text:
Semantic Web/Semantic Web Applications

Semantic Web Applications
Unfortunately, the Semantic Web is dissimilar in many ways from the World Wide Web, including that you can't just point people to a Web site for them to realise how it's working, and what it is. However, there have been a number of small-scale Semantic Web applications written up. One of the best ones is Dan Connolly's Arcs and Nodes diagrams experiment:-

"One of the objectives of the advanced development component of the Semantic Web activity is to demonstrate how RDF and Semantic Web technologies can be applied to the W3C Process to increase efficiency, reliability, etc. In the early stages of developing an RDF model of the W3C process, the tools I was using to visualize the model while working on it started working well enough that I started applying them to all sorts of stuff."

Of course, this is a rather demonstration-oriented Semantic Web project, but it does illustrate the feasibility of applications being easily built using Semantic Web toolkits.

Another good example of the Semantic Web at work is Dan Brickley et al.'s RDFWeb. RDFWeb is a RDF database-driven hypermedia blogspace, a site where all information is stored as RDF, and then that RDF used to render XHTML. Plans are underway to incorporate more advanced Semantic Web principles into the site. What Can I Do To Help?

There are many ways in which one can contribute to creating the Semantic Web. Here's a few of them:-

* Publish some globally useful data in RDF. * Write an inference engine in the language of your choice. * Spread the word: do some education and outreach. * Help in the development of RDF Schema and/or DAML. * Contribute in representing state in RDF, a rather neglected field of research. * Apply your own development backgrounds to the Semantic Web, give us all a new angle to consider it from. * Instead of using some proprietary system for your next application, consider making it a Semantic Web project instead.

There are many other ways in which one can help as well: ask in the community for more details. What Now? Further Reading

As of 2001-09, the amount of Semantic Web Education and Outreach materials can only really be described as "pitiful" (hence this introduction, for a start). Here's a short list of some of the good primers and materials currently available, in no particular order:-

* http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/Primer (Getting Into RDF & Semantic Web Using N3) * http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic (Semantic Web Roadmap) * http://purl.org/swag/whatIsSW (What Is The Semantic Web?) * http://uwimp.com/eo.htm (Semantic Web Primer) * http://logicerror.com/semanticWeb-long (Semantic Web Introduction - Long) * http://www.scientificamerican.com/2001/0501issue/0501berners-lee.html (SciAm: The Semantic Web) * http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2001/03/07/buildingsw.html (Building The Semantic Web) * http://infomesh.net/2001/06/swform/ (The Semantic Web, Taking Form) * http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity (SW Activity Statement) * http://www.w3.org/2000/01/sw/ (SWAD)

For more information, all the latest news etc., Dave Beckett's Resource Description Framework (RDF) Resource Guide is absolutely brilliant.

Many Semantic Web and RDF developers hang out on the RDF IG IRC chatroom, on irc.openprojects.net, #rdfig.

title: Semantic Web/Semantic Web Applications


text:
What is Communism/Class Struggle

Class struggle refers to the tension felt between different economic classes, particularly between the lower classes (often referred to as the proletariat), and the middle and upper class (often referred to as the bourgeoisie).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: What is Communism/Class Struggle


text:
What is Communism/History of Communism- how people tried to achieve a communist society

The Communist Manifesto
In 1858 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

Russian Revolution
In 1917 political upheval in Russia leads to the foundation of the first major nation governed by a communist party.


text:
What is Communism/Class Consciousness

Class consciousness refers to the ability of a person to recognize their class status in society.

title: What is Communism/Class Consciousness


text:
Somali/Dialects

The Somali language has a number of dialects including:
 * Northern Somali
 * Northern Somali
 * Darod
 * Lower Juba Northern Somali
 * Ashraaf
 * Banaadir
 * Digil
 * May

title: Somali/Dialects


text:
World Heritage Sites/Minaret of Jam

The Minaret of Jam is located in Shahrak District, Ghor Province in western Afghanistan. It is 65 meters tall. It was built around 1190 AD. It is made of intricately decorated baked bricked.

title: World Heritage Sites/Minaret of Jam


text:
World Heritage Sites/Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites

Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites is a UNESCO World Heritage Site mainly consisting of Nelson's Dockyard located on the island of Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda. Nelson's Dockyard is a well-preserved dockyard built by the British in the 1700s.


text:
Talk:LMIs in Control

This book's content is really well developed, but it completely lacks the structure of a book. If you compare it to Control_Systems it is clear that this book would benefit from having a Table of Contents, pdf version, and a header in all articles to help navigating through the articles/chapters. All that would improve the user experience (UX). Also, in Control_Systems they have a to-do chapter on Control Systems/Linear Matrix Inequalities, which is exactly what we have here, so we could either merge this there or make people there aware that there is already a well developed book on that.

I made a pdf. Its not perfect, but better than no pdf at all. If you want to improve it you can work with https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 16:37, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:LMIs in Control


text:
User:Mannesdanielle

Health, Disease and Exercise Wiki Assignment

Notes:

title: User:Mannesdanielle


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy

This is an analysis of the journal article "Participation predictors for leisure-time physical activity intervention in children with cerebral palsy" by Reedman et al. (2021).

This was written as an assessment item for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, 2021.

What is the background to this research?
(CP) is an overarching term for a collection of disorders that stem from disturbances to the brain in the period of development. While some reports show that children tend to have low levels of participation in physical activity (PA); in comparison with typically developing children, those with CP display even less involvement, lower intensities, and less activity diversity. To combat the general lack of PA there are a range of strategies to boost involvement, however, interventions directed at children with CP tend to focus on improving motor skills or fitness levels, without taking the child’s unique barriers into account.

Typical barriers encountered include  :
 * Access to suitable facilities and/or programmes
 * Attitudes of others
 * Relationships with peers
 * Equipment availability
 * Previous experiences with PA attempts
 * Motivation (what motivates the childs participation?)

This study looked beyond the physical limitations of CP and considered the influence of the individual’s contextual barriers to motivating PA participation. Working in line with the (SDT), this study looked at a child’s increased feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness to see how they may assist with overcoming barriers both real and perceived and the subsequent effect on PA participation.

Where is the research from?
The ParticiPAte CP intervention was conducted at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. Dr Sarah Reedman led the research and analysis following other research in the field. The Cerebral Palsy Alliance funded but had no further role in the administration of the project; as such, no competing interests are declared. Peer review was externally conducted, providing further certainty of independent results. This study was published in the Journal of Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology in January 2021.

What kind of research was this?
This study involved a randomised waitlist-controlled trial. (RCT) are considered to be of high standard regarding research validity. Participants were recruited in cohorts of 6–12 with additional prospective participants being placed on a waitlist for the next cohort. This waitlist design allowed for comparison of the treatment cohort against their usual standard of care, without disadvantaging a control group by preventing them access to potentially successful treatment. Each cohort effectively became their own control and treatment group.

What did the research involve?
The ParticiPAte CP intervention involved eight one-hour physiotherapy sessions spread over eight weeks, as an addition to the child’s regular treatments. The sessions were built upon framework from the (SDT) and  (MI), with the physiotherapist delivering the sessions being specifically trained in MI. The first and last sessions focussed on goal setting and goal-scoring, with the remaining six sessions working to identify and overcome barriers of PA participation while developing physical attributes conducive to PA. Key components of the intervention sessions involved MI with an emphasis on increasing feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, in line with the SDT.

Interestingly, ParticiPAte CP took a different approach than most studies as each individual received a tailored intervention. The individualised sessions drew from a broad set of evidence-based strategies; however, as a minimum all participants received a combination of the following :
 * Goal setting and goal-scoring of participation-focussed goals.
 * Strategy development to overcome barriers to PA participation.
 * Communications consistent with SDT and MI oriented at changing PA behaviour.
 * Child-directed strategies to promote autonomy, sense of competence, and feeling of being supported.
 * Environment-focussed strategies (e.g., potential funding sources for equipment, education of community members, site visits).

This research presents some limitations:
 * The individualised approach creates difficulty in exact study replication.
 * Physical activity levels were measured using triaxial accelerometers at set times, however improved activity ability was not measured.
 * While the physiotherapists received two days of MI training, as this was a major focus of the intervention more experience in this field may have garnered greater results.
 * Results were based upon information obtained immediately following the intervention, a long-term follow up would be needed to ascertain sustained behaviour changes.

What were the basic results?
The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was the primary outcome measure and the ParticiPAte CP intervention led to meaningful increases in these scores. The improved COPM scores appear to be linked closely with (GAS) scores with 74% of these goals achieving an 'expected' or 'greater than expected' rating, and a 33% increase in feelings of competency as measured by the Belief in Goal Self-competence Scale (BiGSS).

Goal Attainment Scaling was used to set, increment, and rate goals associated with any barriers the child may face, while the BiGSS was used to rate the child’s feeling of self-competence when challenged with achieving a goal.

While these scores show a positive outcome for the intervention, the authors note that much of the results align with behaviours shown in typically developing children, particularly with regard to the child's age reflecting their keenness to participate. Of note, although the statistics demonstrate that environmental goals were the least met (34%), caregivers reported significant improvements in barrier reduction. This is most likely due to an inability to increment certain goals on the GAS, or time-constraints of the intervention not allowing for some factors to be addressed in time.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study highlights some of the many difficulties faced by children with CP regarding participation in physical activity. This study indicates that barriers encountered by children living with CP may be overcome with a plan that tends to psychological and physical needs. Due to each child’s unique situation, an individualised and goal-directed approach that considers what motivates the child and aims to minimise or remove barriers appears to result in the greatest increase in feelings of self-competence, overcoming of barriers, and a resultant increase in physical activity participation.

Practical advice
Treatment for people with disabilities has shifted from disability minimisation to health promotion. What motivates people regardless of their physical ability must be taken into account when attempting to increase PA participation. The development of a treatment plan by a qualified must consider that children are more likely to continue with something if they feel that:
 * It is their choice (autonomy)

 * They are well supported (relatedness)

Children with CP display similar behaviours as other children with regard to PA but have different barriers to overcome. The use of MI and goal setting puts the client/patient in control and breaks barriers down (both real and perceived). This should lead to increased feelings of self-competency while greatly assisting with developing habitual involvement in PA.
 * They have the skills and ability to be effectively involved (self competence)

Further information/resources
Cerebral palsy alliance: https://cerebralpalsy.org.au

Cerebral palsy guidance: https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/

Information on exercising with cerebral palsy for children: https://exerciseright.com.au/exercise-right-kids-cerebral-palsy/

General information on exercising with cerebral palsy: https://activeability.com.au/exercise-physiology/cerebral-palsy-gait-training-exercise-program/

Self determination theory: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-determination-theory-2795387

Understanding motivational interviewing: https://motivationalinterviewing.org/understanding-motivational-interviewing

Basic SMART goal information: https://www.active.com/fitness/articles/how-to-set-s-m-a-r-t-goals


text: Debates in Digital Culture 2019/Printable version


text: Living in a Connected World 2018/Printable version


text:
Flight Attendant Manual/City Codes

City Codes
Most airlines require you to memorize a large amount of airport codes. Below is a list that may help you out. The most common are listed.  ABE  Lehigh Valley International  AKL  Auckland, New Zealand  ATL  Atlanta  BDL  Hartford  CLT  Charlotte  SFO  San Francisco  BUR  Burbank  DCA  Washington - National  DEN  Denver  DTW  Detroit  EWR  New York City - Newark  FLL  Ft. Lauderdale  IAD  Washington - Dulles  JFK  New York - JFK  LAS  Las Vegas  LAX  Los Angeles  MIA  Miami  MSP  Minneapolis  SNA  Santa Ana  PVG  Shanghai - Pudong  DXB  Dubai  LHR  London(Heathrow)  BKK  Bangkok  BAH  Bahrain  KWI  Kuwait  BEY  Beyruit  CDG  Paris  FRA  Frankfurt  DUB  Dublin  SIN  Singapore  SYD  Sydney  BOS  Boston  AUH  Abu Dhabi  MCT  Muscat  KHI  Karachi  DEL  Delhi  HKG  Hong Kong  BOM  Mumbai  PEK  Beijing  STO  Stockholm  KEF  Reyjavik  PHL  Philadelphia  SJJ  Sarajevo  ISB  Islamabad  NBO  Nairobi  MSN  Madison  MAD  Madrid  ROM  Rome  YEG  Edmonton  SEA  Seattle  AQJ  Aqaba  JHB  Johannesburg  NAS  Bahamas  BEG  Belgrade  HEL  Helsinki  MEL  Melbourne  DRW  Darwin  HAV  Havana  RSW  Fort Myers  MRU  Mauritius Island  RUN  Reunion Island  IPT  Williamsport, Pa

title: Flight Attendant Manual/City Codes


text:
Flight Attendant Manual/Phonetic alphabet

The phonetic alphabet is used to avoid misunderstandings and to avoid emergencies.

 *  A  alpha
 *  B  bravo
 *  c  charlie
 *  d  delta
 *  e  echo
 *  f  foxtrot
 *  g  golf
 *  h  hotel
 *  i  india
 *  j  juliet
 *  k  kilo
 *  L  lima
 *  m  mike
 *  n  november
 *  o  oscar
 *  p  papa
 *  q  quebic
 *  r  romeo
 *  s  sierra
 *  t  tango
 *  u  uniform
 *  v  victor
 *  w  wiskey
 *  x  x-ray
 *  y  yankey
 *  z  zulu


text: Category:Book:Flight Attendant Manual

title: Category:Book:Flight Attendant Manual


text:
Typography/Spacing

Spacing is often overlooked, but is a critical aspect of typography.

title: Typography/Spacing


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for import/Archives/2021/July

List of Xenosaga characters
To Xenosaga/Characters. Would be easier to bookify the Wikipedia page than to start from scratch. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 02:28, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ - Transwiki:List of Xenosaga characters. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 06:00, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 11:20, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * are you able to move the page to the Xenosaga wikibook when you're done? 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 12:08, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I think so! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 12:09, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Golden Sun (video game)
For the subpage Golden Sun/Setting. Would be easier to Bookify Wikipedia content than to start from scratch. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 04:24, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Would transwiki import help you in this? Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 05:25, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That would help! At the moment I don't have too many things I need to import, but that would speed things up. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 13:44, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * And ✅, so you can import anything that you need from Wikipedia yourself. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 15:09, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your help! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 18:20, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Tales of Symphonia
For Tales of Symphonia/Plot. Would be easier to diwikify content than to start from scratch. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 04:27, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Done! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 06:16, 23 July 2021 (UTC)


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia

Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Critiqued as an assignment in the unit "Health, Disease and Exercise" at the University of Canberra, 2021.

What is the background to this research?
Affecting 1-3% of adults, fibromyalgia causes widespread pain, fatigue, stiffness, cognitive impairment and disturbed sleep. More prevalent in women than men, fibromyalgia contributes to absences from work, social isolation, and reduction in ability to perform daily activities. Numerous studies     detail positive effects of exercise on fibromyalgia symptoms. However, exercise type, duration and intensity is often poorly recorded, and progression and long-term follow up are rarely reported. This makes the practical application of research findings challenging.

This study is part of a multi-centre study looking at progressive resistance training (PRT) delivered in a person-centred program. It provides evidence that PRT contributes to improvement in multiple dimensions of fatigue in women with fibromyalgia.

Where is the research from?
Researchers from universities and medical facilities across Sweden collaborated on this study; reflecting the complex nature of fibromyalgia, and the breadth of the trial. The lead author, Anna Ericsson, conducted data analysis and interpreted statistics while Annete Larsson and Annie Palstam, designed the main study.

The Swedish Rheumatism Association, Swedish Research Council, and a range of Institutes and Centres supported the research. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

What kind of research was this?
The study was an assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT) reported following CONSORT guidelines. 402 women were recruited through newspaper advertising and screened for suitability.

Inclusion criteria:

·      Women aged 25 – 60 years with fibromyalgia

Exclusion criteria

·      Severe somatic or psychiatric disorders

·      Participation in a program of rehabilitation over the last year

·      Inability to understand Swedish

By dividing the cohort randomly, concealing the actual variable from the participants and assessors, and ensuring research assessors did not know to which condition the participants were assigned, the researchers collected evidence unlikely to be biased or return false data. Alternative research designs such as observational or cross-sectional trials are unlikely to provide the same level of evidence as  they tend to show correlations between variables rather than causal realtionships.

What did the research involve?
Following initial screening, candidates underwent medical assessments, reducing the number of candidates to 130.

Baseline examinations included an interview, self-report questionnaires and physical capacity testing (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Tools for assessing baseline
Using a random computer-generated sequence distributed by a person not involved in the research treatments or examinations, participants were divided into active control (AC) or resistance exercise (RE) group. Both groups undertook two treatments per week for 15 weeks; were guided by physiotherapists at a physiotherapy centre or gym; worked in small groups (5 -8); and undertook individualised programs developed using a person-centred approach as follows:

Active Control Group

 * autosuggestion and relaxation exercise 25 minutes
 * discussion of experiences
 * stretching exercises

Resistance Exercise Group
Post-intervention, and at 13-18 months, participants were re-assessed using the same test regime.
 * 10 minute warm up
 * 50 minutes resistance exercises - large muscle groups
 * Commenced at 40% of one repetition maximum (1RM)
 * Evaluation to progress loads each 3-4 weeks - up to 80% 1RM

What were the basic results?
The researchers reported 75% program adherence in the RE intervention and 68% program adherence in the AC intervention, and identified:

 * improvements in test scores in general fatigue within the entire cohort;
 * reduction in need-for-medications-to-sleep subscale in the AC group;
 * and significant improvement in physical fatigue and sleep quality in the RE group.

Following extensive statistical analysis, and adjustments for baseline differences, researchers concluded that along with sleep and aspects of work, person-centred PRT contributes to an improving physical fatigue in women with FM. They state the limitations of their recruitment method, methodically explaining confounding factors, small effect sizes and differences in baseline characteristics. In their diligence they may have understated the benefits of RE for women with FM, given that poor sleep can amplify FM symptoms. They also found that individual factors such as age, level of psychological distress, and physical capacity were unlikely to impact the effects of RE on fatigue.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Other trials have demonstrated that RE can reduce symptoms of pain, low self-efficacy, poor balance  and reduced functional capacity yet problems with the research, such as small study size, lack of a control group and limited follow up have limited the applicability of findings about fatigue. Researchers in this trial used several tools to isolate the impact of RE on multiple dimensions of fatigue, adding to evidence for RE as a vital component of any rehabilitation/treatment program for women with FM.

Researchers mentioned the high level of adherence and suggested it was due to the person-centred approach of the intervention. These levels are better than those reported in other interventions with sedentary and overweight or obese adults and three times the number of Australians reported to undertake regular muscle-strengthening exercises. Further research has demonstrated that health professionals prescribing exercise should work with the participant to choose a suitable program of RE with adherence in mind, and that many women with FM prefer RE to other forms of exercise.

Building confidence, reducing symptoms and fear of pain, and promoting social interaction through formal RE programs could assist FM patients in improving overall quality of life. The impact of improving fatigue and sleep quality should not be discounted, even with a small effect size.

Pre-screening

 * A pre-exercise screening must be undertaken.

Planning

 * FM patients do best when they take an active role in managing the condition. Any small gain can trigger an improvement in the factors contributing to their symptoms . Starting an exercise program can be daunting, as the fear of triggering additional pain, fatigue and stiffness can be overwhelming.  Working with an exercise professional such as an exercise physiologist or physiotherapist could provide assurance of an understanding of their condition.

Programming

 * A program of RE twice weekly based on a sub-maximal assessment of 1RM, starting at 40% of 1RM with progressions up to 80% of 1RM, should assist in reducing fatigue. This should be coupled with the accumulation of moderate aerobic activity (such as walking, swimming or cycling) for at least 30 minutes per day on days when fatigue levels permit and building to daily, to prevent stiffness.

Further information/resources
https://arthritisaustralia.com.au/types-of-arthritis/fibromyalgia/

https://exerciseright.com.au/mental-health/

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/self-help/

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fibromyalgia


text:
User:Peta Luck

Studying Bachelor of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation at the University of Canberra.

Background
Currently studying a bachelor's degree in Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation I'm drawing on my background in vocational education, experience in owning a business,  commitment to community and family and passion for lifelong learning.

Now a dedicated endurance runner, I came late to an active life, previously living in a world of overwhelm and busyness. A reckoning with anxiety and depression pushed me to focus on self; to no longer pour from an empty cup.

My plan is to change the world for one person at a time through exercise; to grow active lifestyles within my community; and to contribute to answering questions for endurance athletes -mostly those in later life.

Interests

 * My family
 * Science and the natural world
 * Running

Wikibooks projects
Unit page - Exercise as it relates to Disease

My assignment page - Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia

title: User:Peta Luck


text:
Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Pastinaca sativa

<< State-regulated and other highly invasive plants at the SCA

Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip)
Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is a biennial or short-lived perennial herbaceous plant that has become quite common in disturbed open sites. It has become a concern at the Skaneateles Conservation Area (SCA) not only for its invasive potential and subsequent loss of native habitat, but because of its. Similar to its close relative, giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) and several other members of the carrot family, wild parsnip produces the compound in its leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. This chemical, when activated by long-wavelength ultraviolet (UVA) light (sunlight), causes, which is more like a chemical burn than an allergic reaction and may cause localized pain, rash, severe blistering, and discoloration of the skin.

Parsnip was probably introduced to the New World by early European colonists as a garden vegetable that escaped cultivation, and the wild parsnip found at the SCA is the same species as the parsnips planted in vegetable gardens today and are said to be quite edible if harvested correctly. But would-be foragers should take note that the Apiaceae contains some poisonous relatives such as two native Cicuta (water hemlock) species and of course Conium maculatum, the deadly poison hemlock given to Socrates. While not yet identified at the SCA, these poisonous relatives may be present and have similar a appearance to parsnip. Also, low levels of the the phototoxic furanocoumarins are generally found in parsnip root tissue, but higher levels are probably present in the wild type, so it may be wise to prohibit foraging in general at the SCA.

The naturalized (wild) parsnip and the cultivated parsnip are now generally treated as the same species (Pastinaca sativa). Although there are minor morphological differences between wild and cultivated types, wild parsnip will readily cross pollinate with crop varieties. Although large-scale cultivation of parsnips is no longer common in North America, wild parsnip has become a noxious weed.

Invasiveness ranking for Pastinaca sativa (Wild parsnip)
The invasivity ranking and need to manage wild parsnip at all appears to have evolved the past 30-some years. The 1987 Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract for wild parsnip indicated that research "is not considered a priority since parsnip does not invade high quality natural areas." And the 2008-2009 New York State invasiveness rankings didn't appear to even attempt to rank Pastinaca sativa. Although not ranked by an available 2008-2009 New York State invasiveness assessment, the 2013 Indiana invasiveness ranking using a slightly modified New York State form is High (71/100 = 71%)

Not regulated by New York State law.

The following rankings, based on the 2013 Indiana ranking of wild parsnip, were modified using habitats more typical of Central New York along with more recent references where available.

1. Ecological impact (20/40)
1.1. Impact on Natural Ecosystem Processes and System-Wide Parameters: Influences ecosystem processes to a minor degree (3/10)

 * Invades and modifies disturbed open habitats.

 * Well-established natural areas, including fields and meadows, are not likely to be invaded by parsnip.

 * It can become quite abundant on the edges of open areas and in disturbed patches within otherwise high-quality habitat.

 * Very persistent on sites that remain disturbed or bare such as paths, roadsides, and utility rights-of-way.

 * Fuel connectivity in solid thistle patches is often insufficient to carry a fire.

1.2. Impact on Natural Community Structure: Significant impact in at least one layer (7/10)

 * Once established at the edges, parsnip can spread into adjacent high-quality areas.

 * Wild parsnip out-competes other lower-growing herbaceous vegetation by its luxuriant growth and may displace species that are important nectar sources.

 * Mature parsnip plants are taller than the native herbs they replace.

1.3. Impact on Natural Community Composition: Influences community composition (3/10)

 * In high-quality prairies, aggressive growth by other species sometimes can outcompete and eventually displace the parsnip.

 * Decreases species richness and diversity.

1.4. Impact on other species or species groups: Moderate impact (7/10)

 * Some people are sensitive to the touch of the leaves and soon develop a rash if their skin contacts the leaves or plant sap in the presence of sunlight.

 * A very painful rash can develop that in some people leaves scars that can persist for several months or longer.

 * Wild parsnip is most irritating at the time of flowering.

 * Topical contact or ingestion of some, followed by subsequent exposure to UV radiation causes lesions and cell damage in humans and livestock (including birds) as well as various invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants.

 * The furanocoumarins in parsnip are known to be toxic to most insects, besides its specialist (Depressaria pastinacella).

 * The concentrations of these compounds have been shown to increase with increased UV-B radiation, which is one of the consequences of climate change.

 * After accidental introduction of native predator (Depressaria pastinacella), wild parsnip has increased its toxic compound in its evolutionary arms race.

 * This allows it to be even less palatable to other species and increase its allelopathic characteristics, which could expand its range.

2. Biological characteristics and dispersal ability (22/25)
2.1. Mode and rate of reproduction: Abundant reproduction with more than 100 viable seeds per plant (4/4)

 * Each plant produces hundreds of small yellow flowers which bloom from June to mid-July.

 * Flowers are arranged in a loose compound umbel 4–8 inches in diameter.

 * 2000 fruits per plant.

 * One, both, or neither of the two mericarps in each fruit may contain a seed.

 * Seeds mature by early July.

 * Plants die after producing seeds but dead stalks will remain standing through the winter

 * Wild parsnip is a perennial that exists as a basal rosette for at least one year and then flowers and dies.

 * Wild parsnip often flowers and sets seed during its second year, although it may not flower until subsequent years.

 * In the growing season, seeds dispersed in late summer and autumn of the previous year are the first to germinate.

 * Plants emerging from spring-germinating seeds are better able to survive extended periods of low precipitation during the summer, and low temperatures during the winter.

 * The size of a rosette in a given year determines its fate in the following year, and a critical minimum size prior to vernalization (cold period) is required to initiate flowering.

 * If rosettes do not reach the critical minimum biomass flowering may be delayed for one or more years until sufficient reserves have accumulated to support the reproductive growth phase.

2.2 Innate potential for long-distance dispersal: Numerous opportunities for long-distance dispersal (4/4)

 * Deer, birds, and small mammals may consume the seeds and disperse them.

2.3. Potential to be spread by human activities: High (3/3)

 * Intentional: The seeds are dispersed when the shoots are cut by mowing. Food/Medicine.

 * Unintentional: Bird Animal Vehicles/Human Wind Water Other

2.4. Characteristics that increase competitive advantage: Two or more characteristics increase competitive advantage (6/6)

 * Wild parsnip poses a severe threat to native plants and humans.

 * This plant readily moves into disturbed habitats and along road edges.

 * Once populations build, they can spread rapidly and quickly displace native vegetation.

 * From roadsides its can spread into woodland openings, meadows, and drainages.

 * The ability for this plant to encroach on a wide range of habitats can have profound impacts on sensitive areas.

 * It endures a wide range of conditions, usually dry to mesic soils, but occasionally will be found in wet meadows.

 * Grows best on calcareous, alkaline soils and does not tolerate shade well.

 * Can be a problem weed in mesic meadow communities.

2.5. Growth vigor: Forms a dense layer above shorter vegetation (2/2)

 * Forms dense populations.

2.6. Germination/Regeneration: Can germinate/regenerate in existing vegetation in a wide range of conditions (3/3)

 * A range of soil conditions are suitable for wild parsnip, including dry to mesic soils, as well as in wet meadows and ditches.

 * Grows best on calcareous, alkaline soils.
 * Well-established habitats are not likely to be invaded by parsnip, but it can become quite abundant on edges and in disturbed patches within otherwise high quality sites.
 * Highly persistent on sites that remain disturbed or bare such as rocky areas, paths, or roadsides.

2.7. Other species in the genus invasive in New York or elsewhere: (0/3)

 * No other species of Pastinaca are known to have naturalized in New York.

 * Pastinaca sativa includes both wild and cultivated types of parsnip.

 * Cultivated varieties of Pastinaca sativa have probably been planted in the region and could easily escape and cross-pollinate with wild parsnip, which could conceivably alter traits of the wild-type.

3. Ecological amplitude and distribution (21/25)
3.1. Density of stands in natural areas in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada: Large dense stands present in areas with numerous invasive species already present or disturbed landscapes (2/4)

 * Large dense stands are present throughout Central New York and more specifically in the Town of Skaneateles, along roadsides and disturbed sites, including within the SCA.

 * Not common in pristine areas.

3.2. Number of habitats the species may invade: Known to occur in ≥ 4 listed habitats with ≥ 3 natural (4/6)

 * Ditches (managed wetland)
 * Cultivated (managed upland)
 * Grasslands/old fields (natural upland)
 * Shrublands (natural upland)
 * Forests/woodlands (natural upland)
 * Roadsides (managed upland)

3.3. Role of disturbance in establishment: Can establish independent of any known natural or anthropogenic disturbances (4.4)

 * Invades disturbed bare areas.

 * Well-established sites are not likely to be invaded, but it can become quite abundant on edges and in disturbed patches within otherwise high quality habitat.

 * Highly persistent on sites that remain disturbed or bare such as rocky areas, paths, or roadsides.

 * Can invade natural areas with fertile soil.

3.4. Climate in native range: Native range includes climates similar to those in Central New York (3/3)

 * Primarily a plant of temperate regions.

 * Invasive throughout much of the globe.

3.5. Current introduced distribution in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada: Present as a non-native in >8 northeastern USA states and/or eastern Canadian provinces and/or categorized as a problem weed (e.g., “Noxious” or “Invasive”) in 2 northeastern states or eastern Canadian provinces (4/4)

 * Canada: present in all provinces and territories except Nunavut.
 * United States: present in all states except Hawaii, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
 * Listed as invasive in: Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wisconsin

3.6. Current introduced distribution of the species in natural areas in the 8 NY PRISMs: Present in all PRISMS (4/4)

 * Present in the Finger Lakes PRISM.

4. Difficulty of control (6/10)
4.1. Seed banks: Seeds (or vegetative propagules) remain viable in soil for at least 1 to 10 years (2/3)

 * Seed can remain viable in the soil for up to four years.

4.2. Vegetative regeneration: Regrowth from ground-level meristems (1/3)

 * Mowing when the primary umbel begins flowering (May to June) may be most effective at reducing fruit production because the considerable biomass allocation to stem production reduces reserves available for flower and seed production.

4.3. Level of effort required: Management requires a major short-term investment. Eradication is difficult (3/4)

 * Although eradication is desirable from a human safety and ecological standpoint, in some situations the best control measure is to do nothing.

 * In high-quality meadows, aggressive growth by other species sometimes can outcompete and eventually displace the parsnip.

Mechanical Control:

 * The best control is achieved mainly through hand-pulling.

 * Plants should be pulled and removed so that seeds do not develop, and plants do not resprout.

 * Another effective practice involves cutting the plant below the root crown before seed set during spring of the second year.

 * Mowing probably favors parsnip maturation by allowing more sunlight to reach immature parsnip plants, which are too low to be damaged by the mower.

 * Mowing also reduces the density, height, and flowering of other species that are potentially good competitors against parsnip, such as common goldenrod.

Prescribed Fire:

 * Burning does not successfully control parsnip because it removes litter and taller plants, providing favor-able conditions for parsnip rosettes to develop.

 * Periodic burning maintains the vigor of native plants, allowing them to compete with parsnip.

Biocontrol:

 * The parsnip webworm damages some individual plants severely but is not known to eradicate whole patches and is not likely to be useful as a biocontrol agent.

Chemical Control:

 * If mechanical methods have failed to control wild parsnip or are not feasible, a 2% spot application of glyphosate to basal rosettes is a recommended treatment.

 * Apply glyphosate to individual plants with a hand sprayer in late fall after most native vegetation is dormant.

 * Late fall application minimizes the potential harm to non-target species.

 * It may be necessary to treat the same area again annually until missed plants and plants originating from the seed bank are eliminated.

 * Chemical controls are effective but should be used sparingly on quality natural areas.

 * The best method is to burn the site, then follow with spot application of 1-3% glyphosate.

 * Immediately after a burn, wild parsnip is one of the first plants to green.

 * Glyphosate can be spot applied to the basal rosette of the parsnip with little effect on dormant species.

 * Management can be difficult and does require follow up treatment in edge habitats and conservation plantings.


text:
User:Kierajayne

Currently studying Bachelor of Sport and Exercise Science at University of Canberra.

Background

Moved from Perth, WA in 2012

Completed Cert III and IV in Education Support in 2015

Interests

Rugby League

Anything creative

Wikibooks Projects

Creating Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension - Wikibooks, open books for an open world

title: User:Kierajayne


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension

This is a critique of "Benefits of skeletal-muscle exercise training in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The WHOLEi + 12 trial". A study completed by González-Saiz, L., Fiuza-Luces, C., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Santos-Lozano, A., Quezada-Loaiza, C. A., Flox-Camacho, A., Munguía-Izquierdo, D., Ara, I., Santalla, A., Morán, M., Sanz-Ayan, P., Escribano-Subías, P., and Lucia, A., published in the International Journal of Cardiology in 2017.

What is the background to this research?
This study explored whether, over the course of eight weeks, patients diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), or inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), could improve muscle power, physical activity and other variables through resistance, inspiratory and aerobic training.

PAH is a progressive, fatal condition acquired genetically, or secondary to conditions such as HIV, connective tissue disorders, or CTEPH. It causes symptoms such as being short of breath, dizziness, and muscle weakness, ultimately leading to right ventricular (RV) failure. PAH significantly restricts exercise capability due to the aforementioned symptoms, and from limited blood oxygen availability due to progressive RV remodelling.

CTEPH occurs with chronic pulmonary artery obstruction, displaying similar symptoms and effects on exercise capability to PAH, however, can be cured surgically.

PAH treatment aims to improve life quality through medication or surgery. This has helped increase survival rates; however, PAH still has a one-year survival rate of 85% and seven-year survival of 49%, with certain types still untreatable. New therapies are required to find a cure for this severely life-limiting disease.

This study sought to close research gaps by using the combination of exercise aforementioned, the use of heavier weight training, and use of a shorter time period.

Where is the research from?
The study was completed in Madrid, Spain, at the Hospital 12 de Octubre, where six of the authors conduct research through the hospital's i+12 Research Institute, which was established in 2009.

At least 10 of the 13 authors completed prior research in PAH, CTEPH or other cardiac conditions, including two medical doctors practicing within the hospital's Pulmonary Hypertension Unit. The authors have nearly all completed prior research exploring the effects of various types of physical activity and exercise on PAH, CTEPH and other cardiac conditions.

Inclusion criteria included:

 * Aged 18-65
 * Living in Madrid
 * Outpatient at Hospital 12 de Octubre
 * New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I - III

 * Currently stable, no altered treatments for six months prior
 * No other exercise limiting conditions

No conflicts of interest were stated, however, POWERbreathe supplied devices for inspiratory training. POWERbreathe sells inspiratory training devices to medical professionals and the public, making claims their product can lower blood pressure and is beneficial to athletes. It could be argued that this company has a vested interest in supporting inspiratory training research, as this may increase their sales. Funding was provided by Real Madrid Graduate School-Universidad Europea which, as an exclusively sports focused graduate university, may be more likely to provide funding for exercise based research.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT), where only researchers determining eligibility and results were blinded to the groups.

The placebo group continued to receive their normal course of treatment.

Other studies show similar evidence in regards to the outcomes of exercise in PAH patients among comparable results such as peak oxygen uptake, Six-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) and aerobic threshold.

What did the research involve?
Over an eight-week period a total of 40 participants participated.

20 participants completed:

 * aerobic exercise five times per week
 * resistance exercise three times per week
 * inspiratory muscle training twice daily, six times per week.

All sessions were completed at the hospital under supervision with one trainer to one participant, apart from the second daily session of inspiratory training which was completed at home.

The remaining 20 participants completed their normal treatment.

When designed well, RCT's are the gold standard when investigating new treatment methods. The researchers also made data corrections to reduce possibility of statistical type I error.

However, limitations include:

 * Training load – Participants completed 20 sessions per week for eight weeks, near entirely supervised. Therefore, results could not be generalised to populations unsupervised or at lower workloads.

 * Selection criteria – Participants were excluded if living outside of Madrid, or if not a current hospital patient. Results cannot be generalised to patients outside of these areas.

 * Group allocation – Control group displayed several baseline measures higher than the intervention group. The researchers do not state how groups were randomised, if this was done poorly, results may be due to factors other than those manipulated.

 * Small sample size – Larger sample sizes may yield different results.

 * Stage of disease – Exercise and control groups contained 80% and 90% participants in class I - II, respectively. Results cannot be generalised to more severe patients.

 * CTEPH participants – With only two, this could not provide meaningful results for this population.

 * Study design – RCT's are highly controlled, and not always accurate in the real world.

What were the basic results?
Findings included:

 * Muscle power and strength – Exercise group increased, control relatively stable
 * VO2peak – Exercise group increased, slight decrease in control
 * Safety – No significant health or safety events during exercise
 * Moderate-vigorous physical activity minutes per day – Both groups decreased
 * Minutes inactive per day – Exercise group increased, control decreased

The researchers reinforced improved muscle strength, power, VO2peak, and safety. They acknowledged limitations, including that some physicality tests (such as 6MWD) may have been too simple to elicit results from healthier participants, and that they did not investigate haemodynamics.

They failed to discuss the decreased amount and intensity of daily physical activity that occurred.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The combination of exercise appeared to significantly increase VO2peak and muscle strength, particularly lower body, and demonstrated safety of exercise in PAH and inoperable CTEPH patients. Importantly, most participants were in earlier stages of disease, with less affected baseline VO2peak and exercise ability. Points to consider if implementing this advice in real world settings, includes the detrimental effect to inactivity and intensity of physical activity, which warrants further exploration, no significant change in several physical activity variables, and the level of supervision, participant workload and time required.

Numerous other studies, both prior to and after the study, also resoundingly support various combinations of resistance, aerobic and inspiratory training as beneficial and safe for PAH patients. Moderate intensity exercise appears to have gained most support, however, there is still no consensus on ideal type, duration, intensity, and amount of supervision to provide best patient outcomes. There also seems to be some questions as to exactly how exercise benefits PAH patients, which requires further research.

Practical advice
Exercise appears a beneficial and safe addition to existing treatment in PAH patients, as supported by this study and others. Heavier resistance exercise may be beneficial in re-building muscle strength in higher functioning sufferers, however no exercise guidelines currently exist for this population.

With these considerations, completing any exercise will provide more benefits than no exercise, along with improving quality of life.

The patient should consult with their medical team before commencing a new exercise program, and all exercise programming and supervision should be completed by an appropriately qualified exercise professional.

Further information/resources

 * PAH and Exercise
 * Lifestyle Changes For Heart Failure
 * More PAH information and support - America and Australia
 * PAH and Exercise
 * Lifestyle Changes For Heart Failure
 * More PAH information and support - America and Australia
 * PAH and Exercise
 * Lifestyle Changes For Heart Failure
 * More PAH information and support - America and Australia


text:
Primitive Technology/Lithic Reduction

Lithic reduction is used to turn common stones into tools.

title: Primitive Technology/Lithic Reduction


text: Making a Programming Language From Scratch/Printable version


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Pocket Neopet

Development
Pocket Neopets were a series of eight handheld dedicated consoles based on the Neopets online game website and intellectual property.

Pocket Neopets were made by Tiger Electronics, referred to by some outlets as Tiger Toys.

The system was unveiled on January 27, 2003. Preorders were available on the Walmart website.

Launch
Standard Pocket Neopets were launched around spring 2003, with Deluxe Pocket Neopets releasing later that year around July or August. Standard models were listed to cost $14.99 and deluxe models were listed to cost $19.99.

The systems were marketed, including with a 15 second television commercial.

Legacy
Pocket Neopets were used by Temmie Chang, an artist for the game Undertale, and the developer for the game Escaped Chasm.

Technology
Detailed technical specifications of the Pocket Neopet line are not known.

The handhelds featured integration with the main Neopets website through a code system.

The system had a black and white LCD.

The system had a fairly capable speaker seemingly capable of playing audio samples.

The system used a clamshell design. Notably the system included a toy figurine which could be plugged into various holes lining a built in playset on the inner upper shell, making it an early instance of the "Toys to life" genre of game console.

Systems were shipped in plastic clamshell packaging which featured a hook, allowing systems to be stocked on store pegs.

Systems included "Bio Cards", which were collectable trading cards.

Games

 * Techo Says - Simon varient

Standard Models

 * Kacheek Pocket Neopet
 * Aisha Pocket Neopet
 * Kougra Pocket Neopet
 * Grundo Pocket Neopet
 * Tonu Pocket Neopet
 * Krawk Pocket Neopet

Deluxe Models

 * Meridell Pocket Neopet
 * Faerieland Pocket Neopet


text:
History of video games/Platforms/PoGa

History

PoGa was a "Portable Game Development Console Kit" The PoGa was made by 4D Systems to be an educational game console for use in developer education.

Legacy
By July 9th, 2010 the PoGa domain name was parked.

GOLDELOX-PoGa
Unusually for an minor handheld of this era, the PoGa used a single chip, known as the custom "GOLDELOX-PoGa" graphics processor. This unusual choice made sense, as 4D systems also manufactures display controllers and graphics processors. The overall performance of the chip was rated at 12 Million Instructions per Second (Mips). The system included 510 bytes of RAM for 255 words. The system included 11 Kilobytes of program memory.

The system was capable of basic 3D graphics.

Audio
Single channel audio with RTTTL support was included.

Power
The PoGa is powered by three AAA batteries, which were not shipped with the system. The expansion port included power functions.

Expansion
MicroSD card expansion was supported.

The PoGa could be expanded with a prototype PCB.

Games

 * PoGa Invaders - Space Invaders clone. Official example game
 * PoGa Tetris - Tetris clone. Official example game.
 * PoGa Lander - Lunar Lander style game. Official example game.
 * PoGa Infuriator - Arkanoid clone. Official example game.

title: History of video games/Platforms/PoGa


text:
History of video games/Platforms/TGP Box

Development
The TGP (Tencent Games Platform) Box, also known as the Blade, was announced by Tencent at Consumer Electronics Show Asia in May of 2016.

Industrial design of the system was performed by the studio "Memory".

Launch
The system appears to have launched exclusively in mainland China in September of 2016 for the equivalent of 425 British pounds.

Compute
The system was developed in partnership with Intel, and used a sixth generation Intel Skylake processor. The system was equipped with either a i3 or an i5 processor.

The system featured an Nvidia GTX 750 Ti GPU.

The system had an SSD with a capacity of 128 gigabytes.

Hardware
Haier was a manufacturing partner for system hardware.

The system features a barrel jack for power, four USB ports, an ethernet port, HDMI port, Display Port, and two 3.5 jacks.

Software
Windows 10 and a custom interface were both supported.

Games

 * League of Legends - Made by Tencent subsidiary Riot Games.
 * Monster Hunter Online
 * NBA 2K Online
 * FIFA Online 3
 * Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit Tournament


text:
Public International Law/Interaction

Author: Jane Doe "Required knowledge: Link" "Learning objectives: Understanding XY."

This is where the text begins. This template follows our style guide. Please take into account our guidelines for didactics. If you're wondering how to create text in Wikibooks, feel free to check out our guide on how to write in Wikibooks.

Just replace the content above and below with your content.

Further Readings

 * Source I
 * Source II

Conclusion

 * Summary I
 * Summary II

title: Public International Law/Interaction


text:
Public International Law/Approaches

Author: Sué González Hauck "Required knowledge: Link" "Learning objectives: Understanding XY."

This is where the text begins. This template follows our style guide. Please take into account our guidelines for didactics. If you're wondering how to create text in Wikibooks, feel free to check out our guide on how to write in Wikibooks.

Just replace the content above and below with your content.

A. Introduction
This chapter introduces some of the most important approaches to international law, while the next chapter introduces methods in working within international law as a field of study, research, and practical expertise. The distinction between 'approaches' on the one hand and 'methods' on the other hand mirrors the distinction between methodology and method. This introductory sub-chapter, first, introduces this distinction and thereby tries to illustrate what 'approaches' to international law are. Second, it reflects on the traditional approach to international law and on its relationship with positivism. Third, it briefly introduces commonalities among and pluralities within critical approaches to international law more broadly, and, fourth, offers short glimpses into the specific critical approaches on which the following sub-chapters will expand, namely feminist and queer theory approaches, Third World Approaches, and Marxist approaches to international law.

B. What is an Approach? Methodology and Method
The different approaches presented in this chapter represent different methodologies, i.e. different sets of ontological and epistemological premises, which shape any intellectual enterprise. Premises are the starting point of an argument. They are the statements that are taken for granted as the point of departure. Ontological premises, simply put, are premises on what there is in the world, i.e. on whether there is an objective truth and/or fixed reality 'out there' and on which elements in the world determine such truths and realities. Epistemological premises are premises on what we can know and on how we can acquire and establish knowledge. No intellectual enterprise can be carried out consistently, transparently and therefore professionally and rigorously without, at the outset, gaining clarity about the ontological and epistemological premises.

The terms 'method' and 'methodology' are often used interchangeably. However, a useful distinction between the two consists in understanding methodology as a set of ontological and epistemological premises and therefore the point of departure, as explained above, and method as the roadmap guiding the individual steps to be taken from this point of departure. 'Method', then refers to the concrete application of the conceptual apparatus of a specific approach.

C. Traditional International Law and Legal Positivism
Despite influential figures like Ian Brownlie having argued that theory is but fog that obscures the more interesting legal questions, no inquiry into international law is possible without theory. It is necessary to at least be aware of the set of premises from which one is starting. The standard way of engaging with international law in the traditional approach, which Brownlie epitomises, consists in laying out 'what the law is' on a particular question by deriving the relevant rules from the sources of international law (mainly treaties, custom, and general principles, Art. 38(1) ICJ Statute) and by interpreting and applying these rules in accordance with existing authoritative interpretations and applications. This approach can be labeled 'doctrinal', 'traditional' , 'orthodox', or simply 'mainstream'. Making a claim to knowledge about 'what the law is', however, necessarily involves adopting a position on what 'law' is and on how we can know it. A position that claims to discard theory altogether will often just adopt an inconsistent theoretical position as the starting point of its argument. This is often the case with the traditional, doctrinal, or orthodox approach. Another label which is often attached to this approach is 'positivist'. Positivism, generally, is a label attached to the set of ontological and epistemological premises according to which there is a single, objective truth 'out there' and that it is possible for human beings to know this truth reliably. Legal positivism, as a philosophical position, adopts these premises only for the established, i.e. 'positive' law, not for moral and other considerations, which are considered to be separate from law. Consequently, at least in 'hard cases', i.e. when the law employs vague terms like 'proportionality' or when the law has to be applied to circumstances not clearly reflected in the law, law is not longer a matter of cognition but of (usually a court's) decision. Philosophical legal positivists therefore agree that, at least in these 'hard cases', there is no single right answer to legal questions. However, practitioners who claim to be only interested in positive law and doctrinal scholars whose commitment to legal positivism mainly consists in adopting the perspective of practitioners and providing guidance by systematising existing legal materials, often operate under the assumption that answers about 'what the law is' have a single correct answer and that this answer can be found. 'Positivism' in the sense of the traditional doctrinal approach is therefore often incompatible with philosophical legal positivism.

D. Critical International Law
Critical approaches to international law emerged from the Critical Legal Studies movement in the United States, which was heavily influenced, first, by postmodern philosophy and, second, by Legal Realism. From postmodern and (post)structuralist philosophy, Critical Legal Studies and critical approaches to international law derive the premises that there is no objective and single truth 'out there' and that knowledge creation is not about neutral and objective cognition of a pre-existing truth but rather about the 'conditions of possibility' for expressing certain claims and for having these claims recognised and count as knowledge. The main characteristic of critical approaches to international law, therefore, consists in the claim that international law is radically indeterminate, i.e. that any course of action can be defended or rejected in terms of international law, and that the question of which position prevails is not a question of sound legal argument or correct legal method but of politics. This critique of the distinction between law and politics is what critical approaches to international law share with Legal Realism.

Martti Koskenniemi, who, together with David Kennedy , has been the main figure in articulating, defending, and popularising this position, argues in his famous work From Apology to Utopia that 'international law is singularly useless as a means for justifying or criticizing international behaviour'. The reason for international law's radical indeterminacy, in Koskenniemi's account, is its fundamentally and irresolvably contradictory nature, which causes international legal arguments to oscillate between the poles of concreteness and normativity, apology and utopia. Legal arguments have to be both concrete and normative to be able to sustain the distinction between international law and politics and to be able to assume that law is more objective than politics. Concreteness means that the law’s content has to be verified ‘not against some political principle but by reference to the concrete behaviour, will and interest of the States’. Simultaneously, the law has to be normative in the sense that it has to be ‘opposable to State policy’. This contradiction inherent in the need for both normativity and concreteness leads to descending and ascending patterns in legal justification. Legal obligations are either traced down to ‘justice, common interests, progress, nature of the world, community or other similar ideas to which it is common that they are anterior, or superior, to State behaviour’ (descending pattern of justification) or legal justifications of obligation and order in international affairs ‘takes as given the existence of States and attempts to construct a normative order on the basis of the “factual” State behaviour, will, and interest’ (ascending pattern of justification)’. Koskenniemi argues that ‘[t]he two patterns – or sets of arguments – are both exhaustive and mutually exclusive’. The dynamics of international legal argument are defined by constant shifts between these positions. The result is the radical indeterminacy of international law, which in turn is a result of this fundamental contradiction: ‘International legal discourse is incoherent as it incorporates contradictory assumptions about what it is to argue objectively about norms. This gives rise to conflicting legal arguments and the inability to prefer any of them’. To seem coherent, individual arguments have to stress either normativity or concreteness, descending or ascending patterns of justification. In doing so, however, they become vulnerable to valid criticism from the opposing perspective. ‘The choice of solution is dependent on an ultimately arbitrary choice to stop the criticisms at one point instead of another’. Koskenniemi highlights, however, that even though it is possible to justify any kind of practice in terms of international legal argument, in practice, it is not arbitrary at all which actions are justified and which ones are condemned. This is due to what Koskenniemi calls 'structural bias', which means that international legal institutions are designed to favour the status quo.

E. Premises of Specific Critical Approaches to International Law
Even though they do not all adopt Koskenniemi's linguistic analysis of international law and differ from Koskenniemi in many other aspects, one way of characterising the other critical approaches to international law, which will be presented in the following sub-chapters, is that they offer focused accounts on specific 'structural biases' of international law. Feminist and queer theory approaches critique international law's bias favouring and centering men, while Third World Approaches focus on how international law is structured in a way that favours the Global North, harming the Global South. Marxist Approaches offer an entirely different view on international law's contradictory nature and oppressive structure. They do, however, share the view that international law produces and favours the status quo with all its exploitation and violence.

F. Conclusion
The approaches presented in this chapter offer different ways of thinking about international law. Any way of engaging with international law presupposes doing so using a specific lens or approach. This is true even and especially for the traditional doctrinal approach, even though this approach is rarely made explicit. The following sub-chapters present positivism, feminist and queer theory, Third World Approaches to International Law, and Marxist approaches to international law in more detail.

Further Readings

 * Source I
 * Source II

Conclusion

 * Summary I
 * Summary II

title: Public International Law/Approaches


text:
User:Schneedesu

I like linguistics and stuff

title: User:Schneedesu


text:
Tulu/Geography

The coastal city of Mangalore in Karnataka, is the main center of Tulu people. It is spoken by different castes and subcastes of Hindus, Jains and Christians of this region, which is also known as Tulunadu. Tulunadu is a beautiful hilly region.

The coastal city of  Udupi is  also main centre  for tulu ( THULU ) speaking people  called  tuluvaas ( TULUVAAS ). In fact the language tulu  is being spoken in Kerala. It is also spoken by Muslims in addition to their  BYAARI language. ( TULUNADU to write in Transiliteration as THULUNAAD to spell the way it  is  pronounced. Otherwise  it  can be read in different way  by those who are not well acquainted  with the word or  language which will gradually mislead.

title: Tulu/Geography


text:
Tulu/Script

Script
Though Tulu has an ancient script, it is generally referred to as a language without script. This is because, the script is totally unknown among its own people. It has been known only among the Tulu brahmins, who mainly used it for maintaining the Sanskrit Mantras (hymns used in Hindu religious ceremonies), in Astrology and in medicinal reference books, in which these brahmins where revered in the entire west-coast of India. However, recent researches have revealed that, Tulu has got a number of ancient books with scholarly written literature, all of them written in this -currently almost extinct -Tulu script. But currently, a few periodicals published in Tulu language and books written now and then in Tulu - all use Kannada script (though it is not suitable for certain peculiar pronunciations of Tulu).

title: Tulu/Script


text:
Tulu/Dialects

One more notable thing about this poor sister of Dravidian Language family, is that, even though it is now confined to just 2-3 districts, it has a number of dialects. These dialects are mainly regional and also based on castes and subcastes of Tulu speaking Hindus. One of these dialects spoken by the Tulu brahmans namely Sthanika brahmans and Shivalli brahmans is the one which is mainly used for all the literary works found in the language.

title: Tulu/Dialects


text:
Tulu/Specialities

It may be worth noting here that, most of these ancient Tulu literary works have been located and published by a single man -Venkataraja Puninchathaya of Kasaragod. This interesting language has a very rich vocabulary for expressing the rural coastal life of the Tulu people. This has been proved by the voluminous Tulu Encyclopedia published in eight volumes from Udupi.

title: Tulu/Specialities


text:
Tulu/Culture

Tulu people have got their own unique culture, art, traditions and rituals. Daiva Kola, Yakshagana and Nagaradhane are a few examples.

title: Tulu/Culture


text:
Tulu/The People

The Tulu people are learned, highly entrepreneurial and cultured. This area has been declared as Fully Literate and the area always stands first in the general board exam results. Tulu people are contributing in all the fields and are spread all over the country and abroad.

title: Tulu/The People


text:
Tulu/History and present situation

History and present situation
Historically, Tulunadu was ruled by only some small rulers who ruled under one or other great dynasty of Kannada kings. Tulu is not a medium of teaching and administration even in a 100% Tulu village and Kannada has occupied that place. Now a days, Tulu is studied only at Post-graduate level in the Mangalore University.

title: Tulu/History and present situation


text:
Sensory Systems/Arthropods/Fiddler Crabs

= The Visual System of Fiddler Crabs =

Introduction
Fiddler crabs are a species very well suited for investigations into their visual system, and how this system has been tuned to the conditions in which they live and the behaviours they exhibit. They do not range far from their burrows, typically living within an area of 1 m2. Their eye stalks give them a panoramic field of view, so they don't need to orient themselves to view salient objects. Additionally, their habitat predominantly consists of open mud flats with a simple visual structure. These factors make it possible to monitor in natural conditions both the behaviour of the crabs, and the visual information to which they are exposed, allowing detailed analysis of the visual processing taking place within their nervous systems. Finally, the limited resolution of fiddler crabs' vision allows the manipulation of their behaviour by simple visual dummies, mistaken for predatory birds or other crabs. Investigating such aspects of the visual systems of fiddler crabs clearly shows that their vision has not evolved to faithfully relay all image information, but to detect only events relevant to their survival, including the presence of predators or potential mates.

Biology of the Fiddler Crab Visual System
There is a strong link between the visual system of the fiddler crab, its behavioural repertoire, and the environment in which it lives. While the fiddler crab's visual acuity may be limited, this reflects the burrow dwelling nature of most species who do not need to perform long range navigation and therefore are not known to be guided by visual landmarks. Some species of fiddler crab make long excursions in search of food or mates, and these are known to orient themselves using the panoramic image of distant landmarks and patterns of polarised sunlight. For most of a fiddler crab's behaviours, the visual environment serves as a changing background to be filtered out so salient events can be detected. Some key features of the visual system of the fiddler crab are that its eyes are located on the end of vertical eye stalks, granting them panoramic vision; and that these eyes have a compound structure which allow a non-uniform distribution of photoreceptors.

Vertical eye stalks
The eyes of fiddler crabs are located atop vertical eye stalks, giving them a larger field of view as less of the scene is obstructed by their bodies. Having elevated eyes also allows fiddler crabs to use the horizon to serve as a discriminating line between predators - birds flying above the horizon - and other crabs below the horizon. Different species of crabs have different eye stalk arrangements, as dictated by the structure of the environment in which they live. Crabs living in flat environments have more closely spaced, taller eye stalks. This close spacing limits stereoscopic depth estimation, but in a flat environment the position of an object on the ground in the visual field can be used as a more reliable indicator of distance, as closer objects will appear lower. Alternatively, crab species living in less flat environments such as rocky shores or dense mangrove forests have more widely spaced, shorter eye stalks. There is a trade off for the crabs between eye stalk length and spacing, because they have horizontal grooves on the front of their bodies into which their eyes can be lowered for protection. Examples of crabs with varying eye stalk lengths are shown in the images below.

Compound Eyes and the Distribution of Photoreceptors
In addition to the placement of their eyes, the structure and arrangement of the photoreceptors within the eyes of fiddler crabs have also been evolved to suit their environment. They have compound eyes consisting of hundred or thousands of independent photosensitive structures called ommatidia, each having its own cornea, lens and photoreceptors. Compared to simple eyes, compound eyes are limited in their resolution but enable receptor density to be varied over the visual field, so the visual information acquired by a fiddler crab can be optimised for its behaviours. In particular, fiddler crabs have a much higher resolution in the vertical direction than the horizontal, thanks to very ellipsoidal, almost cylindrical shaped eyes with greater vertical radius. This allows greater detail to be resolved along the ground plane, which is somewhat compressed in the crab's visual field due to its view being so close to the ground. Additionally, the distribution of ommatidia is heavily skewed towards the horizon: despite the crab's visual field covering approximately 72% of the vertical axis, 30% of ommatidia look within ±9° of the horizon, and 50% within ±18°. Recent imaging techniques have shown there are actually two distinct streaks of high resolution vision in fiddler crab's eyes, one just above and another just below the horizon line. Predatory birds are larger than fiddler crabs and fly above them, so almost exclusively appear above the horizon from the crabs' perspective. And because fiddler crabs' eyes are located on top of vertical stalks, they always see the bodies of other crabs below the horizon line. It is therefore hypothesised that the high resolution streak above the horizon is to detect predators, and the streak below the horizon to identify conspecifics. The sparse distribution of ommatidia away from the horizon suggest that the crabs do not aim to reconstruct detailed images of these parts of the visual world, but rather to rapidly detect potential threats and react appropriately. Indeed, at the distance that fiddler crabs react to avoid predatory birds these birds only occupy the field of view of a few individual ommatidia.

Capability for Colour Vision
Whether fiddler crabs are capable of colour vision has been a matter of contention for some time. It has been hard to analyse experimentally due to the measurements being distorted by the presence of screening pigment 'sun-shades' between individual ommatidia, which prevent stray light bouncing between them. Each ommatidium has eight photosensitive receptors, R1-R8, the first seven being significantly larger than the eighth. Measurements from the first seven receptors showed a consistent spectral sensitivity between them, peaking between 508 nm and 530 nm. However, behavioural studies suggested that some fiddler crab species could discriminate between differently coloured stimuli. More recent molecular analysis of fiddler crab vision determined that three genes are responsible for encoding their colour-receptive opsin pigments. R1-R7 contained either or both of 2 middle-wavelength sensitive pigments, while a third short-wavelength sensitive pigment was found exclusively in R8, providing evidence of the possibility for colour vision in fiddler crabs.

Burrow Defence Behaviour
A fiddler crab's burrow serves many functions. It protects a crab from predators, provides access to food and water, and positions the crab in a neighbourhood with other crabs - both potential mates and competitors. But due to the short stature of the fiddler crab and the flat environment it inhabits, the burrow entrance becomes invisible from only a short distance away. Fiddler crabs therefore monitor their own movements as they roam the world around their burrows, tracking them in a process called path integration, so as to approximately know the direction and distance back to their burrows at any point in time. Additionally, the fiddler crab continually aligns one side of its body to face its burrow, allowing it to rush back home in the case of a predator approaching, or a rival crab seeking to take over its burrow.

This burrow defence behaviour is of particular interest because it does not habituate to being triggered by dummies, and because the crabs respond based on a rival's distance from the burrow, not the rival's distance from the crab itself. That is, these crabs seem to combine information from their path integration systems with visual information to compute the location of a rival crab in an allocentric reference frame. A possible implementation of such computation could exploit the fact that, in a flat world, each receptor in the crab's eye corresponds to a particular position in space. Additionally, the crab maintains a sideways alignment with the burrow so the same area of its eye is always monitoring the area for rival crabs. The distance between the burrow and an intruding crab could therefore be computed by considering only the ommatidia being stimulated by the rival crab, modulated by the crab's current distance from its burrow given by path integration. Fiddler crabs do seem to respond as if they exploit this method of computing based on a simple visual filter, rushing back to their burrows when an intruder gets too close. But definite neurophysiological evidence has not yet been gathered. See Figure 10 in Zeil, 2006 for a clear visualisation.

Predator avoidance and fleeing
Another fiddler crab behaviour closely tied to their visual system is that of fleeing to avoid predators. Unlike for burrow defence, fiddler crabs react to approaching predators in an egocentric manner, fleeing to their burrows when the predator comes to close. This behaviour is also somewhat modulated by the crabs' path integration system, with crabs fleeing earlier when further from their burrows. However, their reactions do not consistently reflect the impending danger of a predator because, as previously mentioned, they typically begin to flee a predator when its image falls upon only a few individual ommatidia. At this range, the crab cannot accurately distinguish the size, direction, or speed of an approaching predator. But the high predation pressure forces the crab to be cautious and flee anyway. This can cause some counter-intuitive responses, such as crabs fleeing more quickly from birds passing at a distance than approaching directly, because the former have a greater retinal velocity.

As previously mentioned, the open environment in which fiddler crabs live and the limited distance over which they range makes it possible to record both their behaviour and the visual stimuli which caused this behaviour. Detailed analysis of camera footage of approaching birds, both predatory and non-predatory, along with the fiddler crabs' responses to these birds have provided more specific knowledge about the visual information that triggers fleeing. In particular, the visual characteristic that best explained the crab's response to a predator was visual flicker - the rate of change over time of local visual contrast at a specific position in the crab's visual field. The distribution of ommatidia significantly above the horizon is very sparse, so distant objects like approaching approaching birds will rarely be seen by multiple ommatidia, making size or motion cues comparatively unreliable.

Behavioural Habituation
Unlike for the fiddler crab's burrow defence behaviour, which does not habituate even after many dummy presentations, fiddler crabs habituate their predator avoidance behaviour when presented with false alarms: most notably, after some exposure they become oblivious to the presence of human experimenters. The neural mechanisms underlying this habituation have been the subject of detailed analysis. Calcium imaging techniques were applied to a different species of crab (Neohelice granulata) and showed that the response of lobula giant (LG) neurons in the crab's eye, located between the retina and midbrain, was suppressed after high-frequency dummy stimulus presentation. This result was consistent with the change in the crabs' behaviour, that they stopped reacting to visual motion but only for a short duration. Additionally, this habituation only affected the region of the retina to which the stimulus was applied.

Furthermore, it was shown that two different populations of the same species of crab exposed to different levels of predation pressure reacted differently to dummy predator stimuli, and that particular neural activity was indicative of this behavioural difference. Crabs in the high risk population reacted more strongly to visual danger stimuli and had higher levels of neural activity in LG neurons. Crabs in the low risk population showed lower levels of both LG neural activity and behavioural response to the same stimuli. In contrast, the behavioural and responses to panoramic visual motion and painful shock stimuli were similar across populations, suggesting the LG neurons are strongly implicated in the predator avoidance behaviour and its habituation.


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OpenSCAD User Manual/WIP/Text Metrics

textmetrics
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Parameters

The parameters to  are exactly the same as the parameters to.

Return value

The return value from textmetrics is an object with these properties:

an [x,y] pair giving the lower left corner of the smallest box that would completely surround the text.

an [x,y] pair giving the size of that box.

the vertical distance (normally positive) from the baseline of the text to the highest point in the text.

the vertical distance (normally zero or negative) from the baseline of the text to the lowest point in the text.

an [x,y] pair giving the distance from the origin to the starting point of the baseline of the text. This value is normally [0,0] but can be non-zero when using non-default alignments.

an [x,y] pair giving the distance from the starting point for this text to the starting point for a subsequent piece of text. Informally, it says how far the pen should be moved before starting the next piece of text. This value is directly helpful only with default alignments - horizontal text aligned left/baseline and vertical text aligned center/top.

Note: as with any array, you can use an object-like ".x" or ".y" to refer to the two entries in [x,y] pairs. Thus you can refer to either obj.size[0] or obj.size.x to get the X dimension of the text.

Sample output (reformatted for readability):

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fontmetrics
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The arguments to fontmetrics are the size and font name.

Parameters

the font size the font name

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The return value from  is an object with these properties:

an object with ascent and descent properties describing the "usual" ascent and descent of the font. For most fonts, this will be the ascent of upper-case letters and the descent of lower-case letters with descenders.

an object with ascent and descent properties describing the maximum ascent and descent of the font.

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an object with members family and style that gives the name and style of the selected font. These may not be the same as the name supplied, if the specified font is not available, or if a generic name like "sans" or "serif" is specified, or if only a style is specified.

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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?

A critique of the research article from the New England Journal of Medicine: Richard B. Lipton, M.D. Mindy J. Katz, M.P.H. Charles B. Hall, Ph.D. et al. Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly 2003 June 19 N Engl J Med;

Written as an assignment Health, Disease and Exercise Unit University of Canberra, 2021.

What Is The Background To This Research?
Dementia is the second leading cause of death of Australians and is a term that refers to a group of chronic disorders that affect the brain's ability to operate. As the brains function deteriorates over time it starts to impair memory, problem-solving abilities, as well as emotional, social, and behavioural disorders. Dementia is not unknown and is extremely prominent is aspects of our elderly populations, affecting an estimated 55 million people globally, 472,000 of those being Australians. It has been found that leisure activity participation can be linked to a lower risk of dementia. However, it's unclear if higher leisure activity participation lowers the risk of dementia or whether leisure activity participation just declines throughout the preclinical stage of dementia.

This research is particularly important as it seeks to fill a knowledge gap in whether or not the risk of dementia can be significantly reduced by the participation in everyday leisure and cognitive activities. This is extremely important as Australia itself is an ageing population with the risk of getting dementia being a 2 in 100 chance in adults aged 65 to 69. To add to this, as the population ages, the percentage of dementia cases will rise significantly, putting a greater load on the working-age population, so small prevention efforts may be able to minimise these debilitating effects.

Where Is The Research From?
The research was from the New England Journal of Medicine using a prospective cohort of 469 people over 75yrs old. The study takes findings from a sample population in which the independent variable, being dementia, that is not under the researchers' control.

This article was published by a group of researchers with a wide range of experience in this field, especially Joe Verghese, Richard Lipton, and Mindy J. Katz who's research predominantly follows the elder population and alzheimers/dementia. Although despite this it seems that these researchers previous work has been centred around a more cognitive focus on dementia rather than a physical activity approach.

What Kind Of Research Was This?
This research was a cohort observational study and is classified as unfiltered information in the hierarchy of evidence. Using English-speaking subjects in the community who were 75 to 85 years old. At baseline, subjects were evaluated to make sure there was no prior existence of dementia. Those who produced eight or less errors on the Blessed Information–Memory–Concentration test were able to participate.

What Did The Research Involve?
The method for this research was done using a representative sample of 469 people who are over 75 years old that live in the community and did not have dementia at the start. The link between leisure activities and the risk of dementia was explored by looking at the frequency with which people participated in leisure activities. At the time of enrolment, the researchers created cognitive-activities and physical-activity scales, using 'activity-days' as the units of measurement. Age, sex, educational level, presence or absence of chronic medical diseases, and baseline cognitive status were all adjusted in regards to the Cox proportional-hazards analysis to determine the risk of dementia based on baseline levels of participation in leisure activities. The articles approach to the research was using independent-samples t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare continuous variables, and the Pearson chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables.

The methodologies approach was well rounded in the fact that they used a large cohort. However, the limitations of the research was that the sample used was community-based; filled with volunteers who were predominately white as well all over the age of 75. This leads to a disproportionately represented group and could have heavily restricted the quality of the findings.

What Were The Basic Results?
During a median follow up of 5.1 years dementia ended up being developed in 124 out of 469 patients. Reading, board games, using musical instruments, and dancing were reported to be linked with a decreased risk of dementia. It was found that higher participation in cognitive activities at baseline was linked to lower rates of memory deterioration. However this was only in linear mixed models, similar to that of Alzheimers and vascular dementia results. The only physical activity linked to a lower incidence of dementia was dancing. Interestingly those who did develop dementia were older more likely to be female and had lower levels of education. However, in terms of how cognitive and physical activity influenced the risk of developing dementia, you can see in the above table that those who did not develop dementia had a higher physical activity and cognitive skills score. This can be linked to a more active use of the brain and was found that with participation once a week in any activity, there was a decrease of 7 percent in the risk of dementia.

What Conclusions Can We Take From This Research?
The findings may support recommendations for getting involved in cognitive activities to reduce the risk of dementia. For example, it was found that elderly people who completed crossword puzzles 4 times a week had a 47% reduced risk of dementia than those who only managed to complete puzzles once a week. Another recent research done in 2020 found that physical activity has been shown to have advantages across various areas, and such interventions may be advised for patients in medical and psychiatric settings, to avoid decline in an older persons risk of dementia.

From this article I took away a personal insight, among many others I have become a caregiver for a family member that suffers from dementia. Although the experience I have gained from caring for them has been difficult the knowledge I've learnt about such a debilitating disease first hand is insightful. This article brings together research on ways to reduce risks early on in a way that allows patients and elderly to take control and provide better odds for them in the future.

Practical Advice
This research article provides recommendations on monitoring cognitive and physical exercises within elderly populations which is vital for healthcare providers and caregivers. The research gives encouragement for older populations to take part in exercise whether physical or cognitive to benefit their future self. Although physical activities are definitely beneficial to overall health, their ability to guard against dementia is still unknown.

Further Resources
Further readings regarding dementia and cognitive interventions as well as more research on reducing risk factors linked to developing dementia are listed below:
 * Alzheimer's Australia: https://www.fightdementia.org.au
 * 'The Effect of Exercise Interventions on Cognitive Outcome in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review' (Research article)
 * Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomised controlled trial.
 * Health Direct - Dementia Prevention (website)
 * Integrated Living - Dementia Care (website)
 * The Effects of Cognitive Activity Combined with Active Extremity Exercise on Balance, Walking Activity, Memory Level and Quality of Life of an Older Adult Sample with Dementia (Research Article) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/25/12/25_jpts-2013-274/_article/-char/ja/


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