text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines

What is the background of this research?
Migraines are severe headaches that can be disruptive to many daily activities. Migraines are generally considered to be one of the most disabling migraines, preventing people from going about the daily live due to immense pain. Studies have shown that around 15-20% of the population suffer from migraines, although the actual prevalence is still debated by neurologists. Migraines can be self-treated however, sometimes requires pharmaceutical support to alleviate the pain and discomfort that occurs during migraines. Migraines have been related to other issues such as increased risk cardiovascular disease (CVD) and reduced arteriolar-venular ratio (AVR). Both of these can be affected positively by physical activity.

The cost of treatment per year for a patient who suffers from migraines can reach an average of 6000aud per year. This costs may check-ups, Diagnosis, Pharmaceuticals, production and other prescribed treatments depending on the client. This is an excellent point for physical activity as it does not require a cost to be conducted and can be a method of self-treatment. Exercise may be great as migraine preventative treatment and will also increase cardiovascular health.

Where is the Research from?
This randomised control trial was conducted in Europe with a European population. Utilising both females and males in the trial, the majority of the participants were female, this can relate to the real world as females are roughly three times more likely to suffer from migraines compared to males. The article was published in the 'Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports'.

Henner Hanssen was the corresponding author for this article. He has assisted in the publication of many articles with a focus on exercise in relation to vascular related conditions. Hanssen is currently a professor at University of Basel in the sports medicine department. The rest of the authors have also worked on multiple other journal articles, these articles mainly related to physical activity and health conditions as well.

What type of research is this?
The research conducted was a randomly controlled clinical trial. In the studies the researchers assigned the patients into 3 separate groups undergoing different forms of exercise interventions and a control group. This allows for the observers to assess the effectiveness of different exercise interventions by comparing them together and with the control group.

Randomized control trials are some of the most effective tests when assessing the reliability of interventions. This test outlines the effectiveness of an intervention by often utilising a group without the interventions for comparison. In addition, after compiling a pool of participants researchers randomly assign them into groups to decrease reliability errors. This research article is a 3 armed randomly controlled clinical trial. This type of research sits at the top of unfiltered research reliability, above this in reliability is filtered articles, these utilise third party research to assess and compare validity of multiple articles and collate results to provide a more reliable observation.

Inclusion Criteria
Participants diagnosed by an experienced neurologist with episodic migraines without aura in accordance with the International Clarification of Headache Disorders.

Exclusion Criteria

 * Participants currently undergoing a medical preventative (Participants were permitted if preventative medication had been ceased 8 weeks prior to study).
 * Participants who suffer from additional internal or neurological disease (especially CVD or Chronic Inflammatory Disease).
 * Regular exercise experience or currently undergoing exercise preventative.

Participants ability to exercise were assessed using the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and exercise testing.

Participant Pool
Originally 45 participants were selected. 9 dropouts were recorded due to non-compliance, pregnancy or non-intervention related injuries.

Final pool assessed were 36 participants, 29 Females and 7 Males

Exercise Programming
Warmup: 400m of easy running, 2 skipping exercises

Cooldown: 400m of easy running

MCT: Maintain a calculated HR of 70% +/- 5 bpm of HRmax for 45 minutes.

HIIT: 90-95% +/- 5 bpm of HRmax for 4 minutes followed by 3 minutes of 70% HRmax active recovery, intervals repeated 4 times.

CON: Minimal Physical activity outside of the participants usual daily activity prior to commencing the Research.

20-24 exercise sessions in the 12-week period were necessary to complete to meet compliance for assessment.

Assessment of exercise intervention
Prior to conducting the intervention participants underwent Anaerobic Lactate Threshold, HRmax and VO2 max testing, utilising a treadmill.

Heart Rate Monitors were utilised during exercise to determine HR throughout the course of the exercise programs. Distance was also recorded for each session of each exercise program.

Participants were asked to maintain a diary record of the number of migraines experienced throughout the course of the research.

Migraine attack frequency, Maximal and sub maximal Parameters and Retinal Vessel Diameters were recorded as means with standard deviations.

The pre- and post- exercise results for MCT, HIT and CON Groups were calculated together with 90 percent confidence intervals.

Strengths

 * The study conducted is relatively cheap to conduct.
 * The programs are not lengthy in terms of time period required to participate.
 * Utilises specific HR% as to keep participants exercising at the same intensities.

Weaknesses

 * Relies on participant compliance to record the number of migraine days.
 * Lacks program specificity reducing repeatability as the program will need to talk of be restructured.
 * Migraines have many triggers and may be triggered by other stimuli other than physical health.

What are the basic results?
Hanssen et al summarise their results and make the following findings

 * Both MCT and HIT group displayed beneficial reduction in migraine days when undergoing an exercise program, with results being in the favour of HIIT programming.
 * Migraines are related to Cardiovascular risk profiles and MCT and HIT improved migraine frequency and Cardiovascular health.
 * MCT and CON Migraine days had similar decreases this may be due to the participant exercise profiling and physical activity recommendations provided for CON.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study concludes with the summary that HIIT has a greater impact on migraine days as opposed to MCT. This leads to the idea that Higher Exercise Intensity Intervals may be required to improve on a patients migraine symptoms, however data is suggestive and does not prove the suggestive data. Both MCT and HIIT have positive impacts on cerebrovascular health and improve on migraine days.

Hanssen et al talk of similarities between their study and other studies conducted where exercise was studied as a way to improve cerebral vessel health and preventing migraine triggers. Hanssen et al outline how their study is primarily to look at physical activity modality and how improving cardiovascular health, fitness levels and retinal vessel diameters can decrease the pain and frequency of migraines. The other articles produce positive results in exercise decreasing migraine triggers.

Clinical Recommendations

 * Assess your client's fitness levels and draw out a program for the patient. It is important to recognise that high intensity exercise is also a migraine trigger so if the client isn't usually physically active start with moderate continuous training and work up to HIIT.
 * Assess client exertion levels during a workout exercise intensity may need to be lowered to ensure compliance remains, the aim is to get them more active and improve on their cardiovascular health.
 * Stay hydrated during exercise, it is easy to undergo physical activity without drinking enough, it is important to utilise each period provided for drink is utilised for hydration. ensure the client is hydrated before commencing the session, ensure they rehydrate before they leave, this will help to prevent migraines during exercise.
 * Keep up motivation, work ethic is important to maintain during these programs so ensure to motivate clients through encouragement or music this will help them to maintain intensity.

Migraine classification and assistance.
-International Clarification of Headache Disorders - Migraine or Simplified Clarification of Migraine

- [https://headacheaustralia.org.au/migraine/migraine-a-common-and-distressing-disorder/ What is a migraine? When to see a doctor]

- Migraine Australia Support Group


text:
Levantine Arabic/Verbs perception

The present tense is rarely used for verbs of perception, when they have a passive meaning (eg. “to hear”). A current perception is expressed by the active participle instead.

Some of those words can also have an active meaning (eg. “to listen”) depending on the context.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Levantine Arabic/Verbs perception


text:
User talk:155.98.131.6

We discourage adding external links like this, and you also attempted to copy in material from another website that was a copyright violation. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 08:26, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:155.98.131.6


text:
World of Dinosaurs/Mineralogy

A mineral is a:

 * naturally occurring
 * inorganic
 * solid
 * with fixed chemical composition
 * and fixed crystal structure

Important Minerals

 * Quartz
 * Mica
 * Feldspars
 * Carbonates

title: World of Dinosaurs/Mineralogy


text:
WikidataMap user guide/What WDM can do for you

What is Wikidata Map?
In short the Wikidata Map (WDM) App works like a search engine with additional functions.

WDM enables searching, local storing and processing of data which is contained in the Wikidata project.

In WDM mode you can search Wikidata items, (lexemes) words and properties.

In browser mode you can search with search engine startpage.

In db mode you can search and update entries.Those entries can be exported as xml file.

What is Wikidata?
Wikidata is the central place for all Wikipedia and Wikimedia information.

There is nearly nothing on earth which is not referenced in Wikidata. Items / tags which are missing can be added or updated there according to the rules.

Future usage
WDM (Wikidata Map) will enrich this data further and will get further functions for coding and translation.

Privacy
Our WDM server is currently located in Europe. Normally your queries do not leave traces besides at the Wikidata server and in our logs.


text:
WikidataMap user guide/Getting started

How to start ...
For WDM Wikidata mode (which is default) please check internet connectivity.

Then simply enter your tag/word in any language and activate the green arrow. Note that input can be multiline (consisting of multiple lines) also.

The default results are so called Wikidata items and look like this: A maximum of 50 results from Wikidata is possible.

Say you want to save item "universe" with default priority (which is "H"):

Simply activate the button of the entry. The color of the button now signals the action.

Say you are further interested in the Item "universe":

1) Simply select the link icon under the combobox. As result buttons of all entries switch into action mode.

2) Then activate button of this entry. Clicking on the button of the "universe" entry opens Wikidata details in the local browser.When logged in in Wikidata you also see your notice alarms.

With the pencil you can for example improve translations.

You can further scroll down in the Wikidata information for example to see images: To return to WDM use the arrow:

title: WikidataMap user guide/Getting started


text:
WikidataMap user guide/Local search and edit in database

Local search and edit in database ...
The WDM database mode can always be used: when internet is or is not connected.

1) Switch the WDM mode to the db icon.

2) activate button for your keyword or wildcard (univ%) The result signaling the saved entry if you saved it before.

The entry contains your selected Priority, the label, the description, the timestamp of the save.

Activating the on the entry opens the link for the entry.

Entering % shows all your stored entries. Entering a% shows all entries starting with a.

Soon with the next update of the app the entries will come in alfa order.

To delete an entry select the action on the right and then activate the delete on the entry

To save a value for an entry ...

1) first search for the entry 2) then enter value like this The result looks like this.


text: Category:Book:WikidataMap user guide

title: Category:Book:WikidataMap user guide


text:
WikidataMap user guide/Requirements for Ankit

Java functions
Default function for execution on entries: The "execute" action is defined as green send arrow icon.


text: WikidataMap user guide/Printable version


text:
Talk:WikidataMap user guide

Official Guide?
Trying to verify the front page and I just need to ensure this part is correct.

Is there a way to verify that this guide is the official guide for WikidataMap (Such as being referenced in known official documentation)? Thanks! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 19:08, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:WikidataMap user guide


text: Art History/Printable version

title: Art History/Printable version


text: Category:Book:Chinese (Classical Mandarin)


text:
A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program/2022

This is for the AQA A Level Computer Science Specification.

This is where suggestions can be made about what some of the questions might be and how we can solve them.

Please be respectful and do not vandalise the page, as this would affect students' preparation for exams! Please do not discuss questions on this page. Instead use the discussion page.

Section C Predictions
The 2022 paper 1 will contain 5 questions worth 17 marks. As long as you know the program well, this will be a walk in the park.

06. This question is about the Breakthrough class.

06.1 State the name of a Boolean attribute in the Breakthrough class. [1 mark]

06.2 State the name of a method in the Breakthrough class that uses exception handling. [1 mark]

06.3 With reference to the CreateStandardDeck and AddDifficultyCardsToDeck methods and the "game1.txt" file - how many cards in total are in the deck? [1 mark]

06.4 With reference to the "game1.txt" saved game file, state what each line of the saved game file represents. [2 marks]

07. This question is about the method __Loadlocks in the Breakthrough class.

07.1 State the datatype used for __Locks. [1 mark]

07.2 State a correctly formatted single line which could be added to the "locks.txt" file to represent a 3-challenge lock needing an Acute Pick, Basic File and a Crude Key to open it. [1 mark]

08. This question is about the CreateStandardDeck and AddDifficultyCardsToDeck methods in the Breakthrough class.

08.1 State the type of iteration used. [1 mark]

08.2 State how many difficulty cards are generated when the game is run.

08.3 State how many other cards are generated when the game is run.

08.4 If we wished to make the game less difficult (reducing the number of difficulty cards from five to three), describe the necessary code changes which would need to be made assuming we wanted to keep the overall total number of cards the same.

These predictions are made based on last year's Advanced Subsidiary paper
 * Question about a class?
 * Question about a second class?
 * Question about a third class?
 * Question about a class diagram?
 * Question about a game functionality such as how to tell if game is ended?
 * Question about why text files were used over other file types to store data?

Section D Predictions
Programming Questions on Skeleton Program
 * The 2022 paper 1 contains 4 questions: a 5 mark, a 9 mark question, a 10 mark question and one 13 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s), so the likely marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.
 * The 2021 paper 1 contained ...
 * The 2020 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 6 mark, an 8 mark question, a 11 mark question and one 12 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s), so the likely marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.
 * The 2019 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a 5 mark, an 8 mark question, a 9 mark question and one 13 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s), so the marks for the coding will be 1-2 marks lower.
 * The 2018 paper 1 contained one 2 mark question, a 5 mark question, two 9 mark questions, and one 12 mark question - these marks include the screen capture(s).
 * The 2017 paper 1 contained a 5 mark question, three 6 mark questions, and one 12 mark question.

Current questions are speculation by contributors to this page.

Fix Key 1-5.
Fix "IndexOutOfRange" exception caused by inputting a card number not in the range 1 to 5.

This handles characters and out of range integers entered.

Add Load Function
Add functionality to select (load) a specific (saved) game file (currently no choice is given).

Require player to complete challenges in order
Currently the challenges for a lock do not need to be completed in order. Change the functionality to only allow the user to complete challenges for a lock in the order they are listed.

Public Overridable Function CheckIfConditionMet(ByVal Sequence As String) As Boolean For Each C In Challenges If Not C.GetMet Then If Sequence = ConvertConditionToString(C.GetCondition) Then C.SetMet(True) Return True Else Return False End If               End If            Next Return False End Function

Difficulty card functionality
At the moment a difficulty card will give the user the option to discard 5 cards OR discard a key by selecting it using 1-5. Change the functionality to force the user to select a key to discard OR if no keys are in the players hand then discard 5 cards from the deck.

Difficulty error
When given a difficulty card, the program will ask for either a 1-5 input or discard 5 deck cards. When a Key is selected it will not always discard it because the list index changes itself.

' New DifficultyCard Class Process subroutine

Retrieve card
Create a new card child class for a Retrieve card. If a player draws a retrieve card they are able to retrieve one card from the discard pile and return it to their hand. There should be two retrieve cards in the deck. These should be added, like the difficulty cards, after the user draws their hand.

Get card from deck class:

Must also add a call from the __SetUpGame function

In order to complete this challenge you need to create a new class called something like RetrievalCard, you need to alter the play game function, you need to alter the setupGame subroutine and you need to create a function to add retrieval cards to the deck. We will look at the Retrieval card class first, then the add retrieval cards function, then the altered setup game subroutine, then the play game function It is worth noting that only the code in the case "U" block has been changed for the playGame subroutine.

Card count
A player loses if they run out of cards in the deck without solving the locks. Therefore they may wish to see this information. Change the program so that alongside the current score the game also displays the number of cards remaining in the deck on each turn.

Save game
There is a load game feature but no ability to save the state of a game. Create one that can be called instead of View Discard or Use Card and saves the game to a file of the users choosing. Also change the Load Game functionality so that the user can enter the name of the file they want to load.

Add a case S into playGame: And change getChoice:

New saveGame

Add a method to CardCollection: Add a method to Lock:

'Create a new SaveGame method in Breakthrough class and modify the switch statement in PlayGame as well as update the SetupGame method in Breakthrough class to allow specific files to be chosen' 'Then in the Lock class do:'

'Footnote: In theory, it does not really matter what you call the methods. It is simplest to name them as appropriate as possible as per the zen of coding, but if it helps not to follow the standard for this then it doesn't really matter for the exam.'

Speciality deck
Currently the game provides a preset set of cards - picks, files and keys. Create a new method to create a SpecialityDeck for an alternative version of the game so the user/player can be provided with an option to play the StandardDeck *or* a SpecialityDeck. SpecialityDeck consists of three types of tool (E)xplosive, (W)elder and (A)nother.

Wild card
Currently the game provides a preset deck of cards. Add functionality for a 'wild card' which can be played against *any* particular lock.

Changes to code:

Consecutive Tool Type Penalty
Currently no error message is displayed if the user attempts to play two consecutive cards of the same tool type. Change the code to notify the user when their card has been disallowed due to this rule. In addition, leverage a score penalty of 1 point (reduce the user's score by one) and notify the user that this has occurred in all cases except where the user's score would then become negative in which case it should be omitted.

def __PlayCardToSequence(self, CardChoice): if self.__Sequence.GetNumberOfCards > 0: if self.__Hand.GetCardDescriptionAt(CardChoice - 1)[0] != self.__Sequence.GetCardDescriptionAt(self.__Sequence.GetNumberOfCards - 1)[0]: self.__Score += self.__MoveCard(self.__Hand, self.__Sequence, self.__Hand.GetCardNumberAt(CardChoice - 1)) self.__GetCardFromDeck(CardChoice) else: print("You are not allowed to play two consecutive moves with the same key") if self.__Score > 0: print("There's a 1 point penalty for not adhering to the rule") self.__Score = self.__Score - 1

See remaining Cards in the deck
Shows the list of remaining cards within the deck (kind of ruins the game but it could get asked)

-Riddlesdown Collegiate

Never reuse locks
When a lock is completed a new lock is selected from the list of locks at random. However, it could select a lock that has already been solved by the player. Adjust the method GetRandomLock in the breakthrough class to fix this.

private Lock GetRandomLock {       Lock NewLock; do           NewLock = Locks[RNoGen.Next(0, Locks.Count)]; while (!NewLock.GetLockSolved); return NewLock; }

Post Inspection of Discard Pile
When playing the game, the player can choose to inspect the discard pile by entering a "D" at their first input. The program is to be amended so that the player can choose to retrieve ONE card from the discard pile and discard ONE card from their hand. The card being retrieved cannot be a difficulty card.

Amend the method PlayGame from the Breakthrough class so that after the user chooses to inspect the discard pile: •	the user is prompted to enter a card number to retrieve from the discard pile by entering an integer value for the card. Entering 0 will skip this step. The user should be given the following prompt: "Please enter a number greater than 0 for a card to retrieve. Enter 0 if you wish to skip this step" •	the user is then asked to enter a number for the card that they wish to remove from their hand. The user should be given the following prompt: "Please enter a number for the card to discard from your hand" •	the cards are transferred between the discard pile and the hand and the game continues


text:
Talk:A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program/2022

Section C Answers
Is there a way we could get the mark scheme for the section C practice questions 212.219.118.148 (discuss) 10:20, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

 * when are the answers getting posted? 79.66.51.97 (discuss) 17:17, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Answers?
Please add answers to these predicted questions. 31.125.32.165 (discuss) 20:16, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

2022 paper 1
Are these predictions based off the ead 81.99.66.107 (discuss) 07:51, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

Difficulty Card Discard Deck Does Not Work
The website does not address that the discard function of the difficulty card does not work. The 5 cards are sent to the discard pile and not the players hand. pls help 82.4.6.97 (discuss) 16:06, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Firstly, when "Difficulty encountered!" there are only 4 cards in the player's hand. Secondly, Since there are only 4 cards, the player should enter only 1,2,3,4 to discard a key card (if they have one). However, In the original code, the player can enter 1-5, then becasue of the index (stats from 0), the code reduces player's ented number by -1. After reducing the player entered number by one, it checks again if the new number is <0, if not then it reduces the player entered number by -1 again (so let's say the player entered 4 then it will be (4-1=3, 3-1=2). This results in not discarding the player's chosen key card instead it discards the hand cards. Finally, to solve this problem,  restrict the player to enter only 1,2,3,4 then just reduce it by -1 only one time. This will give the right index number to discard a key card from hand (if the player has one and choose the right card).

Hope this help.😊 Sid2022 (discuss • contribs) 13:31, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

 * So is this an error? Likely to come up for us to fix?
 * Is this what the difficulty error question is based on?? If so that explains a lot, i wasnt sure what it meant. 2A00:23C8:9A13:FD01:95DE:7C34:E9CF:301C (discuss) 18:53, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

Answers
Question 6 1.	Self.__GameOver 2.	__LoadGame 3.	38 4.	1st Line is the score 2nd line represents the challenges that need to be solved for that lock 3rd line represents whether each of the challenges have been solved. 4th line represents the cards remaining in the hand 5th line represents the cards remaining in sequence 6th line represents the cards in the discard pile, which is empty 7th line represents the cards remaining in the deck.

Question 7 1.	Stacks 2.	Pa; Fb; Kc

Question 8 1.	Definite iteration 2.	5 3.	33 4.	Begin by changing the definite iteration clause of the difficult cards deck to 3 instead of 5. Next, add two more lines of code to add two more cards and specify their code. 87.200.216.247 (discuss) 09:10, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

 * What shows you the answer to Question 7.1 is "stacks"'; I would just think it's a list, as self.__Locks is a list, and the class is just a list of challenges, so wouldn't it just be a 2-dimensional list? 83.244.164.242 (discuss) 17:42, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

For future years
I think it would be a good idea if the questions were clearer for future years. In general I think these questions are very hard to understand what to do without clicking on the solutions and seeing which methods to overwrite. In the exams they tell us where we edit. The difficulty shouldn't be figuring out where to implement changes, it should be the implimentation. Im appreciative to all those who contributed dont get me wrong! I just think that its very easy to overlook and assume we know what you mean (esp. if you have zigzag questions etc.). Let me know your thoughts on improving these for next years students. 2A00:23C8:9A13:FD01:95DE:7C34:E9CF:301C (discuss) 18:56, 10 June 2022 (UTC)


text:
Flora of New York/iTax

{{BookCat}}{{BOOKSORTKEY}}
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 * {{{vernac}}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{gbif|}}}||–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{nyfa|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{nyfa|}}}|0|\|}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{inat|}}}||–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{nse|}}}||–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{ipa|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ipa|}}}|0|\|}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{trk|}}}|T|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{imap|}}}|M |–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{ny-law|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ny-law|}}}|Prohibited|P |{{#ifeq:{{{ny-law|}}}|Regulated|R |{{{ny-law}}}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{nyis-score|}}}||–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{eco-rank|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{eco-rank}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{nys-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{nys-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{wny-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{wny-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{fl-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{fl-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{catsk-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{catsk-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{capit-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{capit-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{stlaw-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{stlaw-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{adirk-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{adirk-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{lohud-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{lohud-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{longi-tier|}}}|{{Fny-format|{{{longi-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{sca-tier|}}}|{{#if:{{{sca-page|}}}|{{{sca-tier}}}|{{{sca-tier}}}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{bwnc-tier|}}}|{{{bwnc-tier}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{cbg|}}}|{{{cbg}}}|–}}
 * align=center|{{#if:{{{cbg|}}}|{{{cbg}}}|–}}

title: Flora of New York/iTax


text:
Carnatic Music/Melsthayi varisai

1. Focus on SA, touch of RI
 * s r g m | p d | n s |
 * S______ | S___|____ |
 * d n S R | S n | d p |
 * S n d p | m g | r s |.

title: Carnatic Music/Melsthayi varisai


text:
Halo/Pistol

The Pistol, also known as the Magnum within lore, is a handheld semi-automatic pistol for UNSC forces. It is known for dealing high damage to shielded and unshielded enemies and for it’s functionality more akin to a medium ranged rifle than a true pistol.

Usage in multiplayer
In Multiplayer, the pistol can be extremely valuable if one cannot reach a sniper rifle in time or cannot find one, as the pistol has 2x zoom and can be used to plink targets at medium to somewhat long ranges, however if a target manages to close the distance, it loses it’s effectiveness, especially if the player begins to shoot only at the enemy’s torso rather than the head. To avoid an opponent from closing in, remember to move constantly and do not be a sitting duck. Strafing is your friend here, especially if an opponent is already close enough to you and to prevent other snipers from using you as target practice. If strafing or moving constantly in a close range situation proves too difficult, it is recommended to pair the weapon with a good close-range weapon such as the assault or the shotgun if one is prone to have poor accuracy at close ranges, either due to nervousness or poor marksmanship.

The pistol is often infamously known for the “noob combo”, where a player takes the plasma pistol, charges up a shot and fires it into a player, quickly depleting their shields, and then finishing them off with a few headshots. Other weapons can replicate it to some effect, such as the assault rifle, which can shred through a player’s shields easily. The plasma rifle can also achieve this, as it has a function to briefly stun players hit with multiple plasma rounds, allow for one to follow up with pistol shots to the head to finish them off.

Usage in campaign
In Campaign, the pistol shares all the same traits and abilities as it does in Multiplayer.

The pistol is extremely effective towards grunts, jackals, and hunters(the latter due to an infamous glitch) as well as elites to some extent. The same concept of moving constantly and avoiding a single spot applies here also.

title: Halo/Pistol


text: Pixilang/Printable version

title: Pixilang/Printable version


text: Python Imaging Library/Printable version


text: XPath/Printable version

title: XPath/Printable version


text: Modern C++: The Good Parts/Printable version


text: Introduction to ActionScript 3.0/Printable version


text: Introduction to ActionScript 2.0/Printable version


text: DarkBASIC Programming/Printable version

title: DarkBASIC Programming/Printable version


text: Visual Basic for Applications/Printable version


text: Ring/Printable version

title: Ring/Printable version


text: PWCT/Printable version

title: PWCT/Printable version


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?

This is a critique of the article; Effects of Combined Aerobic-Strength Training vs Fitness Education Program in COPD Patients.

What is the Background to this research?
This study was designed to compare the effects that a new physical activity education program approach also known as (EDU). This study was conducted on patients who are stable with Chronic Obstructive Chronic Pulmonary (COPD) COPD is a progressive disease that makes it difficult for individuals to breathe, this is caused by abnormalities in airways of the lungs that lead to a reduced airflow coming in and out of the lungs. This study compared the effects of a new physical activity education program approach (EDU) with a traditional supervised combined strength and endurance training (CT). Research involving COPD patients in previous studies conducted has proven to be difficult, this is due to the lack of exercise programs that are specified towards these patients and their reluctance to participate and continue in a long-term program. There are also very few studies on the effects of different approaches to physical activity in relation to the specificity of COPD patients and their limitations. Physical activity is important for people that suffer from COPD to avoid deficiencies in their functional capacity and to prevent physical disability.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted in Verna, Italy at the University of Verona. The university is a research-intensive based university. There are a total of eight authors in the study. The four main authors are Elisabetta Bacchi, Francesca Vitali, Giuseppe Coratella and Chiara Milanese. The authors of this study have also worked on other studies including ‘The influence of testing modalities on the velocity at V02 max’ and ‘Promoting fitness enhancement and enjoyment for children through physical activity’. The authors have received no financial support for this study and the authors had no conflict of interests to declare.

What kind of Research was this?
The study conducted was a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). In clinical research RCT’s are the most effective study design to safely and efficiently test new treatments. In a randomized and control study design the effects of the intervention are compared with a control group, in this study it is the CT training group. To ensure that there is unbiased comparison between the treatments, standardisation, and inclusion and exclusion criteria must be strictly controlled. RCT’s are ranked at the highest level of study hierarchy as they are designed to be unbiased and have the least risk of systematic errors. RCT’s should include randomisation and blinding with a description of both of those processes, a description of the number of subjects who completed the study and if any of whom dropped out or failed to complete the study and confidence intervals.

What did the research involve?
The study was carried out at the Fitness Centre of the Exercise and Sport Science at the School of Verona University. The study was conducted in supervised training sessions that were monitored by exercise physiologists.

The participants in the physical activity education program approach were taught to slowly increase their rate of autonomous physical activity. This was done through different training methods including Nordic walking, group class and circuit training. The training occurred in both supervised and unsupervised sessions and the sessions lasted a minimum of sixty minutes. The clients filled in a self-reported intensity scale, the clients were instructed to maintain a level three to four out of ten.

The participants of the combined strength and endurance training program participated in fitness exercises three days a week with one rest day between sessions. The participants self-monitored the intensity and duration of the exercises to avoid shortness of breath. As the same in the new intervention group this group was instructed to maintain an intensity of three to four out of ten on the Borg Scale. The participants in this group were also instructed to continue their prescribed program during the fourteen week follow up period.

Body composition, walking capacity, muscle strength, flexibility and balance, total energy expenditure and quality of life were evaluated at baseline after 28 weeks of training (3days/week) and after a fourteen week follow up for both groups.

The participants for the study were recruited from the Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department in Verona Italy. The allocation and randomization were completed by one of the researchers without any contact or knowledge of the participants. They were ranked according to their forced expiratory volume and then a free online software was used to allocate the participants between the new intervention and traditional treatment group. The study design was approved by the ethics committee from the University and met the ethical criteria for studies involving human subjects.

Twenty eight participants who suffer from COPD were randomly assigned to receive either the EDU or CT treatment, however four participants dropped out of the study leaving the total at the end of the study to twenty four participants. Limitations of the study included the lack of a control group, the small sample size and the fact that only males were included in the study.

What were the Basic Results?
In line with the researcher’s hypothesis improvements were shown in 6MWT, balance, BMC and QOL were shown in both groups after twenty-eight weeks of training. However, at the fourteen week follow up body composition, 6MWT, balance, TEE and QOL were all impaired. The new physical activity program in COPD has overlapping results compared to the traditional combined protocol.

What conclusions can we take this research?
As this was the first randomized study design that explored the effects of a new physical activity education program for COPD patients it provides and alternative method of physical activity. This type of program may be more convenient for patients or their practitioners to engage in. It is my understanding that any exercise that is both safe and client specified is beneficial for COPD patients.

A study conducted in France in 2021 over three years looked at the long-term results of following a maintenance program. The results showed that a maintenance program can extend the benefits of an initial exercise program

Practical Advice
This research provides professional with insight into training programs and the different types of training programs that can be implemented for people of a specific population. The research provides the type of exercise programs and options of what can be included in the sessions. The session also provides a self-reported exertion scale that allows the patients to work towards their individual exertion rates.

Further Information/Resources
1.    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9450-copd-exercise--activity-guidelines

2.    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933612/

3.    https://err.ersjournals.com/content/22/128/178


text: Programming in 1L a/Printable version

title: Programming in 1L a/Printable version


text: Object Oriented Programming/Printable version


text: Z80 Assembly/Printable version

title: Z80 Assembly/Printable version


text: The Pyrogenesis Engine/Printable version


text: PowerPC Assembly/Printable version

title: PowerPC Assembly/Printable version


text: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Printable version

title: TI 83 Plus Assembly/Printable version


text: SPARC Assembly/Printable version

title: SPARC Assembly/Printable version


text: 68000 Assembly/Printable version

title: 68000 Assembly/Printable version


text: 360 Assembly/Printable version

title: 360 Assembly/Printable version


text: Phabricator Administrator's Handbook/Printable version


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Gemei X760+

History
The Gemei 760+ was launched in 2008 at a cost of 599 yuan.

Compute
The system had a processor clocked at 400 megahertz

Onboard storage had a capacity of up to 4 gigabytes.

Multimedia
The handheld sported a 3" color display marketed as a WQVGA (360 x 240 pixels) resolution, though the display reportedly operated at a higher resolution of 480 x 272.

The system also had a television output.

The system had an FM Radio tuner.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Gemei A330

History
The system was released in late 2010.

There are possible connections between the Gemei A330 and the Dingoo A330, owing to their similar hardware and software design, though differing in underlying hardware.

Compute
The Gemei A330 was powered by a ARM11 Architecture CC1800 processor. This processor was factory underclocked from a stock 600 megahertz to a 500 megahertz.

The system had 64 megabytes of RAM.

Multimedia
The console has video only TV out, unusually only supporting audio out via the headphone jack.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/JXD S5100

Launch
This handheld console was launched in 2012. The exact price of the system was unclear, costing either $108, or $130. Regardless of the exact number, this price was low for a handheld of the time, and would have solidly placed the device in the budget market.

On launch the system attracted media attention for having a button layout similar to the Nintendo 3DS XL, while using a more traditional single screen and non-hinged design. Unlike many clone consoles, the execution of this seems to have been well received, with the website Obscure Handhelds calling the design "Slick". Others such as Kotaku Australia dismissed the comparisons to the Nintendo 3DS, instead finding more resemblance in the controller of the Wii U. Others such as the French language edition of Tom's Hardware, noted a similarity to both Nintendo consoles.

Compute
The system used an ARM Cortex A9 architecture AMLogic AML8726 M3 CPU, which is clocked at 1 gigahertz. The system shipped with 512 megabytes of DDR3 RAM, which while not particularly impressive, would have been adequate for the time.

The system shipped with 4 gigabytes of flash storage. This could be expanded via MicroSD card slot, supporting the MicroSDHC standard. This is similar to other budget Android gaming systems of the era.

Hardware
The primary display of the device was fairly large, measuring 5 in with a less impressive resolution of 800 pixels by 480 pixels. This display also doubled as a capacitive touchscreen, acting as an additional input for the device, and capitalizing on the heavy interest in touch based gaming in the early 2010's.

Software
The handheld first shipped with Android 2.3 as an operating system.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Creoqode PYXA

History
The PYXA was launched in 2019 for 99 British pounds.

Technology
The system was capable of operating for around 4 hours with it's 600mAh rechargeable battery.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Asus GameBox

History
The Asus GameBox was a rumored handheld game console, which was intensely speculated on in 2014. The device was generally speculated to be a handheld, though some speculated the device may be a microconsole with a built in display. Little more is known about the device.

Technology
A benchmark leak is the primary source for proported specifications, and little to no official hard information is known.

Compute
The benchmark noted a system based on a NVIDIA Tegra 4 SOC, featuring an ARM Cortex A15 CPU. The system was clocked between 1600 megahertz and 1912 megahertz.

The benchmark listed 2 gigabytes of RAM.

The benchmark listed 8 gigabytes of on device storage capacity.

Hardware
A display with a resolution of 1280 pixels by 720 pixels was used in the benchmark.

Software
The console was speculated to run Android 4.3 as an operating system.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Mad Box

History
In January 2019 Slightly Mad Studios announced the Mad Box as a VR oriented console. Many journalists were initially skeptical of the future of the console.

A trademark dispute occurred in April, 2019.

By late 2019 the console was cancelled, with some speculating that the acquisition of Slightly Mad Studios by Codemasters played a role in the decision.

Technology
The console was to operate at 120 frames per second.

A game engine with multisystem export including to the Mad Box was said to have been in development.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/GameBender

History
On June 7th, 2019 the GameBender console was announced. Funding for the console in part came from the National Science Foundation.

Preorders for the console opened by 2019.

In February of 2020, public beta testing began.

Technology
The console would support augmented reality.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Big O

Development
A soft announcement occurred in July 2019 to commemorate the Origin PC 10 year anniversary, when one off Big O hardware was shown.

Launch
At CES 2020 on January 6th, 2020 the Big O was both announced and launched on the same day by Origin PC with a starting price of $2,499.

Legacy
The timing of the high end system launch was noted as odd, as it was seen as one which would be quickly made obsolete by upcoming console releases.

Technology
The main PC, as well as the integrated Xbox One X and PS4 Pro are liquid cooled.

The PC portion featured a capture card as an official upgrade option, which was seen of as a good choice for console game streamers.

Differences
2019 units incorporated a PS4 Pro, Xbox One X, and a Nintendo Switch dock simultaneously in a single unit with unified power and cooling subsystems. 2020 units were notably more modest, and featured either an equivalent PS4 pro, or an inferior Xbox One S All digital Edition, but one had to be selected from the factory instead of simply containing both. An integral Nintendo Switch dock is omitted from 2020 production units.

2020 Production units and 2019 showcase units use different casing, with 2019 casing being custom, and 2020 casing using smaller commercially available Corsair cases.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Big O


text:
Learning anatomy/Ear

Anatomy
The parts of the ear are:
 * Pinna
 * Ear canal
 * Eardrum
 * Ossicles
 * Hammer
 * Anvil
 * Stirrup
 * Cochlea

Function
When sound waves are made the pinna (auricle) gathers them up and then the sound waves move into the ear canal (external auditory meatus, EAM). The sound waves then vibrate the eardrum (tympanic membrane) which strikes the hammer (malleus) bone which moves the anvil (incus) bone and the stirrup (stapes) bone. The stapes vibrates the liquid that fills the cochlea. The hair cells at the bottom detect the highest sounds. The hair cells in the middle detect lower sounds. The hair cells at the top control the lowest sounds. This gets going to the auditory nerve and then into the brain where you hear the sound.

title: Learning anatomy/Ear


text:
User:Kokomei

My Page

title: User:Kokomei


text:
User:Admazzeo/Collections/Mechanics of Materials

Undergraduate Mechanics of Materials

 * Mechanics of Materials
 * Mechanics of Materials/Introduction to Mechanics of Materials


text:
Wikijunior:Johnny and Jill

This is an early phonics reader to explain the pronunciation of the letter J.

This is Johnny.

Johnny jumps.

Johnny jumps with joy.

Johnny jumps for jelly.

Johnny's sister's name is Janet.

Janet jumps with Johnny.

Jill jumps for jam.

The jelly is in a jar.

The jam is in a jug.

Johnny juggles the jar and the jug.

The jar jumped from his hand.

Oh, no!

Johnny has jelly on his jacket!

title: Wikijunior:Johnny and Jill


text:
WikidataMap user guide/Export DB or Import XML file

Menu: Export / Import
If for example WDM export gets activated a XML file gets created with all your entries from the local DB,

With an installed filemanager from Playstore like Total Commander you can inspect or adapt the file. For the import it is currently important to know that the data gets loaded on top of existing entries in the local db.

If you want to start clean when you import then you first have to delete existing entries in db.

Format of WikidatMap XML
water

water frozen into the solid state

ice

Q23392

06 Sep. 2021 19:56:12

H

Peters water

surname

part of a naming scheme for individuals, used in many cultures worldwide

family name

Q101352

15 Sep. 2021 08:32:45

H

menzel

<query_text>,,l test</query_text>

<wd_desc>English, verb</wd_desc>

<wd_label>test</wd_label>

<wd_id>L397</wd_id>

17 Sep. 2021 20:41:52

H


text:
Wikibooks:How to add previous and next to pages

You will do this in only 2 or 3 steps!

Step 1: Adding links
Do links like Previous page and Next page to show the previous and next pages.

Step 2: Adding a hyphen
Add a hyphen which is -. Let’s go back to the previous links and add a hyphen. It goes between the previous and next pages. Do it like this:

Previous page - Next page

Step 3: Instead of step 1
If part of the section, use /Previous page/ instead of Previous page and /Next page/ instead of Next page.


text:
User:Olugold

Great to be here

title: User:Olugold


text:
Learning anatomy/Nose

Anatomy
The parts of the nose are:
 * Nasion
 * Root
 * Bridge
 * Ala
 * Apex
 * Nostril
 * Columella
 * Nasal cavity
 * Vestibule
 * Olfactory region
 * Respiratory region

Function
The air goes inside the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity warms the air and traps dust particles with tiny hairs and mucous. The smell of things in the air is caused by the olfactory tract which sends signals to the brain about the smell.

title: Learning anatomy/Nose


text:
Human brain

Table of contents
Parts Sensory organs Nerves
 * /Cerebrum/
 * /Cerebellum/
 * /Brainstem/
 * /Eye/
 * /Ear/
 * /Nose/
 * /Epidermis/
 * /Dermis/
 * Hypodermis
 * /Mouth/
 * /Spinal cord/
 * /Nerve/

title: Human brain


text: Category:Book:Human brain

title: Category:Book:Human brain


text: Category:Pages of the human brain book that are also part of the learning anatomy book


text:
Template:Carnatic ascent

 * s r g m | p d | n S |

title: Template:Carnatic ascent


text:
Template:Carnatic descent

/Templates
 * S n d p | m g | r s |

title: Template:Carnatic descent


text:
History of video games/Platforms/PC Classic

Development
The PC Classic was developed by Unit E Technologies, a company located at 3737 Old Georgetown Road in Halethorpe Maryland.

The PC Classic was announced in late 2018 as a mini-console which played PC games from the 1980's and 1990's. $99 was the intended price point of the system.

In 2019 an "End-of-Summer" update was announced, explaining that will IP rights had been acquired, a delay to summer 2020 was needed to finalize hardware and a crowdfunding campaign.

Hiatus
Around July 2021 a comment response was left by the Unit-E Technologies account on their 2019 update video, explaining that the PC Classic had been shelved to focus on older projects which were presently generating revenue, noting that the anticipated crowdfunding campaign had never been launched. Thus while the console has not launched at the time of this writing, no consumer's money was ever taken for the project, avoiding a pitfall common to many crowdfunded projects.

Technology
The system features HDMI output, as well as 3 RCA composite AV jacks.

Prototype units supported Bluetooth wireless connectivity.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/FlarePlay

History
Cox launched FlarePlay as a television gaming service.

References to the FlarePlay service exist as early as August 28th, 2015, with the launch predating that time.

A monthly subscription fee of $9.99 was assessed to FlarePlay subscribers.

The FlarePlay service began ending service at the end of February of 2016 and shuttered completely by May of 2016. With the discontinuation, Cox removed most of it's online presence on its websites, leaving little information remaining about the microconsole.

Technology
Though a subscription service, a dedicated microconsole was required for operation.

Games
More then 100 games were included in the service.


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Source article: De Sousa RA, Azevedo LM, Improta-Caria A, Freitas DA, Leite HR, Pardono E. Type 2 diabetes individuals improve C-reactive protein levels after high-intensity weight lift training. Science & Sports. 2021 Jun 1;36(3):225-31.

Background
The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been well documented over the years,. Lifestyle interventions such as healthy diet, physical exercise and reducing sedentary activities are often considered as the primary methods to lower CVD risks. In the past, traditional aerobic exercise and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) are the preferred training modalities for CVD prevention. However, recent studies have suggested that the use of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) may reap superior benefits.

Up to this day, the focus of such studies has been on traditional HIIT protocols which are mainly characterised by bouts of explosive sprints, jumps, or circuit-based bodyweight works. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on the efficacy of High Intensity Weightlifting (WLT) as an alternative training protocol to reduce CVD risks in T2D population.

Why it matters?
Since the effectiveness of physical exercise in countering CVD heavily depends on continuous adherence, motivation should be one of the main factors to consider in designing an exercise program. Therefore, a training modality is ideally chosen based on each individuals' preference to ensure higher motivation and adherence rate. As such, there is a need to explore other training types beside HIIT or traditional aerobic to provide more options for the population to choose from.

Therefore, through the use of a Randomized Control Trial (RCT), this study aims to explore the potential benefits that High Intensity Weightlifting might offer in relation to reducing CVD risk in T2D population. To assess any metabolic changes, the High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) test is used.

Where is the research from?
The study was published in 2021 as an original research paper in volume 36, issue 4 of Science & Sports, which is an open access peer-reviewed journal in the area of sports and exercise physiology. The experiment was conducted by researchers from 4 universities across Brazil, and was headed by Dr. Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa, who has published 36 research papers and currently undertaking postdoctoral research in the Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri. The rest of the team consists of Ph.D students in relevant fields with 8 to 27 publications each, and can be considered experienced and reliable.

What kind of research was this?
The study is a randomized controlled trial with sample consisted of 40 males who were divided into 4 groups: Healthy Individuals (Control), Individuals with T2D (D), Healthy Individuals with training (HT) and T2D Individuals with training (DT). Control and D groups were not subjected to the high-intensity WLT protocol prescribed to the HT and DT groups. The test subjects are all aged between 45-65 years old and has not exercised regularly within the past 6 months. The control group did not have diabetes or any pathology. In the diabetic groups, the inclusion criteria require the participants to have a clinical diagnosis of T2D for a minimum of 6 months, having no major or micro complications, and are fully capable of performing regular physical activity.

Methods
Prior to the program’s commencement, a period of WLT habituation is prescribed to the HT and DT groups to reduce the risk of injury by stimulating muscular and neural adaptations in the participants. After 1 week, a One Maximum Repetition Test (1RM) is performed to test baseline strength and calculate the intensity of the training load. 2 days before the program begins, blood samples were collected by the median cubital vein (2 mL/individual) to assess the initial level of high sensitivity CRP.

The High-intensity WLT protocol is a 4-week exercise program consisted of 6 exercises performed in this specific order: Bench Press, Triceps Pulley, Rowing Machine, Barbell Curl, Lateral Raise with dumbbells, and Barbell Squat. The sessions are conducted 3 times weekly, with alternating days to allow rest and recovery. All exercise variations are performed for 3 sets of 8 repetitions each, with 80% of 1RM intensity. Each repetition is performed in a controlled motion, with emphasis on both the eccentric and concentric phase of the lift, which amounts to 2 seconds each. The resting time between sets was 1 minute to keep the elevated levels of heart rate.

On the final week, 48 hours after the last session of the program, any changes in strength were measured through the 1RM test. 2 days afterward, the hs-CRP test is again performed on each participant to assess any cardiometabolic changes.

Results
The research found that the DT group had a significant reduction in hs-CRP level after completing the program. However, the same effect was not observed in the HT group (fig.1). Moreover, the DT group also exhibited a greater progress in body mass and blood glucose when compared to the HT group.

Reflecting on the changes in hs-CRP levels, the author concluded that high intensity WLT is an effective training method to reduce the risk of CVD development in middle aged individuals with T2D. This supports the finding from another recent study in similar field, in which 4 weeks of moderate-intensity WLT is reported to yield significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), another biomarker of inflammation. The combined data from both studies serves as powerful evidence of the protective effects that WLT may provide to counter the prevalence of CVD in T2D population.

Nevertheless, since these changes were not replicated in the healthy population, the benefits of high intensity WLT towards CVD prevention may be limited to individuals with T2D. The general population might reap more benefits via the traditional HIIT or MICT, which have been thoroughly studied over the years.

Conclusion
In this study, high intensity WLT has been proven to reduce the level of hs-CRP, a critical biomarker of inflammation which are commonly used to detect CVD risk even in seemingly healthy individual. Moreover, this result occurred only after a relatively brief intervention, indicating that WLT might have more untapped potential in the cardiometabolic context and should be examined further. Overall, high intensity WLT should be considered as an option in designing physical exercise intervention to reduce CVD risk, especially in middle-aged individuals with T2D.

Nevertheless, there are a few limitations to this experiment:

1.      Dietary intake is not taken into consideration during the experimentation.

It is evident that the choice of daily food plays a critical role in the cardiometabolic function of individuals with T2D. When this variable is not properly regulated in the experiment, it may pose a threat as a confounding factor to the validity of the results.

2.      The duration of the experiment might be too short to conclude if the intervention had any lasting impact on the hs-CRP level.

The hs-CRP test measures a slight, but prolonged elevation in the levels of plasma CRP to assess a chronic inflammation in the body. In common practice, these tests are to be taken 2 weeks apart, and the mean level is calculated to determine abnormality. However, in the experiment, the CRP levels were only measured 2 days before and after the training program. To conclude whether the program had any lasting changes in CRP level, there is a need to add another 2 weeks to the exercise intervention.

Practical advice
Weightlifting, when performed at high intensity, is a great tool for individuals with Type 2 Diabetes to improve their cardiovascular health. Moreover, it also provides benefits in terms of muscular strength and hypertrophy, blood glucose, and hypotensive effects. A general breakdown of the training protocol is:

1.      Volume: 3 days/week, consisting of 6 exercise variation/training day, which alternates between compound and isolation exercises.

2.      Sets, Repetitions, and intensity: 3 sets of 8 repetitions, 80% of 1 RM. Emphasis on proper form via controlled concentric and eccentric phases.

3.      Rest Period: 1 minute between sets

Further information/resources

 * CRP:    https://labtestsonline.org/tests/c-reactive-protein-crp
 * Hs-CRP:    https://labtestsonline.org/tests/high-sensitivity-c-reactive-protein-hs-crp
 * CRP    in CVD treatment: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04672?free=2
 * Diabetes    & CVD: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/heart-health-education/diabetes-and-heart-disease
 * Diabetes    & CVD: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-heart.html
 * Resistance    Training & Blood Pressure: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270306/


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Tamagotchi Smart

History
A full launch was planned for November 23rd, 2021. This release was planned for Japan for the 25th anniversary of Tomogotchi.

Technology
Physical keys called TamaSma cards could be used to unlock content.

The system has a color touchscreen.

The system has a built in microphone.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Circuit Gem

Launch
Preorders were available by 2018.

Preorders were again available by the end of December 2020, with a cost of $235 and an estimated 2 month lead time.

Lead times would later be reduced to 4-6 weeks, with prices ranging from $215 to $310.

Legacy
A revision of the Circuit Gem electronics would later be used in the handheld console the Gem Boy Zero.

Compute
The device shipped with 32 gigabytes of removable storage.

RetroPie was the default operating system.

Multimedia
A color IPS LCD with a resolution of 240 by 240 pixels is used. This is somewhat unusual, and makes this console one of the few to use a 1:1 aspect ratio.

Despite it's small size, the device includes a speaker.

Hardware
The Circuit Gem includes a rechargeable LiPo battery with a capacity of 750mAh.

Construction
Every unit was "custom made". The Circuit Gem reused the casing of a Dreamcast VMU. The unit had L & R buttons added to it.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Tomy Tutor

Launch
The Tommy Tutor was launched in Japan in 1983.

An attempt was made to market the system in the USA, with Sarah Purcell acting as a spokeswoman in some marketing materials. These materials emphasized the ease of use of the system.

Legacy
The computer is remembered for being fairly sturdy, and good for both education and games.

Noted game developer Masahiro Sakurai recounted using some publicly available Tommy Tutors in Maicon stores as a youth when he was out of allowance money.

This game console was mentioned in episode 11 of the 2020 anime Tonikawa: Over the Moon for You.

Technology
While the specifications of the Tutor are often compared to some Texas Instruments computers, design differences make them quite differences in practice.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Apple Watch

Launch
In 2014 the Apple Watch was announced, launching later in 2015.

Role in gaming history
While gaming was never a focus for the device, some tenacious game developers sought to make their mark on the platform, with some early developers anticipating a boom in the smartwatch gaming market similar to the smartphone gaming market.

Some game developers saw a different utility for the Apple Watch, instead using it as a second display for mobile phone games with companion apps.

Watch Quest!
Watch Quest was an entry related to the Shantae Series developed exclusively for the Apple Watch.

Cosmos Rings
Cosmos Rings was a minimalist role playing game made by Square Enix exclusively for the Apple Watch.

Pocket Bandit
Safe cracking game, making use of the watch crown as a control method.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Evercade VS

Development
The Evercade VS was announced on April 23rd, 2021 as a home console version of the Evercade handheld. Pre-orders opened on May 23rd, 2021.

The release date of the console was initially set for November 3rd, 2021. In October of 2021 the system release was delayed to December 2021 in Europe, and January 14th, 2022 in Canada and the United States of America.

Hardware
Four USB ports are used for controller ports. First party and third party controllers could be used.

Packaging
The system was shipped without a power supply or HDMI cable.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/nD

History
The nD handheld game console was announced by Robert Pelloni in March of 2011.

Early news reports said that the nD cost $10 to produce and would be sold at $10. Later reports said that the nD was said to cost $20 to produce, and would be sold to consumers at $20 (Being sold "At cost"). While such a cost was quite low for a new handheld at the time, the at cost model was somewhat conservative given the common practice at the time of selling consoles at a loss.

At the time of the initial announcements, many media outlets were both impressed by the stated claims of the console, but just as skeptical the nD would actually be launched.

Compute
A 400 megahertz ARM CPU was to power the nD. The CPU would have been housed in a system on a chip.

The system would have had either 16 megabytes or 32 megabytes of RAM.

Hardware
The system was to have a backlit LCD with a resolution of 320 pixels by 240 pixels at "16 bits", possibly referring to color bit depth.

The console could connect to a PC via a USB cable.

Wi-Fi was noted as being supported by the nD.

A rechargable battery would provide power to the system. The USB port was also used to charge the system, which was also stated to be to encourage users to update their device frequently and connect online.

Software
The nD was said to run Linux and support SDL.

The nD would have supported an App Store, where developers would have had a generous 90% of the cut.

Bob's Game
Bob's Game was to be preloaded on the system as a launch title.

Read more about Bob's Game on Wikipedia.

Pledged Games
At least 10 indie games were pledged to be ported to the system.
 * Centoid 2
 * Cyber Stream
 * FleshCleaner: The Eve
 * Fields of Fresh
 * Forehead Block Guy
 * Kyrodian Legends
 * Super Plusha
 * Space Defender Xirion
 * Snow Sports
 * Unnanounced

title: History of video games/Platforms/nD


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Sony Prototype TV Game Machine

Development
This prototype was made sometime in the 1970's, with little more known about the console.

Legacy
The system was displayed in an exhibition from 2004 to 2005.

This simple existence of this console prototype is notable, as it demonstrates an interest in the game console market prior to Sony's partnership with Nintendo.

Technology
The system had dimensions of 280mm by 135mm by 370mm.

The system accepted some kind of cartridge or similar device.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Unu

Development
The unu began development as the Snakebyte gamepad / Snakebyte eins.

Launch
Sunflex opened preorders for the Unu hybrid tablet and dockable game console in October 2013.

The launch date for the console was in November 2013.

Technology
The system has a quad core CPU clocked at 1.6 gigahertz.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Unu


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Razer Switchblade

History
The Razer Switchblade was a concept gaming oriented netbook demonstrated in 2011.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Razer Edge

History
The Razer Edge gaming tablet was demonstrated at CES 2013.

Technology
The Razer Edge shipped with Ran Windows 8.

A controller grip accessory attached to the tablet.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Xtreamer Multi-Console

History
The console was launched on the 15th of January, 2014.

Compute
The system is powered by a quad core Rockchip RK3188 ARM Cortex A9 processor clocked at 1.6 gigahertz.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Taito Egret Mini II

Background
The Egret II mini is a miniature version of the Egret II arcade machine from the 1990's.

The system was set to launch on the 2nd of March 2022 in Japan.

An international release was scheduled for 2022.

Technology
The screen for the system can be rotated.

The system includes an SD card slot.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Sega Astro City Mini

American release
There was a limited release of 3,500 systems in the United States of America on March 26th, 2021 at a cost of $129.99. These systems had English language packaging, though some games were not localized.

Multimedia
A 16:9 LCD is used with a resolution of 800 by 480 pixel and a size of 3.9 inches.

The system supports HDMI output.

Hardware
A microswitch based joystick is used.

The system has two USB type A ports.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Gem Boy Zero

History
The Gem Boy Zero was announced around September 15th, 2021. The console was developed to avoid the need to destructively harvest Dreamcast VMU shells, as was done for the base Circuit Gem.

Technology
The system is based on a Raspberry Pi Zero used in conjunction with a custom PCB updated from the prior Circuit Gem.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Namco Museum Mini Player

Development
The system was developed by the company "My Arcade" in collaboration with Bandai Namco.

Launch
The system was launched on June 24th, 2019, at an MSRP of $99.99.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Bootleg

Background
Bootleg is an open source game console standard based on Raspberry Pi, differentiated primarily by custom software.

Technologies
The Bootleg was designed to run on a Raspberry Pi 4b 8 gigabyte model.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Sony Toio

Background
While very unorthodox, some outlets have described the Sony Toio robotics kit as a game console of sorts.

Technology
The system was explicitly designed to have controls more developed then a direction pad.


text: Category:Book:Proto-Turkic/Templates

title: Category:Book:Proto-Turkic/Templates


text:
Template:Proto-Turkic/Light blue

 A sample text

title: Template:Proto-Turkic/Light blue


text:
Human brain/Cerebrum

Anatomy
The cerebrum is made up of 4 lobes: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
 * Frontal lobe
 * Parietal lobe
 * Occipital lobe
 * Temporal lobe

Function
The cerebrum controls our thinking and our muscles. It stores all memories.

title: Human brain/Cerebrum


text:
Template:Learning anatomy logo

This is the logo for Learning anatomy.

title: Template:Learning anatomy logo


text:
Template:Human brain logo

This is the logo of the Human brain book.

title: Template:Human brain logo


text:
Template:Printable/test

Test version

title: Template:Printable/test


text:
Talk:Hoover Dam Infrastructure Casebook

{{subst:Query notice|Hoover Dam Infrastructure Casebook|Dear Wikibooks Administrators and Moderators, please do not delete this Casebook? This is our term project for the class we are taking. Our assignemnet is to make a Wikibook case book about the Hoover Dam Infrastructure Project. We're still working on it. Its my group's first time using Wikibooks and we're looking forward to getting this assignment completed and do really well in this course. Llakew (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 18 September 2021 (UTC)}

Potentially useful
I think this Wikibook may be potentially useful to those studying infrastructure, provided it is fully developed by the authors eventually. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 21:48, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hoover Dam Infrastructure Casebook


text:
User:MandoRachovitsa

Dr Mando Rachovitsa is an Assistant Professor of International Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Groningen (The Netherlands)

title: User:MandoRachovitsa


text:
History of video games/Platforms/TurboGrafx 16 mini

History
The PC Engine Mini saw a Japanese release on the 19th of March, 2020.

The initial release date of the console in North America had also been the 19th of March, 2020. However, due to manufacturing and logistics delays caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the TurboGrafx-16 Mini was released in North America on the 22nd of May 2020 for $99.99 USD.

A CoreGrafx mini was planned for the European market.

Technology
The system uses the Zuiki Z7213.

The system was noted to be large compared to other retro revival "mini" consoles of the era.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Sega Genesis Mini

History
The Sega Genesis Mini was released at a cost of $80 US dollars on the 19th of September, 2019, making it among the final console launches of the decade.

The Sega Genesis Mini was followed by the Mega Drive Mini 2.

Technology
The system uses the Zuiki Z7213.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/SlimPort Nano Console

Background
The SlimPort Nano Console was a device aimed at allowing smartphones to stream to displays, and included a version as a "Gamer Pack".

Technology
The device is noted for it's comparatively low latency.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/HG Series

Background
The HG501 and the HG503 were handheld gaming consoles used in the US prison system. The HG503 cost $35.

Development
These consoles were developed by Clear-Tunes.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda

History
The device was first unveiled to the public at the E3 Nintendo Direct in 2021.

The console was set for a release date of the 12th of November, 2021.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Creoqode LYRA

History
A kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the LYRA started in 2019. By July 26th, 2019 the funding target for the console was met.

Technology
The system is based around a Raspberry Pi 3 Compute Module (CM3L).


text:
History of video games/Platforms/microByte

Development
A Spanish company, Byte-Mix-Labs, developed the microByte.

Compute
An Espressif Systems ESP32-WROVER-E dual core processor clocked at 240 megahertz powers the system.

Hardware
The system has a data enabled USB-C port.

Software
LVGL is used for system software.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Polymega

Announcement
The RetroBlox console was announced around February 2017, attracting attention from gaming media outlets due to its use of a modular design. On May 30th 2017, RetroBlox was renamed Polymega.

In September of 2018 preorders for the system were opened.

Manufacturing took place in Myanmar following an agreement with Highway Holdings Limited. This was disrupted by ongoing events there in 2021.

In 2019 the Libretro project announced a CD streaming support project, making a purported reference to the Polymega in their announcement when doing so.

Launch
The Polymega was launched on September 12th, 2021. Reviewers generally gave the system a positive reception, noting some slight issues at launch.

In late November 2021 a Nintendo 64 expansion module was announced.

Compute
The compute capabilities of the Polymega were moderate at the time of release, being comparable to an entry level personal computer of the time. This provided enough power to easily emulate most fifth generation home console games. This fact, when coupled with a publicly stated intent not to provide support for sixth generation consoles, made the otherwise modest capabilities of the system more then adequate for task it was given.

A 2 core Intel Coffee Lake Series S G4900T clocked at 2.9 gigahertz is used as the CPU of the Polymega. This chip also provides Intel UHD Graphics 610. An earlier interview indicated a 3.2 gigahertz CPU clockspeed.

2 gigabytes of DDR4 are used for the RAM of the console.

Hardware
The system has a modular design. This modularity is a defining feature of the console, and one that set it apart from similar retro game consoles at the time of release.

Another distinct feature for a retro focused console was the inclusion of an optical disk drive for compatibility with optical media based consoles.

The system supported a number of conventional controllers, as well as a light gun that worked with flat screen television sets. This was a significant feature, as traditional light guns were often only compatible with CRT displays, and incompatible with the LCD panels which were commonplace by 2021.

Software
The Polymega uses a Linux based operating system. Playmaji claimed their configuration of Linux would offer superior results compared to traditional Linux distributions. A proprietary UI, dubbed "Codename Richter" is used. Richter is a possible reference to Richter Belmont of the Castlevania series, as an official post concerning system update preview 1.1.0 included a picture of Richter in the post header.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Unnamed Amazon Game Console

History
In August of 2013 rumors circulated of an Amazon game console were circulating, which were apparently credible enough to be discussed by several news outlets.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Aya Neo

History
Crowdfunding for the console started in mid-2021.

A special "Retro Power" edition was eventually released.

Technology
The system uses an AMD Renoir APU, the Ryzen 5 4500U.


text:
Using an Abacus/Basic concepts

When humans gathered in groups large enough for barter or trade operations to acquire some importance, the need arose for basic accounting which in turn required being able to count up to high numbers, perform basic arithmetic operations and keep a permanent record of transactions. Thus both arithmetic and writing seem to have a common origin in this need.

As for the basic arithmetic operations, “these seem to have been carried out universally using an abacus of some kind” and perhaps the first historical testimony of its use is found in the proto-cuneiform character: SANGA, which appeared as part of the signature of Sumerian scribes on clay tablets some 5000 years ago and which the Assyriologists identify with such a device.

What is an abacus?
An abacus is a tool or instrument in which numbers are physically represented in a way that allows them to be manipulated to mechanically simulate arithmetic operations.

In an abacus, the numbers are represented by "counters" or "tokens" (pebbles, seeds, shells, coins and the like, rods, etc.) to which a numerical value is assigned. The counters do not have to be all identical or have the same assigned value. To represent a number we arrange together the necessary counters on a table or any suitable surface in a similar way to how we would take a series of coins to reach a certain amount of money; it is the same process.

Addition is simulated by gathering the sets of counters representing the two addends, while subtraction is simulated by removing from the set of counters representing the minuend a set of counters representing the subtrahend. Consider the simplest case in which we only use identical counters with an assigned value of one.

In the image above we have arranged four counters of value one to represent the number 4 (left-a), after attaching another three counters (left-b) representing the number 3 we have a representation of the number 7 (left-c); that is, the sum 4 + 3. Similarly, if we start from the representation of the number 7 (right-a) and remove a set of counters that represent the number 4 (right-b), what remains on the table is three or the result of the subtraction: 7-4 ( right-c).

Please note that to perform the above operations it is not necessary to know anything about the addition or subtraction tables, in particular you do not need to know that 4 + 3 = 7 or 7 - 4 = 3, you only need to know how to manipulate the counters; on the contrary, it is the abacus that will allow you to "discover" that the result of 4 + 3 is 7 and that of 7 - 4 is 3! This is an essential point about the use of the abacus that we will return to in the chapter Addition and Subtraction.

It is commonly considered that in Arithmetic there are four fundamental operations: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, and that any other calculation (e.g. obtaining a square root) ultimately reduces to a sequence of these four fundamental operations. But multiplication can be considered as a repeated addition in the same way that a division can be considered as a repeated subtraction, so that any arithmetic calculation is ultimately reduced to a sequence of addition and subtraction (and, going further from a modern perspective, addition and subtraction are just two aspects of the same additive composition law of numbers). Therefore, with an abacus, any arithmetic calculation can be performed in principle. But this would be extremely difficult or perhaps impossible without a few refinements to our rudimentary abacus.

With the abacus used above (only identical counters with assigned value one), it is evident that if we start working with progressively larger numbers, our table (abacus) will be cluttered with counters, making their use and interpretation impractical. We need a way to reduce the number of physical objects, counters, to manipulate and keep it within some limits that are comfortable for us. There are a couple of solutions:

 * Using physically different counters with different assigned values. It is the most primitive system, already used by the Sumerians more than 5000 years ago ... and still used today since the use of coins and banknotes of different nominal values in any current monetary system corresponds perfectly with this concept of abacus.
 * Define spatial regions in our table (abacus) so that a counter represents one value or another according to the region it occupies.

Let's look at an example. In the figure above we have added 7 + 7 (a and b) with our primitive abacus, and 14, the result, is shown as a cluttered table full of counters (c). We can replace some of these counters with a physically different one that has a higher value assigned, for example 10 (the replacement value). With this, the state of our abacus is easier to interpret (d), it has been simplified as 10 1-counters have been replaced by only one 10-counter.

Alternatively, we can consider the abacus divided into two spatial regions and use identical counters to which we will associate one value or another according to the region in which we place it. At (e) in the figure above, the abacus has been divided into two regions, left and right separated by the double vertical line. If we assign a value of one to the counters located on the right and 10 to the ones located on the left, the number 14 would be represented as illustrated. This way of proceeding is preferable to the previous one since we can repeat the process, defining as many regions as we need with the replacement values that suit us, allowing us to represent arbitrarily large numbers with counters of a single type, for example, in (f) we have depicted 114 using three regions and two replacement values of 10; we only needed 6 counters. We are witnessing here the birth of Positional notation.

Before continuing, it is convenient to indicate that there are two main types of abacos:

 * Free-counters or Table Abacus: The counters are independent and are normally kept apart in a box or bag and are placed or removed from the table as needed. It is the most primitive type and the one that we have considered here so far.
 * Fixed-Bead Abacus: The counters, called beads in this context, are always present, integrated into a frame and can be slid from an inactive position to an active one along grooves, rails, strings, wires or rods. This is the most sophisticated, portable, compact type that allows a faster calculation and, as we will see, the eastern abacus to which this book is dedicated is of this type.

Now we can mention the Russian Abacus (Schoty), the Iranian Abacus (Chortkeh) and the School Abacus as examples of fixed bead abacos that conform to what we have explained so far. Both consist of a wooden frame with horizontally arranged wires along which ten beads are strung in the case of the Russian abacus and nine in the Iranian abacus. The beads can slide from an inactive position (right) to an activated position (left) and each wire represents one of the regions mentioned above, with a replacement value of 10, so that a bead in each of the wires has a associated value ten times higher than that of the beads on the immediately lower wire.

These abaci have everything necessary to allow arithmetic operations with numbers expressed in decimal notation: several rods to represent successive powers of ten and 9 beads to represent the digits from 0 to 9 (for convenience, the Russian abacus has one more bead than is strictly necessary). You can try a Russian abacus model  at this link.

But we still need one last refinement to fully understand the East Asian abacus.

Subitizing is the rapid, accurate, and confident judgments of numbers performed for small numbers of items. We can make such a judgment if the number of objects to be counted is 4 or 5 at most; from there, we will have to invest time in counting. In the Russian and Iranian abacos we have 9 or 10 beads per rod, so the reading of the number represented may be beyond the subitization limit. This is alleviated by using beads of two different colors as illustrated in the previous images, but there are also a couple of additional techniques that not only allow us to stay within the limits of subitization but also reduce the number of beads needed in the abacus.

In the upper image (a) we have the number 18 represented in two regions (rods); one of them contains 8 counters that are above the subitization limit. To simplify the reading of the abacus we can:

 * Use a different type of counter with a replacement value of, for example, five (b).
 * Subdivide the regions or rods into two zones: one in which a counter takes the value one and the other in which it takes the value five (c,d).

In either case, we do not need to have more than four identical counters per region to be able to represent numbers in decimal notation, so we are guaranteed the fast reading of the abacus. When using 5 as the second replacement value, we are using a bi-quinary decimal notation for numbers. Examples of both solutions are counting rods and the eastern abacus.

Counting rods
Counting rods were a table type abacus or free counters abacus in which the counters were small rods of wood, bamboo, bone, etc. that were arranged on a flat surface, using a checkerboard or not. By the way, this abacus that dominated Chinese mathematics for at least 14 centuries and Japanese mathematics (Wasan) until the Meiji restoration, is probably the most versatile that has ever existed, although unfortunately it is also very slow to handle.

In the figure above (a) we use vertically arranged rods as counters of value one to represent the number 18. In (b) we use a horizontally arranged rod as a counter of value five and in (c) we use a more compact rod arrangement with alternation of orientation or not depending on whether we use a smooth table or a checkerboard (see details in Wikipedia). Digits from 1 to 9 are represented as:

Zero was represented by an empty cell on the checkerboard or by a space or other object (for example, a Go token) on the table. For example, the number 1547 would be expressed:

It is interesting to mention that this is the only abacus that is known to use the orientation of the counters to assign them one value or another; but we find a parallel to this concept, if not a precedent, many centuries before the appearance of counting rods in the Babylonian numerals used to write numbers in sexagecimal notation. Each sexagesimal digit was constituted by a series of vertical impressions of the edge of a reed stylus on the fresh clay tablet with unit value (,, , , ..., ), and impressions made with the stylus turned 45 degrees or more in an anticlockwise direction of value 10. The Decimal number 1547 is expressed in sexagesimal in the form 25:47, where "25" and "47" are two sexagesimal digits written as: and

The very appearance of these digits suggests their immediate representation in a table abacus using counting rods.

The Eastern Abacus
The second solution is the one adopted both in the Roman abacus and the abacuses that appeared in China.

While a few examples of Roman abacus such as the one in the figure are known, where the beads slide along grooves, nothing is known for certain about the origin of the eastern abacus. A confusing phrase from the Shushu Jiyi (術數紀遺) of Xu Yue (徐岳), which perhaps dates from the 2nd century, is often quoted as describing a computing device that we could identify with an abacus and that has been interpreted in different ways as in the above figure (a). In this interpretation of a first Chinese abacus as a table abacus, the central part is divided into a series of columns with two parts; the upper one would assign a value of 5 to each bead and the lower one a value of 1, while the inactive (unused) beads wait scattered above and below the central part.

It is unknown when the abacus of beads strung along rods appeared, but when this abacus replaced the use of counting rods throughout the 16th century it did not have four lower beads and one upper one like the Roman abacus (we will refer to this disposition as a 4 + 1 type abacus) but five in the lower part and two in the upper part (5 + 2 type abacus), separated by a horizontal beam. The additional beads, not necessary for the calculation with decimal numbers, were introduced for convenience to adapt the calculation algorithms that had been developed with the counting rods to the abacus. Historically, the four types of abacus described in the figure below have been used.

Symbolically, the upper and lower areas of the abacus have been designated Heaven (天, Tiān in Chinese, Ten in Japanese) and Earth (地, De in Chinese, Chi in Japanese).

In this book we will focus on the use of the 4 + 1 type abacus or modern abacus, following what we will call the modern abacus method. If you have understood the principles on which any abacus is based and you learn to use the modern abacus, you will have no difficulty in imagining how you can use any other type of abacus, at least for elementary operations of addition and subtraction. This could include, why not? the following abacus for sexagesimal calculations conjectured by Woods as the Babylonian abacus based on what we know about mathematics in Mesopotamia ... and the mistakes the scribes made!

Finally, if after achieving some experience with the modern abacus following this book you want to know about the traditional techniques and the use of the 5 + 2 abacus, you can continue with the book: Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic.

Soroban Trainer
If you are interested in trying the abacus but do not have an abacus yet, you can use the JavaScript application: Soroban Trainer

 * You can run it directly from GitHub in your browser
 * or you can download it to your computer from the repository on GitHub.

It may be used as an 4+1, 5+1 or 5+2 type abacus.

title: Using an Abacus/Basic concepts


text:
History of video games/Platforms/GPD Win Max

Technology
Due to the powerful components used by the system, fans were used for air cooling.

The system weighs 850 g.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/GamePop series

History
The GamePop and GamePop mini pursued an interesting economic model, where the device was distributed for free with a one year subscription to a service.

Technology
The GamePop consoles were based on Android.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Cary42

History
The Cary42 was made by artist Love Hultén as an art console around late 2017. The system cost 2,599 Euros, or around $3,000 US Dollars at the time.

50 consoles were made.

Compute
The system has 16 gigabytes of storage built in to host 100 built in games. Storage and games were expandable via a USB port.

Electronics
The system includes a 12" liquid crystal display.

The system is powered with a DC power supply rated at 12 volts.

Hardware
The casing of the system is made of American walnut wood.

The system weighs 3 kg.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Cary42


text:
History of video games/Platforms/R-Kaid-6

History
The R-Kaid-6 was made by artist Love Hultén as an art console.

Technology
The R-Kaid-6 consists of an elevated hexagonal wooden box, with a lowered top for storing controllers.


text:
Using an Abacus/Close-up of the eastern abacus

Description of the Eastern abacus
An abacus consists of the following parts made of wood, bamboo, metal, plastic, etc.:

 * A rectangular frame.
 * The frame supports a variable (odd) number (from 9 to 27) of rods parallel to its shorter sides along which the beads are strung.
 * A bar or beam, parallel to the longer sides of the frame, divides the abacus and the rods into two desks: a narrower upper one, the  Heaven , and a wider one below, the Earth.
 * Beads of the upper region of the rods (the upper beads) to which a value of 5 is assigned when they are activated.
 * Beads of the lower region of the rods (the lower beads) to which a value of 1 is assigned when they are activated.
 * Some modern abacos may include a reset button to return the beads to their inactive position (see below).
 * 23 rods soroban with reset button.jpg Modern abacuses also usually present some type of unit rod marks every three rods to facilitate the alignment of numbers as well as the reading of them. They are convenient for abacus with a high number of rods (17-27) but are not essential. For some it is a nuisance.

Active and inactive beads
The beads are considered inactive while they are separated from the central bar or beam. The abacus in the following figure has been reset or cleared and all of its beads are inactive. All bars can be considered to have been filled with zeros.

When we move the beads towards the central bar we consider them active and then they acquire the assigned value 5 (the upper ones) or 1 (the lower ones). This is what allows us to represent numbers. With a modern 4 + 1 abacus we can form exactly the ten digits from 0 to 9 necessary to perform calculations with decimal numbers, and these digits have a unique representation.

But with a traditional 5 + 2 abacus, and using the suspended bead, we can represent numbers up to 20 on each rod.

Note the use of the suspended bead for numbers from 15 to 20. Also note that the numbers 5, 10 and 15 can be represented in two different ways: using the fifth lower bead or not. This fact may be used to simplify addition and subtraction operations a bit. If you are interested in the details of use of a traditional abacus consult the book: Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic

Resetting the abacus
After finishing a calculation and before starting a new one, it will be necessary to reset the abacus to its cleared state.

 * If your abacus has a reset button, simply press it and you will have your abacus ready for new use.
 * With a modern Japanese style abacus (soroban, with biconical beads) this is achieved in a very fast and effective way. Simply tilt the abacus towards you until all the beads drop to their lowest position and return the abacus to its usual position on the table. Then use the nail of your right index finger to push the top beads upward with a flick of your finger from left to right just above the center beam.
 * With a traditional Chinese style abacus (suanpan with ellipsoidal beads) the above maneuver may not work properly, but if the abacus is large enough there is another procedure that represents a small skill challenge interesting in itself:
 * Take the abacus with both hands by the short sides of the frame and tilt it towards you about 45 degrees until the beads fall down.
 * From that position and without moving your forearms, force a sharp rotation to the abacus to the horizontal position with a twist of the wrists. If the axis of rotation defined by your wrists passes through the highest of the lower beads, the centrifugal force will drive the upper beads to their inactive position.
 * Put the abacus back on the table.
 * You will probably need some time to perfect this technique.

 * Finally, if all of the above fails, as a last resort you can use the fingers of your hand like a broom to sweep the beads into their inactive position.

Moving the beads
Until late 19th century Japan, no ancient author ever bothered to write how beads should be handled; but surely the technique was transmitted orally.

To begin with, let's say that modern abacuses are so light that you need to hold them with your left hand to stabilize them and prevent them from shifting on the table when handling the beads. This could have disastrous consequences if that displacement induces the movement of other beads than the ones we want to move. By comparison, other traditional abacos are so heavy that they remain stable on their own, allowing you to use your left hand for other purposes, such as following a list of numbers in a ledger. Furthermore, you can use the abacus as a paperweight to stabilize a stack of invoices, etc.

And yet, in some countries it is taught to manipulate the beads using both hands. But we will use only the right hand for this purpose.

Which fingers to use
For modern abacuses with a rod length of approximately 6 cm (2.4 inches) it is recommended to use two fingers: the thumb and the index finger of the right hand. But some very experienced masters only use the index finger...
 * Use your index finger to move the upper beads up and down and to move the lower beads down.
 * Use your thumb to move the lower beads up.

For larger traditional abacuses, three fingers should be used: thumb, index and middle finger of the right hand.

 * Use your middle finger to move the upper beads up and down.
 * Use your index finger to move the lower beads down.
 * Use your thumb to move the lower beads up

Combined movements
When the operation affects both upper and lower beads, try to follow the rules in the table below. Some movements can be done simultaneously and others must be done in rapid succession in the order indicated.

Exercises

 * Enter digits 1 to 9 from left to right anywhere on your abacus (modern or traditional) using the above rules.

 * {| cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center"

 * + Write caption here!
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 1
 * 2
 * 3
 * 4
 * 5
 * 6
 * 7
 * 8
 * 9
 * }
 * then, clear them from left to right also using the above rules.
 * }
 * then, clear them from left to right also using the above rules.

 * Enter three or more consecutive sixes from left to right and wipe them in rapid succession from left to right.

 * {| cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center"

!A !B !C
 * + Write caption here!
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 30px
 * 6
 * 6
 * 6
 * }
 * 6
 * }

 * This exercise should be repeated daily a few times until you are able to do it almost without looking at the abacus.