressions left that you have to learn completely new and specifically for one song.

Pay attention to melody and lyrics
Sometimes the chord progression itself does not provide any significant help. But often an exception always occurs with a certain word (especially in choruses). In the song He's got the whole world, for example, the change was almost always made at the word "whole".

Sometimes the altered melody line also helps you to pay attention to exceptions. For example, the song When You Say Nothing At All (Ronan Keating)  is mainly accompanied by this chord sequence: The plucking pattern of the original can be replaced by the campfire strumming pattern with a quick chord change.
 * ( G D ) - ( C D )

Only with the song line '" Try as I may I can never explain "' you leave the quick chord change.

And also with the chorus " catch me wherever I fall rest  rest You say it bestwhen..."

the quick chord change is briefly interrupted until it continues at the same pace.

If you pay attention, you will notice that the melodic line changes slightly during these passages (the melody becomes a little "softer" "more flowing", which fits in with the subdominant C major...). But even if you don't notice it straight away, every time you stumble across this passage you tell yourself that the melody must have changed until you hear it (if it hadn't, then no other chords would actually be necessary).

This is not about the finer points of harmony theory, but rather a fairly rough way of memorizing the chord progression. If you are wrong with your guess, at least you have mastered the chord progression. If your own ear or the harmony theory suggests a suspicion, you can believe it without looking at it. At this point in time, you may only know Tonic-subdominant-dominant and one or two standard chord progressions (G-Em-C-D, G-D-Em-C). You'll learn more later. Perhaps further experience will teach you better later. But you can live quite well with the small misinterpretations. The sense of achievement comes when you hit the mark more and more often with your guesses. If your own assumptions then coincide with what is taught in harmony theory, then you are not far away from being able to accompany songs correctly by ear (and by experience).

Highlighter
If all else fails, my ear, the words and nothing else helps me to remember certain chord sequences, I don't hesitate to use a highlighter or similar aids. The remark: "Attention, here comes the quick fingering change (D-G)" becomes "Attention, yellow", which can lead to amazing learning success. This also includes putting a quick chord change in brackets.

Pay attention to pauses
What has already been mentioned in the last example: pay attention to pauses. These are also part of the piece and must not be shortened under any circumstances. Otherwise you often ruin a beautiful four-part division of the bar. When practicing the song, you can say the "pause" out loud (as shown above). When you then perform it, you will automatically get it right.

You should also always include an extra bar for the rests and the end of the song, even though you may have forgotten to write down the final chord. In the vast majority of cases, you end with the chord in the same key as the whole song.

Once again, what was said at the beginning helps: use the sheet music as a guide and listen to the original.

Summary
So look at every new song:
 * Do I know the key (chords)?
 * Can I replace unknown chords with simpler ones?
 * Are there any repetitions?
 * Is the song structured in any way?
 * Can I find standard chord progressions in the piece?
 * Can I memorize the special features of the lyrics or melody more easily?
 * Do I have to mark certain passages separately or learn them in isolation?

The many individual chords and verses in a song become a few blocks that are easier to remember in context.
 * Aim

title: Guitar/Expand your repertoire


text:
Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Appendix

Expand your repertoire | Singing to the guitar | What is already playable

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Appendix


text:
Guitar/Campfire Diploma/Song Examples

= Songs for the Campfire Diploma =
 * Over 100 practice songs for the first 6 chords

In this appendix you will find all the practice examples from the campfire diploma and other well-known songs from commercially available songbooks. So that this guitar course can continue to be made available free of charge and can be printed cheaply as a book, we have omitted songs with copyright from the Wikibooks. Nevertheless, the compilation should show you that you can put together a full-length program with just 6 chords and a handful of strumming patterns.

All 200 suggestions are available within two months. Suggestions with copyright often include the chord progressions next to the YouTube search link. You have to look up the lyrics and melody in the songbook. Some of the chord suggestions and the accompaniment (strumming patterns) have been considerably simplified.

These songs are a good place to start playing the guitar.

Only the following major and minor chords are accepted as simple chords:
 * A D G C Em Am E

Any additions such as 7 or slash chords (bass notes that are under a fraction bar) can be ignored for the time being. Example: Instead of G7 you play G, and instead of D/F# you play D.

If a song is too low for you, or the sound example on YouTube is higher than the chords given here, you can use a capo.

title: Guitar/Campfire Diploma/Song Examples


text:
Talk:A-level Physics/Health Physics/The Ear and Hearing

Hearing and balance
@ Khayameli (discuss • contribs) 18:57, 13 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Guitar/Singing to the guitar

=Singing to the guitar= I don't know how well you can sing yet. It may be the most natural thing in the world for you. Maybe your mother already sang with you, or you had a good music teacher or even sing in a choir.
 * Anyone can sing

I don't need to tell you much about singing. There's always room for improvement, but that's not the point here. This is more about the basic tips for beginners. You can also have your voice trained properly (although this is not necessary in every case), but the subject of vocal training offers enough material for a book of its own. However, not everyone wants to become a pop star. For many, it's enough if you sing for yourself just for the fun of it.

Nobody should be too quickly persuaded that they can't sing. As long as you can speak, you can sing. At most, you lack practice. Not being able to pick out pitches or not being able to sing something exactly is not a sign of a lack of talent, but a lack of practice. You can learn to recognize scales or intervals and sing them correctly, and even sing notes from sight.

Sing the notes of a major chord with root, major third, fifth and octave (i.e. the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 8th notes of a scale) Too difficult? Try singing the hopefully well-known children's song "Morning Has Broken" by Cat Stevens. You see, you can do it with the first four syllables!

The best way to learn to sing is to practise it over and over again, and also to deal with topics such as pitch, intervals and rhythm. Usually it's simply because people want to be able to sing well, but don't want to LEARN to sing. (This also applies to playing the guitar, by the way).

=How can you sing to the guitar? If you sing and play the guitar at the same time, it's easy to get confused at the beginning. What can you do?

Known simple songs
Start with simple and familiar songs where you don't have to think about words and melody. Songs that are so simple that you can sing them without concentrating. Use songs where there is always a chord change on a certain word so that you don't have to concentrate too much on it. Or songs that you know inside and out so that they are automatically rewound.

Simple songs that you can't memorize are less recommended. However, they are always better than having to deal with difficult lyrics, chord progressions and rhythms at the same time.

At the beginning, don't choose songs with complicated tone sequences or rhythms, and none that are too high or low. The simpler the better.

You should not disdain children's songs and folk or Christmas songs for practicing if you know them by heart. They may not be the style of music you are aiming for, but they are a good way of learning playing technique and practising singing along to the guitar.

Humming along
Even just humming along to the melody will bring you closer to accompanying yourself on the guitar. And even if you have the impression that your own voice is not suitable for the stage, you should still practise singing along to the guitar. You are much more likely to develop a natural feeling for melody, rhythm, dynamics and speed. And you can more easily empathize with the singer you want to accompany.

Simple chord progression
Another method is to only choose songs that have a consistent chord progression. You first practice this chord progression until you know it inside and out. When this chord progression then almost happens by itself, you have enough concentration left for singing. Of course, you shouldn't choose chords that are too difficult. It's better to start with something easy.

Simple strumming patterns
You start with simple accompaniment patterns. With a simple strumming pattern, the arm moves up and down so evenly that the rhythm is set, similar to a conductor waving the baton in a choir. Only when you have mastered the simple strumming patterns and have experience with them do you start singing along to more difficult guitar accompaniments.

Speaking rhythm
When you learn a new song, it helps to say the lyrics in the right rhythm beforehand. Good choir leaders have all the singers say the lyrics in the right rhythm. If that works well, singing is much easier because you only have to concentrate on the music because the rest is already there. Since not everyone has a choir director to hand, you can also use a CD or MP3.

Let the music play
If you have problems remembering the lyrics, rhythm, melody and chord progression, it helps to simply let the song play in the background. This takes the strain off your brain if it loses track.

However, these songs must also be in the key you want to play them in; they must not be too fast. Here are a few tips:
 * Many guitar textbooks have CDs with practice examples.

 * Some music programs can play original pieces more slowly and even change the key.

 * MIDI files are often also available as karaoke versions, where you can also display the lyrics with a suitable program. You can also often adjust the speed and pitch. It's worth taking a look at the freeware for guitarists.

Listening to music
It is worth collecting the songs that you can use for a certain guitar level as audio samples and listening to them at every opportunity. To do this, you can create song collections and burn them to CD or save them on an MP3 player. However, as a beginner, you will need the recommendation of a guitar teacher who knows which songs are suitable for which level. You can find a few suggestions in the song examples.

If this doesn't work straight away, the following applies: .

=General tips for singing=

Sing at every opportunity
You should make a habit of humming a melody regularly. Especially when you are alone, you can make good use of the time. Even humming along quietly when the radio is playing in the background is a good idea.

The vocal chords are attached to muscles, and these can and must be trained.

Put your teeth apart
The sound forms on the vocal cords. But the sound has to come out somehow. If you can't get your teeth, lips and tongue apart, any sound will literally get stuck in your throat.

Dumpling not
Many beginners fill almost the entire mouth with their tongue. Everything then sounds very compressed. The tongue should be very loose in the mouth for the vowels A, O and U, the jaw should also be loose so that the air and therefore the sound can escape outwards unhindered. The tongue is lifted slightly for I and Ü, and slightly less for Ä and Ö. But it must become loose again with the vowels A, O and U. The jaw should always drop straight down.

Don't try to sound foreign
Don't alienate your voice. This usually sounds ridiculous and artificial. Sing in your normal voice. If you don't have an accent in your normal English, don't use an artificial accent when singing just to sound like a certain singer. Don't imitate anyone, you are an original yourself!

Take deep breaths
You can't get a sound out without air. Especially at the end of a long line, you need to have enough air so that even the last syllable sounds full and round. The easiest way to achieve this is with abdominal breathing. The diaphragm sinks down and you have enough air for a few sentences. Pay attention to vocal pauses and use them to catch your breath.

Many beginners mangle the last syllables in a verse or fail to reach the higher notes because they simply don't have enough air to maintain the vocal pressure until the end. Nothing needs to be squeezed, but it shouldn't be like a deflated balloon running out of air either. Speaking of the balloon: if you let it beep, you have a good comparison. You don't have to blow the balloon up to bursting point, but if there's too little air in it, it sounds too thin.

To practice abdominal breathing, breathe in slowly and deeply, with the abdominal wall bulging outwards. The shoulders are not raised and the chest is not raised extra. This would allow a little more air to get into the lungs, but this extra air cannot be used for singing. It is important to practice this slowly. It can be helpful to initially count to 3 when inhaling, later to 5. Then hold your breath for a moment, and finally exhale slowly and evenly. You get a better feel for exhaling if you exhale on an "f", "s" or "sh". Later you can also practice this with vowels. You will find that you get on better with some vowels than others. The abdominal wall automatically goes back in and becomes flat again when you breathe out. The diaphragm does not have to strain to do this. It is important to relax during this exercise. The exercise can be done in any position, but experience has shown that relaxing is easiest when lying on your back with your legs slightly bent. In this way, you can keep extending the time you spend breathing out on a hissing sound or a tone. After a few weeks and months, some people manage to breathe out slowly and evenly for over a minute. At some point, you stop looking at the clock. Since this exercise simultaneously improves breathing and the oxygen supply to the body (and not least the brain), you can simply keep practicing it, just for fun.
 * An exercise

Sing loud
At the top of your lungs or from the bottom of your lungs. Be brave and don't always think about what others might think. If you can't do it at home, then look for free spaces where you can sing to your heart's content.

Sing dynamically
If you manage to sing loudly, the next step is to practise playing with the volume. The aim should be to get a good sound both quietly and at normal volume and with full vocal input.

Pay attention to your pronunciation
The lyrics should be understood. Even with rock songs, punk and heavy metal, it has never hurt a band if you can understand what they are singing. This also includes a bit of pronunciation training. Tip: There is a simple exercise that can improve pronunciation enormously. Take a wine cork or something of the same size and put it between your teeth. Now speak or sing a text and try to speak clearly and not mumble. This makes the tongue and jaw and the entire mouth and throat area more flexible and pronunciation improves significantly.

Sing on a vocal tone
For beginners, the tone often breaks off too early and is also too short in detail. Try to imagine singing whole sentences (up to the end of the bar) with only one tone on the vowels, which is only modeled by a few consonants. If you've ever heard a bagpipe, you'll get an idea of such a tone that doesn't break off. Especially towards the end of the verses, the tone often has to be held longer and still sound clear.

Pay attention to the beat
Playing the guitar helps you to play and maintain a proper 4/4 or 3/4 time signature. You can practice the beat patterns anywhere without a guitar (e.g. on the seam of your pants) to keep the beat. You can also learn to conduct a 4/4 beat so that you can keep a 4/4 beat even if you don't have a guitar to hand. Small inaccuracies can be forgiven, but the 1 must come on the 1 - not earlier and not later. A 4/4 time signature must remain a 4/4 time signature under all circumstances. Don't insert rests that aren't there and don't simply shorten the note values.

Find your pitch
Everyone has a pitch at which they can produce maximum volume with minimum effort. This is usually the pitch at which they speak. From this middle pitch, you sing lower and lower and try to find the range at which your voice still sounds good. You then try to do the same for the treble. In this spectrum, there is a range of the voice in which it is easy to sing softly, but still sounds good. And there is a range in which you can sing particularly loudly and still clearly and distinctly. These ranges vary from person to person. This can help you to find the right songs in the right keys for you.

Find your register limits
If you sing quite low, your chest will vibrate. You can find this out by placing your hand on your chest. In the middle register, your throat vibrates and your head vibrates when you sing high notes. This can also be felt with a hand on your neck and head. When the high pitch transitions to the middle and low pitches, the vocal embouchure usually changes. If you learn to extend these transitions in each register, you can create a smooth transition between the chest, throat and head registers. Furthermore, with practice, you will be able to make better use of your body's resonance chambers so that your voice sounds fuller.

Pay attention to resonances
Some rooms resonate better than others. The tiled bathroom, for example, usually has a good resonance. Scales can be practiced well here. In a certain frequency spectrum, all notes of a scale sound loud and clear due to the resonance of the room, even with little voice. The sound is carried further. If you don't hit the note, it sinks in and you can hear that yourself. This gives you a feel for intervals and scales. If you can't find such a space, I have a tip from choir singers. Some arch their sheet music a little and let it reflect their voice. Or they hold their hand in front of their ear like a cell phone while practicing. (Not too close!) That way they can hear their own voice better and can correct it more easily.

Learn scales and intervals
Familiarize yourself with the intervals of a scale and practice them. A little harmony theory won't hurt either, it will help you with every song. The better you know it, the easier it will be for you to sing. To hit the notes, it helps to play a note on a guitar or piano and sing it at the same pitch. With a little practice, you can hear for yourself whether you can hit the note. The starting note of a melody, a chorus and almost every beginning of a bar starts with a chord tone. When practicing a song, try to find this starting note on the guitar. As soon as you know a little about where the notes on the fretboard are (which is taught here in the guitar course after about the 3rd month, and will hardly take longer than a quarter of an hour with a teacher), you can play the starting note and also a few difficult passages. If you know someone with a good ear, they can help you with this.

Exercises
A little anticipation of later lessons on solo guitar.

Learn the following fingering! The fingers that are only one fret apart form a square. In this fingering it's on the left.
 * 1st fingering

Put the 1 (the middle finger) where the index finger normally sits on the C (2nd string from the top, i.e. A string 2nd fret). (2nd string from the top, i.e. A string 2nd fret) and practise the fingering first by moving up and down as you like.

There are only 6 notes. Always start and end your dry practice with the (1).

Singing in
Try to play the following exercise with the fingering you have just learned! If you can already read tablature, it will be easier. If not: it is only the 6 notes you have just learned. You can try to hear them out.

Many people who have already sung in a choir know these two motifs.

The second motif aligns the choir to the key just requested. Here, only chord tones are played in an ascending or descending tone sequence (also called arpeggios). The G7 chord contains both the leading tone (j7), which leads to the root note (1), as well as the sustaining tone (4), which leads to the major third (3). With the two tense notes that want to resolve to the root chord, the chorus is oriented towards the major key.

Sing this on the syllable "La la la" or "Na" or "Do Re Mi Fa So_ | So Fa Mi Re Do Do (Ti) Do_"

Move this exercise one fret further and you'll be practicing D flat major. I don't want to shock you with the five accidentals. (They're not needed for easy playing and singing).

I'll go two frets further to D major. The two accidentals don't look so threatening there. The middle finger is now on the tuning pitch for the D string in the 5th fret.

Simply move the fingering one fret further and try to sing it. You can also try it one string position higher or lower. Just not between the G and B strings. (Remember, they were tuned to the 4th fret, not the 5th).

The exercise may be simple, but without going into the details, you will find it easy to sing a whole scale after the exercise.

The following is only intended for re-singing. We'll learn the C major scale in the first three frets a little later, after you know a few chords. Hopefully you can hear how the simple chorus warm-up exercise above has prepared you for a whole scale.

Sing in a choir
If you have the opportunity, sing in a choir. There are often project choirs that are founded for a specific occasion, but where you have no further obligations afterwards. If the choirmaster is reasonably good, he will be able to teach you a lot.

Weblink

 * YT  Do Re Mi (Serie Deep Space 9)
 * YT  "Do-Re-Mi" - THE SOUND OF MUSIC (1965)
 * Hymnus in Ioannem

title: Guitar/Singing to the guitar


text:
October 7th Massacre/Re’im Music Festival

Supernova Sukkot Gathering was a weekend-long outdoor trance music festival that began on 6 October 2023 and was produced by an organizer called Nova (also referred to as Tribe of Nova). It was the Israeli edition (pre-festival event) of Universo Paralello, a psychedelic trance festival started 23 years prior in Bahia, Brazil. It took place in the western Negev desert, approximately 5 km from the Gaza–Israel barrier, near kibbutz Re'im.

At 6:22, alarms were heard in the party, where 4,400 people were present. At 6:24, the district commander decided to close the party, and the police started evacuation. Meanwhile, terrorists infiltrated the complex, and at 6:27 started shooting at Re’im junction. The commander of the station and an officer who was in the area returned fire. At 8:00, the Yamas police unit joined to the fighting. The terrorists also entered the nearby kibbutz Re’im. At 8:30, Yoav unit joined the battle. At 9:00, the Israeli Border Police started evacuating injured people, and at 10:03 a multiple casualty incident was declared. At 14:00, the police declared full control on the party complex. 364 civilians were murdered in the party complex, 40 were taken as hostages. 15 policemen were killed in the battle as well as in the process of evacuating civilians. In the nearby kibbutz Re’im, the battle continued until 21:00.

On the morning of October 8th, a woman who was searching her friend in the aftermath of the festival filmed a video which later became viral and was known as “the woman in the black dress”. In the video, a woman was seen lying on her back with her dress torn. Her face was unrecognizable and her eyes were covered by her right hand. Many people commented, trying to figure out if the woman is their relative. Her family recognized her as Gal, who was murdered in the festival with her husband. When terrorists approached her while she was stuck in a traffic jam of people trying to flee the festival, she wrote her last WhatsApp message to her family: “You don’t understand”.

Israeli police officials believe that Gal was raped, a claim supported by video evidence and verified by the New York Times. Sexual assaults by Hamas terrorists against Israeli women were not isolated events but a general pattern which repeated in all places they attacked.

Sapir, an accountant, has been one of the key witnesses. She recounted the events to investigators as well as to the New York Times. On October 7th at 8 AM, she was near route 232 and 4 miles southwest of the party, bonding under the branches of a bushy tamarisk tree. She fell faint after getting shot in the back. After that she covered herself with dry grass and laid still.

Cars, motorcycles, and trucks pulled up near the hiding place. She testified seeing about 100 men getting out of the vehicles. They passed assault rifles, grenades, and small missiles, and attacked women.

A young woman with copper hair was the first victim Sapir witnessed. Her pants were pushed down to her knees and blood ran down her back. One man pulled her hair and forced her to bend over, while another penetrated her and stabbed her every time she flinched.

Another woman, who also got raped by a terrorist, was “shredded into pieces” by another one who sliced off her breast. They started to throw her breast and play with it until it fell in the road. They then sliced her face, and the woman fell out of view. She provided photographs, and police officials who heard the testimony released a video with her face blurred. A 22-year old security consultant named Yura can be seen in one of Sapir's photos hiding in the same spot. He didn’t lift his head much, but also describes terrorists raping and murdering women.

Sapir can hardly sleep since this day. She frequently wakes up at night covered in sweat and with her heart beating. She also struggles with a painful rash that spread across her torso. She told about this day the following:

"That day, I became an animal. I was emotionally detached, sharp, just the adrenaline of survival. I looked at all this as if I was photographing them with my eyes, not forgetting any detail. I told myself: I should remember everything."

During the same morning, a young Israeli by the name of Raz Cohen, who also took part in the festival, was hiding in another location near Route 233. He hid in a dried-up streambed about a mile southwest of the party area. He saw a white van pull up in front of him, and 5 men in civilian clothes dragged a young naked woman out of the van. All the terrorists carried knives, and one of them carried a hammer. Raz testified the following:

"They all gather around her. She’s standing up. They start raping her. I saw the men standing in a half circle around her. One penetrates her. She screams. I still remember her voice, screams without words. Then one of them raises a knife, and they just slaughtered her."

One of Raz’s friends by the name of Shoam Gueta also hid in the same streambed. He testified seeing at least 4 men getting out of the van and attacking a woman. They were giggling, talking, and shouting. One of them repeatedly stabbed her and “literally butchering her”.

The first volunteer medical arrived at the site hours later. They testified seeing dead bodies of women without underwear and with their legs spread. Some of them were tied. Jamal Waraki, a ZAKA volunteer could not get the image of a woman with her hands tied, half naked, with her underwear below her knees, and bent over.

Yinon Rivlin, one of the producers of the festival, lost 2 brothers in it. He hid from the terrorists, and later went to the parking to search for survivors. He saw near the highway a young woman with no underway or pants, lying on her stomach with her legs spread apart. Her vagina area was slashed open.


text:
User talk:Thierry Dugnolle/CoverVPM

Userspace Lint
User:Thierry Dugnolle/CoverVPM Can you please check this page, it's got mismatched HTML tags. Thanks. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 11:16, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thierry Dugnolle/CoverVPM


text:
User:Fwldom

fwldom User email : fwldom@duck.com

title: User:Fwldom


text:
User talk:87.41.46.2

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 12:08, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:87.41.46.2


text:
User talk:43.250.80.69

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 13:47, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:43.250.80.69


text:
User:Ahmad3.22

A& R

title: User:Ahmad3.22


text: October 7th Massacre/Printable version

title: October 7th Massacre/Printable version


text:
User talk:182.178.120.116

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 00:54, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:182.178.120.116


text: Category:Ground crayfish recipes

title: Category:Ground crayfish recipes


text:
User:NatDaNut235

Hi. I'm Nathaniel. :D

I want to be a copyeditor.

title: User:NatDaNut235


text:
User talk:43.252.255.86

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:46, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:43.252.255.86


text:
User:EXPERIMENTAL SOURCE

our favorite image

EXPERIMENTAL SOURCE

title: User:EXPERIMENTAL SOURCE


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2024/January

mediawiki2latex
Hi, mediawiki2latex exports Wikibooks to Pdf, Epub, Odt and LaTeX. I suggest to add a new link to the tools in the in the section Tools. You may try this out yourself just now by copying User:Dirk_Hünniger/common.js to common.js in your user namespace or by using the link above. I did a very similar proposal three years ago, but some work has been done on mediawiki2latex, so I propose it again. Yours Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 12:46, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Tried it out on X86 Disassembly/Print Version - It failed, though that may be my fault? I'm excited by this - I think the convenience of having properly formatted electronic book export of Wikibooks has a lot of potential for making Wikibooks materials more easily accessible. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 21:41, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hey I can confirm that it does not work on GUI on the server. Still it works on the on the command line both locally and on the server. I wild guess would be a broken pipe, possibly I can fix it later. Unfortunately I cannot overwrite the file on wikimedia commons since I lack the necessary permission, still you can look at the version of the file I made 10 years ago. Its here File:X86 File:X86 Disassembly.pdf Yours--Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 08:29, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hey, I fixed the problem by piping some outputs /dev/null, so likely it was a broken pipe. It worked for me on the server. You may have another try now. Thanks again for the bug report. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 09:13, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * ping Mbrickn


text:
User:Mcranepage/sandbox

User:Mcranepage/sandbox

title: User:Mcranepage/sandbox


text:
User talk:92.29.137.45

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:92.29.137.45


text:
User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Kittycataclysm!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 08:45, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Happy to help :) -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:57, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Hi
thanks Juuudfufhbf (discuss • contribs) 23:16, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Cookbook:Candied Sweet Potatoes
Your blanking advised speed deletion. Now moving something in should be possible if no one else does anything.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 01:30, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Hii
Hi @user:Kittycataclysm, hope you are good? I want to inform you that Wikibook would experience loads of new editors as we just organized a training on Wikibook with special interest in Cookbooks, Kindly assist in correcting the new editors. Thank you very much B.Korlah (discuss • contribs) 06:31, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi @B.Korlah, and welcome! It's great to see new users, especially in the cookbook. I am happy to help when I can, and you can use Cookbook:Policy and Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template as guidelines when creating new pages. Cheers! -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 11:55, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

Disscussion on edit to Grannie Gilbert's Sugar Cookie Recipie
Hello @user:Kittycataclysm, I hope you're doing well, and thank you so much for working on reoganzing the cookbook, it's great work. However, I am wondering the reason behind your recent(ish) changes to the page Cookbook:Sugar Cookies, specifically the sugar cookie recipe formerly known as "Grannie Gilbert's sugar cookies". I think that it would make sense to reinstate the longer name of the recipe, to set it apart from any other sugar cookie recipes that may be added in the future as noew contributions are made to the cookbook. As well, given that it seems to be a family recipe of the original writer (@@[[user:Nmontague), I feel that their original recipe description should be maintained, though an addendum about the lack of specific evidence could be added on the discussion page or in a new section. Of course, these are mostly nitpicks about a page I feel personally invested in, so please do take this with a pinch of salt. I'd be happy to work with you to improve the page and the cookbook as a whole in the future! Thank you! --AceDragonfly (discuss • contribs) 17:52, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Realized there was an oversight in the above message. Per the cookbook policy on recipe names, you were in the right to change the name of this recipe, though due to how common sugar cookie recipes are, I still think that letting it retain its unique name in some contexts might be good for clarity. Speaking of which, it seems that Grannie Gilbert's cookies, Cookbook:Very Simple Cookies, Cookbook:Vanilla Crisps, and possibly Cookbook:Spritzgeback could be grouped together under a disambiguation page for sugar cookies. What do you think? AceDragonfly (discuss • contribs)

 * Hi @User:AceDragonfly! It's nice to meet you, and thanks for your note :) Yes, I changed the name due to the cookbook policy of not naming recipes after people unless they are well-known figures. I agree that a more unique name for Cookbook:Sugar Cookies might be helpful—what do you think of 'Soft Sugar Cookies' or 'Chewy Sugar Cookies'? This would more accurately describe the recipe, and I could turn Cookbook:Sugar Cookies into a disambiguation page linking out to other sugar cookies. Let me know! -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:43, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello @Kittycataclysm, that sounds like a good solution! From my experience with the recipe, I would say that "Soft Sugar Cookies" would be most accurate to how they turn out. In related topics, I'm about to have accsess to a kitchen again soon, so are there any cookie/baked good recipes you need new images for? I'd be happy to test some out for everyone's benefit (well, mostly mine because it means I get cookies) :) AceDragonfly (discuss • contribs) 22:20, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I completely forgot to reply, I'm sorry! I'm glad you're testing out the recipes, and the cookbook would benefit from any images you take! -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 22:30, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Copyvio claims
Hi there,

 * Cookbook:Nigerian Doughnut
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Puff Puff
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Sausage Roll
 * Cookbook:Nigerian Suya

Thanks for bringing recent copyvios to light. But the above pages, I'm not sure they are copyvios: I have checked them using https://copyvios.toolforge.org, which is either negative or inconclusive.

I think that copying of recipes should be ok, as long as alternate wording is used. this is based on https://copyrightalliance.org/are-recipes-cookbooks-protected-by-copyright/, which claims that recipes can't be copyrighted, except for the “substantial literary expression” of recipes, which includes such things as copy/paste of text and similar. So I think these probably pass, going on that basis; no or minimal verbatim copying has seemed to have taken place.

How do you feel about this view? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:36, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Jules! I agree that the recipes themselves can't be copyrighted. For the cases you referenced above, I was more concerned about the introductions, which seem to have been copied and pasted with only minor rewording from the sites I noted in the copyvio templates. I also checked them at https://copyvios.toolforge.org, which doesn't flag them, but I think that they are still taking enough of the intellectual property of the original bloggers that they should be changed—perhaps I can rework the intros more significantly. Let me know what you think! -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:45, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Well that seems like a good way of dealing with it. I did notice some minimal copying; but if this text is replaced these pages should be ok I think
 * But thanks for your tagging of pages with copyvios which has been helpful.
 * Also thanks very much for all the work you've put into the cookbook. Cheers -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 17:05, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Gotcha! I'll fix up those pages and remove the copyvios. Happy to help :) -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:30, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Alcoholic beverage recipes in Cookbook
Hi @Kittycataclysm, I was just wondering if I could get your opinion on this suggestion I have made: Cookbook_talk:Policy - you can find my suggestion/ rationale there. Would be great to hear what you think. Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 08:33, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 * done! -- Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:41, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

Wow Maka James (discuss • contribs) 15:58, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022


text:
User talk:109.107.224.252

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 05:49, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:109.107.224.252


text:
Short introduction to the use of sewing machines/Sewing labs/Dreamo/Research and development

In this section will be added research about new materials and development of design.

Kapok filler
Kapok trees has been source for pillow fillers for centuries.

Advantages
Can be bought in an hypoallergenic presentation (where less synthetic chemicals are used for its production)

Kapok does not poke the pillows and does not need a thicken inside the pillows.

Low price.

Cotton
Recommended 100 % cotton organic without bleach, but any option could be used. Benefits: Is breathable. I went to a fabrics, arts and crafts store and bought a few yards... Bleached can be used but organic materials without bleaching are less allergenic.

Advantages
Can be bought in an hypoallergenic presentation (where less synthetic chemicals are used for its production)

Cotton does not poke the pillows and does not need a thicken inside the pillows.

Wool
Can be obtained from Alpaca, sheep, goats and other animals.

Advantages
Can be bought in an hypoallergenic presentation (where less synthetic chemicals are used for its production)

Feathers
The options are duck and goose down and feathers. We can classify them in down and feathers, where down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers.

Goose feather. They are very soft, provide a great cushion and can easily move in any direction inside the pillow at any time.

Can be bought either in department stores or be bought as a pillow on sale (when they are 75 % off) and use the infill a pillow with a shape and design adapted to your anatomy.

Advantages
Allow a modifiable distribution of the material inside the pillows.

Disadvantages
Feathers can be allergic to humans. Thickens must be used to avoid feathers poke users or exit the pillow trough the fabric having the risk of going into the lungs and produce pneumonia or disperse particles and feathers trough the rooms.

Tongue shaped
The tongue design is made to occupy the area where the human body sleeps, a difference form the horizontal-rectangular design that covers the user head area without neck or upper spine support.


text:
User talk:46.199.48.30

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 00:05, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:46.199.48.30


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. d4

This variation counterattacks in the center by challenging the e-pawn, like the Vienna Gambit with 1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5.

4. ... exd4
If black takes the d-pawn, white's most common move according to Lichess's Master games explorer is e5, pushing the pawn forward and taking control of the f6 and d6 squares.

4. ...fxe4
If black takes the e-pawn, white's most common move according to Lichess's Master games explorer is Nxe5, pushing the knight into black territory, where it controls the c6, g6, f7, and d7 squares. From here the most common moves are 5. ... Nxe5 6. dxe5 c6.

4. ... Nxd4
If black takes the d-pawn with the knight (which resembles the Ruy Lopez Bird Variation), it hits the bishop on b5, so Nxe5 is not an option. 5. Nxd4 is the most common move, followed by 5. ... exd4 O-O 6. c6.

4. ... Nf6
If black plays Nf6, dxe5 is the most common move, followed by 5. ... Nxe4.


text: Category:Clotted cream recipes

title: Category:Clotted cream recipes


text: Category:Heavy cream recipes

title: Category:Heavy cream recipes


text:
Automobile Repair/Battery Checking

One of the most important things in driving is to start the car which is mostly performed by battery to kick jump to start the engines.

Therefore, it is important to check how the battery level is (Preferably by weekly / 2 weeks basis)

To check battery, you need to have a battery tester checkers

title: Automobile Repair/Battery Checking


text: Category:Half and half recipes

title: Category:Half and half recipes


text: Category:Double cream recipes

title: Category:Double cream recipes


text: Category:Whipping cream recipes

title: Category:Whipping cream recipes


text: Category:Light cream recipes

title: Category:Light cream recipes


text:
User talk:2001:44C8:4594:CD9B:1:0:832A:651

May 2024
MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 00:22, 19 May 2024 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Ba6

= Okike Attack =

3. Ba6!?
This is considered a dubious response to 2... Nc6 because it allows 3. bxa6, and if Black plays accurately, White does not get compensation for the sacrificed bishop. As a result, the Okike Attack is very rarely played in over-the-board play, but has featured in thousands of online games.

The opening is named after Candidate Master and former Nigerian national champion David Okike, who has been known to play the opening in online blitz games, with little success.

Theory table

 * 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Ba6


text:
User talk:41.114.167.108

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:55, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.114.167.108


text:
User talk:41.223.109.243

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 00:09, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.223.109.243


text:
Cookbook:Whipped Cream

Whipped cream is a fluffy foam made from cream.

Characteristics
Whipped cream is white, light, and fluffy, with about double the volume of the liquid cream it started as. It is often sweetened and flavored, at which point it is sometimes referred to as "chantilly". The flavor is mild and rich, and the texture ranges from loose, soft peaks to stiff, dry peaks. Over-whipped cream will become grainy and develop an unpleasant greasy mouthfeel. Over time, water will seep from whipped cream, and heat will cause the foam to melt and collapse. Some whipped cream may contain stabilizers, which help the foam persist for longer and under a wider range of temperatures.

Technique
Whipped cream can be made either by hand or using an electric mixer with the whisk attachment. While whisking faster will speed the entire process, slower longer whisking at the beginning can help create a more stable foam—proceed at a medium pace for best results. Whipped cream can be also produced using a pressurized canister, which is quick and convenient method, but which makes a much less stable foam.

Technically, all creams with a fat content over 30% can be whipped. However, do note that the higher the fat content, the easier it is to whip and create a thick, stable foam. Homogenized and ultrapasteurized creams are harder to whip. Make sure the cream and—if possible—the utensils are cold. If the cream is warm, the fat will be unable to stabilize the foam, and it will either not whip or will turn to butter. Very slightly overwhipped cream can be correcting by folding in a little liquid cream. However, at a certain point the cream can be overwhipped to the point that this trick will not save it—your best bet here is to keep whipping and turn it into butter.

If incorporating sugar and flavoring, you can add them to the cream either before or near the end of whipping. If you add them beforehand, the whipping process will take slightly longer than if you add them near the end. If you will be folding the whipped cream into another mixture, it's better to slightly underwhip it—stiffer whipped cream risks either deflating or breaking during the folding process. The same applies when piping or spreading whipped cream.

To stabilize whipped cream, you have a few options. Beating in about 1 tsp xanthan gum per quart of cream is a quick option, but be careful not to let the gum clump up in the cream. Melting gelatin into the cream and then cooling it is another traditional method.

Selection and storage
Whipped cream must be stored in the fridge in order to keep its structure. If it has been significantly stabilized, the whipped cream can be kept at room temperature for a longer period without negative effects.

Use
Whipped cream is most commonly used in sweet preparations, where is can either be used on its own as a filling/topping or incorporated into mixtures to lighten them. For example, it can be folded into custards to make mousses or piped onto cakes or pastries.

Substitution
Imitation whipped topping is a cheaper substitute for whipped cream, though the flavor is not comparable. Bottled whipped cream from the store may be used as a quick topping, but it is not stable enough to use in cooking.

title: Cookbook:Whipped Cream


text:
Chamteela/Part 3

Pronouns

 * noo = I
 * noy = me
 * 'om = you (subject)
 * 'oy = you (direct object)
 * wunáal = he/she/it/they (singular)
 * poy = him/her/it/them (singular)
 * chaam = we
 * chaami = us
 * 'omóm = you all (subject)
 * 'omóomi = you all (object)
 * wunáalum = they (plural)
 * popóomi = them (plural)

Natural world

 * kiicha = house
 * qawiicha = mountain
 * tuupash = sky
 * toota = stone
 * paala = water

Animals

 * lamáqata = ant
 * hunwut = bear
 * 'ihe = bird
 * tuukut kingawish = cat
 * qaxaavaywut = chicken
 * 'awáal = dog
 * 'anámat = fish
 * ku'aal = fly
 * kaváayu = horse
 * 'ixí'wut = sheep
 * paa'ila = turtle

Food

 * $aawokish = acorn bread
 * wiiwish = acorn porridge
 * kutápish = corn
 * kó$aat = sugar
 * paala = water
 * $aaxish = wheat

People

 * hengeemal = boy
 * nawítmal = girl
 * ya'ásh = man
 * $ungáal = woman

Basic Verbs

 * paa'i = to drink
 * kwa' = to eat
 * moyóoni = to feed
 * nóonomi = to follow
 * tóow = to see or watch
 * chaqálaqi = to tickle

English vs. Chamteela sentence structure
In English, nouns do not change depending on whether they are the subject or the direct object. Consider the following two sentences:

 * The man saw the dog.
 * The cat saw the girl.

In these two sentences, we instantly know which noun is the subject and which one is the direct object based on their position in relation to the verb. The English language places subject nouns before the verb and direct object nouns after the verb.

However, Chamteela is different. The subject, verb, and direct object can come in any order within a sentence.

You probably now wonder "How do you know which word is the subject and the direct object this way?" The answer is noun declension, which is when nouns change depending on their role within the sentence.

Basic Chamteela noun declension
In Chamteela (and many other languages), the term "nominative case" refers to a noun's form when it is used as the subject. The term "accusative case" signifies the direct object form of a noun.

There are six cases in Chamteela, but we will focus on the nominative and accusative cases for the purposes of this lesson. We will learn the other cases later on within this book.

All of the Chamteela nouns given within the book come in their singular nominative forms; the other forms are derived from the nominative case. However, forming the other noun cases depends on the ending in the singular nominative form and whether or not they are animate (referring to a person or animal).

Here is how to form the singular and plural forms of the nominative and accusative cases in Chamteela: More on this page will come soon!

title: Chamteela/Part 3