text:
User talk:SHB2000/Archive 1

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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 14:38, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you! My time here at Wikibooks hasn't been long here, but since I know User:Leaderboard well on other WMF projects, including meta and wikivoyage, so I may not be new new to Wikibooks. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:10, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for checking my book! Cheers -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:38, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Orthography
Dear SHB2000, why did you revert my edits? I have only changed w to ƿynn, w the way we know it was never a part of Old English alphabet. Ƿynn was. It is historically right to use ƿynn in Old English sentences, despite this well known tendency of using w. Could it please be written with ƿynn? Birdofadozentides (discuss • contribs) 15:40, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

I see you reverted your edits, thank you. Birdofadozentides (discuss • contribs) 16:12, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

I have only now noticed that you reverted your edit almost immediately after making it. There was never a reason to add this topic, I am so sorry, I didn't mean to bother you like this, I should've noticed it much earlier. I guess this conversation should be deleted to not occupy your talk page, but if feels like it would be worse if I deleted it myself now. Sorry about this all again. Birdofadozentides (discuss • contribs) 16:56, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi there, sorry about that. It was a fingerslip rollback. Sorry :( But anyway, welcome to Wikibooks. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 21:35, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

Question
Why did you revert ? 176.122.109.237 (discuss) 12:50, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Because I just rejected the revision because it looked suspicious to me. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:51, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * @SHB2000 Sources can found in english Proto-Turkic page, wikipedia. We did change pronunciations depends on english wiki. If you can I will ask you to confirm after checking the sources. While doing this, know that the previous source in pronunciation was my ideas. Actual pronunciation should be as stated there. Thanks in advance. talk BurakD53 (discuss • contribs) 09:51, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh okay. Makes sense. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 10:17, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

"added template"
FYI, Template:Typo help inline does not exist here (yet?). 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 22:31, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Oh didn't realise that – thx for alerting me to this. I'll try to not use the "check template" function. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:34, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Right now the template has over 200 transclusions. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 22:35, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Darn, I'll have to fix those. I'll remove those by 2022-09-25 18:00 UTC+10., by any chance, can you configure the tool to add a note on the talk page instead (somewhat like how the typo tool is used on en.voy)? SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:39, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * SHB2000, 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰, I simply copied the template from enwiki. Uziel302 (discuss • contribs) 16:11, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Now I don't have to do the arduous process of removing all the 185 transclusions :-) SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:25, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

"A mother always thinks that their child is beautiful."
I didn't understand your revert. No matter how liberal anyone is, her is always the correct term to use when describing a mother. --Xania   talk 01:13, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I realise that my edit summary in Special:Diff/4192062 wasn't the clearest of all, but there are some mothers who favour gender-neutral pronouns. That is a minority, though, so I'm not going to contest that. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 02:06, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

You are invited to join the conversation ...
Reading room/Assistance -- Vinyasi (discuss • contribs) 13:48, 24 October 2022 (UTC) "Deletion is not inevitable. I don't see a problem with the book but maybe the person who tagged it for deletion can share their thoughts.--Xania Flag_of_Estonia.svg Flag_of_Ukraine.svg talk 04:29, 24 October 2022 (UTC)"Vinyasi (discuss • contribs) 13:48, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

WP:DENY
Per w:en:WP:DENY, I recommend you do not warn LTAs. It will make LTAs less targeted on pages. Xeverything11 (discuss • contribs) 08:21, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Please tell me when did I warn an LTA and I'll be convinced. I always follow this concept (something similar, actually) outside enwiki. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:23, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * and if you're referring to 94.7.201.95, that's not an LTA. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:24, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry I got confused on IPs with LTAs. Xeverything11 (discuss • contribs) 08:26, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Happy New Year!
Thank you for your New Years wishes! I hope you have a great new year :) —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I wish the same to you too :-). SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:36, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Hello
hello,how are you,You can help in writeing my books,I'm need a user for helping me.if can in my talk page,write comment. I will be Happy if you help me.

Germany Poul Ah (discuss • contribs) 10:24, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi,, I don't get involved in content creation here. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * So you are saying that you are not creating content in the wiki book and you are busy somewhere else? Germany Poul Ah (discuss • contribs) 16:26, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it's just not my forte. I tend to get involved in the more administrative side of Wikibooks. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 00:43, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
 * umm, so me, where do I find people user who like to write? I have to write three books, and the books require a lot of content. Germany Poul Ah (discuss • contribs) 04:43, 16 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Either you write it yourself or you don't. Other people cannot read your minds on what you're envisioning. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 04:46, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

Hi
Hello @SHB2000, can you delete the pages to be deleted? Lionel Cristiano (discuss • contribs) 15:14, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, I'll slowly take care of it when I get back home. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 20:48, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't have the energy to handle that many today after driving 358 km. Do feel free to remind me tomorrow, though. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:29, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No problem, have a good rest. Lionel Cristiano (discuss • contribs) 11:31, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Cheers, mate. Appreciate the kind sentiment :-). --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:59, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've got the number down from ~120 to 79. That's initial progress – for now. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 07:53, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Kittycataclysm I took a look at the deletion requests, and it seems like you've flagged almost all of them. Looking further, I don't see many of them as an obvious delete, and think that they'd be better suited for WB:RFD. Can you clarify on your intention? Looks like I might be missing something. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 08:35, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, so far I've only deleted some of the more obvious ones. I don't have the energy left to look into the more complex ones. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:38, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @SHB2000 @Leaderboard Sorry to all for the work/confusion! I've been going through the entire project to try and clean up and make sure we don't have old book dregs cluttering up the system. I've been flagging things with either query or delete, and I think queried pages end up in the candidates for speedy deletion after a certain time. I've basically been following the meaningful content guideline when flagging things for speedy deletion—anything that I saw as abandoned and having no/low meaningful content, I flagged. I haven't wanted to delete so many things outright myself, which is why I've been flagging to get more eyes. If things would be more appropriate for RFD, I can transfer them there. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:09, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Makes sense, but normally we'd use query for a new book. The problem here is that you've queried a book that's a year old, and the OP has no clue that it's to be deleted - the RfD process doesn't have this issue. That is, I do think the OP should be made aware in some way. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 12:34, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Leaderboard Ah, gotcha—thanks for letting me know! I can go back and remove the query flags and nominate at RFD etc as appropriate. I'll leave the flags for speedy deletions that make sense. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:27, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

Jumarkese
I just want to ask, why you deleted my page "Jumarkese" on Wikibooks? And how I can revive my page? Jumark27 (discuss • contribs) 11:03, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It was deleted per community consensus on WB:RFD. If you want it to be undeleted, list Jumarkese on Requests for deletion. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:37, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

Restore a book
Hi,

Could you please restore the book October 7th Massacre? It isn’t abandoned content. Thanks in advance, -D1n05aur5 4ever (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * When I deleted it, it did fit the criteria. But if you do want to continue working on it, I've undeleted October 7th Massacre for you. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:00, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

Not happy..
Some of my delinting efforts didn't apparrently go to plan, so I did a fairly extensive manual revert, with a view to working through the edits again, reviewing them carefully, and skipping any that looked wrong.

However, I'm seemingly incapable of doing a revert and review as well ( as most of my recent 'thrashing' edits back and forth on some pages will show.  So.. I'm unfortunately needing an administrator to sort out the chaos, and potentially block me for 'disruptive editing' at the same time..

For context :- https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Technical_Assistance#c-Boris1951zz-20240604221500-Boris1951zz-20240604205000

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Mjchael#c-Mjchael-20240605071900-ShakespeareFan00-20240605071000

I'm not happy, other contributors probably aren't happy, as an admin you certainly won't be, and I am certainly considering leaving Wikibooks once current concerns are resolved. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 17:11, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry you had to experience that. It'll be sad to lose you given how much delinting work you've done. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 21:25, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Nothing is set in stone. I would however appreciate it you could review the repairs I attempted in non-content spaces, I can manually reinstate repairs in content namespaces, but I'd only feel happy at present if any repair reinstatements in non-content areas such as User: and User talk: were done so by administrators, so as to be sure my delints were actually stable long-term.  I appreciate you may be busy with other tasks. Of course if you have a way to do 'undo' mass rollbacks using power-tools, I don't have access to, feel free to use them, as you clearly appreciated my efforts. I still have confidence in the repairs, but had reverted as they'd sometimes been considered contentious. I'd already started to do some reinstatments in content namespaces manually. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Category:Protected edit requests doesn't have any lint-related requests, though? (I left that one request since I'm not exactly sure what needs to be done). SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 01:49, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It was most of my recent delinting effort that I reverted and was very slowly reviewing and reinstating. Some of the delints were on non-content namespace pages. As far as I know I hadn't made many 'protected edit requests' as the pages I was delinting did not have protection enabled.  By non content pages I means things like User:, User Talk:, Wibooks:, and Wikibooks talk; namespace pages.   Talk: pages I can slowly reinstate repairs and signature fixes manually, Just very slowly..
 * If there was a way for administrators to undo a batch of rollbacks though...that would speed things up considerably..
 * ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 05:49, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm not sure how to selectively batch rollback, unfortunately. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 06:26, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Template import(s) potentially needed...
The following user page is seemingly relying on a template family that isn't present on Wikibooks currently.. The page : User:Wd930/Nuclides

The required template (possibly with dependencies): w:Template:Isotones

The template is used to assist in the construction of nuclide tables (which may be useful for Physics content here at Wikibooks.)

I've converted the page to display it's wikitext source until the supporting templates can be imported. I don't have import rights.

I hope that the approach of converting to source was a 'good faith' one, albiet prgamatic. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 13:27, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit reluctant to use the import tool, given my lack of experience with it., are you able to take this request? --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:21, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Done - but let me know if there are more templates to import. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 07:47, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for handling this, Leaderboard! --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 10:28, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * w:Template:Iso/B/text appears to also be needed. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 10:33, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 12:39, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Template:Effective protection level
This is Lua code and should be a Module, or the content model changed so the Linter ignores it.? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 12:40, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid my knowledge of MediaWiki isn't sufficient to answer this question. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:42, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

Lints..
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/missing-end-tag?wpNamespaceRestrictions=1%0D%0A2%0D%0A5%0D%0A6%0D%0A7%0D%0A8%0D%0A9%0D%0A11%0D%0A12%0D%0A13%0D%0A14%0D%0A102%0D%0A15%0D%0A103%0D%0A108%0D%0A109%0D%0A110%0D%0A111%0D%0A112%0D%0A113%0D%0A710%0D%0A711%0D%0A829%0D%0A828%0D%0A4&titlecategorysearch=&exactmatch=1&tag=div&template=all

I was reaching my level of confidence about being able to delint, Any chance you could take a look at these ? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 12:20, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'd rather leave userpages alone. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:24, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Then as far as I can tell other than bold/italic and stray paragraphs in Main namespace Wikibooks is delinited. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 12:27, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Nice! Your work is truly appreciated! SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 13:28, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Seeking Consideration for a False Positive Report

 * copied from Special:AbuseLog/295640

Hi there,

I'm seeking for a filtered edit to be considered for an override.

To explain my intentions, I'm making a textbook that explains introductory real-world classical mechanics through using materials from Bonk.io, a multiplayer physics video game. Because Bonk.io freely licenses user-generated content, physical situations can be easily be modeled, broken down, and explained with photos and videos of the game. Although this textbook may be non-conventional, I feel that it has the opportunity to explain concepts in an interesting and engaging way.

To note, my edit was filtered because I was transferring content that I wrote on the Bonk.io Wiki, a fan-made wikia about the video game to here. My intentions are to continue with the project on Wikibooks such that the content is available to a more general audience and is in a community with more similar content.

Thank you for your consideration.

TheMonkeyEatsBananas (talk) 06:07, July 6, 2024 (UTC)
 * For the record, I've responded at Edit filter/False positives just to keep things in one spot. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 07:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:SHB2000/Archive 1


text:
Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/New Orleans Levees

Louisiana Levee System Summary
A levee system consists is a structure that protects, prevents, and reduces the high risk impact of flooding that could potentially negatively affect a society. A levee reduces the damage of vertical and horizontal infrastructure like when Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana damaged a lot of homes, commercial buildings, hospitals, schools, roads, bridges, etc. The impact of the flooding destroys societal infrastructures as well like how Hurricane Katrina not only did physical damage to the buildings but also led to reconstructing the Levee System overall. The hurricane impacted policies in Louisiana, as well as existing and new institutional structures like the U.S. Corps of Army Engineers and Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority post Hurricane Katrina.

What is a levee/levee system?
The National Flooding Insurance Program defines a levee as "a man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed to contain, control, or divert the flow of water in order to reduce the risk of flooding."[1 ]

The National Flooding Insurance Program defines a levee system as "a flood protection system which consists of a levee, or levees, and associated structures, such as closure and drainage devices." [1 ]

Timeline of Events
Before 1717 attempts to control the Mississippi River consisted mainly of fortifying the river's natural levees. The French then proceeded to build the first man-made levee system near New Orleans from 1717 to 1727. The levee measured up to 3 feet in most locations it was constructed but failed to contain the river during periods of heavy flooding. The levees were privately maintained by local landowners, who used slaves and prisoners to perform the work. [2 ]

In 1859 however, a levee rupture close to New Orleans flooded 200 city blocks and displaced thousands of residents. Because of this, Congress passed the Swamp Act and conducted surveys of the lower Mississippi River. This sparked debate as to how the river should be controlled, more levees? Or more man-made outlets and spillways? Soon after, the levee system was greatly damaged during the Civil War. After the war, the State Board of Levee Commissioners, allocated monies to replace the sections that were damaged. Despite this, not much was accomplished by 1870. [2 ]

This then resulted in Congress replacing the State Board of Levee Commissioners with the Mississippi River Commission. This new commission was created to maintain and control the Mississippi river. [2 ]

Starting in 1885, under the leadership of Andrew A. Humphreys, the US Army Corps of Engineers started a "levees only" policy. This policy resulted in the US Army Corps of Engineers extending the Louisiana Levee system and other levee systems near the Mississippi River. By 1926, the US Army Corps of Engineers created a levee system that extended from Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans. [2 ]

42 years later, one of the most destructive river floods occurred in US history. The Great Flood of 1927 landed in seven states and caused roughly 637,000 people to become homeless. In Louisiana alone, 20 parishes went underwater. One noteworthy event that happened in Louisiana happened on April 29, when politicians ordered the National Guard to destroy the Caernarvon levee to protect New Orleans by redirecting the flood to the less populated region of St. Bernard and Plaquemines Parishes. Two days before the destruction of the levee, trucks and convoys were sent to evacuate around 10,000 residents whose homes and livelihoods were destroyed. [3 ]

38 years later, Hurricane Betsy, one of the deadliest and costliest storms in US history landed near New Orleans. On September 9,1965 seventy-six people died, and the storm caused more than $1 billion in damages. It resulted in the establishment of the US Army Corps of Engineers Hurricane Protection Program, which provided the protection for New Orleans that failed disastrously during Hurricane Katrina. [4 ]

40 years later, Hurricane Katrina and Rita struck New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina was especially deadly, being the largest and 3rd strongest hurricane ever recorded to make landfall in the United States. Around 1,577 Louisiana residents died. Additionally, it is estimated that hurricane Katrina caused up to $81 billion in property damages. However, it is also estimated that the economic impact combined in Louisiana and Mississippi exceeded $150 billion. [5 ]Due to Hurricane Katrina exposing how fragile the state of Louisiana's levee systems the state along with the aid of Congress completely rebuilt its flood protection system. With the allotment of $14 billion from Congress, The US Army Corps of Engineers constructed the Hurricane Storm Damage Risk Reduction System, or HSDRRS for short. Lastly, the Louisiana legislature created the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority east/west after making the conclusion that the protection of its citizens would be better served by combining its many New Orleans levee districts. [6 ]

Institutions/Annotated List of Actors
There is no single authority responsible for the entire system of levees in Louisiana. Instead it is a combination of multiple institutions that actively work together to deliver risk information, provision, production, maintenance, and coordination.

FEMA:

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) works to identify flood hazards and assess flood risk for stakeholders, such as damage to property or businesses, as well as any other financial risks throughout levee-affected areas. They work with federal, state, local, and even tribal partners to help identify and understand each area’s specific risk and how best to alleviate it. They are also responsible for the establishment of various programs such as the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and Flood Risk Products (FRPs). These are up to date compilations of data that is able to assess and communicate these risks within the flood hazard areas, which then leads to policy action. [7 ]Convincing people of the risks can be a difficult sell because the levee system is created to control floods and reduce the risks, yet the system cannot eliminate it. Levee failures can be caused by various different circumstances such as improper maintenance, inadequate foundations, erosion, seepage, etc. Because of this, FEMA states it is imperative for the local and state governments and its citizens to understand and take proactive measures to reduce the chance of a levee failure.

One of the most critically important aspects of FEMA’s work is their ability to decrease risk to stakeholders in the area, they do this by providing insurance to those who are impacted by flooding. The National Flood Insurance Program was established on August 1, 1968 when Congress passed the National Flood Insurance Act. This act has been modified over the years, but its main goal is to provide federal insurance to homeowners, renters, and business owners. [7 ]

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the system levee’s not just throughout the New Orleans area and Mississippi river valley, but across the entire country. Their Levee Safety Program is meant to ensure the reliability and capability of the levee structure that are able to withstand severe storms and then recommend courses of action. Their recommendations are to make sure the system does not allow for intolerable risk to the public, property, and the environment. [8 ]

The USACE has also undergone the implementation of a number of vital flood control projects in the New Orleans area. The Bonnet Carrè Spillway, which is located 28 miles above New Orleans, is the southernmost floodway from the Mississippi River system. It is situated in St. Charles Parish on the east bank where it can divert some of the flood water from the river into a nearby lake, which then flows into the Gulf of Mexico, thus allowing high water to bypass New Orleans and other nearby river communities. [9 ]

Hurricane and Storm Damage and Risk Reduction System:

After the devastation of Katrina the Corps of Engineers was authorized and received federal funding of 14.6 billion dollars to design and build the Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (HSDRRS). This is the flood protection system responsible for protecting the coastal regions of southeast Louisiana. This was a project meant to construct new levees, flood walls, flood gates, pumping stations or upgrade existing ones. The goal is to diminish the risk of hurricane and storm damage in the greater New Orleans metropolitan area. The HSDRRS is the single largest civil works project in the history of the USACE. The system is intended to increase public safety and reduce property damage from storm surges in southeast Louisiana. [10 ]

It comprises a total of 350 mile long perimeter system that consists of two Congressionally authorized risk reduction projects; the Lake Pontchartrain Vicinity located on the east bank of the Mississippi, and the West Bank and Vicinity. It is a combination of barriers, sector gates, floodwalls, floodgates and levees which provides a “wall” around each of the vicinities. It also contains 70 miles of interior risk reduction systems including 73 nonfederal pumping stations, 3 canal closure structures, and 4 gated outlets [11 ]. The interior risk reduction system includes both the world’s largest surge protector and the world’s largest drainage pump station. The System significantly reduces the risk of flooding for over 1 million residents in the Greater New Orleans area from a 100- year storm; this is a severe storm surge that has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year. [12 ]After the completion of various projects within the system, the USACE relinquishes operation and maintenance duties and transfers it to the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority.

South East Louisiana Flood Protection Authority:

Another critically important institutional aspect of the levee system is the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority (SLFPA) which was created in 2006. This is an institution that was formed as a direct result of the aftermath and destruction of hurricane Katrina. The state of Louisiana felt that the coordination of levee system projects and plans would be more efficient if the levee districts were regionalized rather than constructed by the USACE and maintained solely by local levee boards as it was before Katrina. [13 ]

The SLFPA is broken up into two regions, east and west; this due to the fact that the East Bank and the West Bank are separated by the Mississippi River and are located in two different flood basins. The threat of flooding on the East Bank comes from Lake Pontchartrain while the threat of flooding on the West Bank comes from storm surge from the Gulf of Mexico. Because of this, the East and West both have different priorities and areas of focus; hence they are run by separate boards, all of whom are appointed by the governor. The SLFPA works closely with the US Army Corps of Engineers, by providing input on design and construction of the HSDRRS and its components. When the last major project of the levee system was officially completed, the operation responsibilities were transferred from the USACE to the SLFPA. [13 ]

Risk
The New Orleans East and West Bank Levee Systems are classified as high risk due to significant costs associated with the system in combination with the possibility of it being broke in to. Its risks are due to the fact that, if breached, both commercial and residential areas in St. Charles, Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard, and Plaquemines parishes would be flooded with water. Another risk associated with the levee system is a breach prior to overtopping due to the lack of armoring. Armoring for all of the HSDRRS levees with High Performance Turf Reinforcement Mats are being installed to increase the resiliency of the levees. The HSDRRS is also designed to reduce the risk associated with a 100-year storm. The levees are in good condition and expected to perform well under future loads. [14 ] [16 ]

Maps/Images

First Map: [15 ]; Second Map: [14 ] ;Third Map: [16 ]

Funding/Financing
Due to the lack of profit motive associated with levee systems, it is something that is completely funded/financed through governments at all levels; federal, state, and local. Levees are a pure public good that everyone benefits from, because they are non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Non-rivalrous by the means of one person’s consumption does not hinder another person’s consumption. Non- excludable meaning everyone in the levee affected area benefits from its use regardless of whether you paid for it or not.

After Katrina, the federal government authorized funds for 14.6 billion dollars in order to upgrade existing and construct new structures to secure the New Orleans levee system. The federal government completely funded all of the original levee and flood control infrastructure that was destroyed. However, the federal government funded 65% of the additional new projects that strengthen Louisiana’s levee system such as floodgates, pump stations, and surge barriers while the Louisiana government took payment of the rest of the 35% with interest. [17 ]

Yet Louisiana is struggling to pay the debt back in time. For the first ten years, Louisiana did not have to make any payments on the 35% they owed. But, during those ten years, interest began to accumulate immediately. Currently the US legislatures from Louisiana are working on a deal to allow for the forgiveness of construction interest charges if Louisiana is able to pay off their debt fully by 2023. If they are able to pay off this debt, Louisiana will be able to save at least $1 billion in interest charges. If they are unable to pay it back, the state will have to structure a 30 year repayment plan, with interest; the total cost associated would be close to $3 billion. [18 ]

The authority has the ability to gain funding through taxes from referendums or can request funds through grants, authorizations, or appropriations from the state or local governments. In order to obtain such funding, the SLFPA must be able to forecast its upcoming financial responsibilities. That being said, it is very difficult to forecast upcoming financial responsibilities because of the various demands and regulations being placed on the authority, which in turn requires more funding to meet these demands. Their 2015 forecast suggested that due to insufficient funds of jurisdictional expenses beyond 2016, the SLFPA-W would be at a 50 million dollar deficit by 2024. To combat this financial insufficiency, the SLFPA-W launched a public education campaign and put tax referendums on the ballot for the West Jefferson Levee District (WJLD) and the Algiers Levee District (ALD). The tax was approved by the ALD but it failed in the WJLD. [19 ]

Policy Issues
Natural Flood Solutions and climate change:

Climate is testing the limits of infrastructure nation-wide. More specifically, with more extreme weather patterns and rising sea levels, the traditional infrastructure used to build levees are being called into question. Even though the New Orleans levee system, which was rebuilt after hurricane Katrina, is stronger and more effective than it was previously before Katrina, it does nothing to change the reality that New Orleans is currently sinking into the Gulf of Mexico. Also, the New Orleans levee system is only designed to withstand a hundred year storm, which is concerning given that the occurrence of five hundred year floods is becoming more common. . Additionally,  other levee systems were also not as fortunate as the New Orleans levee system in combating hurricane Ida. For example, the town of Lafitte was inundated by the hurricane even though they recently created a seven foot tall levee that had been intended as a long term investment for the small shrimping town. [20 ]

Levee failures during Ida, such as those in Lafitte, expose the reality that no matter how tall you are able to build a wall, nature at some point will always be able to topple it, especially in the state of climate change we are in right now. One policy decision that can be derived from this is some sort of coordinated relocation of people living in flood prone areas,  also known as “managed retreat” by climate experts. As weather events become more severe and sea levels continue to rise, continuing to spend resources on levees seems futile. And even if the relocation of major cities such as New Orleans is not attainable, doing so in other places, such as the town of Latiffe, is necessary and achievable. [20 ]

Another course of policy is the adoption of natural flood solutions. Like it sounds, natural flood solutions seek to use the environment of the United States to combat floods, rather than continuing to build levees with concrete and steel. The realization that climate change is challenging the traditional ways in which the United States has gone about controlling and preventing floods is so obvious, Congress recently passed the 2020 Water Resources Development Act. The act directs the US Army Engineer of Corps to consider nature-based systems just as much as traditional levee infrastructure. [21 ]

One example of a natural flood control solution was when the US Army Corps of Engineers built a 5 mile stretch in Missouri river after one of their levees was over toppled. This opened about 1,000 acres of floodplain that helped reduce future flooding while also providing habitat for species considered rare and declining in population. This success story is not the norm however, given that the US Army Corps of Engineers prefers to work fast to repair levees, rather than construct pathways for diverting flood water, and need time to acquire land, like they did in the Missouri river. This is concerning because over the past 5 years weather and climate-related disasters have cost the United States more than $630 in damages. [21 ]

Another  natural flood control solution is mangrove forest. On top of providing wildlife habitats, they also provide natural protection against flood waves. Mangroves can also regrow, providing perpetual protection. Furthermore, one study in 2016 showed that northeastern states saved more than $625 million during superstorm Sandy, in part because areas that have wetlands averaged 10% less property damage than those without. [21 ]

The impacts of climate change now and in the future, are currently challenging the traditional ways in which the United States manages and controls floods. Traditional levee infrastructure may not be enough to combat rising sea levels and more extreme weather patterns.

Environmental Racism?

Inequities in regards to levees and levee systems are apparent in Louisiana. Ironton, is a small town in Plaquemines Parish, and 30 miles south of New Orleans. Ironton is also one of the oldest predominantly black communities in Louisiana, founded by freed slaves in 1800, and currently made up of around 52 black families. Unlike New Orleans, Ironton did not fare as well against Hurricane Ida. On top of vehicles, sheds, and other sorts of personal property being damaged, more valuable and sentimental objects such as homes, churches, and coffins were damaged, dislodged, or/and even completely destroyed. [https://www.desmog.com/2021/09/14/hurricane-ida-ironton-louisiana-scattered-coffins-floodwaters-environmental-justice/. [22] ]

Many residents of Ironton believe that if the government of Louisiana had invested enough resources into creating adequate levees, the extreme damages that occurred because of Hurricane Ida would have been prevented. According to US Army Corps of Engineers public affairs specialist René Poché, the levees near Ironton and other communities were essentially mounds of dirt and provided little protection from the 150 mph winds that the storm produced. [https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/25/us/ida-ironton-caskets-trnd/index.html. [23] ] Audrey Trufant, a former Plaquemines Parish councilwoman, sees the destruction in Ironton as primarily a man made disaster saying, “This could have been prevented years ago, but its due to discrimination and the history of this parish that we’re in the predicament that we’re in today”. [https://www.desmog.com/2021/09/14/hurricane-ida-ironton-louisiana-scattered-coffins-floodwaters-environmental-justice/. [22] ]

Lastly, the lack of resources to create and maintain adequate flood control safety measures have been speculated to be in part influenced by the states desire to let private fossil fuel companies set up shop in resource rich land. [https://www.desmog.com/2021/09/14/hurricane-ida-ironton-louisiana-scattered-coffins-floodwaters-environmental-justice/. [22] ]

Narrative
Louisiana's Levee System is a major portion of Louisiana’s infrastructure. The Levee system is centered around the creation of different policies that institutions like FEMA, USACE, and SLFPA make. FEMA, a federal agency, works with state, local, and tribal representatives to help identify and analyze flood hazards and its financial risk. Some ways that FEMA does this is through the creation of reports such as Flood Insurance Rate Maps and Flood Risk Products.

The SLFPA was created after Hurricane Katrina, to centralize various parishes to help with the coordination of flood control amongst the New Orleans parishes. It is divided into two entities known as the East and West due to their locations along the Mississippi River.

After Hurricane Katrina, the USACE was funded $14.6 billion by the federal government to construct the HSDRRS. Their main goal was to create a system of protection against flooding in the coastal regions of southeast Louisiana. New levees, flood walls, flood gates, and upgraded pumping stations were constructed to lower the risk of damages associated with storms in New Orleans.

Levees are public goods, therefore, Louisiana's levee system is publicly funded because the private sector has no motivation for profit. As stated above, Louisiana was given $14.6 billion, yet they are having trouble paying back their dues with interest. The federal government has funded 65% of the cost but the other 35% must be payed by the state. Louisiana can either pay off their debt in full without interest by 2023, or structure a 30 year payment plan.

Climate change has challenged the way that traditional flood control measures are implemented. Levees will not change the fact that the water levels are rising and the increasing frequency of extreme weather patterns in the region. No matter how much is invested into the levee system, nature will win out eventually. Policy such as relocation and nature based flood protection are being seriously considered due to these circumstances that they face. Lastly, predominantly black parishes outside of New Orleans have face even more dire consequences of climate change the most due to their lack of resources and funding.

Lessons/Takeaways
One takeaway is that instead of pouring money into already prosperous and high income areas, it would be ideal fund more poorer areas. Funding high income areas creates bigger wealth gaps between the high and low income communities. It creates a sense of inferiority where there is a distinguished social ladder that is difficult to climb. Areas that are less fortunate, would be able to reallocate their local funding for levees and invest them into improving education quality, healthcare, and basic government services that they have been lacking. This would help create a more stable economy throughout the state by indirectly closing the wealth gap from investments in human capital.

Another takeaway is the inevitability that climate change will render conventional levee systems obsolete. Therefore, governments will have to enact newer policy solutions to address this.

The lack of transparency regarding levee systems throughout Louisiana is troubling as it makes it harder for residents to understand the risk associated with the levees. Is also makes it more difficult to be informed about the conditions of their local levees and who to contact to address this issue. Although New Orleans had plenty of information about their levees, the same cannot be said about other parishes in the state.

Discussion Questions
1.) Should Louisiana be held accountable to paying back their loan to the federal government for the creation of additional levee structures post hurricane katrina? If so, how should Louisiana go about it?

2.) What policy changes, if any, should Louisiana make regarding how climate change challenges traditional flood control measures?

3.) What are your thoughts on predominantly black communities outside of New Orleans not having the adequate resources to create sufficient levee systems that protect them against flooding?

Reference
1.) FEMA. “WHAT IS A LEVEE?,” n.d. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/fema_what-is-a-levee_fact-sheet_0512.pdf.

2.) The Journal of American History. “New Orlean’s Levee System: Timeline,” December 2007, 693–876. http://archive.oah.org/special-issues/katrina/resources/levee.html

3.) Jim Bradshaw. “Great Flood of 1927,” n.d. https://64parishes.org/entry/great-flood-of-1927.

4.) Kelby Ouchley. “Hurricane Betsy,” n.d. https://64parishes.org/entry/hurricane-betsy.

5.) Do Something .org. “11 FACTS ABOUT HURRICANE KATRINA,” n.d. https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-hurricane-katrina.

6.) Flood Protection Authority West. “History,” n.d. https://slfpaw.org/home/about-us/history/.

7.) FEMA. “NFIP and Levees: An Overview,” May 2021. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_nfip-levees.pdf.

8.) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Levee Portfolio Report,” March 2018. https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p266001coll1/id/6922.

9.)  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Who We Are.” Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/About/.

10.) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “Corps Releases HSDRRS Comprehensive Environmental Document Phase II for Public Comment.” Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/2618296/corps-releases-hsdrrs-comprehensive-environmental-document-phase-ii-for-public/.

11.) Bradberry, Johnny. “State of Louisiana,” June 1, 2017. http://coastal.la.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/HSDRRS-Letter6-1-17.pdf.

12.) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “Greater New Orleans Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System Facts and Figures,” September 2014. https://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/Portals/56/docs/HSDRRS/Facts-figuresSeptember2014.pdf.

13.) Flood Protection Authority. “Flood Protection Authority: Who Are We.” Accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.floodauthority.org/about-us/who-we-are/.

14.) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. “National Levee Database.” Database. Accessed October 19, 2021. https://levees.sec.usace.army.mil/#/levees/system/4405000556/summary.

15.) “Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act,” April 25, 2018. https://cwppra.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/levee-systems-in-louisiana/.

16.) US Army Corps of Engineers. “National Levee Database/New Orleans West Bank,” December 30, 2020. https://levees.sec.usace.army.mil/#/levees/system/4405000557/summary.

17.) Press, Associated. “Analysis: Louisiana Weighs Hefty Borrowing to Pay Levee Debt.” Biz New Orleans, March 7, 2021. https://www.bizneworleans.com/analysis-louisiana-weighs-hefty-borrowing-to-pay-levee-debt/.

18.) Deslatte, Melinda. “Louisiana Could Make First Levee Debt Payment without Loan.” AP News, May 21, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/la-state-wire-louisiana-business-government-and-politics-39ac651bb92d606c4077073bc8fff785.

19.) Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority. “Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-West: Five-Year Strategic Plan,” February 2016. http://slfpaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Strategic-Plan-Final.pdf.

20.) Bittle, Jackie. “The Levees Worked in New Orleans — This Time,” September 2, 2021. https://www.curbed.com/2021/09/levees-louisiana-hurricane-ida-managed-retreat.html.

21.) Loller, Travis. “Corps of Engineers Considers Nature-Based Flood Control,” October 5, 2021. https://news.yahoo.com/corps-engineers-considers-nature-based-150513605.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall.

22.) Dermansky, Julie. “10 Days After Hurricane Ida, Historic Black Louisiana Town Contends With Scattered Coffins As Floodwaters Drain from the Streets,” September 14, 2021. https://www.desmog.com/2021/09/14/hurricane-ida-ironton-louisiana-scattered-coffins-floodwaters-environmental-justice/.

23.) Williams, David. “Caskets Are Still Scattered around a Louisiana Community as Residents Struggle to Recover from Hurricane Ida,” September 25, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/25/us/ida-ironton-caskets-trnd/index.html.

Additional Readings
1.) Barry, John. Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

and How It Changed America. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1997. P. 13-54

2.) Mississippi River Delta Science and Engineering Special Team.  “Answering 10 Fundmental Questions About The Mississippi

River Delta.” Accessed October 20, 2021. https://mississippiriverdelta.org//files/2012/04/MississippiRiverDeltaReport.pdf

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Notes—Judicial


text:
Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Notes—Hostilities

Lesson 32 -


text: Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Notes—Religious


text:
Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

Summary

The Transcontinental Railroad, commissioned in 1862 and finished May 1869, brought about by the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln, was the first railroad to connect the United States from east to west across the mountains. It was contracted by the Union Pacific Railroad Company in the east from Missouri to the Iowa-Nebraska border, and the Central Pacific Railroad company in the west from Sacramento, California, and across the Sierra Nevada. Each company received an initial 6,400 acres of land and $48,000 for every mile of track built. After three initially troublesome years of development, corruption within the companies, and other hardships the laborers faced, the railroad took approximately seven years to complete. The completion of the railroad would not have been possible without the tens of thousands of Chinese laborers who joined in the Sierra Nevada. To complete the railroad, the two companies’ designated tracks met in Promontory Summit in Utah on May 10, 1869, finalizing the railroad by hammering a golden spike to the final tie.

The original 3,000-mile journey across the mountains took months and around $1,000; with the transcontinental railroad, this journey was reduced to under a week and dropped the cost by 85%, down to $150, to traverse the Rocky Mountains. This decrease in the cost of travel led to an increase in the desirability of travel to the west. This led to the railroad bringing in a rather significant profit.

Annotated List of Actors
- Asa Whitney, a merchant from New York and primary supporter of the railroad [13 ]

- Asa Whitney, a merchant from New York and primary supporter of the railroad [13 ]

- Theodore Judah, young engineer who chose the Donner Pass as the primary route for the railroad [9 ]

- Thomas Hart Benton, Democratic U.S. Senator from Missouri (1821-1851) [13 ]

- Hartwell Carver, a businessperson who proposed a railroad prototype plan in 1849 [13 ]

- Edwin F. Johnson, a civil engineer who drew an 1853 map of the railroad [4 ]

- John C. Calhoun, U.S. representative, U.S. Senator, and Vice President of the United States, from South Carolina [13 ] [10 ]

- Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic U.S. Senator from Illinois (1847-1861) [13 ] [11 ]

- Robert S. Williamson, a lieutenant who oversaw the connection of the railroad through California, Oregon, and the Washington state [13 ]

- John W. Gunnison, a captain who originally was set to explore the 47th and 49th parallels but was killed in a battle with Native American tribes during his expedition. [13 ]

- Edward G. Beckwith, a lieutenant who "continued the survey along the 41st parallel" [13 ]

- Amiel W. Whipple, an "assistant astronomer of the Mexican Boundary Survey" [13 ]

- Joseph Christmas Ives, a lieutenant who surveyed the 35th parallel [13 ]

- John J. Abert, a colonel who helped survey the 35th parallel [13 ]

- John G. Parke, a lieutenant who surveyed the 32nd parallel [13 ]

- John Pope, a captain who "mapped the eastern portion of the route from Dona Ana, New Mexico, to the Red River" [13 ]

- Collins P. Huntington, a Central Pacific executive [8 ]

- Mark Hopkins, a Central Pacific executive [8 ]

- Leland Stanford, a Central Pacific executive [8 ]

- Charles Crocker, a Central Pacific executive [8 ]

- Grenville M. Dodge, a general who was the chief engineer for the field of operations [8 ]

Timeline
Beginning stages

The Transcontinental Railroad began at the urging of the then-President Abraham Lincoln, which may have suggested such a project because, "... it cost nearly $1,000 to travel across the country." [9 ]

President Lincoln endorsed the idea of a Transcontinental Railroad on his 1860 campaign proposal, in his attempt to move westward. [26 ]

Once signed into law by Lincoln around 1862 (Pacific Railroad Act), two companies began to form to construct the project, according to the...

Pacific Railroad Act. The Central Pacific Railroad Company (CPRC) made tracks from Sacramento, California, heading east to the Sierra Nevada River. The Union Pacific Railroad Company(UPC) was to assemble tracks around the border between Iowa and Nebraska heading west toward the Sierra Nevada River. These two tracks were to meet at an undetermined place (since the Act itself did not specify where they would meet). Both CPRC and UPC would get 6,400 acres of land (soon doubled to 12,800) and $48,000, "...in government bonds for every mile of track built." Both CPRC and UPC, after working 3 years on the railroad, had not accomplished much; however, it did give way for both companies to become corrupt and exhibit behavior resembling the "Wild West." After these issues occurred, and Charles Crocker (which oversaw the construction of the CPRC potion) had continued issues retaining labor; he began employing Chinese Workers to begin laying tracks. The Chinese Railroad Workers proved to be indispensable workers, and after sometime they consisted of four out of every five railroad workers (on the CPRC potion). According to CBS Sunday Morning, the Chinese workers, "were able to lay down, 'ten miles of rail in one day."

The Meeting Point

After seven long years of work on the railroad track the two companies were able to decide on a place to meet in the middle. The place they decided on was called Promontory Summit, Utah and this was where the final spike was driven into the ground on May 10th, 1869 at 12:47pm.

Different Trains Used

Finally, the train they used back in the beginning of the transcontinental railroad were wildly different than they use today. While they used mainly steam engines, instead we now use diesel engine nowadays.

Map of Locations

First Map: [9 ]; second Map [24 ]; Third Map: [23 ]

Risk Allocation
The transcontinental railroad was provisioned by the US government under the Railroad Act of 1862, which provided approximately $60 million to the construction of the transcontinental railroad - equivalent to approximately $1.2 billion today. This money was shown to two companies - the Union Pacific Railroad Company and the Central Pacific Railroad Company - in charge of the production of the railroad in the forms of land subsidies, and government bonds and loans (Kiger, 2019). These companies were quickly corrupt at the beginning of the railroad construction, and became non-compliant, refusing to work on the railroad or pay back loans later on (Trains 2019).

This corruption was accompanied by a shortfall in revenues, which in turn led to insufficient land and monetary provision, running a risk of company bankruptcy. Aided by insufficiency in labor, this led to very little being accomplished by the 3-year mark, throwing the railroad production off schedule.

Because of harsh winters and intense summer heat, most of the Union Pacific laborers were miserable. The workers lost to these poor conditions, coupled with the laborers lost to avalanches, and explosion mishaps, whole crews of workers were lost (History.com Editors, 2009).

The government ran a large technical risk by not deciding a meeting location of eastern and western portions of the railroad until 7 years after the project began. This could have led to hundreds of miles of railroad needing to be built to make up for a diversion in the track a large distance from the meeting point.

In acquiring the land, Native American tribes were forced to relocate. Because they refused to comply due to not wanting to destroy their culture, violence ensued. This violence became so intense the military was forced to get involved in order to subdue the Native Americans (Whitehouse, 2014).

Delivery Process
The Transcontinental Railroad was a government contract. Before the delivery for construction began, a process of perceiving the potential layout for the track had to occur. “It was not until 1853, though, that Congress appropriated funds to survey several routes for the transcontinental railroad." [6 ] After this process, legislation was passed by Congress in order to build this infrastructure. “The Railroad Act of 1862 put government support behind the transcontinental railroad and helped create the Union Pacific Railroad, which subsequently joined with the Central Pacific...” [13 ] Once this occurred, the rail companies involved started giving out construction contracts. “In December 1862, the Central Pacific Railroad awarded its first construction contract to Charles Crocker & Company. The construction company subcontracted the first 18 miles to firms with hands-on experience...” [15 ] This entire development, from the legislation enactment, until the conclusion of the project, took a total of seven years. “... The Union Pacific and Central Pacific workers were able to finish the railroad-laying nearly 2,000 miles of track- by 1869, ahead of schedule and under budget.” [6 ]

Production

Regarding the producing labor force of the Central Pacific Railroad, “[Foreman James Harvey] Strobridge... Agreed to hire 50 Chinese men as wagon-fillers. Their work ethic impressed him, and he hired more Chinese workers for more difficult tasks.” [22 ] Overtime, Chinese workers began to make up most of the human resources of the Central Pacific Railroad construction. “Chinese workers on CP payrolls began increasing by the shipload. Several thousand Chinese men had signed on by the end of that year; the number rose to a high of 12,000 in 1868, comprising at least 80% of the Central Pacific workforce.” [22 ] In the Union Pacific Railroad, Chinese workers were not the dominant personnel of this side of the project. Regarding this producing force of the UP, “The end of the Civil War brought... Thousands of demobilized soldiers [who] were eager for work. Additionally, by 1866 the railroad had managed to import Irishmen from the teeming cities of the eastern seaboard.” [22 ]

Efficiency

The economic inputs were translated into efficient economic outputs. Though at the start of this project, this input was a huge risk. “By one estimate, the project cost roughly $60 million, about $1.2 billion in today’s money...” [7 ] While the inputted cost was high, the output annually produced efficient prosperous outputs that more than made up for the initial cost. “By 1880, the transcontinental railroad was transporting $50 million worth of freight each year.” [7 ] This project became so well profitable that “... The railroad also facilitated international trade... [as] The first freight train to travel eastward from California carried a load of Japanese tea.” [7 ] Through this rise and expansion in trade, “... [It] gave the United States the single largest market in the world, which provided the basis for the rapid expansion of American industry and agriculture to the point where the U.S. by the 1890s had the most powerful economy on the planet.” [7 ]

Fiscal equivalence

Before the railroad was built, westward travel was primarily done through stagecoaches. “In the 1860s, a sixth-month stagecoach trip across the U.S. cost $1,000 (about $20,000 in today’s dollars).” [7 ] This significantly changed in the coming years. “... Once the railroad was built, the cost of a coast-to-coast trip became 85 percent less expensive.” [7 ] As a result, the travelers who used this system paid at a level proportionate with the degree of travel. The equity principle regarding travel costs was heavily prevalent in this aspect of the delivery process.

Redistribution

The railroad system redistributed resources from the rich to the poor mainly in the geographic context. “... The first transcontinental railroad and the other lines that followed made it easy for immigrants to spread across the nation.” [7 ] The enormous amount of funds allocated to this project allowed for more convenience of travel to those not of significant wealth. Travel was not the only method in which redistribution from rich to poor occurred. “[It also] made it possible to sell products far and wide without a physical storefront, and enabled people all over the country to furnish their homes and keep up with the latest fashion trends.” [7 ] The accessibility of broader commerce for impoverished people increased. However, redistribution also occurred in the opposite direction as well. The construction of the railroad led to resources being taken from Native Americans for the benefit of those who were funding the project. “... The forced relocation of Native Americans from their lands resulted in widespread destruction of Native American cultures and ways of life.” [21 ] This redistribution from impoverished Native tribes to wealthy industrialists became so severe that it led to violence. “Many conflicts arose as the railroad project continued westward, and the military was brought in to fight Native American tribes.” [21 ]

Accountability

The effects of this system reflected the overall desires of the stakeholders. It reflected the consumers by expanding a unifying culture. “The rails carried more than goods; they provided a conduit for ideas, a pathway for discourse... America gave birth to transcontinental culture.” [12 ] This transition into a new form of society allowed for people to grow closer as a coherent nation “Here was manifest destiny wrought in iron; here were two coasts united; here was an interior open to settlement. Distances shrank, but identification to land and fellow American grew in inverse proportion.” [12 ] The effects also reflected the desires of the corporate investors as “It pioneered government-financed capitalism.” [7 ] This realization of new economic forms of maneuvering was manifested mainly through the individuals of The Central Pacific Railroad. “The Central Pacific’s ‘Big Four’-Stanford, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker-figured out how to tap into government coffers to finance a business that otherwise wouldn’t have been possible.” [7 ] This company then took this realization approach into action. The transcontinental railroad “... Was built on land grants, government loans, and government-guaranteed bonds. When their loans came due, they refused to pay and the government had to sue. In effect, they stumbled into a business model where the public takes the risk and those taking the subsidies reap the gain.” [7 ] This wasn’t the end of this form of business tactic though as “Other entrepreneurs would follow the Big Four’s lead in tapping government help to build their business.” [7 ]

Adaptability

The construction of the railroad had to adapt to the ever-changing environment of the western United States. “Harsh winters, staggering summer heat, and the lawless, rough-and-tumble conditions of newly settled western towns made conditions for Union Pacific laborers... Miserable.” [6 ] The Central Pacific railroad had to adapt to the cold climate and treacherous mountains. “The immigrant... Chinese work force of the Central Pacific... Had... Brutal 12-hour workdays laying tracks over the Sierra Nevada Mountains... Whole crews would be lost to avalanches, or mishaps with explosives would leave several dead.” [6 ] Construction of tunnels through the mountains of the Sierra Nevada was done through explosive mechanisms. “Toil commenced on ...Tunnel No. 6... With men blasting inward from what would become the east and west portals of the passage.” [16 ] However, this process led to slow progress and even more insubstantial results. “Tunneling would take place on four faces at a time, as two teams worked inward from the eastern and western ends of the tunnel and two more teams worked back-to-back from the middle, moving outward.” [16 ] Nevertheless, a new compound was introduced into the construction project, that allowed for quicker results. “... Nitroglycerine... Allowed for shallower holes of narrow width, but its blasts achieved a much greater destructive yield... [It] was also much easier to move than the debris of black powder, saving a lot of cumulative time and sweat.” [16 ] This compound also made the work easier for the laborers as well. “Workers were able to advance up to two feet per day on all four faces, instead of measuring each hard one inch.” [16 ]

Cost
The construction of the railroad was overseen by Union Pacific and Central Pacific. [8 ] Central Pacific was led by Collins P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker. [8 ] While these leaders had disagreements over how to implement the railroad, they successfully managed to build their portions of the railroad. Meanwhile, Union Pacific only had one major actor, General Grenville M. Dodge, who oversaw the field of operations. [8 ] The building of the transcontinental railroad had a significantly high cost for the 19th century. Building the track in the plains cost $16,000 per mile in government bonds, $32,000 per mile for building it in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada mountains, and $48,000 per mile for other mountain regions. [8 ] The building of the railroad across the Central Pacific region cost between $36 million and $51.5 million, whereas building it through the Union Pacific cost approximately $60 million. [8 ] When completed in 1869, the project through Union Pacific cost a total of $111 million with $74 million in bonds, which is equivalent to approximately $2,238,853,676.47 in inflation-adjusted dollars for the present day. [8 ] [25 ]

Financial Structure
A portion of the transcontinental railroad was financed by the United States Government. “Construction of the first transcontinental railroad, financed with large federal subsidies, is an important event in American history.” [3 ] The biggest aspect that allowed for these loans was the passage of a piece of legislation in 1862. “... The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 provided a construction loan and land grants to two private companies, the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific.” [3 ] Thus, this component was financially produced through both public and private means. “Usually, a joint venture between a state or local government and private interests, railroads were expected to generate fair returns for public and private investors, but their ultimate goal was to create a transportation infrastructure that enhanced general prosperity.” [14 ] Even though their initial goal was to unite the country through fast transportation, they were still faced with financial issues through ineffective behavior. “The Union Pacific of the late 19th century was challenged by inept management, serial scandals, two financial panics, two bankruptcies, political pot shots, and the kinds of external events that damage… Strong corporations.” [14 ] However, these hurdles allowed for a rational solution that led to more coherent and ethical financial actions that permitted consistent results. “... The cleverest scheme UP’s management executed was Credit Mobilier of America, the independent construction company hired to build the Union Pacific… The original idea was to keep everyone honest by separating the management and operation of the railroad from its construction.” [14 ]

Institutional Structure
Some of the institutions involved were the federal government through legislation and private railroad companies through materials, construction, and labor. “These laws granted rights of way and use of building materials along the way... To companies that would build the transcontinental railroad and its feeder lines.” [15 ] The two biggest corporate institutions involved were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads, each covering two different geographical areas to construct in. “... The Union Pacific Railroad, [was] to be built from the Platte River Valley in Nebraska to the border between Nevada and California, with two feeder lines from Omaha to Sioux City…” [15 ] While “... The Central Pacific Railroad, [was] to be built as a feeder line from Sacramento over the Sierra Nevada to meet the Union Pacific eastwards and to San Francisco in the West...” [15 ] However, these weren’t the only two institutions involved as “... The Leavenworth, Pawnee & Western, later to be known as the Union Pacific Eastern Division... [Existed] to link the 100th meridian Southeast with Kansas City.” [15 ] In order to prepare a labor force to construct an aspect of this system, “... Charles Crocker (who oversaw construction for the central Pacific) began hiring Chinese laborers… The Chinese laborers proved to be tireless workers, and Crocker hired more… some 14,000 were toiling under brutal working conditions…” [9 ] When the structure started to reach tougher terrains, such as mountains, different operating measures had to be taken in order to construct the railroad efficiently. “To blast through the mountains, the Central Pacific built huge wooden trestles on the western slopes and used gunpowder and nitroglycerine to blast tunnels through the granite.” [9 ]

Policy Issues
Not only was the Transcontinental Railroad something that concerned hard infrastructure, there were some other policy issues which also went into the creation of the Transcontinental Railroad. Among the most important policy issues for the Transcontinental Railroad was a desire for the westward expansion of the United States.

The project began and was indeed completed, once the last shots of the Civil War were fired. This meant that not only were Presidents Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant, concerned with unifying a badly divided country but they also had to deal with the concerns of connecting the young country from coast or coast at long last. At the time, those who lived in densely populated areas around the United States had a strong desire to spread out, in terms of homeownership, they wanted to create space between themselves and their neighbors. This want of more space and push to go out west eventually brought about unintended conflicts between the Westward settlers, the Transcontinental Railroad workers, and the Native Americans.

The second most important policy issue for the railroad was how economics and the efficiency of the transport of goods and services to and from east to west (and back) went into the creation of the railroad. The creation of the Transcontinental Railroad was thanks to not only President Abraham Lincoln but Asa Whitney and Theodore Judah. Whitney was a New York merchant who did business with the Chinese and believed in an efficient way to transport goods arriving in California from Asia which then needed to be transported to the primary homestead of the American population, the east coast. The New York businessman reasoned that, "...linking the coast would unlock the commercial potential of China while eliminating infernal ocean commutes" and also "...a railway would become the corridor of exchange between Europe and Asia, placing America at the center of the world's attention." [27 ] However, Whitney forgot an essential part of the plan to make his dream of a railroad connecting the west coast to the rest of America, something a young Theodore Judah would use to steal the show: a route. In the year 1860, a young engineer, by the name of Theodore Judah, came up with a plan to cross the Rocky Mountains, and he gathered investors from all over, the then, America, to make the Central Pacific Railroad Company. The investors, a feasible plan, at least given the circumstance, and a company built for the sole purpose of developing this railroad, Judah managed to convince congressmen and President Abraham Lincoln of his plan. The following year the Railroad Act of 1862 was passed, giving way to the Transcontinental Railroad. The policy issue here was, Whitney didn't have a plan, let alone backing for it, and the route plan was all that stood between him and his railroad.

Narrative
The idea for the transcontinental railroad began in the early 19th century when the earliest map was thought to be drafted in 1830 (LOC). It is unknown who originally came up with the idea for this project, but a merchant named Asa Whitney played a significant role in gaining legislative approval for it. Whitney published an idea he called a Project for a Railroad to the Pacific in 1849, which served as his first draft of the railroad. His original plan involved the train tracks being built from Wisconsin to the West coast across the Rocky Mountains.

At first, the United States Congress did not accept this original draft, as the final railroad was not completed until twenty years later, in 1869. Creating this railroad seemed quite difficult, but as the 19th century came to its midway point, there were additional events that made building the tracks much easier. The U.S. government expanded its territory to the West Coast, and the Gold Rush of 1849 brought more tourists to the West. Additionally, the U.S. gained California as an official territory after the Mexican War. All these new developments combined helped create more demand for a railroad that expanded.

The construction ran into many obstacles on the way, of course. In the western territories, there were several Native American tribes that conflicted with the government’s economic interests. As an act of rebellion, there were tribes who disassembled parts of the railroad while it was being built by the American government. Captain John W. Gunnison was killed by Native Americans when surveying the planned sites for the railroad, but the scouting of the routes was continued and finished by other lieutenants and captains of the Union. Despite native efforts to curtail the production of train tracks, the railroad was built through native land, greatly displacing the natives from their land, along with the reduction of their natural resources such as buffalo and other livestock (DPLA).

Additionally, the future President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, supported building the railroad along the 35th parallel to the west of California (LOC).

Lessons Learned/Takeaways
After the railroad was completed, the price to travel across the country dropped to one-hundred, fifty dollars. [9 ]

The effort also cut the three thousand mile journey across the country, from a journey once slightly over a month, to once the project was completed, under a week.

Connecting the country's coasts made the movement of Western goods to Eastern ports (or vice versa) almost seamless.

Abraham Lincoln realized his campaign goal of building the transcontinental railroad (although he was unfortunately unable to see the railroad complete, this also unified the country and moved the country westward to cover the entire country, which was Lincoln’s ultimate goal.

This project, finally, made the expansion of the country further westward almost a known quantity, allowing there to be heightened tensions between westward settlers and indigenous tribes.

Discussion Questions
How would westward expansion have looked if the proposition for the railroad hadn’t made it through congress?

How was trade impacted by the construction of the railroad and what goods would be lost without it?

How were the politics between the US and Asian Countries impacted by this railroad?


text: Template:Favorite subject

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text:
Category:Pages using Timeline

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Pages using Timeline


text:
User talk:2601:205:C380:36C0:B5D3:28A6:3E7B:E7A0

--Mtarch11 (discuss • contribs) 03:50, 13 October 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:FireAndWaterGirl123

Hi!
I'm FireAndWaterGirl123 (FireToWater for short), and I love editing wikis. It's my favourite thing to do, and once I start, I can't stop.

Some useful pages

 * Help·
 * Help:Editing
 * WB:FILE
 * WB:USER

Or you could ask on my talk page, where you can easily communicate with me.

Also, if you need more help, see Help:Contents.

title: User:FireAndWaterGirl123


text:
Talk:GNU Health/Federation Technical Guide

While trying to get Thalamus/Federation running I noticed there are some missing and wrong informations in the documentation. I suggest the following changes:

- Advise to use a virtual environment. Otherwise the main server will crash since it uses a different version of werkzeug

- Put "pip3 install --user thalamus" above "Initializing PostgreSQL for the HIS and Person Master Index" because it depends on files delivered during the pip installation

- Add the information that the "demo directory" is where "pip3 show thalamus" points

- Change "psql < federation_schema.sql" to "psql -d federation < federation_schema.sql"

- In "Initializing PostgreSQL for the HIS and Person Master Index" change the numbering to 1,2,3 instead of 1,3,4

- The demo user/pw ITAPYT999HON:gnusolidario would also be a nice hint

- I finally managed to connect over uwsgi & https (on Ubuntu), but I needed some more steps:

sudo apt install uwsgi uwsgi-plugin-router-access uwsgi-plugin-python3

pip3 install flask-cors

replace psycopg2.connect(...) by psycopg2.connect(dbname=’federation’) 	in import_pg.py and thalamus.py

add lines "plugins = http,python3" and “venv = /path/venv/” to 	thalamus_uwsgi.ini

Gerald Wiese (discuss • contribs) 09:07, 13 October 2021 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. b4/4...Bb6

4... Bb6
Black declines the gambit by playing 4... Bb6. Black refuses to give White the opportunity to gain tempo and hangs onto the center. However, White can play /5. a4/ with plans to play 6. a5 later on to trap the bishop.


text:
User talk:2A00:23C5:24AC:4F00:3912:BB59:BE0:8B7E

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 19:39, 13 October 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Super Mario World/Caped status

I think I ended up finding a bug while playing Mario world on my switch because when I landed I ended up killing a sawblade. It had a little debug look but I can remember it I don have access my switch right now, can't anyone tell me how it happened?Derp and bred (discuss • contribs) 20:24, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Super Mario World/Caped status


text: Template:Sourcebox

title: Template:Sourcebox


text: Template:User USA/User Ohio

title: Template:User USA/User Ohio


text: Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/A list of introductory verbs


text: Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/A list of introductory adjectives


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Indi One

History
The INDI EV electric car company was founded by Chinese businessman Shi Hai, who had previously worked in the Chinese mobile games industry.

The Indi One was announced on October 14th, 2021 as an electric car with a gaming computer built in. This computer was considered the primary distinguishing feature of the vehicle in a market saturated by EV startups.

VIC
The company named the computer VIC, which is short for "Vehicle Integrated Computer". Though the company touted the VIC as a supercomputer, these claims were dismissed by the media.

The VIC uses an unspecified Intel Core i7 CPU, and an NVIDIA RTX 2080 GPU. Windows is used as an Operating System.

The car was said to support VR.

Battery
The car has a battery with a capacity of 95 kilowatt hours.


text:
User:George779/sandbox

Армавир

title: User:George779/sandbox


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Watson

Browser and Watson User's Guide [ Text | Contents | Index | Master index ]

Tutorial objective
Learn how to obtain module information using the browser or the even smarter browser Watson and its companion panel Watson.Panel. Also learn to create definition modules documenting your own system extensions.

Estimated time: 20 minutes.

Definition module
A definition module describes a module interface and is a summary of the complete module. It contains the declaration of the exported names which may be used by other modules. It also known as the public view of the module and its advantage is its textual compactness. With this clearly defined module interface, a module can be used without knowledge of how it is implemented. Also, at construction time a module can be defined without knowledge of how it will be used in the future.

In Oberon, it is not necessary to write down the definition of a module: the browser and Watson are two software development tools that take care of extracting the necessary information from the module. In the following, it will be explained wherefrom the information is collected.

Introducing the browser
The primary tool for retrieving a module definition is the browser. Look for example at the definition module of the compiler: Browser.ShowDef Compiler.

Using the browser
The browser exports only two commands which are documented in the Browser.Tool and are described below. The browser for the OMEGA version exports only the command "Browser.ShowDef".

Show module definition - Browser.ShowDef
Browser.ShowDef (modName | ^) [\[d][e]] opens a document viewer named "modName.Def" displaying the definition of the named module. Only the first name part in modName is used. The definition is constructed using the symbol information contained in the compiled object file modName.Obj or respectively in the symbol file modName.Sym. The options are:
 * d: show detailed information, that is: record size and offset of fields in records, entry number of exported variables and procedures.
 * e: expand base types (recursive application of the browser)

Examples:
 * Browser.ShowDef Outlines.Tool - (* only the first name part is used. *)
 * Browser.ShowDef Outlines.Obj\d
 * Browser.ShowDef Outlines\e
 * Browser.ShowDef Outlines\de

Show object definition - Browser.ShowObj (not in OMEGA)
Browser.ShowObj (modName.objName | ^) [\[d][e]] opens a document viewer named "modName.objName" displaying the definition of a specific object objName in the module modName (only the first name part is used). The options are the same and the definition is constructed in the same manner as for Browser.ShowDef.

Example: Browser.ShowObj Display.Frame\d

Introducing Watson
Watson uses a special strategy for extracting a module definition from various information sources: definition file, module file or marked module text, symbol information, object file, and although not in direct relation, tutorial document. The search strategy is defined by the Search order but it can also be modified on demand. Watson is in essence a "smart" browser with extended capabilities making it indispensable in complex software development projects.

Some of its extra capabilities are:
 * 1) The module definition can be constructed from the (source) module text. In that case, Watson extracts three additional information elements from the text and includes them in the definition text:
 * 2) exported comments of the form (** any comment *)
 * 3) references to tutorials in the form of interspersed comments like:    (*L Tutorial.Label *)
 * 4) the pre- or the post-conditions and their trap number found in ASSERT statements. The ASSERT statement text must adhere to the following convention: 100 <= trap < 110 : pre-condition 120 <= trap < 130 : post-condition Note that Watson removes the export marks (*) but not the read-only marks (-).
 * 5) The definition text is a hypertext with hyperlinks of different meanings indicated in different colors:
 * 6) Imported modules appear in red. Such a hyperlink displays a module definition.
 * 7) Types and constants appear in blue. Such a hyperlink displays an object definition or moves to the location of its definition in the current definition text.
 * 8) Tutorial or document names appear in green. Such a hyperlink opens a tutorial at a defined point, where an explanatory text is provided.
 * 9) The definition module may be a HTML text which can be viewed with any commercially available Web browser or with the Oberon Web browser. In that case hovewer, all hypertext links will appear in the same color.

Sample module
MODULE Items; (** PS 1.12.96 21:47:21 *) IMPORT Obj := Objects, Texts; CONST (** Maximum number of items in array *) MaxItems* = 12; (** Name size *) NameLen = 32; TYPE Name* = ARRAY NameLen OF CHAR; (*L Watson.HELPITEM *) (** Item is an object with a name and a color *) Item* = POINTER TO ItemDesc; ItemDesc* = RECORD (Obj.ObjDesc) name-: Name; (** Name of the item *) col: INTEGER END; VAR items-: ARRAY MaxItems OF Item; (** Array of items - Read-only *) defaultCol*: INTEGER; (** Default color of an item *) W: Texts.Writer; (* A writer *) (** Get the color of a given item *) PROCEDURE GetColor*(item: Item; VAR col: INTEGER); BEGIN ASSERT(item # NIL, 100); col := item.col END GetColor; (** Create an item *) PROCEDURE MakeItem*(VAR item: Item; name: Name; col:INTEGER); BEGIN NEW(item); item.col := col; COPY(name, item.name); ASSERT(item # NIL, 120) END MakeItem; (** Insert an item in the array *) PROCEDURE InsertItem*(item: Item); VAR i: INTEGER; BEGIN ASSERT(item # NIL, 101); i := 0; LOOP IF i = MaxItems THEN EXIT END; IF items[i] = NIL THEN items[i] := item; EXIT END; INC(i) END END InsertItem; (** Delete an item in the array *) PROCEDURE DeleteItem*(itemNr: INTEGER); BEGIN ASSERT((0 <= itemNr) & (itemNr < MaxItems), 100); items[itemNr] := NIL END DeleteItem; BEGIN Texts.OpenWriter(W); defaultCol := 15 END Items.

Select the module text and copy it into a new empty viewer which you may name "Items.Mod" for instance. Compile the module with:
 * Builder.Compile /s Items.Mod and show the definition of Items with:
 * Watson.ShowDef Items

Here is the definition text which an Oberon user will obtain. It is reproduced below to the attention of those who are browsing the tutorial on the Web.

DEFINITION Items; (* PS 1.12.96 21:47:21 *) IMPORT Objects ; CONST (* Maximum number of items in array *) MaxItems = 12; (* Name size *) TYPE Name = ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; (* Item is an object with a name and a color *) Item = POINTER TO ItemDesc ; ItemDesc = RECORD( Objects.ObjDesc   ) name-: Name ; (* Name of the item *) END; VAR items -: ARRAY MaxItems OF Item ; (* Array of items - Read-only *) defaultCol : INTEGER; (* Default color of an item *) (* Get the color of a given item *) PROCEDURE GetColor (item: Item ; VAR col: INTEGER); (* precondition (100): item # NIL *) (* Create an item *) PROCEDURE MakeItem (VAR item: Item ; name: Name ; col: INTEGER); (* postcondition (120): item # NIL *) (* Insert an item in the array *) PROCEDURE InsertItem (item: Item ); (* precondition (101): item # NIL *) (* Delete an item in the array *) PROCEDURE DeleteItem (itemNr: INTEGER); (* precondition (100): (0 <= itemNr) & (itemNr < MaxItems) *) END Items.

Clicking on the green spot above causes this document to open here: Meaning of "Item" Item is a simple object with a name and a color attribute. It has no real function or purpose but is nevertheless a realistic example.

Using the Watson panel
Open the Watson panel with:   Desktops.OpenDoc Watson.Panel

This graphical user interface features a number of command buttons, controlled by the settings in the Setup iconizer, and by check boxes appearing in the lower part.

Setting the options with Setup
To adjust the settings to your preferences, click on the little square at the left top of the iconizer to flip it. Enter the appropriate values in the various fields as described hereafter. When the settings are adequate, click the [Save settings] button, and click on the little square of the iconizer to return it to its original position. These settings are saved in the Watson library Watson.Lib.

Search order: This text field contains a string of up to five capital letters which determines the order, from left to right, in which the various information sources are consulted for creating a definition text. Each source is represented by a capital letter with the following meaning:

D: an existing definition text is used. The definition text is searched in a definition module (.Def) or in the archive specified in the text field "Def Archive". The name of a definition module must have the suffix ".Def" - see Make definitions. M: the text of a module is used to create the definition module. The text may be contained in a module file or in a marked viewer. S: the symbol information in a symbol file (.Sym) or respectively in an object file is used to create the definition text. C: the information in an object file is used to create the definition text. Only the definition of commands will appear in this case. It is equivalent to what is obtained with a System.ShowCommands command. T: a tutorial associated with a module is opened. The association between module and tutorial is defined in "Tutorial Links".

Files are searched only in the current directory. If the field is empty, Watson uses the default order "DMSCT", the order in which the information sources were described above. Note that this order offers the best possible search strategy and that, at each missing step the amount of information Watson supplies is diminished. However, the order may be changed and information sources not explicitely specified are ignored. The set order can also be overwritten with the Select Source radio-buttons.

Def Archive: This text field contains the name of the archive (file) containing the definition texts. The module definitions of the Oberon system are delivered in the archive "Definitions.Arc". This file may be extended with the definitions of custom developed modules. Alternatively, new separate archives may be constructed, but only one such archive can be searched. The archive must be found in the current search path (see OBERON.INI)

Mod file name: This text field may contain a module name filter of the form [prefix] [* [postfix]] in which Watson will replace the asterisk by the name specified in the Watson command. If only a prefix is specified, Watson assumes a module name obtained by the concatenation of three parts: prefix name .Mod. In both cases, If the system cannot open a file with that name, it will further attempt to open a file named name .Mod.

Application: A number of Oberon modules are platform dependent: that is for instance the case for Win.Display.Mod. Watson can produce the definition module of almost any module on a Windows platform if the text field contains "Win." or "Win.*.Mod".

Examples: Assuming that the name appearing in the Watson command is "Sample":   Win.*.Mod2   =>   Win.Sample.Mod2 Win.*       =>   Win.Sample Win. =>  Win.Sample.Mod *.Mod3      =>   Sample.Mod3 *           =>   Sample empty string =>  Sample.Mod

Tutorial Links: This text gadget defines the association between modules and tutorials. Each text line contains a name pair with at the left a module name and at the right a tutorial name or a two-part qualified name of the form: tutorial.label. The label, which must be exported by the tutorial, identifies where to open the tutorial. The file name of a tutorial must have the suffix ".html".

Example:   Watson    Watson Items    Watson.HELPITEM

Select Source
When the radio-button "Auto" is selected (this is the default setting), the information sources search order applies, but you can temporarily overwrite this order with one of the remaining radio-buttons. If that is the case, the information source corresponding to the selected radio-button is then searched first, while the remaining sources specified in the search order follow in order.

Example: Given the default order "DMSCT", selecting "Sym" results in the new order "SDMCT".

Formatting Options
When a module text in a marked viewer or in a .Mod file is used to create a definition text, the created text may be formatted in three different forms: Note that these options are ignored, if a .Def file is exploited first, e.g. when the searching sequence is DMSCT.
 * without alteration to the source module text,
 * with all text appearing in Syntax10 font: Syntax10 font only is checked (command option p). This option overwrites the Comments in italic one.
 * with comments in italic: Comments in italic is checked (command option i),

Symbol file Options
When symbol information extracted from a symbol file or an object file is used to create a definition text, the created text may offer three different information contents:
 * without addition,
 * with all details: Show all details is checked (command option d),
 * with extended base types information: Extend base type is checked (command option x).

Note that these options are ignored, if a .Def or a .Mod file is exploited first, that is, the default search order must start with S or the check box Sym must be checked.

These options are the same as those of the browser commands, that is \d and \x respectively.

Command buttons for showing information
Note that feedback information appears in the Oberon log, indicating from which source Watson obtained the information for constructing the module definition.

Each of the buttons hides a command which is described in the subsequent chapter.

[Show Def ^] Watson.ShowDef ^.

[Show Obj ^] Watson.ShowObj ^.

[Show Def *] Watson.ShowDef *.

[Show Imp ^] Watson.ShowImports ^.

[Show Exp ^] Watson.ShowExports ^.

[Check ^] Watson.Check ^.

Watson commands
Note that feedback information appears in the Oberon log, indicating from which source Watson obtained the information for constructing the module definition.

Show module definition - Watson.ShowDef
Watson.ShowDef [\options] (module | * | ^) opens a viewer named "module.Def" displaying the definition of the named module. The name must be an Oberon name, of which only the first part of a qualified multipart name is used. Watson attempts to open the information sources in a specified search order and reports on the outcome of the search: if the requested information is found, the name of the source is listed in the Oberon log, otherwise an error message "no information about ... available" appears.

If the information source is the marked viewer (*), this marked text must be a valid Oberon program text. If it is not, the location of the error is listed in the log.

If the information source is a tutorial (T), it is opened as specified in "Tutorial Links".

The options belong to three different categories:
 * 1) the information sources identified by the capital letters D, M, S, C, T in the desired order. This order takes precedence over the search order defined in the setup. Not all sources must be explicitely named - the remaining positions will be taken over from the setup.     Search order in Setup: DMSCT     Command parameter: \MS     Resulting search order: MSDCT
 * 2) the formatting options: d and x.
 * 3) the symbol file options: i and p

Exercise: Create a definition module for the sample program "Items.Mod" first. Then make sure that the text gadget of the "Tutorial Links" contains a line
 * Items   Watson.HELPITEM

and try this: Watson.ShowDef \T Items

Show object definition - Watson.ShowObj
Watson.ShowObj [\options] (module.object | ^) opens a viewer named "module.Def" displaying the definition of the selected object in the selected module. The parameter must contain a two-part qualified name of the form module.object, where object is the name of an object exported by module. If that object is not found, the entire module definition is displayed.

The options are the same as for Watson.ShowDef.

Make definitions - Watson.MakeDefs
Watson.MakeDefs [\c] ({modName} (~ | ^) | *) creates a definition module (.Def) for each module file (.Mod) in the list. The module files must be found in the current directory. If the option \c is used, HTML document files (*.Def.html) are created instead. Caution: If a matching definition or HTML file already exists, it is overwritten.

Try this: Watson.MakeDefs Items.Mod ~

Such a definition module may be added to an archive of definitions at any time, if it is of some importance to your installation.

Convert definitions to HTML text- Watson.ConvertDefs
Watson.ConvertDefs {defName}~ | ^ converts each definition module (.Def) named in the list into a HTML document file (*.Def.html). The definition modules to convert must be found in the current directory or in the archive file specified in the Watson panel settings. Caution: If a matching HTML file already exists, it is overwritten.

Try this: Watson.ConvertDefs Items.Def Watson.Def ~

Show imports (OMEGA only) - Watson.ShowImports
Watson.ShowImports [\options] (module | ^) opens a viewer named "module.Imp" displaying a map of all the modules imported by the named module, and of all the exported objects in those modules which are effectively imported. This "uses what?" request may take some time to complete. Only the first part of a qualified multipart module name is used.

Show exports (OMEGA only) - Watson.ShowExports
Watson.ShowExports [\options] (module | ^) opens a viewer named "module.Def" displaying the definition of the named module, in the same fashion as [Show Def ^], but the objects exported by the selected module which are effectively used in other modules are shown in green. When such a green spot is clicked with the middle mouse key, it shows a list of modules using the object. Selecting one of the module with the mouse cursor and releasing the mouse key, opens the module. This "where used?" request is only valuable when a module is effectively used by other modules. This request may take some time to complete. Only the first part of a qualified multipart module name is used.

Check module consistency (OMEGA only) - Watson.Check
Watson.Check {module[*]} | ^ | all opens a viewer named "Check.Out" telling if the named modules can be loaded or not. If not, a message is displayed in the log. The objective is to check the consistency of the named modules or of all modules. Only the first part of qualified multipart names is used.

Index
A

archive*

B

Browser.ShowDef Browser.ShowObj Browser.Tool browser

D

definition module Definitions.Arc

M

module public view

S

sample module

W

Watson commands Watson setup Watson.Check Watson.ConvertDefs Watson.Lib Watson.MakeDefs Watson.Panel Watson.ShowDef Watson.ShowExports Watson.ShowImports Watson.ShowObj

Revised, 11 Dec 1996 Installed on 30 05 1997

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Watson


text: Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!

title: Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!


text: Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!/ancestry

title: Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!/ancestry


text: Category:Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!

title: Category:Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!


text: Category:Shelf:Hello, Jonathan!/all books


text: Subject:Hello, Jonathan!

title: Subject:Hello, Jonathan!


text: Category:Subject:Hello, Jonathan!

title: Category:Subject:Hello, Jonathan!


text: Category:Subject:Hello, Jonathan!/all books