text:
Mirad Grammar/Prepositions

 * Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases.   Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect.

Simple Prepositions

 * In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called simple propositions.
 * Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! POSITIVE !! NEUTRAL !! NEGATIVE ! colspan="3" | SPATIAL ! colspan="3" | TEMPORAL ! colspan="3" | RELATIONAL ! colspan="3" | MATHEMATICAL
 * + Simple Prepositions
 * ab....on, upon || eb....between || ob....off, off of
 * ayb....over, above || eyb....among, amid || oyb....under, below
 * bu....to || be....at || bi....from, of
 * byu....as far as, up to || bey....by, via || byi....since, starting with
 * ub....toward ||  || ib....away from
 * za....in front of || ze....at the middle of || zo....behind, in back of
 * zya....throughout || zye....through ||
 * zu....(to the) left (of) || zey....across || zi....(to the) right (of)
 * ub....toward ||  || ib....away from
 * za....in front of || ze....at the middle of || zo....behind, in back of
 * zya....throughout || zye....through ||
 * zu....(to the) left (of) || zey....across || zi....(to the) right (of)
 * zya....throughout || zye....through ||
 * zu....(to the) left (of) || zey....across || zi....(to the) right (of)
 * zu....(to the) left (of) || zey....across || zi....(to the) right (of)
 * zu....(to the) left (of) || zey....across || zi....(to the) right (of)
 * ja....before || je....during, while || jo....after lojo....no later than, by
 * ju....until ||  || ji....since
 * ju....until ||  || ji....since
 * ju....until ||  || ji....since
 * bay....with || bey....by, via, with || boy....without
 * av....for || vyel....than, as, compared to, about || ov....against
 * ayv....about || || oyv....despite
 * ay....and || ey....or oey....nor || oy....but, except
 * ayv....about || || oyv....despite
 * ay....and || ey....or oey....nor || oy....but, except
 * ay....and || ey....or oey....nor || oy....but, except
 * ay....and || ey....or oey....nor || oy....but, except
 * ge....equal to || || oge....unequal to
 * gab....plus, +  || gaob....plus or minus || gob....minus, -
 * gal....times, ×  || gel....like ogel....unlike || gol....divided by, ÷
 * gar....to the power of, ˆ  || || gor....to the root of, √
 * }
 * gal....times, ×  || gel....like ogel....unlike || gol....divided by, ÷
 * gar....to the power of, ˆ  || || gor....to the root of, √
 * }
 * }

 * The most versatile and useful preposition is be, which means at as a general locative when used literally, but is used before many nouns and noun phrases when the meaning is idiomatic. Some examples follow:
 * Yat se be tam .....We are at home . (literal, general locative)
 * Yat se be dropek .....We are at war . (idiomatic)
 * At teata et be yibsin .....I saw you on television . (idiomatic)
 *  Be Ejna York ese mamyabtomi..... In New York, there are skyscrapers. (general locative)

 * The preposition bi can mean of or from. Here are some examples:

 * Hus se tam bi ifron.....That is a house of worship.
 * At tyopa bi ha nam bu ata pur.....I walked from the store to my car.
 *  Bi him bu hyatob..... From here to eternity.
 * Ha tajnem bi Tom se him..... Tom's birthplace is here.
 * His sa ha gwaifwa tuzun bi eta teyd .....This was your mother's favorite piece of art.

 * As you can see above, bi is used to form the possessive form of nouns and names.

 * Examples showing how single-word prepositions are used:

 * Ha dyes se ab ha sem.....The book is on the table.
 * Von pyosu ob ha abtamas!....Don't fall off the roof!
 * Ha pati papa ayb ata tam.....The birds flew over my house.
 * It kosa oyb ha yagsim.....He hid under the bench.
 * Simbiu eb hut ay at.....Take a seat between that person and me.
 * Yat teje eyb fiati.....We live among good people.
 * Duhos se nax bi pop bu ay bi Boston?....What is the cost of a trip to and from Boston?
 * His se ifek bi kyen.....This is a game of luck.
 * Duven et sa be hua duzun zomoj?....Were you at that concert last night?
 * Yit se embwa be ha zenod bi ha mapil.....We are positioned at the hub of this storm.
 * Iyt tyopa byu ha mis.....She walked up to/as far as the door.
 * Ha twob tojbwa bey goblar.....The man was killed with/by a knife.
 * Et xu ga fiay ser bay at vyel boy at.....You would do better to be with me than without me.
 * Teaxu ib ha amar.....Look away from the sun.
 * Von teaxu iz ub ha man.....Don't look directly toward the light.
 * Iyt simpa za at. ....She sat in front of me.
 * Et yeyfe simbier zo hua toyb.....You should sit in back of that woman.
 * Embu has zu ha mis.....Put it to the left of the door.
 * At simpo zi et.....I will sit to the right of you.
 * Ha pat besa ze ha tim.....The bird stayed in the middle of the room.
 * Mil upeye zye ha ijun.....Water is coming through the opening.
 * Bikiu je pen zey ha domep......Take care when going across the street.
 * Eso ivan zya ha mir.....There will be happiness throughout the world.
 * His xwo ja zajub. ....This will happen before tomorrow.
 * Esa mapil je ha moj.....There was a storm during the night.
 *  Ju zamaj..... Until tomorrow morning.
 * At voy teataye et ji zoyejub.....I have not seen you since last week.
 * Diwe xu hes av at.....Please do something for me.
 * Hia dyes se ayv dalzeyntun.....This book is about linguistics.
 * Hia dyen se din vyel ewa fiuti.....This book is a story about two lovers.
 * Datan se ga fia vyel nas.....Friendship is better than money.
 * Hos se ge fua vyel has hu yat xoa zojab.....Nothing is as bad as what we underwent last year.
 * Yit yexeya ov yat.....They were working against us.
 * Ha vakdibut dopoxa at oyv ata azovdeyni.....The police officer arrested me despite my protests.
 * Et ay Bob yeyfe ser dati.....You and Bob should be friends.
 * Duhot ako, et ey at?....Who will win, you or I?
 * Hyat oy hwut ta ha dud.....Everyone but that guy knew the answer.
 * Et voy se gel at.....You are not like me.
 * Et se hyagla ogel at.....You are totally unlike me.
 * E gab e gese u.....Two plus two equals four.
 * U gob e gese e.....Four minus two equals two.
 * E gal e gese u.....Two times two equals four.
 * E gol e gese a.....Two divided by two equals one.
 * U gar e gese asya.....Four squared (42) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four to the power of two...)
 * Alya gor e gese u.....The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen to the minus power of two...)

Phrasal Prepositions

 * Some prepositions involve multiple word expressions, that is, phrasal prepositions.

Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs

 * There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions
 * yub....near || || yib....far
 * iz....directly, straight || || uz....indirectly, roundabout
 * yab....up || yeb....in oyeb....out || yob....down
 * yiz....beyond || yez....along, flush|| yuz....around
 * zay....forward, ahead || || zoy....back
 * }
 * yiz....beyond || yez....along, flush|| yuz....around
 * zay....forward, ahead || || zoy....back
 * }
 * }

 * The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! PHRASAL PREPOSITION !! EXAMPLE
 * + Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs
 * yub bu....near to, close to || At fe tujer yub bu et.....I want to sleep close to you.
 * yib bi....far from || Ha amar se yib bi ha imer.....The sun is far from the earth.
 * yab bu....up to || It fu paper yab bu ha mam.....He would like to fly up to the sky.
 * yab bi....up from || Su yab bi ha sim.....Get up from the bed.
 * yab bey....up (by way of) || Yat tyoyapo yab bey ha meab.....We will walk up the hill.
 * yab be....up at || Ha yipet kaxwa yab be ha tam.....The cat was found up at the house.
 * yob bu....down to || Igpu yob bu ha obmos.....Run down to the cellar.
 * yob bi....down from || Ha tat upa yob bi ha mam.....The angel came down from the sky.
 * yob bey....down (by way of) || Iyt igtyoyapa yob bey ha meab.....She ran down the hill.
 * yob be....down at || Ha dyes kaxwa yob be ha obem.....The book was found down at the bottom.
 * yob ab....down at || Has kaxwa yob ab eta oybmos.....It was found down on your floor.
 * yeb be....in, inside || Eta teyd se yeb be ha tam.....Your mother is in(side) the house.
 * yeb bu....into || It pyasa yeb bu ha mip.....He jumped into the river.
 * yeb bi....in from || Upu yeb bi ha oma oyebem.....Come in from the cold outdoors.
 * oyeb be....out in/at || Ha tudi sa oyeb be ha zodeym.....The children were out in the backyard.
 * oyeb bi....out from || Yepu oyeb bi ha om.....Come in out from the cold.
 * oyeb bu....out to || Yat fu peper oyeb bu ha meim.....We'd like to ride out to the countryside.
 * iz bu....straight to || Pu iz bu fyomir! ....Go straight to hell!
 * iz zoy bi....right back from || It upu iz zoy bi ha yexim.....He came right back from the office.
 * zay bu....on to, forth to, ahead to || Ha bixpur popa zay bu zona doym.....The train traveled on to the next town.
 * zoy bi....back from || At se zoy bi ha yexim.....I am back from the office.
 * zoy bu....back to || Pu zoy bu ha nam.....Go back to the store.
 * zoy be....back at || Duven et se zoy be tam?....Are you back at home?
 * }
 * Some simple prepositions can also be combined into prepositional phrases:
 * Ha yipet yapra ab bu ha abtamas.....The cat climbed onto the roof.
 * He yepet pyosa ob bi ha sem.....The dog fell off (from) the chair.
 * Pu zey bu ha hyua kum bi ha domep.....Go across to the other side of the street.
 * oyeb be....out in/at || Ha tudi sa oyeb be ha zodeym.....The children were out in the backyard.
 * oyeb bi....out from || Yepu oyeb bi ha om.....Come in out from the cold.
 * oyeb bu....out to || Yat fu peper oyeb bu ha meim.....We'd like to ride out to the countryside.
 * iz bu....straight to || Pu iz bu fyomir! ....Go straight to hell!
 * iz zoy bi....right back from || It upu iz zoy bi ha yexim.....He came right back from the office.
 * zay bu....on to, forth to, ahead to || Ha bixpur popa zay bu zona doym.....The train traveled on to the next town.
 * zoy bi....back from || At se zoy bi ha yexim.....I am back from the office.
 * zoy bu....back to || Pu zoy bu ha nam.....Go back to the store.
 * zoy be....back at || Duven et se zoy be tam?....Are you back at home?
 * }
 * Some simple prepositions can also be combined into prepositional phrases:
 * Ha yipet yapra ab bu ha abtamas.....The cat climbed onto the roof.
 * He yepet pyosa ob bi ha sem.....The dog fell off (from) the chair.
 * Pu zey bu ha hyua kum bi ha domep.....Go across to the other side of the street.
 * zoy bu....back to || Pu zoy bu ha nam.....Go back to the store.
 * zoy be....back at || Duven et se zoy be tam?....Are you back at home?
 * }
 * Some simple prepositions can also be combined into prepositional phrases:
 * Ha yipet yapra ab bu ha abtamas.....The cat climbed onto the roof.
 * He yepet pyosa ob bi ha sem.....The dog fell off (from) the chair.
 * Pu zey bu ha hyua kum bi ha domep.....Go across to the other side of the street.
 * He yepet pyosa ob bi ha sem.....The dog fell off (from) the chair.
 * Pu zey bu ha hyua kum bi ha domep.....Go across to the other side of the street.

Phrasal Prepositions Using Spatial Nouns

 * The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending -(e)m meaning place (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs
 * ab....on || abem....top abned....upper surface abmas....roof
 * eb....between || ebem....interstice ebjob....interval ebnod....intersection ebmas....partition
 * ob....off || obem....bottom obned....lower surface obmas....foundation
 * ayb....above || aybem....area above aybmas....ceiling
 * oyb....below || oybem....area below oybmas....floor
 * eyb....among || eybem....midst
 * yab....up || yabem....upstairs, upper area yabneg....top level
 * yob....down || yobem....downstairs, lower area yobneg....bottom level
 * yeb....in || yebem....inside, interior, indoors yebnig....inner space
 * oyeb....out || yobem....outside, exterior, outdoors
 * za....in front of || zam....front, foreground zan....face
 * ze....in the middle of || zem....middle zenod....center, hub zen....center zenad....median
 * zo....behind || zom....back, rear, background
 * zi....right || zim....right area zikum....left side ziizon....right direction imer....east
 * zu....left || zum....left area zukum....left side zuizon....left direction umer....west
 * iz....straight || izmep....direct route iznad....vector izon....direction
 * uz....indirectly || uzmep....detour uznad....curve uzon....deviation
 * yub....near || yubem....vicinity yubkum....near side yubaj....recent past
 * yib....far || yibem....distance yibkum....far side yibnod....pole yiboj....distant future
 * yuz....around || yuzem....perifery yuznad....perimeter yuznig....environment
 * yiz....beyond || yizem....area beyond yiznod....extremity
 * }
 * ze....in the middle of || zem....middle zenod....center, hub zen....center zenad....median
 * zo....behind || zom....back, rear, background
 * zi....right || zim....right area zikum....left side ziizon....right direction imer....east
 * zu....left || zum....left area zukum....left side zuizon....left direction umer....west
 * iz....straight || izmep....direct route iznad....vector izon....direction
 * uz....indirectly || uzmep....detour uznad....curve uzon....deviation
 * yub....near || yubem....vicinity yubkum....near side yubaj....recent past
 * yib....far || yibem....distance yibkum....far side yibnod....pole yiboj....distant future
 * yuz....around || yuzem....perifery yuznad....perimeter yuznig....environment
 * yiz....beyond || yizem....area beyond yiznod....extremity
 * }
 * uz....indirectly || uzmep....detour uznad....curve uzon....deviation
 * yub....near || yubem....vicinity yubkum....near side yubaj....recent past
 * yib....far || yibem....distance yibkum....far side yibnod....pole yiboj....distant future
 * yuz....around || yuzem....perifery yuznad....perimeter yuznig....environment
 * yiz....beyond || yizem....area beyond yiznod....extremity
 * }
 * yuz....around || yuzem....perifery yuznad....perimeter yuznig....environment
 * yiz....beyond || yizem....area beyond yiznod....extremity
 * }
 * }

 * The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article ha in front of the noun:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! AT SOMEWHERE !! TO SOMEWHERE !! FROM SOMEWHERE
 * + Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions
 * be abem bi....at the top of || bu abem bi....to the top of || bi abem bi....from the top of
 * be obem bi....at the bottom of || bu obem bi....to the bottom of || bi obem bi....from the top of
 * be ebem bi....in the area between || bu ebem bi....to the area between || bi ebem bi....from the area between
 * be aybem bi....above, over || bu aybem bi....to the area above || bi aybem bi....from the area above
 * be oybem bi....below, under || bu oybem bi....to the area below || bi oybem bi....from the area below
 * be eybem bi....amid || zye eybem bi....through the midst of || bi eybem bi....from the midst of
 * be zam bi....at the front of || bu zam bi....to the front of || bi zam bi....from the front of
 * be zem bi....at the middle of || bu zem bi....to the middle of || bi zem bi....from the middle of
 * be zom bi....at the back of || bu zom bi....to the back of || bi zom bi....from the back of
 * be zim bi....at the right of || bu zim bi....to the right of || bi zim bi....from the right of
 * be zum bi....at the left of || bu zum bi....to the left of || bi zum bi....from the left of
 * be yubem bi....in the vicinity of || bu yubem bi....to the vicinity of || bi yubem bi....from the vicinity of
 * be yibem bi....at a distance from || bey azon bi....by dint of || be avon bi....in favor of
 * be ubem bi....in the direction of || bay ux bi....with assistance from || be byux bay....in touch with
 * be yabem bi....in the upper reaches of || be vyen bu....in relation to || doytaxwa bay....associated with
 * be yobem bi....in the bottom area of || be ned bi....on the level of || be mep bu....on the way to, en route
 * be yebem bi....on the inside of, inside || be oyebem bi....on the outside of, outside || bu oyebem bi....to the exterior of
 * bey mep bi....by way of, via || be kum bi....beside, at the side of || be ij bi....at the start of
 * be uj bi....at the end of || bey uxun bi....by means of || be kunad bi....at the edge of
 * be nod bi....at the point of || be yebem bi....at the interior of, inside || be oyebem bi....at the exterior of, outside
 * be nad bay....in line with || be uznod bi....alongside || be tes bi....in the sense of
 * be teas bi....in the guise of || be san bi....in the form of || be yanx bi....in conjunction with
 * be bol bi....in support of || be gab bu....in addition to || be dyun bi....in the name of
 * be avson bi....on behalf of || be vyeson bi....on the subject of || bay yux bi....with the aid of
 * }
 * be yibem bi....at a distance from || bey azon bi....by dint of || be avon bi....in favor of
 * be ubem bi....in the direction of || bay ux bi....with assistance from || be byux bay....in touch with
 * be yabem bi....in the upper reaches of || be vyen bu....in relation to || doytaxwa bay....associated with
 * be yobem bi....in the bottom area of || be ned bi....on the level of || be mep bu....on the way to, en route
 * be yebem bi....on the inside of, inside || be oyebem bi....on the outside of, outside || bu oyebem bi....to the exterior of
 * bey mep bi....by way of, via || be kum bi....beside, at the side of || be ij bi....at the start of
 * be uj bi....at the end of || bey uxun bi....by means of || be kunad bi....at the edge of
 * be nod bi....at the point of || be yebem bi....at the interior of, inside || be oyebem bi....at the exterior of, outside
 * be nad bay....in line with || be uznod bi....alongside || be tes bi....in the sense of
 * be teas bi....in the guise of || be san bi....in the form of || be yanx bi....in conjunction with
 * be bol bi....in support of || be gab bu....in addition to || be dyun bi....in the name of
 * be avson bi....on behalf of || be vyeson bi....on the subject of || bay yux bi....with the aid of
 * }
 * be nod bi....at the point of || be yebem bi....at the interior of, inside || be oyebem bi....at the exterior of, outside
 * be nad bay....in line with || be uznod bi....alongside || be tes bi....in the sense of
 * be teas bi....in the guise of || be san bi....in the form of || be yanx bi....in conjunction with
 * be bol bi....in support of || be gab bu....in addition to || be dyun bi....in the name of
 * be avson bi....on behalf of || be vyeson bi....on the subject of || bay yux bi....with the aid of
 * }
 * be bol bi....in support of || be gab bu....in addition to || be dyun bi....in the name of
 * be avson bi....on behalf of || be vyeson bi....on the subject of || bay yux bi....with the aid of
 * }
 * be avson bi....on behalf of || be vyeson bi....on the subject of || bay yux bi....with the aid of
 * }

Separable Verb Prefixes

 * Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. This works like separable verbs in German. The following table demonstrates how that works:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! VERB-BOUND !! UNPACKED !! ENGLISH
 * + Separable Verb Prefixes
 * Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam. || Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.||The tornado circled/went around our house. (= went around)
 * Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogxwer . || Ha yux bi cal yeyfe nogxwer yob .||The use of carbon should be downscaled. (= scaled down)
 * Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren. || Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay .||We shall advance this legislation. (= push forward)
 * }
 * Yat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren. || Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay .||We shall advance this legislation. (= push forward)
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mirad Grammar/Prepositions


text:
Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions

= Types of Conjunctions =
 * Conjunctions are words that join or introduce clauses. There are two major types of conjunctions, with some minor categories, noted below:
 * 1. Coordinating Conjunctions
 * Simple Linking Conjunctions, such as and, or, but
 * Correlative Conjunctions, such as either...or, neither...or, both...and
 * Adverbial Coordinating Conjunctions, such as then, also, therefore
 * 2. Subordinating Conjunctions
 * Complementizing Conjunctions, such as that, if, whether, lest
 * Relative Conjunctions, such as as, when, because, while

Coordinating Conjunctions

 * Mirad has three types of coordinating conjunctions, as shown in the following charts:

Simple Linking Conjunctions

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE
 * + Simple Linking Conjunctions
 * ay....and || At oveko ay at ako. I will compete and I will win.
 * ey....or || Bosu ey at tuyapyexo et. Be still or I will spank you.
 * oy....but || It yeka oy it oka. He tried but he lost.
 * oey....nor || At voy tilo oey at telo. I shall not drink, nor shall I eat.
 * bayhus....yet || At ayse hyas at fe, bayhus at voy se iva. I have everything I want, yet I'm not happy.
 * avhus....so || Ha amar yapaye, avhus et yefe sumpier. The sun has risen, so you must get up out of bed.
 * }
 * oey....nor || At voy tilo oey at telo. I shall not drink, nor shall I eat.
 * bayhus....yet || At ayse hyas at fe, bayhus at voy se iva. I have everything I want, yet I'm not happy.
 * avhus....so || Ha amar yapaye, avhus et yefe sumpier. The sun has risen, so you must get up out of bed.
 * }
 * avhus....so || Ha amar yapaye, avhus et yefe sumpier. The sun has risen, so you must get up out of bed.
 * }

Correlative Coordinating Conjunctions

 * The following conjunctions come in pairs:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE
 * + Correlative Coordinating Conjunctions
 * hyaewa...ay....both...and || At hyaewa dyede ay dre Mirad. I both read and write Mirad.
 * hyeawa...ey....either...or || Et yafe hyeawa beser ey pier. Se eta kebiun. You can either stay or leave.  It's your choice.
 * hyoawa...oey....neither...nor || Yat hyoawa move oey tile. We neither smoke nor drink.
 * voy hyawa...oy (gay)....not only...but (also) || At voy hyawa deuze oy gay at daze. I not only sing but also I dance.
 * ven....avhus....if...then ||  Ven et te ha dud, avhus du has.  If you know the answer, then say it.
 * ha...ha....the...the ||  Ha ga et tixe, ha ga et akujo.  The more you study, the more you'll succeed.
 * ga yukay...vyel....rather...than || At oku ga yukay vyel vyoeker. I'd rather lose than cheat.
 * ji van...iz huj....no sooner...than ||  Ji van ha dezut yepa, iz huj ha hyaydeux ija.  No sooner did the actor enter than the applause began.
 * huugla...van....so/such...that||Ha map sa huugla aza van ha fab pyoxwa. The wind was so strong that the tree was felled.
 * ven...ey (voy)....whether...or (not) ||  Ven et te is ey voy, at tadioye.  Whether you know it or not , I am about to get married.
 * }
 * ha...ha....the...the ||  Ha ga et tixe, ha ga et akujo.  The more you study, the more you'll succeed.
 * ga yukay...vyel....rather...than || At oku ga yukay vyel vyoeker. I'd rather lose than cheat.
 * ji van...iz huj....no sooner...than ||  Ji van ha dezut yepa, iz huj ha hyaydeux ija.  No sooner did the actor enter than the applause began.
 * huugla...van....so/such...that||Ha map sa huugla aza van ha fab pyoxwa. The wind was so strong that the tree was felled.
 * ven...ey (voy)....whether...or (not) ||  Ven et te is ey voy, at tadioye.  Whether you know it or not , I am about to get married.
 * }
 * huugla...van....so/such...that||Ha map sa huugla aza van ha fab pyoxwa. The wind was so strong that the tree was felled.
 * ven...ey (voy)....whether...or (not) ||  Ven et te is ey voy, at tadioye.  Whether you know it or not , I am about to get married.
 * }
 * }

Adverbial Coordinating Conjunctions

 * Some grammars call these conjunctive adverbs:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE
 * + Adverbial Coordinating Conjunctions
 * jo hus / joy then, next, after that || Yat deuza, jo hus hyat daza. We sang, then everyone danced.
 * je hus / jey meanwhile ||  Je hus, at ujba hyas.  Meanwhile , I finished everything.
 * av hus so, therefore || It vuda at, av hus at pia. He insulted me, so I left.
 * (gey) ov hus nevertheless, even so, despite that, yet, however || At yexa kyotepay, ov hus, at ujoka. I work diligently, yet I failed.
 * gel hus / gelay likewise, also, similarly || At daze. Gel hus, at deuze. You dance; likewise , I sing.
 * hyiyen / geyen in the same way, likewise || Yit xa fi; hyiyen, et xo gay fi. They did well; in the same way , you will too.
 * ogel hus / ogelay otherwise, else || Du hes, ogel hus, piu. Say something, otherwise, leave.
 * gay also || Et yeka; gay, et ujaka! You tried; also , you succeeded!
 * be nem (bi hus) instead (of that) || Hyot fida iyt; be nem bi hus, yit fuda iyt. Nobody praised her; instead , they badmouthed her.
 * huyen thus, in that way || Tixu jestay; huyen, et ujako. Study diligently; in that way , you'll succeed.
 * husav for that reason, so, therefore || At voy ifeyie has; husav, at pio. I'm not enjoying it, so I will leave.
 * vray as a matter of fact, actually, in fact ||  Vray, et se vyasa.  In fact , you're right.
 * gel jos consequently, as a consequence || It baksa; gel jos, it toja. He got sick; as a consequence , he died.
 * gel xin as a result || At voy tixa; gel xin, at okuja. At didn't study; as a result , I failed.
 * ga vyel hus moreover, what's more || Mamila. Ga vyel hus, esa mamxeus. It rained.  Moreover , there was thunder.
 * be hyua duni in other words || At voy da ha vyan; be hyua duni, at vyoda. It did not tell the truth; in other words , I lied.
 * jey meanwhile, in the meantime || Ha toboti xeya gla xeus; jey, at jesa tixer. The children were making a lot of noise; meanwhile , I continued to study.
 * ovay on the contrary || Ha tam voy se aga; ovay, has se gle oga. The house is not big; on the contrary , it's rather small.
 * bi hyua teasgun on the other hand || At voy deuze. Bi byua teagun, at eke duzar. I don't sing.  On the other hand , I play a musical instrument.
 * gey bay hus still, even so || Voy esa duz, gey bay hus, ha xej sa ifxea. There was no music. Even so, the event was entertaining.
 * ujnay finally, in the end ||  Unjnay, hyoa fus xwa.  In the end , nothing bad happened.
 * }
 * vray as a matter of fact, actually, in fact ||  Vray, et se vyasa.  In fact , you're right.
 * gel jos consequently, as a consequence || It baksa; gel jos, it toja. He got sick; as a consequence , he died.
 * gel xin as a result || At voy tixa; gel xin, at okuja. At didn't study; as a result , I failed.
 * ga vyel hus moreover, what's more || Mamila. Ga vyel hus, esa mamxeus. It rained.  Moreover , there was thunder.
 * be hyua duni in other words || At voy da ha vyan; be hyua duni, at vyoda. It did not tell the truth; in other words , I lied.
 * jey meanwhile, in the meantime || Ha toboti xeya gla xeus; jey, at jesa tixer. The children were making a lot of noise; meanwhile , I continued to study.
 * ovay on the contrary || Ha tam voy se aga; ovay, has se gle oga. The house is not big; on the contrary , it's rather small.
 * bi hyua teasgun on the other hand || At voy deuze. Bi byua teagun, at eke duzar. I don't sing.  On the other hand , I play a musical instrument.
 * gey bay hus still, even so || Voy esa duz, gey bay hus, ha xej sa ifxea. There was no music. Even so, the event was entertaining.
 * ujnay finally, in the end ||  Unjnay, hyoa fus xwa.  In the end , nothing bad happened.
 * }
 * jey meanwhile, in the meantime || Ha toboti xeya gla xeus; jey, at jesa tixer. The children were making a lot of noise; meanwhile , I continued to study.
 * ovay on the contrary || Ha tam voy se aga; ovay, has se gle oga. The house is not big; on the contrary , it's rather small.
 * bi hyua teasgun on the other hand || At voy deuze. Bi byua teagun, at eke duzar. I don't sing.  On the other hand , I play a musical instrument.
 * gey bay hus still, even so || Voy esa duz, gey bay hus, ha xej sa ifxea. There was no music. Even so, the event was entertaining.
 * ujnay finally, in the end ||  Unjnay, hyoa fus xwa.  In the end , nothing bad happened.
 * }
 * gey bay hus still, even so || Voy esa duz, gey bay hus, ha xej sa ifxea. There was no music. Even so, the event was entertaining.
 * ujnay finally, in the end ||  Unjnay, hyoa fus xwa.  In the end , nothing bad happened.
 * }
 * }

Subordinating Conjunctions

 * Subordinating Conjunctions introduce three types of dependent or subordinate clauses:
 * 1. Adjectival subordinate clauses (also called relative clauses)
 * He is the guy that earned the most this year . The subordinate clause modifies a noun in the main clause. Adjectival clauses are introduced in Mirad by the relative complementizer ho.  Relative clauses are discussed in the Relative Clauses section of the chapter on Verbs.
 * 2. Nominal subordinate clauses (also called factive clauses)
 * I knew that she would come . The subordinate clause is the object or complement of a verb in the main clause.  Nominal subordinate clauses are introduced by one of the factive complementizers van, ven, or von, depending on whether the subordinate clause is positive, conditional, or negative.
 * 3. Adverbial subordinate clauses (also called circumstantial clauses).
 * Did you see where they went ?. The subordinate clause is an adverbial clause modifying a verb in the main clause for time, place, manner, and other circumstances.  Adverbial subordinate clauses are introduced by relative deictic adverbs like hom....where, hoj....when, and hosav....why.

Complementizers

 * The complementizers above are part of an overall scheme. In the chart below, the six complementizers act:
 * as a clause linker, where the complementizer introduces a clause that is a statement of FACT or CONDITION, or
 * as a sentence introducer, where the complementizer introduces a sentence that is a command/wish, a prohibition, or a yes-no question. Some of these complementizers can act in either or both roles.  In actuality, all of the complementizers introduce or link a subordinate clause; it's just that in some cases, the main clause is left unexpressed.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! TYPE !! COMPLEMENTIZER !! CLAUSE LINKER !! SENTENCE INTRODUCER !row=1| Positive / Hortative !row=1| Conditional !row=1| Negative / Prohibitive !row=1| Anti-Conditional !row=1| Interrogative !row=1| Relative
 * + Complementizers
 * van || that, the fact that || May....(something happen), Let....(something happen)
 * ven || if, whether || --
 * von || lest, that...not || Don't
 * oven || unless || --
 * Duven...? || -- || Is it true that, say whether..., do(es)?
 * ho || that, which, who(m) || --
 * }
 * Examples of these conjunctions linking a main and subordinate clause:
 * At ta van et upo.....I knew that you would come. (FACTIVE)
 * At xa is av van et testu.....I did it so that you would understand.
 * At voy ta ven et upo.....I did not know whether you would come. (CONDITIONAL)
 *  Ven et te ha dud, du has..... If you know the answer, say it. (CONDITIONAL)
 * At yufa von et upu.....I feared lest you might come. (PROHIBITIVE)
 * At voy upo oven et upo gay.....I will not come unless you come, too. (ANTI-CONDITIONAL)
 * At fe teater ha tob ho xa his.....I want to see the man who did this. (RELATIVE)
 * At fe teater hoa tob xa his.....I want to see which man did this.
 * Iyt akeye oyv van iyt bayse yofi.....She is winning despite the fact that she has disabilities.
 * Example of these conjunctions introducing different types of sentences:
 *  Van yat fyadilu..... Let us pray. (Hortative, i.e., A WISH)
 *  Van yit teliu avol!.... Let them eat bread.
 *  Van ha edweb yagteju..... May the king live long.
 *  Duven et te ha dud?.... Do you know the answer? (YES/NO QUESTION)
 *  Duven et se tadxwa..... Are you are married. (SAY WHETHER...)
 *  Von (et) yufu..... Don't (you) be afraid. (Prohibitive, i.e., AN INJUNCTION)
 *  Von hus xwu.....Let that not happen. (NEGATIVE HORTATIVE)

 * The sentence-initial interrogative complementizer Duven (Is it true that?) is used to introduce a yes/no question. The word can be analyzed as a command meaning Say whether... where Say... is the main clause in the imperative mood.

 *  Duven et se tadokyayt?....Are you a widow? (= Say whether you are...).

 * Av van + a predicate in the hypothetical mood expresses a "so that, in order that" clause, eg.:

 * At uzba ata teb av van at yafu teater hos xowe*.....I turned my head so that I could see what was about to happen.

 * Using the negative complementizer, von, the above sentence could be rephrased as:

 * At uzba ata teb av von at teatu hos xowe.....I turned my head so that I wouldn't see what was about to happen.

 * Since the subject is the same in both clauses, the sentence could be expressed more easily with an infinitive:

 * At uzba ata teb av (~ ov) teater hos xowe.....I turned my head so as (not) to see what was about to happen.

 * * xowe means is about to happen/be done. Unlike English, there is no relative sequencing of tenses in conjoined clauses. "I knew she would come." is rendered in Mirad with direct sequences of tenses, i.e. as "I knew that she will come."  Also, unlike English, the "that" conjunction cannot be left out: At ta van iyt upo.

Conjunctions with the subordinate conjunctions van/ven/von

 * Conjunctions introducing nominal subordinate clauses consist of a preposition followed by the positive complementizer van, the conditional complementizer ven, or the negative complementizer von. English can use a bare preposition as a conjunction, as in the sentence "He will grow up before you notice it."  However, Mirad requires the complementizer, much as in French, where "avant" (before) must be accompanied by "que" when followed by a clause ("Il se grandira avant que tu ne le remarques.")  Here is a chart showing the most important of these conjunctions:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE
 * + Subordinating conjunctions with van and ven
 * ja van before || Du hay ja van et pio. Say hi before you leave.
 * je van while, as long as ||  Je van at so him, at xo gle yex av et.  While I'm here, I'll do some work for you.
 * jo van after || At buo et has jo van et nuso. I will give it to you after you pay.
 * ojo van by the time|| Ojo et puo him, at piayo. By the time you get here, I will have departed.
 * ju van until || Yat voy ijo ju van et puo him. We won't start until you get here.
 * ji van since || At voy teataya huyenas ji van et sa hum. I had not seen such a thing since you were there.
 * gey ven even if ||  Gey ven et yontexe, at bolo et.  Even if you disagree, I'll support you.
 * gel ven as if || Yat yeyfe axler gel ven yat teata hyos. We should act as if we saw nothing.
 * gey ov van even though, though ||  Gey ov van ha pansin sa gra yaga, at ifia has.  Even though the movie was too long, I enjoyed it.
 * ov van (al)though, despite the fact that || At po ov van at voy fe. I'll go, although I don't want to.
 * av van so (that) || It utifbua av van hyuti teju. He sacrificed himself so that others might live.
 * av von lest, so that...not || It utifbua av von hyuti toju. He sacrificed himself so that others might not die (= lest others might die).
 * Buwa van in as much as, given that ||  Buwa van iyt se tadiwa, at voy byuxo iyt.  Given that she's married, I won't touch her.
 * Hij van now that || Hij van et se him, biu hegla kafeyl.  Now that you're here, have some coffee.
 * Vakuwa van provide that|| Vakuwa van et se yukoma, at hoydo.  Provided you're comfortable, I will say my goodbyes.
 * ven if|| Ven yat fe iber ixuni, yat yefe yexer ga jestay.  If we want to get results, we must work harder.
 * ven whether|| Ven et ijbo ha yexes obyose et.  Whether you finish the job is up to you.
 * Oven unless|| Oven et do hyuyen, at dolo.  Unless you say otherwise, I will be silent.
 * }
 * ov van (al)though, despite the fact that || At po ov van at voy fe. I'll go, although I don't want to.
 * av van so (that) || It utifbua av van hyuti teju. He sacrificed himself so that others might live.
 * av von lest, so that...not || It utifbua av von hyuti toju. He sacrificed himself so that others might not die (= lest others might die).
 * Buwa van in as much as, given that ||  Buwa van iyt se tadiwa, at voy byuxo iyt.  Given that she's married, I won't touch her.
 * Hij van now that || Hij van et se him, biu hegla kafeyl.  Now that you're here, have some coffee.
 * Vakuwa van provide that|| Vakuwa van et se yukoma, at hoydo.  Provided you're comfortable, I will say my goodbyes.
 * ven if|| Ven yat fe iber ixuni, yat yefe yexer ga jestay.  If we want to get results, we must work harder.
 * ven whether|| Ven et ijbo ha yexes obyose et.  Whether you finish the job is up to you.
 * Oven unless|| Oven et do hyuyen, at dolo.  Unless you say otherwise, I will be silent.
 * }
 * Vakuwa van provide that|| Vakuwa van et se yukoma, at hoydo.  Provided you're comfortable, I will say my goodbyes.
 * ven if|| Ven yat fe iber ixuni, yat yefe yexer ga jestay.  If we want to get results, we must work harder.
 * ven whether|| Ven et ijbo ha yexes obyose et.  Whether you finish the job is up to you.
 * Oven unless|| Oven et do hyuyen, at dolo.  Unless you say otherwise, I will be silent.
 * }
 * Oven unless|| Oven et do hyuyen, at dolo.  Unless you say otherwise, I will be silent.
 * }
 * }

Conjunctions as Circumstantial Clause Headers

 * If the conjunction contains a deictic adverb like where, when, how, etc., then the relative form of the deictic adverb is used. The most common of these begin with ho- or hye- and behave as in English.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CONJUNCTION !! CIRCUMSTANCE !! EXAMPLES
 * + Subordinating Conjunctions
 * hoj when || TIME || Hoj et pua, ha if ija.  When you arrived, the fun began.
 * hyej whenever|| TIME || Hyej et dale, at hihide.  Whenever you talk, I laugh.
 * hom where|| PLACE || At voy te hom it pa. I don't know where he went.
 * hyem wherevere|| PLACE || Et yafe per hyem et fu. You can go wherever you'd like.
 * hyam everywhere|| PLACE ||  Hyam at pe, et se hum.  Everywhere I go, you're there.
 * hosav why || CAUSE || Duven et te hosav it xa his? Do you know why he did it?
 * hosav because|| CAUSE || It xa has hosav it fa teatuer yat hes. He did it because he wanted to show us something.
 * hoyen how, as|| MANNER || Xu hoyen et fu van hyuti axlu ub et. Do as you'd want others to act toward you.
 * hogla as || DEGREE || Yexu hogla ugay et efe. Work as slowly as you need to.
 * hyegla however much (that)|| DEGREE || Dalu hyegla et efo. Talk however much you need to.
 * hoglas as much (as) || QUANTITY || At telio hoglas at fe. I will eat as much as I want.
 * }
 * Other conjunctions of circumstance are sometimes used. This is not a complete list.
 * hosav because|| CAUSE || It xa has hosav it fa teatuer yat hes. He did it because he wanted to show us something.
 * hoyen how, as|| MANNER || Xu hoyen et fu van hyuti axlu ub et. Do as you'd want others to act toward you.
 * hogla as || DEGREE || Yexu hogla ugay et efe. Work as slowly as you need to.
 * hyegla however much (that)|| DEGREE || Dalu hyegla et efo. Talk however much you need to.
 * hoglas as much (as) || QUANTITY || At telio hoglas at fe. I will eat as much as I want.
 * }
 * Other conjunctions of circumstance are sometimes used. This is not a complete list.
 * hoglas as much (as) || QUANTITY || At telio hoglas at fe. I will eat as much as I want.
 * }
 * Other conjunctions of circumstance are sometimes used. This is not a complete list.
 * Other conjunctions of circumstance are sometimes used. This is not a complete list.

title: Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions


text:
Mirad Grammar/Interjections

Assertive Interjections

 * Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions yes, no and maybe:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Common Assertive Interjections
 * Va! || Yes!
 * Ve! || Maybe!, Perhaps!
 * Vo!* || No!
 * }
 * * Not to be confused with voy, which translates the English adverb not, as in Vo, wit voy se tadxwa.....No, he is not married.
 * Examples:
 *  Va . At se otadxwa..... Yes .  I am unmarried.
 *  Va . At se vay otadxwa..... Yes .  I am indeed/really unmarried.
 *  Va, vay..... Yes , indeed.
 *  Va ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa..... Yes and no. That may be true.
 *  Va ey vo?.... Yes or no?
 *  Ve . At te voy valay..... Maybe .  I don't know for sure.
 *  Vo . At voy vatexe et..... No .  I don't believe you.
 *  Vo ! Dilwe von xu hus..... No !  Please don't do that.
 * Et se Amerikama, vao ?....You're American, yes or no ?
 * Ven va, (van et) xu has.....If so , (let you) do it.
 * Ven vo, von (et) xu has.....If not , don't (you) do it.
 * Et se Amerikama, vao ?....You're American, yes or no ?
 * Ven va, (van et) xu has.....If so , (let you) do it.
 * Ven vo, von (et) xu has.....If not , don't (you) do it.

 * There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Hybrid Interjections
 * Vao? || Yes or no?
 * Vea! || Maybe so!
 * Veo!* || Maybe not!
 * }
 * Veo!* || Maybe not!
 * }
 * }

Other interjections

 * There is a group of common interjections called the H interjections, because they all begin with the letter h:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

!row=1| Initial Greeting !row=1| Vocative Greeting !row=1| Terminal Greeting !row=1| Proximal Specifier !row=1| Distal Specifier !row=1| Positive Exclamation !row=1| Surprise Exclamation !row=1| Negative Exclamation !row=1| Expression of Thanks !row=1| Expression of Welcome !row=1| Expression of Sorrow !row=1| Expression of Joy !row=1| Expression of Pain !row=1| Laughter !row=1| Lamentation !row=1| Admiration !row=1| Disgust
 * + Greetings
 * hay! || Hello!, Hi!
 * hey! || Hey!, O!, Oh!
 * hoy! || Goodbye!, Bye!
 * hiy! || Voici!, Here is...
 * huy! || Voila!', There is...
 * hyay! || Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!
 * hyey! || What a...!, Oh!, Well!
 * hyoy! || What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!
 * hway!1
 * Thanks!
 * hwey! || You're welcome!, Please
 * hwoy! || Sorry!, Excuse me!
 * hwiy! || Whee!, O la la!
 * hwuy! || Ouch!, Ow!, That hurts!
 * hihi!
 * Ha ha!, Hee hee!
 * huhu!
 * Boo hoo!, Woe is me!, Oy veh!
 * waw!2 || Wow!, What a show!
 * wow!3 || Yuck!, Eeoow!, Gross!
 * }

 * 1 Pronounced like English why. Mirad hw is pronounced like English wh.
 * 2 Pronounced like English wow.
 * 3 Pronounced like English woe.

 * Examples:

 *  Hay ! Ata dyun se Johan..... Hi !  My name is John.
 *  Hey, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?.... Hey , John, how are you doing?
 *  Hey, Tot!.... O , God!
 *  Hoy . At teato et zajub..... Bye .  I will see you tomorrow.
 *  Hiy ha dyen ho et dila..... Here's the book you requested.
 *  Hiy Tob..... Behold Man. ( Ecce Homo).
 *  Hiy ata dyundraf..... Here's my caling card.
 *  Huy ! Se xwa..... Voilà ! It's done.
 *  Huy hos at yaka..... There's what I expected.
 *  Hyay et!....Good for you!
 *  Hyay ! Et utnaze his...... Bravo ! You deserve this.
 *  Hway ! Et sa gla fitipa...... Thanks. ! You were very kind.
 * At fu hwayder et.....I'd like to congratulate you.
 *  Hwey !.... You're welcome !
 * Et efe hwoyder at.....You need to apologize to me.
 * Fi. Hwoy .....Ok. I'm sorry .
 *  Hyey via imaj! .... Oh, what a beautiful morning!
 *  Hyey At ta voy van et upo..... Oh! I didn't know you were coming.
 *  Hyoy at..... Woe is me.
 *  Hyoy ! Ga fia fikyen jonay..... Pity! . Better luck next time.
 *  Hwoy. At yefe hyoder et..... Sorry . I must take leave of you.
 *  Hihi! Hus sa gla diza..... Ha ha ! That was very funny.
 * Von hihidu .....Don't laugh .
 *  Huhu! ..... Oy!
 * Ha tudet voy poxo huhuder .....The baby won't stop crying .

 * Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech.

 * Note: The English expression Please can be expressed in various ways:
 *  Hwey ! Yepu..... Please ! Come in. (Hwey can also mean you're welcome in answer to thank-you.
 *  Diwe von (et) tyopu ab ha vaz.....Please (= it is requested ) don't walk on the grass.'
 *  Diwe van et yanupu yat.....Please (= it is asked that ) join us.'
 *  Diwe !.... Please !
 *  Xu (at) (ha) fis bi yubeler at hua tyoyafi.....Please (= do (me) (the) favor of ) bring me those shoes.
 * Stronger forms of please include dilwe....it is requested or dirwe....it is begged.
 * Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of -der (to utter), eg.:

 * hayder....greet, say hi
 * heyder....address, call out to, wave down
 * hoyder....say goodbye to
 * hyayder....congratulate
 * hwayder....thank
 * hwoyder....apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry
 * hihider....laugh
 * huhuder....boo, cry
 * vaoder....decide

title: Mirad Grammar/Interjections


text:
Mirad Grammar/Hybrids

 * There is a class of words in Mirad which are called hybrids, i.e. cross-combinations of opposite words that mean something and something else or something or something else. For example, in English, swinging is "moving BACK-AND-FORTH", or, questions can be of the type "YES-OR-NO".  The vowels in these directionals are, for euphonic purposes, ao, eo, or ui.  These alternating expressions are often used as adverbs or verbal prefixes.  Here is an incomplete list of such expressions, the elements decomposed,  and examples of their usage:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! Opposite Elements !! Hybrids
 * + Hybrid Expressions
 * - style="valign:top"
 * - valign=top
 * ab....on ob....off || aoper....get on and off aober....take on and off
 * - valign=top
 * bu....to, give bi...from, take || buinax....round trip fare buipar....shuttle bus buier....trade
 * - valign=top
 * ga....more go....less || gao....more-or-less
 * - valign=top
 * hum....there him....here || huimpoper....travel here and yon
 * - valign=top
 * hus....that his....this || huisbier....select between this and that
 * - valign=top
 * hyas....everything hyos....nothing || hyaoson....all-or-nothing matter
 * - valign=top
 * hyut....another hyit....the same person || hyuita....mutual hyuitifer....love one another
 * - valign=top
 * tej....life toj....death || teoja ebyem....life-and-death situation
 * - valign=top
 * u....away/west i....toward/east || uinab....row uinada....horizontal Uiyanmel....Eurasia
 * - valign=top
 * a....up/north o....down/south || aonab....column aonada....vertical pyaoser....to bounce
 * - valign=top
 * uz....crooked iz....straight || uizpaser....careen, stagger uizder....to equivocate
 * - valign=top
 * ub....toward ib....away || uipeni....comings and goings
 * - valign=top
 * uj....end ij....beginning || uijbar....on-off switch
 * - valign=top
 * uga....slow iga....fast || uigpar....scooter
 * - valign=top
 * va....yes vo....no || vaoder....decide vaotexer....wonder vaodid....yes-or-no question
 * - valign=top
 * yuja....closed yija....open || yuija....open-and-shut yuijar....valve manyuijar....light switch teabyuijer....blink
 * - valign=top
 * yab....up yob....down || yaoblir....elevator (up-and-down taker) yaoblar....lever yaopyaser....jump up and down yaobsum....bunkbed
 * - valign=top
 * ayeb1....in oyeb....out || aoyebar....piston (in-and-out-device)
 * - valign=top
 * za....front zo....back || zaobaser....rock zaopaser....swing
 * - valign=top
 * zu....left/west zi....right/east||zuibaser....wobble zuipaser....zigzag zuimera....east-west zuituyaba....ambidextrous
 * - valign=top
 * malza....white molza....black || maolza....gray
 * - valign=top
 * yav-....innocent yov-....guilty ||yaovyek....trial (Lit: innocent-guilty-test)
 * - valign=top
 * zyu-....round zyi-....flat || zyuis....oval, ellipse
 * - valign=top
 * up-....come ip-....go, leave || mimuip....tide (Lit: sea-come-go) uipeni....comings and goings
 * - valign=top
 * uv-....sad iv-....happy || uivdin....tragicomedy
 * }

 * 1 This is a long form of yeb (in) that contrasts with oyeb (out).

 * Keep in mind that if a hybrid word ends in b, the b assimilates by dropping from per (to go) and ber (to put) words, eg:
 * ao b  + ber = aober
 * ui b  + per = uiper

title: Mirad Grammar/Hybrids


text:
Wikibooks:Mirad Grammar/Greetings and Euphemisms

 * Here are some common greetings:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Common Greetings
 * Hay! || Hello!
 * Hey! || Hey!, Oh...!
 * Hoy! || Bye!
 * Hiy... || Here is / Here comes... / Voici
 * Huy... || There's... / There goes... / Voila
 * Hyay! || Great! / Good for you! / Congratulations!
 * Hyey! || Oh my! / Goodness gracious! / Well!
 * Hyoy! || Too bad! / What a shame! / Sorry!
 * Hway!* || Thanks!
 * Hwey! || Your're welcome! / That's ok.
 * Hwoy! || Sorry!
 * Fijub! Fimaj! || Good day!
 * Fijwamaj! || Good morning! (Lit: good early daytime)
 * Fijwomaj! || Good afternoon! (Lit: good late daytime)
 * Fijwamoj! || Good evening! (Lit: good early nighttime)
 * Fimoj! || Good night!
 * Duhayen et xeye? Duhayen et se? || How are you? (Lit. How are you doing? or How are you?)
 * Fi. Ay et? || Fine. And you?
 * Iftaxwo. Hway. Fifi || Thank-you. (Lit. (It) will be fondly remembered.) (Lit: good wishes)
 * Toxu. Hwey. || You're welcome. (Lit. Forget (it).)
 * Diwe. || Please. (Lit. It is asked.)
 * Yovobu (at). Hwoy. || Excuse (me). / Sorry!
 * Fipop! || Bon voyage!
 * Su valka! || Be safe!
 * Igbaksu! || Get well soon!
 * Yanivtos! Hway! || Congratulations! (Lit: together-happy-feeling)
 * Iva Tajjub! || Happy Birthday!
 * Yanuvtos! Hwoy! || My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
 * }
 * Fijwamoj! || Good evening! (Lit: good early nighttime)
 * Fimoj! || Good night!
 * Duhayen et xeye? Duhayen et se? || How are you? (Lit. How are you doing? or How are you?)
 * Fi. Ay et? || Fine. And you?
 * Iftaxwo. Hway. Fifi || Thank-you. (Lit. (It) will be fondly remembered.) (Lit: good wishes)
 * Toxu. Hwey. || You're welcome. (Lit. Forget (it).)
 * Diwe. || Please. (Lit. It is asked.)
 * Yovobu (at). Hwoy. || Excuse (me). / Sorry!
 * Fipop! || Bon voyage!
 * Su valka! || Be safe!
 * Igbaksu! || Get well soon!
 * Yanivtos! Hway! || Congratulations! (Lit: together-happy-feeling)
 * Iva Tajjub! || Happy Birthday!
 * Yanuvtos! Hwoy! || My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
 * }
 * Fipop! || Bon voyage!
 * Su valka! || Be safe!
 * Igbaksu! || Get well soon!
 * Yanivtos! Hway! || Congratulations! (Lit: together-happy-feeling)
 * Iva Tajjub! || Happy Birthday!
 * Yanuvtos! Hwoy! || My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
 * }
 * Yanivtos! Hway! || Congratulations! (Lit: together-happy-feeling)
 * Iva Tajjub! || Happy Birthday!
 * Yanuvtos! Hwoy! || My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
 * }
 * Yanuvtos! Hwoy! || My condolences! (Lit: together-sad-feeling)
 * }

 * * Pronounced like English why.