text:
Template:Test case/doc

This template generates a test case for two or more templates. Each template is called with the same parameters, and the test case can be displayed in various different formats.

All parameters passed to this template are passed through to the test-case templates, with the exception of parameters starting with an underscore character, which are reserved for internal use.

Basic syntax
If no templates are explicitly specified, the module uses the root page of the current page as the first template, and its /sandbox subpage as the second template.  If only one template is explicitly specified, its /sandbox subpage is used as the second template.

Common syntax
The following options will work with all different test case formats.

Some test case formats accept additional parameters as well. See their sections for documentation.

Default format
This format is used when _format is not specified, or when it's set to default. It is not impacted by any extra parameters.

Columnar format
Set columns to arrange the test cases side-by-side in a table. This is especially useful for comparing long and thin templates, such as infoboxes. It is impacted by the following extra parameters:

Rows and tablerows formats
Setting rows or tablerows arranges the test case outputs in a vertical line, one above another, in a table. These two formats differ primarily in the placement of the headings: rows puts them above the table, whereas tablerows has them to the left of the table. They are impacted by the following extra parameters:

Inline format
Set inline for test cases that can be displayed entirely on a single line. If used with templates that display over multiple lines, it may produce unexpected results. This format creates a bulleted list by placing  before each line of output. It is impacted by the following extra parameters:

Examples

 * Using

Default:

With yes:

 * Using

With # and _addline:

Output
The _output parameter allows changes in how the template's output is displayed. It should work with any of the test case formats; the following examples use tablerows.

Default output
The default output is displayed when the _output parameter is not specified, or when it is set to any unsupported value; this example uses default.

Nowiki output
A nowiki version of the template's output is displayed when nowiki. This is helpful if there are differences in the underlying wikitext which are not visible in the default output.

Nowiki+ output
Both the default output and nowiki version are displayed when nowiki+.

Collapsible test cases
If y or yes, the test case is made collapsible. The test case is collapsed and given a green heading if all the template outputs are the same. If any of the template outputs differ, the test case is expanded and given a yellow heading. It has the following extra parameters:

With yes
This is useful for templates with a small number of parameters. It displays the template code in the title, eliminating the need for both _title and yes. For actual tests implemented with yes, see Template:URL/testcases.

With yes
If yes, the test case will always be expanded upon loading the page. This setting overrides the default functionality in which the test case is collapsed unless two or more outputs do not match. The following example would normally be collapsed, as indicated by green background of title:

With no
If no, the test case will always be collapsed upon loading the page. This setting overrides the default functionality in which the test case is collapsed unless two or more outputs do not match. The following would normally be expanded, as indicated by yellow background of title:

Usage

Usage

Usage

Technical limitations
The template has the following known technical limitations:
 * An error will be generated if processing the entire page takes more than 10 seconds. This is an intentional limit in the Scribunto extension that runs Module:Template test case, on which this template is based. If a test cases page takes more than 10 seconds to load, you may need to split it up into different pages.
 * When generating the template code used with _showcode, whitespace in named parameters is ignored, numbered parameters like 1 may be incorrectly displayed as positional parameters, and duplicate parameters are ignored. This is due to how template parameters are processed before they are passed to Module:Template test case.
 * When using a template invocation inside nowiki tags with the _code parameter, the HTML entities &lt;, &gt; and &quot; are converted to the literal characters <, > and ". This is due to the way nowiki tags work.
 * For collapsible test cases, all text inside each extension tag (e.g., , or ) is treated as equal. These tags are converted to strip markers before they are passed to the template, and all strip markers include a unique hexadecimal string. Even if strip markers were unstripped before being compared, the same wikitext would not be guaranteed to result in exactly the same unstripped code. So this module ignores the content of strip markers for the purposes of testing equality. This has the unwanted side effect that e.g. all  tags are treated as though they are equal, but should be adequate for most uses.

title: Template:Test case/doc


text:
Template:Uses TemplateStyles/example.css

/* This is just an example page for Template:Uses TemplateStyles */

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Module:Uses TemplateStyles/doc

This module implements.

title: Module:Uses TemplateStyles/doc


text:
Module:Uses TemplateStyles/config

local cfg = {} -- Don’t touch this line.

-- Subpage blacklist: these subpages will not be categorized (except for the -- error category, which is always added if there is an error). -- For example “Template:Foo/doc” matches the `doc = true` rule, so it will have -- no categories. “Template:Foo” and “Template:Foo/documentation” match no rules, -- so they *will* have categories. All rules should be in the --  [' '] = true, -- format. cfg['subpage_blacklist'] = { ['doc'] = true, ['sandbox'] = true, ['sandbox2'] = true, ['testcases'] = true, }

-- Sandbox title: if the stylesheet’s title is / .css, the -- stylesheet’s sandbox is expected to be at // .css -- Set to nil to disable sandbox links. cfg['sandbox_title'] = 'sandbox'

-- Error category: this category is added if the module call contains errors -- (e.g. no stylesheet listed). A category name without namespace, or nil -- to disable categorization (not recommended). cfg['error_category'] = 'Uses TemplateStyles templates with errors'

-- Default category: this category is added if no custom category is specified -- in module/template call. A category name without namespace, or nil -- to disable categorization. cfg['default_category'] = 'Templates using TemplateStyles'

-- Protection conflict category: this category is added if the protection level -- of any stylesheet is lower than the protection level of the template. A category name -- without namespace, or nil to disable categorization (not recommended). cfg['protection_conflict_category'] = 'Templates using TemplateStyles with a different protection level'

-- Hierarchy of protection levels, used to determine whether one protection level is lower -- than another and thus should populate protection_conflict_category. No protection is treated as zero cfg['protection_hierarchy'] = { autoconfirmed = 1, extendedconfirmed = 2, templateeditor = 3, sysop = 4 }

-- Padlock pattern: Lua pattern to search on protected stylesheets for, or nil -- to disable padlock check. cfg['padlock_pattern'] = '{{pp-'

-- Missing padlock category: this category is added if a protected stylesheet -- doesn’t contain any padlock template (specified by the above Lua pattern). -- A category name without namespace (no nil allowed) if the pattern is not nil, -- unused (and thus may be nil) otherwise. cfg['missing_padlock_category'] = 'Templates using TemplateStyles without padlocks'

return cfg -- Don’t touch this line.

title: Module:Uses TemplateStyles/config


text:
Module:Documentation/styles.css

/* */ .documentation, .documentation-metadata { border: 1px solid #6896d2; background-color: #f3eed7; clear: both; }

.documentation { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 1em; }

.documentation-metadata { margin: 0.2em 0; /* same margin left-right as .documentation */ font-style: italic; padding: 0.4em 1em; /* same padding left-right as .documentation */ }

.documentation-startbox { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex; }

.documentation-heading { font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%; }

.documentation-clear { /* Don't want things to stick out where they shouldn't. */ clear: both; }

.documentation-toolbar { font-style: normal; font-size: 88%; }

title: Module:Documentation/styles.css


text:
User talk:AldoEZ

Welcome, AldoEZ!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 07:46, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:AldoEZ


text:
User talk:192.177.142.57

--Xania   talk 07:52, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.177.142.57


text:
User talk:91.197.46.128

You cannot edit for 7 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 10:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:91.197.46.128


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia

Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia
Whether you are a listener, a student, a teacher, or a concert pianist, the extensive repertoire for piano is an inexhaustible source of musical enjoyment.

This collection of references to Wikipedia pages and YouTube videos offers a handy and comprehensive overview.

 * /Composers born in the 17th century/
 * /Composers born in the 18th century/
 * /Composers born in the 19th century/
 * /Composers born in the 20th century/
 * /Composers born in the 21st century/

Compositions of exceptional importance are indicated in boldface. A selection of such piano works can be listened to thanks to a playlist.

Edited by Peter Kravanja.

title: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 17th century

Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 17th Century

 * /Bach, Johann Sebastian/ °°°
 * /Scarlatti, Domenico/


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 18th century

Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century

 * /Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel/
 * /Beethoven, Ludwig van/ °°°
 * /Cimarosa, Domenico/ °°°
 * /Field, John/ °°°
 * /Haydn, Joseph/ °°°
 * /Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/ °°°
 * /Moscheles, Ignaz/
 * /Schubert, Franz/ °°°
 * /Weber, Carl Maria von/


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century

Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century

 * /Albéniz, Isaac/ °°°
 * /Alkan, Charles-Valentin/ °°°
 * /Alexandrov, Anatoly/ °°°
 * /Balakirev, Mily/ °°°
 * /Bartók, Béla/ °°°
 * /Berg, Alban/ °°°
 * /Borodin, Alexander/ °°°
 * /Boulanger, Lili/ °°°
 * /Boulanger, Nadia/ °°°
 * /Brahms, Johannes/ °°°
 * /Bridge, Frank/ °°°
 * /Busoni, Ferruccio/
 * /Chaminade, Cécile/
 * /Chausson, Ernest/ °°°
 * /Chopin, Frédéric/ °°°
 * /Debussy, Claude/ °°°
 * /de Falla, Manuel/ °°°
 * /Dukas, Paul/ °°°
 * /Dupont, Gabriel/ °°°
 * /Dvorák, Antonín/ °°°
 * /Eisler, Hanns/ °°°
 * /Emmanuel, Maurice/ °°°
 * /Enescu, George/ °°°
 * /Fauré, Gabriel/ °°°
 * /Feinberg, Samuil/ °°°
 * /Franck, César/ °°°
 * /Gershwin, George/ °°°
 * /Gianneo, Luis/ °°°
 * /Glazunov, Alexander/ °°°
 * /Granados, Enrique/ °°°
 * /Grieg, Edvard/ °°°
 * /Hindemith, Paul/ °°°
 * /Honegger, Arthur/ °°°
 * /Ives, Charles/ °°°
 * /Janáček, Leoš/ °°°
 * /Lecuona, Ernesto/ °°°
 * /Liszt, Franz/
 * /Lourié, Arthur/
 * /Lyapunov, Sergei/ °°°
 * /Martinu, Bohuslav/ °°°
 * /Medtner, Nikolai/ °°°
 * /Mendelssohn, Felix/
 * /Milhaud, Darius/ °°°
 * /Mompou, Federico/ °°°
 * /Mussorgsky, Modest/ °°°
 * /Polovinkin, Leonid/ °°°
 * /Ponce, Manuel/ °°°
 * /Poulenc, Francis/ °°°
 * /Prokofiev, Sergei/ °°°
 * /Rachmaninoff, Sergei/ °°°
 * /Raff, Joachim/ °°°
 * /Ravel, Maurice/ °°°
 * /Reger, Max/
 * /Respighi, Ottorino/
 * /Roussel, Albert/
 * /Saint-Saëns, Camille/
 * /Satie, Erik/ °°°
 * /Schmitt, Florent/
 * /Schoenberg, Arnold/ °°°
 * /Schumann, Robert/ °°°
 * /Scriabin, Alexander/ °°°
 * /Sibelius, Jean/ °°°
 * /Smetana, Bedrich/
 * /Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/ °°°
 * /Strauss, Richard/ °°°
 * /Stravinsky, Igor/ °°°
 * /Szymanowski, Karol/ °°°
 * /Tansman, Alexandre/
 * /Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/ °°°
 * /Vierne, Louis/
 * /Heitor, Villa-Lobos/ °°°
 * /Wagner, Richard/
 * /Webern, Anton/ °°°
 * /Williams, Alberto/


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century

Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century

 * /Adams, John/ °°°
 * /Arapov, Boris/ °°°
 * /Ali-Zadeh, Franghiz/ °°°
 * /Babajanian, Arno/ °°°
 * /Bacri, Nicolas/ °°°
 * /Barber, Samuel/ °°°
 * /Boulez, Pierre/ °°°
 * /Britten, Benjamin/ °°°
 * /Carter, Elliott/ °°°
 * /Damase, Jean-Michel/ °°°
 * /Dutilleux, Henri/ °°°
 * /Firsova, Elena/ °°°
 * /Françaix, Jean/ °°°
 * /Ginastera, Alberto/ °°°
 * /Górecki, Henryk/ °°°
 * /Gubaidulina, Sofia/ °°°
 * /Gulda, Friedrich/ °°°
 * /Harbison, John/ °°°
 * /Hesketh, Kenneth/ °°°
 * /Jolivet, André/ °°°
 * /Kabalevsky, Dmitry/ °°°
 * /Kapustin, Nikolai/ °°°
 * /Khachaturian, Aram/ °°°
 * /Krenek, Ernst/ °°°
 * /Kurtág, György/ °°°
 * /Ligeti, György/ °°°
 * /Lutosławski, Witold/ °°°
 * /Messiaen, Olivier/ °°°
 * /Montalbetti, Éric/ °°°
 * /Murail, Tristan/ °°°
 * /Pärt, Arvo/ °°°
 * /Pelēcis, Georgs/ °°°
 * /Pesson, Gérard/ °°°
 * /Peyko, Nikolay/ °°°
 * /Piazzolla, Astor/ °°°
 * /Rzewski, Frederic/ °°°
 * /Schnittke, Alfred/ °°°
 * /Shostakovich, Dmitri/ °°°
 * /Ustvolskaya, Galina/ °°°
 * /Weinberg, Mieczysław/
 * /Wustin, Alexander/ °°°
 * /Xenakis, Iannis/ °°°
 * /Yun, Isang/


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 21st century


text:
Cookbook:Potato Gnocchi with Basil and Sun-dried Tomatoes

Ingredients

 * 500 g potato gnocchi
 * 30 g fresh basil
 * 1–2 cloves garlic, minced
 * 3–5 sun-dried tomatoes in oil
 * 2 tbsp oil from sun-dried tomatoes
 * 30 g pine nuts

Procedure

 * 1) Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain.
 * 2) Finely dice the sun-dried tomatoes.
 * 3) Add the sun-dried tomato oil to a pan and heat.
 * 4) Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes.
 * 5) Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil, and stir until the basil has wilted.
 * 6) Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve.


text:
User talk:2601:240:E000:4470:608E:110B:730A:9A73

--Xania   talk 13:02, 28 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Peter1180

Welcome, Peter1180!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 13:03, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peter1180


text:
Technical Book Development/Respondent B

Name of bookmark Great browse

Contents:

1. videos player when clicked on a video, when clicked 2 times in a second show options to be clicked including:

a. play, pause, copy, download, install, add a feature, remove, delete. When I click on it should play the video I searched for.

All videos on google should be found there, and can log out from there. And search box.

title: Technical Book Development/Respondent B


text:
Cookbook:Gnocchi

Gnocchi (singular: gnocco) are a class of small Italian dumplings sometimes considered a type of pasta. They can be homemade or purchased commercially.

Production
Gnocchi are typically made of wheat flour, with different varieties containing potatoes, ricotta, semolina, and/or eggs. To shape gnocchi, the dough is usually formed into thin ropes before cutting into small pieces. The pieces may then be further shaped by pressing, cutting, and rolling.

Storage
Fresh gnocchi will keep for a couple days, covered, in the refrigerator. They can also be frozen in air-tight containers or bags for long-term storage.

Cooking
Gnocchi can be simply boiled in salted water until they float to the surface and are cooked through. They may be served with a variety of sauces or baked into a gratin or casserole.

title: Cookbook:Gnocchi


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Albéniz, Isaac

Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz

 * Angustia: Romanza sin palabras (1886) [YouTube]
 * Arbola-pian, zortzico [YouTube]
 * Azulegos (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [YouTube]
 * Balbina Valverde [YouTube]
 * Barcarola in D-flat major, op. 23 (1884) [YouTube]
 * Cádiz Gaditana [YouTube]
 * Cantos de España, op. 232 (1892, rev. 1898) [YouTube]
 * Célèbre sérénade espagnole, op. 181 [YouTube]
 * Champagne [YouTube]
 * Danzas españolas 1 - 6, op. 37 (1887) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Danzas españolas 1 - 2, op. 164 (1889) [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Diva sin par (1886) [YouTube]
 * Deseo, Estudio de Concierto, op. 40 (1885) [YouTube]
 * España, op. 165 (1890) [YouTube]
 * Estudio impromptu, op. 56 [YouTube]
 * Estudios en los tonos naturales mayores 1 - 7, op. 65 (1886) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Iberia, Books 1 - 4 (1907-1908) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Improvisations 1 - 3 (1903) [YouTube]
 * L'Automne-Valse, op. 170 [YouTube]
 * La Vega (1897) [YouTube]
 * Les Saisons, op. 201 [YouTube]
 * Marcha Militar [YouTube]
 * Mallorca, op. 202 [YouTube]
 * Mazurka de salon, "Amalia", op. 95 (1888) [YouTube]
 * Mazurka de salon, "Ricordatti", op. 96 (1889) [YouTube]
 * Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major [YouTube]
 * Navarra (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [YouTube]
 * Pavana-Capricho, op. 12 (1882) [YouTube]
 * Pavana fácil para manos pequeñas, op. 83 (1888) [YouTube]
 * Pequeños Valses 1 - 6, op. 25 (1884) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 in A-flat major, op. 28 (1884) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 60 (lost)
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 68 (1886) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4, op. 72 (1887) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5, op. 82 (1887) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 7, op. 111 [YouTube]
 * Piezas características 1 - 12, op. 92 (1888) [YouTube]
 * Rapsodia Cubana, op. 66 (1886) [YouTube]
 * Recuerdos de viaje, op. 71 (1886-87) [YouTube]
 * Recuerdos, mazurka, op. 81 [YouTube]
 * Rêves 1 - 3, op. 101 (1891) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Serenata árabe [YouTube]
 * Souvenirs 1 - 2 (1899) [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Suite ancienne no. 1, op. 54 (1886) [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Suite ancienne no. 2, op. 64 (1886) [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Suite ancienne no. 3 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Suite española no. 1, op. 47 (1882-89) [YouTube]
 * Suite española no. 2, op. 97 (1888) [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Zambra Granadina (1888) [YouTube]


text:
Hobo tourism/Subject

The acticle, which complements the main material on the topic, briefly explains the meaning of the title, which allows each reader to decide whether he wants to see himself as such by joining the few ranks of hobo tourism supporters.

Subject of hobo tourism aka international bum (ru: международный бомж, бомж-турист, бомж международного класса) — traveler, using informal methods wanderings the world.

It’s a lifestyle where, for a certain period of time, you transform into another person, you move from country to country, don’t know what’s coming. Whoever chooses this path must for a while forget about comfort and be prepared for a few months of difficult, sometimes exhausting life of a vagrant, who crosses many state borders during one trip. The camping mat replaces the bed; the lake, the river or the faucet in the stall of the station toilet — the shower; and during the night in the open air you can get under the rain. In addition to the above, you need to be prepared for tropical fever and do not exclude the possibility of robbery by native gopniks and other criminal personalities.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Notes of an international tramp"
 * Viktor Pinchuk  "In bullpen – voluntarily"

Links
Examples for use the term "international bum" (ru:международный бомж) in Russian-language literature and periodicals:

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Subject


text:
Hobo tourism/Visiting Death

Visiting Death — the conditional name of the incident associated with the unwitting stay of Viktor Pinchuk in the uninhabited territory.

On 30 January 2011, a Russian traveler, while on a solo expedition on the African continent, attempting to swim the Kunene River in the lower reaches of Epupa Falls (Namibia), was carried away by stormy waters, eventually ending up on the opposite shore, belonging to the neighboring country — Angola.

The following morning, he was seen by a villager who reported the incident to the inhabitants of the commune. The police arrived and made an inventory of the money, clothes and other property left on the other side of river. They called a rescue team, as a result of which, in the afternoon, the «jungle prisoner» was released.

General information

 * Scene: Namibia, Angola.
 * Date: 30 January 2011, 9:30 a.m.
 * Coordinates: -16.984580 / 13.226720.
 * Time spent in uninhabited territory: about 30 hours.
 * Food: leaves of trees and shrubs, water from the river.
 * Way of lodging: plucked and laid on the ground grass.
 * Effects: light heat stroke, sunburn.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Visiting Death"
 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Ridiculous "cruise" of Robinson"

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Third African trip". — Simferopol: Phoenix Enterprise, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Visiting Death


text:
21 Expected Difficult Questions With Simple Answers

 * What is in this book ?
 * This book intends to document frequently asked difficult, tricky questions for Social Scientists, activists and persons who work on these issues. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers for each theme. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme.

 * How this book came into existence?
 * This book is a outcome of questions I/User:QueerEcofeminist have received/faced during my decade long work with NGOs, university departments, community in the states of Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Delhi. The context and content of these states from India may differ from those residing in other parts of the world.

 * Why I/We am/are writing this book?
 * Many a times, we know how to answer the typical and easy to answer questions. We already have our sympathies about the people of margins, people who are constantly discriminated against, face violence. But I want to focus on those questions which are asked by insensitive, cruel, strong opponents of queers, people of color, dalits, labors and many others who are forced to be on the margins of the society. So questions which are asked to social workers, social scientists, community representatives may drastically differ from my experiences. But Everyone is welcome and add questions which they think are difficult to answer and tricky about their own identity, movement they want to further.

Table of Contents

 * /Caste/
 * /Sexuality/
 * /Capitalism/
 * /Development/
 * /Gender and Feminism/
 * /Disability/
 * /Marxism/
 * /Ecology/


text:
Hobo tourism/One day in an Afghan prison

One day in an Afghan prison — an incident that occurred with Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk while in Kabul on 15 October 2008.

On the evening of the above-mentioned date, the subject of the incident left Mehmunsaray, located in the Kote Sangi district on the outskirts of the Afghan capital, to buy fresh flatbread for dinner, but did not have time to perform the intended, since was stopped by the policemen from the nearest checkpoint, that asked the foreigner to show his ID. After checking the passport, the paramilitary police tell the opponent to return to his residence, which meant for Russian guest will lose dinner. After hearing a negative answer, one of the policemen of the order seated the detainee in a passing taxi and drove him to the nearest station, where after a brief interrogation (in the format of an interview) he was transferred to the place of deprivation of liberty, having first placed him in a three-seat cell, where an Afghan old man was held, and then they isolated in a separat tiny cell by evicting two of the inhabitants.

The next morning, when the authorities came to examine the case and did not find any criminal activity in the detainee’s actions, they make decided to release him, which was done in the afternoon after checking the contents of the seized photocamera.

General information

 * Scene: Kabul City.
 * Date of detention: 15 September 2008, approximately 19 hours.
 * Date of release: 16 September 2008, approximately 17 hours.
 * Time of stay in place of detention: about 20 hours.
 * Food: tea and bread; rice.
 * Method of overnight: bunks.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk "One day in Afghan prison"

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Afghan prisoner". — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 144 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-3-1

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User talk:2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 19:04, 28 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Tomy Data Battle

History
1995 saw the release of the Tomy Data Battle handheld game console.

Technology
The system is powered by 4 AA batteries.


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients

This wiki-book aims to critique the study Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial by Laura Mendoza.

This article critique is conducted for assessment for the "Health, Disease and Exercise (8340)" unit at the University of Canberra.

What is the Background to this Research?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that obstructs airflow from the lungs. Physical activity is a key issue in COPD patients. Despite patients with COPD still needing to complete the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day, there is a decrease in physical activity for these patients. There is an increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality for patients with COPD, which outlines the importance of following the physical activity guidelines. This research paper aims to determine if pedometers can help enhance the physical activity levels of patients living with COPD.

Where is the Research From?
The research took place in Santiago, Chile, at the Hospital Clinic, University of Chile. The author of the paper, Laura Mendoza, is from the pulmonary section, department of medicine, at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. The author also has another research paper titled Use of simulator models such as teaching methodology for the career of Medicine and has declared no conflict of interest, and the study received funding from Chile's national fund for research and development in health.

What Kind of Research is this?
This research is a randomised control trial, which is a form of a scientific experiment that can be used to control factors that are not under the direct control of the experiment. Randomised control studies can effectively measure new interventions and treatments as the differences between the groups are attributed to the outcome of the study and the randomisation balances the participation characteristics.

What did the Research Involve?
Patients who were included in the study: Patients were recruited from outpatient clinics at private and public hospitals and primary health centres in Santiago. Patients were excluded from the study if they had any other chronic conditions that significantly impacted their ability to walk or had participated in any rehabilitation programs in the previous year. Patients attended monthly appointments with their physicians and physiotherapists for 30 minutes for 3 months. There was no follow-up recorded in the study.
 * Patients diagnosed with COPD according to the 2006 Global Initiative for COPD
 * Patients who had a smoking history and had quit 2 months before the study
 * Patients who have not had exacerbations in the 4 weeks preceding the study

Participants in the control group: Participants in the pedometer group:
 * 47 participants in the control group.
 * Received counselling to increase their physical activity level and were advised to walk at least 30 minutes per day.
 * Given a diary to record information related to their condition and were told to fill it out daily. This data entry is self-reported data.
 * 50 participants in the pedometer group.
 * Participants in this group received a pedometer and were taught how to use it.
 * Given the same diary as the control group, but with an added step count column. The patients could record the step count in the provided diary and record information related to their condition daily.
 * Self-reported data bias may occur as the participants in the first two months could visualise the step count. In the third month, the step count was taped over and there were no signs of tampering of tape tampering. The step counts remained high for the third month.

Limitations

 * There was no follow-up recorded in the study. Follow-ups are important after intervention-based studies, as it is beneficial to know if the intervention impacted behaviour change in the long term.
 * The data was self-reported. Self-reported data bias may occur as the participants could add more or less physical activity to the diary, even if it was or wasn't accomplished . Participants can be influenced by external causes, which is why self-reported data can be bias.
 * The participants in the pedometer group didn't have the results of the pedometer hidden until the third month of the study. This can affect the results of the study due to the external bias of self-reported data.

What were the Basic Results?
Participants in the pedometer group had a larger degree of compliance as well as significantly greater physical activity improvements and health improvements than the control group. Health improvements were measured with a 6-minute walk test and a COPD assessment test score. The pedometer group followed all the instructions from the researchers in the monthly follow-ups, which shows greater compliance with the exercise intervention.

The control group had a total of 5 missing days of data from the baseline and a total of 9 missing days from the follow-up month.

What were the Researcher's Conclusions?
A higher degree of compliance is suggested with the pedometer group, as the group showed a progressive increase in average daily steps throughout the study. The most substantial increases were in the first and second month follow-ups. The researchers concluded that a pedometer-based program can increase physical activity levels for patients with early COPD, which can increase the quality of life for those patients.

What Conclusions Can We Take from this Research?
Pedometers can increase physical activity for patients with COPD. Having visual devices such as pedometers can help motivate patients with COPD to meet the physical activity guidelines. The use of pedometers can help increase physical activity levels in both the long and the short term. Physical activity recommendations from healthcare professionals don't seem to help patients achieve the guidelines.

Practical Advice

 * Pedometers are a visual way to improve physical activity for certain demographic groups. Seeing the results of the steps taken throughout the day is a good motivator to get in the recommended daily physical activity.
 * COPD patients increasing physical activity and completing the recommended daily guidelines can increase their quality of life.


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User:Joshkatz60

My name is Josh Katz studying Health, Disease and Exercise 8340.

title: User:Joshkatz60


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis

This is a critique of the article by Daniela Savi, Luigi Graziano, Barbara Giordani, Stefano Schiavetto, Corrado De Vito, Giuseppe Migliara, Nicholas Simmonds, Paolo Palange & Stuart Elborn; New strategies of physical activity assessment in cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Published by BMC Pulmonary Medicine in 2020.

What is the background to this research?
[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700#:~:text=Cystic%20fibrosis%20(CF)%20is%20an,are%20normally%20thin%20and%20slippery. Cystic fibrosis (CF)] is a chronic inherited disorder that affects 3,538 Australians per year. CF is caused by the malfunction of a gene which leads to abnormally thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and reproductive tract .There is no cure but through the use of medications and physical activity (PA) people with CF are living longer.

Throughout previous research, habitual physical activity and exercise have been shown in numerous studies to decrease [https://www.cff.org/medical-professionals/pulmonary-exacerbations-clinical-care-guidelines#:~:text=Cystic%20fibrosis%20is%20characterized%20by,called%20pulmonary%20exacerbations%20(PEx). pulmonary exacerbations] and hospitalizations, and improve lung function, physical function, sputum clearance , energy level, and quality of life for both children and adults.

The use of modern day technology has changed the way clinicians collect data and monitor CF patients whilst allowing them to be independent. Studies have validated the use of the accelerometer SenseWear Pro3 Armband (SWA). Research has shown that hyper salinity of sweat does not affect the accuracy of energy expenditure and that SWA provides a precise estimate of PA. Variables measured by SWA were total energy expenditure (Kcal), active energy expenditure (Kcal), PA duration, number of steps and intensity of PA expressed as metabolic equivalents (METS).

Savi et al investigated the accuracy of new electronic devices (Smartwatch, Fitbit, Android phone and iOS phone) in measuring daily physical activity in comparison to SWA in the adult cystic fibrosis population.

Where is the research from?
The study was completed in Rome, Italy in the Policlincio Umberto I Hospital, where 7 of the authors conducted research.

The lead author Savi has a broad background in researching CF, respiratory mechanics, pulmonology, asthma, and respiratory physiology. She has 47 publications and 465 citations by various researchers, indicating a excellent credibility.

The other 9 authors have prior research in CF, immunology, pulmonology, accelerometers, and physical activity, demonstrating a versatile pool.

What kind of research was this?
The study was an observational, single centre, [https://www.simplypsychology.org/pilot-studies.html#:~:text=A%20pilot%20study%2C%20also%20called,stage%20of%20the%20research%20process. pilot study,] involving 24 adults affected by CF, who volunteered and met the criteria for the 7 day trial. The criteria for this trial were patients aged 18+ with a confirmed diagnosis of CF based on CF-mutations and/or a sweat chloride concentration test of >60 mmol/L, and access to the internet and a device.

A [https://www.simplypsychology.org/pilot-studies.html#:~:text=A%20pilot%20study%2C%20also%20called,stage%20of%20the%20research%20process. pilot study] is a preliminary study conducted to evaluate feasibility, duration and cost, as well as improving the study design prior to a full scale study. Through observation the results will depict whether this test is statistically sound before attempting an updated treatment.

What did the research involve?
Over 7 days, physical activity, and habitual physical activity of the 24 participants were recorded via SenseWear Pro3 Armband and a personal device.

Participants were separated into 4 groups according to the device they routinely used (i.e Smartwatch, Fitbit, Android or iOS phone). Participants completed 4 supervised activities, recording the number of steps and duration of PA in an indoor environment over an hour. A static task of lying supine was the control method for baseline readings on the devices.

Active tasks included:

 * Stair climbing; indoor stairwell consisting of 24 steps.
 * Stationary cycling; 50% at their predicted maximum heart rate.
 * Walking; 6 minute walking test.

For the rest of the week patients used their personal devices and SWA to record their habitual physical activity.

What were the basic results?
Results show significant differences (i.e p-vaule <0.05 ) in daily physical activity data between SWA and Android in all 3 categories, meaning that the findings are reliable and not due to chance.

There was no statistical difference between SWA and Fitbit for active energy expenditure (p = 0.143) and number of steps (p = 0.605). Analysis of the Fitbit and iOS phone data provided daily PA measurements and monitoring steps similar to the SWA accelerometer.

Table 1: Differences between the SWA and the 4 devices on measuring daily physical activities. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

The researchers acknowledge the possibility of a type 2 error due to the small sample size. There was poor correlation between Fitbit and SWA in the accuracy of measuring time whilst exercising. This could be due to the Fitbit only measuring activities of either moderate or high intensity, whilst SWA can record any intensity.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study evaluated the accuracy of 4 electronic devices in comparison with the SenseWear Pro3 Armband in monitoring the PA of a CF patient in their daily life. Fitbit and iOS phones performed well when compared to the SWA. They are both able to accurately monitor step count and the Fitbit accurately assessed energy expenditure.

If confirmed by other larger studies, Fitbit and iOS phones might have an important role in future research studies, because step count and energy expenditure are the recommend minimum standard for reporting PA. Fitbit is widely used in society and has the potential to be easily integrated into an exercise program for CF patients who could find this highly motivating.

This new technology can give instant feedback to illustrate how much work a person has done, thus positively reinforce exercising. It will help clinicians to easily collect data and continually monitor patients in the real world without limiting the participant. It is an easy and safe way to monitor and encourage PA to promote good habits i.e, goal setting and gives a person accountability and independence. By having access to devices, the internet can grant easier access to online exercises programs and education sessions.

Practical advice
The knowledge that PA is beneficial and electronic device can easily and effectively assist CF population to monitor their PA in both laboratory and daily life settings, will promote best health outcomes. The practicality of these devices demonstrates that they are user friendly for all ages thus overall improving adherence.

Further evidence from larger cohort studies in the CF population could result in Fitbit devices and iOS smartphones being introduced as a new strategy for assessing physical activity and lifestyle changes in the CF population.

Future research into these devices and cohort containing children, adolescences and adults will demonstrate the cost effective ways that these personal device can enhance health, education and exercise throughout the full disease spectrum.

Further information/resources

 * A Guide for People Living with Cystic Fibrosis
 * Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
 * Exercise Your Future:Staying Fit with Cystic Fibrosis

 * Evaluation of the SenseWear activity monitor during exercise in cystic fibrosis and in health


text:
History of video games/Platforms/DVD Kids

History
The console was designed in Iceland by 3-Plus Ltd roughly around 2002-2003.

The system won a World Summit Award in 2005.

Technology
The console could play many standard DVDs, and could use specially designed interactive DVDs designed for it. The system was designed specifically for edutainment.

The system supported touch interaction via the control surface.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/MACH64

History
The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe. The price of the system was $159.95.

Technology
The kit used a CPLD (Complex programmable logic device), specifically the Lattice Semiconductor ispMACH 4064.

title: History of video games/Platforms/MACH64


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Hobo tourism/African Robbery

African robbery is an incident that happened to Viktor Pinchuk on the last day of a six-month expedition, a few hours before returning to homeland.

On 19 April 2018, around 10:00 am, shortly before fly from O. R. Tambo International Airport, a Russian traveler was attacked by a criminal group. The intruders acted in a coordinated and fast manner. One of the three attackers, with a sharp grip from the back by mechanical action on the carotid sinus of the corresponding artery in 2-3 seconds, caused the victim to become unconscious. After that, the two accomplices, lightning withdrawing the camera from under the jacket, and from the upper (accessible) pockets a small amount of money, disappeared with the leader. The action took place on the main street of Johannesburg — Commissioner Street, near the Center skyscraper, in front of numerous passers-by.

General information

 * Location: Johannesburg (South Africa).
 * Date: 19. 04. 2018, approx. 10:00 a.m.
 * Geographical coordinates: 26°12'18.3031"S, 28°2'44.9689"E
 * Number of attackers: 3 (three).
 * Losses: footage, camera, a small amount of money.

Analysis of the situation
Why did the above happen on the last day of the trip, and not at any of the others, when potential subject of attention criminals would daily walk at the dark on foot to the outskirts of Johannesburg, where he lived, renting two square meters on the floor? Apparently, the reason is that the traveler, ten minutes before the attack, visited two exchange offices, trying to get rid the rest of the unnecessary rands already. The robbers watched the actions of the "ward"; after leaving the exchang point, when the alleged victim, turning to the facade of the building, shifted money into the upper pocket, they decided to attack: it was from this pocket that the contents were taken away, while the others remained intact.

Sinister "prophecy"
On April 12, 2018, exactly one week before the incident, when addressing about overnight staying in the police station of the small village of Leroro, traveler was placed in the Remmogo victim support center, which as if have predetermined subsequent events.

Recommendations for those planning to visit South Africa
Johannesburg and Pretoria pose the greatest danger to any traveller with white skin. Should be careful when you’re here.

 * You can not go through the streets with a backpack, especially the big ones — it will give you a visitor, and therefore - having money.
 * It is desirable to look like a hobo or a homeless, focusing on this image.
 * The money should be divided into two parts, leaving the necessary daily supply at hand, and the rest — to hide as far away as possible.
 * Small towns are not dangerous, you can feel relatively safe here.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "African style robbery"

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Holiday of wandering mzungu". — Simferopol: Btovko, 2018. — 180 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-4-8

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/African Robbery


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User talk:LisaGonzales03

Billinghurst (discuss • contribs) 12:44, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:LisaGonzales03


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The Feasibility Of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Crohn's disease Patient

< Exercise as it relates to Disease

This Wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the research article "High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training in adults with Crohn's disease: A pilot randomised controlled trial" by Tew. G.A. et.al (2019). From the BMC Gastroenterology.

What is the Background to this Research?
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease that impacts the patient’s immune system from functioning effectively. Due to an inflammatory response from the digestive tract, the walls of the digestive tract are damaged and therefore causing symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Crohn’s disease can be influenced by genetic components, environmental factors, etc. CD patients also suffer from bone mineral loss and therefore are included into the moderate to high risk factor for individuals exercising. Exercise is recommended as it can help patient’s cope with symptomatic issues such as fatigue, faecal calprotectin, inflammation, and mental health.

There are controversies surrounding the topic of exercise involving Crohn’s disease patients as they provide a moderate to high risk. It was outlined in a pilot trial as too high of a level of intensity of exercise may cause heartburn and diarrhoea and other acute gastrointestinal bleeding issues, and is particularly prevalent in endurance runners.

This paper entails the feasibility of two exercise modules test Crohn’s disease patients exercising at a high-intensity interval training level and at a moderately-intense continuous training level. Relating to current research, it investigates how intense and how much exercise a Crohn’s disease patient can do without exacerbating their symptoms. This research provides insight and a reliable foundation for future expansions of research into exercise with Crohn’s disease patients, as the majority of current research only reflects low-intensity exercise.

 * According to a prospective multi-centre cross-sectional study done by K Gatt et.al, they found that

 * According to a pilot study by Hassid, found that12 athletes that partook in running, marathon, half marathon, bicycle rides, and triathlon events has no significant increase of faecal calprotectin that would put them in a critical state in their CDAI score

Where is the Research From?
This research article was published by the reputable journal publisher, BMC Gastroenterology. Although, it is a reasonably new source, this journal is highly accepted as a reputable per-reviewed source and covers technology, gastroenterology, and the medicines categories.

Recruitment was taken from 3 private hospitals in England. The exercise modules were conducted at the University of Winchester by Garry.A. Tew. The data was analysed at the University of New York, York’s Trials Unit. The paper was funded by the Living with IBD Research Programme at Crohn’s and Colitis UK, and continued testing for as long as they were funded for. It was noted that the source of funding had no influence on the outcome and analysis of the results.

The authors have a reputable background. Specifically, Garry a Tew who has 86 research papers, investigating the effects of exercise-based programs on specific communities or health diseases. Professor Tew’s fellow co-authors; Dr Jones, Dr Leighton, Dr Bottoms, Dr Carpenter, Dr Anderson have done 3 other papers which embark on further research into Crohn’s disease and the effectiveness and quality of life from exercising with CD.

What Kind of Research Was This?
This research article is stated as a three-arm pilot randomised trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the High-intensity interval group, moderate-intensity continuous group, and parallel, a usual-care as the continuous group to standardise results collected. A pilot study is the necessary preliminary trial to then further expand upon to a randomised controlled trial which is the gold standard of studies. Due to the delivery of the programs, it would be evident to the participants which intervention they were in. Other pilot trial investigations found indications of lean mass generation with high and moderate exercise, correlations of higher quality of life , and without exacerbating any symptoms. The authors disclosed that there were no conflicts of interests.

What Did the Research Involve?
·      The trial consisted of 53 participants being randomised into 3 separate armed programs. of the 36 sessions, 8 out of 12 participants completed 24 sessions.

·      Limitations of the study includes the self-reported measures

·      As stated in the paper the number of participants were minimal however, this pilot study does create opportunity for research to account for these numbers and expand the research based on this study

·      The methodology could have been reduced to a 2-arm study, this point was also mentioned in the paper to limit difficulty of recruiting participants

·      The program could have also included more variations of high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercises. This will ensure that

·      There were several limitations to this research paper:

-       Heart rate and peak oxygen uptake was recorded throughout the trial to identify peak power output

-       Endoscopies weren’t used to evaluate the degree of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract

-       There was room for bias as the follow-up procedure,

-       Interview feedback did provide evidence of participants having an overall enjoyment for the program

What Were the Basic Results?
·      Peak oxygen uptake was significantly improved in the HIIT program in contrast to the MICT program when tested for the baseline to 3 months retest protocol.

-       Peak oxygen uptake increased in the 3-months post program by 2.4 mL/kg/min for the HIIT group and 0.7mL/kg/min for the MICT

·      All exercise trials took place on a cycle ergometer. The high intensity and moderate intensity programs both started off with a 5-minute warm up at 15% peak power output (determined via baseline cardiopulmonary testing), with a 3-minute cool down session also at 15% peak power output.

-       The HIIT session lasted for 28 minutes and consisted of 1-minute bouts of 90% peak power output and interspersed 1-minute bouts at 15% peak power output

-       The MICT session went for 38 minutes and only consisted of a 30-minute cycle at 35% peak power output.

 * Maximum heart was 92% for HIIT and 68% for MICT
 * Self-reported decreases in inflammatory responses and less frequent bowel movements were noted.

What Conclusions Can We Take From This Research?

 * High intensity interval training in comparison to moderate continuous training have both provided insight to being beneficial for Crohn’s disease patients to partake in both activities.

 * The HIIT and MICT exercise interventions improved those participants peak oxygen uptake within the 3 months of the program.

 * The CDAI score decreased for HIIT participants and increased slightly for the MICT, however both scores are still considered as asymptomatic remission.

 * Majority of patients reported that their intervention improved the quality of their life without causing CD symptoms and inflammation. There were also statements made how the trial motivated them to continue with the regime.

 * There were a couple of adverse-events that were due to the exercise interventions. It was reported that their CDAI scores were increased in disease activity, which returned back to the baseline measure within 1 week. However, it would be beneficial if a randomised controlled trial further expanded upon the safety of higher intensities of exercise on CD patients

 * Several participants were interested in doing variations of high-intensity exercises. A pilot trial provided evidence that a high-intensity muscle-focused program is feasible and safe for CD patients.

Practical Advice

 * For future research, it would be best to investigate using patients that didn’t previously have private institute benefits as healthcare is not accessible to all and therefore is potentially a whole different case for non-private hospital patient friendly


text: Category:Book:21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists


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Hobo tourism/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)

Tropical fever in long-term travel format bum tour — a possible turn of events, which can not be excluded when visiting the countries of the equatorial climate belt. The use of repellents and mosquito nets will reduce the risk of disease, but will not protect the user by 100%. An organized tourist, in the event of illness, can take advantage of health insurance and stock of money; a practitioner of non-standard methods will be in a more difficult position.

The following material illustrates, on a case basis, what is awaits of an hobo traveller infected with dengue fever.

On December 26, 2012, Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who arrived around midnight at the airport of Kota Kinabalu, within two hours of walking reached the city center; after walking a few more kilometres, he settled for the night in a suburban area covered with tropical forest. The bite of an infected mosquito was not initially seen. The first signs of deterioration came upon return to Western Malaysia, where he lived in the ruins of one of the five dilapidated 16-story buildings. The appeal to the state hospital cost a foreigner 15 ringgit (locals pay 1 ringgit), and the visit to a private doctor — $50. There was more use for the former, while the private specialist only misled about difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis, trying to identify the patient to the hospital, which would have cost a lot.

General information

 * Location of infection: Kota-Kinabalu, Sabah State (Malaysia).
 * Date: night from 26. 12. to 27. 12. 2012.
 * Place of contact with medical institutions: Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia.
 * Period of disease termination: 26. 01. 2012.
 * Negative: a loss of time and some funds.

Gallery
At Kuala Lumpur Hospital:

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Медицина по-малазийски" (in ru)

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Six months by islands... and countries". — Simferopol: Btovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-978-5-9908234-0-2

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text: Making Websites with Flask/Printable version


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of community sport participation on symptoms of mental health in adolescents

This is a critique of the research article:

[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8222072/#R31 Graupensperger, S., Sutcliffe, J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). Prospective Associations between Sport Participation and Indices of Mental Health across Adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 50(7), 1450–1463.]

What is the background to this research?
Adolescence is a critical period in the development of positive mental health behaviours and habits that ultimately helps to shape mental wellbeing throughout adulthood. However, more than 50% of mental health disorders that adults experience in their lifetime have started by the age of 14 years old, increasing to 75% by the age of 24. In Australia specifically, 14% of young people aged 12-17 years old experience a mental health disorder each year, with a further 20% experiencing high or very high levels of psychological distress.

While much is already known about the physical health benefits of regular exercise in adolescents, such as reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life, researchers have sought to examine the impact that organised sport participation may have on mental health outcomes, as this is a readily accessible and cost effective form of physical activity for young people. Although previous research in the industry presents evidence to suggest sport may be beneficial for mental health in adolescents, this paper utilises longitudinal research methods to clarify the prospective association between organised sport and mental health outcomes in adolescents, and to analyse the differing effects between boys and girls.

In particular, the analysis focuses on mental health indices of depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems and emotional symptoms; and how these outcomes may evolve between individuals and within the same individual over time.

Where is the research from?
The paper was published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, an academic journal subject to double blind peer review, specialising in a wide variety of allied health issues among youth and adolescents. Author Scott Graupensperger is an assistant professor at the University of Washington, with dozens of published articles relating to health and risk behaviours. The other contributing authors Jordan Sutcliffe and Stewart Vella, conduct research out of the University of Wollongong, and have multiple publications in the field of youth sport and health development.

What kind of research was this?
Participants in the study were randomly selected from Australian postal codes and the national Medicare database to reflect a national representative sample. This included: Informed consent was obtained from all participants, with data then collected using self-reported questionnaires from the primary parent for participants aged 12-13, and by the children themselves for all other ages.

To analyse the data, random intercept cross-lagged panel modelling was used to group individuals and separate time-variant associations from stable trait-like difference within individual participants. Partially missing data was accounted for using full-information maximum likelihood estimation to ensure the influence of errors or bias on the results were reduced.

What did the research involve?
The authors submitted the methodology and questionnaire survey content to be reviewed and approved by the Australian Institute of Family Studies Ethics Committee prior to commencement. During the study, participants completed a variety of questionnaires that specifically related to sport participation frequency, anxiety symptoms (using Spences Children’s Anxiety Scale), depressive symptoms (using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaires), and emotional and behavioural difficulties (using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire).

Mental health markers were measured using a numbered scale to assess the degree of prevalence within a given time period, or using true or false prompts to determine their occurrence in the participant’s life. Questionnaires regarding sport involvement were limited to an estimation of days and hours per week spent participating in sport, however limited details were collected that examined the competitive level of the sport involved in. As such, the association between elite, sub-elite or recreational levels of sporting participation could not be assessed in its relation to mental health outcomes. Similarly, questionnaires only summarised results over two year intervals, and as such lacked an in-depth analysis of the day-to-day effects that sporting participation may have on mental health.

Despite the self-reporting nature of the questionnaire methodology, evidence suggests that adolescent children can accurately self-report on health measures within their own life.

What were the basic results?
There were several key findings relating individual and team sport participation to mental health outcomes, as well as the gender differences between boys and girls.

A substantial portion of participants recorded considerable symptoms of depression and anxiety that increased throughout adolescence, despite mean scores falling below thresholds used to identify mental health disorders.

 * Boys who typically participated in more team sport reported fewer symptoms of mental health issues, however female participation was only associated with positive outcomes at later timepoints.
 * Boys who typically engaged in more individual sport report lower levels of depression, however when this sporting participation exceeded the expected amount, so too did the expected level of depressive symptoms.
 * There was no association between individual sport participation and symptoms of depression in adolescent girls, but symptoms of depression inversely predicted sport participation at later time points.

Although the authors made several associations that linked sport participation with mental health outcomes, they were reserved with making definitive statements regarding the implications of their findings.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Despite a positive association between team sport participation and fewer negative mental health outcomes in adolescents, those in the study that demonstrated more negative symptoms were less likely to continue with sport. The study also supported previous research that suggests individual sport involvement had a greater predictive association for symptoms of anxiety and depression than team sport.

Similarly aligning with the literature, although male participation in individual sport led to positive mental health outcomes, at timepoints in which participation was elevated, negative depressive symptoms were predicted. Furthermore, females were much more susceptible to mental health problems among individual sports in comparison to males and team sports.

Although the association between sport participation and increased mental health and wellbeing is supported in research, the effect has a significant variance across participants and may in some cases have no association.

Practical advice
Adolescent participation in organised sport is undoubtedly associated with a more positive mental health status, in particular in recreational and sub-elite levels of competition. The mental benefits of this involvement however may be influenced by several factors such as social interactions, external pressure to participate at a certain frequency, and if the sport matches the expectations of the individual. As such, further consideration and support should be provided to adolescents involved in elite sport, in particular individual sport, to ensure a positive mental health status is maintained.

Further information/resources
There are several resources available for those seeking further information or support about adolescent mental health and sporting participation.

Mental health resources:

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/mental-illness

https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/

https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/mental-health-physical-health/about-mental-health/teen-mental-health

Sport participation and physical activity:

https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians/for-children-and-young-people-5-to-17-years

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/sport-and-children

Mental health support services for parents and adolescents:

https://headspace.org.au/explore-topics/for-young-people/mental-ill-health/

https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support

https://www.lifeline.org.au/about/our-services/


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals

This wiki critiques the article: MOKHTAR, ABD HALIM, H., ZAILANI, M. H., ISA, A., & FAUZI, N. F. M. (2019). A 10-Week Pedometer-Based Walking Program Induced Weight Loss and Improved Metabolic Health in Community-Dwelling Adults. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 17(1), 21–29.

What is the background to this research?
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular pathologies that occur simultaneously. These pathologies include obesity, high blood pressure, high blood triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance. Although MetS is not a disease it has shown to increase risk of developing Cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Making it essential to investigate how we can decrease MetS in this context to reduce the burden of the CVD.

Sedentary behaviour is an independent risk factor linked to an increase of many different health conditions such as Obesity, CVD and mortality. Increased sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity have also shown a rise in chances of getting MetS by around 73%. Many studies have shown walking is among the most popular physical activities in society as it offers a simple approach to exercise. Health programs around the world have embraced the use of pedometers and 10,000 steps a day as motivation to achieve the physical activity guidelines.

The purpose of the present study was to see if pedometers and a walking intervention would promote physical activity (PA) in obese/overweight subjects currently not reaching the PA guidelines. Thus resulting in lowering their body compensation and improving health indices that may result in MetS.

Where is the research from?
This research was undertaken in Malaysia, with support from the ministry of Health Malaysia. The main author was a student at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, with co-authors from the ministry of health Malaysia. Corresponding author Nor Farah Mohamad Fauzi has been apart of many past study papers mainly in the field of Physical Activity.

It is important when looking at this study to note BMI and Body fat percentages differ between ethnic groups, Especially when comparing asian groups to the western world due to differences in lifestyle behaviours. This may impact the generalisability of this study.

No conflict of interest were declared in this study.

What kind of research was this?
The research method was an observational within subject cohort study. The study compared participants pre and post intervention. This was an open trial where the subjects were aware of the intervention in place. The intervention was a Lifestyle behavioural intervention, hoping to increase PA in obese subjects.

Participants volunteered to be apart of this study which can be a limitation as individuals were motivated to change their Physical activity behaviour which may present selection bias as the response may be different to those who are unmotivated.

Participants were excluded if they were:

 * Currently following an Exercise Program
 * Pregnant
 * Multiple comorbid conditions
 * Orthopaedic limitation that interfere was ability to walk
 * BMI values <23.0kg/m2

What did the research involve?
The intervention was based on a 10-week time frame, once participants had gone through the screening process and accepted for the study they received an Omron Pedometer to track their steps and log books that were collected weekly.

In the week prior to the interventions Participants daily steps were collected and used to establish a baseline daily steps for each participant.

During the first 2 weeks the aim was to increase walking behaviour gradually by participants walking 3000 steps above their average baseline reading.

3000 steps was chosen based on the assumption that moderate brisk walking produces 100 steps a minute therefore 3000 steps would equate to around 30mins which is inline with current PA guidelines of 30 mins of moderate PA.

During the other 8 weeks participants were required to achieve 8000-10,000 steps at least one day a week while maintaining the additional 3000 steps above baseline on the other days.

To increase motivation and daily participation the study included:

At the conclusion of the 10-week program subjects Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were taken. Resting blood pressure was measured and over night fasting blood samples to measure glucose and lipid concentrations.
 * Educational intervention - Brochures containing benefits of walking.
 * Participants received daily reminders and encouragement messages through a group messaging app.
 * Group evening walks were organised during weekdays.
 * Participants were also encouraged to take part in one weekend activity organised by the health promotion community centre.

What were the basic results?
The results showed that the use of the pedometer and step goals especially 10,000 can have a positive impact on increasing PA in community dwelling adults.

When comparing the participants test results pre and post intervention, the results showed:

These results overall resulted in improved MetS parameters.
 * Increase in physical activity of over 200% above baseline values
 * Significant Reduction in body weight, BMI and waist circumference
 * Significant improvements to fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure - significant effect on fasting blood glucose in Participants who lost weight

The researchers of this study acknowledged the limitations which would have an impact on the intervention of the study. This included the exclusion of a control group, a control group would have made sure the results are due to the manipulation of the variable.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Overall this study proves that walking with the use of a pedometer and a step goal can lead to improved parameters associated with metabolic health resulting in reduced chances of being diagnosed with MetS.

Accumulation of results from current research on MetS, Have proven that an increase in PA and decrease in sedentary behaviour will result in a decrease in weight and have a significant reduction in metabolic syndrome risk factors. The method used was successful although any PA that can result in weight loss would show similar results.

In the future it would be helpful to include a control group to increase reliability and decrease limitations. It is unknown if there were appetite changes due to more movement or subjects being motivated to change diet habits during the intervention. Non-exercise energy thermogenesis (NEAT) would also be helpful to track as people can still be physically active but sedentary. Tracking diet and NEAT would impact the reliability of this study. Although a study by Richard et al. 2008 found that pedometer based walking did lead to weight loss without having a dietary intervention in place.

Practical advice
From this study people who are overweight should increase their PA levels to decrease MetS risk factors. If you are implementing PA and are unaccustomed to activity, walking is the perfect place to start it's gentle, won't over exert you and is the perfect PA to gradually build on.

Recommendations include:

 * Increase daily steps by a minimum of 3000 steps a day, approximately 30 minutes of moderate physical activity everyday
 * A step goal and pedometer is a good visual motivator to help monitor your goal.
 * The use of a social aspect such as organised group walks are good ways to motivate participants.
 * Brochures and motivating messages about the benefits of walking are a beneficial educational tool to promote motivation.

Make sure to consult with Medical professionals if you have any limitations stopping you from walking, May effect step goal or another Physical Activity intervention may need to be put in place.


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Pomology/Pineapples

Pineapple
Pineapple, (Ananas comosus), perennial plant of the family Bromeliaceae and its edible fruit. Pineapple is native to tropical and subtropical America and has been introduced elsewhere. The fruit has become a characteristic ingredient in the meat, vegetable, fish, and rice dishes of what is loosely termed Pan-Asian cuisine. The fruit is eaten fresh where available and in canned form worldwide. In the United States and in Europe it is sometimes used as a pastry filling or in baked desserts.

Physical description and cultivation
The plant has 30 to 40 stiff succulent leaves closely spaced in a rosette on a thick fleshy stem. In commercial varieties about 15 to 20 months after planting, a determinate inflorescence forms on a flower stalk 100–150 mm (4–6 inches) in length. The originally separate light purple flowers, together with their bracts, each attached to a central axis core, become fleshy and fuse to form the pineapple fruit, which ripens five to six months after flowering begins. Fruits of commercial varieties range from 1 to 2 kg (2 to 4 pounds) in weight. When pineapple is cultivated on modern plantations, an asphalt-impregnated mulch paper is usually first laid on well-tilled soil in rows, with the edges covered to anchor the strips of paper. The pineapple propagating pieces are inserted through the paper into the soil, so spaced as to give a population of 15,000–20,000 plants per acre. The edible flesh is surrounded by green bracts that turn into orange when ripe, which form the skin of the fruit. The bracts are clustered in the upper part of the fruit forming a tuft of leaves. Pineapples have yellow or white pulp, fleshy, aromatic, juicy and sweet. In the fruit there is a fibrous axis that extends from the crown to the pedicle. Mature pineapples have a very singular fragrance, a beautiful colour and pleasant bittersweet taste. It is eaten raw or as an ingredient in juices, preserves, liquors, etc. Both the fruit and the leaves are used to prepare medicinal compounds. The pineapple is an herbaceous plant whose inflorescences are born in the tip of the fruit. These inflorescences have an oval shape. It is a multiple fruit composed of a clustering of fruits. It is a fleshy fruit ending in a crown of leaves. It propagates by cuttings and it prefers the heat. Pineapples has a very high content of water. The glucids occupy the second place and the supply of proteins and lipids is scarce. The caloric value, taking the composition into account, is very low. Each 100 g of edible fresh product supply between 64 and 101 kcal. For that reason pineapples are suitable in slimming diets. The American pineapple is usually eaten fresh, alone or in fruit salads. It is also used in pies and several dishes. Great part of the world-wide production is intended for the processing industry to obtain pineapple in syrup. They are also widely used to obtain juice, as raw material to process stewed fruit and jams. In the Chinese cooking it is a main ingredient combined with pork and duck. This fruit is very sensitive to sudden changes of temperature. The suitable temperatures for partially mature pineapples are around 10-13ºC and for mature pineapples around 7-10ºC. Thus, the optimal levels of relative moisture are between 85 and 90%

History
The earliest written references to pineapple are by Christopher Columbus, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, and Sir Walter Raleigh, who found pineapple growing in the West Indies, where it was used for food and wine making. The Portuguese were apparently responsible for early dissemination of the pineapple. They introduced it to Saint Helena shortly after they discovered that island in 1502. Soon after, they carried it to Africa and, by about 1550, to India. Before the end of the 16th century, cultivation of the plant had spread over most of the tropical areas of the world, including some of the islands of the South Pacific. Major modern growers of pineapple include Costa Rica, Brazil, China, India, and Thailand.

Varieties
The chiefly cultivated varieties of pineapple in the world according to Loyal, are:

 * "Roja española’: Medium plant with small leaves, average barrel-shaped fruit, yellow-orange colour, with well-defined eyes, rectangular, flat and raised in the corners. Pineapples are infrutescences, that is to say, a group of individual fruits that gather to form the multiple fruit we know as pineapple. The only visible sign of each individual fruit is its external scale-shaped cover ("eye’) provided with a tiny leaf. The juice of this variety is of a sweet and pleasant taste.

 * "Mauritus": Small and compact plants, long and narrow leaves of a dark green colour, with red spikes in the borders, conical or cylindrical fruit, bright yellow colour and also yellow inside; prominent and angular eyes.

 * "PR-1-67 ": Medium-size plants, leaves with double or simple spikes, curved upwards. The leaves are of yellowish green colour, reddish-tinged. Barrel-shaped fruit, eyes arranged in 3 spirals, yellow-orange external colour, white pulp, similar to "Roja Española’.

 * "Cabezona’: Large plant, wide leaves, sawed edges, small spikes, ash-grey green colour, wide and rectangular fruit of conical shape, eyes arranged in two spirals, yellow-orange external colour, white, bittersweet, fibrous pulp.

 * "Pernambuco’: Medium-sized, vigorous plant. Medium-sized, wide leaves, of dark green colour, provided with great spikes in the borders. Oblong fruit of yellow colour, both outside and inside. Rounded eyes in the upper part, rectangular and deep in the base.

 * "Montufar": Average-sized plants, short to medium size leaves, green to yellowish-green colour, with large spikes in the borders of the leaves. Conical shape of yellowish green colour on the outside and yellow inside.

 * "Abacaxi’: Medium-sized, extremely turgid plant, long leaves of dark green colour, with reddish spots and medium-sized spikes. Pyramidal to oblong fruit. Of a deep yellow colour outside and a pale yellow to white colour inside.

 * "Ripley": Wide leaves, quite long, reddish-green colour with brown spots, not very strong, irregular spikes. Rounded oval fruit, dark green colour, pale copper colour when ripe. Very sweet and succulent, small amount of fibre.

 * "James Quenn": Vigorous plants, thick stem, long leaves, pale green colour with many strong spikes. Rounded fruit, golden yellow in the outside and deep yellow inside.

 * "Queen": Very old variety, with many sub-varieties. Small plant, short leaves, pale green colour. Multiple separated strong spikes, oblong fruit of golden yellow colour outside and deep yellow inside. Small, prominent and rectangular eyes.

 * "Spanish Jewel": Medium-sized plants, long and wide leaves. Dark green colour, reddish spots, cylindrical shape. White fruit, orange inside. Flat, rectangular and deep eyes.

 * "Sugar Loaf": Small to medium-sized plants. Green-purple colour, spiked borders, oblong-conical fruit, intense yellow external colour, yellow internal colour, small, oval to rounded, flat and deep eyes.

 * "Singapore Spanish": Medium-sized plants, long, narrow leaves of dark green colour, with reddish borders, few spikes, frequently near the apex of the leaf. Fruit of cylindrical shape, pale orange external colour and yellow inside.

 * "Masmerah": Large plants with long, narrow leaves of dark green colour. Free from spikes. Fruit of cylindrical shape, golden-yellow inside and external orange colour, with a large crown, rectangular, slightly deep eyes.

 * "Cayena Lisa’: Medium-sized plants, long and wide leaves, dark green colour with reddish spots, smooth edges with the exception of some spikes in the tip of the leaf. Fruit of cylindrical shape, reddish-orange outside and pale yellow colour inside. Flat, hexagonal and shallow eyes.

 * "Champaka’: Large plants, long and wide leaves, dark green colour with reddish spots, smooth edges except for some spikes in the tip of the leaf. Cylindrical fruit of reddish-orange colour outside and yellow inside.

 * "Monte Lirio’: Small plant, few and medium-sized leaves, intense green colour, free from spikes, smooth edges. Globose fruit, yellow colour in the outside and white inside.

 * "Perolera’: Great plants, short and medium-sized leaves of dark green colour, with reddish spots and smooth edges. Block-shaped fruit, of yellow colour.

 * "Barón de Rothschild": Small to medium size, fruit of oblong shape, diminishing its size towards the base of the crown. Yellow external colour and somewhat paler inside.

 * "Brecheche’: Small plants, medium-sized leaves, olive colour, totally free of spikes and not rolled inward edges, fruit of cylindrical shape and yellow colour.

 * "Burmanguesa’: Perhaps it is a mutation of "Perolera’, from which it is distinguished by its pale green leaves; fruit of red to purple external colour, intense yellow inside and shallow eyes.

 * "Maipure’: Large plants, dark green long leaves, with red spots, smooth edges, with some spikes on the tips. Cylindrical fruit of yellow colour in the outside and paler inside.

 * "Rondon": Medium-sized plants of dark green colour, with red spots, free of spikes, with smooth edges, and some spikes on the tips. Elongate-cylindrical fruit of yellow-orange colour, white inside. Flat and slightly deep eyes.

Availability
Fresh and tinned pineapples are found in our markets all over the year. In the Canary Islands they are found from January until December.

The following table shows the data of availability in the United Kingdom market, the origin and the weight of the packages.

 * 1) Origin	     Availability in the UK markets	Weight of the packages

Puerto Rico  - 	All the year round	     -       9/10kg ct5/10 South Africa-	All the year round	   -        ct6/12/24 Sri Lanka	 -  All the year round     -     	8/11kg Santa Lucia	-   All the year round	   -         17/18 kg Thailand	 -   All the year round    -      	2kg Uganda	   -    All the year round	      -      ct6/12/24
 * Australia	 -  All the year round	      -       20/22kg
 * Brazil	 -  All the year round	       -      Various
 * Cameroon	 -  All the year round	       -      12kg
 * Colombia	 -  All the year round	       -      18kg
 * Costa Rica  -	All the year round	  -           Various
 * Ivory Coast	-All the year round	     -       8/12kg
 * Dominican	  - All the year round	             Various
 * Dominican Republic- All the year round	-        Various
 * Ecuador	 -  May-December	          -       ct6/16
 * Fiji	   -    On trial	          -           Various
 * Ghana	   -    All the year round         -    	10/16kg
 * Honduras	 -  All the year round	     -       Various
 * India	   -    All the year round	      -      Various
 * Kenya	    -   All the year round	    -        ct 61,5/2,5kg
 * Madagascar	-February-September	      -     12kg
 * Malaysia	 -  All the year round	      -      10kg
 * México	-   All the year round	     -       Various
 * Nigeria	 -  October-December	     -       Various

Packaging
Fresh pineapples are not usually packaged. However, there is a type of packaging consisting of sliced pineapple introduced in rounded plastic cans. But this type of packaging is not fruit tinning, so find it in the fridge of the stores and not in the preserves’ shells.

Post-harvest Atmosphere Management
Pineapples are very fragile fruit and sensitive to sudden changes of temperature. It is possible to store them for few days in a fresh and dry place, although it must never be kept in the fridge, since temperatures below 7ºC injure the fruit. Once cut and peeled it can be stored in the fridge covered with plastic, trying to consume it as soon as possible.

If pineapples are subject to ethylene exposure, the degreening of the skin will be faster, not affecting the internal quality. The degreening means the loss of chlorophyll. Pineapples must be harvested when they are sufficiently mature to be consumed, since they do not continue maturation after harvesting.

Controlled atmospheres delay senescence and reduce the rate of respiration. The optimal proportions are 3-5% of oxygen and 5-8% of carbon dioxide. The potential post-harvest life varies from 2 to 4 weeks in air, and between 4 and 6 weeks in controlled atmospheres at 10ºC, depending on the degree of maturation and the cultivar.

Distribution
The same environmental conditions for storage are the optimal for transport and distribution.

Post-harvest Problems
After the harvesting, pineapples may undergo some problems caused by chilling injuries and pathogens.

The exposure at temperatures below 7ºC causes chilling injuries. Mature fruit is more susceptible to suffer these damages than the green one. The symptoms include a duller green colour, soft and wet flesh, a darker colour of the surface, and higher susceptibility to damages caused by falls and hits.
 * Chilling injuries

- Dark rot: caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa. It begins in the stem and spreads to the flesh. The affected area lowers with a slight pressure and it darkens.
 * Damages caused by pathogens

- Fermentation caused by yeast: Caused by Saccharomyces spp, it is generally associated to an excessive maturation of the fruit. The yeast gets inside the fruit through the wounds. The fruit’s flesh softens and turns into a yellow colour. It is also easily broken.

Benefits for the health
The nutritious profile of pineapples is similar to that of many other fruits containing high levels of carbohydrates and low levels of fat and proteins. Fibre represents around 14% of the dry matter, reason why this fruit can be included in low cholesterol diets. The content of vitamin C is approximately half of the quantity found in citruses, and the level of pro-vitamin A carotenoids is low as compared with papaya and mango. Pineapple is also a good source of bromelin enzyme, that contributes in digestion, and at the same time decomposes the proteins. The phytochemicals found in pineapples include quercetin and other phenolic compounds regarded as antioxidants and inhibitors of cancer.

Popular tradition
Pineapples are sweet, astringent and somewhat acid. Bromelin has anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous properties. It helps to decrease the blood density, thus preventing thrombosis. It also helps to digest proteins and to accelerate the recovery of the organism.

It is a digestive, anti-diarrhoeic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory fruit. It is recommended to treat sunstroke and polydipsia, indigestion, diarrhoea, dysuria and diabetes.

FRUIT CURD
Time required:20 min Servings:For 4 servings

-2 slices fresh pineapple -1 little banana -6 dates -150 g fresh strawberries -150 g yoghurt -2 tablespoons roasted almonds
 * Ingredients

-- Directions Chop the pineapple slices, the banana, the strawberries and the dates. Mix with the yoghurt in dessert glasses and dot the roasted almonds on top.

KIWI AND GINGER ALE COCKTAIL
Time required:10 min Servings:For 1 servings

-1 Zespri kiwi -2 tablespoons brandy (optional) -1/4 cup grinded ice -1/2 glass chilled ginger ale Kiwi and pineapple to garnish
 * Ingredients

-- Directions Peel and cut kiwis. Whirl in a blender for 10 seconds. Add other ingredients and whirl until pureed. Pour in a chilled glass and garnish with a kiwi or pineapple slice.

MEDITERRANEAN SALAD WITH WATERMELON
Time required:20 min Servings:For 2 servings

Mediterranean salad with watermelon1/2 watermelon -3 endives -1 kiwifruit -1 tin sweet corn -2 white asparagus -2 palm hearts -2 slices pineapple
 * Ingredients

-- Directions Separate 8 endive leaves. Cut the rest of the endives, asparagus, palm hearts, kiwifruit and pineapple. Cut the watermelon into dices and diamonds. Place the cut vegetables and fruit onto two plates, as well as the watermelon and sweet corn. Place the whole endive leaves around them with a watermelon diamond in the centre. Accompany with tropical sauce.

PINEAPPLE-CARROT MILKSHAKE
Servings:For 2 servings

-1 cup grated carrot -2 cups fresh or canned pineapple, cut into chunks -1 tablespoon lemon juice -1/2 l water
 * Ingredients

--Directions Combine all ingredients and blend. Serve cool.

PINEAPPLE AND BLUE CHEESE DIP WITH CRUNCHY VEGETABLES
Time required:15 min plus about an hour to chill Servings:For 10 servings Special Tools:Serving dish for the dip and large serving plate for vegetables For the dip
 * Ingredients

-225 g can of pineapple pieces in natural juice -175 g mild blue cheese - Danish or similar -30 ml mayonnaise -150 ml soured cream -salt and pepper to season -chives for garnish

 * To serve

six medium carrots cut into thin sticks, a medium cauliflower cut into small florets one red pepper, de-seeded and cut into strips celery cut into 12cm sticks half a cucumber cut lengthwise into sticks To make the dip. Put the cheese into a mixing bowl and mash it with a folk until soft. Beat in the mayonnaise and the cream. Drain the pineapple and chop as necessary to give small pieces. Add the pineapple pieces to the cheese, mix together, season with salt and pepper, transfer to a serving dish, sprinkle on a small quantity of chopped chives and chill for about an hour. To serve, put the dish of cheese dip into the centre of a large plate and arrange the cut, fresh vegetables around it. This is ideal as a party dish or to serve with drinks before a meal. The vegetables and salad items make it a healthy choice.
 * Directions

PINEAPPLE AND CHERRY SNOW
Time required:45 min Servings:For 4 servings

-1/2 kg Jerte cherries -50g sugar -4 tablespoons Jerte cherry brandy
 * Ingredients

Pineapple snow: -1/2 l natural pineapple juice -4 tablespoons sugar -Grated lemon skin -Basil leaves

Pineapple snow: Put the juice and the sugar in a pot and bring to the boil. Remove from the heat and add the grated lemon skin and the minced basil. Leave it to steep for 30 minutes. Strain. Pour in a dish and keep in the freezer. 1 hour and a half later, mix with a fork. Put again in the freezer for 3 hours, beating with a fork twice. Clean the cherries, bone and put in a bowl with sugar and the cherry brandy. Leave in the fridge while the pineapple snow curdles, stirring now and again. Put in the middle of the dishes 4 tablespoons pineapple snow and over that, the cherries and their juice.
 * Directions

RICE, BEEF AND BANANA CASSEROLE
Time required:1 h 15 min Servings:For 2 servings

-Rice, beef and banana casserole1 tablespoon sunflower oil -1 onion, peeled and chopped -1 clove garlic, crushed -225g braising steak -1 teaspoon dried chilli -300ml beef stock -2 tablespoons creamed coconut -50g coconut, crumbled -75g long grain rice -2 pineapple rings, cut into quarters -1 banana, peeled and cut into chunks
 * Ingredients

 * To garnish

A sprig of parsley Heat the oil in a pan and fry the onion and garlic until soft. Cut the steak into cubes and add the chilli to the onion and garlic and fry until brown. Mix together the beef stock and peanut butter and pour over the beef. Bring to the boil, stir in the coconut until dissolved and simmer for 30 minutes. Stir in the rice, pineapple and banana and cook for a further 25 minutes, until rice is cooked. Serve with a selection of vegetables. Garnish with a sprig of parsley. Energy 589kcal, Protein 32g, Carbohydrate 54g, Fat 28g, Fibre 4g. Calculated to include 100 g de brócoli por ración.
 * Directions

SIX-CUP SALAD
Servings:For 2 servings

-1 cup orange segments -1 cup pineapple, diced -1 cup banana, sliced into rounds -1 cup grapes, seeded -1 cup coconut, grated -1 cup vanilla yoghurt
 * Ingredients

Mix all the ingredients and bind them in the yoghurt. Serve immediately.
 * Directions

TROPICAL APPLE SALAD PLATTER
Time required:25 min Servings:For 2 servings

-1 Golden apple, cored and sliced -1 Red Delicious apple, cored and sliced -1 fresh pineapple, pared, cored and cut into spears -1 melon, pared and cut into chunks -1 papaya, pared and sliced -1 banana, peeled and sliced
 * Ingredients

Lime-cream dressing

-lemon yogurt -2 tablespoons honey -2 tablespoons lime juice

Arrange fruit on a large platter. Combine yoghurt, honey and lime juice in a small bowl; stir to blend and pour over the fruit platter.
 * Directions

This is an official 5 A Day recipe. Recipe provided by the Washintong Apple Commission Nutritional Analysis Per Serving: Calories, 208; Fat, 1g; Cholesterol, 2mg; Fiber, 3g; Sodium, 52 mg; percent calories from fat, 5%

TROPICAL FRUIT SALAD
Servings:For 4 servings Tropical fruit salad -4 bananas -4 pineapple slices -8 dates -4 cherries in syrup -60 g groundnuts -25 g grated coconut -1 glass rum -2 tablespoons pineapple juice -2 tablespoons sugar
 * Ingredients

Put in a chopped slice of pineapple, a sliced banana and some groundnuts in each serving cup. Dissolve the sugar with the rum and the pineapple juice and pour over the fruit. Dust with the grated coconut and decorate with the dates and cherries.
 * Directions

WELLINGTON COCKTAIL
Time required:10 min Servings:For 2 servings

-2 glasses crushed ice -1/3 glass pineapple juice -1/4 glass orange juice -1/4 glass light rum, optional -2-3 tablespoons sugar -2 Zespri kiwis
 * Ingredients

Mix all ingredients in a jar. Peel and cut Zespri kiwis in cubes and add. Serve chilled in wine glasses.
 * Directions

ZESPRI KIWI SUMMER SOUP
Time required:15 min Servings:For 6 servings

-2 cups pineapple juice -4 Zespri kiwis -2 Zespri kiwis to be cut -1 cup raspberries or small strawberries -1 cup blackberries or bilberry, grated lemon flesh and juice. -1/2 cup sugar -2 granadillas or maracujas flesh
 * Ingredients

Mix pineapple juice, sugar and lemon juice and flesh in a pot and boil. Stir. Leave to cool. Peel and mince 4 kiwis. Mash until getting a homogeneous mixture and strain. Stir with pineapple mixture. Add granadillas or maracujas flesh. Leave to cool. Before serving, add these berries and 2 cut kiwis.
 * Directions

title: Pomology/Pineapples


text:
User talk:2401:4900:2739:1B68:0:58:D0BC:EA01

--Xania   talk 13:49, 29 August 2022 (UTC)