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User:TimRJordan/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 4/Power

= Power = Power is a multifaceted concept which is hard to define. Simply put, in terms of social science, power is the ability to act, or influence others to act, in certain ways or to have the strength and jurisdiction to make changes. Power often comes in the form of authority or control. There are multiple frameworks of understanding power such as direct and indirect coercion. .

Power distortions in History Education
History is the study of the past through the collection and analysis of historical sources. In most countries, the teaching of the subject starts already as a part of primary and secondary education, with broad curriculums which typically claim an intention to give students a balanced and impartial view of the history of their countries and the world. However, history curriculums and history textbooks are vulnerable to power distortions. Being subject to biases of those who write them, they are regularly criticised for their failure to offer students truly balanced accounts of the past. Critics have argued that even if the information taught is factually correct, the process of choosing what to include or not requires judgement, which gives those in power an opportunity to deliberately manipulate history in favour of their interests.

Nationalistic bias
One of the most common forms of power distortion in history education is the use of the subject to foster nationalism and patriotism by manipulating the narrative to favour the national image, a regular tool of indoctrination in authoritarian regimes. In the Third Reich, the Nazis used history textbooks to instil their values in the population at a young age through narratives which reinforced anti-semitism, gender roles, and the idolization of Adolf Hitler.

In Japan, history textbooks are not written by the state but must undergo a screening process, which allows them to influence the content. Most recently, the New History Textbook, published in 2000, has caused a lot of controversy for downplaying the country’s aggressions in the Nanjing Massacre and World War II.

Nationalistic bias can also manifest itself in more subtle ways. A study surveying 36 of the most popular American and British public-school history texts categorised only nine to ten of them as “even relatively free from prejudice”, and all deemed to contain some bias towards the author’s country. Some examples include the British textbooks’ heroic portrayal of leaders, American writers’ tendency to selectively include and omit facts to exaggerate successes, and also more subtle national biases, for example, the use of patriotic language such as “our people” and “invaders”, which may be subconscious, but nevertheless contribute to a feeling of national superiority. A number of historians have suggested that, on an international level, the distorted understandings of other countries’ histories has been detrimental to international relations, and potentially even contributed to war.

Power in Athenian Democracy
The athenian democracy, from the Greek demos (the people) and kratos (the power) is defined as a regime in which political decisions are made by the Athenian citizens. This primary form of democracy emphasized the importance of equality between citizens in political institutions, where Athenian aristocracy is no longer monopolizing the political field. Main political decisions were made during meetings of the Ecclesia, where all Athenian citizens were gathering on the Pnyx and voting laws, making executive pronouncements. These decisions were mostly grounded on rhetoric, as speeches were held, judged by the audience and consequently those depended on the persuasive influence within rhetorical power. Aristotle characterized them as deliberative discourses, that attempts to convince the audience to make or not actions for the good of the polis.

Although ancient democrats preached the isonomia (equality) within decision-making, citizenship was not given to women, slaves and foreigners: intersectionality consequently played a fundamental role in attributing political power to the city’s inhabitants. Moreover, Athenian wealthy elite was still not challenged as democratic ideology was not used to equalize access to possessions, so the elite’s economic position implicitly gave them power over others.

Athenian democracy raised criticism as the equality between citizens in political authority was clearly questioned. Plato is one of the vigorous critics of democracy, notably in his piece Republic. According to him, only the wises and knowledge’s possessors should share governance and defined the freedom instituted in democracy regimes as ‘anarchy’. The lack of expertise in the Athenian democracy highlighted by Plato, where ignorance is ruling over the discipline of politics, marks the idea of human failure and is leading humanity to tyranny. He expresses an ideal governance of the city where only ‘philosopher-kings’ have authority, those who possess the qualities required to govern a people. Finally, Plato criticized sophists who played a fundamental role in Athenian democracy since they were masters of rhetoric and oratory: in his opinion their argument’s only aim was only to persuade not to reach the Truth.

Power within mapping
Maps can shape what is seen and what is not. By visualising and mapping the contours of capital and state power, they often serve the interests of the state and tend to present views of the world of a particular group of powerful people. As noted by David Harvey, this is not limited to the representative features of maps but could be extended to the discipline of Geography as a whole.

These views are represented through the decisions made regarding the design of a map and the data used to produce it. The biases of the author are inevitable when choosing what to include or exclude in a database. It is not only what the map shows, but mainly what it does not – the silences, blindspots, and moments of contradiction can often reveal the larger power structures. Therefore, being able to identify and critique maps seems to be a crucial process in their very development. Moreover, as argued by Thatcher: “the members of the communities in question must not only be subject, but also author, of the mapping projects.”

Example
Counter-mapping indigenous lands

Counter-Mapping is one of the examples that allows indigenous activists to secure tenure and other rights by making claims upon ancestral lands. It is a practice in which they attempt to re-claim access and use rights, previously not represented in official state maps.

The Mercator projection

The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection invented by Gerardus Mercator in the late 16th century and is the most widely used mapping in cartography. Despite being considered the standard World map, it has been widely criticised by scholars for its cultural and political biases. Amongst other inaccuracies, it positions Europe at the centre and distorts proportions to present it as larger than most of the colonised countries, which is seen as a symbolic representation of eurocentrism.

Power In Indigenous Studies
Indigenous studies is the research into the traditions, cultures and lifestyles of Indigenous peoples and their communities. As a discipline, Indigenous studies is most prolific in Australia but there are centres, journals, researchers and education programmes globally as its’ prevalence rises. Originally, the topic was based in anthropology and history, but its’ application has now spread across politics, environmental science, education and even further. The general aim of Indigenous Studies is to progress the rights and champion the knowledge of Indigenous people and with this, inevitably, comes a power dynamic. Through the researchers ‘helping’ the Indigenous communities, they are giving themselves a position of power. This is perpetuated through the distinct lack of Indigenous people as educators on the discipline despite multiple initiatives and movements to embed them into the education systems. Similarly, it has been felt for many indigenous people that these studies are only used to appease “white guilt” about colonisation and not to make a positive change in any way. Others reported that they felt like entertainment to the non-indigenous researchers and students- as if they were 'animal research'.

Additionally, many methods of research into Indigenous practices have been criticised for their ethnocentrism. Often, in research, the practices of different communities are studied with an imposed etic which assumes that they can study these behaviours in the same way that they would study non-indigenous people. This serves to belittle the cultures and traditions that were meant to be the very focus of the studies in question.

The power that is played in Indigenous studies is not always used negatively and has been used for significant positive change for some Indigenous communities, with groups such as the Centre for World Indigenous Studies boasting impressive statistics on individuals helped and policies developed. This goes to show, however, that when the power exerted is adverse it is not as overt and direct as it has been through history but it often arises strategically through micro-aggressions, the nuanced use of language and the constant comparisons to non-indigenous communities with the aims of disparaging development and culture.

Hitler’s Indoctrinated Society: The Coercive Power of Linguistics
The ploys and characteristics of a successful orator, such as Churchill are based on eloquence, masterful references to literature, humorous quips and patrician. However, although Adolf Hitler’s speeches lacked an aesthetic quality, he is still noted as one of the most powerful and persuasive orators in German history. Once Hitler found his political arena as leader of the DAP German Workers' Party, he exercised his megalomania. Baynes believes that the power of his speeches is derived from forceful argument and cunning, the repetition of key ideas constantly to indoctrinate false beliefs into reality. Thus, Hitler utilised the building pessimism surrounding the economy and became the opportunistic ideology of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

Hitler approached rule in a Machiavellian method by exploiting society’s “[simple minds… dominated by their immediate needs]” as a manipulator can always find those who are easily manipulated. Joseph Goebbels wrote that the significance of an idea is not whether it is correct but how it is conveyed to its audience effectively. For example, on the 6th of November 1939, Hitler addressed the issue of disarmament with the Weimar by personifying Germany as a hedgehog. He stated:

As a peace-loving man I have endeavoured to give the German people every means of defence... There are people who blame the hedgehog because he has prickles. All they need to do is not to go too near him and to leave him alone. The hedgehog has never attacked another animal. But if he is threatened...nobody must step on our toes.

Thus, his careful linguistic craftsmanship is used to emotionally stimulate and rally German society into a violent and destructive form of national socialism. In his autobiography 'Mein Kampf', he reinforces the construction of power through lying. Hitler coined the propaganda technique "big lie" which is a lie so great and powerful no one would question the possibility it is false or in his words "the broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily". Therefore, the linguistical importance is highlighted as the effect of the language is not within the words individually, but how one masterfully threads them through dogmatic thinking and emotional abuse.

Machiavellianism is the trait by which someone will manipulate, deceive and exploit people in order to achieve their goal, the ‘end justifies the means’. Hitler built up his power, by opposing the weakness of the nation with positive, optimistic language about patriotism and the country’s future.

Censorship, manipulation of ideas and strive to gain power over the people can be recognised in the linguistical study of Hitler’s speeches. They were described as “mesmeric” and galvanised “highly abstract concepts with political, physical violence” which conveys the boundaries of polarisation between moral good and evil were blurred through his intense persuasive language use. He crafted a rhetoric specifically constructed to generate the public’s pathos and consequently strengthen his authoritarian power and control. Thus, through the linguistical analysis of his verbalised power, society can use his skills in more nuanced, corporate systems such as business, advertisement, the media and celebrity brand endorsement.

Power in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is the analysis of ‘opaque as well as transparent’ ways in which language and discourse constructs and reproduces power relations as natural and legitimate. Specifically, relations of power abuse, injustice and inequality.

In order to do this, CDA treats discourse as socially constitutive. Thus, social theory, namely of power and ideology, lays the foundations of the critical analysis, such as Foucault’s concepts of of ‘orders of discourse’ and ‘power knowledge’, and Gramsci’s notion of ‘hegemony.’ These theories are then interpreted in linguistic terms and applied to discourse objects and patterns. In disciplinary terms, CDA is therefore embedded within sociolinguistics, positioned between linguistics and sociology.

CDA is 'issue-oriented...rather than paradigm-oriented.' The issues chosen are analysed from the positions and perspectives of the dominated groups, with the target of critique being the ‘power elite’ - those who enact and justify abuse of power asymmetries through discursive access. CDA’s success is measured by its contribution to change – ‘empowering the powerless, giving voices to the voiceless, exposing power abuse, and mobilising people to remedy social wrongs. CDA advocates interventionism in the social practices it critically investigates.’

Therefore, the focus of study in CDA is driven by solidarity with the dominated and enacts an active disregard of the interests of those in power in its analysis.

The discourse of the power elite aims to justify or legitimate the stark imbalance of access to valuable social resources (such as wealth, education, group membership), as well as to deny that there exists a monopoly over access to social resources. In order for a hegemony to be constructed, public consent of these narratives of power asymmetry must be achieved. To do this, discursive narrative must be dispersed from power elites to the cognate of the general public, requiring discourse control. Forms of discourse control can be found at scales ranging from contextual and organisational control, to semantic and persuasive techniques.

Dominant speakers can, at the organisational level, limit the communicative rights of others, by restricting access to the communicative situation itself, as well as factors such as time and place - context control. Even when present, members of less powerful groups may be dominated in discourse. This form of exclusion may be legitimated by rule, such as regulation of turn-taking in trials, or can occur illegitimately by the breaching of normative discourse rules (such as politeness).

At the other end of the spectrum, micro-level socio-cognitive strategies of dominance reproduction involve deployment of discursive semantic and persuasive techniques. To achieve public consent of power elites’ narratives, they establish polarised models, in which positive self-representation is complemented by negative representation of the dominated group. This can be observed in, for example, discourses about refugees as an ‘invasion’, a threat, rather than a cultural and economic contribution, whilst the power elites are portrayed as ‘tolerant.’ Teun van Dijk describes some of the persuasive and discursive techniques deployed to manifest this polarised ‘us’ and ‘them’ model in terms of:

Rhetorical figures (such as metaphors) for hyperbolic enhancement, deployment of narrative to enhance credibility, using credible sources, particular lexical or syntactic style, genre choice keeping discourse within a framework, grammatical choice such as transitivity and passivisation, or text schemata for structural emphasis of ‘their’ negative actions.

In summary, Norman Fairclough, one of the founders of the field, provides a succinct, interlinked three-dimensional framework for social analysis of discourse :

1. Discourse as text – systematic analysis of the concrete textual and organisational features. This forms the descriptive stage of analysis.

2. Discourse as a discursive practice – linking the discourse to its context, as a process of production, distribution and consumption in society. This stage places strong emphasis on intertextuality, and acts as the interpretive stage of analysis.

3. Discourse as a social practice – This analyses the production and consumption of the text in its social context, forming the explanatory stage of analysis.

In conclusion, CDA is a field inherently directed by power relations, taking an active oppositional stance on power elites in analysis and enacting solidarity with dominated groups. It is successful against its own criteria only if it propagates viable strategies for counter-power and incites change in favour of less powerful groups. CDA treats discourse as a social practice (as identified in Fairclough’s third dimension of discourse), and, in this vein, attempts to expose how discourse is used as a tool for power and within it embodies unjust power dynamics.

Power Inequalities in Surveillance Capitalism
The rise of the digital era has shown how the development of new instruments of data analysis and technologies had contributed to the creation of extreme power inequalities. The emergence of large internet corporations in the late 1990s indicated a huge shift in the economic order of the industrial-oriented society. These changes have crystallised into the new frontier of power- surveillance capitalism, which is a novel market form based on the principles of capitalist accumulation that claims human experience as a new free raw material. It describes the processes of commodification of personal data which are used to extract behavioral information which gratifies commercial profit from improved consumer targeting. In the book ‘The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power’ Shoshana Zuboff draws numerous similarities between the managerial capitalism invented by General Motors and the surveillance capitalism manufactured by Google in the early 2000s. She displays how the asymmetries in knowledge and power incorporated into this economic logic are creating an oppressive system, in which consumers are conditioned to not make rational choices and the balance of power is shifted towards large corporations. Behavioral targeting, fake news and ubiquitous tracking, and algorithmic governance are only a few of modern digital issues which Zuboff attributes to the domination of surveillance capitalism. She claims that understanding the new realities of our digital environment and its anti-democratic threats is essential for the future of humankind.

The fight for privacy rights and defence of freedom and democracy has emphasised the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in the Information Age, which requires an insight into the ethics of choices, economics, and computer-based systems.

The importance of Music
Music has been a central part of the human experience for thousands of years, before writing and possibly even language itself. The oldest instrument known to date is a 40’000-year-old bone flute found in Germany, and there is no reason to believe that simpler instruments like drums did not precede it. Music accomplishes “social functions, such as the channelling of aggression, the facilitation of courtship, and the establishment and maintenance of identity” according to Ulrik Volgsten ). This crucial social role is influenced by the biological and psychological effect that music has on humans.

Biological and Psychological effects of Music
Music plays an important part in the development of children: new-borns have been found to remember and like songs they heard in the womb, and children communicate with their parents through stimuli such as sound before language. Of course, music also has an effect on feelings, which actually replicates the effect of opioids on the brain, increasing pleasure and diminishing pain. Songs with loud singing reminiscent of screams and yells have a stronger impact on our feelings, while songs with simple melodies have a stronger impact on our memory. Music is even able to link different parts of the brain which wouldn’t normally be linked, enabling people who have lost the ability to speak due to brain damage to learn language again through song.

National Anthems: a Musical tool for coercion
Governments and political/ideological movements have been, purposefully or inadvertently, taking advantage of these characteristics of music through national anthems.

In France, for example, a 2005 law made learning the national anthem and its history compulsory in schools, and a 2019 law requires its lyrics to be displayed in every classroom, alongside the French and European Union flags. In New Zealand, children are often asked to sing the national anthem in school, and though an opt-out is allowed, few make that choice. In this way, governments play on the link between childhood experiences with music and identity, creating a feeling of patriotism which can follow students throughout adulthood.

Anthems are also composed with simple, repetitive melodies which are easy to remember and instantly recognizable, speaking to the memory-driven part of the brain. The lyrics are often also repetitive and bold, but they aren’t necessary, as is proven by the Spanish national anthem (which doesn’t have lyrics). The tempo is almost always slow, creating a sense of relaxation and making people feel present in the moment , while the singing is often loud and intense, triggering a strong emotional response and the release of “feel-good chemicals”. Thanks to these features, national anthems are even more ingrained in people’s minds and come to be associated with positive experiences. In the Philippines, the government goes as far as punishing those who do not sing the anthem “with fervor” in order to benefit from those characteristics.

Another form of coercion by music is underlined in the “White-Power music sandbox, which deals with music promoting white supremacy. However, official songs such as anthems or songs that openly adhere to a political or ideological movement are perhaps not the most effective of forms of coercion, because they are widely recognized as such and have been the targets of many controversies.

The White-Power Music
Music has had multiple functions since its beginnings. If one purpose of the discipline is artistic and creative, music has also been used to convey messages. Musicians have written songs in order to disclose their true feelings when they couldn’t express themselves in more 'traditional' ways. However, the power of music to make people adhere to ideas is something that mustn’t be left out. Music’s effect on the brain is still under study but it is clear that it is a powerful tool . The fact that music can transcend borders nowadays allows many people to convey messages through songs. The example of White-Power Music illustrates this idea. Katherine Dyck defines this notion as the music produced by people who promote their definition of white-power or pro-white racist agenda. These individuals are often hostile towards minorities, against international power structures and believe in Jewish world conspiracy theories.

White-Power Music can even be considered as illegal in some countries (with the offence of ‘incitement of the masses’), depending on the messages conveyed. However, this type of music, born in Germany mainly due to the work of IS. Donaldson, is listened to in many continents. In addition to broadcasting racist ideas, White-Power Music has had physical impacts. The example of the 'Rock gegen Überfremdung' (Rock against Foreign Domination) festival in 2017 where 46 crimes were recorded shows that this music is a powerful tool. The issue of freedom of expression comes into play. Whether one decides to let people express themselves in music by considering that it remains words or states it is incitement to hatred with too direct consequences, the power of music cannot be ignored.

Power in Contemporary International Relations
In international relations, power refers to the capacity to convince another entity to behave in a way they would not have otherwise behaved. Hard power is defined as the ability to influence states via coercion, through military status and economic sanctions. The term 'soft power', first introduced by American political scientist Joseph Nye, describes a state's ability to influence others through persuasion, not coercion. This is possible through the attractiveness of a nation's culture and foreign policy, rather than their economic and military power.

Hard and Soft Power
Hard power is embodied by realism; states can achieve sovereignty through military power within our anarchic international system. It takes a shorter amount of time to acquire hard power, rather than soft power, as its resources are tangible e.g. trade embargos. Its effect, however, is only short-lived as it relies on the pressure states feel to act in a certain way, different from its regular practices. Historically, world powers have been the product of hard power. The US, for example, has acquired much of its status through military action. In 1898, when the Spanish-American War took place, the US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines through military means. Since then, the US has continued to expand, with heavy involvement in global affairs. Currently, they have around 800 military bases across the world, a threat many countries cannot ignore.

Contrastingly, soft power relies on culture, political values, institutions, and legitimate practices. Legitimacy is central to soft power - to exercise soft power, a state's activities need to be recognised as legitimate. Time is also integral to soft power. As its resources are intangible, it takes a longer amount of time to build soft power, rather than hard power, but its effect is longer-lasting. Now the spotlight is on soft power. Firstly, hard power can be ineffective - when the US invaded Iraq in 2003, they ignored how their actions would be perceived by their allies and the illegitimacy of the attack, which jeopardised global confidence in US leadership. Secondly, in our increasingly digitalized world where the public plays a more active role in international politics, soft power practices are essential.

Looking to the Future: Smart Power
With the ineffectiveness of hard power and the limitations of soft power now recognised, world leaders look to smart power. Smart power is the capacity of a state to integrate aspects of hard power and soft power to advance a state’s goals effectively and efficiently. It involves a balance between strong military and economic tools and secure alliances and institutions. The EU is perhaps one of the best examples of this. The EU possesses military and economic power but ultimately, decide the norms for international relations. Actors are encouraged to comply with these norms to receive its benefits i.e. decades of peace between 27 nations.

Smart power requires smart strategies; those which respond promptly to our ever-changing world. Currently, these strategies should look to address our increased global interconnectedness and the increased development of target populations. With more access to formal education and the availability of social media, countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America have grown more sophisticated and aware of their own society and less susceptible to the influence of others. These newly educated populations, therefore, require a different approach, smart power.

The Fluctuating Power of Theories
We live in a world which is constantly changing - the explanatory power of a theory in IR will fluctuate according to context. Before the world wars, for example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism#:~:text=Liberalism%20is%20a%20political%20and,and%20equality%20before%20the%20law. liberalism] had strong explanatory power, namely for its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory#:~:text=The%20democratic%20peace%20theory%20posits,conflict%20with%20other%20identified%20democracies.&text=Democracies%20tend%20to%20possess%20greater,to%20preserve%20infrastructure%20and%20resources. democratic peace theory]. The theory states that liberal democracies are less likely to go to war with each other than non-democratic states. Bremer's statistical analysis provides compelling evidence, ‘even after controlling for a large number of factors...democracy’s conflict-reducing effect remains strong’. The commencing of the Cold War, however, triggered disillusionment with this previously dominant theory. The state-centric nature of realism was able to more accurately interpret the actions led by the US and the Soviet Union e.g. the constant replacement of communist-led governments for capitalistic authority. More recently, we have witnessed a rise in power for constructivism, a theory able to explain change in the international system through norms, diffusion, and socialisation. In contrast to realism, leading constructivist Wendt believes, 'Anarchy is what states make of it'. It follows that self-help and sovereignty are norms which have changed our interests and led us to believe we need to defend territorial boundaries.

What is storytelling?
Storytelling is the action of reporting anecdotes, relating stories, and telling tales. Whether true, exaggerated or simply made up, these stories have an impact on people and from this impact may sparked power. Moreover, stories can create inspiration, unity, and open mindedness.

The impact of storytelling
In storytelling, there are myths that inspire. This is particularly evident when one is young when numerous myths may be told such as Santa Claus or the tooth fairy. These forms of myths fuel dreams and may potentially expand a person’s imagination. The question lies as to whether it is wise to stop spreading such myths and stories because they can influence many outcomes and may have an impact on a person’s development.

The marketing power of storytelling
In the field of advertising, experts have understood the fact that people live by stories. This is particularly evident in advertisements in the perfume industry, where advertisers neither sell the content of the product nor the product itself, but rather what a fragrance symbolizes in terms of love, beauty, self-confidence, fashion and stepping into the unknown.

The uniting power of storytelling
As the author and professor of history, Yuval Noah Harari, states it “Truth and power can travel together only so far. Sooner or later they go their separate ways. If you want power, at some point you will have to spread fiction. If you want to know the truth about the world, at some point you will have to renounce power. You will have to admit things – for example about the sources of your own power – that will anger allies, dishearten followers or undermine social harmony. Scholars throughout history faced this dilemma: do they serve power or truth? Should they aim to unite people by making sure everyone believes in the same story, or should they let people know the truth even at the price of disunity? The most powerful scholarly establishments – whether of Christian priests, Confucian Mandarins, or communist ideologues – placed unity above truth. Thats why they were so powerful.”. With such a statement made, it may therefore be said that humans generally enjoy power more than truth, and storytelling is intimately linked to the former.


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User talk:JREverest/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 6/Power

To the writer of Power in Poetry,

I enjoyed reading your contribution and thought that the interpretations of power within the poems listed were really insightful. I was also considering writing about power in literature, including poetry, and one area which stood out to me in terms of power, was war poetry.

You discuss that poetry has been used to denounce colonialism and violence, but on the subject of war, poems can be both in support and in objection. Perhaps you could include considerations of the works of Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen; compared to e.g. Charge of the Light Brigade, in which power is seen in the form of direct and indirect coercion, and also multiple strategies/ intersectionality. Especially following the fall of the British empire, many British poets experienced a change in their perspective on war, and on their position in the world as having less power than before.

Just a suggestion though, would be happy to hear what you think! Onchesilbeach (discuss • contribs) 12:25, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

I know a couple of us were looking into how to reference the same source twice, if any of you need help this is how you do it: where you put, put < ref name=":somerandomname" > then add the reference as usual and close it with < /ref >, then the next time you want to use it put < ref name=":somerandomname" /> Blacklipstick (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello,

I am the author of the power of social media and although I had much more to write about I restrained myself from certain topics so to not goo over the word limit. If anyone would like to make a contribution to my post I would be more than happy to see someone talk about how social media has also become crucial for marketing strategies, and its powerful role in that! Thanks!

 * Hey writer of Communication Studies: the Power of Social Media, I have been working on Conspiracy theories, and realized how much social media are powerful when it comes to speculating about some theories. How social media link people with the same beliefs together and make them feel like the theory is valid since other people think this way. And as you talked about the 2016 election, conspiracy theories also played a key part in this election and also during the Trump presidency. Would you mind if I add a little paragraph on that?

 * Go ahead ! It would be really interesting to see how these tie in together

'''To the editor of Communication Studies: the Power of Social Media: '''

In your text you touch on the 2016 US election and the influence of Facebook and fake news. I immediately thought of the case of Cambridge Analytica and thought it could be good supporting evidence for your claim as it used social media platforms to influence voting. It is similar to what you state but it is a specific example. This is just a suggestions but i would be happy to add this if you want me to or if you are interested in doing your own research on the topic that is fine too!

 * Yes, you're absolutely right. I would be happy for you to expand on this example if you would like, as I don't know enough myself. I have researched a bit about it though, and it is quite pertinent relating to the 2016 elections

 * Great! I will go in depth into some more research and add it to your paragraph soon.

I have added the section on Cambridge Analytics and deleted a short part of the sentence after as it did not make sense with the new addition, I hope this is okay! Please tell me if you like and agree with the addition!

An extra tip to the editor of Communication Studies: the Power of Social Media:

You make some very good claims in your text which are excellent support of power within social media. However, you do not seem to reference these claims which is quite important for any claims made on wiki platforms as you need evidence to support where your claims came from. This is just a suggestion and reminder to maybe add some citations! (you can do it by pressing "cite" at the top of the bar when in edit mode and adding the type of citation you are working with)

To the author of Power of Art: Painting

Hi, I found your contribution truly interesting, and I think you focused on two very fundamental and well-received works in art that can be an object of discussion on power of art! :) However, whilst reading it, I thought about how art critics perceive power in (or "of" art) and thought that maybe I could add a small contribution to your section by expanding on how art critics divide and conceptualise power in such paintings? Depending on my findings, I could make a small contribution in what ways power takes form in art! Let me know what you think! Hellllothere (discuss • contribs) 10:55, 09 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, thank you! I think that's an interesting perspective to look at. Feel free to contribute! Icloneseashells (discuss • contribs) 12:49, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

To the author of The Power of Art: Paintings

I really like your contribution because I myself really like to paint and draw. I also took an art class so I covered some topics on the influence of art on people etc... I was thinking that maybe I could add a paragraph on the way art and the images it creates can contribute to large power plays like propaganda (for example posters/cards encouraging nazism/communism), and how its influenced patriotism (for example the 'I want you for the US Army posters' or 'We can do it!'). Particularly the role also of caricatures that make fun of political situations/leaders. Let me know!
 * Hello, thank you! Yes, I think this is very relevant to my topic. I would love to see what you write on it. Feel free to contribute. Icloneseashells (discuss • contribs) 12:49, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I wrote this. Let me know what you think!

Furthermore, art can be used as a strong political tool. Images are often created to make symbols, which allows art to be part of large power plays like propaganda for example, the influence of masses through biased information, used to promote a certain political point of view. During Nazi Germany and the URSS, the promotion of totalitarian ideologies was made through the making of posters, post cards, and cartoons. The use of art at this time was therefore critical as it helped the spread of fear and falsity throughout entire nations and even the world. In a lesser extreme of patriotism, the United States has also used posters to promote war effort. The “I want you for the US Army” and the “We can do it” posters helped spread the need for young Americans to join WWI, as the way the posters were drawn in a manner to make people feel heroic and proud for joining the army.

In addition, caricatures of political leaders have always been a means of criticism. The publishing of certain images through newspapers delivered to the masses helped influence many opinions and got certain people’s perspectives on different political leaders out in the open. These kinds of drawings are still used today, where you can find political leaders drawn in a grotesque manner and exaggerated features, in the goal to ridicule the targeted person or create a satirical image.

Hi J66C70I04E05, I think your contribution on the power of the American Dream is really interesting. May I add an additional paragraph explaining that despite criticism of the American Dream (outright or in things like in literature) the ideology persists because the idea of people being created as equal is referred to in both the Declaration of Independence and in the Constitution on which the country was founded? Blacklipstick (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi! that's a really interesting fact to add! Would it just be an addition for further context or would it add to the direct response of the sandbox issue? if so, how do you plan on relating it to power? Thank you for your input!
 * A bit of both, explaining why the idea has so much power because it's an intrinsic part of what the country was founded on. What specific discipline(s) did you have in mind when writing this? Blacklipstick (discuss • contribs) 15:27, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

That sounds good!! its good context to explain why it might be so influential and might be interesting to the reader, I was focusing on the discipline of Sociology as it focuses on ideologies impacting beliefs and behaviour and these factors are greatly studied within sociology.

I saw you added a small section and I think it is great! it fits perfectly and I have looked at the referencing to further research the topic too and believe it is key into understanding why Americans were so prone to believing this ideology! it really adds to the context, thank you!

To the author of The American Dream – Power of ideologies on societal beliefs from the author of Power in Politics
Hello! I found your topic extremely interesting. I like how you have presented the power of the American Dream from a more political and sociological point of view. I allowed myself to add a concise paragraph on what does the power of the American Dream means from a psychological point of view, and its general significance in psychology. Of course, it is only a suggestion, you could elaborate on that or delete it! I have also corrected your grammar a little bit.

I have also a suggestion for the topic of your paragraph. I think "The power of the American Dream on societal beliefs" would sound more concise. What do you think?

Hi! yes that's a great suggestion, I wanted to include the word ideologies in my title as I later zoom out of the American dream example and apply it to ideologies in general but I see how it can be more concise this way and make it clearer! I will definitely add this! Thank you for your advice.

The psychological power of American Dream
American Dream is responsible for a distinct branched of an American-individualism, which gave rise to positive psychology. Positive psychology has officially become a new domain of psychology in 1998 thanks to Martin Seligman activity in the American Psychological Association. Bases of positive psychology are: positive individual experience, character traits and positive institutions. Positive psychology reflects what is understood as 'American Dream' - it promotes personal development, promotion and fulfilment through individual effort. It shapes the perception of an individual of both, psychological and social world. Its attachment to individualism undermines the significance of societal and cultural institutions within society. It is often argued to be asocial, ignoring ethnicity, gender, class or power relations.

Hi!! the psychology element of it is extremely interesting and is another perspective which would be really interesting to explore! I also read and researched about the psychological aspect to it but in my text I refer to the power ideologies withhold over people and the consequential results rather than the psychological power that leads to the beliefs in ideologies. I might be wrong but are you referring to psychological power rather than ideological power? if so, it is an interesting addition and would be great as a subtopic to explore another type of power (psychological) but I do not think it fits exactly with the purpose of the text. What do you think? thank you for contributing with me though! I have seen you have put it as a subtitle and I think it is a great addition from another perspective, really helps to get a deeper insight into what The American Dream really means and consists of! Thank you so much for your input

 * Hey, yes exactly, I have referred to psychological power. Thank you! I think the whole paragraph nicely shows the power of the American Dream across different disciplines! --Dearenemy (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

--Dearenemy (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/History/History of Physics and Philosophy

 * I find your article very clear and effective and the combination of those subjects is really interesting! I however would have point out that even if physics is sometimes more viewed as an experimental approach to the truth, this discipline is divided into a theoritical and experimental domain, which underlines an even closer bond with phylosophy ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 13:29, 8 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/History/History of religious studies

 * I find your article really insightful in the approach of how religion became a discipline, but in your point of view what would be a reason to the emergence of new religions as stated in your last paragraph about the future of the discipline? ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello! Thank you very much for your very interesting question. I am not sure I understood it well but in my opinion, the emergence of new religious movements (more than new religions in the end) will directly impact the study of religion in the future. Indeed, these movements give rise to new questions: they are facing modern processes such as globalisation or individualisation, their relationship with established religions is an important angle of study and one can question their consequences in society. This derives a little from the subject of my article, but I think it is more relevant to replace the term "new religions" with "new religious movements" in my writing. Thank you very much for your help!--Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Evidence/Evidence in history

 * I find your article really interesting and greatly helpful the understand the importance of evidences in any historian work. However, do you think that there should be room for the reconstruction or reinterpretation of historical events that didn't happen as for example imagining what would the world be like if the Nazis had won World war II? ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello! Your question is very interesting. From my point of view (and it is of course a personal one), I think that the reconstruction or reinterpretation of historical events should not take place since it only brings confusion and misunderstanding. It is certainly amusing to discuss this in a private setting, but I do not think that this kind of work should be public, especially in a context where misinformation is constantly increasing. I am thinking of adding a sentence on this subject in my article (while remaining neutral of course) as it is very interesting. Thank you for your help!--Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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The Story of Rhodesia/Rozwi Empire

Introduction
The Rozwi Empire (also spelled Rozvi) is a former empire in Southern Africa. It was probably founded by Changamire Dombo I, who conquered fertile and mineral-rich areas near the Zambezi. The Rozwi empire was located in areas that are currently parts of Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa.

Foundation
In 1693, Portugal tried to take control over gold trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Rozwi was formed of several Shona states that dominated present day Zimbabwe. They were able to stop any attacks by the Portuguese and maintain control over their gold mines.

Economy
The Rozwi revived the tradition of building cities from stone and constructed impressive cities throughout the southwest. The economy of Rozwi was based on cattle and farming, with significant gold mining. They established trade with Arabs, in which gold, copper, and ivory were exchanged for luxury goods.

Decline
The Rozvi empire crumbled in Zimbabwe in the early 19th century. The movement of the Rozvi from present-day Matabeleland predates the Mfecane period. The BaLobedu of South Africa seem to be the only remaining Rozvi Kingdom.

title: The Story of Rhodesia/Rozwi Empire


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The Story of Rhodesia/Matabeleland (Ndebele Kingdom)

Introduction
The Matabele (Ndebele) are an offshoot of the Nguni people of Natal who migrated northward in 1823 as a result of conflicts with the King of Zulu, and later the Boers in Transvaal, that resulted in them settling in Matabeleland (Southwestern Zimbabwe) in 1840. Their capital was Bulawayo.

Mzilikazi was a Nguni military commander in Zululand. In 1823, he came into conflict with Shaka, the king of Zulu. He was forced to flee with his followers. First, he settled in Basutoland (now Lesotho), then north to Marino Valley. In 1837, he was defeated again by the Boer settlers in Transvaal (South African Republic) and moved northward to Matabeleland.

Mzilikazi’s successor, Lobengula extended the tribe’s power and conquered neighbouring tribes. However, he was the last king of Matabele because the establishment of the British South Africa Company led to further conflicts with colonists, and Lobengula was eventually defeated.

Mzilikazi
During the 1810s, the Zulu Kingdom was established in southern Africa by the warrior king Shaka, who united a number of rival clans into a centralised monarchy. Among the Zulu Kingdom's main leaders and military commanders was Mzilikazi, who enjoyed high royal favour for a time, but ultimately provoked the king's wrath by repeatedly offending him. When Shaka forced Mzilikazi and his followers to leave the country in 1823, they moved north-west to the Transvaal, where they became known as the Ndebele or "Matabele"—both names mean "men of the long shields". Amid the period of war and chaos locally called mfecane ("the crushing"), the Matabele quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland.

Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on Zulu—and just like Zululand, Matabeleland had a strong martial tradition. Matabele men went through a Spartan upbringing, designed to produce disciplined warriors, and military organisation largely dictated the distribution of administrative responsibilities. The inkosi (king) appointed a number of izinDuna (or indunas), who acted as tribal leaders in both military and civilian matters. Like the Zulus, the Matabele referred to a regiment of warriors as an impi. The Mashona people, who had inhabited the north-east of the region for centuries, greatly outnumbered the Matabele, but were weaker militarily, and so to a large degree entered a state of tributary submission to them. Mzilikazi agreed to two treaties with the Transvaal Boers in 1853, first with Hendrik Potgieter (who died shortly before negotiations ended), then with Andries Pretorius; the first of these, which did not bear Mzilikazi's own mark, purported to make Matabeleland a virtual Transvaal protectorate, while the second, which was more properly enacted, comprised a more equal peace agreement.

Lobengula
After Mzilikazi died in 1868, his son Lobengula replaced him in 1870, following a brief succession struggle. Tall and well built, Lobengula was generally considered thoughtful and sensible, even by contemporary Western accounts; according to the South African big-game hunter Frederick Hugh Barber, who met him in 1875, he was witty, mentally sharp and authoritative—"every inch a king". Based at his royal kraal at Bulawayo, Lobengula was at first open to Western enterprises in his country, adopting Western-style clothing and granting mining concessions and hunting licences to white visitors in return for pounds sterling, weapons and ammunition. Because of the king's illiteracy, these documents were prepared in English or Dutch by whites who took up residence at his kraal; to ascertain that what was written genuinely reflected what he had said, Lobengula would have his words translated and transcribed by one of the whites, then later translated back by another. Once the king was satisfied of the written translation's veracity, he would sign his mark, affix the royal seal (which depicted an elephant), and then have the document signed and witnessed by a number of white men, at least one of whom would also write an endorsement of the proclamation.

For unclear reasons, Lobengula's attitude towards foreigners reversed sharply during the late 1870s. He discarded his Western clothes in favour of more traditional animal-skin garments, stopped supporting trading enterprises, and began to restrict the movement of whites into and around his country. However, the whites kept coming, particularly after the discovery in 1886 of gold deposits in the South African Republic (or Transvaal), which prompted the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the founding of Johannesburg. After rumours spread among the Witwatersrand (or Rand) prospectors of even richer tracts, "a second Rand", north of the Limpopo, the miners began to trek north to seek concessions from Lobengula that would allow them to search for gold in Matabeleland and Mashonaland. These efforts were mostly in vain. Apart from the Tati Concession, which covered a small strip of land on the border with the Bechuanaland Protectorate where miners had operated since 1868, mining operations in the watershed remained few and far between.

The foremost business and political figure in southern Africa at this time was Cecil Rhodes, a vicar's son who had arrived from England in 1870, aged 17. Since entering the diamond trade at Kimberley in 1871, Rhodes had gained near-complete domination of the world diamond market with the help of Charles Rudd, Alfred Beit and other business associates, as well as the generous financial backing of Nathan Mayer Rothschild. Rhodes was also a member of the Cape Parliament, having been elected in 1881. Amid the European Scramble for Africa, he envisioned the annexation to the British Empire of territories that would connect the Cape, at Africa's southern tip, with Cairo, the Egyptian city at the northern end of the continent, and allow for the construction of a railway linking the two. This ambition was directly challenged in the south by the presence of the Boer republics and, just to the north of them, Lobengula's domains. The fact that the Zambezi–Limpopo region did not fall into any of the "spheres of influence" defined at the Berlin Conference further complicated matters; the Transvaalers, Germans and Portuguese were all also showing interest in the area, much to the annoyance of both Lobengula and Rhodes.


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User talk:JREverest/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 5/Power

@Power in Architecture
@Uclqevy I really like your approach to the power of architecture and its phrasing, however, for others to gain a better understanding and develop a more broad interest in that discipline, it would be nice to add a definition of architecture on the first part, to understand the background. BonSchlonzo (discuss • contribs) 18:34, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * @Bonschlonzo Thank you for your message. In line with your suggestion I will add a definition about architecture. I agree, it will give to the reader a clearer point of view on the subject.

@Power in Families
Good afternoon,

I read your contribution and I really enjoy it.

It is interesting to see that power changes at the same time as the traditional structure. It shows the need to think more about our traditional structures such as our political system, who are often super old. Structure, as a social construction, is meant to evolve. We should remember that often the personal is political and the political is personal. That is to say that what happening in intimate circumstances is reflected in our society.

You talked about the home division of labour. I agree with you. Nowadays, it still difficult to recognize the real value of domestic labour. In our economies today, domestic value isn’t counted as a part of growth, shows how much mentalities are still behind. Measuring it maybe will help us to give more worth to domestic value and change the traditional structure.

You wrote about feminism and I wanted to mention that feminism isn’t just a clash between genders. I would like to bring a more nuanced definition about feminism. For me, feminism is the theory of the political economic and social equality of the sexes. It means that women shall have at least as much to say as men about everything in the arrangement of human affairs. Feminism is about honoring the preciousness of all life in accord with cultural, legal, historical and political understandings of gender.

Voila

Ps : i recommend the book We should all be feminists by Chimananda Ngozi Adichie. She talked about how gender is a social contruction and how it is connected to money, income and employment but also anger and agression.

Hey there! Thanks for leaving such interesting feedback! You're right, I should word it more in the way of feminist theorists than feminists as it is more applicable to what I am applying it to. Basc.blue (discuss • contribs) 02:04, 12 November 2020 (UTC) Jadaireu (discuss • contribs) 15:30, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

@The Power of Maps - Cartography
Hi! I found your contribution really interesting as the Mercator projection is something we’re taught (and thus expect to be accurate) at a young age, yet most fail to realise how its distorted to privilege the elite! Personally, I think that the positioning of countries on the map is also noteworthy; Gerardus Mercator was from Flanders (modern day Belgium) and he places the area very much near the centre of the map which emphasizes the idea of European (and perhaps personal?) self-centeredness.WoodzyMoodzy (discuss • contribs) 21:29, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello !! @WoodzyMoodzy Thank you for your feedback. Feel free to add any content about the subject. I'm surprised that today newpapers or new textbooks still use this self-centered representation of the world. Unfortunately, change isn't quick. The Gall-Peters projection is almost 50 years old. Jadaireu (discuss • contribs) 10:29, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I've added a short sentence on that point to the end of your paragraph! :) WoodzyMoodzy (discuss • contribs) 15:37, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi! I really liked your essay on the Power of Maps as I studied it last year! I agree with @WoodzyMoodzy that maps are powerful in a way that they emphasize and influence our beliefs on what countries are part of the center of the world, just because they are represented in the middle. Undercoverfrench (discuss • contribs) 13:08, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

@Power in Volunteer Tourism
I completely agree with you when you state that to some extent participation in voluntourism is a way of self-fulfilment for many, thus justifying one’s volunteering actions but also fuelling the power dynamics between the “helpers” and the “needers”. However, I feel that people also feel pressured by society to participate in these social movements and hence may only get involved in voluntourism only to fit into society’s requirements. Today, people often unconsciously adopt a behaviour that is not in line with their personality, in order to meet others' expectations and be accepted in a social circle. Refusing to adopt a behaviour that is within the norms is deliberately putting oneself on the side-lines. We could hence wonder if living in society means losing some of our authenticity. Although self-empowering may be one reason for people to engage with social works, I also believe that in some cases their participation is not so related with improving their CVs or easing their conscious, but rather complying with society’s expectations, which intuitively states that if you earn enough money, you should share it with people in need. If not done, you are viewed as the greedy and avaricious person, not willing to share any of their belongings, which would be perceived as shameful, selfish and even revolting. If you wish to study in more depth this idea, I would personally recommend E. Goffman’s book, The Presentation of Self. In it, he compares everyday life to a theatrical staging, in which we all end up getting caught up in, whether our show is spontaneous or outlined. Audiences have expectations, which actors must meet in order to be accepted and successful.

As you very accurately said, Western countries ironically position themselves as the “Good Samaritan” of these less development countries that will save them from their misery, when they were arguably the ones who put them in this situation because of colonisation. Once again, beautification seems to ease the dark past and brutal reality and allows Occidental cultures to use to the fullest their power over others.

Finally, I took the liberty of adding a media file to your contribution, which I found strongly compelling. Feel free to change it or remove it, if it does not suit you. Also, there was a small spelling mistake (self-fulfillment) which I corrected.

Mathildem16 (discuss • contribs) 11:38, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much for your recommendation and your contribution to this! This has been incredibly insightful in showing another perspective of volunteer tourism. Please feel free to add more to my section about that if you'd like, it's a very important aspect of this industry to discuss. Djungelskog1 (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your kind answer. I also feel I didn't stress that enough in my response to your contribution but you work was very thorough and entertaining. But most importantly, I believe you rightfully pointed out something that I find extremely regretful and concerning; the fact that today volunteering is not something selfless and how most people are willing to do anything to raise their self-esteem and the way others look at them. Mathildem16 (discuss • contribs) 12:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

@ Power in Cybersecurity corporations
In my opinion, the findings of your research are very compelling, that a change in the salary discrepancies is urgently needed to respond to current social change. Especially the evidence found by McKinsey and Company shows how society would profit from being more inclusive.

A suggestion I have for the paragraph is adding the source for the varying salaries of different groups, where I totally agree with the link made to low female participation in cybersecurity as a consequence.

I also have a question about the statement: “developing unique approaches to global issues to protect personal data and information is also primordial in cybersecurity; diversity enables this”. I understand how diversity enables better management of a company and fosters new creative ideas to circulate more easily and rapidly. However, I think there is not yet sufficient data to put a causation link between diversity and the specific development of cybersecurity technology. I would be very interested to hear your opinion on this! poccy3 (discuss • contribs) 14:50, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your kind words. Regarding the referencing, thank you for pointing that out. I have just added them.

 * For the second part, I feel like it is not a black or white situation, however we may see recurring tendencies emerging, which highlight that people from the same social classes and backgrounds tend to have the same educational journey, thus approaching and tackling problems in similar ways. However, bringing together a diverse group, would give new insights into addressing these challenges.
 * I believe we can all agree on saying that cybersecurity is an ever-changing demanding discipline, in which developing a unique creative way of thinking, to see the bigger picture in issues and not only thinking of one-dimensional solutions is primordial. In order to find new solutions to problems, the cybersecurity workforce must pay close attention to detail, but also broaden their horizons and mindsets to find creative and innovative solutions to pressing informatics issues. Hence, bringing together a team of diverse employees to reflect on these issues, may only be beneficial.

 * The report of the ISC2 mentions that, but I think we still have to be cautious when interpreting that piece of material (despite its reliability) and as you rightfully stressed out, not establish an empirical causation between diversity and problem solving in cybersecurity. Thank you though for pointing out this sentence, as I could have made it clearer in my work. I hope my answer helped and was clear enough. Mathildem16 (discuss • contribs) 13:00, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

@ Power in Fashion
The question of whether power in fashion will remain as an oligarchy or extend into a polyarchy is an interesting one due to the concept of globalisation. After reading your section, I found this article and thought that it may be of particular interest to you: https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/13444/1/DISSERTATION%20MAISA%20-%20Documento%20definitivo%20.pdf The author, Maísa Benatti, describes fashion as an "ecosystem" and analyses the fashion industry in a global context, they explore the "fashion capitals" and fashion week, recognising its vitality in the fashion industry. I hope this allows you to explore your interests further!--Ivoryallen (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi @Ivoryallen :) Thank you so much for taking the time to find the article, I will definitely have a thorough read once I find the time! I had a quick skim of it and I think it links very well with not only my contribution, but with the lecture we had on Systems as well. WoodzyMoodzy (discuss • contribs) 14:33, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

@The Power of Marketing over Gender Roles
Hey I read you contribution and I found it fascinating! It also reminded me of the Pink Tax phenomenon, which states that products marketed specifically towards women are typically more expensive than those marketed for men. I have linked the Wikipedia page for the Pink Tax if you would like to look more into it. --Lucky Lilac Lion (discuss • contribs) 14:19, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi Lucky Lilac Lion, thank you very much for this contribution. I've added information about the Pink Tax to my second paragraph because I agree that it is a valuable point to bring up. Best, AurelieJane (discuss • contribs) 15:30, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hey there! I really liked your contribution as it is something that I have always thought about when watching TV or when I'm at stores. I feel like it would be an amazing topic to expand on outside of the sandbox (because it would go very long aha) to look at how this kind of advertising teaches children their gender! Making an experiential connection, my nephew recently told me what colours boys and girls liked, and it completely corresponded with that of the toys aimed at each gender on TV. This really interested me in topics like yours. Basc.blue (discuss • contribs) 02:05, 12 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in music

 * I think that you make a valid point in portraying music as a sensitive subjective domain, however, how would you react to the fact that some classical masterpieces appeared to be loved by everyone? Can't there be another dimension to the music that would make some of it overcome our subjectivity ? ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

I don't really think that some classical masterpieces appeared to be loved by everyone. I do think that some people do not enjoy listening to classical music. Music can be a masterpiece but that doesn't mean that everyone will like it. Borabora18 (discuss • contribs) 15:53, 9 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in/through Education

 * I really enjoyed reading your article and I completely agree on the importance of education in builing the future generation. Do you think that a course specifically on politics for example should be taught neutrally in high school to better prepare the next generation in knowing more about their country? ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 18:01, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello! I find the subject of your article really interesting. I don't know if it's relevant but I was wondering if it wouldn't be better to sort out your examples of the benefits of education. For example, you could classify them according to whether they benefit the individual (more career opportunities, increased self-confidence) or society (less crime, less poverty). Of course, this is just a piece of advice!--Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 15:45, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I find your article really interesting, I do think that education is definitely a smart power tool. Borabora18 (discuss • contribs) 16:49, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for your well-written article! I find the section on the power of education in climate change particularly interesting. I think that it would be even more insightful if you include statistics that show how people with different education levels have different ideas/approaches to understanding climate change and how education can shape society's general awareness. XxXdiehardbascloverXxX (discuss • contribs) 12:19, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in Psychology

 * I enjoyed reading your article but near the end of it I was wondering if the use of the term "WEIRD" doesn't impoverished your point introducing it with a biased term? ReasonWithKnowledge (discuss • contribs) 18:13, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I've really enjoyed reading your article, especially on the power structures within the discipline! I've added a few hyperlinks for key concepts/events - I hope you don't mind. Andreilla.m.l (discuss • contribs) 13:24, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I thought your article was very interesting and that it touched on interesting topics that I wouldn't have even thought of talking about such as the gender inequalities in psychology. Good work!


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User talk:Nicola.georgiou/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/Seminar group 13/ Power

= WEIRD Psychology References = Hi, when going through the references list I noticed that a lot of the references for the WEIRD psychology section are repeated in the list, I was wondering if it would make it cleaner if there should be just a single reference used multiple times? Or at least differentiate each reference to indicate which page of the article was used, because at this point most of the references in the 60s are exactly the same. Please let me know your thoughts. Edgeofdawn (discuss • contribs) 11:34, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I didn't write this paragraph but I agree that it would look cleaner if the references were not repeated multiple times. I don't know if they want to do it themselves or not, should we change it? AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 11:58, 10 November 2020 (UT

 * Hi, I did write the paragraph and the article i have used and based most of the article on is actually an online article from the Nation Centre of Biotechnology Information, thereofre there are no pages on the actual article. I do agree that it is a bit confusing but at the same time there is nothing else I can add to it as there are no page numbers to identify the different parts. I have in some cases added the different sub-sections of the article that I took the information from as it does help in terms of organizational purposes. Thank you for bringing it up.User:Ethan.dawson101 (User talk:Ethan.dawson101 • contribs) 12:10, 10 November 2020 (UT

= Article structure =

Hello! I have changed the structure of the article so that anyone can talk about the different forms of power in the disciplines chosen this week and not only one. Please tell me what you think about this!
 * Hello! I will have to admit that, in my opinion, the general categorisation of the different types of power gave the page a structured and coherent look, showing the distinct link between the page and the lecture. It is true, however that in the case of a contribution covering two categories, the division becomes quite difficult. Perhaps we could bring back the four categories and add a fifth one in which contributions covering two types of power are placed? Macabre Roses (discuss • contribs) 01:30, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Also, now that I look at it, the new titles seem to only work for the categories covering two types of power, as in all other cases it is just a second repetition of the category title, with a single sub-category.
 * Hey! I think we should wait and see until we've got more contributions before choosing how to categorise them. It'll be easier to decide the best option that way. Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 09:44, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi! I think that structuring the articles by the distinct disciplines, rather than the different types of power that were identified in the lecture is easier given the wide variety of disciplines that we approached, especially as reading through the submissions, many of the disciplines are related to multiple types of power. However, I think providing cohesion with the different forms of power is a great idea, so I included the different types in the introduction. I think it would be great if we could also add what type of truth we are addressing within our specific contributions as well.

Verysmallroom (Verysmallroom • contribs) 14:19, 10 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, I do like how the titles are organized now and I completely agree with the choice to organize the different sections by discipline and not by type of power. However, in an attempt to get better cohesion i feel like we sacrifice the more precise language that is needed in this particular issue. As I previously noted that, before changing the structure, the different contributions containing the specific type of power in the title or at the beginning of the paragraph manage to better focus on the problem and later on write a clearer and more understandable paragraph were the issue of power is really pushed to the front and dealt with more in depth. So I have gone through most of the different contributions and as I readd through them I added some of the specific power that was being described, but using the categories or notions that have been stated in the introduction.Ethan.dawsson101 (Ethan.dawsson101 • contribs) 16:19, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

= Power in Education = Hi! MacabreRoses it appears we worked on the same theme but after reading your sandbox I'd say we have not discussed the same things within education (I would say your part is more specific). So I just added my part as a general overview in the education section and made a reference to what you wrote right below. Let me know it it is okay with you :) Lmbs2506 • 11:35, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey Lmbs2506, I think both of our contributions work well together and complement each other, making the page look well coordinated. Macabre Roses (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

= Introduction = Hi! I wrote an introduction for this article. I hope it is clear enough and that is introduces well the subject. Feel free to change it up! AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 14:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello! Thank you for writing and introduction, I find it to be a good addition to the page. Macabre Roses (discuss • contribs) 17:46, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, I have added some more to the original introduction that was on the page to round it out a bit more and introduce a few more of the topics that are dealt with in the entire article. Ethan.dawson101 (discuss • contribs) 20:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

= References = Hi all, I was wondering about our references and whether we should try at this point to have them in the same format in the references list? When reading up on Vancouver-style referencing here, it appears that there is a certain format we all need to follow. Do you think it is worth going through our reference lists to tidy them up or do people find that the lists are ok as they are? Please let me know your thoughts! Edgeofdawn (discuss • contribs) 16:49, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I would definitely agree, I think to get the referencing right we have to do it wikipedia and then copy the source code onto this sandbox. I'll start doing some but it might be worthwhile for everyone to go over their citations because it might be difficult for other people to find the exact thing you cited! Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 22:15, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I wouldn’t mind going through whatever is left and needs touching up tomorrow but yes, in the meantime it would be nice if everyone has touched up their own at least with the doi visible! Edgeofdawn (discuss • contribs) 23:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I will look through them and see if there are touch ups needed! AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 11:54, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

= Power in Language = Not sure who wrote the section on language but I've noticed it's lacking citations. I'm not sure if you're currently in the process of adding them but definitely don't forget to add them to the quotations as well! I tried looking some of them up but couldn't seem to find the source you got them from? Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Yes, I was in the process of adding them! Thank you for checking though

= Indirect Power in Medicine - Citation Bias = In your last paragraph maybe you could give an example of the serious implication of citation bias and how consequently it harms certain groups of people (based on gender/ or race) Alwayslearningmore (discuss • contribs)
 * Thank you for your suggestion! I'll definitely provide an example of the serious implication of citation bias although I'm not sure I'll be able to find something regarding how it harms certain groups of people based on race/gender because it's more about whether the references used supports the journal article. Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 09:11, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Yes, I understood. I just thought in the long term this practice could lead to some subtle forms of discrimination. By the way, there seems to be a problem with your reference n°60...

=Power in Bias Recognition= Hello! I have just changed some of the references of this article to fit the Vancouver referencing style, I hope that's all right. Also, it seemed that your first and second reference were citing the same article so I contracted that to a single reference. If this was a mistake on my part and you would like me to change it back to how it was, do let me know. Unadorablemensonge (discuss • contribs) 10:16, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

=Power in the media= Hi! I wrote the first part on the media and I think our articles go well together and they do not contradict the other one. For me, your paragraph was clear and easy to understand! Also, I noticed that some of your references didn't seem to work: the link was not accessible... If that is okay for you, I will juste change that so it is easier to look at them and goes with the others. AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 15:15, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

=Power in Mathematics= Hello, I liked the idea you presented of the direct power within mathematics being held within its universality. While reading it I also thought about the ability mathematics as a discipline to go beyond may other powers that affect many other disciplines. For example, many developing countries have much lower rates of education, thus much lower rates of literacy than developed European countries. Another example could be the fact that in the scientific fields, the scientific lexical field varies depending on the language spoken, thus making collaborative work between scientist of different countries harder than between mathematics. However, precisely because of this unreality, mathematics can past many other powers that could affect its practice and teaching. Thus, the true power, and something that could be expanded by in this section, is in the power that mathematics holds in terms of communication. Ethan.dawson101 (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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Lentis/Deepfakes

Introduction
A deepfake is a fabricated image, video, or audio recording that is meant to look and sound real. Deepfakes are created using animation, facial recognition, and machine learning technologies.

History
Computer based facial animation technologies have existed since the early 1970’s, but they lacked the realism and convenience of technologies used to make modern deepfakes.

The Video Rewrite research project in 1997 was a key advancement towards modern deepfake technologies. Video Rewrite used computer vision, facial animation, and existing footage to “create automatically new video of a person mouthing words that she did not speak in the original footage.” This synthesized multiple technologies into a single automated process, paving the way for deepfake generating applications.

Tracking facial features in an image or video is a crucial aspect of modern deepfake technology. It was achieved in 2001 when researchers at UC Berkeley developed a computer model to map shapes to an existing image.

The later 2000s and early 2010s brought incremental advancements in computer processing power, machine learning, facial recognition, and animation.

In 2016, researchers at Stanford presented a novel approach for “real-time facial reenactment of a monocular video sequence (e.g. Youtube video).” This technique superimposed an actor’s mouth onto a target video. As opposed to older methods, this was done in real time, a landmark in deepfake technology evolution. A year later, researchers at the University of Washington created a program altering the video and audio of a target video realistically and efficiently, generating a 66 second deepfake in around 45 minutes using personal computer hardware. The speed and quality of this approach, as well as its ability to run on common hardware allowed for an explosion of high quality deepfakes generated by the general public.

As deepfake technology improved, Reddit users in the subreddit group “r/deepfakes” began posting original deepfakes and the FakeApp application created a “desktop tool for creating deepfakes.”

Modern Deepfakes
Modern deepfakes are made by training a neural network on existing images or videos of a face. Once the network learns how the face looks in different expressions and settings, it can generate its own deepfakes of the face. Following past trends, it's almost certain that deepfake quality will continue to improve to the point where humans can not detect any difference between real and generated. This could create serious instances of misinformation and problems for celebrities and public figures who are often the subjects of deepfakes.

Business Adoption
Deepfakes are used for video translation and stock photo generation. While they call their service "Video Dialogue Replacement" and say they are not creating deepfakes, Canny AI offers to translate source videos and modify faces so that they look like they are speaking the new language. An international business could use Canny AI to deepfake an executive giving a speech in different languages instead of using subtitles. Canny AI also offers their service for parodies of celebrities if one can prove consent. Generated.photos sells artificially generated portraits for trial software, avatars, game design, and advertising. They also have an anonymization service to generate a new face for a profile profile that "will remind you of your skin color, age, gender, [and] hair length." In order to avoid data privacy issues, all photos are taken by the company instead of scraped from the internet.

Concerns
Deepfakes can be abused to create images and videos of people without their consent. For example, dead actors have been deepfaked by Disney and YouTube channels. Game developers using Generated.photos found that "synthetic photos were especially helpful when they needed to portray less than admirable characters." Outside of games, deepfakes may be used to deliver unpopular, controversial, or dangerous information. For example, a company could create a fake executive to take the fall for a failed business plan, or a political campaign could create fake videos of the opposing side.

Both Generated.photos and Canny AI have terms and conditions meant to prevent users from engaging in illegal or malicious activities. However, the source code for deepfake programs is freely available. Free tiers of cloud platforms like Google Colab allow users to create deepfakes from their browser. With both the quality and accessibility of deepfakes increasing, it's likely that they'll soon become mainstream tools for impersonation and dissemination of false information.

Identity Theft
Facial recognition and voice synthesis allows bad actors to pretend to be people they're not. Fake voices may be used in phone calls to steal victims' private information such as usernames or passwords from database managers. Alternatively, bad actors may use deepfakes to act as the victims of identity theft, calling banks or other services as the victim to gain private information or transfer money from the victims' accounts to their own. Current deepfake technology makes voice synthesis attacks feasible today with little voice data required. Notable examples of deepfake scams include a CEO losing $243,000 and a widow giving $287,928 to someone she believed to be a Navy Admiral. The effectiveness of deepfake identity theft is questionable, since in many cases it's easier and more believable for criminals to use their own voice to impersonate someone else.

Extortion
Criminals use deepfakes to blackmail victims, mainly female celebrities, for payment or information. Criminals may blackmail victims into sending them money by threatening to release pornographic videos featuring their faces even though the victim was never involved. No easy solutions to this type of blackmail exist.

Fake News
Although it hasn't yet become a widespread issue, the biggest threat to society we found concerning deepfakes was their potential impacts on the news. False statements attributed to politicians or experts through deepfakes may be interpreted by as real. In 2018, a video was released by Buzzfeed showing a fabricated version of former President Barack Obama voiced by comedian Jordan Peele denigrating Donald Trump. The video made clear that it was fake and was made to raise awareness of the implications of deepfakes on the media. In April 2020, the Belgian branch of Extinction Rebellion, a global climate advocacy group, released a video of the Belgian Prime Minister relating environmental issues to the Covid 19 crisis, believed to be real by many before they revealed it was fake.

Worried about how deepfakes may affect the 2020 presidential election, Hany Farid, a professor at Dartmouth College, created a software to detect deepfakes with 95% accuracy. This kind of technology will be a necessity in the future to avoid fake news, but it still might not stop people from believing it.

Government Response
In June 2019, Chairman Schiff of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence characterized deepfakes as "hav[ing] the capacity to disrupt entire campaigns, including that for the presidency" because "not only may fake videos be passed off as real, but real information can be passed off as fake." The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) has created the Media Forensics (MediFor) platform to automatically detect and characterize manipulated images and videos. Earlier efforts involved editing techniques such as pasting images onto each other, and GAN-assisted manipulations were added to test data in 2019.

The United States Senate passed the Deepfake Report Act of 2019 in October 2019 "[t]o require the Secretary of Homeland Security to publish an annual report on the use of deepfake technology, and for other purposes". It was also added as an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 in July 2020. As of November 2020, the House has not passed the stand-alone bill or the amended NDAA. After the NDAA amendment, Senator Rob Portman, who sponsored both the original bill and the amendment, commented that "AI-based threats, such as deepfakes, have become an increasing threat to our democracy" and that "we must address the challenge and grapple with important questions related to civil liberties and privacy."

Whether or not MediFor and other government activities will be successful against modern deepfakes is questionable. Older media manipulation relied on modifying source material, but new techniques can generate images and videos from scratch. Researchers are also constantly improving the quality of their programs. For example, the first version of face-generating program StyleGAN had blurry spots in the background and misaligned teeth, motivating the researchers to create an improved StyleGAN2. The code is available on GitHub.

Positive Deepfakes
Below are a few examples of the positive impacts of deepfakes.

Medicine
Deepfakes can be used to create synthetic images of brain MRIs. These synthetic images may be used to study the formation of Alzheimers and brain tumors.

Unique Voices
Voice synthesis technologies such as vocalid.ai provide users with ai generated voices. This gives those who can't speak the opportunity to talk with a unique synthetic voice.

Translation
Deepfakes can be used to hear the voices of others in several different languages without the need for translators or subtitles. A video released in 2019 featured David Beckham speaking in 9 different languages using deepfake technology to raise awareness for malaria.

Crime Solving
In 2018, cellphone videos, security camera footage, and autopsy reports were used to digitally recreate the crime scene to assist in solving the murder of 3 protesters in Kiev.

Conclusion
This casebook focused mainly on the background of deepfakes and some of their applications. Future researchers will want to investigate how to spot deepfakes, how to make deepfakes, and the advancement of synthesized audio. Further investigation could be done on lawsuits concerning deepfakes and the legal system's response. With how quickly deepfakes are progressing, some of the information in this casebook may become obsolete. Almost all aspects of this casebook should be reinvestigated in the future to see what's changed.

title: Lentis/Deepfakes


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in Music

Hello! Your article is very interesting but you should be careful with your references and maybe give more precisions! --Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 15/Power

About the power in international relations chapter, do you think you need to cite the same reference that much? Or do you think it is acceptable to just put it at the end of a paragraph that refers to the same book? Empereurthepug (discuss • contribs) 20:51, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure to be honest. I am just erring on the side of caution but maybe you're right. Frenchfries124 (discuss • contribs) 14:59, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * yeah i would just keep on the safe side Sunnday (discuss • contribs) 20:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * actually wait i just altered a few just because I think they get that its all from the same place

Game theory chapter
Hi, I added a link to the "game theory" words that redirects towards another wikibook ("introduction to game theory) as it explains the basics of game theories which can be hard to grasp for someone who does not know anything of the subject. Hope it doen't bother the author and don't hesitate to cancel my initiative if you don't like it! Empereurthepug (discuss • contribs) 21:00, 8 November 2020 (UTC)


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 12

#Hackforchange Today the Day of Civic Hacking is celebrated in the USA. It is a day of action for programmers, designers and data scientists to develop solutions to problems and improve life within a community, for example by making processes in their environment more transparent or exposing problems, often enabled by Open Data. It is held since 2013, with hackathons and public events.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 6

Today is National Day of Unplugging in the U.S.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 6


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User talk:Cannedtomatoes

Thank you for this contribution - I think it fits really well and adds another perspective on how humans have tried to quantise love. While your addition focuses more on love and attachment within an established relationship, and the original contribution leans towards describing how love arises and is detected in the first place, I think it is really interesting to see that quantitative methods (in this instance mathematical formulae) are used to study all stages of a relationship.(Bienchen4338 (discuss • contribs) 22:55, 8 November 2020 (UTC))

title: User talk:Cannedtomatoes