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History of Tennessee/Modern Tennessee (1901-1941)

Women's Suffrage Movement In Tennessee
The early 1900s was an era that saw many progressive reforms take root in Tennessee. One of the most notable reform movements that was the women suffrage movement of the early twentieth century.

Origins of the Suffrage Movement in Tennessee
The Women’s Suffrage Movement began in the United States prior to the Civil War, however it did not become prominent in Tennessee until many years later. An early appeal on behalf of the Women’s Suffragist Movement was made by Mrs. Napoleon Cromwell of Mississippi, at an address she made at the state democratic convention in 1876 in Nashville. Traditionally, women in Tennessee had been seen as “non-persons”, according to legal historian Agnes Thornton Bird. Thus, the Women’s Suffrage Movement had a slow beginning, with no equal suffrage societies forming within Tennessee until several years after Mrs. Cromwell’s speech.

In 1889, an equal suffrage society was founded in Memphis, and a second society started in Maryville in 1893. The end of the 1800s saw ten equal suffrage leagues forming in the state of Tennessee. A state convention for women suffragists was held in Nashville in 1897, and a second one was held in Memphis in April 1900. Following these conventions, support for the suffrage movement in Tennessee subsided.

Resurgence of the movement
In December 1906, an equal suffrage convention was held in Memphis. It was at this convention that the drive for women suffrage was reignited within Tennessee. Following the convention, an Equal Suffrage Association was formed in Memphis, and it would remain the only suffrage organization in Tennessee for the next four years. In 1910, a second Equal Suffrage League was organized in Knoxville, Tennessee, followed by leagues beginning in Nashville, Morristown and Chattanooga in 1911. The creation of these leagues symbolized the reemergence of the women’s suffrage movement. Rapid progress was made for the women’s suffrage movement after 1911 in Tennessee. Participation increased, with the number of leagues reaching more than seventy-five, with leagues having membership numbers into the hundreds, and for some, even into the thousands. To raise awareness and support for their cause, societies staged May Day demonstrations, which included a parade, followed by a rally consisting of speeches and resolutions. In addition to these demonstrations, other methods deployed by the societies included debates, social functions, and booths at fairs.

However, there was much opposition to the women’s suffrage movement within Tennessee. The Tennessee anti-suffrage organization was established, and though the organizations activities were limited, many individuals within the public shared their desertification with the woman’s movement. For example, John J. Vertrees, a Nashville lawyer, published a pamphlet expressing his views on the women’s movement. He wrote in his pamphlet that the majority of citizens within Tennessee, both men and women, did not want women to have the right to vote, and furthermore, it did not matter if woman wanted the right to vote, for it was more about what they ought to have than what they wanted. Despite harsh opposition, the women’s suffrage movement carried on in Tennessee.

Governmental Changes
The enfranchisement of women did not reach a governmental level in Tennessee until 1915. The general assembly made a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment conferring suffrage, however in order for the resolution to take effect, it had to pass in the 1917 legislature by a two-thirds majority, and then, had to withstand a state referendum. The difficulty of this process led suffragists to alter their strategy, opting to attempt to gain the right to vote in municipal elections and for presidential electors. This limited enfranchisement was more easily attainable because the legislature had the authority to grant this. In 1917, the bill passed house approved the bill, however senate did not approve it. In 1919, it reappeared in government and was passed on April 14th, 1919.

On June 4th, 1919, the federal women's suffrage amendment was submitted to the state legislature. However, before this amendment could become part of the United States Constitution, it had to receive approval in the state legislatures of thirty-six of the forty-eight states. By March 1920, thirty-five states had ratified the amendment. Many urged Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts to call a special session of the legislature to make Tennessee the thirty sixth state to ratify the amendment and thus, make it part of the United States Constitution. In August of 1920, Governor Roberts called a special session of the legislature that convened on August 9th, 1920. Following debate in the house and senate, the ratification passed on the Anthony Amendment, which was named after the writer of the amendment. On August 24th, 1920, Governor Roberts signed the certificate of ratification and mailed it to Washington. On August 26th, the Nineteenth amendment, giving women the right to vote, became part of the United States constitution, due in part, to Tennessee ratifying the legislation.

The 1918 Nashville Railway Disaster
On July 9th, 1918, just outside of Nashville, two passenger trains collided head-on resulting in America’s largest rail disaster ever. The westbound No. 4 train, having just picked up passengers in Nashville’s Union Station was headed towards Memphis. The eastbound train, No. 1, had been travelling from Memphis to Nashville.

The Crash
At the time, the No. 1 train had the right of way on the one-track travel lane into Nashville and should have forced the No. 4 train to wait on one of the multiple tracks just outside the station. However, the track operator had no record of the inbound train travelling from Memphis for that time of day1. The explanation was that the incoming train was running 35 minutes late.

With seemingly nothing to keep them back, the Memphis-bound train was given a green light to proceed, and accelerated out of the station, onto the single-lane track leaving the city. The operator hastily telegraphed the dispatcher to stop the train. With no direct communication to the Memphis-bound train, an emergency warning whistle was sounded. However, the train was out of earshot and kept up its pace into the turn of the track known as Dutchman’s Bend, or Dutchman’s Curve.

As both trains rounded their respective corners coming into the curve, the westbound train’s engineer spotted the Nashville-bound locomotive at the last moment and pulled the emergency brake. Unfortunately, with both engines moving at a top speed of 60 mph (100km/h), it was not enough. An enormous crash was heard, rocking the ground and splintering the wooden cars on the track.

The Aftermath
After clearing the rubble and mess, there were found to be 101 casualties and 171 injuries3. From these, the majority were travelling soldiers coming home from the fronts of the First World War. They also included many African American labourers from Tennessee and Arkansas who were leaving or returning to work at a munitions plant around Nashville. 5 crew members between both trains also perished.

The media was ridiculed after the disaster, accused of being overly dismissive of the crash. The disaster was front-page news for several days before eventually being forgotten. With World War I still being fought overseas, war stories were still the majority headline all across the United States. With this, the crash, as catastrophic as it was, was simply a sad distraction from the horrors of war being conducted in Europe. Since the majority of the dead were made of up minorities and labourers, with many bodies not able to be identified, the media dismissed the crash after several days. For example, Fair Play newspaper published in St. Genevieve, Missouri reports only 25 deaths and 40 injuries of the crash in their July 20, 1918 edition.

An investigation took place after the wreck, and the conclusion was that the crash came due to human error on behalf of the Memphis-bound train engineer, David Kennedy. A folded schedule was reported to be found under his body. It is debated whether or not Kennedy was aware of the other train, and whether or not he was attempting to reach the track switch at Harding Station, just a short ride west from the crash4. The other conductor, William Floyd was also killed, just one day before his retirement.

Education In Tennessee
Prior to the twentieth century, there was little belief in public education throughout the south. This was due to the widely held opinion that the poor did not need an education. There were two state-operated functioning schools systems, but both were inadequate and underfunded. The twentieth century brought about continued progress for the public school system in Tennessee. The Julius Rosenwald Fund, established by Rosenwald, a northern philanthropist, was established to aid in the construction of rural public schools for African American children. There was a lack of well-operated public schools in much of rural Tennessee, despite that the majority of the population lived in rural areas. African American children required separate schools, thus the accessibility and quality of their education suffered immensely. Black people struggled for decades, even centuries, to try and access education. Changes would begin in the late 1940s when African Americans would begin to fight for desegregation of the school system.

In 1907, an African American primary school in Franklin Tennessee burned down and a new one was built called the Franklin Coloured School. By 1911, there were 284 African American students who attended this school. Since this school was built for the black community, it was not built very well, with an unsteady structure that could not last long. Sixteen years had gone by before the Franklin Coloured School started deteriorating. When the kids and teachers who went to this school every day requested it be renovated, they got an addition instead, that was just as unsteady. This school always had absurd temperatures with little to no insolation and holes in the roof, walls, and floorboards. After a couple of decades, the Franklin Coloured School finally got replaced with a brick school that was much sturdier and is still standing.

Interracial Cooperation
In the early twentieth century, there were some individuals who tried advocating interracial cooperation. In 1918, a group called the Triangle of Peace was developed to instigate conversation between Caucasians and African Americans in Fisk University, Nashville. This group was created by the president of Fisk University, Fayette McKenzie. The Triangle of Peace vastly improved the connections between both communities. In fact, the group had such a significant impact on the University that it later created a Race Relations Institute to increase the awareness and continue the group’s legacy. Another example of individuals trying to decrease community racism was in 1932 when a school called Highlander Folk school was founded. The man who had the idea for this school was Myles Horton and he wanted to hire African American teachers. Horton believed that by hiring black employees, people may start to become more accepting of this race. He disagreed greatly with racism against African Americans and held meetings at the school to try and promote his cause. Horton had a major impact on Tennessee; however, since Tennessee is small, it did not go far out of the state.

Reform Schools
Boys reform schools were first implemented in 1911 within Tennessee. In 1932, white boys and black boys had a brief period of combined reformatories, where they were not separate. In 1934, they were divided again as racism was increasing and it was amongst the middle of the Jim Crow era. African American boys were treated very poorly, were required to do hard work in farming and mining, and they were also in extremely remote, rural areas where they were isolated from the rest of the world. The boys were treated especially poorly at The Training and Agricultural School for Coloured Boys. This reformatory school was located in Pikeville, Tennessee and was developed in the year 1918. Individuals were paid ten dollars if they brought back a black boy who had run away from the Agricultural School. This was a very good reward at the time.

The Scopes Trial
In mid-July 1925 in the town of Dayton, Tennessee, a teacher named John T. Scopes was put on trial for teaching his students about the theory of evolution and human progression. Ironically, the General Assembly of Tennessee had just recently passed a bill that had forbidden any form of teaching that “denies the story of Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.”  This act was known as the Butler Act, named after the man who wrote it, John Washington Butler. The issue was such a controversial topic at the time that even The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stepped in on the matter, stating that the Butler Act was against the constitution and denied Scopes his rights. As a result of this, Butler was offered representation by the ACLU against the statute.

Early Stages of The Scopes Case
When the Scopes case was first introduced in July 1925, the ACLU defense team consisted of big name lawyers that had years of experience in the field. Names such as Clarence Darrow, John Randolph Neal, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Dudley Field Malone were extremely successful lawyers within the state of Tennessee, and wanted to represent Scopes to the fullest, meaning that things were finally starting to look up for John. The ACLU had created a strategy to appeal the final verdict, incase the court decided against them in determining the constitutionality of the Butler Act. The Scopes trial held a high amount of significance, not just at state level, but nationally also. The issue was widespread, as it highlighted problems that were happening all over the country. It was something that had never been covered in a courtroom, which made it a landmark case, furthermore setting a precedent for all future cases of the same matter. Questions were raised in the courtroom such as whether the law was clear enough that it was forbidden to ‘teach’ evolution or not, and if the trial against Scopes was actually an attempt to better the education system. Although all of these were extremely good points in Scopes’ favour, these issues were still not paid any attention to during the trial, as Judge Raulston decided that there would not be allowed any testimony that involves any sort of scientific meaning or definition in regards to evolution and its coherence with the Bible. The case mainly concentrated on John’s encroachment of the act.

The Verdict
The case of John Scopes came to an intense climax on July 20th, when Darrow called a member of the prosecution team by the name of William Jennings Bryan to the stand. Bryan was known as a Bible expert, and was extremely knowledgeable on the teachings and content provided in the book. Even though this was irrelevant to the case, Bryan was open and wanted to defend his own views and traditional beliefs against atheism. After his time on the stand, the Great Commoner stated how he did not believe that every text and passage in the Bible was meant to be taken literally, leaving his supporters greatly disappointed with his points and arguments. When court resumed on July 21, the jury had reached a verdict that John T Scopes was guilty of spreading anti-Christian beliefs in the school system, which had a negative and damaging impact on society. Judge Raulston charged Scopes with a minimum fine of one hundred dollars.

Societal Changes Following The Case
Five days later, Bryan passed away from natural causes. Although he was gone, his anti-evolution movement was only getting started. Bryan’s death didn’t just create more publicity for his movement, but also demonstrated that ideas like his could win court cases, giving his followers further motivation. During the following years, brand new anti-evolution bills were passed amongst the United States, however the position on whether biology in the school curriculum was allowed was still unclear to many. The majority of educators and school boards generally tended to stray away from the topic human biology, creating changes in the curriculum and school material. It was so serious that it even led publishers to remove the topic from their own textbooks to avoid any legal trouble.

The Appeal
In January of 1927, the ACLU decided to go ahead with their initial plan and appeal Scope’s conviction to the Supreme Court. The court ultimately decided that Scope did not violate anything from the constitution and nothing could not be seen as an attempt to establish religion. The court ultimately reversed the conviction and overturned all fines owed by Scope.

For the next four decades, The Butler Act remained a part of the statute, until it was abolished in 1967. Although it was gone, the scars still remained in the state, as people were afraid to voice their opinions and beliefs. Teachers still felt restricted and stuck to the old curriculum. For years to come, Tennessee was infamously known to outsiders as the place where the Scopes Trial took place.

The Great Depression and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
During the 1930s, many families lost everything, or almost everything, that they owned. At this time, there was an estimate of a third of Americans were out of employment. If an individual had a job, their working hours, as well as their pay, were significantly reduced. This was one of the worst periods of time that Americans had ever had to endure. In this financial depression, both the laboring people and the middle class were affected. In a small community in Tennessee River Valley, the effects of the depression did not have a major effect. This was due to the area already being impoverished. The Tennessee River Valley was dominantly a farming region; consisting of fifty-one percent farming families. Since the Valley was so poor, in 1933, the US Congress implemented the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The TVA was to help the Valley control and use natural resources in the area. Between the TVA’s creation and the year 1941, there were seven dams built along the river in the area. This was a massive job and produced public attention across the country. The projects completed by the TVA showed the country and other countries that the government could control economic disadvantages and it gave hope to many people across the United States; especially since it was during the depression.


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Template:WLG subpage

Wildlife Gardening///

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:WLG subpage


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User talk:2A02:A455:1903:1:B595:1C22:1C5C:97A2

Hi, 2A02:A455:1903:1:B595:1C22:1C5C:97A2,

I saw that you are making a good corrective actions on the Qbasic wikibooks and it is grat, but in order to make the edit is passed thru, kindly make a account (it is free) and u can start edit the Qbasic wikibooks.

Eternally grateful by Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 05:36, 17 November 2019 (UTC)


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Wikijunior:How Things Are Made/Electrical Appliances

Here are the list of electrical appliances
 * /Washing Machine/
 * /Radio/


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Wikijunior:How Things Are Made/Electrical Appliances/Washing Machine

Products
The washing machine main functions is to automatically washing clothes by spinning the drum to mimic the actions of washing clothes.

What do we need to make this thing?
Many parts of a washing machine are manufactured from sheet steel, usually coated with zinc to improve rust resistance.The spin tub is made of stainless steel.

Many other parts are plastic as well. Manufacturers receive raw plastic from which they fabricate parts in pieces about the size of a small ant, using them for machine components that do not bear weight and/or require extremely good rust resistance. Such parts include the pump, the tub guards (which prevent your clothes from being thrown out of the spin tub into the wash tub or the cabinet area), and the agitator.

The transmission is generally made from cast aluminum, which arrives from the manufacturer in ingots-20 pound slabs of aluminum. Scrap parts are usually remelted and reused. Hoses, controllers (timers, switches,etc...), and motors are purchased in prefabricated form from other manufacturers.

What is the step by step process?
The manufacturing process of washing machine is complicated due to various materials needed and thus it is split into fabrication (making parts), sub-assembly (putting parts together to make components), and final assembly (putting the components together to form the final product). A. Fabrication
 * Step 1: Most sheet metal parts are formed by a machine called a press. This name is quite descriptive, as the machine actually presses (or squeezes) a piece of sheet metal between two halves of a mold called a die. The metal will take the form of the space between the halves of the die. Because metal in parts shaped by only one die tends to wrinkle, crack, or tear, multiple dies are generally used to form each component. Where possible, the metal is fed directly from a coil into the press. When this is not possible, the metal is cut to length and manually (or, with larger parts like the cabinet, automatically) placed into the die.
 * Step 2: Plastic parts are formed in an injection molding machine, a metal mold with one or more cavities in the shape of the desired part. After being heated to its melting point, the plastic is forced into the mold under high pressure. Next, water is passed through the mold to cool and solidify the part. The mold is then opened and the part pushed out by ejector pins. When you look at a plastic part, you often can see small circles created by these pins.
 * Step 3: Aluminum transmission parts are formed into a rough shape in a die cast machine, which works much like an injection mold except that it does not use pressure. The molten metal is mechanically ladled into the mold and cooled. The ensuing rough casting is then given its final shape by various machines which drill holes, shave excess metal off critical surfaces, or cut metal away from the part.

B. Sub-assemblies
 * Step 4: The transmission is assembled manually by workers who bolt, snap, or pressing several shafts and gears together. Workers then add a metered amount of oil and bolt the unit together.
 * Step 5: The pump is assembled automatically. Robots place the impeller and seals in the cover and body, and seal the pump. Some manufacturers use heat and others vibration (which generates heat) as a sealant.
 * Step 6: The tub parts are made in presses, and the sub-assembly is manufactured automatically. After being rolled into a drum shape, the side is welded. The weld is then smoothed out and the drum is placed on a unit called an expander, which stretches the tub into its final shape. A bottom is then welded onto the drum, and this weld is also smoothed. If the tub is stainless steel it is polished so it won't snag the clothes. Otherwise the tub is dipped in a solution called a ground coat and heated to about 1600 degrees until this coating hardens. If the tub will not be visible (the wash tub), the unit is done. If the tub will be visible (the spin tub), a finish coat is applied following the same procedure used with the ground coat.
 * Step 7: The balance ring is a large weight that stabilizes the washer. Its outside structure is plastic, with a ring of metal melted into the plastic for strength. Cement is added and balanced precisely. This ring, which weighs more than 10 kilograms keeps the machine from moving about,when it is in use.

C. Final Assembly
 * Step 8: This process begins with mounting the transmission on the balance ring. The transmission is set on a bearing that is bolted on the wash tub; the wash tub is sitting on a conveyor. Another bearing (the lower bearing), the brake assembly, and the drive pulley are put on the end of the transmission. Next, a pivoting mechanism called the pivot dome and legs are bolted on the assembly to hold all the pieces together.
 * Step 9: Using a hydraulically operated mechanism, workers then lift this assembly, called the module, onto the washer base. Springs are added to hold module and base together. A seal is added, the spin tub is bolted to the transmission inside of the wash tub, and its plastic covers are snapped into place. A plastic hub, which attaches the agitator to the transmission, is bolted onto the output end of the transmission shaft. Then the agitator is snapped onto the hub.
 * Step 10: The pump and a mounting bracket are now bolted onto the motor, which is then fitted with a shield to protect against potential leaks. This assembly is bolted to the base of the washing machine and connected to the transmission module with a belt and hoses.
 * Step 11: Next, the lid hinges are attached to the lid and the top. The top of the washer is bolted to the cabinet with a hinge for easy maintenance. The graphics panel, which provides words and pictures to explain the controls, is mounted on the control panel; the controls themselves are attached from the back. The wiring, connected as one unit, is called a harness. The harness is clipped to the control connectors at one end, and the other end is passed through a hole in the top to be mounted to the motor. Because of its large size and weight, the cabinet assembly is then placed in the washer by a robot.
 * Step 12: The cabinet is bolted to the base, and the controls are snapped together with the mating connectors on the module and motor. The drain hose is pulled through the cabinet and a part called the gooseneck is added. This part is what gives the hose its hook shape so that it will fasten into the drain. After being tested, the front panel is bolted on, and a packet of user manuals and accessories is added inside the drum.
 * Step 13: The finished unit is crated automatically. A machine opens the cardboard box, which was flat for shipment, and drops it over the washer. The top and bottom flaps are simultaneously folded over and glued. Then the machine applies pressure on the top and bottom of the crate to make sure the glue sets properly. After the glue has set, the machine puts a banding strap around the top of the crate to add strength for lift truck transportation


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Talk:Optimizing C++/Code optimization/Run-time support

Use '\n' instead of "\n"?


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User:Melisa.Ozturk.00

wefqewdcqewf

title: User:Melisa.Ozturk.00


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in climate action

Introduction
Climate action is defined as "proactive mitigation and adaptation" strategies taken by any members of society in an effort to combat climate change. Within the disciplines economics, psychology and postcolonial studies, power manifests itself in different and conflicting ways. This causes problems when trying to coordinate climate action, which is an immediate interdisciplinary crisis prevalent on the world stage. Within economics, money is power; TNC’s and economic giants hold this power and therefore lead the way in regards to climate action. Conversely within psychology, the evolution of human beings has led to power being evident in several cognitive biases which exist in the subconscious thought processes that affect our behavioural outcomes. Postcolonial studies argues that power is manifested in the societies, cultures and peoples of colonising nations and conversely there is an absence of power in ex-colonies. It argues that current events such as climate action are a present-day manifestation of these colonial inequalities.

Postcolonial studies
Within global attempts to mitigate climate change, international treaties pressure developing economies and ex-colonies such as India to reduce carbon emissions. According to ‘Climate Action Tracker’, which collates data from these treaties, the UK has made ‘Insufficient’ actions to keep to the 2 °C target, whereas India’s actions are ‘Compatible’. This demonstrates how ex-colonies are pressured to take responsibility to cut their emissions by former imperial powers, even though they are not the cause of the problem.

The concept of power within postcolonial studies can present problems of intersectionality for certain groups. This is highlighted by the practical mitigation strategies chosen by colonising nations. According to Project Drawdown's list of solutions, female education is the sixth most important factor in stopping climate change, ranking higher than solar panels and electric cars. Moreover, with every year a girl is in education, climate resilience in the country increases by a factor of 3.2, according to the ND-GAIN Index. Investment in female education will improve lives in less economically developed ex- colonies. However, there is a lack of knowledge and investment around this solution. A Postcolonial scholar would argue that this is because western colonial powers, where female education is not an issue, drive the discussion on climate action.

Within the public sphere, postcolonialism’s definition of power can be identified within the extinction rebellion movement. The movement is considered by some to be eurocentric in its agenda and is being called on to ‘Decolonise’. Additionally, the recent declaration of a climate emergency is seen to undermine what indigenous people and people in the global south have already been experiencing. This demonstrates imperial inequality; people in colonising nations are a voice for those in ex-colonies, who are denied the power to declare this emergency on the same international scale.

Economics
Economics is a powerful factor linked to climate change. It is an arm wrestling between money and the environment. Protecting the environment costs money through regulations on fossil fuels (carbon tax ) for example, policies and norms such as the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water Act.

For some countries, the regulations can be more costly because of their geography. Some can be blessed with ample hydro electric resources while others sit on a massive pile of cheaply extracted coal. It goes as well for countries that naturally have more sun, wind... For example, it will be incredibly costly and inefficient if Russia goes for a solar source of power.

The ultimate dilemma would be the Saudis that have the world sunniest location and at the same time, they sit on top of the world's largest oil reserve.

Those costs are designed to alter people's behaviour. Doing so voluntarily because of one's conviction about climate action is much harder, because it consists eventually of reducing the consumption of goods such as plastic, living in colder room temperature at home or giving up on air conditioning during summer. As Jeremy Grantham, co-founder of global investment manager GMO wrote "We face a form of capitalism that has hardened its focus to short-term profit maximisation with little or no apparent interest in social good".

Economics is at the base of all decision making. It is hard to convince people that additional cost today should be seen as an investment for the future generations, it is also utopian to believe that large corporations will trade their quarterly profits for a badge of honour on climate action. It is equally difficult to expect emerging economies trying to pull their population out of poverty to start acting in a noble fashion to protect the environment.

Psychology
Climate psychology is the study of the thought processes behind the action, or inaction, taken on climate change. The discipline of evolutionary psychology provides many explanations as to why the majority of people are slow or even refuse to act upon the crisis of climate change. So significant are these factors, that the psychology around climate change has now become a major factor impeding the progress of climate action.

As a result of evolution, humans - historically a hunter-gatherer species - are susceptible to ‘veridical perception’; a difficulty in perceiving the size or severity of a situation, because the human brain is predisposed to react to short-term or immediate risks with high impacts, such as being chased by a predator. Additionally, humans also have a cognitive bias towards the experience of loss called ‘temporal discounting’, meaning that from an emotional point of view, the loss of something in the present is more significant than the gain of something equally as valuable in the future, so there is a power struggle between rationality and the evolved human psychology.

In order for behavioural change around environmental decisions to occur, people must be made aware of both ‘temporal discounting’ and ‘veridical perception’, so that actions with delayed rewards are taken, and steps are taken to fully comprehend the severity of the climate crisis. Research also shows that people have a tendency to spatially discount events, where they assume that the effects of climate change disproportionately affect countries other than their own, adding to the misconception that the climate crisis is distant and insignificant. This plays on the power imbalances fuelled by national and political rhetoric that promote an overestimated sense of security.

Conclusion
According to psychology, power in climate action emerges from cognitive processes within individuals, whereas in economics, it is contained within economic relationships and transactions between international bodies. These concepts limit the ability of the two disciplines to communicate on climate action because of their different spatial scales; economists do not accept that irrational processes within the individual often hold power over environmentally detrimental economic activity. Postcolonial studies adheres with psychology because both have a 'grassroots' conception of power, which argues that small communities could have the capability to mitigate, should they be given the power. However, heeding economics, it also understands power on a larger scale: economic giants hold the power over climate action, but there are historical reasons relating to colonialism behind this. Therefore, postcolonial studies bridges the gap between these two disciplines and may allow them to communicate.


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LMIs in Control/LMIs for Controller Synthesis

 * /Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * LMI for Mixed H2/Hinf Output Feedback Controller
 * LMI for Decentralized Feedback Control


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LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Stability of Structured, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Mp(t),&&p(t) = \Delta (t)q(t),\\ q(t) &= Nx(t)+Qp(t),&&\Delta \in \bf{\Delta} \;, || \Delta || \leq 1 \\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,M,N,Q $$.

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0:\\ \begin{bmatrix} AP+PA^T & PN^T \\ NP & 0\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} M \Theta M^T & M \Theta Q^T \\ Q \Theta M^T & Q \Theta Q^T - \Theta \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{The system above is quadratically stable if and only if there exists some } \Theta \in P \Theta \text{ and } P > 0 \text{ such that the LMI is feasible.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Parametric, Norm-Bounded Uncertain System Quadratic Stability

Stability under Arbitrary Switching

Quadratic Stability Margins


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LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Stability under Arbitrary Switching

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t) \in \{ A_1x(t),A_2x(t) \} \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A_1,A_2 $$.

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0:\\ A_1^TP+PA_1 < 0 \text{ and }\\ A_2^TP+PA_2 < 0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
The switched system is stable under arbitrary switching if there exists some P > 0 such that the LMIs hold.

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Parametric, Norm-Bounded Uncertain System Quadratic Stability

Stability of Structured, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Quadratic Stability Margins


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LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Quadratic Stability Margins

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+B_pp(t),&&p^Tp \leq \alpha ^2 x^TC_q^TC_qx\\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B_p,C_q $$.

The Optimization Problem
$$ \text{Maximize } \beta $$

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P,\lambda, \text{ and } \beta = \alpha ^2:\\ \begin{bmatrix} A^TP+PA+ \beta \lambda C_q^TC_q & PB_p \\ B_p^TP & -\lambda I \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{The quadratic stability margin of the system is defined as the largest } \alpha \geq 0 \text{ for which the system is quadratically stable.} \text{This LMI applies for systems with norm-bounded uncertainty.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Parametric, Norm-Bounded Uncertain System Quadratic Stability

Stability of Structured, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Stability under Arbitrary Switching


text:
LMIs in Control/Tools/Eigenvalue Problem

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t), \\ y(t) &= Cx(t) \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,C $$.

The Optimization Problem
$$ \text{ Minimize } \gamma \text{ subject to the LMI below.} $$

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0:\\ \begin{bmatrix} -A^TP-PA-C^TC & PB \\ B^TP & \gamma I\end{bmatrix} > 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
The eigenvalue problem can be utilized to minimize the maximum eigenvalue of a matrix that depends affinely on a variable.

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Structured Singular Value


text:
LMIs in Control/Tools/Structured Singular Value

The System

\begin{align} M \text{ with transfer function } \hat M(s) = C(sI-A)^{-1}B+D,&& \hat M \in H_\infty \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,C,D $$.

The Optimization Problem
$$ \begin{align} \text{There exists } \Theta \in \Theta \text{ such that } ||\Theta M \Theta ^{-1} ||^2 < \gamma. \end{align} $$

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &X>0:\\ \begin{bmatrix} A^TX+XA & XB \\ B^TX & -\Theta \end{bmatrix} + \gamma ^{-2} \begin{bmatrix} C^T \\ D^T \end{bmatrix} \Theta \begin{bmatrix} C & D \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \text{The optimization problem and the LMI are equivalent. } \gamma \text{ must be optimized using bisection.} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Eigenvalue Problem


text:
LMIs in Control/LMIs for Controller Synthesis/Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t),&&p(t) = \Delta (t)q(t),\\ q(t) &= Nx(t)+Qp(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in \mathbf{\Delta} \; := \{\Delta \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n} : \| \Delta \| \leq 1 \}\\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,M,N,Q,D_{12} $$.

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0,\mu \geq 0, \text{ and } Z:\\ \begin{bmatrix} AP+BZ+PA^T+Z^TB^T & PN^T+Z^TD_{12}^T \\ NP+D_{12}Z & 0\end{bmatrix} + \mu \begin{bmatrix} MM^T & MQ^T \\ QM^T & QQ^T - I \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{If the system is quadratically stable, then there exists some } \mu \geq 0, P > 0, \text{ and } Z \text{ such that the above LMI is feasible.}\\ \text{ Also there exists a controller for the system with } u(t) = Kx(t) \text{ where } K = ZP^{-1} \text{ is the quadratically stabilizing controller.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty


text:
LMIs in Control/LMIs for Controller Synthesis/H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t)+B_2w(t),&&p(t) = \Delta (t)q(t),\\ q(t) &= Nx(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in \mathbf{\Delta} \; := \{\Delta \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times n} : \| \Delta \| \leq 1 \}\\ y(t) &= Cx(t)+D_{22}u(t)\\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,M,B_2,N,D_{12},C,D_{22} $$.

The Optimization Problem
$$ \text{Minimize } \gamma $$

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0,\mu \geq 0, \text{ and } Z:\\ \begin{bmatrix} AP+BZ+PA^T+Z^TB^T+B_2B_2^T+\mu MM^T & (CP+D_{22}Z)^T & PN^T+Z^TD_{12}^T \\ CP+D_{22}Z & -\gamma ^2I & 0 \\ NP+D_{12}Z & 0 & -\mu I \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{If there exists some } \mu \geq 0, P>0, \text { and } Z \text{ such that the above LMI holds, then the system satisfies } ||y||_{L_2} \leq \gamma ||u||_{L_2},\\ \text{ and there exists a controller with } u(t) = Kx(t) \text{ where } K = ZP^{-1} \text{ is the corresponding controller.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty


text:
LMIs in Control/LMIs for Controller Synthesis/Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t),&&p(t) = \Delta (t)q(t),\\ q(t) &= Nx(t)+Qp(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in \bf{\Delta} \;, || \Delta || \leq 1 \\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,M,N,Q,D_{12} $$.

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0,Z:\\ \begin{bmatrix} AP+BZ+PA^T+Z^TB^T & PN^T+Z^TD_{12}^T \\ NP+D_{12}Z & 0\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} M \Theta M^T & M \Theta Q^T \\ Q \Theta M^T & Q \Theta Q^T - \Theta \end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{The system is quadratically stable if and only if there exists some } \Theta \in P \Theta, P>0, \text{ and } Z \text{ such that the above LMI is feasible.}\\ \text{Furthermore, there exists a controller with } u(t) = Kx(t) \text{ where } K = ZP^{-1} \text{ is the quadratically stabilizing controller.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty


text:
LMIs in Control/LMIs for Controller Synthesis/Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

The System

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t)+B_2w(t),&&p(t) = \Delta (t)q(t),\\ q(t) &= Nx(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in \bf{\Delta} \;, || \Delta || \leq 1 \\ y(t) &= Cx(t)+D_{22}u(t)\\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The matrices $$ A,B,M,B_2,N,D_{12},C,D_{22} $$.

The Optimization Problem
$$ \text{Minimize } \gamma $$

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &P>0,Z:\\ \begin{bmatrix} AP+BZ+PA^T+Z^TB^T+B_2B_2^T+M \Theta M^T & (CP+D_{22}Z)^T & PN^T+Z^TD_{12}^T \\ CP+D_{22}Z & -\gamma ^2 I & 0 \\ NP+D_{12}Z & 0 & -\Theta\end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$ \begin{align} \text{If there exists some } \Theta \in P \Theta, P>0, \text{ and } Z \text{ such that the above LMI is feasible, then the system satisfies } ||y||_{L_2} \leq \gamma ||u||_{L_2}. \\ \text{and there exists a controller with } u(t) = Kx(t) \text{ where } K=ZP^{-1} \text{ is the corresponding controller.} \end{align} $$

Implementation
https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

Related LMIs
Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/History in Blaxploitation Cinema

Blaxploitation is a subgenre of exploitation films produced in the 1970s, which controversially exploited 'symbolic meanings of blackness' to entice a growing audience of African-American cinemagoers. These films were produced by a predominantly black crew and were the first to depict strong black protagonists backed by a supporting cast of relatable black characters. However, these films have been criticised due to their excessive use of violence, profanity and sexualised content and their potential impact on black youth. The impact of these films can be analysed from a range of disciplinary perspectives. Whilst an economist may view the subgenre as a successful venture that generated an income for studios and helped to revitalise a dying industry, a film studies scholar or moral philosopher may make arguments that delve beyond financial success and consider the context and social impact that blaxploitation films have had.

History
Historically, the study of economic ideas had traditionally been the realm of moral philosophy. However, as economic systems became more complex throughout the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, so too did their study. In the 19th century, scholars specialised in the subject and academic journals and textbooks such as Marshall’s Principles of Economics were published, heralding the professionalisation of economics as an academic discipline. As a discipline, economics focuses on production and dealing with phenomena such as prices, money and markets. When looking at Blaxploitation cinema, applied microeconomic theory could be used to establish whether the films benefited the economy and its agents. Economic principles surrounding resource allocation and the demographics of the labour pool can be considered by economists when viewing the Blaxploitation film movement.

Economics in Blaxploitation Cinema
Profit and loss is a key principle of microeconomic theory, a concept which stems from the supply and demand curve. This makes is easy to make an economic argument in favour of Blaxploitation as the films generated a lot of money and helped to revitalise a declining industry. It is especially important to consider the economic situation of Hollywood after the U.S. Supreme Court antitrust ruling of 1948 in which the main studios lost their monopoly on the film industry. The movie Shaft, for example, is claimed to have saved the studio MGM from bankruptcy as it grossed over $16 million after its first year.

Blaxploitation films enabled the development of black producers, directors and actors, welcoming a more diverse specialist workforce to Hollywood. On a local level, this reduced unemployment and aided the development of the black workforce. Jim Brown reiterates this view stating that: "Maybe the Black films weren't of the highest quality, but Black people were getting experience in the industry". Dr Eithne Quinn, a historian at the University of Manchester, although recognising the violent and sexual nature of movies such as Shaft and Superfly, acknowledges the fact that there have rarely ever been more black workers on a film production in US history.

History
Film studies emerged as a discipline in the 20th century, as scholars became interested in the artistic, cultural and political character of cinema and its impact on society. Film studies is tied to film theory, which emerged in the early 20th century, and reiterated the relationship between cinema and “society at large” including the impact of individual viewers. Louis Delluc, a French film Director, affirmed that “cinema will make us all comprehend the things of this world as well as force us to recognize ourselves. ''

Film Studies in Blaxploitation Cinema
Certain film critics judged Blaxploitation films based solely on their aesthetic quality. For example, Clayton Riley saw 'Shaft' as lacking both style and substance. It is, however, impossible for film studies to disregard the context of Blaxploitation films due to their historical and social impact. Salisbury Tracey explains that Blaxploitation was a historic movement in which Black people “seized control of their own creative expression".   Regardless of whether these implications were positive or negative, Dr. Eithne Quinn also describes this era of cinema as a "rich moment in black cultural history". Blaxploitation films were responsible for the insertion of leading black actors across cinema. As Melvin Van Peebles said “The black audience finally gets a chance to see some of their own fantasies acted out - about rising out of the mud and kicking some ass”; Blaxploitation helped to define a new identity for black people. Joshua K. Wright also suggests that these films reflected the power struggle of Black people at the time, thus providing an alternative form of resistance.

History
In the West, moral philosophy is considered to have emerged Greece with the work of the Sophists. While discussion of ethical matters is evident in the work of pre-Socratic philosophers such as Democritus, it was only following societal changes in the fifth century BCE that an interrogation of existing ethical concepts became necessary. Homeric notions of 'good' based on social hierarchy lost their relevance whilst an increased awareness of other cultures created questions surrounding the 'local' or 'universal' nature of moral rules. Moral concepts became confused, leaving the Sophists to define moral terms and explore what it means to live a good life. As such, ethical theories may best be understood as attempting to answer Socrates' question: '' how should one live?"

Ethics in Blaxploitation Cinema
One theory is Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism, which views ‘good’ as reducible to pleasure. For Bentham, a good action is one that results in a positive ‘net utility’, meaning more pleasure is produced than pain. This ‘net utility’ can be calculated using the ‘hedonic calculus’, a series of seven factors weighted numerically. When analysing Blaxploitation cinema through a utilitarian lens we can see the importance of both the pleasure produced in the audiences who flocked to see these films as well as in the studio executives who profited from their success. However, a utilitarian would weigh this against the pain that may result from highly stereotyped representations of the black community. Despite this, the impressive box office returns may ultimately suggest the ‘net utility’ of these films to be positive, leading the utilitarian to brand them ‘good’, a declaration that is made crucial due to the history of the discipline.

History of the Disciplines and Blaxploitation
In attempting to understand the impact of Blaxploitation, economics provides us with a largely quantitative approach, focusing entirely on produce, capital and labour. As the discipline has developed to focus on these factors, an economist may argue that the discipline allows for an objective analysis of Blaxploitation. A film studies professor may analyse the issue from a qualitative lens, examining the movement’s cinematic quality as well as the impact it had on society, whilst neglecting the financial rewards reaped by the Blaxploitation movement. A moral philosopher's perspective may align closer to that of the film studies scholar, as the discipline also takes a qualitative approach, despite it approaching Blaxploitation from a more objective angle. A greater emphasis will be given to trying to define whether or not the films were right or wrong, using ethical systems such as Bentham's Hedonic Calculus. It is clear that the histories of these disciplines render them inherently restrictive, ignoring key factors explored by the others.


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in global surveillance and censorship

-> Theme : Power in Global Surveillance and Censorship

 * 1) Global Surveillance ; law, social sciences, technology, public policies
 * 2) Censorship ; music, art, cult, literature

-> Ideas : - global surveillance in China (link with politics…)
- Documentary Explained on cults

- Snowden (Citizen Four, Snowden)

- DGSI (example only)

- Louis Theroux (cults)

- Terrorism (a topic in relation to global surveillance)

- Various brief examples of powerful leaders of countries/organisations (or something..) that have used their power to abuse surveillance and censorship, using it to their advantage. Examples can be seen in the politics of China, Venezuela (etc).... furthermore music, arts, literature (etc) have been censored for challenging the status quo by those in power - abuse of human rights?

-> Introduction (to be changed or not) :

Surveillance has always existed but has become widespread and has intensified over the decade with the rise of new technologies, from targeted surveillance to global mass surveillance. Formerly reserved for public spaces security, it now extends to the private life of individuals. Pretended to ensure the security of populations facing the emergent threat of terrorism, it is sometimes used by governments to evaluate foreign policies and economic stability of other countries, with a fully commercial purpose.

(The Snowden case concerning the NSA's intelligence methods has also highlighted that the pretext of the fight against terrorism is sometimes used to cover clandestine surveillance with a purely commercial and political objective, as well as social control)

Surveillance also takes another turn when it is applied on an entire population. In China, face-recognition cameras are installed in the street to identify each passer-by: the system can guess their age, their gender, several physical characteristics, and associate a face to an identity using a governmental database.

-> Potential opening (ouverture) :
In 1949, George Orwell prophesied in his novel 1984, a society of generalized surveillance. In 2013, Edward Snowden, formerly of the United-States secret service, has proven this new form of global surveillance denouncing the systematization of American espionage ... Where are we now? Between a basic concern for protection and precaution and a legitimate desire for freedom and privacy, it is understandable to question how the concept of global surveillance and censorship apply today.

-> To add in the introduction :

- Definition of power

- Definition of global surveillance

- Definition of censorship

- Which specific academic subjects are incompatible (to some extent) because of power? Where SPECIFICALLY is the issue, and which disciplines is it between? *Important for introduction. I think we should specifically name disciplines, with different sections of the wikibook focusing on different disciplines, outlining which disciplines will be used in the introduction.

- Why is it interesting to work on this

- Link all of them to power

-> The structure of each paragraphs :

 * 1) Theme Ex : global surveillance in politics
 * 2) One example Ex : China
 * 3) Link to Power

-> Outline : INTRODUCTION

GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE :

1) in Politics

2) in Social Sciences (in relation with law, our rights as humans)

Mass surveillance e.g in China, the population is censored through face scanning cameras, Internet censorship, but this censorship rarely applies outside of the borders of the country. different from global surveillance.

Transition

CENSORSHIP :

1) in Arts (Fahrenheit 451 for instance) - discussion of both how the arts are censored and banned (e.g Nazi Germany, former DDR), China etc, as well as how censorship is presented in the arts. Arts as an object of oppression but also as a means of liberation.

2) in Cults - cults are organisations or sects maintained both by the

CONCLUSION

-> New topic chosen: Truth in cults :

Lukas Billy Gabriel Calixta Wikibooks - ATK - Issue : Truth

= -> Introduction : = - Data or facts about cults (showing why it is interesting to work on this) - general definition : Cult is used in reference to a social group defined by its unusual (define) religious, spiritual or philosophical beliefs. Moreover, the people who are part of a cult generally are interested in a common personality, object or goal. The followers live in a community, under the guidance of a charismatic leader worshipping rituals and veneration. To what extent can truth account for the ‘unusual’ aspect of cults in social sciences, law and religion? - Why are the two disciplines linked to cults? - Outline where the interdisciplinary issue actually is, how does truth create a tension?

Plus, cults are complex and diverse. There are designed and they all pretend that « they are not cults, even though they are », which I found was completely relevant to the Issue truth. After doing some research in the common room right now, it is pretty amazing how you can see that law does not have a solid true idea of what cults are, while sociology thinks absolutely that their definition is true... I think it is actually fascinating

-> Instructions
How the issue chosen plays out in 2 disciplines facing a topic showing how power plays a role in 2 disciplines (for example politics and social sciences) creating a tension in global surveillance/censorship The tension caused by truth between the disciplines specifically with regarding cults, cults practice

Sociology
In sociology, this definition of cults is considered as true : « Cults are organizations or groups of people reunited under a charismatic leader, where members are under psychological influence, and exploited, either financially, sexually or any other type of exploitation » (reference?)

Law
- Distinction between types of legality, yet overwhelming assumption that cults are negative legally and have detrimental affects to the public sphere - Link to prosecution at beginnings of religions  e.g Catholics, Jehovah’s Witnesses, etc.

- ‘Historically, many currently “accepted” religions began as %ew and unorthodox” sects that faced a barrage of antipathy and harassment’
- ‘In order to assess whether cults are indeed a threat to society, as many claim, we must examine the bases for the claims made against these religious sects as well as the legal and political constraints being proposed.’ - Subliminal imagining- not directly coerced- e.g Judas Priest trial 1990\ - Argument that cults are scapegoats in society, and legal definition highly complicated by cultural perceptions and acceptance by society - I.e if a religious movement is successful is it not a cult? America first amendment involves ‘free exercise of religion’, yet does not define what makes an acceptable religion - Moreover, use of ‘cult’ as religious evidence in conviction itself.

Psychology
Psychology appears to hold a similar viewpoint with Sociologists on the topic of cults. Both disciplines use language such as ‘exploited’ when defining cults; for instance, in Freud’s 1927 text The Future of an Illusion, he argued that they were largely a mental trick, emotionally comforting lost individuals. The problem Freud held with cults was the extremity of them (especially since the word cult stems from the french word ‘cultes’ which translates to worship). Freud looked to replace cults with rational guides for living that deal with problems directly, as opposed to succumbing to some ultimate, higher power. (JUST WRITING DOWN IDEAS, THIS CAN BE CHANGED..) - Psychological affect of terms used, for example, ‘alternative religious movements’, differing definitions of cults relate to individual perceptions on what a cult is. == -‘everyone “knows” that cults and satanic cults exist. They have strong negative feelings regarding cults, and even stronger feelings against satanic cults. By contrast, their feelings regarding alternative religious movements, while not being “positive,” are less negative than their feelings towards cults and satanic cults’== - Perception based on whether people have been in contact with cults or asked to join etc. - psychology Studies questions such as why are people attracted to cults? What techniques do cult leaders use to make people stay in a cult? What are the long-term negative psychological effects of being in a cult? -	Easy messages that are not difficult to follow provide people with a conclusive outlook on life: of (one) truth that is definitive to follow in life. -	Affected by low self esteem levels-> those with lower self esteem are more likely to join/ remain in a cult. This is because it is more easy to ‘break down and build back up (those with low self esteem) in an effort to teach them that the cult is the supportive environment they’re looking for’ -	Neurological effect/psychological effect: receiving lots of positive praise -	effect of being in a cult: giving up money, personal possessions, only interacting with other cult members. Achieved through: o	Social isolation – idea that cult members are superior to former friends o	Humiliation/ having to write down evidence of failure and mistakes o	Being fed false experiences and ideas. REPETITION causes these ideas and beliefs to appear more true. o	Making one think that they are not in a cult- > Dr Margaret tala singer argues people don’t understand what a cult is (i.e. it could be something other than a religious group) Who joins cults? Demographic studies - All backgrounds are effected equally (need data for this) -	empirical truth: women 70% of cult members around the globe o	behavioural interpretation/ interpretive truth gives multiple possible social and cultural explanations of behaviour (psychology) David Bromley Virginia university- women attend more social events, so more likely to actively participate in cults. Sociological reason female oppression by man in history- idea of male authority figure, waiting for guidance.

Anthropology
Anthropology

- Anthropology and archaeology have similar viewpoints, in a descriptive focus on what cults are/ should be: the processes, the material symbolism. Focuses on precise description of the cultural practices of the cult. BUT: archaeology unable to see gestures and actions of individual humans, only material remains. -	Colin Renfrew: - anthropology studies ACTIONS in response to religious beliefs, so may disagree with psychology on why the beliefs occur (i.e religious belief and that in the occult or the spiritual). o	cults use attention focusing devices, repeated symbols, places with special functions but also : o	rituals both public and hidden o	gestures and prayer o	wealth and resources put into the ritual practice i.e. in sacrificing something -	idea of the sacred deeply bound to the cult leaders, e.g. Shaman’s. -	debate in anthropology: Levi Strauss argues that there is no such thing as totemism (define)- ‘not a single phenomenon’. The idea that anthropological observation is biased and led in the face of many assumptions and factors. Are our ideas about cults culturally constructed? Types of Cult: -	Cargo cult- idea that end of the world is occurring, which you need to prepare for (Captain Cook) -	Witchcraft -      Shamanism -	sacrificial cults -	rites of passages in cults -	ASPECTS and practices of religion (religious studies intersecting with anthropology) can be deemed as ‘cult-like’ Such features are : o	charismatic leaders e.g. David Koresh of the Branch Davidians o	'us versus them' mentality and alienation from others o	hierarchy and obedience o	violence: Aum Shin Rikyo cult gas attack on Tokyo subway system 1995 -	Comparative anthropology or ethnography may help us determine to what extent ‘cult’ is ‘simply used in common parlance or as a controversial term’ for different groups, and to what extent we are really dealing with the cult. o	Idea of ‘self and other’ highly debated and studied in social anthropology 	These ideas are mirrored in the way outsiders view cults negatively, and the cult members see the cult as ultimate truth or necessity o	since we find it hard to determine what exactly are cult is, a comparison of cultures

Literature and cults
Cult Literature -	‘cult’ literature is rarely defined in literary crit. -	Attracting a cult following, attract a particular community of readers ‘independent of their qualifications’ o	JRR Tolkien’s the Lord of the rings, Franz Kafka’s the Castle -	Catcher in the rye as a ‘personal manifesto’ for many in America in the 60’s and 70’s o	Literature embodies the tendencies and beliefs of a group of people -	Deviance from norms to protest- jackkerouac on the road, chuck palahniuk’s fight club o	applies to baby boomers and Generation X

-> References
“Cults”. Explained. Ezra Klein Kara Rozansky Claire Gordon Chad Mumm Lisa Nishimura Joe Posner Jason Spingarn-Koff Kate Townsend, 2019 - Netflix

Sociological classification of cults and sects : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements#:~:targetText=Cults%20or%20new%20religious%20movements,no%20means%20always%20the%20case. https://theconversation.com/how-cult-leaders-like-charles-manson-exploit-a-basic-psychological-need-57101

Ogloff JRP, Pfeifer JE. Cults and the law: A discussion of the legality of alleged cult activities. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 1992;10(1):117–40.

https://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/what-to-know-about-the-psychology-of-cults/

(need to find actual article citation) Author: Ana Sobral. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401208512_005.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332602954_Opting_out_deviance_and_generational_identities_in_American_post-war_cult_fiction


text:
Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/tsa

Algorithm for computing images of polynomial Julia sets with mathemathical guarantees against sampling artifacts and rounding errors in floating points arithmethic. =name=
 * True Shape Algorithm ( TSA)

=theory= algorithm computes a decomposition of the complex plane into three regions:
 * a white region, which is contained in exterior of Julia set
 * a black region, which is contained in the interior of Julia set
 * a gray region, which cannot be classified as white or gray. It is a region which contains julia set J

It gives adaptive approximation of the Julia set. Spatial resolution limited by available memory.

K is contained in the escape circle of radius R = max(|c|, 2) centered at the origin,

Image that is 100% guaranteed correct:
 * white pixels are guaranteed to contain no interior or boundary points
 * black pixels are guaranteed to contain only interior points
 * red pixels have not been able to be decided at the current resolution (they might contain both interior or boindary and exterior points).

Unfortunately in practice the images have a lot of red pixels. It means that this algorithm is for proving that images are mathemathically correct. Point-sampling method is for creating images. If one sees that image is not smooth ( boundaries of components are smooth curves) then takes a bigger resolution ( subpixel accuracy) to get proper = smooth image. If one take good point sampled image, then TSA algorithm will not find a wrong pixel in it.

=key words=
 * complex plane
 * region = union of the cell with the same label
 * cell = rectangle in the complex plane
 * tree
 * quadtree
 * graph
 * directed graph
 * cell graph that represents the cell mapping
 * IA = Interval Arithmetic
 * dyadic fraction : working with exactly double-representable numbers by using a near dyadic fraction

=algorithms= algorithm avoids :
 * goal of the algorithm is mathematical correctness of the image
 * the price is slow and not beatiful images. TSA is very slow and not suitable for creating images with aesthetic appearance.
 * algorithm is designed for for Julia sets
 * point sampling ( 1-pixel aproximation): what happens between samples ?
 * function iteration in the escape-time algorithm ( do not use it)
 * Floating-point rounding errors ( squaring needs double digits )
 * partial orbits ( program cannot run forever)

Main features of the algorithm:
 * "cell mapping to reliably classify entire rectangles " in the complex plane, not just a finite sample of points
 * "it handles orbits by using color propagation in graphs induced by cell mapping" = "tracks the fate of complex orbit by inspecting the directed graph induced by cell mapping"
 * "The numbers processed by the algorithm are dyadic fractions that are restricted in range and precision and the algorithm uses error-free fixed-point arithmetic whose precision depends only on the spatial resolution of the image. "

decomposition
a quadtree decomposition of the complex plane

refine
adaptive refinement = Subdivide each gray leaf cell into four new gray subcells

cell mapping

 * Simple Cell Mapping (SCM)
 * Generalized Cell Mapping (GCM)

label propagation

 * label propagation in graph

=code = =People=
 * C++ code by Marc Meidlinger, July-October 2019
 * Haskell code by Claude
 * CMlib is a library of cell mapping algorithms and utility functions and classes written in c++ by Gergely Gyebroszki
 * Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo

=Papers= =Video=
 * "Images of Julia sets that you can trust" by Luiz-Henrique de Figueiredo, Diego Nehab, Jofge Stolfi, Joao Batista Oliveira- 2013
 * "Rigorous bounds for polynomial Julia sets" by Luiz-Henrique de Figueiredo, Diego Nehab, Jofge Stolfi, Joao Batista Oliveira
 * First Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems L. H. FIGUEIREDO - Images of Julia sets that you can trust

=references=
 * fractalforums : trustworthy-2d3d-julia-set-source-code
 * Trustworthy fractals by Claude Heiland-Allen
 * fractalforums.org : julia-sets-true-shape-and-escape-time


text:
User talk:Killarnee

Welcome to Wikibooks, Killarnee!

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  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks Thanks, Jules  (Mrjulesd) 21:23, 12 March 2020 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Killarnee


text:
LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Lyapunov LMI

The System:

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)\\ x(0)&=x_0 \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem:

The LMI: The Lyapunov Inequality

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; X:&\\ \begin{bmatrix} X\end{bmatrix}&>0\\ \begin{bmatrix} A^T X+XA\end{bmatrix}&<0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:

If feasible, System is internally exponentially Stable for any $$ x_0 \in \R^n $$.

Related LMIs:


text:
LMIs in Control/pages

This will serve as the unlinked "hidden" page that keeps track of all the pages present in the wiki book LMIs in Control.

title: LMIs in Control/pages


text: Category:Subject:JavaScript scripting language/all books


text: Subject:JavaScript scripting language

title: Subject:JavaScript scripting language


title: User:Luiz158


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in the Ivy League

Power in the Ivy League
Tentative Disciplines and Keywords:

Philosophy: Equality of opportunity, level-playing field, distributive justice, fairness, John Rawls

Economics: income disparity, first-generation, high tuition fee, (lack of) financial aid, bribery, funding, private donation, higher education as investment, mobility

Resources

Chetty, R., Friedman, J., Saez, E., Turner, N., & Yagan, D. (2017). Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility.doi:10.3386/w23618 (available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w23618.pdf and http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/coll_mrc_slides.pdf)

"children whose parents are in the top 1% of the income distribution are 77 times more likely to attend an Ivy League college than those whose parents are in the bottom income quintile” - meaning the entry into ivy league schools are very difficult for low-income applicants

“children from low- and high-income families have similar earnings outcomes conditional on the college they attend, indicating that low-income students are not mismatched at selective colleges” - meaning that once a low-income student get into an ivy league school, they will have an equal chance to advance their income, just like their high-income counterparts. Rich and poor students benefit equally from an ivy league education.

“Rates of upper-tail (bottom quintile to top 1%) mobility are highest at elite colleges, such as Ivy League universities.”- In other words, ivy league schools are the ‘best chance’ where students can move up the social ladder BUT the schools that can best help low-income students become high-income graduates are accepting fewer and fewer students from poor families. since there is almost no growth in the students from families that are in the bottom 20%.

Admission scandal in the United States in 2019: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admissions-cheating-scandal.html

The percentage of legacy admits doubles that of the African Americans at Princeton: http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/04/the-problem-with-college-admissions-a-system-that-perpetuates-economic-inequality https://admission.princeton.edu/how-apply/admission-statistics

Statistics on the Ivies:https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/college-mobility/princeton-university

Psychology: reputation, public and employer perception, job application, pressure, burn-out culture

Politics: soft power, divestment, protests, dynamics among players (students, faculty, higher administration, government)

Sociology: Legacy, racism, decolonization, under-representation, discrimination, K-12 schooling, inequality, alumni networks


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in Lie Detection through Neurolaw

Vanessa: Whether one is legally responsible for a criminal act is a legal determination, not a scientific finding. Neuroscience can help evaluate behaviour and one's ability to control it, but it cannot determine how much control is required for one to be consider responsible under the law. To accommodate neuroscience in law, it is also possible for changes in sentencing law and criminal procedure to accommodate neuroscience, but this decision comes down to the legal system.

Neuroscience plays a role in questioning the understanding of morality to better determine guilt and deter offenders by reshaping what we understand to be the meaning of being human, thereby challenging how law is or should be applied from its moral foundations up.

With both disciplines' positivist view, judgement is made in accordance to what data suggest probabilistically.

It should be noted that lie detection of guilt knowledge does not bypass the need for testimony as such vitiates the concept of legal practice, however does influence the jury’s interpretation of truth, in turn the sentence in criminal trial.

In principle, science considers all evidence while law only considers evidence that is admissible under the Daubert Standard. The legal system's reliance on techniques of identifying deception

Despite the court ruled fMRI evidence as inadmissible, this existing legal ambiguity extended further in a recent case in FL v. Amato (June 2019), where the accused requested an MRI during a court hearing in Seminole County, in which such request is approved by the court.

Vanessa: I think we should move the first introduction paragraph and the Berry Blit illustration above the Content Box. Then add the polygraph picture align with the Techniques and Lie Detection paragraph from the introduction section written by Sarah.

@Vanessa: I like that! I'll try and move the illustration above the content box & try and find a picture of a polygraph :) SophieKoe 03.12.

@Kenneth: I like what you have written about truth in neuroscience so far! :) I just wanted to comment (Idk if we should or can include it but I guess it's important to know) that even though Neuroscience uses a mostly positivist approach, findings about the brain and cognition are often less objectively true/less certain than scientists would like them too be considering their positivist framework. There's a high possibility that one misinterprets data or images, the resolution of imaging techniques is far from being able to depict the brain in its entire complexity, and so on and so forth. Do you think this is relevant for the truth part or should we include it somewhere else (maybe in the conclusion part) or leave it out alltogether?

Also adding on to the thoughts on that, I could imagine that one reason for the tensions between law and neuroscience (or for using neuroscientific evidence in a law context) is that law-people probably tend to think that the neuroscientific stuff that is presented to them is a 'fact', is unchangable and undeniably true. Whereas the neuroscientific community goes like 'no, no, noooo, guys stoooop pleeeeease, be careful when relying on our stuff aaargh! I mean yeah it's the brain and there is correlation between brain activity and specific tasks/thinking (e.g. lying, false memories, reasoning) but we cannot conclusively say this is how it is, yooo careful!!!' --> haha I hope that makes sense and is helpful? Let me know!:) https://search.proquest.com/docview/1669916518?pq-origsite=gscholar This site explains it a bit in the section talking about techniques SophieKoe

@Sarah (from Sarah): check your referencing, one source is the same but has different ^[1]/^[#] in the text; + one source still needs the proper citation

@Sarah (from Sarah): references fully checked - should be okay SophieKoe 22.11.

@all: what citation form do we want to use? I am currently using APA SophieKoe

@all/self: Kenneth told us in the fb chat that it's Vancouver, so this question is answered. SophieKoe 22.11.

@all: I am now more or less done with my section. I/we still ahve to cut down on words (sorryyy) and I want to insert one or two images, but apart from that I'm done. Also I inserted some links to other wiki pages, what do you think about that? SophieKoe 22.11.

@Sarah/all: we discussed getting rid of the abbreviations of brain regions in the first section & instead find a diagram illustrating those sections (due to wordcount and illustrative reasons) --> so find appropriate diagram SophieKoe 03.12.

@all: I have just published the first draft conclusion part focusing on explaining the tension between the interpretivism use in lie detection and the positivism use in law. Besides, I added some thoughts about the future role of lie detection in courtrooms. You guys can read it and give suggestions before our meeting tomorrow.Hshu3 03.12.

WHAT WE DID IN THE MEETING YESTERDAY 04.12.19 (and generally how the groupwork was)

So yesterday the four of us met to discuss the entire entry and edit it. We discussed what form Vanessa's bit (The case study and the Tensions in truth section before the conclusion) should take and worked on it together. With Vanessa's help I rephrased some of her sentences to make them more easy to understand. While we were doing that Hang and Kenneth went through the other sections re-reading and doing some minor edits. Hang already had a draft for the conclusion but it was a bit difficult for him to write it without knowing exactly how the 'conflicting truth in lie detection' part would look in the end. We discussed that a bit further when we were done with Vanessa's bit and the conclusion is now close to being done, too. After finishing with Vanessa's bit, we all together went through the entire paper again and made some minor edits. We also tried to cut down on words but got stuck in an editing conflict, the edits were not safed and then my laptop's battery broke down so we called it a day. Generally, we split the sections into four bits. Kenneth did the one on 'Truth in Neuroscience and Law', Hang did the 'conclusion', Vanessa did the 'conflicting truth in lie detection' and I (Sarah) did the introduction (the bit above the introduction, and the stuff under 'introduction'). We worked on our parts very independently and then gave advice on the other's sections (and edited a bit) on our facebook groupchat and during our meeting(s) - especially during the one yesterday. SophieKoe 05.12.

Learning from the History and Law
Francis X. Shen The Overlooked history of neurolaw DOI: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2899031

Vernon H. Mark Violence of the brain 1973 > The Anatomy of violence 2013

Francis X. Shen Neurolegislation: How U.S Lesgislators are using brain science DOI: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2837323

 * Revolutionizes legislators’ pre-existing policy commitments
 * Abortion: Provability of fetus may be able to experience pain

Virgina Tech and Harvard course in Law and Neuroscience

Aspen Casebook Series

Owen D. Jones & Francis X. Shen, Law and Neuroscience: What, why and Where to Begin (2016), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2881613

“…a lot of law hinges on how the brain works”

Use of Lie Detection as Evidence
“inadmissible in court”: cannot be used in court during trial as evidence against the accused

Polygraph measures blood pressure, perspiration and heart rate and attempts to correlate them with telling lies, hence not reliable

CASE STUDY: United states vs Samrau(U.S Dist. Ct. W. Dist. Of TN 2010) No. 07-10074. DOI: http://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/12a0312p-06.pdf

 * Two-day evidentiary hearing about whether or not fMRI based function magnetic resonance imagining lie detection evidence should be allowed into a courtroom
 * Medicare Medicaid company in Tennessee
 * Need of proof that plaintiff did it knowingly
 * Plaintiff found expert Stven Lakyn to testify himself
 * Control test questions answered during MRI scan: ‘In my professional opinion, (…) Dr. Semrau’s brain indicates he is telling the truth in regards to not cheating or defrauding the government’
 * Issue of law admissibility

Francis X. Shen Neuroscientific evidence as Instant Reply

fMRI issue in testifying Lie Detection
detect changes in prefrontal cortex activity

may be able false positive if subject deceives himself to believing he is telling the truth

increase in brain activity does not equal to lying, correlation not causation

June 2019: Attorney for Grant Amato, who’s accused of killing his parents and brother inside their Chuluota home, requested the MRI during a court hearing in Seminole County

Ref: https://www.courttv.com/news/fl-v-amato-the-defenses-case/

Neurolaw as a Concept
Brain science is reforming juvenile justice policy and practice

Raise of age for juvenile and adult system

Substance use dualism in law – brain and the mind, mental and physical

Pervasive in law

Bodily injury coverage in auto insurance

CASE STUDY: Bloomfield Hills Michigan

Michigan Court of Appeals, Hoekstra J. Appellate Opinions DOI:https://law.justia.com/cases/michigan/court-of-appeals-published/2008/20080923-c275797-40-145p-275797opn.html

-      Charles Allen as conductor developed PTSD from thinking he has killed a school bus full of minors and the driver

-      Can he sue the city of Bloomfield Hills the state of Michigan?

-      Government immunity stature – Individual cannot sue the government

-      ‘Government agencies shall be liable to bodily injury and property damage resulting from this negligent operation’

-      Brain physically enables the mind, is it physical?

-      Slippery slope of ‘then isn’t every mental disorder physical?’

Court of Appeals of Michigan. ALLEN v. BLOOMFIELD HILLS SCHOOL DISTRICT. Docket No. 275797. Decided: September 23, 2008 DOI: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/mi-court-of-appeals/1143607.html

-      Appellate court approves, settled at Supreme Court

-      Amicus brief from the plaintiffs’ bar and insurance

CASE STUDY: School shooting Red Lake teachers seek worker compensation for PTSD

Ref: http://wisconsinlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Bailey-Final.pdf

Francis X. Shen, The Law review: Mind, Body and the Criminal Law DOI: https://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Shen_MLR.pdf

Conclusion(s)
-      Law gets to define things; neuroscience will keep challenge it

-      Neuroscience influence not the trial but the sentence

-      Require a bar council and medical board is needed to regulate procedure and review techniques and advances in order to bridge the disciplines

-      More equitable system and prove liability

Tension and Challenge in Future of Neurolaw
Do we know enough?

Can the brain understand the brain?

Very few training opportunities for younger cohorts

Difficult to keep funding: Not doing basic science or curing Alzheimer’s, not exactly doing legal practice

Difficult to bridge the divide, structural challenge

Kenneth - Readings & Suggestions
This article provides a brief introduction of neurolaw as an interdisciplinary field which links the brain to law and facilitates the pathway to better understanding of human behavior in order to regulate it accurately through incorporating neuroscience achievements in legal studies. Might be useful in the introduction section.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395810/

This article describes various methods in which lie detection can be performed, such as EEG & fMRI; as well as arguments in favour of and against lie detection in courtroom settings. It might be useful in showing how the issue of truth is present in lie detection and neurolaw in general.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wcs.8

Here is a simple recap of Positivism, Interpretivism and Social Constructionism with a helpful comparison of their characteristics.

https://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/positivism/#_ftn4

Since we have to divide labour for the project, I suggest that we divide it into 4 sections to simplify work allocation. Below are my suggestions on how it can be allocated, feel free to edit/scrap them.

(Introduction & Conclusion???)

Social Constructionism in Lie Detection
(This is NOT the final layout of the wikibook. This just provides an insight into the planning process :) )

Sarah - potential literature/sources
Yo guys, here some more readings

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1669916518?pq-origsite=gscholar

this website describes the use of neuroscience in law - might be useful just to get acquainted with the topic itself and for getting an understanding of the techniques used (just as the article Kenneth posted, it talks about fMRI, but also about PET)

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/009885880703300211

this (rather long) article argues that 'neuroscience-based lie detection' urgently needs regulation. So I guess it plays exactly into what we want to talk about. Already the introduction states that it is important to think about how pictures are conceptualized and interpreted. Very relevant for applying neuroscientific evidence in a law context.

Hardcastle, V. G. (2018). Why Brain Images (Probably) Should Not Be Used in US Criminal Trials. The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy, 25–37. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_3

this article talks about why brain images should (probably) not be used in criminal trials. It argues that such neuroscientific evidence influences judges and affects decisions, even though data from imaging might be inconclusive or misinterpreted. You guys might not be able to access this paper, but I can send it to you.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11910-014-0513-1.pdf

this article also examines the credibility of neuroscience-based evidence in the court room. It includes lie detection

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1800701163?pq-origsite=gscholar

this website talks about the disciplines themselves, about disciplinary boundaries and about how science is translated for legal use. I think during this 'translational' process is where the difficulty lies - where data can be misinterpreted and where 'truth' can become especially difficult to capture

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131523

this is a review on law and cognitive neuroscience

Thoughts on Outline

Introduction to Neurolaw

Lie Detection Different methods (fMRI, EEG, PET,..)

Issues in interpreting neuroscientific data (stuff is far from being objectively true, while we know stuff about brain activation and all we cannot conclusively say 'that's how it is!')

Issues in translating neuroscientific data from Science to law (layers taking 'evidence' as being factually true?,...)

Conclusion


text:
Visual Basic for Applications/Array Data To Immediate Window

Summary
'''This VBA code module allows the listing of arrays in the immediate window. So that the user can see examples of its use, it makes use of various procedures that fill the array for demonstration and testing. The VBA code runs in MS Excel but is easily adapted for any of the MS Office products that run VBA.''' Clearly, mixed data varies in length and in its number of decimal points. This module displays the array neatly taking account of the variations that might otherwise disrupt the layout. It can decimal point align the data or not, according to internal options.

Code Notes

 * DispArrInImmWindow is the main procedure. It formats and prints data found on the two dimensional input array. It prints on the VBA Editor's Immediate Window.   Options include the printing of data as found or making use of decimal rounding and alignment. The entire output print is also available as a string for external use.  The process depends on monospaced fonts being set for any display, including the VBA editor.
 * RndAlphaToArr, RndNumericToArr, and RndMixedDataToArr load an array with random data. The data is random in the content and length of elements, but in addition, numerics have random integer and decimal parts.  Each allows adjustment of options internally to accommodate personal preferences.
 * TabularAlignTxtOrNum is not used in this demonstration. It is included for those who prefer to format each individual column of an array during the loading process. Its input variant takes a single string or number and returns the formatted result in a user-set fixed field width. The number of decimal places of rounding can be set.   Note that when all data in a column of a numeric array is loaded with the same parameters, the result is always decimal point alignment.
 * WriteToFile is a monospaced font, text file-making procedure. If the file name does not exist, it will be made and saved automatically. Each save of text will completely replace any previously added. It is added here in case a user needs to save an output greater than that possible for the Immediate Window.   The Immediate Window is limited to about two hundred lines of code, so large arrays should make use of the main procedure's sOut string. Again, wherever outputs from the main procedure are used, monospaced fonts are assumed.
 * Note that the user might add a procedure to export large values of sOut, the formatted string, to the clipboard. Procedures exist elsewhere in this series that will accomplish this.

The VBA Module
Copy the entire code module into a standard VBA module, save the file as type .xlsm and run the top procedure. Be sure to set monospaced fonts for the VBA editor or the object will have been defeated.

Updates

 * 26 Nov 2019: Adjusted DispArrInImmWindow code to better estimate maximum column width, taking account of imposed decimal places.