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User:Derek Andrews/sandbox/Programming colours

Programming colours
This family of consoles have a very limited palette of colors to work with. The PVI has three digital (i.e. either on or off) colour signals that are connected to the red, green and blue inputs of the PAL encoder. This limits the the system to a palette of eight colours: black, red, green, blue, cyan, purple, yellow and white.

This seems simple at first sight, but is complicated by two other signals that can affect the colour on the display:
 * the $\overline{OBJ/SCR}$ output of the PVI which goes low whenever an object or a score digit is being displayed.
 * bit 5 of the 74LS138 'effects' register.

''A further complication is that some consoles such as the Interton VC4000 use these signals to alter the brightness of the colour, while others use it to invert the colour. The rest of this page is applicable to the colour inversion method, specifically as implemented on the Voltmace Database.''

Hardware description

The three non-inverting colour inputs to the PAL encoder are connected directly to the inverted colour outputs of the PVI: $\overline{R}$, $\overline{G}$, $\overline{B}$.

The INV input to the PAL encoder is derived from a wire-AND circuit comprising an open-collector transistor $\overline{INVERT}$, the open-drain $\overline{OBJ/SCR}$ and a pull-up resistor. Either one of those devices can pull the invert input to a low logic level.

The INVERT signal is set by writing to bit 5 of the hex D-type flip-flop, 74LS378, at memory address $1E80. Writing a 1 to that bit causes the transistor to turn on, and pull the INV input to the PAL encoder to a logic 0 irrespective of the state of $\overline{OBJ/SCR}$.

Registers
All the colour information is controlled by four registers, three in the PVI and one logic chip. Note that these registers are all write-only. It is up to the programmer to keep track of what is in them.

$1E80 'Effects' register
The other bits in this register are used by the audio circuitry.

$1FC6 Background and screen — enable and colours
If Background Enable is set to zero, both the screen and background grid are output from the PVI as '111'.

If the background grid is not used for graphics, the registers that define it, $1F80 - $1FAC, may be used for variable storage. They are hidden on the display by setting background and screen to the same colour.

Colours
If you find the hardware description hard to follow with the multiple inversions, you aren't alone. All you really need to do is use the table below when programming colours.

The score colour cannot be programmed independently; it is always the inverse of the colour programmed for the background.

Neither the object colours or the score colour are affected by the state of bit 5 of the 74LS138 'effects' register since the $\overline{R}$ will be low while they are being displayed.

The INVERT bit is used in some games such as Interton's Super Space as a screen-saver. While it is tempting to normally set the INVERT bit to 0, it might be better to have it normally set to 1. In this way the colour codes are the same for objects, score, background and screen, and will be in negative logic, i.e. a 0 turns the colour on.

Code snippets
All the colours are set by these four registers: effects    equ $1E80 colours12  equ $1FC1 colours34  equ $1FC2 backgnd    equ $1FC6

It is a good idea to clear the effects register early on in your program. This will not only turn off the colour inversion, but will also turn off the audio. eorz   r0        stra,r0 effects Alternatively, as discussed above, the audio can be turned off and the colour inversion turned on so that all colours can be programmed with the same codes. lodi,r0 $20 stra,r0 effects Remember that the objects colours are always active low, so the RGB sequence 101 would appear as green, etc: lodi,r0 %00010101      ; XX  /  011     /   110 stra,r0 colours12      ;     / obj1 red / obj2 blue The background and screen colours depend on the state of the invert bit. When the invert bit is 0, their colours are always active high, so the RGB sequence 010 would appear as green, etc: eorz   r0        stra,r0 effects         ; invert bit = 0 lodi,r0 %00001110      ;  X / 100            /   1     / 001 stra,r0 backgnd        ;    / background red / enabled / screen blue Conversely, when the invert bit is 1, their colours are active low, so the RGB sequence 101 would appear as green, etc: lodi,r0 $20 stra,r0 effects        ; invert bit = 1 lodi,r0 %00001110      ;  X / 011            /   1     / 110 stra,r0 backgnd        ;    / background red / enabled / screen blue

Tutorial program
The code for this tutorial can be found in the Appendices: Tutorial code, Programming colours. When this program is run, you should see a static screen that looks like this:

The fours objects are programmed in different colours. When the first row of objects have been displayed, the INVERT bit in the effects register is set to one. This inverts the colour of the screen (yellow 110 becomes blue 001) and the background switches from black to white.

Notice that the objects and the score digits are the same above and below this transition. Also note that the score is the inverse of the colour programmed for the background.

Exercises

 * 1) Change the colours of the four objects to red, cyan, yellow and blue.
 * 2) Change the initial colour of the background grid to cyan.
 * 3) Change the colour of the score to purple.

Tutorial - Colours
org    0 reset_vector:                  ; the microprocessor starts here when the reset button is pressed bcta,un reset org    3 interrupt_vector:              ; interrupts shouldn't happen, but we set this just in case retc,un reset: ;initialise program status word, just to be sure! ppsu   intinhibit      ;inhibit interrupts cpsu   stackpointer    ;stack pointer=%000 cpsl   registerselect  ;register bank 0 cpsl   withcarry       ;without carry cpsl   compare         ;arithmetic compare
 * Tutorial Colours

eorz   r0        stra,r0 effects         ;initialise the 74LS378 stra,r0 objectsize     ;all objects size 0 bsta,un DefineObjects  ;define all objects bsta,un DefineGrid     ;define the grid lodi,r0 $67 stra,r0 score12 lodi,r0 $89 stra,r0 score34 lodi,r0 %00001110      ;  X / 000              /   1     / 110 stra,r0 backgnd        ;    / black background / enabled / yellow screen bsta,un Vsync0         ; make sure VRST hasn't started endless: bsta,un Vsync1         ; wait for VRST to start eorz   r0        stra,r0 effects         ; turn off colour invert stra,r0 scoreformat    ; 2 + 2 score digits at top  (see Tutorial......) lodi,r0 %00010101      ; XX  /  010        /   101 stra,r0 colours12      ;     / obj1 purple / obj2 green lodi,r0 %00111000      ; XX  /  111        /   000 stra,r0 colours34              ;     / obj 3 black / 4 white bsta,un Vsync0         ; wait for VRST to end lodi,r1 1 bsta,un WaitObj        ; wait for object 4 to complete  (see Tutorial......) lodi,r0 $20 stra,r0 effects        ; turn on colour invert lodi,r0 3 stra,r0 scoreformat    ; 4 score digits at bottom bctr,un endless

; (see Tutorial......) DefineObjects: lodi,r3 $0A lodi,r0 $FF loopDS: stra,r0 shape1,r3-     ; create rectangular shapes stra,r0 shape2,r3 stra,r0 shape3,r3 stra,r0 shape4,r3 brnr,r3 loopDS lodi,r0 40             ; set their positions stra,r0 hc1 stra,r0 hcd1 lodi,r0 60 stra,r0 hc2 stra,r0 hcd2 lodi,r0 80 stra,r0 hc3 stra,r0 hcd3 lodi,r0 100 stra,r0 hc4 stra,r0 hcd4 lodi,r0 88 stra,r0 vc1 stra,r0 voff1 stra,r0 vc2 stra,r0 voff2 stra,r0 vc3 stra,r0 voff3 stra,r0 vc4 stra,r0 voff4 retc,un ; (see Tutorial......) DefineGrid: lodi,r0 $FF stra,r0 $1f80 stra,r0 $1fa4 lodi,r0 $FE stra,r0 $1f81 stra,r0 $1fa5
 * subroutine -  define shapes and position of all objects
 * subroutine -  define shapes and position of all objects
 * subroutine -  define background grid
 * subroutine -  define background grid

lodi,r3 $81 loopDG: lodi,r0    $80 stra,r0 $1f00,r3+ lodi,r0 $01 stra,r0 $1f00,r3+ comi,r3 $a3 bcfr,eq loopDG lodi,r0 $01 stra,r0 $1fa8 lodi,r0 $08 stra,r0 $1fac lodi,r0 $00 stra,r0 $1fa9 stra,r0 $1faa stra,r0 $1fab stra,r0 $1fa6 stra,r0 $1fa7 retc,un ; (see Tutorial......) Vsync0: tpsu   sense bctr,eq Vsync0         ; wait for Sense bit to clear retc,un Vsync1: tpsu   sense           ; wait for Sense bit to be set bctr,lt Vsync1 retc,un ; (see Tutorial......) WaitObj: loda,r0 objectstatus andz   r1        bctr,eq waitobj retc,un
 * subroutine - wait for vertical reset to clear
 * subroutine - wait for vertical reset to clear
 * subroutine - wait for vertical reset to set
 * subroutine - wait for vertical reset to set
 * subroutine - wait for object to finish
 * subroutine - wait for object to finish
 * enter with r1=mask for bit to be tested:
 * obj1=$08, obj2=$04, obj3=$02, obj4=$01

Hardware definitions
This is a standard block of assembler directives that give names to constants and memory addresses of all the registers in the system carrybit       equ $01 compare        equ $02 withcarry      equ $08 registerselect equ $10 intinhibit     equ $20 stackpointer   equ $07 sense          equ $80 flag           equ $40
 * PROCESSOR CONSTANTS
 * PROCESSOR CONSTANTS

effects        equ $1e80
 * EFFECTS REGISTER

player1keys147c equ $1E88 ;player1 keypad, bits: 1,4,7,clear,x,x,x,x player1keys2580 equ $1E89 ;player1 keypad, bits: 2,5,8,0,x,x,x,x player1keys369e equ $1E8A ;player1 keypad, bits: 3,6,9,enter,x,x,x,x player2keys147c equ $1E8C ;player1 keypad, bits: 1,4,7,clear,x,x,x,x player2keys2580 equ $1E8D ;player1 keypad, bits: 2,5,8,0,x,x,x,x player2keys369e equ $1E8E ;player1 keypad, bits: 3,6,9,enter,x,x,x,x keymask123     equ $80     ;top row of keys keymask456     equ $40 keymask789     equ $20 keymaskc0e     equ $10     ;bottom row of keys console        equ $1E8B ;start and select buttons on console consolestart   equ $40 consoleselect  equ $80
 * BUTTONS

object1     equ $1F00 shape1      equ $1F00 hc1         equ $1F0A ; hc = Horizontal Coordinate hcd1        equ $1F0B ; hcd = Horizontal Coordinate Duplicate vc1         equ $1F0C ; vc = Vertical Coordinate voff1       equ $1F0D ; voff = Vertical Offset
 * PVI ADDRESSES AND CONSTANTS

object2     equ $1F10 shape2      equ $1F10 hc2         equ $1F1A hcd2        equ $1F1B vc2         equ $1F1C voff2       equ $1F1D

object3     equ $1F20 shape3      equ $1F20 hc3         equ $1F2A hcd3        equ $1F2B vc3         equ $1F2C voff3       equ $1F2D

object4     equ $1F40 shape4      equ $1F40 hc4         equ $1F4A hcd4        equ $1F4B vc4         equ $1F4C voff4       equ $1F4D

objectsize  equ $1FC0

colours12   equ $1FC1 colours34   equ $1FC2 backgnd     equ $1FC6

pitch       equ $1FC7

scoreformat equ $1FC3 score12     equ $1FC8 score34     equ $1FC9

objectstatus equ $1FCA collisions  equ $1FCB adpot1      equ $1FCC adpot2      equ $1FCD


text:
Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Maginot Line

Summary of the Maginot Line
The Maginot Line was a series of static defenses constructed by France along the Eastern French border, with its strongest fortifications along the German and Italian borders. In World War I, France suffered 1.4 Million casualties and the collapse of their infrastructure, crippling their production and leaving France with a massive deficit. Following the war, French officials believed that the Germans would inevitably remilitarize their border and attempt domination again. Their most suitable plan for preventing another war was to maintain troops in the German province of Rhineland. This was not possible due to the agreements reached in the Treaty of Versailles. The desperation of loss and collapse looming over them, the weary country attempted to reinvent their military strategies. The teams tasked with finding a solution created various offensive and defensive strategies, including the construction of the Maginot Line.

Conceptually, the Maginot Line was intended to serve a few main purposes:

 * Prevent a German surprise attack and redirect German forces to force them to travel through Switzerland and Belgium to keep the war off of French soil.
 * To save manpower and cover the time required to mobilize the French military -- which could potentially take as long as 2-3 weeks.

The project was first backed by Marshal Joseph Joffree, who wished to create a series of stationary fortifications along the border, and Marshal Philippe Pétain, who wished to militarize the entire French border. Although they were opposed by many modernists within the French government that preferred investments in armor or aircraft, the French Minister of War -- and World War I veteran, -- André Maginot, was a key supporter and eventually pushed the French Government into authorizing construction. The wall was designed primarily by Paul Painlevé and was constructed between 1929 and 1938.

When planning for war with Germany and designing the Maginot Line, the French were preparing for la Guerre de Longue Durée, or the war of long duration. It was suspected that German resources would not last in the long run. If they could defend their most vulnerable border, they would not have to expend massive casualties preparing in offensive battles. While the Maginot Line may have been an effective counter to attrition warfare, it was not well equipped for the advanced technology and tactics of the Second World War, primarily German tanks and their blitzkrieg doctrine. Additionally, their reliance on Belgium cooperation left them exposed for an attack along their shared border in the North.

Timeline of Events
1918: End of First World War (November 11th).

1925: The Maginot Line receives approval as a defensive project with supposed inclusion of adaptability for various military operations.

1929: Construction of the Maginot Line begins. France institutes the 1 year draft, a re-imagining of military service.

1935: Belgium declares neutrality, attempting to avoid bloodshed on their soil.

1939: Start of Second World War with invasion of Poland (September 1st).

1940: Battle of France (May 10th - June 25th), Maginot Line is defeated by German tanks and French forces are overrun. France surrenders to Germany and is occupied.

1944: The Allies mount an assault on France, storming the beaches on the coast of normandy.

1945: The Second World War in Europe ends in May of 1945, with the complete surrender of the Axis in September of that year.

List of Actors
André Maginot (1877-1932): Maginot started his career in government in 1910 as a member of the Chamber of Deputies, a part of parliament during the third republic, before becoming an undersecretary of war in 1913. With the onset of the First World War, he joined as a common footsoldier and received a crippling injury, relegating him back to politics. Later he would serve as minister of war and it was during this time that his advocacy of what would become the Maginot Line began to produce results in around 1929. He would direct efforts in its construction for several years until his death in 1932.

Joseph Joffre (1852-1931): Proponent of first defensive strategy, clustered fortifications of many soldiers. Joffre was a French general and the head of the French Army from 1911 to 1916, after which he fell out of favor due to heavy French casualties and was relegated to non-vital military functions, a post he later resigned from. It would be his final post, and would not hold any military or political title afterwards.

Paul Reynaud (1878-1966): Modernist who opposed the construction of the line. Reynaud was a French politician who served in many posts during his long career in the French government both pre-war and postwar. He assumed the post of prime minister for a short time during the Battle of France, and was later arrested by the Germans and remained in prison until being freed by the allies.

Philippe Pétain (1856-1951): Wanted to militarize the entire border. Pétain had a controversial history. During the First World War he was a celebrated general, but after the French defeat during the Battle of France and the establishment of the Vichy government with him as its leader, he was seen as a collaborator with the Germans and was later sentenced to life imprisonment.

Marie Louie Guillaumat (1863-1940): General during World War One that was active in the debates over the Maginot line. He believed in the necessity of static defenses, also advocating for leaving the ample space necessary for military operations. He was also the leader of the occupation of the Rhineland, and the Minister of War for a short time in 1926.

Aftermath of World War I
In the aftermath of WWI, France’s population, infrastructure and national pride were completely decimated by four years of war that saw an unmatched intensity. During the war German forces had systematically destroyed their coal mines, and other industries were often half as productive as they were in the pre-war years. While WWI was described by many politicians and historians of the time as “the war to end all wars”, some in France following the war knew that this may not be the case in the long run. So naturally there were many dialogues among the Entente powers after the war on how to prevent something like WWI from occurring again. What was developed was the Versailles Treaty, which returned the Northeastern provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France and severely limited Germany’s capability to wage war in the future by essentially dismantling its military power to a small defense force. Additionally, the treaty allowed France to maintain a small force in the German Province of Rhineland. The placement of these troops was controversial among the French and ultimately they were removed in 1929. At the time, this was the effective border control of the country, ensuring that Germany would not be able to mobilize on their shared border. As a result of this planned withdrawal, France’s military and political leadership began to seriously consider strategies of containment and defense. The Maginot Line was the result of these tumultuous back and forth conversations. It was completed well into the 1930’s. Just in time, as it seemed to all of Europe that another war with Germany was inevitable. The rise of the Nazi party in Germany signified a collapse of the tenets of the Treaty of Versailles, and the end of a short lived era of peace.

Just in time, as to all of Europe, it seemed another war was just around the corner. Nazi tyranny had eroded the peace and stability of the treaty of Versailles and brought Europe to the brink of conflict once again.

Construction and Financing
Upon its completion, the Maginot Line was wildly over budget. Initially, the project was funded with a grant of 3 billion Francs (or $3.88 billion in 2019 USD), however, upon its completion it cost nearly 5-7 billion francs, or between $6-9 billion in 2019 USD. As a point of reference, the French budget for a year hovered around 15 billion francs. After nearly a decade of construction, the Maginot Line spanned 280 miles and utilized 55 thousand tons of steel and 1.5 million cubic meters of concrete.

Design Influences
The Maginot Line was designed to withstand the full might of the German Forces, including heavy artillery fire and poison gases. In some ways, the Maginot Line was essentially a permanent line of trench systems that allowed for the continued presence of French forces immediately on the French border. One of the largest sections of the Maginot Line lies near Rochonvillers facing the border with Luxembourg. This was one of the first sections of the Maginot Line that was built, with the area being a high priority to secure. When designing this section of the Line, the French were inspired by Colonel Tricaud’s ideas published in the Revue du Génie in 1917. It was described as a fort palmé, which is a dispersed set of fortifications fanning out from an expansive subterranean trunk. This was eventually the design for the entirety of the Maginot Line.

Pushback from Allies
Some French allies, most notably Belgium, were immediately apprehensive of the proposed Maginot Line, as the presence of the fortifications essentially forced an invading army from the east to potentially divert troops around the fortifications if they wished to move further west into France. In response to this, the initial plans for the Line were scaled back considerably, leaving a gap in the fortifications on France’s shared border with Belgium.

Maginot Line Composition
Construction specifications for the Maginot line included 100km of tunnels, 12 million cubic meters of earthworks, 1.5 million cubic meters of concrete, 150,000 tons of steel, and 450 km of roads and railways. This material was used to construct, among other defenses, more than 50 massive manned underground fortresses, called ouvrages.

These underground structures were built 100 or more feet below hills and had stairways that personnel could access. They had a living quarters on the side facing the homeland, and a combat zone on the other edge. The largest of these Ouvrages had about 5 miles of tunnels. Each one was comparable to a small town, featuring dentist chairs, morgues, and prison cells. They each had a considerable population, housing between 500 to 1000 men in every fortress. Each fort had multiple cannons housed in small domes that could rise and retract. These domes had a diorama of the corresponding countryside which was intended to allow operators to visualize coordinates that were relayed.

In their design of these ouvrages, the French ensured that their troops would have ample tools at their disposal. The outcroppings of the fortresses were equipped with grenades that could be released with the pull of a switch. These were intended to be released if ground troops were able to approach the domes. If the tunnels of the line were breached, parts of the tunnel could be blown up while troops retreated. In addition, each ouvrage had an escape hatch that featured a ladder stretching to the surface. The exit to this hatch was covered in dirt, which would fall into the tunnel if and when the hatch was opened.

Between these fortresses were smaller fortifications. The ouvrages were within artillery range of these fortifications and each other, allowing for a strategy of friendly fire known as delousing. As an additional defense, the countryside was lined with spikes to prevent the progression of enemy tanks. These less grandiose measures ensured that the line would prove difficult to even approach.

Ultimately, for all it’s ingenuity, the Maginot line was an entirely static defense, featuring none of the adaptable measures that Pierre Guillaumat was an advocate of. Without these provisions, the Line was susceptible to new and unexpected military strategies.

World War II
While the Maginot Line was designed and constructed primarily to divert a German invasion, in 1940 the German forces crafted an invasion plan to go around the major fortifications. Large sections of the French border were unsecured by the Line, notably the shared border with Belgium. Despite Belgium's neutrality, in their Manstein Plan the German army marched in a sickle shape through Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to take advantage of the hole in the French defense line. This plan had risks, but recent changes in the balance of power gave the Germans an increased edge. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed in 1939 between the Germans and the Soviet Union gave Germany among many things access to Soviet resources like iron and oil. This allowed Germany, who was previously constrained by allied blockades to field a larger force.

As the Germans advanced towards the English Channel, the German troops easily overran French defenses and crossed into France, while the Luftwaffe flew over the Maginot Line. Over the next several weeks, the Germans successfully surrounded the Line and cut it off from the rest of the country, eventually forcing France to fall. When the Allied forces entered France in 1944, the Maginot Line -- still held by the Germans -- was largely bypassed.

By the end of the battle of France, the Ouvrages were still well supplied, and their troops in high spirits. Many of them thought the word of surrender was merely a German lie. They ultimately surrendered when French officials finally arrived to declare that the battle was lost. The Maginot line saw limited use by the Germans, who used various areas as storage. The Americans used the line briefly after they secured French borders.

Assessment of the Maginot Line
While the Maginot Line did not fall during the siege of France, it was incapable of securing the entirety of the French border. There were essentially four segments of the border that required fortifications or a means of protection. These were the Northern Border with the country of Belgium, the Northeastern border with Germany where the Maginot Line was constructed, the Eastern border with Germany which had the natural defenses of the Rhine River, and finally the countries borders with Switzerland and Italy in the Southeast, which were fortified lightly with a defense colloquially referred to as the “little Maginot”.

The limited scope of the project, while defending the country's most vulnerable borders, encouraged the Germans to invade Belgium in the North in order to gain access to Paris and the shoreline. It was for this reason that maintaining good relations with Belgium was considered essential. There was much deliberation over what to do with this segment of the border. Fears of stoking resentment halted progress on permanent fortifications. France was optimistic that an alliance with Belgium would allow for a joint offense if the country was invaded. France hoped to mobilize a vehicular brigade that would rush to rescue. These hopes were dashed as Belgium continued to disentangle themselves from cooperative treaties, declaring neutrality in 1935. Despite this, the French never secured  the border with a proper defensive line and ultimately chose to rush into Belgium when Germany began their assault. The Armenes forest was a natural choice for Germany, as through this path lay the least secure portions of France's defenses.

The Rhine River in the East was considered a natural defense, which was why it was overlooked for the most part. There were multiple Casemates along the French side of the border, which could suppress advancements along the river. Advanced military antiaircraft and anti tank machines were able to pierce these structures and render them useless. Thus German troops were able to advance on this front as well.

When Italy decided to enter the war, they attempted to cross into French territory through the Southeastern defenses; this proved entirely too difficult because of the terrain of the alps.

Ultimately, the Line was a powerful fortification that protected the northeastern border. Despite this the lack of defenses at key locations rendered the entire line useless. It was the tactical decisions made during the planning process that rendered the wall an unfavorable defense. The unwillingness of France to engage offensive warfare entrenched their hopes in a wall that was doomed to fail.

Efficiency

National Defense is a difficult thing to measure in terms of efficiency. How can one place a value on a nation's freedom and continued prosperity? If the Maginot line was successful in its defense of the French border, we would be able to consider it a priceless investment, commanding a resilience able to change the path of the most devastating war in human history. Of course, this is not how it’s history played out.

If we disregard it’s outright failure, the wall still served some purposes. The line had a valuable effect as a deterrent from invasions, even if this effect was not strong enough. Additionally, It can be argued that it offered a sense of security that contributed to the social and economic wellbeing of France and her people. Though the tag of 7 billion francs is a considerably high price to pay for such paltry benefits. The line failed it’s real purpose of securing the border from all future invasions.

The money spent securing the Maginot Line might have been better spent on investments in newer technology and defenses along other areas of the border.

Accountability

During the postwar era of the 1920’s, citizens of France, both the farming peasantry and factory laborers were most concerned with their ability to recover and get back to their normal lives. A main selling point of the Maginot line by its proponents would be that it would be a massive infrastructure project that allowed for many people who did not have jobs to then work on the line itself and the industries that would benefit from the fortifications being erected in the first place. One could see a project of this magnitude slightly similar to the American infrastructure projects that were established in the midst of The Great Depression.

Adaptability

The Maginot Line was equipped to deal with the worst military advancements that WW1 had to offer. It has proper anti-tank measures and cannons that can recede underground. Given that plans for the wall were written up directly after WW1 they had few considerations for future military technology.

If the constructors of the Maginot Line considered the potentiality of air-warfare. They may have divested the money for the project differently. Air-Warfare exposes the weaknesses of both natural barriers mentioned earlier. Both of these defenses would need further fortifications. Perhaps the French would have had to settle for fewer large fortresses in favor of small outposts equipped with anti-aircraft machinery.

In addition to this, the Maginot line was designed without the consideration of the ideas surrounding the early adoption of the concepts known as maneuver warfare and combined arms strategy by the German army in the early phases of WW2. Due to this, even if the Maginot Line was used to its fullest extent in the hypothetical situation, the French forces would still more than likely be completely overrun in a matter of weeks, the only difference being a higher German and French casualty count.

If the Maginot Line was built with consideration of air warfare, possibly with greater air defense capability in order to mitigate the risk by German dive bombers,  the money for the project may have been divested differently. The French would have probably divested less money towards creating single massive fortresses and more on smaller structures along farther west and south.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) What happened between the conclusion of World War I and the onset of World War II to render a defense investment like the Maginot Line nearly useless?
 * 2) Did the Maginot Line, simply by existing, make neighboring countries like Belgium and The Netherlands into even bigger targets?
 * 3) What measures do you think France could have taken to ensure a successful defense of their border?

Additional Readings
Allcorn, William, and Vincent Boulanger. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Osprey, 2003.

Kaufmann, J. E., and H. W. Kaufmann. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Stackpole, 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:TamaraDeClassic

White Hat (Delta) Network & Cyber security professionals.

title: User:TamaraDeClassic


text: Mizar Commentary on Walter Rudin's Principles of Mathematical Analysis/Printable version


text:
ZCash mining GPU Comparison/CPU Mining

NiceHash / nheqminer by NiceHash
Latest Version: Release Date: 07.11.16 Developer Fee: 0% Platform: Windows / Linux

Chip: Intel

Sol on i7: ~20S/s

i7 7700k: ~34S/s (8 threads, stock clocks)

AMD Ryzen 5 1500X Quad-Core: 23 S/s stock

Download: https://github.com/nicehash/nheqminer

title: ZCash mining GPU Comparison/CPU Mining


text:
ZCash mining GPU Comparison/GPU Mining

Claymore Miner by Claymore
Latest Version: 12.6 Release Date: 23.05.17 Developer Fee: 2% Platform: Windows / Linux

Chip: AMD

Sol on R9 280x: ~ 270-300h/s

Sol on R9 290(x): ~ 320-340h/s

Sol on R9 Fury: ~ 430-450 H/s

Sol on RX 480: ~ 310 H/s / 115 Watt

Latest version v12.5:

- added support for latest ZCash forks.

- improved fans management for latest drivers and Polaris cards.

- added "-mpsw" option.

- added shares-per-GPU statistics when "s" key is pressed.

- Included EthMan v3.0 which supports passwords and email notifications.

Silentarmy by Marc Bevand
Latest Version: 5 Release Date: 11.11.16 Developer Fee: 0% Platform: Linux

Chip: AMD / Nvidia

Sol on RX 480: ~200S/s Sol on RX 470: ~260S/s

Download: https://github.com/mbevand/silentarmy

SILENTARMY is a free open source Zcash miner for Linux with multi-GPU and Stratum support. It is written in OpenCL and has been tested on AMD/Nvidia/Intel GPUs, Xeon Phi, and more.

Optiminer
Latest Version: 1.7 Release Date: 06.02.17 Developer Fee: 2.5% Platform: Linux 64 Bit & windows

Chip: AMD

Sol on RX 480: ~303S

Sol on R9 Nano: 450 S/s (with powertune +50)

Sol on R9 290X: 311 S/s

Download: https://github.com/Optiminer/OptiminerZcash

Features
Supports: Expected speed (stock card):
 * Linux 64bit only
 * Windows 64bit only
 * AMD GCN cards only
 * R9 Nano: 260 S/s
 * R9 290: 200 S/s
 * RX 480: 300 S/s

No NVIDIA support planned at the moment.

The miner contains a 2.5% fee for supporting the dev. All shown hash rates are net rate, i.e., with fee deducted. What you see is what You get!

Bminer: a fast Equihash miner for CUDA GPUs
Latest Version: 5.2.0

Developer Fee: 2%

Platform: Windows / Linux

Chip: Nvidia

735-745 Sol/s on GTX 1080Ti

450-460 Sol/s on GTX 1070

315-325 Sol/s on GTX 1060

Latest version 5.2.0:

--Introduced the option -logfile to append the logs into a file.

--Minor optimization on Windows for cards that are mounted on the risers.

--Improve compatibility for NiceHash.

Downloads: https://www.bminer.me/releases/

EWBF's CUDA Zcash miner
Latest Version: 0.3.4b Release Date: 21.03.17 Developer Fee: 2% Platform: Windows / Linux

Chip: Nvidia
 * Sol on EVGA GTX 1080ti 11G-P4-6593-KR 767 Sol/s Sol/w 305 settings: pw 100% 59c, GPU +109 60c, Mem +109 59c, Fan 100%
 * Sol on Palit Game Rock GTX 1080ti: 765-785 Sol/s (Msi Afterburner settings: 120%/~300W power, +170Mhz Core, +900Mhz Mem, Fan 70% @ 60°C)
 * Sol on Gtx 1080ti : ~760 h/s (1999/2800)
 * Sol on Pny Gtx 1080TIFE: - 650-680 h/s (Msi Afterburner settings: 75% power, +150Mhz Core, +815Mhz Mem, Fan 75% @ 60c
 * Sol on Gtx 1080: ~520 h/s (140w)
 * Sol on Asus ROG STRIX Advanced Gaming GTX 1070ti: 550-570 Sol/s (Msi Afterburner settings: 120%/~200W power, +250Mhz Core, +680Mhz Mem, Fan 60% @ 50°C)
 * Sol on Palit DUAL GTX 1070: 460-480 Sol/s (Msi Afterburner settings: 112%/~170W power, +200Mhz Core, +650Mhz Mem, Fan 70% @ 65°C)
 * Sol on Palit Jetstrem GTX 1070 :~500 H/S (Setting 105% Power, +200Mhz Core, +750Mhz Mem, Fan70% @ 60'C)
 * Sol on MSI 1070 Gaming X: 490 h/s (SimpleMiningOS 230w,+1200 mhz on memory, +120 mhz on core, 65% min fan, @70C)
 * Sol on Gtx 1070: ~440 h/s (165w)
 * Sol on Gtx 1070ti: ~515 h/s (150w) (Msi Afterburner settings: 100%/~300W power, +200Mhz Core, +500Mhz Mem, Fan 67% @ 66°C)
 * Sol on Gtx 1060: ~309 h/s (1657/2252)
 * Sol on Gtx 1050TI: ~170 h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 1050: ~150 h/s (Pascal, 640 cores, 2GDDR5)
 * Sol on MSI 1030: ~60 h/s (Low Profile Fan 100% @ 82C, -10 core, +400 mem, 1708C,3416M)
 * Sol on Gtx 980ti: ~435 sol/s (75% pwr, +160 core, +200 mem)
 * Sol on Gtx 980: ~330 h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 970: ~280 h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 960: ~165 h/s ~1.53 Sol/W
 * Sol on Gtx 950: ~150 h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 870: ~100h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 850: ~80h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 850m: ~45h/s
 * Sol on Gtx 770: ~72h/s (Msi Afterburner settings: +50 core clock (1267), +0 memory clock (3506), Fan 62% @ 66°C)
 * Sol on Gtx 750: ~70h/s (Power Limit 95%, Core Clock +351 MHz, Fan 35% @ 50°C)
 * Sol on Quadro K2200: ~67 Sol/s ~2.60 Sol/W on Linux

Excavator
Latest Version: 1.3.8 alpha Release Date: 24.11.17 Developer Fee: 0% Platform: Windows / Linux

Chip: Nvidia

 * Sol on Palit Dual Gtx 1070 : ~439 h/s (Msi Afterburner settings: 80%/~120W power, +200Mhz Core, +550Mhz Mem, Fan Auto @ 65°C)
 * Sol on GTX 1060: ~270 h/s without overclocking, 100-120 Watt power usage.
 * Sol on GTX 1050 Ti: ~170 h/s without overclocking.
 * Sol on Gtx 970: ~250 h/s
 * Sol on GTX 750 Ti: ~70 h/s without overclocking, ~30 W power usage.

Excavator
1.4.3a

Chip: Nvidia
 * Sol on GTX 1080: ~570 h/s +1000 memory overclocking, 180 watt.

title: ZCash mining GPU Comparison/GPU Mining


text:
ZCash mining GPU Comparison/GPU Mining Comparison

GPU Miner Comparison
GPU References:
 * List of AMD graphics processing units
 * List of Nvidia graphics processing units


text:
GCSE Mathematics/Quadratic Equations

2

1        7       13    first difference

6          6        second difference

using the formula

2a= the second difference

2a= 6

a=3

From finding a, you then proceed to find b

3a+b=first difference

3(3)+b=1

9+b=1

b=-8

Finding c

a+b+c= first term

3+(-8)+c=2

-5+c=2

c=7

Substitute the values for a, b and c into

Tn=an*2+bn+c (the first n being to the power of 2)

Tn= 3n*2-8n+7

title: GCSE Mathematics/Quadratic Equations


text: ZCash mining GPU Comparison/Printable version


text: User talk:2401:4900:4CAE:23E:0:0:237:9A50


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Introduction

Introduction
In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit.

Definition of business
The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.

The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services.

The singular "business" can be a legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about social and technological advancement.

In predominantly capitalist economies, businesses are typically formed to earn profit and grow the personal wealth of their owners. Notable exceptions to this rule include many cooperatives, non-profit organizations, and government institutions.

In other words, the owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for their work — that is, the expense of time and energy — and for their acceptance of risk — investing work and money without certainty of success.

However, the exact definition of business is disputable, as is business philosophy; for example, most Marxists use "means of production" as a rough synonym for "business." Socialists advocate either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses. Some advocate a mixed economy of private and state-owned enterprises. Others advocate a capitalist economy where all, or nearly all, enterprises are privately owned.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Kinds of Business

Business Structures
There are several different business structures such as: sole proprietorship, partnership, LLC, and corporation. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it is important to choose the one that is right for your business. Depending on your business structure, you'll need to register your business with the state or federal government before. Most businesses need to get a tax ID number and obtain certain licenses and permits.

 * Sole Proprietorship: A business owned by one person. The owner may operate on their own or may employ others. The owner of the business has total and unlimited personal liability of the debts incurred by the business. Sole proprietorships can be a good choice for low-risk businesses and owners who want to test their business idea before forming a more formal business.

 * Partnership: A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal of making profit. Each partner has total and unlimited personal liability of the debts incurred by the partnership. Partnerships can be a good choice for businesses with multiple owners, professional groups (like attorneys), and groups who want to test their business idea before forming a more formal business.

 * Cooperative Business: (a.k.a co-op) use a cooperative business structure: for-profit, limited liability, but with members of the co-op share decision-making authority. Co-ops normally fall into three types: consumer co-ops, producer co-ops (common in agriculture) and worker-owned companies. Co-Ops are fundamental to the ideology of Economic democracy.

 * Limited Liability Company (LLC): A situation in which the liability of the owners of a business is limited to the full paid-up value of the share capital. In the United States and some other countries, a limited company is known as either a corporation or a limited liability company.

 * Private Limited Company (Ltd): A small to medium sized business that is often run by the family or the small group who own it. The owners and managers are only liable for the business up to the amount they have invested in the company, and are not liable for the debts incurred by the company unless they have signed a personal guarantee.

 * Public Limited Company: A business with limited liability, a wide spread of shareholders and in the UK, a share capital of over £50,000. The owners and managers are only liable for the business up to the amount they have invested in the company, and are not liable for the debts incurred by the company (unless they have signed a personal guarantee, which usually is not the case for a large corporation).

Classifying Businesses
Businesses can be classified in many ways, but one of the most common is by their primary profit-generating activities. For example:

* Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical goods, such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.

* Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses or consumers. Organizations ranging from house decorators to consulting firms to restaurants and even to entertainers are types of service businesses.

* Retailers and Distributors act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Most consumer-oriented stores and catalogue companies are distributors or retailers.

* Agriculture and mining businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or minerals.

* Financial businesses include banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of capital.

* Information businesses generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property and include movie studios, publishers and packaged software companies.

* Utilities produce public services, such as heat, electricity, or sewage treatment, and are usually government chartered.

* Real estate businesses generate profit from the selling, renting, and development of properties, homes, and buildings.

* Transportation businesses deliver goods and individuals from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation costs

There are many other divisions and subdivisions of businesses. The authoritative list of business types for North America (although it is widely used around the world) is generally considered to be the North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Functions of a Business

Functions of a business
Most businesses must accomplish similar functions regardless of size, legal structure or industry. These functions are often organized into departments. Common departments include (but are not limited to):
 * Accountancy : typically responsible for financial reporting, financial controls and the raising of the capital necessary to run the business.
 * Human Resources : typically responsible for hiring, firing, payroll, benefits, etc.
 * Marketing and sales : responsible for selling the business' goods or services to the customer and for managing the relationships with the customer
 * Marketing : typically responsible for promoting interest in, and generating demand for, the business' products or services, and positioning them within the market
 * Sales : finding likely purchasers and obtaining their agreement (known as a contract) to buy the business' products or services

 * Operations : makes the product or delivers the service
 * Production, costs, and pricing|Production : produces the raw materials into the delivered goods, if they require processing
 * Customer service : supports customers who need help with the goods or services

 * Procurement : responsible for acquiring the goods and services necessary for the business. Sometimes organized as:
 * Strategic sourcing : determines the business' needs and plans for acquiring the necessary raw materials and services for the business
 * Purchasing : processes the purchase orders and related transactions

 * Research and Development : tests to create new products and to determine their viability (e.g. pilot plants)
 * Information Technology : manages the business' computer and data assets
 * Communications/Public Relations : responsible for communicating to the outside world
 * Administration : provides administrative support to the other departments (such as typing, filing, etc)
 * Internal Audit : an independent control function typically accountable to the Board of Directors for reporting on the proper functioning of the other departments

Management is sometimes listed as a "department" but typically refers to the top level of leadership within the business regardless of their functional role.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Legal forms of a Business

Legal forms of a business, and the advantages and disadvantages of each form
Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms that a business can take, and a body of commercial law has developed for each type. Some common types include partnerships, corporations (also called limited liability companies), and sole proprietorships.

The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:

 * The size and scope of the business, and its anticipated management and ownership : A smaller business is more flexible, larger businesses or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as partnerships or (more commonly) corporations. In addition a business which wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
 * The sector and country : private profit making businesses are different from government owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized certain ways.
 * Limited liability : corporations, and limited liability partnerships, protect their owners from business failure, and are treated as separate entities, whereas an unincorporated business or person working on their own is usually not so protected.
 * Tax advantages : Different structures are treated differently in tax law, and may have advantages for this reason.
 * Disclosure and compliance requirements : different business structures may be required to make more or less information public (or reported to relevant authorities), and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.

Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation, limited partnership or limited liability company. Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members, as the case may be, are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person." This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law, if the business does not succeed.

Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a simple (USA: general) partnership. The terms of a partnership will be partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.

A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether he or she owns it directly or through a formally organized entity.

A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:

 * 1) General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
 * 2) Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
 * 3) In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently than large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
 * 4) In order to "go public" (sometimes called IPO) -- which basically means to allow a part of the business to be owned by a wider range of investors or the public in general -- you must organize a separate entity, which is usually required to comply with a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLCs that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well (for example, REITs in the USA, Unit Trusts in the UK). However, you cannot take a general partnership "public."


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Business laws and regulations

Business laws and regulations
Most commercial transactions are governed by a very detailed and well-established body of rules that have evolved over a very long period of time, it being the case that governing trade and commerce was a strong driving force in the creation of law and courts in Western civilization.

As for other laws that regulate or impact businesses, in many countries it is all but impossible to chronicle them all in a single reference source. There are laws governing treatment of labor and generally relations with employees, safety and protection issues (OSHA or Health and Safety), anti-discrimination laws (age, gender, disabilities, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation), minimum wage laws, union laws, workers compensation laws, and annual vacation or working hours time.

In some specialized businesses, there may also be licenses required, either due to special laws that govern entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, which may require special education, or by local governments who just want your money. Professions that require special licenses run the gamut from law and medicine to flying airplanes to selling liquor to radio broadcasting to selling investment securities to selling used cars to roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business without regard to the type of business involved.

Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation. These industries include, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can impact many kinds of businesses in unexpected ways.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Laws related to raising capital

Laws related to raising capital
When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available.

Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one.

Business that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Other business laws and regulations

Other business laws and regulations
As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, healthcare law, securities law, M&A law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.

Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors in order to stay profitable. This could require patents or copyrights or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property.


text:
Starting and Running a Business/Management and ownership

Management and ownership
The study of the efficient and effective operation of a business is called management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, service management, information technology management, and business intelligence.

Businesses can be bought and sold. Business owners often refer to their plan of disposing of the business as an "exit plan." Common exit plans include IPOs, MBOs and mergers with other businesses.


text: Starting and Running a Business/Printable version


text:
User talk:96.18.219.55

Edit filter test
Shrek is love

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:23, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Things I've done

 * 1) Rfded Minecraft resource gathering.
 * 2) Attempted to repeal Strategy guides. Result: I withdrew the attempt.

My opinion on video game strategy guides here
Amend the policy.

My amendment link

 * That is because it cannot be created,because of the edit filter blocking external links,can you copy over Strategy guides to the place the link goes to? 96.18.219.55 (discuss) 16:28, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:96.18.219.55


text:
Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Durmstrang Institute

Muggle-borns?
This sentence appears in the article:

It does not accept muggle-born witches and wizards.

Where in the books does it say this? Pookiyama (discuss • contribs) 22:25, 26 October 2021 (UTC)


text: Football (Soccer)/Printable version

title: Football (Soccer)/Printable version


text:
A Guide to SpaceX's Starship

"Your probability of dying on Mars is much higher than earth. Really, the ad for going to Mars would be like Shackleton’s [hoax] ad for going to the Antarctic: 'It’s gonna be hard. There’s a good chance of death, going in a little can through deep space. You might land successfully. Once you land successfully, you’ll be working nonstop to build the base. So, you know, not much time for leisure. And even after doing all this, it’s a very harsh environment, so there’s a good chance you die there. We think you can come back, but we’re not sure.' Now, does that sound like an escape hatch for rich people? - Elon Musk"

Welcome
Most people have heard about Starship on the news or social media, where there isn't a lot of context. This book would help you to guide along SpaceX's thought on, about and from Starship, as well as understand about its implications better. Starship's potential effects are still not well understood in 2021, which can range from steering humanity to become a multiplanet species to just some pipe dream by Elon Musk, who as of 2021 is the richest man in the world. This book explains a work-in-progress space vehicle in its current form, so there will be some outdated and incorrect information. This book is intended for anyone with a brief understanding of how space and rockets work, which an introduction video on YouTube is sufficient. Watching the community-made videos about Starship can also give a good understanding of Starship's basics as well. Here is a few:

Table of contents

 * 1) Brief History [[File:25%25.png]]
 * 2) Starbase [[File:25%25.png]]
 * 3) How Starship is Made [[File:25%25.png]]
 * 4) Traveling in Starship [[File:25%25.png]]
 * 5) Starship HLS [[File:25%25.png]]
 * 6) Mars Colony [[File:25%25.png]]

title: A Guide to SpaceX's Starship


text:
A Guide to SpaceX's Starship/How Starship is Made

The Starship was originally going to be made out of carbon fiber, though the main material was soon switched to 300 series stainless steel due to concerns including the high cost of carbon fiber and the high temperatures that carbon fiber would withstand upon entering the atmosphere.


text:
A Guide to SpaceX's Starship/Brief History

To understand what is Starship, we must look at its history. Starship has many names in the past, most notably Falcon XX, Mars Colonial Transporter, Big Falcon (Fucking) Rocket and Interplanetary Transport System. All of these names are referring to the some aspects of Starship. This is not meant to be a complete history, as the topic can have its own book by its right.

Falcon XX
The Falcon XX is not officially a predecessor of Starship, nevertheless, Falcon XX shared a lot of similarity. Like with many prototypes, it has never been produced, but rather to iron out idea of what SpaceX thinks a super-heavy lift launch vehicle should be. The Falcon XX would be 100 meter high, 10 meter wide and able to lift 140 metric tons. It has six Merlin 2 engines, a bigger and more powerful version of the Merlin engine, which produce about 45,000 kilonewtons of force. For comparison, the Saturn V rocket can only thrust about 35,000 kilonewtons. The Merlin 2 is probably kerosene and liquid oxygen fed like the Falcon 9. The engine's flow rate is about 2750 kg/s, with a chamber pressure of about 140 bar. The Merlin 2 engine would have about 321 seconds of specfic impulse.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. f4/3...d5/4. fxe5/4...Nxe4/5. d3/5...Qh4

=Vienna Game, Würzburger Trap= White must block the check with '''6. g3'''. Black can then take advantage of White's pinned h-pawn and play 6...Nxg3. The next moves are almost forced: '''7. Nf3 Qh5 8. Nxd5'''.

If Black takes the rook with 8...Nxh1, they effectively trade rooks after 9. Nxc7+ Kd1 10. Nxa8 and the game is equal. Note that 8...Na6?? to prevent 9. Nxc7+ loses a piece after 9. Nf4 Qh6 10. Ne2.

Alternatively, Black may play 8...Bg4, preparing a battery against White's Queen.

Theory table
.

1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5 4. fxe5 Nxe4 5. d3 Qh4+


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Actors in International Law/Corporations

Review: May 16, 2023
One notable strength of your chapter was its critical examination of the role played by the relationship between states and corporations in shaping international law. You effectively explored the dynamics and complexities of this interaction, shedding light on the challenges and implications that arise from the involvement of corporations in the international legal system.This critical perspective adds depth to the chapter and encourages students to question and analyze the influence of corporations on international law.

Your chapter also acknowledged the significant impact that corporations have on various aspects of contemporary global affairs. However, it is worth mentioning that there could be further elaboration on this topic. Considering your outline, I am sure that you will follow up on this during your next submission.

Some minor things:

- You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, further readings (partly), conclusion

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

- Note that I have made some linguistic and stylistic improvements to the text

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

= Review: 27 October 2021 =

Dear Sué!

I'm really looking forward to reading your post on corporations soon. I'm sure it will be wonderful! I am especially looking forward to the part on "Chartered Companies and their Role in the Emergence of International Law" and the role of Grotius / Dutch East India Company. I have three comments about your outline.

1. Starting point: why do we talk about corporations in international law at all? On the one hand, according to the liberal understanding, corporations serve the additional realization of human freedom and are something like the extended arm of humans. On the other hand, from a (post-)constructivist perspective, corporations are, of course, freely and arbitrarily invented entities that exist only because we believe in them. Why did we invent corporations in particular and not rights of nature, for example? I realize, however, that this raises very fundamental questions that perhaps cannot be addressed here. Maybe you can pick up the thoughts anyway.

2. Consideration of rights, not just duties: Your outline so far reads as if you want to treat corporations only as evils or of international law. However, I would also be interested in a short section on the rights of corporations (e.g. human rights protection, access to markets, investment protection, etc.). Here you could also discuss "diplomatic protection" and link it within the book.

3. State-owned enterprises / public-private partnerships: if you have enough space, a short section on state-owned enterprises (especially from the perspective of state responsibility) might be interesting. Again, you could link within the book.

If you would have covered the aspects anyway, just ignore my comments. Of course, the same goes if you disagree or want to focus differently. This is going to be a fantastic post!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 17:26, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Dear Sué,
 * thanks for submitting your planned structure on corporations as international law 's actors.
 * As expressed by Max Milas, I am pretty excited to see what you are going to write on the role of chartered companies in the emergence of international law. Are you planning to address the Dutch, British and French Charterd Companies in turn, or rather trying to address more generally their role in the history of international law as well as in positive international law?
 * As a general comment, I would like to stress that it might be important to a section on the rights of corporations, as suggested by Max Milas, with maybe also some words on the freedom of establishment/or the issue of legal personality of private corporations in international law. They are in my understanding crucial to understand parts of the reasons why it is some hard to raise corporations accountability or legal responsibility under international law. You might be willing to so doing in your current sub-part C., but I am unsure by merely reading your title whether you wanna write about the current situation or to rather focus on the traditional/historical "decolonisation" period? In any case, you could also address some major steps for establishing the protection of corporations' rights under international investment law in that period, in face of the attempts of some newly independent countries to regain control on the exploitation or access to their natural resources. Or perhaps this is then to be done in a new sub-part. Regardless of what your plans about that are, I would like to suggest to maybe write some words within the content of that sub-part to nuance the idea of a "decolonisation" period, as being a finished business simply ending with formal independence from countries. This is of course up to your own understanding of that period and that concept, but that is just an invitation.
 * The challenge is to try to come up with some core notions under positive international law too, without entering into too many details given space limitations. I still think that it could be feasible to add a sub-part between your current point C and D, to address some of those core notions of positive international law regarding corporations' private powers and their legal bases and implications. In my view this could reinforce other critical/analytical parts that you might want to address in other sub-parts.
 * Also, I am wondering on what you would like to exactly focus under your current sub-part D., 1. on business and human rights. This is a very broad area, but in case you might add another sub-part --on the said aspects on HR protection, access to market, investment protection, corporations' legal personality and "freedom of establishment"/movements--before that, it might be helpful to gain some space in your sub-part D. 1. to write about other issues or notions.
 * Finally, I would recommend to add on under your current sub-part D., a sub-part on "digital" corporations, because it is in my view one major global topic relating to the role of corporations under international law.
 * I am pretty much opened to discuss those different points with you in more depth, in case you would maybe like to arrange a talk or call at some point. All my comments are simply suggestions, and time and space constraints might render their impracticable or undesirable, but those are my comments at this stage.
 * Thank you for your work!!! MilTahr (discuss • contribs) 12:56, 31 October 2021 (UTC)


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Talk:Public International Law/Human Rights Law/Human Rights Protection/Arab and Islamic Human Rights System

Review: 12 June 2023
Dear Mando,

Thanks for the great chapter. I agree with my two co-editors and only added minor comments.

Best, Raffaela

Review: 7 June 2023
Dear Mando,

Thank you for contributing this well-written and well-informed chapter. As with the other sub-chapters in the human rights law chapter, I would like to encourage you to invest a bit in making this sub-chapter fit better with the other sub-chapters so that the human rights law chapter is more coherent as a whole. I have added some comments on details and made some linguistic changes.

With best wishes, Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 14:46, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 26, 2023
Your chapter provides a fantastic elucidation of the diversity and peculiarities inherent within Arab/Islamic human rights systems. You have successfully navigated the multifaceted nature of these systems, shedding light on their cultural, religious, and historical foundations. Your chapter provides students with a comprehensive understanding of their key principles and practices.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specific. To view these comments, open your chapter page and click "Edit" in the top-right menu bar.

Some minor things:
 * You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.
 * Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 08:36, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

= Review: 27 October 2021=

Dear Mando,

Thank you very much for this terrific, far developed contribution. The chapter is great. Keep up the spirit! I really like your writing style. The short, vivid sentences should make the chapter catchy for students, but it also offers much more depth in terms of content than comparable textbooks.

I have seven minor comments:

1. In the first sentence you talk about "Middle East". The term is perceived by some people as discriminatory or at least Eurocentric. I would therefore not use it - if at all - without a short contextualization or quotation marks; especially because you then only refer to Arab region and Islamic world in the following sentences.

2 As far as I know, the Islamic documents are not binding. That would certainly be helpful as a clarification at the beginning.

3. You write that especially regarding women's rights and freedom of religion the Islamic documents lag behind universal standards. Here perhaps a short specification (in what way exactly?) would be interesting.

4 Before you use the term "claw-back clauses", it might be helpful for students to have a short clarification of what exactly this means. It should also be relevant for the African Charter. I could also integrate this into the Recurring Themes chapter, which you could then use as a reference.

5. The first version of the Arab Charter was not only criticized but never entered into force due to lack of ratifications. That might be a little more precise.

6. You could mention that the Arab Human Rights Committee cannot accept individual complaints.

7. If it is possible for you, you can add some footnotes to the text. This will be helpful for students.

If you would have covered the aspects anyway, just ignore my comments. Of course, the same goes if you disagree or want to focus differently. This is going to be a fantastic chapter!

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 17:53, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you Max for these useful comments. I think I have addressed them and I have made some further improvements to the text.
 * Yes, the claw-back clauses should be in the recurring themes chapter since it is an issue concerning the African, Arab/Islamic and Asian systems of human rights.
 * Happy 2022!
 * Mando Mando Rachovitsa (discuss • contribs) 05:50, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Review February 28, 2022
Dear Mando: First of all, apologies for inserting some of my earlier comments in the text and now some here.

Overall, the chapter contains relevant and well thought information. It would greatly benefit, however - I believe - if this information were more structured and better organized. By way of examples:

- the introductory paragraph is very important, as it guides the reader through the res of the chapter. Basic information about the main regional organizations ought to appear here, not later in the text. On content, it would be good to mention here that Arab and Islamic States are also memebrs of the AU - which is never mentioned in the chapter.

- there is some confusion beytween thematic and chronological orders, which do not seem to be followed consistently. It is a difficult topic, with multiple sometimes overlapping institutional and normative frameworks, that perhpas could be better explained.

I hobe it helps - if not, please, just ignore it.

--Annalisa.ciampi (discuss • contribs) 20:54, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Review 6.04.2022
Dear Mando,

Thanks for the chapter, I really enjoyed reading it.

A couple of things you might consider when keep working on the chatper:

-	While I like the structure, it is not very well explained and some changes from one section to another are rather sudden. It could be useful to add a paragraph on that in the introduction. The Introduction speaks of the League of Arab Sates and Organization of Islamic Cooperation without showing how they are practically different and what the relevance for HR in the region is. Then the outline of the Chapter touches only (at least the section titles) upon the LAS. Then the last section brings in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, which appears not to be connected with the two organization mentioned in the introduction.

-	There are (especially in part B) a lot of acronyms introduced, maybe consider whether you could use less. That would make the text easier to follow.

-	With regard to the Arab Independent Committee on Human Rights there is an entire paragraph on civil society engagement. While the paragraph is interesting, it sticks out a bit, as it is not clear why you engaged that much with this aspect with regard to the Committee. Maybe you could make clear in the text why this relevant or important.

-	One thing that I am missing is a short comment on non-Arabic Muslim countries and how their position is with regard to those organizations. Maybe part (B) would be a useful place for that.

-	I would also be interested in whether – if any – there is a stance by those organizations on universal human rights bodies and treaties.

Hope this what useful and again contratulations on the work Grazyna


text: Mario Party/Printable version

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Baseball/Basics

Basics

You need a glove (the catcher and first baseman use mitts) and a bat. The person with the baseball bat hits the ball and the person with the glove or mitt tries to catch the ball and do it 5 times (or your choice). The pitches that the pitcher throws are either balls or strikes. A strike is a pitch that is thrown within the strike zone. Traditionally the strike zone is a pitch thrown across the plate and between the knees and uniform letters of the player and not outside of the sides of the home plate. A ball is a pitch thrown outside this area. It is important to remember that final call on whether a pitch is a strike or ball is decided by the home plate umpire.

The game baseball is played on a field called a diamond. The infield is made up of a home plate, first base, second base and third base, set up in a diamond shape. The total number of players that can play on the diamond at one time is 9 (defensive). There is a pitcher (who throws the ball to the batter), the catcher, catches the ball thrown by the pitcher. There is a first baseman who catches the balls hit to the infielders and mans first base. The second baseman plays in between first and second base. Next to the second baseman on the other side of second base, between second base and third base is the shortstop. This position was originally called the shortfielder because it was play in the outfield in front of the outfielders and behind the infielders. The outfield consists of three players: left, middle, and right field. All are located in the grass far beyond the diamond.

The bat is made of wood or aluminum. At younger levels aluminum is used, while in professional leagues they use wooden bats.

title: Baseball/Basics


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Ship Resistance/Introduction

A ship differs from any other large engineering structure in that – in addition to its other functions –it must be designed to move efficiently through water with a minimum of external force.

It is found that the resistance, depends on the velocity of the ship. Therefore, resistance is always specified at a particular velocity. Furthermore, intuitively we understand that resistance will depend on the condition of the sea. We cannot expect that resistance in a rough sea is the same as in a calm sea. Therefore, operating conditions must also be specified. Therefore, Ship resistance is defined as the force required to tow the ship in calm water at a constant velocity.

Why is knowing resistance of a ship so important? The answer comes from knowing that the ship is usually a part of a larger transportation system. For the overall transportation system to be efficient, it is required that ships operate at a specified "optimum speed". This speed is usually communicated to the naval architect, who must design the ship, so that this speed is attained. One way to ensure this is to put a very powerful engine in the ship, so for all possible values of resistance, the ship will be able to run at the optimum speed.

This solution is clearly not the best. Installing an engine that is more powerful than needed, results in higher construction costs, higher operating costs, and higher maintenance costs. The owner will therefore not accept such a design. If we want to minimize costs, but still attain the desired speed, we must know what resistance to expect at the desired speed. We can then use the formula for calculating power, $$P = F \times V$$, to calculate the power of engine required. Here $$P$$ is power in watts, $$F$$ is the force in newtons and $$V$$ is the velocity in meters per second.

Since resistance of a ship is not constant, conditions must be specified. There are usually two types of conditions. Service condition refers to the resistance while the ship operates under real conditions, where there are currents, waves, wind etc. The effect of these factors is not very easy to measure or predict, because these conditions are always changing.

Another condition defined is the trial condition. This is conducted in relatively calm water. This is the time when the ship is put to trial to see if the naval architect or ship builder has met all the obligations as specified in the contract with the ship owner. One of these is also to ensure that the ship is able to attain the optimum speed.

Given that it is important for the naval architect to know how much resistance will have to be overcome before the ship is made, some way to get this figure must be devised. In order to do that, we must understand what are the reasons behind this resistance. We therefore study the components of resistance.

title: Ship Resistance/Introduction


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Ship Resistance/Components of Resistance

A ship moves on the surface of water. Water is normally taken to be an incompressible fluid, with low viscosity. However, in order to study the components of resistance, let us begin by assuming that the ship is submerged in an ideal fluid. We then see what changes if the fluid is now viscous and finally look at what happens if we bring the ship to the surface.

Body in Ideal Fluid
Let us assume that the ship is submerged in an infinitely large ideal fluid, so that the ship is far away from the surface. The forces acting on the ship in static equilibrium are the weight of the ship acting at the centre of gravity, and the pressure forces acting all along the surface, normal to the surface. If the body is neutrally buoyant, then these forces will be equal and opposite. Therefore, the net effect of the hydrostatic forces is to oppose the weight of the body. In fact, this is what is known as the Archimedes' Principle.

If the body is in motion, we first change our frame of reference so that we move with the body and therefore see the fluid in motion in the opposite direction. Now, the pressure is not purely hydrostatic. Due to the motion of the fluid, and the relation between pressure and velocity as given by the Bernoulli's Equation, a hydrodynamic pressure is set up. This pressure varies along the body, and is maximum at the start and end of the body.

The forces acting on the body are everywhere normal to the body. We can split these forces into components along the direction of motion, and transverse to the direction of motion. Due to symmetry of the body, we can see that the transverse forces are in pairs, opposite and equal, and therefore will cancel out. There need not be symmetry in the longitudinal direction, but because the discontinuity in the flow, which was caused by the body, starts and ends with the body, the net opposing forces at the fore end will be the same as the net supporting forces at the aft. Therefore, the net force acting on the body will be zero.

This paradox, that a body moving in an ideal fluid in steady state, experiences no resistance, was first proposed by D'Alembert and is known as D'Alemberts paradox.

Body in Viscous Fluid
If we now relax our assumption about the viscosity of the fluid, we need to account for viscous forces. Due to viscosity, the tangential velocity of water relative to the ship is zero at all points on the surface. As we move away from the surface, the velocity gradually increases until it reaches the ideal fluid velocity at some distance away from the body. This layer of high velocity gradients is called the boundary layer.

Now the viscous force is directly proportional to the velocity gradients. Hence, a viscous force, opposite in direction to the velocity, acts on the body through the boundary layer. This force which acts on the surface of the body is called drag. Drag can be studied by decomposition. The mere presence of a surface leads to a drag, which is called the 2D drag. A ship also has a form, and the two ships with the same wetted surface area, but differing in form, will have different drag. This drag is called the form drag.

The formation of the boundary layer also has an effect on the hydrodynamic pressure forces. As we said, the velocity reaches the ideal fluid velocity at a distance away from the surface. This distance is called the boundary layer thickness. The thickness increases from the bow of the ship to the stern. The pressure forces now act on the effective body, which is the boundary layer. The net force acting on this body is zero, but because the boundary layer thickness is not uniform, the ship faces the same resisting force, but gets only a part of the supporting stern pressure forces. Hence, there is a net resisting pressure force on the ship because of the effect of viscosity. This is called the viscous pressure drag.

Body at the surface
In addition to the resistance in the ideal and viscous fluids, when the body is at the surface it will subjected to wind resistance, body waves which generates when the body moves and the fluid waves itself.

Other components of resistance
1. Induced Resistance: If a vessel moves with a leeway, like in turn or when there is a wind force component sidewards, a lift force (directed sidewards) is developed. Associated with the lift as an induced resistance, which can be considerable, especially for sailing yachts and vessels. When the hull moves slightly sidewards a high pressure is developed on one side (leeward) and a low pressure on the other (windward). The pressure difference gives rise to a flow from the high to the low pressure, normally under the bottom or tip of the keel and rudder, and longitudinal vortices are generated. These vortices contain energy left behind and are thus associated with a resistance component, the Induced Resistance.

2. Appendage Resistance: This resistance is mainly the viscous resistance, hence can be included in the viscous resistance. There are reasons, however, to treat this component separately. First, the Reynold's number, based on the chord length of brackets, struts, etc is considerably smaller than that of the hull herself and therefore a separate scaling is required. Second, the appendages are normally streamlined sections, for which separate empirical relations apply. For sailing yachts the correct shape of the appendage sections is of utmost importance for good performance, particularly since these appendages normally operate at an angle of attack.

3. Blockage Effect: In restricted waters the flow around the hull and the wave making are influenced by the presence of the confining surface. This could be the seabed in shallow water or the banks of a canal. All resistance components may be influenced. Often the effect is modeled as an additional resistance component due to the Blockage Effect of the confining wall.

4. Air Resistance: An additional resistance, which may be considerable, for instance for fully loaded container ships is the wind resistance. The frontal area facing the relative wind on board the ship can be large and the containers do not have an aerodynamic shape, so large forces may be generated in strong winds. Even in still air, there is in fact a resistance component, however small. This component, the Air Resistance, is considered in the model-ship extrapolation procedure.

5. Added Resistance: A seaway will cause an additional resistance on the vessel. This is mainly due to the generation of waves by the hull when set in motion by waves, but also due to wave reflection in short waves.


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Ship Resistance/Wave Making Resistance

It is the resistance caused by the formation of waves as the ship passes through the water. In slow or medium speed ships wavemaking resistance is small compared with frictional resistance. At high speeds, however, the wavemaking resistance increases and may be 50 or 60% of total resistance (Rt). Froude numbers below 0.25 will not include wave making resistance as it is roughly zero. One attempt to reduce wavemaking resistance is the use of bulbous bow. The wave produced by the bulb interfered with the wave produced by the stem, resulting in a reduced height of bow wave.

title: Ship Resistance/Wave Making Resistance


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Ship Resistance/Model Experiments

When a ship moves through shallow water it experiences "squat". This squat is the ship lowering in the water due to the drop in pressure under the ship. The water moving under the ship must move faster to move out of the way of the ship which creates this negative pressure field under the ship, causing the squat. Thus, the faster the ship moves the larger the squat will be.

title: Ship Resistance/Model Experiments


text: Ship Resistance/Printable version

title: Ship Resistance/Printable version


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text:
Talk:Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Maginot Line

Summary (Connor, Chloe)

Composition (Ben, Matt)

Financing (Chloe, Matt)

Assessment (Connor, Ben)


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Mechanics of Materials/Physical Units and Standards/Learning Problems on Physical Units and Standards

2.4.1 Invitation to Contribute
We welcome contributions, as there is not a set cap on the number of illustrative examples/problems we include, nor do we care if the examples come from learners or instructors. We just ask that the problems be thoughtful and relevant. Contributors should also be open to a shuffling order or categorization of shown examples/problems.

2.4.2 Learning Objectives and Philosophy
The hope is that these problems will become part of in-class discussions, small-group learning, projects, or personal study. For classes in which instructors give graded exams, we encourage instructors to create original problems for the students to solve independently. After an exam, the instructors could make the problems available for others to study and add to open-source sites like this Wikibook. This pattern of teaching, learning, and assessment limits ethical concerns/temptations, strengthens the validity of course outcomes, and decreases the anxiety of honest learners who feel they go into exams at a disadvantage to others planning to refer to available databases of solved problems or real-time tutoring services. For engineering students, it also discourages rote memorization and an "arms race" to create an increasing number of "solutions manuals" that inevitably become public. No person or system is flawless or perfect, especially given the stresses and constraints on instructors and learners. Nonetheless, this open-source Wikibook aims to enhance open and transparent learning.

2.4.3 Illustrative Examples/Problems
Content Forthcoming


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Lineage 2/About

Welcome to the Lineage 2 Wikibook. The intent of this Wikibook is to provide a player and game guide to the world of Lineage 2.

This piece of work is created to capture the contributors' experience and, to an extent, opinion of the game. This is done in the hopes of sharing the knowledge gained in an objective manner.

This Wikibook will attempt to give a broad overview of the game, going into specifics with regards to some gameplay strategies etc. This is an ever-evolving Wikibook and is not intended to be the be-all end-all guide -- any gamer familiar with MMORPGs will realise the futility of writing that kind of guide.

What this Wikibook should NOT be is a database of Weapons, Armours, Mobs, and Drop statistics; there are plenty of fan sites out there that run databases with that information, and it's just impossible to keep up with in a Wiki way. It is advisable to check out the sites listed in the links section, or linked from the Official Lineage 2 Site. Things like quests and guides do not change, and so are perfect for this site.

This Wikibook will also not take information from the NCSoft's Lineage 2 site; That is copyright violation. It is encouraged for the readers here to refer to that information directly instead. Where necessary, the content here will make references, but the intention is for this Wikibook to bring new content/ viewpoints/ guidance to the Internet.

title: Lineage 2/About


text: Lineage 2/Printable version

title: Lineage 2/Printable version


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Module:Wikidata label/doc

This module is intended to be the engine behind "Template:Label"

It is dependant on ...

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User talk:TamaraDeClassic

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 20:00, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:TamaraDeClassic


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User:ScalpelPlastic3D

Hoy bajé el OpenSCAD.. y comienza mi aprendizaje

title: User:ScalpelPlastic3D