text:
Talk:Create Vampires

Please, do not delete. This may be helpful to other people. I want to thank JackPotte, who informed me of a deletion [Talk:Create Vampires]. Although I am unsure that by looking for dictionary definitions to better understand strange words, and that by researching the history, or origin, of strange words that redefine people, we are creating a fictional work of Literature. I am as unsure of what defines fiction, as the people at Wikibooks are. I suppose people will not be encouraged to better understand vampires, and similar monsters, from a book called "Create Vampires," maybe because learning about Writers of Literature who did create vampires is a original idea? Maybe this ideas is intended for people who are willing to read non-fiction about the fictional creations, and monsters, they enjoy when reading fictional books. Maybe historical notes, if discovered, about the creators of vampires in fiction can attract people's interest. I'm sure many people are interested in working together to create Wikibooks Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 1 May 2020 (UTC) that are interesting to people. I ask do not delete this message, because we do not want to waste other people's time.

Before I ask for other people to join as contributors, I want to share what I have learned from JackPotte. JackPotte implied that this work: Original works of Fiction and Literature, maybe beyond the scope of Wikibooks. I have noted subjects like "creative writing" and "Philosophy" as being suitable subjects for people interested in learning new creative writing techniques, or in learning about Philosophy. I think we must encourage people to seek information about the people who created, and will create vampires. If a wikibook can be a common guide to people, then we should encourage, educate, and believe in people! Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 20:16, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Facts: This page was not created by accident. This page may need to be listed as a "test" because links do not work [there are no links to other pages].Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

I hope several people working and editing Wikibooks, and pages, will answer my questions. I have included a title page, with a outline, and several definitions. This page does not create copyright violations [unless I am mistaken, if so, please inform me of whose copyrights I am violating]. This page is non-Fiction, and due to several popular definitions, this page maybe considered slightly informative. This page has information of use, and does not appear accidental, or humorous [because no jokes are listed on this page]. Please explain why this is a page that should be deleted. I do not understand what this page is lacking, or needs. How many facts must this page have to avoid being deleted? I think it may help other people to know what each Wiki-page needs in order to avoid being "deleted."

Fact: We can include articles from Wikipedia as a good informative source about vampires. I request information for myself, and other people, about ways to properly credit / cite Wikipedia.org

Fact: I am a non-profit writer. My intentions are to work peacefully with a collective, meaning other people, to provide free and useful information about popular subjects and current events. I did suggest people help improve the quality of this article by contributing. I assume this is a website open to non-profit writers, and I assume vampires are a popular topic of interest. This page needs other contributors in order to improve the book's educational quality. Thanks for agreeing!

I have requested help, information, guides and answers to a few questions that were raised. Thank you. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Category?
Assuming this project is not deleted, I ask you (people), do we need to list Create Vampires under a category? If we should, can we get help with this task before this page gets deleted?

Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…? Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC) This may be decent. Category:Book:Guide: Original Fiction Creations: Vampire / Logical Fallacy...? This excellent idea, borrowed from other writing projects, seems better than my own idea to classify Create Vampires under "false realities," a popular term with fans of The Matrix [film]. Yet, this assumes that people have choices in what reality they have, yet if we don't create our reality, then individuals have problems in their preception of their reality. The idea of classifying Create Vampires as a logical fallacy seems reasonable. Is this decent? Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 03:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

I'm returning with a new [yet traditional] idea! Category: Book: Original Fictional Creations In Literature / Vampires [And Similar Monsters] Shelf: Humanities: Literature / Literary Criticism Any questions? Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 08:57, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Read a wiki Help:Categories article, and now I am not sure... Maybe Category:Book Title is correct and proper. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 09:35, 14 May 2020 (UTC) IT IS IMPORTANT to read the information about CATEGORIES! I have re-arranged the early categories like this: Category: Book: book title [Create Vampires] and Category: Subject: subject [Original Fictional Creations In Literature] I'll work on Shelf Info later. Any Questions? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 12:55, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

Yes We Can!
Thanks to all who have helped so far... [Create Vampires has not yet been deleted!] I don't want to take this project too seriously, yet I don't want to waste other people's time. We can develop a general outline, and slowly cull facts, present our collected resources with illustrations, share informative tips, factual information, and useful links. We will probably need historical dates, and important quotes. I think we should s-l-o-w-l-y develop this book. Will Create Vampires be a resourceful, and factual "self-help" guide to creating original vampires and similar monsters? When creating original fictional creations, it helps to stay informed. There is a lot of information about Literature, and there are popular culture resources that may be of help to general readers. Will Create Vampires be better as a good example of cultural folklore, that changes from country to country? This changes the "creative writing" and "original fiction" aspect, moving this topic to a less fictional perspective! [Edited] Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:44, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

I think The Vampire Encyclopedia may also be a great wikibook for a collective group of people to create. Although The Vampire Encyclopedia is already a book, I know books can have similar title, although written by different people. I propose a special group write The Wiki-Vampire Encyclopedia, if Create Vampires becomes less a factual self-help guide to creating original vampires, and more a non-factual wiki-book classified as "creative Fiction," or "cultural folklore." Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 23:17, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Introduction: So Fake yet so Original
I confess, some person is cyberbullying me, and I have difficulties writing in blogs, and in this case, for a scholastic audience. For the bold and unafraid book fans, I hope someone will be willing to write a decent introduction.

Because wikibooks can be created by a group, and can be edited by anyone, I propose this type of introduction... Original Fictional Creations [Opening] What is Art? What quality makes works of fiction, Language Arts? What is originality? [Wikipedia's definition for vampire] "A vampire is a creature of folklore..." [Question] How are vampires different from Ghost? What are other similar monsters? [Zombies are a great case] [End of Opening] How are vampires original [we will define original]? Can modern writers create truly original vampires? Does this sound lai-ca a good opening?

Thank you for Create Vampires. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 00:45, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Wikibook Titles and Links?
I feel sorry for myself because I am new, yet I am learning to not expect help, or answers to my questions just because I am new to the Wikibooks community, and ask questions. I wanted (in good faith) to start a Book: Create Vampires, I wonder: why do I only have 7 days to finish this book? How do other people write their Wikibooks in 7 days? I was told that I had 7 days to improve the opening page, or the book and page would get deleted. Is this the sites policy? Although this book's title is new, it is not currently a published book. I checked, I googled this. I do not understand why the Administrator has rejected Create Vampires, although this book is recomended for a speedy deletion. I can only ask why do people want to delete my book, opening page, and the book's title? Is it because it is a original title? Should I create a un-original, general book title?

Q: I have seen other people's wikibook pages, many links do not direct to other electronic pages. Is this a policy violation? I have written: Test? [Links do not direct to electronic pages]. Why is this necessary? Does this message actually help people? Are there people who can answer my basic questions, questions I have about Create Vampires continually being nominated for deletion. The first day I created the page, my page was nominated. Should the book be a completed book on the first day? Are most wikibooks completed on the first day? Why is this speedy writing process not clearly stated? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 02:24, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

General: Textbooks
I am new to Wikibooks. I have read some policies, and basic introductions to Wikibooks. My first book proposal: Create Vampires may be deleted, that is not something I have control over. I ask for clarity. Why did I only have 7 days to gather people who could help write, edit, and added helpful contributions? What must a person write a non-profit book in 7 days? This site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, and text-bookish resources. Why is it this site's policy to delete any text-book not finished after 7 days? Does this 7 day deletion policy encourage copyright violations? How is it reasonable to develop a textbook, or guide book, in 7 days? Is this a normal, or fair policy? Thanks (no reason). Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 02:50, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

To Help, Or Not To Help Editors, Writers, Contibutors, and People New To Wikibooks?
What happened to the new Introduction? This page has already had a re-direct moved, and many edits erased / moved. Any reasons?

Communication Request!
There is a administrator who seems interested in developing the educational content, and overall quality of Create Vampires. A few problems have occurred, and it seems like other people may not like the title Create Vampires. Is a specific title, such as The Vampire Encyclopedia, a better title for Wikibooks? I have suggested a basic title, How To Create Vampires, because this seems better, yet may be more appropriate for Wikihow. Suggestions, request, and possible reasons for edits and deletions would be helpful. Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 18:13, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Can we directly quote from other Dictionaries?
Hey u'all, I have a quick question, how much from a Dictionary can people quote within "fair-use" guidelines? Do we quote the entire entry? Do we quote only the main defining parts?

Important detail!
This is a important discussion topic, because it sets-up a division between people. Many people consider vampires imaginary creatures, yet other people consider vampires as un-dead people up from their graves. Both groups use factual information to back their claims. I have noticed the vampires of Eastern European origin as considered by most people as un-dead beings up from their graves. Latin-Americans see vampires as demonic un-spiritual beings, while many Americans and English speakers consider vampires more works of the imagination. Create Vampires considers these distinctions as valid. Thanks Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 10:11, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Why use inter-wiki links?
Help u'all, I have been told by a wiki-program to use inter-wiki links, instead of the URLs to Wikipedia articles. This seems reasonable. This also seems like a big problem, because it looks like I have created a new page, instead of sharing a information link. I'm not sure this is a improvement. My pages have deletion problems. Are there people who use wiki-links who are willing to help? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

About This Book
What type of book is this? This book will introduce 5 "original" fictional creations [or oddly unique persons]: 1. vampire-person 2. zombie-person 3. hungry ghost-person 4. ghost-person 5. demon-person This book will guide people, focusing on why a vampire is a original fictional creation. We hope this book will include tips that will help writers. Q: What type of book can help people become better writers, and better readers? A factual book with useful information is better at educating the public than a fictional book, yet books of fiction have inspirational, or interesting things to say. Fictional characters share memorable quotes that keep people reading, for this reason, a book with clear, memorable quotes seems better. A combination text-book, tutorial and self-study course-guide seems ideal, or if done wrong, experimental in need of improvements and special development.

I hope this brief summary helps people. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 13:58, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Tracking Recent Changes...opps.
If this helps,

link to check recent changes, wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&limit=50&days=7&urlversion=2 | "Tracking"

Some thoughts
I offer a few small remarks.
 * It isn't necessary to complete the book in seven days.
 * I'd recommend tweaking the title of the book, in some way; it seems the current title doesn't clearly communicate the book's purpose. Some thought is warranted on what to call it, of course.  What to choose as a title depends on what purpose is to be communicated, which relates it to my next point, below.
 * The main page of the book should state plainly, up-front, what the purpose of the book is. Right now, the first thing it says is
 * Create Vampires is a book, intended as a guide, and as a non-Fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!
 * This statement is short, and friendly, both of which are good, but it doesn't bring out the purpose. I continue to read down the main page and still don't find an explanation; honestly, I think this purpose (whatever it may be) likely ought to be all over that main page; but it should be both clear from the title of the book and stated plainly in that first sentence.

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:00, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Is this book meant to be a guide for writers on how to design vampire characters for fiction writing? Or have I not quite got that right?
 * :-) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:01, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Probably "as a guide" to avoid pitfalls, and mis-understandings. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Greetings Pi zero, I communicated with Justin, a brainy fellow, who influenced my idea, changing my thoughts. I recall deciding to "mend" two different directions the book could go in. The more I think about the book, the less certain I am about the book's structure. The more I learn about Wikibooks, the less certain I am about writing a book, maybe I should write more a collective for people, written and edited by people. The clear ideas I did have, would become less clear and certain when other people write Create Vampires, yet group editing is a basic part of Wikibooks. This process [of editing and discussion] does bring out what is better in people. In a nut shell, I am lost, because I have used my head more. In fact, planning a textbooks is not the same as spending time creatively writing. When writing, we "fly by the seat of our pants," meaning we sit down, we write. Textbooks must be written by students who have finished a particular course of study. Textbooks deal with known material, therefore, textbooks are planned. Textbooks are certain. Because this process is new, because I am not a student of Create Vampires, nor a Create Ghost student, I do not already know the path, I can't share the path because I myself do not know. I think I need to wait, and think about this as a guide. I may need to visit another project. Thanks for asking. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:38, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

About your suggestions Pi zero, keeping the title "Create Vampires" gives us a bigger scope, I personally want to write about avoiding certain pitfalls and common mis-notions, other people may write about style, subtle changes in word usage, or spelling, that can shift focus (is this a book about inner struggles, or a tale reflecting problems other people have regarding death? Does a change in spelling, or setting [underground vs. above] alter the intent, indicating that a new interpretation will be needed? This is style, yet where does style and design fit? How to "design vampires" for fictional settings would help new writers, and people who read occult-ish books. This is why I hope we introduce fictional types, list general commonalities such as feeding, ability, personality traits...ect. I hope this title Create Vampires, allows a greater area to become less uncertain, more known. Thanks for asking a good question Pi zero. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

One more suggestion, I do not approve of the occult, because people in cults are dangerous non-conformist who often act atypical, less normal, and attract cult members because they seem fascinating, magical or amazing. I suggest we approach a EVOLVING TEXTBOOK ABOUT THE CREATIVE WRITING PROCESS like the YIN and YANG, some parts of the subject must stay in the dark [like a dream], while other parts can be shared in the light of day, may be historic, know and understood [like waking-life]. We can also think of this EVOLVING TEXTBOOK in terms of computer programming, where some source codes must remain hidden, thus protected, while other parts are known, copied, shared, useful, explained, expanded and fixable. I hope this helps. I do value my dreams, I do value Sai-Co-Lo-Gy, and slowly uncovering what is often hidden in the dark, yet I warn people, because drugs, cults and negative developments in fiction can become dangerous, we must stay mindful, open, educated, and discuss our concerns as we develop entertaining stories or works of Art. There should be a balancing aspect. Thanks, all who hope to help people everywhere learn, keeping a attentive, mindful attitude. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 20:19, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…? Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC)
I think the original idea, suggested for a general classification, is a better title, and may attract contributors, people who can share interesting stories about original, fictional creations in literature. People may want to share their favorite original fictional creations with other people, this activity may seem better than editing a guide to "creative writing," a helpful textbook of terms and historic material, with general warning pages because monsters are a dangerous subject, and zombies, vampires, and the "un-dead," is not altogether fictional. Although, I have not given-up on the first idea, inspired by Google and Wiki-how instructional wikies. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 21:06, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * To be clear, Wikibooks does not host original research. It isn't within our scope to provide a place for people to share original fictional creations. It's important to have a limited scope for a well-defined book that people can know how to contribute to.  You are quite right that books are hard to write; you not only have to work out how to organize a book, but you need to clarify what goes where, and how someone who wants to contribute knows what to do.  I think it's great you have an idea, and I encourage you to think about it, don't get scared off by the difficulty but give it some thought and see what you can come up with.  I certainly don't want to discourage you; but it wouldn't be helpful to pretend this isn't challenging, either.  To offer some inspiration: I've worked on a couple of wikibooks myself (Conlang and Wikijunior:World Religions), and the most important work I've done on each of those books has been in trying to improve and clarify its organization.  I found the world-religions book particularly rewarding in that regard.  There had been several attempts over the years at a Wikijunior book on religions, but each of them had fizzled for one reason or another; and the most nearly-successful of those had been a bust because each chapter, about a particular religion, was asked to use a standard outline to answer a set of basic questions about the religion, but unfortunately the standard questions had been chosen with the best of intentions but with insufficient knowledge of religions outside the Judaic/Christian/Muslim tradition, so that users trying to write chapters about any other religion were unable to move forward.  I revised the set of standard questions, and as an extreme test of the new set of questions I started and extensively developed a chapter on atheism (if the question-set can handle that it should be able to handle about anything, right?).  Once the new set of questions was in place, I won't say the book has been hugely active, but it's definitely been more active than it had been for years with the previous set of questions. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 21:54, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The foundation for most morals and ethics can be found in Judeo-Christian texts, yet basic reciprocal ethics, as taught by the Golden Rule, can be found in almost all of the worlds religions, most of humanities [all people] formal religious belief systems. People can not understand our mating norms [and rules], society, or development of city, then states [perhaps nations] without practicing ethics, mainly reciprocal ethics. People who create social groups soon discover a need for fair, reasonable "norms" and behaviors. People next start building ethics. Ethical conduct, laws and ethics, understanding and learning basic ethics, human behavior, growth, and human rights...ect. I'm sure grouping religions under ethic guides [spiritual Teachers] will help clarify why people share with similar people their religious ideas. Yet if most religions have similar ethical foundations, then how are they different? Well, from my limited understanding, each group of people, living in different parts of the world, have different challenges, this combination of family descent, and environment, gives a distinct "ethnicity" to each group, create a special grouping unity around the common core beliefs and expected ethical conduct. I hope this helps you. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 17:49, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Why create vampires?
Should writers be encouraged to create vampires? I am certain that a "un-dead" animated corpse can never be a good characters, never a hero. People should read classic literature about heroic characters in opposition to other people, or unusual forces [of nature]. The problem, I soon discovered in my personal writings, was that negative characters, meaning a dead corpse, or a demon with super-powers, are certainly perceived as examples of writers developing negative characters, characters that do not get better. This is common sense, and such judgements are reasonable. I do not think we should encourage people to develop negative characters, so a question that is raised is: why create vampire stories? Vampires are becoming popular subjects. Vampires are currently popular in works of fiction. I hope we can create a guide / text-book for new writers, and people in general interested in creating "monsters," or in reading more about "monsters," yet I am uncertain about the reasons many people created vampire stories. Many modern day vampire tales are not horrific, many tales written by women seem dark and romantic, even ironic while being sexual. Is this the purpose? Do women write stories with a vampire hero as a ironic, sexual and humorous gesture? When people wrote stories about vampires, they wrote horror stories about vampire-people, people often buried alive. People mistaken for "vampires." These stories, reflective of their horrors, and the medical darkness of their time, expressed fears, gave warnings, panic'd people and attracted Scientist critical of the walking "un-dead." Are there other functions for starting vampire tales? Please, share your opinions or ideas. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 12:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep in mind, original research is not allowed on Wikibooks. One has to be careful of this line.  It is fine to try a new, innovative way of teaching certain material, but the material being taught must not itself be new/innovative/experimental. I feel the book still needs top-level definition; but, I don't understand the objectives of the book myself, well enough to try to improve it myself.  Which is itself an example of the problem: as long as it remains unclear what the purpose of the book is, nobody but you can really contribute to it. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 13:36, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Should I link a Twilight Wikibook's page?
Hey all, I am uncertain about the importance of this: (broken link: ...wiki/How_to_Read_Young_Adult_Literature_Like_a_Young_Adult_Writer/Twilight...). Although two subjects: young adult readers and vampire-romance genre is important, I'm not sure if this wikibook page is important. In general, is this page's information helpful to most people? People, let me know your thoughts by leaving a comment, or suggestion. Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 17:33, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

"Name-character Tags," Shady Fictional Devices?
Character Tags in Fiction? I don't see a lot on this technique. The best way I can describe this technique, used by several writers, is to create a "name tag" for the flat character, that sums up his expected behavior during a particular stage of growth. For example, Peter Petus would probably be a young adolescent displaying normal male behavior, behavior that is immature. Some people give their children "nicknames" that they hope they will grow out of, after they settle and act like mature adults. For example: Pete maybe be short for Peter, which may be a short name for Patrick. If the concept of "name tags," or "character tags" holds true, the character will likely answer to his developed name, responding not to Pete, but tu Patrick, as the character develops [if characters develop in ways similar tu how people develop]. This seems "shady." Should we mention "name tags" or "name-character tags?" Should we avoid this because it seems "shady" and may best be kept a secret? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 18:30, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Advice about "character-tags" from "Daily Writing Tips.com"
What is a character tag? According to writer Maeve Maddox, "...a character tag is a repetitive verbal device used to identify a character in the mind of the reader." link: www.dailywritingtips.com/character-tags-in-fiction I hope people can use this information. Was this difficult? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Create Vampires: From Information to Application?
What if we taught students, and Wikibook readers a writing technique, or a writing device, "name-character-tag" that often gets out of hand, because students could generate thousands [of mostly humorous] false names? What if we advised readers to take this device seriously, asking students tu create various "name-character-tags," then ask people to narrow their list of made-up names to around 10-12 examples, each uniquely original, with a hint suggesting their character's character type [such as hero, villain, novice, or beginner, Wizard, or wiz-Tech...ect.]. Would the information presented about a writing device in Fiction, be correctly applied tu improve the student's writing skills? Do other people want to share helpful suggestions? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Create Character?
I'm asking u'all, people, should we add this sectionof Wikibook pages: "Character Creation" to a section near the reference section, classifying this as a General Introduction ? Any objections...? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 19:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Create Vampires


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/printer

Back to: Native Oberon Hardware Compatibility List   Printer support Summary Oberon supports network printers and local printers connected to parallel or serial ports. TCP/IP connectivity is required for accessing network printers. Drivers are included for HP Laser, HP PCL, PostScript and Linux printers, as well as for network printers using the LPR protocol. Windows Plug-In Oberon includes a Windows printer driver (WinPrinter) for use with the Windows Print Manager. Oberon.Text in the distribution is already trimmed to fit the european A4 page size. Little more need be specified to customize the printer support.

The parallel and serial ports are operated in unidirectional mode only, a mode not requiring the use of IRQ lines. Consequently, the IRQ 7 usually associated with LPT1 is free for use for other purposes.

The Lexmark Optra Color 40 postscript color inkjet printer is known to work.

Not supported

Windows-only printers, such as the Canon LBP-660 for example, requiring GDI are not supported. Dot-matrix printers are not supported. Selection and installation of a printer driver A printer driver is installed on-the-fly by executing the relevant command:

HPLaserPrinter.Install
 * A driver using PCL positioning codes. It will probably generate smaller print files and typically print faster. It does not support color.

HPPCL.Install
 * A driver building a bitmap of each page which is then sent to the printer. It supports color on a color printer (CYMK system) and gray shades on a b/w printer.

LPRPrinter.Install
 * A Line Printer Remote client. Be sure to set EMail in Oberon.Text, as some LPR servers check it.

LinuxPrinter.Install'
 * A driver for Linux Native Oberon (LNO).

PSPrinter.Install
 * A driver for PostScript capable printer.

The HPLaserPrinter and the HPPCL drivers are different implementations of a HP PCL driver made by different people.

The three drivers HPLaserPrinter, HPPCL, PSPrinter have been tested with the Institute's HP Laserjet 8000 printer, and all three work. The latter two produce shades of grey.

Alternatively and preferably, configure Oberon.Text as explained below, instead of installing a driver on-the-fly.

Each driver is associated with a page format specification. How to install a default printer driver - Configure Oberon.Text Edit the appropriate command in the field Printer.Default= and the driver will be installed automatically when the first print order is issued.

If the first parameter of a Desktops.PrintDoc command is "Default", the print output will be directed to the printer named in Printer.DefaultName=. The following values can be assigned:

The operating characteristics of a COM port must be specified in Printer.COMn= according to the following syntax (default 9600,8,n,1):
 * LPT1 to LPT3: any of the three possible parallel ports
 * COM1 to COM4: any of the four possible serial ports

     config = bps ["," databits ["," parity ["," stopbits]]]. bps = .. | 1200 | 2400 | 4800 | 9600 | 19200 | .. .      bdatabits = "5" | "6" | "7" | "8". parity = "n" | "o" | "e" | "m" | "s". (* no, odd, even, mark, space parity *) stopbits = "1" | "2".

Pageformat specifications / Resolution - Configure Oberon.Text Each printer driver is associated with a set of settings in Oberon.Text:
 * a filename: file in which the print ouput will be stored. When the PSPrinter driver is installed, PostScript data is generated and stored in a file.
 * a printer queue name queue@host. When the LPRPrinter driver is installed, PostScript data is generated and sent to this queue. The print server offers different queues satisfying different needs: single or double sided print, grey or white paper, foil. If "queue" or "host" contains non-alpha characters, enclose them in quotes: "queue@host".

Printer driver  Oberon.Text section --  --- HPLaserPrinter   HPLaserPrinter= HPPCL           HPPCL= LPRPrinter      PSPrinter=  - the same as for PSPrinter PSPrinter       PSPrinter=

In the distributed software, the paper size is assumed to be the standard european A4 size: 210 mm * 297 mm (Width and Height specified in mm). Left, Right, Top, Bottom margins are specified in cm. For HP printers, the minimum LeftMargin is 6 mm and the minimum TopMargin is 12.5 mm. The Resolution is also specified there: 300 and 600 dpi are supported. Adjust these values, if need be.

For the HPPCL driver, the number of color planes to use must be specified:

 * Planes = 1 - Black, HP Deskjet 550
 * Planes = 3 - CYM, HP Deskjet 550C
 * Planes = 4 - CYMK, HP Deskjet 550C

Any other value will be mapped to 1. The assigned value can be overriden by executing the command HPPCL.SetPlanes number. Page numbering and page header TextDocs.PrintSetup ["\hoff" | "\hon"] ["\poff" | "\pon"]
 * Switch printing of a header line or page numbers off or on. Both are "on" by default. The header text is the document name in the NamePlate.

Printer fonts Make sure that the documents to print only use the Oberon raster fonts (Oberon and Courier) and that these fonts are available as 300 dpi or 600 dpi fonts in the Oberon directory. The fonts can be found in Pr3Fnt.zip and Pr6Fnt.zip (downloadable from ftp://ftp.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ETHOberon/ [expired]). Other fonts can be installed. Printing a document Desktops.PrintDoc printer-name [ "\" options ] filename {filename} ~

Desktops.PrintDoc printer-name [ "\" options ] *
 * Print a list of files or the marked document. printer-name can take any of the values which can be assigned to Printer.DefaultName= (cfr. How to install a default printer driver) or simply "Default". In the latter case, the value assigned to Printer.DefaultName= is used.

 * When the PSPrinter driver is installed, since PostScript data is generated, printer-name is a printer port name or a filename. When the LPRPrinter driver is installed, printer-name must be an LPR queue name.

 * Options are used only in conjunction with the PSPrinter and LPRPrinter drivers. Portrait printing is used by default, but this can be changed by specifying options:

 * l - 2-up, i.e. 2 pages in landscape (rotation in implied)
 * d - 4-up, i.e. 4 pages in portrait
 * e - encapsulated PostScript output
 * r - rotated, i.e. landscape
 * x - duplex

 * A filename with suffix ".eps" or ".EPS" implies encapsulated PostScript. The option \e is superfluous.

Technical hint: The file is created with a header copied from the supplied model PSHeader.Text.

In the Oberon GUI, print orders can be comfortably controlled with the [Print *] Iconizer in the Popups.Tool. How to print/view a Postscript file
 * Send the file to a network printer by executing LPRPrinter.PrintPSFile (cfr. next section)
 * Send the file directly to a PS printer by executing Miscellaneous.PrintFiles printer-port {filename} ~ (cfr. Miscellaneous.Tool)

Note: Oberon offers no Postscript file viewer of the kind Ghostview for Windows. Network printer control and administration LPR or Line Printer Remote is an Oberon print client. The print server, often called Line Printer Daemon (LPD), is installed on a host. The print server waits for the client to send a print job and is capable of handling multiple printers and print queues. Since it has (usually) only a single IP address, the queue name designates the intended print queue. LPR/LPD is a platform-independent printing protocol that runs over TCP/IP. Originally implemented for BSD Unix, its use has spread into the desktop world and is a de facto industry standard. The specification for LPR is defined in RFC 1179 (Request For Comment).

LPRPrinter.PrintPSFile queue@host [ "\" options ] ps-file
 * Sends a print job to a print server, opening a TCP connection (default port 515) to the host which owns the remote printer. The PostScript file (ps-file) is tranferred to the print queue of the specified host.

LPRPrinter.ShowJobs queue@host
 * Display a list of the print jobs waiting in the printer queue of the specified host.

LPRPrinter.RemoveJob queue@host [ job-nr ]
 * Remove the specified job or, if no job-nr is given, all jobs from the printer queue on the specified host.

LPRPrinter.BannerPage [ "on" | "off"] ~
 * Condition the print server to separate the different print job outputs with a banner page. Printing a banner page is turned off by default. When the parameter is omitted, the condition is toggled.
 * "on" may be replaced by an equivalent "y", "j" or "t". "off" may be replaced by an equivalent "n" or "f". The case is indifferent.

LPRPrinter.MailBack [ "on" | "off" ] ~
 * Condition the print server to send a completion message to the address specified in EMail in Oberon.Text. If no address is found, the message is addressed to oberonuser@ethz.ch which does not exist. Mailing back a completion message is turned off by default. When the parameter is omitted, the condition is toggled.
 * "on" may be replaced by an equivalent "y", "j" or "t". "off" may be replaced by an equivalent "n" or "f". The case is indifferent.

PrinterInfo Panel The PrinterInfo.Panel is a small specialized GUI serving different printer-oriented purposes:

 * 1) Install a printer driver. Select a driver with a MM click on the Iconizer.
 * 2) Display the settings of the installed printer driver. MM click on the [Update] Button.
 * 3) Adjust the settings of the installed printer driver. Up to 7 values can be adjusted. MM click on the [Update] Button. Note that the values can be expressed in centimeters or in inches.
 * 4) Print a test page. MM click on the [Print] Button. For PSPrinter and LPRPrinter you have to enter a valid printer name in the "Printer" TextField.

[Top]

''22 Nov 2001 - Copyright © 2001 ETH Zürich. All rights reserved.''

E-Mail: oberon at lists.inf.ethz.ch

Homepage: http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/printer


text:
Sustainability and Sense of Place in the Sonoran Desert/Arizona Uplands & Plains of Sonora

A Sense of the Sonoran Desert: Arizona Uplands & Plains of Sonora

Introduction

This is an overview of various factors of two regions of the fascinating Sonoran Desert, the Arizona Uplands and the Plains of Sonora. Throughout this page we go through the biodiversity and life found in these regions, the geological and climate aspects of the two regions, the use of land and water, and some opportunities and threats found within the regions. Please enjoy our take on the information of the beautiful and magnificent Arizona Uplands and Plains of Sonora.

Habitat

 * Mostly seen looking out of a hole in a Saguaro cactus
 * Mountains reaching elevations of up to about 6000ft
 * deserts
 * Migrates to Mexico when it gets too cold because insects will not come out in the cold
 * The map to the right shows its habitat through at the year, yellow: summer, blue: winter, purple: year round ->

Diet

 * Feeds on insects and other arthropods
 * In summer. Feeds on moths, beetles and crickets
 * Also feeds on scorpions and spiders
 * Rarely eats lizards and other small vertebrates

Life Span

 * Lives 3-6 years
 * With care and special protection, can live up to 6-10 years

Facts and Physique

 * The smallest Owls in the World
 * Less than six inches tall
 * Weights one to one and a half ounces
 * When captured by a pray of sorts, the Elf Owl plays dead until all danger has cleared
 * Not aggressive

Jaguar (Panthera onca)
Panthera onca otherwise known as the jaguar is a type of cat that is found across the Americas: Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, south to Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Jaguar, 2020). The jaguar belongs to family Felidae, mammal, in the order Carnivora, carnivorous with teeth adapted for flesh-eating. The jaguar is the third-largest cat in the world surpassed by the lion and the tiger. The jaguar is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which suggests that the jaguar may be threatened with extinction soon (Jaguar, 2020). It doesn't quite qualify for threatened species since the population has not yet decreased dramatically in a short period. Although, the jaguar's population is constantly decreasing due to various factors.

"El Jefe"
Due to the deterioration of their habitat caused by hunting, buildings, and conservation of livestock. There are only a couple of jaguars that have been spotted in the United States, southern Arizona. "El Jefe" was first recorded jaguar in November 2011, by cameras for the Jaguar Survey and Monitoring Project by the University of Arizona."El Jefe" resides in the Santa Rita Mountains near Tucson Arizona. There have been two other jaguars spotted around this area. "Sombra" was spotted in 2016. There is very little information on this jaguar (New video, n.d.). Therefore, we are not sure if it is still alive. The other jaguar was named "Yo'ko". He used to live in the Huachuca Mountains in southern Arizona. It was photographed repeatedly between December 2016 to May 2017. In June 2018, it is believed that the jaguar was found dead by a lion trap in a ranch in Mexico, the spot patterns of dead jaguar matched with Yo'Ko's (Hickok, 2018). To this day "El Jefe" is the only one out of the three that has been repeatedly spotted up until 2018. It is believed that he has traveled back to Mexico in search of a mate.

Habitat
The jaguar lives throughout the Americas in a wide variety of habitats. They prefer dense, tropical forests and rainforest which provide a large amount of coverage (Jaguar-Panthera onca, n.d.). Jaguars are also found in scrubland, reed thickets, coastal forest, swamps, thickets, pampas grasslands, and mountain scrub areas (Nogueira, n.d.). In northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, jaguars are found in oak woodlands, mesquite thickets, and riparian woodlands. Jaguar's habitats require three main characteristics to support their diet and lifestyle: water, dense coverage, and prey.

Diet
Jaguars are known carnivores they have a wide variety of prey: birds, mammals, reptiles, fish. One of their main prey consists of large animals and livestock, they tend to eat the heart, liver, and spleen first; they don't ingest the intestines (Jaguar-Panthera onca, n.d.). Their daily consumption is around 1.2-1.5 kilograms per day. They usually hunt at night and mostly on the ground. There are times when it climbs up trees in order to hide from their prey and attack from above. Their large teeth and powerful jaws allow them to instantly kill their prey and drag them to a secluded spot where they can eat (Nogueira, n.d.). In this area, El Jefe has been known to eat prey common in the Santa Rita Mountains: white-tailed deer, skunks (except for their ends), and other small, slow animals that allow them to prey on (Bill, 2016).

Facts
(Jaguar Facts, 2020).
 * Size: 5 to 7 feet
 * Live 12 to 15 years
 * Weight: 100 to 250 pounds
 * They are cats, but not afraid of water
 * They see six times better than humans in dar conditions
 * Hunted to extinction in the United States during the 1940s

Threats
The jaguar is classified under "Near Threatened" species internationally. In the United States under the Endangered Species Act, it is classified as endangered. The last verified jaguar in this area was killed by a hunter in 1963 (Koren, 2016). Jaguars face many threats either directly or towards their habitat, disrupting their life and ability to maintain alive. The main threat to jaguars is humans. Humans have hunted these mammals for a long time and various reasons: trophies, fur, and protection of livestock (Jaguar, n.d.). Jaguar habitats have also been harmed by burning their homeland in order to place buildings. El Jefes habitat is currently endangered due to Trump's border wall and the Rosemont copper mine.

Coyote
The Coyote (Canis latrans) is a canine that lives in North America, roaming the plains, deserts, mountains, and forests (Bradford, 2017). Coyotes are primarily carnivorous, they prey on rabbits, birds, deer, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and amphibians. Occasionally, they eat fruits and vegetables. Humans are considered to be the biggest threat to coyotes, followed by gray wolves and cougars. The average coyote weighs about 20 to 50 pounds (Bradford, 2017). The hair of this animal varies depending on where they are geographically located, determining whether the color is grey, white, tan, or brown (Bradford, 2017).

Habitat
Coyotes live in North America where they roam the mountains, plains, forests, and deserts of the United States, Mexico, and Canada (Bradford, 2017). Although coyotes are known to easily adapt to different habitats, they typically prefer to live in open areas like deserts and prairies. As humans take more and more land, coyotes can also be found living around large cities, where they are beginning to adapt.

Diet
Although they are thought to be only meat eaters, coyotes are actually omnivores--eating vegetation and meat (Bradford, 2017). Generally, coyotes are scavengers and are predators of small prey, but occasionally, they shift to large prey. Coyotes will prey on birds, rabbits, reptiles, fish, deer, invertebrates, and amphibians (Bradford, 2017). Some fruits and grains they feed on include, berries, apples, peaches, watermelon, carrots, beans, wheat, and corn. Most of the time coyotes hunt alone, but when hunting for large prey such as deer, they will hunt in packs (Bradford, 2017). For those that live in large cities, coyotes will normally kill pets and livestock, eat pet food, or garbage(Bradford, 2017).

Life Span
The average lifespan of a coyote is six to eight years in the wild, while those in captivity can live twice as long ranging from thirteen to fifteen years (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.). They are affected by a variety of diseases and parasites which include, intestinal worms, heartworms, fleas, and ticks (Disease, 2020). They may also be affected by parvovirus, canine distemper, and mange (Disease, 2020). However, humans are considered to be the greatest threat to humans. In rural areas, the major cause of death is due to trapping and hunting, while in urban areas, the cause of death is primarily automobiles (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.). There has been an average of automobile collisions from 40 to 70 percent each year (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.). Catalina Vista as an area in Tucson where one may be able to find coyotes even in urban areas. I wanted to highlight how much of an impact we are to the animals around us. In this case, coyotes are appearing in urban areas where they can be seen wandering around scavenging for food. The population of coyotes is increasing and their conservation status is of least concern.
 * 1) REDIRECT []

Importance
Coyotes play an important ecological role in the environment by helping maintain healthy ecosystems and boosting biodiversity. As they are the top carnivores in some ecosystems, they regulate mesocarnivore populations, which include, foxes, skunks, opossums, and raccoons.

Facts

 * Coyotes can run up to 40 miles an hour.
 * Coyote pups are born blind.
 * Coyotes are nocturnal.
 * Coyotes are monogamous and only have one mate for the rest of their life.
 * Coyotes have few natural predators. They include mountain lions, wolves, and bears.

(Coyote Information, Facts, and Photos, 2015).

Facts

 * Subspecies of the Pronghorn
 * Endangered
 * Lifespan of 10-12 years
 * Can reach speeds up to 60mph
 * Great eyesight

Habitat
The Sonoran Pronghorn is endemic to the Sonoran Desert favoring its broad valleys. Before it became endangered the Sonoran Pronghorn was primarily found in Southwest Arizona and Northern parts of Sonora, Mexico like Hermosillo. It wasn't until 2012 that the Sonoran Pronghorn was reintroduced into the flatlands of Southwest Arizona and Mexico.

Diet
The diet of the Sonoran Pronghorn consists of herbs, cacti, and desert grasses. Their rudiment stomachs allow them to digest rough textured foods, like the ones listed before. Along with the ability to digest these foods, their stomachs allow for better water retention.

Threats
Elements that contribute to the Sonoran Pronghorns being an endangered subspecies are predators, climate and human disturbance. Some predators of Pronghorns include cougars, wolves, coyotes, and bobcats. Climate and climate change can take part in threatening the Sonoran Pronghorn population with long-lasting droughts. Human disturbances such as roads, fences, water developments, mining disturbances, and other human interactions also play a part in the disappearance of the Sonoran Pronghorn.

Variable Sandsnake (Chilomeniscus stramineus)
http://www.reptilesofaz.org/Graphics/Snakes/herp-c-cinctus-ath-mrcp.jpg

Physical characteristics
(Brennan, T. C.)
 * small in length, approximately 11"
 * a small stout-bodied with dark brown/black stripes (the stripes do not cross the abdomen of the body but they completely encircle the tail)
 * an orange body which fades into a pale cream belly with no markings
 * a broad white or light gray snout
 * a black mask crossing the top of the head and covers the eyes
 * scales are smooth and shiny
 * a thick neck (the head is not distinct from the neck)

Adaptations
for burrowing in fine gravel and sand include (Brennan, T. C.)
 * small eyes (round pupils)
 * valves in the nasal passages
 * a flat and wedge-like snout
 * a concaved belly
 * a deeply inset jaw

The black stripes are in contact with orange-red body coloration distinguishing this snake from the similar-looking Western Shovel-nosed Snake. The Variable Sandsnake has mildly toxic saliva (Brennan, T. C.).

Habitat
This snake is found across most of south-central Arizona. The Variable Sandsnake is found primarily in the Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert scrub community. It is usually encountered above the flats in or near drainages and canyons with loose gravel or sand substrates (Brennan, T. C.).

Behavior
(Brennan, T. C.)
 * primarily nocturnal and crepuscular (active primarily during twilight)
 * spends most time under loose gravel or surface cover on the banks of washes and drainages
 * hibernates during the cold months of late fall and winter

Diet
The Variable Sandsnake feeds on a variety of insects including (Brennan, T. C.)
 * roaches
 * grasshoppers
 * centipedes

Reproduction
Mating takes place in spring. A group of up to 4 eggs is laid in the summer (Brennan, T. C.).

Threats
There are no major threats that have been identified, though some local populations have declined, for example as a result of urbanization in the Phoenix area (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2007).

Facts

 * often called ‘greasewood’
 * It produces small

Habitat

 * found mostly in the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts.

Shelter for:

 * Desert tortoises dig their shelters under creosotebush where its roots stabilize the soil.
 * Banner-tailed kangaroo rats frequently use creosotebush for cover.
 * Merriam's kangaroo rats often make their dens under creosotebush.
 * Some subspecies of kit fox rest and den in creosotebush flats.

Importance

 * Creosote bush is an antimicrobial
 * Used by Native American as medicine
 * Sexually transmitted diseases
 * Tuberculosis
 * Chicken pox
 * Dysmenorrhea
 * Snakebite
 * cancer
 * When Larrea Tridentata is called chaparral when used a herbal remedy

Arizona Poppy (Kallstroemia grandiflora)
The Kallstroiemia grandiflora most commonly referred to as the Arizona Poppy is an annual herb found in the southwestern deserts. This flower is found in many places throughout the Chihuahuan and the Sonoran Desert (DesertUSA, n.d.). It is a native plant of this area belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae which includes plants found in dry habitats. This flower is known to survive harsh, dry climates due to the unique structure of its' seed allowing it to survive up to various years (DesertUSA, n.d.).

Habitat
The Arizona Poppy blooms mainly from July to October which coincides with summer rainfalls. It grows abundantly in flat, sandy grasslands throughout Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. This flower prefers open plains and mesas from sea level to 6000 feet (DesertUSA, n.d.). A state park that has an abundance of the Arizona Poppy is Picacho Peak State Park located between Casa Grande and Tucson, Arizona.

Importance
The Arizona Poppy is widely known for its vibrant colors and enhancing the scenery of wide-open plains, but it provides benefits to animals. These flowers deplete scent, but they are essential to forty-six species: bees, wasps, flies, and butterflies. They are used for pollen and nectar as well as food for dove and quails (DesertUSA, n.d.).

Facts
(Plant Database, n.d.).
 * Under six inches tall
 * Consist of five petals
 * Seeds remain dormant for up to three years until there is enough precipitation

Fish-hook Barrel Cactus
The Fish-hook Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus wisilizeni) also called the Arizona barrel cactus is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The fish-hook cactus is characterized by its two-foot diameter, long hooked spines, and barrel body shape (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). On the cactus, yellow/red flowers and yellow fruit grow at the superior surface. This species of barrel cactus can be found in Northern Sonoran, Mexico, and in South-Central Arizona (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The fish-hook barrel cactus has a life span of about 50-100 years (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The conservation status of this plant is vulnerable and the population is decreasing.

Habitat
The fishhook barrel cactus is found throughout South-Central Arizona and Northern Sonoran, Mexico (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). It grows primarily in grave slopes and desert shrubs, but it can also grow in deserts often on rocky, gritty, or sandy soils on the hillsides from 1,000 to 4,600 feet elevation (Barrel Cactus, n.d.). The fishhook barrel cactus does not need much water to survive as it can tolerate dry soil moisture, but it does require lots of sunlight. This heat-tolerant plant contains "fishhook" spines along the cactus body to protect it from herbivores. At the top of the cactus, the plant grows yellow/red flowers and yellow/red fruit (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).

Importance
The fishhook barrel cactus is important not only because it enhances the beauty of the desert landscape, but it provides fruit to animals and birds. Javelina, birds, and deer eat the fruit; the birds especially like the seeds. The fruit can also be used to make candies and jellies.

Facts

 * The fishhook barrel cactus is often called the "Compass Barrel" because most of the larger plants lean towards the southwest (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * The cactus does contain water, but if it is ingested it can cause diarrhea due to the oxalic acid it contains (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * The lifespan is 50-100 years (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * It commonly grows 2-4 feet tall but can grow up to 6-10 feet tall in some cases (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).

Facts

 * Bloom time: May-October
 * Duration: Perennial
 * High drought tolerance

Habitat
The Velvetpod Mimosa resides in arroyos, washes, and brushy hillsides. It is native to Arizona, Texas, and Mexico but can also be found in New Mexico. Growing conditions that are favorable to the Velvetpod Mimosa are dry and rocky soils, lots of sunlight, and some but not much water, given that the plant has a high drought tolerance.

Importance
Many small mammals in the Velvetpod Mimosa's habitat rely on the shrub for food and cover. Seeds from the plant provide food for Scaled Quail or other birds that live underground. Livestock can feed on the leaves of the plant. It is also an excellent source for nectar. The dense thickets of the Velvetpod Mimosa provide cover value for ground birds, quails, and small rodents.

Foothill paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla)

The Foothill paloverde (also known as the yellow paloverde or the little-leaved palo verde) is a bristling, upright-branching tree that is slow growing and ranges from 15 to 30 feet tall. Palo Verde is Spanish for 'green stick' referring to the tree's green bark. It is considered a large shrub or a small tree standing. It has very little leaves and when in blossoms in late spring the flowers are bright yellow (Foothills Palo Verde Fact Sheet). The leaves are yellowish green, and during extensively dry and hot periods the tree will shed them. The Foothill paloverde can survive leafless in hotter periods because it performs photosynthesis in its bark (hence the green color). The tree may not flower every year, depending on the amount rainfall (Parkinsonia microphylla, 2020).

Habitat
It is native to the Southwestern United States in southeastern California and southern Arizona; and to northwest Mexico in the states of Sinaloa, Sonora, and Baja California. The plant is mostly found on slopes and is one of the most common trees of the Sonoran Desert. The Foothill paloverde can withstand more heat and because of this, it is found in the upland areas of the desert where the soil is coarser (Parkinsonia microphylla, 2020)

Ecology
The Foothill paloverde is a honey plant. In times of scarcity, the twigs may be gnawed by livestock. Rodents will often carry and store the seeds underground, where some of them will germinate after a rainy season (Parkinsonia microphylla, 2020).

Facts
(Foothills Palo Verde Fact Sheet), (Palo Verde, 2017)
 * These trees can live to be more than 100 years old, possibly as old as 400 years.
 * The palo verde is the primary nurse plant for young saguaro cactus
 * Humans have used the seeds of the palo verde for hundreds of years
 * Seri Indians eat the seeds fresh, toasted, or ground as flour
 * The Tohono O'odham prefer to eat the seeds fresh from the pods
 * There are two species of palo verde that are native to the Sonoran Desert, foothills Palo Verde (Cercidium microphyllum) and blue Palo Verde (Cercidium floridum)

Importance
The Foothill Paloverde tree is an iconic tree of the desert. One of its roles is to act as a “nurse plant” to young saguaro cacti by protecting them from the cold in the winter and from the intense sun in the summer. The Foothill Paloverde serves as an attractive focal point in the landscape and they are drought tolerant, once established and provide filtered shade year-round (Foothills Palo Verde Fact Sheet).

Threats
Some threats to the Foothill Paloverde include
 * Buffelgrass, which is an invasive species of grass native to Africa, it was first introduced into the Sonoran Desert for livestock grazing, which spreads very quickly and can often kill seedlings by using available water (Learn about Buffelgrass Biology, History, Identification, and Control)
 * The palo verde root borer is one insect pest that poses a threat to the palo verde tree, it can cause severe diseases to infect palo verde trees (Tennenbaum, C., 2018)
 * The palo verde gall mite are quite tiny and not easy to spot, but their damage is quickly very visible. These mites cause witches’ broom, which is when small, dense clusters of branches tend to be a darker green color than normal branches develop on the outer parts of the tree, rising from an outer branch or the tip of a branch (Tennenbaum, C., 2018)

Tectonic Plates
The slow continental drifting of landmasses are called tectonic plates (or lithospheric plates) and they drift across the lines of latitude and longitude (Plate Tectonics, 2020). The tectonic plates have been moving since the beginning of time (Plate Tectonics, 2020). Movement of the tectonic plates affects the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, climate, storm tracks, and the duration and timing of seasons (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). Each year, the tectonic plates move slowly across the Earth by several inches (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). When the continents collide, one plate will usually be forced underneath the other plate, which will result in the upthrust of mountain chains (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). Movements of these faults can turn a flat plain into a massive mountain range. As the mountains take form, biomes begin to develop along their slopes.

Tucson Mountains
Located west of Tucson, Arizona, the Tucson Mountains is not impressively high as they only reach up to 4,687 feet (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). They may be short in stature, but they are big in beauty. The Tucson Mountains are the remains of a collapsed volcano ranging 15 miles long (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). Towering stratovolcanoes erupted here ejecting hot volcanic debris about 70 million years ago (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). The Tucson Mountains were pulled westward for miles across the detachment fault to where they are today (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). As I stated before, the Tucson mountains were once a volcano located on the western side of the Santa Catalina Mountain (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). For 20 miles, the top of the volcano slid to the west and formed a valley between the Tucson and Santa Catalina Mountains (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). The occurrence of detachment faulting was discovered by scientists from the University of Arizona in the Santa Catalinas (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). The Tucson Mountains are composed of an extrusive ingenious rock created by the eruption of the volcano called rhyolite.

Santa Catalina Mountains

About 70 million years ago, a massive volcano formed where the Santa Catalina Mountains are today (Geocoaching, 2013). The volcano then created a circular basin called a caldera after it collapsed on itself (Geocoaching, 2013). Then 40 million years later, detachment faults caused the upper part of the caldera to slide 20 miles off the lower region due to detachment faults (Geocoaching, 2013). The creation of the faults produced mountain ranges and valleys. This caused Tucson to drop 3,300 meters down, creating the valley that has since been filled with 1,650 meters of sediment (Geocoaching, 2013). The upper caldera became the Tucson Mountains, while the lower caldera and underlying granite that was left higher on the north side of the valley became the Rincon Mountains and Santa Catalina Mountains (Geocoaching, 2013).

The Santa Catalina Mountain lies north and northeast of Tucson, Arizona. It is often referred to as Catalina Mountain or Catalinas (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020). The highest point in Catalina Mountain is Mount Lemmon with an elevation of over 9,157 feet above the sea level (Santa Catalina Mountains, n.d.). Annually, this region receives about 180 inches of snow (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020). The Catalina is the most prominent of the other five regions(Santa Catalina Mountains, n.d.). One of the most popular activities on this mountain is hiking. The Santa Catalina Mountain is composed of an intrusive ingenious rock formed from the solidified magma below the volcano called granite (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020).

Rincon Mountains
The Rincon Mountains is one of the five mountains surrounding the Tucson valley located on the east of Tucson, Arizona. he Rincon Mountain is one of the many ranges that belong to the Basin and Range Province. The basins in the Basin and Range Province are from the result of block faulting that occurred 10-25 years ago (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.). They are separated by the basin filled with thousands of feet of alluvial sediment that are derived from erosion of the mountains (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.). The Rincon Mountain is highly eroded with metaphoric core complex--a mass of bedrock (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.).

The mountain is steep and rugged with many rocky ridges and deep canyons to explore. It is composed of a highly eroded mass of bedrock known as a metaphoric core complex (Geology of the Rincon Mountain, n.d.). The Rincon Mountains' highest peaks include the Mica Mountain with an elevation of 8,664 feet and Rincon Peak at 8,482 feet (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). The Mica Mountain's high elevation supports the spruce vegetation and Ponderosa Pine, while lower elevations have oak-pine forests (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). Some special places to explore in this mountain include Rincon Mountains Wilderness and the Saguaro National Park, Rincon Mountain District (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). Rincon Mountains also provides many hiking trails to explore including Douglas Spring Trail, Rincon Peak, Cactus Forest Trail, etc.

Santa Rita Mountains
The Santa Rita Mountains lie south of the Tucson Basin. It has the highest point in the Tucson area with the highest peak at Mount Wrightson with an elevation of 9,453 feet (Santa Rita Mountains, 2020). Within the range is Madera Canyon that is used as a resting area for migrating birds and is a premier bird-watching area. Santa Rita Mountains is also home to "El Jefe," an adult male jaguar that was first identified in 2011 (Santa Rita Mountain, 2020). Santa Rita Mountain also contains trails like the Bog Springs Trail, Cave Creek, and Old Baldy Trail.

Tortolita Mountains
The Tortolita Mountains are located northwest of Tucson, Arizona. Its highest peak elevation is 4,696 feet (Tortolita Mountains, 2020). Established in 1986 by Pima County, the Tortolita Mountain Park protects most of the mountain range (Tortolita Mountains, 2020).

Riparian Zones
Riparian zones encompass the vegetation and wildlife around a body of water such as rivers, creeks, washes, etc. Riparian zones are a crucial part in maintaining various ecosystems and preserving wildlife native to the Sonoran Desert. Many species that call Arizona’s Sonoran Desert their home rely on a riparian area at some point in their lives; it is said that 60-70% do. Compared to other riparian areas in the United States, the difference between upland and a riparian terrestrial system in the southwest United States is not as defined. Other parts have a more gradual change in zones due to the amount of precipitation in the area, meanwhile, in the southwest, less rainfall occurs. Not only are riparian zones home to many species there are also many benefits that come from a healthy and prosperous riparian area. In riparian areas air temperature can be reduced, the riverbanks have greater protection from erosion, and water and soil qualities are improved. Some examples of a riparian community in the Arizona Uplands include Cienega Creek, San Pedro Riparian, Gila Box Riparian, Salt River Canyon Riparian, and Sonoita Creek.

Cienega Creek
Cienega Creek is located within Las Cienegas National Conservation Area in a zone between the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahua Desert. Las Cienegas National Conservation Area contains rare vegetation which contributes to some of its rare habitats. Some of these habitats include Cienega, cottonwood-willow riparian forests, mesquite bosques, semidesert grasslands, and sacaton grasslands. These habitats are home to many species of animals and plants that depend on this riparian for survival.

San Pedro Riparian
The San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area lies on 57,000 acres of public land. The San Pedro Riparian consists of 40 miles of upper San Pedro River. This riparian area is abundantly populated with vegetation and animals containing many native species including more than 80 mammal species, 40 amphibian and reptile species and many bird species both breeding and migrant.

Gila Box Riparian
The Gila Box Riparian National Conservation is an area, approximately 23,000 acres, filled with many different species of creatures and vegetation. Large cottonwoods, sycamores, and willows are some of the various plant life that can be found within the area that makes up the riparian forest. The Gila Box Riparian National Conservation has four perennial waterways that all join together to create the Gila Box Riparian. These include Bonita creek, Eagle creek, the Gila River, and the San Francisco River. Considering that four waterways make up this area, there are countless numbers of plant and animal species that make the riparian unique.

Salt River Canyon Riparian
The Salt River Canyon is filled with breathtaking geological formations. These formations include salt banks, granite, sandstone, quartzite along with cliffs and creeks. Within the canyon are canyon creek faults and cherry creek faults. Like many riparian zones, the Salt River Canyon Riparian has a diverse array of wildlife and vegetation. With approximately 32 miles of the river there is lots of room for a large riparian corridor.

Sonoita Creek
Sonoita Creek lies within the Sonoita Creek State Natural Area or also known as Patagonia-Sonoita Creek Reserve. Sonoita creek spans about 2.8 miles and is filled with a variety of vegetation within its riparian forest and animal species that inhabit it. There are many uncommon plants found within the area including mixed deciduous broadleaf riparian forest. Animals that are found include 36 species of amphibians and reptiles, 49 damsel and dragonfly species, 130 butterfly species, 5 bats and a high diversity of 106 bird species making this location an excellent birdwatching haven. Sonoita Creek flowing from the Santa Cruz River is also home to a rare native fish called the Gila Topminnow.

Hadley Cells
The Hadley Cell is a global scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the Equator, flowing poleward at a height of 10 to 15 kilometers above the earth's surface, descending in the subtropics, and then returning equatorward near the surface. This whole process starts out because the equator region receives a higher amount of sun radiation so there is warmer air and lots of evaporation there. The whole region is usually very humid because warm air is capable of holding more moisture than cool air. Warmer air tends to rise and it will do so until it gets to about 10 to 15 kilometers high. As air rises temperature decreases and there is a lot of precipitation event as the air massed rise and start to head towards the North and South. Air masses will continue flowing southward and northward but as they do they will get drier and drier because of the rain events and also colder and colder since they are leaving the equator and going towards the poles at around 30° South and 30° North. Air masses tend to descend towards the planet's surface resulting in these regions being dominated by dry air without much precipitation. This creates the perfect environment for deserts to form.

(Where are deserts formed and why?, 2018)
 * around 30° North and South of the Equator
 * interior of continents (this is because they may be farther from the main sources of moist air like oceans)
 * rain shadows of large mountain belts (perfect settings for deserts to form)
 * The Mojave, Black Rock, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts all are in regions which are rain shadowed.

Life Zone
According to C. Hart Merriam, life zone was developed to describe areas with similar plants and animals communities. This changes are observed when there is an increase in latitude but a constant elevation and also an increase in elevation at a constant latitude.

Merriam's Life zone:

 * Lower Sonoran Life Zone
 * Upper Sonoran Life Zone
 * Transition Life Zone
 * Canadian Life Zone
 * Hudsonian Life Zone
 * Arctic- Alpine Life Zone

Upper Sonoran Life Zone:
Upper Sonoran is described as desert steppe or chaparral and transition which are like open woodland. it contains grasslands and woodlands. Some common mammals include the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), sometimes wrongly called antelope, the Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis), and Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Some of the plants found in the upper Sonoran is sagebrush, scrub oak, Colorado pinyon,

Rosemont Mine
One of the greatest natural resources used in today's society is copper. Copper is used as a conductor, construction, and industrial machinery. The Rosemont Mine is a large open copper mine located in Arizona within the Coronado National Forest and Santa Rita Mountains which are valuable habitats for native animals and plants (Rosemont Copper, 2019). This mine is not open yet due to legal allegations made for the protection of the environment. The arguments against the mine consist of destroying the Cienega Creek watershed, contaminated mine runoff worsening water quality, destroying natural habitats, endangering wildlife, and causing regional air pollution (Rosemont Copper, 2019). Proponents suggest the mine will create jobs, generating more revenue, and decrease the dependency on other countries for copper (Rosemont Copper, 2019). The geological area contains around 550 million tons of 0.45% copper with molybdenum, and silver credits (Helvetia, Arizona, 2020). This area is dominated by Precambrian granite, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sediments (Meagher, 2017). The Paleozoic sedimentary carbonate units are host rocks for copper mineralization. The units include conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones. The existence of porphyry copper deposits in this area suggests there were granitic intrusions and felsic volcanic eruptions during the Laramide orogeny (period of mountain building) (Laramide orogeny, 2019). During this period both low-angle thrust and high-angle slips extended tectonic activity causing volcanic eruptions which led to copper deposits as well as the creation of basin and range in the southwestern region (Meagher, 2017).

Tucson Mountains
The Tucson Mountains range form part of the Arizona Uplands, they are now widely protected since they are within the limits of national parks. These mountains were once mined for various metallic elements. Totaling up to over 120 mines throughout these mountains. The ores and minerals in this location derived from volcanic eruptions. Minerals found in this region: (Mines and Minerals in the Tucson Mountains, n.d.)
 * Copper
 * Gold
 * Lead
 * Mineral specimens
 * Molybdenum
 * Silver
 * Vanadium
 * Zinc

Ironwood Forest National Monument
The Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in Pima county near Tucson, Arizona. This forest is 188,819 acres which contain many important cultural features: 200+ Hohokam sites, cattle grazing, and mining (Ironwood Forest National Monument, 2020). Threatened species like Ferruginous pygmy owl, desert bighorn sheep, lesser long-nosed bat, Turk's head cactus also reside in this area. This location is constructed of Basin & Range Province, Roskruge Mountains, Samaniego Hills, Sawtooth Mountains, Silver Bell Mountains, Sonoran Desert, and Western Silver Bell Mountains (Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument, n.d.).

Silver Bell Mine
The Silver Bell Mine is located in Silver Bell Mountain portions of the Ironwood Forest. This mine has been operational for over the past 130 years and it is still one of the mines used for copper (Briggs, 2017). The mine has major porphyry copper deposits which most of the mining revolves around the copper. Other deposits that have been found in this area and are now minor productions are silver, molybdenum, zinc, lead, and gold. Over the past several years the Silver Mine has produced: 2.27 billion pounds of copper, 6.6 million pounds of molybdenum, 3.7 million pounds of lead, 40.8 million pounds of zinc, 2,100 ounces of gold, and 5.95 million ounces of silver (Briggs, 2017).

Sonoran Plains
Mexico has an abundance of natural resources. Some of these resources are found in the Sonoran Plains region. This region was a site for various minerals. The most abundant have been copper, silver, and lead. In the area near Hermosillo, Sonora there have been seventeen mines and seventeen occurrence locations. These regions have had copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, quartz, silica, silver, and tungsten. (Mining in Sonora, n.d.)

La Colorada Mine
La Colorada Mine is a gold mine located in the state of Sonora near Hermosillo. This mine is an open-pit mine that is still functional. The primary commodities found are gold and silver, as well as secondary commodities: copper, lead, and zinc (La Colorada Gold Mine in Sonora, n.d.). This mine has been divided into different districts based on its' deposits. There is the Creston deposit, Gran Central deposit, La Colorada Deposit, and Veta Madre zone (Major Mines & Projects: La Colorada Mine, n.d.).

Saguaro National Park
Tucson, Arizona is home to the largest cacti in the nation. The Saguaro Cactus is the universal symbol of the American West that provides nesting areas, shelter, and food for many animals (VandenBerg, 2018). The Saguaro National Park, located in Southern Arizona, protects the native species and wildlife of the Sonoran Desert. It has two locations on both sides of the city of Tucson located East and West with a total of 91,327 acres (Saguaro National Park, n.d.). The eastern section of the Saguaro National Park is larger, contains many mountains, rises over 8,000 feet, and has 128 miles of hiking trails (Saguaro National Park, n.d.). The western portion has a denser saguaro forest and is lower in elevation (Saguaro National Park, n.d.).

The Saguaro National Monument was created in 1933 (Saguaro National Park, n.d.). Then in 1975, 71,400 acres of the Saguaro Wilderness area was added (Saguaro National Park, n.d.). The Saguaro National Park was not established until October 14, 1994 (Saguaro National Park, n.d.). It has provided many activities to thousands of visitors which include watching the breathtaking Arizona sunsets, hiking, picnics, and embracing the cactus diversity. However, there are any threats that affect this park, this includes invasive plants, fires, theft, and vandalism. The Saguaro Cactus is protected under the Native Plant Protection Act (VandenBerg, 2018). If an individual is caught cutting down a saguaro, they may be charged with felony criminal damage that can result in 25 years in prison (VandenBerg, 2018). Other actions of vandalism that include transplanting the cactus and theft will result in high fees and jail time (VandenBerg, 2018).

Las Ciénegas National Conservation Area
Las Ciénegas National Conservation Area in Southeastern Arizona protects more than 45,000 acres of rolling grasslands and woodlands (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The oak-studded hills in the region connect several lush riparian corridors and "sky island" mountain ranges (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). Within the Las Ciéngas National Conservation Area flows the Ciénega Creek that supports the diverse plant and animal community and is rich in cultural and historic resources (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The Empire and Ciénega ranches are now managed by the Bureau of Land Management under the principals of ecosystem-management and multiple uses for future generations to enjoy (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The Bureau of Land Management has formed a partnership with Empire Ranch Formation, a non-profit organization, which is dedicated to preserving the landscapes and historic buildings (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). There are many activities for visitors to do, which include birdwatching, wildlife viewing, picnicking, hunting, horseback riding, hiking, mountain biking, primitive camping, visiting historic sites, photography, and scenic drives (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014).

Los Morteros Conservation Area
Los Morteros is located south of the Town of Marana's El Rio Open Space Preserve. It's 120 acres of land embodies major traditions of the region that include Mexican, Spanish, Native American, and the American Territorial (Los Morteros, 2020). It is a site that was once inhabited by a large NativeAmerican village between about A.D. 850 and 1300 (Los Morteros, 2020). It was once a large village that stretched North and South along the Santa Cruz River and Past Silver Road (Los Morteros, 2020). The site was named "Los Morteros" by archaeologists because they discovered many many bedrock mortars on the site (Los Morteros, 2020). Los Morteros is a site where many important events took place in Southern Arizona. The undisturbed buried remains make Los Morteros an important cultural resource because they provide a lot of information about the history of the Tucson Basin (Los Morteros, 2020). In fact, Tohono O'odham Nation considers this place as an ancestral site (Los Morteros, 2020). The Pima County Conservation Area protects the archaeological and historic resources to preserve them for the future of Pima County (Los Morteros, 2020).

Agriculture
There are many agricultural areas in Tucson in which they cultivate the soil, grow crops, and raise livestock. The plant and animal products are prepared for people to use and distribute into markets. The crops grown in Tucson include corn, cotton, wheat, pecans, vegetables, alfalfa, barley, citrus, and hay (Water and Irrigated Agriculture in Arizona, 2018).

Civilization
Tucson is a large city that lies in Arizona Uplands of the Sonoran Desert. It is home to a large population of 545,975 (Tucson, Arizona, 2020). Land use in this area is used for recreational, transport, agricultural, residential, and commercial purposes. The land in the AZ Uplands is used to make houses, malls, stores, airports, roads, etc. As the population continues to grow by the minute, more and more land will be taken from the desert. Humans are the biggest threat to the wildlife that lives in the AZ Uplands.

Residential Land Use
Hermosillo is the capital of a large city that is centrally located in the Northwestern Mexican State of Sonora (Hermosillo, 2020). It has a population of over 812,229 inhabitants (Hermosillo, 2020). It is the 16th largest state in Mexico (Hermosillo, 2020). As the population continues to increase, more land will be taken to accommodate the growing population. The majority of land around the Plains of Sonora has been taken over by humans for residential, agricultural, transport, recreational, and commercial purposes.

Agricultural Land Use

Hermosillo uses some of their lands for agriculture, growing crops that include grapes, wheat, flowers, alfalfa, walnuts, and chickpeas (Hermosillo, 2020). Rico Farm in Hermosillo, Mexico at Campo San Luis grows vegetables and has row crops that include tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, eggplants, and squash that are primarily grown for transport (Hermosillo Rico Farm, 2017). This farm manages approximately 4,000 acres of land and most of the area is left in a natural state (Hermosillo Rico Farm, 2017). Livestock is also important in this Hermosillo. There are many farms that raise cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, goats, and even bees (Hermosillo, 2020).

Commercial Land Use
Industry and manufacturing is the dynamic sector of the economy in Hermosillo (Hermosillo, 2020). Thirty percent of the population is employed by 26 major manufacturers in Hermosillo (Hermosillo, 2020). Products manufactured in Hermosillo include cars, computers, televisions, textiles, wood products, cellular phones, printing, food processing, chemicals, and more (Hermosillo, 2020). Commerce employs more than half of the population (Hermosillo, 2020). Therefore, the majority of the land is used for commercial purposes.

Tucson
Considering today's average Tucson family uses 107 gallons per day of water, it is necessary to consider options on how water is obtained. In the early years of Tucson, its main source of water was the Santa Cruz River. Once the river ceased to flow near the city Tucson, a new source of water had to be found thus Tucson began relying on wells for their water supply. One of the most prominent water suppliers of Tucson is Tucson Water. Their company accounts for 200 wells, 61 reservoirs, and 266 sampling stations within the Tucson area. With the introduction of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) in 1973, Tucson was able to receive 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water to be pumped via a canal to Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa counties. With this water, Tucson separates it into 35% municipal and industrial, 25% agriculture, 10% Native American communities, 30% banked underground for future use. The banked water is stored in local aquifers, such as the two in Avra Valley and one near the Santa Cruz River, to be used in possible future water shortages. Since the banking began the water tables in these aquifers have increased.

San Pedro River
The San Pedro River has been said to be the last undammed desert river. Like many other rivers in the desert, the San Pedro is drying up, leaving the communities that rely on it without water that is necessary for life. The cause may be that over-pumping groundwater out of reservoirs at a rapid rate leaves the reservoir unable to produce water at a quick enough pace. It is projected that in 2020 the deficit of how much water being pumped compared to the amount of water recharging the reservoir will reach 13,000 acre-feet annually.

Santa Cruz River
The Santa Cruz River was once Tucson’s primary water source but when it ceased to flow past the area it left Tucson searching for other options. Droughts among other factors have played into the disappearance of this river. The river has been steadily flowing through the north of Tumacacori and south into Mexico due to the addition of the Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant that releasing 1.6 million gallons per day of treated water into the river, making the Santa Cruz River an effluent-driven system. Still the Santa Cruz River is home to a variety of rare vegetation. Efforts are being made in order to preserve this river and the ecosystem that relies on it.

Hermosillo
Sonora’s capital, Hermosillo, has had a fast-growing population for many years now. With the introduction of a major company facility such as Ford, the city blossomed. With its growing population, Hermosillo faces issues such as water shortages. The Sonora and San Miguel rivers are important to water supply and are used for irrigation, feeding the Abelardo L. Rodriguez Dam. The average streamflow of the Rio Sonora has been declining due to droughts seeing the average streamflow decrease from 52 million m^3 in 1981-1995 to an average of 20.9 million m^3 average streamflow in 1996-2005, leaving less water available to the city. This being said 75% of Hermosillo’s water supply comes from groundwater reserves. One of the aquifers near Hermosillo is the Costa de Hermosillo. When too much water is being extracted via wells from coastal aquifers, like the Costa de Hermosillo, seawater may seep in. Salinity intrusion of the water being extracted from the wells was being seen in the late 1950s. When salinity intrusion occurs closure of these wells may seem inevitable; as can be seen in Costa de Hermosillo wells where 105 out of the 498 had to be closed.

Sonora River
The Rio Sonora is a river in Sonora that stretches from western Mexico to Kino Bay. The river feeds into the Abelardo L. Rodriguez reservoir and is used for irrigation purposes. This being said the average streamflow of the Rio Sonora has been declining from 52 million m^3 in 1981-1995 to an average of 20.9 million m^3 average streamflow in 1996-2005. In 2014 a toxic mine spill contaminated the waters spilling about 11 million gallons of copper sulfate acid solution and other metals into the river. The river water has since been declared safe.

Abelardo L. Rodriguez Dam
The Abelardo L. Rodriguez Dam is located in Sonora’s capital, Hermosillo. Two rivers feed the dam, the Sonora, and the San Miguel River. Sources say that out of the nine dams in the region, the Abelardo L. Rodriguez has one of the three least storage capacities. From its construction in 1948 to 1981 the water from the dam was used for agricultural purposes, leaving the city of Hermosillo to obtain its water from wells surrounding the dam. In the years following 1981 the water from the dam began being used for domestic purposes.

Human Impact
The population in the Arizona Uplands and Sonoran Plains continues to grow tremendously, having a severe impact on the natural land and species of these areas. Arizona Uplands and Lower Colorado portions of the Sonoran Desert had a population change of 106% from 1970 to 1990 (Nabhan, 1998). The population of the Plains of Sonora went from 253,628 to 508,914 having a 101% change in the span of 20 years (Nabhan, 1998). The population of the subregions has continued to increase. Human impact has altered natural resources and poses threats for most land, water, vegetation, and wildlife resources of this area.

Population Increase
Human impact is one of the biggest threats of the environment in general. Because of that population increase is directly related to being a threat to the environment. An increase in population means an increase in resource depletion, an increase in deforestation, mining, and a decrease in biodiversity.

Urbanization
Urbanization is one of the biggest direct threats humans pose throughout the Sonoran Desert. It has altered and destroyed many natural habitats to provide environments for human use. In the Arizona Uplands and Sonoran Plains, many of the nature reserves have been affected by urbanization and even to the extent of disappearing certain places due to the high demand for agriculture, transportation, neighborhoods, and mining. Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, has been disrupted by urbanization. This area was known as Papago Cactus National Monument suffered a tremendous decrease in the territory, native animals, and native plants (Nabhan, 1998). It is surrounded by golf courses, baseball fields, irrigation canals, highways, and tract housing. The park's native species are under serious threat. The majority of native carnivores that live in Papago Park have been killed by traffic. The native species suffer from predators: jackrabbit, cottontails, gophers, and ground squirrels. Harming the Palo Verde trees and Saguaro Cacti.

Land Conversion
The Sonoran Desert has immensely suffered from land conversion as a significant direct human impact. Land conversion refers to the "changing a landscape from a more or less native biotic community to one deliberately and drastically altered to provide environments for human uses" (Phillips, 2015, p.118). Urbanization, agriculture, mining, and transportation all contribute to land conversion. The changing of land diminishes the amount of natural habitat for native species to survive. The Sonoran Desert covers most of Arizona, Arizona is an agricultural state. Agriculture requires complete land conversion, this does not allow the possibility of native flora to flourish in these designated areas (Phillips, 2015, p.118).

Invasive Species
According to the national wildlife federation, "An invasive species can be any kind of living organism—an amphibian (like the cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. They can harm the environment, the economy, or even human health. Species that grow and reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with the potential to cause harm, are given the label “invasive.”(National Wildlife Federation)

One of the biggest invasive species in the Arizona Uplands region is:

Buffelgrass
Buffelgrass is the enemy of the Sonoran Desert. This invasive grass causes significant damage to the native ecosystem. Buffelgrass is native to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This grass was brought to the U.S int the 1930s for cattle forage and erosion control but ended up being a big mistake. Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare), is a fire-adapted, perennial bunchgrass introduced from the African savannah. Buffelgrass grows in dense stands, producing large quantities of seed that readily germinate and is able to invade both disturbed and undisturbed desert sites. It is spreading rapidly across Arizona's deserts, threatening the ecological integrity of the Sonoran desert ecosystems and public as well as private lands. (U.S. Department of the Interior)

The African buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) has been identified as the most serious ecological threat to the paloverde-saguaro-ironwood desert scrub in the Arizona Upland (AZU) subdivision of the Sonoran Desert. This scenic vegetation is protected in Arizona in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Saguaro National Park, Ironwood Forest National Monument, Sonoran Desert National Monument, Tucson Mountain Park (Pima County), etc., where it is in excellent condition and relatively little impacted by grazing, woodcutting, and recreational activities. However, the introduction of buffelgrass either through pasture development as in Sonora or dispersal along roads and wind-blown seed as in Arizona is a very serious threat to natural communities because it also introduces fire as a new ecological process (Figure 1). Few if any Sonoran Desert or northern Neotropical plants have any adaptations to recurrent fires. In time, buffelgrass fires could convert the Arizona Upland into a savanna-like landscape as saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), foothill paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla), ironwood (Olneya tesota), organ pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi), etc. are killed. (Devender, Dimmitt)

Buffelgrass is a threat to the Arizona uplands region because it grows densely and crowds out native plants of similar size. It competes for water can weaken and kill larger desert plants. Dense roots and ground shading prevent the germination of seeds. It appears that buffelgrass can kill most native plants by these means alone.

Another close similar species to the Buffelgrass is the Fountaingrass.

Fountaingrass
Fountaingrass is a large grass that produces lots of seeds that can spread rapidly spreads from cultivation into nearby disturbed areas, and eventually into natural habitats. It often forms dense stands and aggressively competes with native species, especially perennial grasses, and seasonal annuals, for space, water, and nutrients. It is a perennial bunchgrass with attractive purple or green flowers. It is an ornamental plant that is still sold in nurseries. Although some nursery varieties are considered "sterile", no varieties are recommended for planting and landscaping. Choose other attractive native grass alternatives for your landscape, like sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), or rabbit-resistant deer grass (Muhlenbergia regens).

Threats from fountaingrass fires are most serious in natural riparian habitats in scenic mountain canyons. In the Tucson area, it has invaded the rocky canyons in Finger Rock, Pima, Sabino, and other Canyons in the Santa Catalina Mountains and King Canyon in the Tucson Mountains. Fountaingrass is less of a threat in desert grassland or chaparral above 3500 feet where a fire is a natural process.

Fountain grass can form dense stands with several undesirable effects. It provides a large amount of fuel for hot fires that can destroy native plants and animals. It displaces native grasses, blocks the natural flow of water in washes, and alters the habitat for animals, particularly frogs and toads that are sensitive to such changes. Fountain grass occurs mainly in the washes in the Park but has also been found on steep slopes. It grows rapidly on hillsides, along roadsides, and in washes all around Tucson.

Climate Change
Earth's climate is changing and becoming warmer. This change has been expected to affect various places, for instance, the Sonoran Desert. The Sonoran Desert is expected to increase temperatures, less rain, and more extreme weather conditions (Phillips, 2015, p.116). The increase in heat and extreme weather conditions are predicted to take a significant toll on native species causing damage and possible death of plants. Native plants have adapted to the weather conditions like the Creosote bush and Paloverde trees. Although in recent studies Creosote bush has been affected by the decrease in precipitation; while the Paloverde has decreased due to high-temperature conditions (Plant Responses to Climate Change in the Sonoran Desert: Recent Research and Findings, n.d.).

Conclusion
Now you have been through a mere fraction of the Arizona Uplands and Plains of Sonora. We have taken you through the animal and plant life within the region, what the land and air feels and looks like, how the water and land are used, and some future goals and devastations that lie ahead for the Arizona Uplands and Plains of Sonora. We want to thank you for taking the time to go through this page and learn about this region that we have had the pleasure to research.