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Bikol/Adjectives

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Some English examples are: "happy", "tired", "beautiful", "young" and "fresh".

Most of adjectives in Bikol starts with the prefix ma-, like magayon which means beautiful, its rootword is gayon with means beauty.

The order of an adjective and a noun is interchangeable, it can be an adjective first then followed by a noun or a noun first before an adjective.

But remember:
 * you must add the connector word na if the first word (maybe an adjective or noun) ends with a consonant (especially if the word ends in -n)
 * if the suffix -ng if the first word (maybe an adjective or noun) ends with a vowel before being succeeded by the second word.

For example:

aking magayon o magayon na aki both mean beautiful child. Magayon means beautiful and aki means child.

An adjective can be used as a predicate in a sentence. Most of the time, Bikol sentences start with the predicate before the subject, but you can also put the subject before the predicate.

For Example:

Maugma si Juan''. (John is happy.) Pobre si Juan pero maugma''. (John is poor but happy.)

Adjectives of Quality
1. Sarong maisog na babayi si Maria Makiling.
 * Maria Makiling is a brave woman.

2. Mainiton kaidtong Sabado.
 * It was hot last Saturday.

3. 'Honesto si Jose.
 * Jose is an honest man.

4. Sarong dakulang syudad an Manila.
 * Manila is a big city.

5. Sarong magayon na burak an Sampaguita.
 * Jasmine is a beautiful flower.

5. Mabata an kwarto.
 * The room is smelly.
 * mabaho - smelly
 * kwarto - room

6. Mahamot an pahamot.
 * The perfume smells good.
 * mahamot - fragrant
 * pahamot - perfume

Adjectives of Quantity
1. Dakul na kakanon an natada.
 * There are many food left.
 * dakul - many
 * kakanon - Food
 * natada - left

Adjectives of Number
1. Dakulon na tawo an nag-atendir sa pasale.
 * There were many people that went to the concert/show.
 * dakul - many
 * tawo - people
 * nag-atendir - visited
 * pasale - show

Demonstrative Adjectives
1. Sakuya an kabayong ini.
 * This horse is mine.
 * kabayo - horse
 * ini - this/these
 * sakuya - mine

2. Saimo an kabayong iyan.
 * That horse is yours.
 * iyan - that
 * saimo - yours

3. Masiram an mga mansanas na ini.
 * These apples are delicious.
 * masiram - delicious
 * mga mansanas - apples
 * ini - these/this

Useful Adjectives
<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Adjectives


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Bikol/Interrogative Pronouns

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Here are some examples of the interrogative pronouns in Bikol language.

 * question
 * hapot

 * answer
 * simbag

 * to ask
 * maghapot

 * to answer
 * magsimbag
 * who
 * siisay (singular)
 * sirisay (plural)
 * where
 * haen (singular)
 * haraen (plural)
 * saen (singular)
 * saraen (plural)
 * how
 * pâno
 * when

 * nuarin (if the question is answerable by future events)
 * kasuarin (if the question is answerable by past events)
 * whose
 * kisisay (singular)
 * kisirisay (plural)
 * how much? (prize)
 * manggurâno
 * mamira
 * how much (degree)
 * gurâno
 * why?
 * tâno (Bikol - Naga)
 * natà (Bikol - Legazpi)
 * what?
 * ano
 * how many?
 * pira
 * which?
 * arin

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bikol/Interrogative Pronouns


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Bikol/Why Study Bikol?

<< Contents | Introduction | Why Study Bikol? | About Bikol | Authors | External Links >>

Bikol

Studying Bikol language, or any language for that matter, can have several benefits. Here are a few reasons why studying Bikol language can be valuable:

 * Cultural appreciation: The Bikol language is spoken in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. By studying the Bikol language, you can gain deeper understanding and appreciation for the culture, tradition, and history of the Bicolanos. Language is closely tied to a community's identity, and learning Bikol can provide insights into the rich cultural heritage of the region.

 * Communication and connection: Learning the Bikol language allows you to communicate directly with native Bikol speakers. This can foster meaningful connections and relationship with the local community, whether you are visiting the Bicol Region or interacting with Bikol speakers elsewhere. Speaking their language shows respect and interest in their culture, and it can open doors to new friendship and experience.

 * Professional opportunities: In some contexts, knowledge of the Bikol language can provide competitive edge in the job market. If you plan to work in the Bicol Region or industries that have significant Bikol speaking population, such as tourism, education, or government, being able to communicate effectively in Bikol can enhance your career prospects and open up employment opportunities.

 * Linguistic and cognitive benefits: Learning any language, including Bikol, can improve your overall linguistic abilities and cognitive skills. It enhances your memory, problem-solving, and multitasking abilities. Additionally, studying languages can increase your awareness and understanding of grammar, syntax, and language structures, which can benefit your communication skills in general.

 * Preserving cultural heritage: Many indigenous languages, including some Bikol dialects, are endangered and at risk of disappearing. By studying and promoting the Bikol language, you contribute to its preservation and help ensure the continuity of a unique linguistic and cultural heritage for future generations.

Overall, studying the Bikol language can offer personal, professional, and cultural benefits, allowing you to connect with people, understand their culture, and contribute to the preservation of linguistic diversity.

title: Bikol/Why Study Bikol?


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Chatbots For Social Change/Reviews

Chatbots for Social Change is creating a stepping stone of its own in the swarm of AI developments that continually advance on a daily basis. Chatbots to serve as a positive influence on the ever-growing complexities of social interactions can help guide society and steer the narrative clear of conflict. In addition, accelerated problem solving, brainstorming, and collaboration is possible. Striving for efficiency, Chatbots for Social Change has the potential to reshape society itself and the way we interact.

title: Chatbots For Social Change/Reviews


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Bikol/Singular and Plural Verbs

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Note To form the plural verbs in Bikol, the syllables "ra","ri", "ro", and/or "ru", were added at the middle of the root word depending on the first syllable it follows.
 * The child is playing.
 * Nagkakawat an aki.

 * The children are playing.
 * Nagkakarawat an mga aki.

 * The man is sitting.
 * Nagtutukaw an lalaki.

 * The men are sitting.
 * Nagtuturukaw an mga lalaki.

 * The dog is barking.
 * Nagbabatok an ayam.

 * The dogs are barking.
 * Nagbabaratok an mga ayam.

 * He/She bought an ice cream.
 * Nagbakal siya nin ice cream.

 * They bought ice cream.
 * Nagbarakal sinda nin ice cream.

 * He is praying.
 * Nagpapangadyî siya.

 * They are praying.
 * Nagpapangaradyî sinda.

 * The book was borrowed.
 * Sinublî si libro.

 * The books were borrowed.
 * Sinurublî si mga libro.

 * She will come with me tomorrow.
 * Maiba siya sakuyà sa aga.

 * They will come with me tomorrow.
 * Mairiba sinda sakuyà sa aga.

 * He bathed in the sea.
 * Nagkarigos siya sa dagat.

 * They bathed in the sea.
 * Nagkararigos sinda sa dagat.

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Singular and Plural Verbs


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Chatbots For Social Change/Beliefs

= Introduction =

= Understanding Beliefs =

 * 1) Defining Beliefs
 * 2) * Conceptualizing Beliefs: Definitions and characteristics.
 * 3) * Beliefs vs. Knowledge and Opinions: Clarifying distinctions.
 * 4) * The Nature of Belief: Cognitive and emotional components.
 * 5) Formation of Beliefs
 * 6) * Psychological Processes: Cognitive biases, emotions, and decision-making.
 * 7) * Societal Influences: Culture, education, and media.
 * 8) * The Role of Personal Experiences: Individual differences in belief formation.
 * 9) Evolution of Beliefs
 * 10) * Factors Leading to Change: New information, experiences, and social influences.
 * 11) * Historical Case Studies: Examples of belief evolution.
 * 12) * Resistance to Change: Psychological and social barriers.

= Beliefs and Social Dynamics =

 * 1) Beliefs in Social Context
 * 2) * Influencing Social Behaviors: How beliefs guide actions and interactions.
 * 3) * Beliefs and Social Norms: The creation and reinforcement of societal norms.
 * 4) * Group Dynamics and Beliefs: The role of group identity in belief maintenance.
 * 5) Belief Systems and Social Change
 * 6) * Belief Systems as Catalysts: How beliefs initiate social movements.
 * 7) * Resistance to New Beliefs: Factors contributing to societal resistance.
 * 8) * Acceptance and Integration: Processes leading to the adoption of new beliefs.

= Technological Influence on Beliefs =

 * 1) The Digital Shaping of Beliefs
 * 2) * Role of Social Media: How platforms shape and amplify beliefs.
 * 3) * The Spread of Misinformation: Challenges in digital environments.
 * 4) * Personalization Algorithms: Their impact on belief reinforcement.
 * 5) Information Echo Chambers
 * 6) * Formation and Impact: Creating reinforcing belief cycles.
 * 7) * Breaking the Echo Chamber: Strategies and challenges.
 * 8) * Digital Literacy: Educating users about diverse viewpoints.
 * 9) Global Connectivity and Beliefs
 * 10) * Cross-Cultural Exchanges: The impact of global connectivity on beliefs.
 * 11) * Homogenization vs. Diversification: Contrasting effects of global networks.
 * 12) * Digital Divide: Implications for belief formation and change.

= Global Perspectives and Cultural Variations in Beliefs =

 * 1) Cultural Diversity in Beliefs
 * 2) * Variability of Beliefs Across Cultures: Understanding the spectrum.
 * 3) * Cultural Beliefs and Globalization: The interplay of local and global influences.
 * 4) * Traditional vs. Modern Beliefs: The tension between preservation and change.
 * 5) Challenges for Chatbots in Multicultural Environments
 * 6) * Designing for Cultural Sensitivity: Principles and practices.
 * 7) * Language and Semantics: Overcoming linguistic barriers.
 * 8) * Ethical Considerations: Respecting diverse belief systems.
 * 9) Inter-Cultural Exchange and Belief Evolution
 * 10) * The Role of Inter-Cultural Dialogue: Facilitating understanding and change.
 * 11) * Case Studies: Examples of belief evolution through cultural exchange.
 * 12) * Predicting Future Trends: The impact of ongoing globalization.

= Robust Belief Systems =

 * 1) Definition and Illustration
 * 2) * Characteristics of Robust Belief Systems: Adaptability and resilience.
 * 3) * Identifying Redundancy: Signs and implications.
 * 4) Science and Beliefs
 * 5) * Scientific Method and Belief Refutation: Examples and case studies.
 * 6) * Historical Shifts: Major scientific discoveries that changed beliefs.
 * 7) * Public Perception of Science: Understanding and trust issues.
 * 8) Moral Theories and Belief Evolution
 * 9) * Debates in Moral Philosophy: Impact on societal beliefs.
 * 10) * Ethical Dilemmas: Case studies where moral theories challenge beliefs.
 * 11) * Evolutionary Ethics: The intersection of biology and morality.
 * 12) Social Representation Theory
 * 13) * Principles of SRT: How beliefs form collective understandings.
 * 14) * SRT in Action: Examples of social representations in various cultures.
 * 15) * The Role of Media and Leaders: Influencing social representations.

= Conclusion =

 * Key Takeaways: Summarizing the main insights from each chapter.
 * The Future of Beliefs: Predictions and possibilities in the era of chatbots and AI.
 * Final Thoughts: Reflecting on the importance of understanding beliefs for social change.

= References =

 * Comprehensive listing of all academic, literary, and digital resources referenced.

This expanded outline provides a more detailed framework for each chapter, ensuring that the content is thorough and covers various aspects of beliefs in the context of chatbots and social change.

Introduction
Motivated reasoning is a phenomenon that has gained attention in various areas of philosophy, including political philosophy, social philosophy, epistemology, moral psychology, and philosophy of science (Ellis2022). It is characterized by rationalization, wishful thinking, and self-deception, and is commonly associated with biased and partisan cognition (Ellis2022). This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on motivated reasoning, focusing on the most well-understood and well-accepted findings.

Influence of Goals
Motivated reasoning is influenced by various motives, such as a preference for belief consonance and the desire to act morally (Epley2016). Individuals reason based on their goals, which can range from winning a game to defending a client or assuaging guilt (Epley2016). It is important to note that people have multiple goals, including survival, social status, accurate beliefs, and effective action (Epley2016). These goals shape the way individuals selectively interpret and evaluate information.

Biased Information Processing
Motivated reasoning involves biased information processing, where individuals selectively interpret and evaluate information in a way that aligns with their preexisting beliefs (Epley2016). When evaluating propositions they favor, individuals are more likely to accept evidence that supports their beliefs (Epley2016). Conversely, when evaluating propositions they oppose, individuals require more compelling evidence to accept it (Epley2016). This biased processing is evident in studies where participants react differently to the same result based on whether they perceive it as good or bad news (Epley2016 pages 4-5).

Impact on Judgment and Decision-Making
Motivated reasoning affects the quality of human judgment and decision-making (Epley2016 pages 2-3). People are not as rational as traditional models suggest, but they are also not as simple-minded as some may think (Epley2016 pages 2-3). The literature on motivated reasoning highlights the complex interplay between cognitive processes, goals, and beliefs, and the impact this has on individuals' ability to make sound judgments and decisions.

Methodological Recommendations
Despite the attention given to motivated reasoning, there are still limited insights into its epistemic problematic nature and the violations it entails (Ellis2022). To address this, Ellis (2022) suggests three methodological recommendations for future research on motivated reasoning. These recommendations aim to enhance our understanding of when and how motivated reasoning becomes problematic, and to shed light on the nature of the violation.

In conclusion, motivated reasoning is a complex phenomenon that influences individuals' interpretation and evaluation of information based on their goals and preexisting beliefs. It has been studied in various areas of philosophy and is commonly associated with biased and partisan cognition. Motivated reasoning impacts human judgment and decision-making, and further research is needed to better understand its epistemic problematic nature and the violations it entails. (Ellis2022, Epley2016, Kunda1990)

title: Chatbots For Social Change/Beliefs


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Chatbots For Social Change/Building on this WikiBook

Standardizing Sub-Heading Depth
The book is broken into six "Sections", which serve to divide the huge amount of content into smaller checkpoints which can be followed when taking the class either formally or informally. These sections are then broken down into smaller chapters, which are the fundamental building-blocks for the books as a whole.

Concretely, each chapter (not section) acts as a chapter in the final WikiBook, and is given its own chapter heading (a single equal sign, =). That leads to roughly 15 chapters. Chapters are then broken into sections (==) which may themselves have subsections (===). It's crucial to respect this convention, such that the final Print version is formatted consistently. To be sure, one can easily navigate to this print version to see how their additions or modifications will impact the overall layout of the book.

Using chatGPT to convert to wikitext
My methodology is simple. Whenever I ask it to generate wikitext, often from the result of a long conversation, I give it my custom instructions for what it should do. Whenever I find it is producing garbage, I'll add a new line to these instructions.

Conversion to PDF
The easiest way to convert to PDF is to navigate to the Print version and under Print/export heading in the sidebar on the left, select Download as PDF. This method is available for any Wikipedia page, and produces acceptable results.

The most beautiful and consistent method, is to convert to PDF using MediaWiki2LaTeX. Anyone can accomplish this, and there is an incredibly convenient Docker implementation that has worked seamlessly for me. By using LaTeX as an intermediary, most typesetting and formatting headaches disappear, and the intermediate LaTeX form can be further modified, in order to reach an even better level of production value.


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Bikol/About Bikol

<< Contents | Introduction | Why Study Bikol? | About Bikol | Authors | External Links >>

Bicol Region is composed of six provinces: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon and the island-provinces of Catanduanes and Masbate. Bikol is an Austronesian language used in the Philippines particularly on the Bicol Peninsula in the island of Luzon. Standard Bikol is based on the dialect of Naga City and is spoken in a wide area stretching from Camarines Norte, most of Camarines Sur, the entire east coast of Albay (including Legazpi City and Tabaco City) and northern Sorsogon. Standard Bikol is generally understood by other Bikol speakers and is the regional lingua franca.

title: Bikol/About Bikol


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Bikol/Personal Pronouns

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Personal pronouns refer to 1.) a person who is speaking or is spoken to, or 2.) a person being spoken about.

The Bikol pronoun akó is the equivalent of the English word “I”.

Keep In Mind: Si is a Bikol word that serves as a marker to indicate that the focus of the sentence is the name of the person.

There are two ways to use the personal pronoun akó as the subject of the sentence.

1.) Ako can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (before the verb).

Example: Ako si Karl.

2.) In the inverted sentence form, it is placed after the predicate. You can use this form when having a casual conversation.

Examples: Magayon ako. (I'm beautiful) Nagkakawat ako. (I'm playing)

Quiz: Translate these sentences in Bikol. 1. I'm lazy. 2. I'm Olivia. 3. I'm Craig. 4. I'm leaving for New York. 5. I'm happy.

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Personal Pronouns


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User:Loukus999

My translated contributions into English:

 * Bes (Deity)

title: User:Loukus999


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Category:Year-round ingredients

Ingredients that are available all year. Some of these ingredients may have a specific season, when their quality or production is highest, but they can be produced naturally all year round. For more detailed information on seasonality, consult the seasonality page or the relevant paragraph on the ingredient page.

title: Category:Year-round ingredients


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Bikol/Contents

Welcome to the course dedicated to teaching you the regional language of Bicolandia and Spicy Cuisine! If you haven't already done so, please, spend a few minutes to first read the book's introduction and reading guide. Once that's done, you're ready to begin your very first Bicolano lesson! Good luck!

If you have made contributions to this Wikibook and would like to have formal credit for being an author, please add your name to this list: Authors and Contributors.

title: Bikol/Contents


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Bikol/External Links

Bikol ᜊᜒᜃᜓᜎ᜔

title: Bikol/External Links


text: Category:Pulses

title: Category:Pulses


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Cookbook:Indian Moong Dal

This recipe is for cooking moong dal in the typical Indian way.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup moong dal
 * 3 green chiles
 * ½ tsp turmeric powder
 * 1½ cups water
 * Salt to taste
 * 2 tbsp cooking oil or ghee
 * 1 sprig curry leaves
 * 1 tsp jeera (cumin)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the dal, green chillies, turmeric powder, and water in a pressure cooker. Cook for 15 minutes, then leave the pressure cooker to release steam on its own.
 * 2) Open the pressure cooker and mash the cooked dal. Add salt to taste. Add more water if it is too thick and heat over a medium heat.
 * 3) Heat oil or ghee in a frying pan, then add jeera and curry leaves. After it splutters, pour it over the cooked dal.
 * 4) Serve hot with rice or rotis.

Additions

 * Try adding 1 tsp minced onion or shallot that has been browned in oil.
 * Mustard seeds fried in oil can also be added.

Plain dal
This variation is ideal for the children who do not eat spicy food:
 * 1) Cook the dal as described above. Remove the water above the dal and save it.
 * 2) Partially mash the dal with the back of a ladle. Mix in ¼–½ tsp turmeric, 1 pinch asafoetida, 5 g jaggery, and salt.
 * 3) Add enough of the saved water to make a soupy consistency (a bit thinner than soup). Boil it for 2–3 minutes.
 * 4) Serve with 2–3 more tsp ghee.

Tadka

 * 1) Cook the dal as described above. Remove the water above the dal and save it.
 * 2) Heat a few teaspoons oil in a pan. Add ½ tsp cumin seeds, 4–5 minced cloves of garlic, ½ inch minced ginger, and 1–2 torn green chiles. Cook until the spluttering subsides.
 * 3) Add ½ tsp ground turmeric and 2–3 chopped tomatoes. Sauté well.
 * 4) Stir in the cooked dal, along with enough reserved water to make it soupy. Season with salt to taste and keep warm.
 * 5) Heat a few tablespoons oil in a heavy-bottomed skillet over medium heat. Add 2–2½ tsp cumin seeds, 1 pinch asafoetida, and 2–3 torn red chiles.
 * 6) Reduce the heat and mix in 1 tsp red chili powder. Pour the mixture over the dal, and serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Indian Moong Dal


text: Category:Thickeners and stabilizers

title: Category:Thickeners and stabilizers


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Openness in Education

Open Access (OA)
Open access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.

Open Access (OA) to research is defined by the Budapest Open Access Initiative as “availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of [research] articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself” while authors retain integrity and acknowledgment of work.

Important components of the OA model include:

 * Authors keep their copyright.
 * Zero embargo period.

 * Share the research data with the article.
 * Add a Creative Commons license to the research article that enables text and data mining.

Open Educational Resources (OER)
OER are education resources with legal permissions for the public to freely access, use, edit, and share to better serve all students. "“Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research materials that are either (1) in the public domain or (2) licensed in a manner that provides everyone with free and perpetual permission to engage in the 5R activities”"The 5Rs are shorthand way of remembering the activities a license must permit for engagement in regard to an educational resource for that resource to be properly considered an Open Educational Resource (OER) [David Wiley]. If not public domain, these resources will be licensed under a Creative Commons license that permits the creation of derivative works – CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, or CC BY-NC-SA

the 5Rs include :

 * 1) Retain – in regard to copies, make, own, and control (e.g., download, duplicate, and store)
 * 2) Reuse – use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, on a website, in a video)
 * 3) Revise – adapt or modify the content itself (e.g., translate languages)
 * 4) Remix – create something new via combining the original or revised content with other resources (e.g. mashup)
 * 5) Redistribute – share copies of the original content, revisions, or remixes with others (e.g., post online)

OER comes in all shapes and sizes, from a single video to an entire degree program. OER are often collected together to resemble a traditional textbook to ease the transition process from copyrighted resources, and these are labelled ‘open textbooks’. Alternatively, OER can be aggregated and presented as digital courseware.

See examples of open textbooks: OpenStax,the Open Textbook Library or the BC Open Textbook Project.

See examples of digital courseware: Open Education Consortium and MIT OCW.

The Relationship Between OA and OER
Works with different licenses may fall under different terms: Cultural Works (FCW), Open Educational Resources (OER) and Open Access (OA).

Paul West summarises the differences between the three categories as follows :"“Where a work is licensed with an ND restriction, it is called “Open Access” and not OER, just as when a work is licensed with an NC restriction, it may be called OER, but not FCW. If a resource is accessible and free of cost (other than the cost of the Internet connection), but does not fit the definitions of FCW or OER, it is called Open Access”"However, three categories overlap: 'Educational Resources and Open Access freedoms - Terms that overlap the licenses' by Paul West, CC-BY 4.0. Adapted from: Creative Commons, Open Licensing & Open Education, by Cable Green, CC-BY

The Importance of Open Access for Faculty and Students
Open access is more efficient, equitable, affordable, and collaborative [cc book]. As journal prices continue to increase, they outpace library budgets, resulting in academic libraries often having to cancel subscriptions or shift money away from other budget items, ultimately limiting access to research.

In addition, traditional publishers often require the transfer of exclusive rights when accepting works which can potentially result in institutions unable to access their own research. Open access provides for researchers to retain rights to articles, allowing for deposit of works in institutional repositories for long-term access and preservation. Whether submitting research to gold open access journals or green open access repositories, access is improved for faculty and students, and the public.

When authors publish under open licences, this further permits the reuse of the research, “thus has the potential to transform the literature into a much more powerful resource for research, education and innovation”. This is demonstrated in the Human Genome Project which has achieved $796bn of economic impact with enormous implications for health care, as reported by the Battelle Technology Partnership in 2011. “These are the kinds of economic and societal opportunities that become possible when barriers to exploiting the results of research are taken down”.

This type of open access system is better aligned with the original purpose of research, education and innovation, sharing results openly through the scholarly publishing process. “We need to look beyond open access's economic effect on existing barrier-based publishers and see the effect it will have on society as a whole”.

The Importance of Open Educational Resources for Faculty and Students
OER remove barriers. “At its core, OER is about making sure everyone has access. Not just rich people, not just people who can see or hear, not just people who can read English – everyone”. The OER model can generate more equitable economic opportunities and social benefits globally without sacrificing quality of education content. In fact, research shows that students save money when teachers adopt OER content and have equal or better outcomes.

OER also provide opportunities for new ways of learning and continuous improvements in course design, as learners and educators engage with resources which enable open pedagogy and evidence-based practices.

“Openness in education means more than just access... [it] means designing content and practices that ensure everyone can actively participate and contribute to the sum of all human knowledge”.

“Openness in Education” by Natalie Hull is licensed under CreativeCommons Attribution 4.0 except where otherwise noted.

title: Openness in Education


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation

In this book to create communion, sharing and solidarity in the social sphere, we will describe some open source software necessary to manage Lets (Local exchange trading system) that is, democratically organized non-profit businesses or communities that provide a exchange of goods and services, using a currency created locally, Time Banks which unlike the Lets can only exchange services, using time in hours as currency and finally Food donation where they appear 3 figures: the donor who donates food, the associations who book the donated food and then deliver it to less well-off families and the delivery drivers who take the food from the donors and bring it to the associations. As regards Lets, the main usable software, released under the GNU (General Public Licence) license is Cyclos written in Java and installable on any operating system or on the network mainly in special web hosting which offer it already pre-configured, or you can use an online community version for free at: https://communities.cyclos.org/register/app/form. This latest version will be analyzed in this book. For assistance on the use of Cyclos you can use the following forum: https://forum.cyclos.org/ As regards Time Banks, in addition to Cyclos itself, you can use Openbdt, a Web application in Italian to be translated into English, written in Php, Mysql, released under the GNU license and freely downloadable from Github: https://github.com/MassimoGirondi/openbdt Finally, for food donation you can use the 'Food donation app, a web application written in Php, Mysql, released under the MIT license and freely downloadable from Github: https://github.com/kishor-23/food-waste-management-system.


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Cyclos Install

To create an online community with Cyclos in order to create a Lets network with a community currency, you need to fill out the form found here: https://communities.cyclos.org/register/app/form

First you enter a "Network Name", this will be the name of your Lets network, e.g. "City of transition Rome". Then you enter your network URL, which will be the URL of your network's website. For example: when you enter "roma" your "URL" will be "https://communities.cyclos.org/roma". Next enter the name of your currency (e.g. "Units") and the symbol of your currency (e.g. "IU") and choose whether you want to display the currency symbol after the amount (e.g. "100 IU") or before (e.g. "IU 100").

Finally select the type of credit issue. When you select "Negative Account Limit", each account will start with a zero balance, but the account can become negative up to the amount specified in the "Negative Account Limit" (also known as mutual credit). When you select "Initial Credit" each new user will receive an automatic payment from the system's debit account. The amount of this payment can be specified in the "Initial credit" field.

Note 1:The community configuration cannot be changed after its creation. Initial data such as account names and payment types will be created in the language you chose and cannot be changed later.

Note 2: The credit limit can be changed per user and a manual initial credit payment can be made (from the system debit account).

Enter your network administrator username. The administrator can use this username to log in to Cyclos. The password will be sent to you after validating your email.


text: Category:Book:Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Cyclos Administration Manual

After logging in with a username and password, the administrator can change personal settings such as the login password, update the profile and view notifications from the Personal Menu. Administrator can search and register users from Menu: Users - Management. The page where you can search for users also has the ability to register new users. This can be done by selecting the 'New' button. If one or more groups exist (and you have permissions to manage the group) you will first need to select the group. The administrator can view and edit logged in users from Menu: Users - Management - Logged in Users and Menu: Users - Management - User Profile. Admin can make a payment from a user account to a system account, from a system account to a user account and from a user account to another user account via View user profile - Banking - Payment system-to -user and Menu: Banking - System Payment - To User. You can change the credit limit of a user or an entire group of users from View User Profile - Accounts - Account Limits and View User Profile - Banking - Account Limits. The credit limit can be negative, meaning the user can start with a zero balance and then go negative. It can also add the user to one or more groups and change their status to blocked or disabled. It can also remove or delete it. Can send messages to one or more users. You can have an overview of all payments made in the system. It can set a negative balance limit that cannot be negatively exceeded by users or a positive balance limit that cannot be reached. Can set the maximum amount of a payment and the maximum number of payments per day/week/month/year...


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Cyclos User Manual

After logging in with username and password, the user can modify the profile fields. You can add and remove addresses, phones and images by selecting the corresponding tab. You can view your account information, such as your balance and payments. Clicking on a payment will open the payment details. It is possible to make a payment to another user or a payment to the system. It is possible to search for users. User search will search all fields of the user profile. You can search among advertisements. When you click on the advert you will be taken to the advert details. On the details page you can go directly to the user's (publisher) profile or post a question about the ad. It is possible to insert a new advertisement. All fields are self-explanatory. You must insert an image into your ad by selecting the "image" link. Your ads can be updated by clicking on the "Edit" icon. You can send messages to users or to the administration (organization). When sending a message to the administration you will have to select a category of messages (for example support, loan request, complaint)...


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Openbdt Install

Openbdt, in Italian to be translated into English, useful for managing a time bank, can only be used locally on your PC, as it contains a Php version lower than 6, so putting it online would cause IT security problems. It is therefore necessary to install a version of Xampp lower than 6 on your PC, which can be downloaded from Sourceforge, being careful not to overwrite more recent versions of Xampp. On Windows you can choose the folder where to install Xampp, while on Linux the folder is always /opt. For example, a usable version of Xampp for Linux is this: https://sourceforge.net/projects/xampp/files/XAMPP%20Linux/5.6.40/. To install Openbdt you can follow the guide found here: https://girondi.net/it/post/openbdt/, after unzipping the openbdt-master.zip file in the Xampp htdocs folder.


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Openbdt User Manual

By logging into http://localhost/openbdt/ with username: admin and password: password you log in as administrators and need to change the password. The first thing the administrator needs to do is create time bank users from Administrator Menu --> Add User. Having done this, when a user must carry out an exchange in hours with another user or with the administrator, he must log in with username and password and add an exchange by selecting the user with whom to exchange and the category and subcategory of the activity to be exchanged and the hours he wants to exchange.

The exchange categories are:

OTHER ASSISTANCE WELL-BEING AND PERSONAL CARE HOME CONSULTANCY KITCHEN HOBBY INFORMATICS LESSONS GARDEN AND GARDEN

Some subcategories of exchanges are:

Loan of Objects Accompaniment to cinemas/exhibitions/museums Intramuscular injections Cellar management Energy bills Cooking and dessert assistance Decoupage PC assistance English Gardening BDT management activities Hospital assistance Iridology, naturopathy and flower therapy Shutter maintenance Design - interiors - furnishings Homemade pastry Technical drawing of paintings IT Consulting Office Synergic vegetable gardens Activities not listed Babysitter Styling Home maintenance Energy saving etc. etc.

By clicking on Balance you can see all the trades made by the user and the overall balance of the hours. Each user can record her skills according to categories and subcategories. From the administrator menu --> User management the administrator can carry out various actions on the user including viewing the history, modifying the data, deleting him etc. From the Cashier Menu you can view all exchanges and all skills and you can create new categories and subcategories.


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Food donation Install

Installation on your PC
To install ChurchCRM on your PC, proceed as follows: 1) Download XAMPP from here: and install it for example in the Documents folder, while on Ubuntu it will be installed in the /opt folder 2) Start XAMPP on Windows by clicking on xampp-control in its installation folder and pressing the Start buttons for Apache and MySql, while on Ubuntu type in the terminal: sudo /opt/lampp/lampp start 3) Download the Food Donation from here and unzip the file in the XAMPP htdocs folder 4) Connect with phpmyadmin by typing http://localhost/phpmyadmin in the browser, create a new MySQL database after selecting New and import the database/demo.sql file 5) Edit the files connection.php, fooddonateform.php, admin/analytics.php, admin/donate.php, admin/feedback.php, admin/admin.php by inserting the MySql database data in the lines :

6) Modify the files fooddonateform.php, admin/login.php, admin/donate.php, admin/signup.php, fooddonateform.php, delivery/deliverysignup.php by inserting the neighborhoods of the city where the app works:

7) Start Food donation by typing http://localhost/food_donation in your browser.

Online installation
Wanting to install Food donation on Php,MySQl hosting after creating an account on it. Edit the connection.php, fooddonateform.php, admin/analytics.php, admin/donate.php, admin/feedback.php, admin/admin.php files in the food_donation folder as above and use the FileZilla program to upload the folder food_donation to the server. Create the demo database via phpmyadmin and import the database/demo.sql file. Request the https service from hosting. Start Food donation by typing https://www.my_hosting.org/food_donation/ in your browser.


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Open source software on Lets, Time Banks and Food Donation/Food donation User Manual

On the home page of the app you can log in as a donor, association or delivery person. By logging in as a donor and clicking on "Donate food" a form will open with self-explanatory fields where you can indicate the food to be donated, the address and neighborhood where the deliveryman will take delivery of the food and your mobile number. By logging in as an association, after having previously indicated your address and mobile number, you will be able to book the donated food, in order to deliver it to less well-off people, view the history of all the food booked and all that donated. By logging in as a delivery driver you will be able to choose to take food from donors and take them to the associations that booked them.


text: Template:Nanotechnology/End

title: Template:Nanotechnology/End


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Bikol/Possessive Pronouns

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Bikol possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns are used in Bikol to describe possession or ownership. The Bikol word for 'my' is 'ko'. Unlike English, the word 'ko' is placed after the noun.

Examples: an harong ko my house an libro ko my book an kwarta ko my money an lamesa ko my table an kama ko my bed

Possessive pronouns are used to describe ownership or possession. To start out, learn to use just two Bikol possessive pronouns. We suggest you learn an ina ko (my mother) an ama ko (my father) an ina mo (your mother) an ama mo (your father).

Quiz: Translate these phrases in Bikol. 1. your eyes 2. my blanket 3. my toy 4. your friend 5. our house

Inclusivity
ta or nyato (inclusive our) mi or nyamo (exclusive our)

The words nyato and nyamo are formal words; not used in daily conversation.

Examples: an harong ta my house (inclusive) an libro mi my book (exclusive) an kwarta mi my money (exclusive) an lamesa ta my table (inclusive) an kama ta my bed (inclusive)

Quiz: Translate these phrases in Bikol. 1. our eyes (exclusive) 2. our blanket (exclusive) 3. our toy (inclusive) 4. our friend (inclusive) 5. their house

Group of people
When an object belongs to a group of people that you are talking to, use nindo.

When an object belongs to group of people that you are talking about, use ninda.

Examples: an harong nindo your house (plural) an libro ninda their book an kwarta ninda their money an lamesa nindo your table (plural) an kama ko my bed

Quiz: Translate these phrases in Bikol. 1. her eyes 2. his blanket 3. her toy 4. her friend 5. his house

Not Gendered
The English words his and her are gendered. Those two words have only one word in Bikol and they are translated as niya. Bikol is not a gendered language.

Examples: an harong niya his house an libro niya her book an kwarta niya her money an lamesa niya his table an kama niya her bed

Quiz: Translate these phrases in Bikol. 1. his eyes 2. her blanket 3. his toy 4. her friend 5. her house

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Possessive Pronouns


text: Category:Honey bean recipes

title: Category:Honey bean recipes


text: Category:Matzo meal recipes

title: Category:Matzo meal recipes


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Cookbook:Prepared White Mustard

Ingredients

 * 6 tbsp white mustard seeds (Sinapis alba)
 * 5 hard-boiled egg yolks
 * 8 cloves of garlic
 * 4 tbsp whole wheat flour
 * ½ cup natural apple vinegar or wine vinegar
 * 4 tbsp honey, treacle, or date syrup
 * 1 tsp salt

Procedure

 * 1) Toast mustard seeds in a skillet without oil. Let cool.
 * 2) Pound the seeds with a mortar and pestle.
 * 3) Crush the boiled yolks, and add to ground mustard seeds.
 * 4) Crush the garlic and add to the mixture.
 * 5) Toast the flour in a skillet without oil and add to the mixture.
 * 6) Mix in vinegar, salt, and honey.

title: Cookbook:Prepared White Mustard


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Cookbook:Quinoa

Quinoa (pronounced keen-wa) is a seed (not a grain) originating in South America. The seed heads are naturally pest resistant as the seeds are coated with saponins which must be washed off before eating. The resulting saponin-laden water is useful for cleaning.

Quinoa is very nutritious, with a high protein content (12%-18%) and has a well balanced profile of essential amino acids. It is naturally gluten-free, and is a good replacement for people who are avoiding wheat in their diets.

Quinoa can be cooked like grains; the taste is mild and slightly nutty. It is readily available from health food stores and many standard grocery stores.

Before use, quinoa must be soaked to remove the saponins; this step is not necessary for some packets of quinoa which have been pre-soaked for convenience.

title: Cookbook:Quinoa


text: Template:Font/top

title: Template:Font/top


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Bikol/Diacritics

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

Diacritics (tandang panduon) are normally not written in everyday usage, be it in publications or personal correspondence. The teaching of diacritics is inconsistent in Philippine schools and many Bicolanos do not know how to use them. However, diacritics are normally used in dictionaries and in textbooks aimed at teaching the language to foreigners.

There are three kinds of diacritics used in Bikol:

 * Acute accent or pahilíg

Used to indicate primary or secondary stress on a particular syllable; marháy. It is usually omitted on words that are stressed on the penultimate (second to the last) syllable; babáyi = babayi. It is possible that there is more than one stressed syllable in a word, meaning that that pahilíg mark may appear multiple times, as in Repúbliká. If there is no diacritic on the last two syllables of a word, then it means that there is stress on the penultimate syllable.

 * Grave accent or paiwà

It indicates that there is a glottal stop (/ʔ/) at the end of the word. This mark may only appear at the end of a word that ends in a vowel. This mark does not indicate stress. Therefore, following the previously stated rule on stress, sampulò is stressed on the second to the last syllable.

 * Circumflex accent or pakupyâ

It indicates that the final syllable of a word receives stress while there is a glottal stop that follows; udô. This is because it is a combination of the pahilíg and paiwà marks. This mark may only appear at the end of a word that ends in a vowel.

Diacritics are an optional aspect of the Bikol orthography. Most Bicolanos (and Philippine news journals) write Bikol without using any diacritic at all. However, pieces of Bikol writing which use diacritics can occasionally be found in some religious journals, old books, and others.

A word in Bikol spelled in a certain way without the diacritics can actually be pronounced in four ways, and each case results into a different meaning or a different word in itself. The four cases are:

Stressed end

This case is where a word is stressed in the last or end syllable. The vowel of the last syllable should contain an acute diacritic mark.

Examples: "akó" (me), "ika" (you), "lanob" (wall), "sangá" (branch), "talagá" (really)

Unstressed end

This case is where a word is unstressed in the last or end syllable. In Bikol, this entails the need to stress the penultimate or 2nd-to-the-last syllable. The vowel of the penultimate syllable should contain an acute diacritic mark.

Examples: "bóbo" (moron), "hábal-hábal" (motorcyle taxi), "salog" (river), "sáko" (sack), "ága" (morning)

Glottal stopped end

This case is where a word is applied with a glottal stop in the last or end syllable which is unstressed. The vowel of the last syllable should contain a grave diacritic mark.

Examples: "sampulò" (ten), "bagà" (lungs), "lahì" (race), "akò" (to accept)

Because the last syllable is unstressed, then just like the unstressed end case, the penultimate syllable is therefore stressed. This means we could spell it like "bágà". However, there is no need to add the acute diacritic mark in there. So "bagà" is okay.

Glottal stopped stressed end

This case is where a word is applied with a glottal stop in the last or end syllable which is stressed. The vowel of the last syllable should contain a circumflex diacritic mark. You can imagine "â" as "á" and "à" combined.

Examples: "gapô" (stone), "dagâ" (soil), "tahî" (sew)

Initial and medial glottal stops

This case is where a word contains glottal stops at the first syllable or sometimes within a word.

Examples: "Kinàban" (Earth), "làya" (ginger), "làtog" (erection)

Stress
Although Bikol is pronounced as it is spelled, stress is very unpredictable and stressing the wrong syllable can lead to misinterpretation; for that reason, almost every book and dictionary concerning the Bikol language will put an accent mark (´) on the stressed syllable.

<< Contents | Grammar | Pronunciation | Diacritics | Alphabet | Greetings | Introducing Yourself | Where Are You From? | Telling Time | Inclusive and Exclusive We | Negation | This and That | Here and There | Adjectives | Interrogative Pronouns | Past and Future When | Personal Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | Singular and Plural Nouns | Singular and Plural Verbs | Singular and Plural Adjectives | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Diacritics


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Module:Optional style

--[=[ Simple module to construct a style attribute with an undefined number (including zero) of CSS properties ]=]

local p = {} --p stands for package local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs

--[=[ Construct the string from the given table of property:values ]=] function p.make_style_string(properties) local out = '' local num_processed = 0 for k, v in pairs(properties) do		if k ~= 'style' and v~= '' then out = out .. k .. ':' .. v .. ';'		end end if properties.style ~= nil and properties.style ~= '' then out = out .. properties.style end if out == '' then return '' end return 'style="' .. out .. '"' end

--[=[ The main entry function from templates

Arguments are taken from both frame and parent argument lists ]=] function p.optional_style(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p.make_style_string(args) end

return p

title: Module:Optional style


text: Template:Font-old

title: Template:Font-old


text: Template:Optional style

title: Template:Optional style


text: Template:Font/end

title: Template:Font/end


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Template:Optional style/doc

Usage
Utility template for constructing optional style attributes. This is probably only useful in other templates.

It allows to create a style with any number of rules, omitting any not given (or blank) and omitting the entire style attribute if none are given.

This means that this:

becomes:

Parameters:
 * Any given parameters are used as the CSS property name (e.g. ). The parameter value is the property value (e.g. blank or  ).
 * : Pre-built CSS (i.e. like  (the semicolons between items are important). Will be added at the end of the style, so it will override any other parameter (in this case,  would be overridden by.

title: Template:Optional style/doc


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery/Stroke

Stroke (brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Stroke


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery/Drugs

A drug is any chemical substance that when consumed causes a change in an organism's physiology, including its psychology, if applicable.[1][2][vague] Drugs are typically distinguished from food and other substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Drugs


text:
History of video games/Platforms/M17

History
In October of 2023 the system cost $55.99 with a 64GB capacity or $62.99 for double the storage.

Technology
The system used an RK3126 as a processor. The system included 256MB of RAM and 4GB of eMMC storage.

The system ran Linux as an operating system.

title: History of video games/Platforms/M17


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Anbernic RG ARC

Technology
The system was sold in both two versions, a high end "D" model, and a lower end "S" model. Both systems were based on the quad core RK3566, clocked at 1.8 GHz.

Hardware
The design of the system is commonly cited as being inspired by the Sega Saturn.


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Mobility 2050/The Future of the 15-Minute City

The 15-minute city is an urban design concept in which everyday destinations (such as homes, shops, work, education, healthcare, and recreation) are reachable within 15 minutes by foot, bike, or public transport from any point in a city. The concept emphasizes accessibility, sustainability, health & safety, and quality of life for city residents. Examples of 15-minute cities include Paris, France and Utrecht.

The 15-minute city aims to reduce car travel within cities, which in turn reduces carbon emissions and increases equity and access for residents. Car-based cities now limit easy transportation to private car owners, which restricts the mobility of several demographics and socio-economic groups. This includes children too young to drive, elderly people who can no longer drive, people whose judgement was poor and driver's license was revoked, people who cannot afford a car, and individuals under the influence, among others.

With movement toward 15-minute cities, emergency services such as hospitals and fire stations increase in availability, grocery stores become more accessible which eliminates food deserts, and education rates increase with schools being closer to home.

Paris, France
Paris, like the United States, once had a well-defined, car-centric infrastructure that caused congestion and pollution. This changed when Paris's mayor, Anne Hidalgo, was re-elected in 2020, with a promise to make Paris a 15-minute city. She worked with urbanist Carlos Moreno, who coined the term "15-minute city" in 2015. Hidalgo's success comes from changing Paris's infrastructure to prioritize bikers and pedestrians over drivers. She phased out private diesel cars, opened parks along old highways, increased parking meter prices, and added bus and bike lanes.

Portland, Oregon
Portland is developing their version of a 15-minute city, with their plan for 20-minute neighborhoods created in 2010. Their 2035 goals include raising high school graduation rates and increasing post-secondary degree and certificate access. They want to create healthy neighborhoods by promoting physical activity, healthier eating and affordable public transportation. They are expanding wellness opportunities, which include physical, mental, emotional, and sexual health services.

Shanghai, China
In 2016, Shanghai became the first Chinese city to commit to the 15-minute city approach to urban planning. In the past several decades, China has experienced a fractured sense of community within neighborhoods due to changes in urban development. However, the desirability of 15-minute cities to promote community life caused local governments to back non-profit organizations like Dayu Community Design to promote community action and combat atomization. For example, in Shanghai's Xinhua neighborhood, non-profits have helped revitalize backstreets and increase accessibility for residents with disabilities. The 15-minute city initiative has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.

Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl results from spread-out development of infrastructure. It puts long distances between residential areas, offices, and stores, which causes car reliance for basic necessities and services. This limits compact, walkable urban areas that are favorable for 15-minute cities. Car reliance causes traffic congestion, which wastes fuel, contributes to air pollution, and leads localities to expand roads, which results in more traffic and sprawl.

In the US, urban sprawl results from zoning regulations that prioritize single-use developments (such as residential suburbs), which limits space for public areas like parks and schools. Some concepts used to mitigate urban sprawl include mixed-use development and transit-oriented development. Mixed-use development introduces affordable housing and promotes community and socialization in affected areas. However, the long-established land use ordinances and strict zoning laws most US cities have prevents mixed-use development and 15-minute cities. New policymakers will address these concerns by changing urban planning and reforming policies, namely by relaxing zoning. Communities coming together with complaints regarding crowded schools, increased traffic congestion, and higher taxes will create 15-minute cities.

Conspiracy theories
Opponents of 15-minute cities claim the government's plan is to remove cars and intrude on individuals' personal freedoms. They claim the U.S. will become a "government-run, open-air prison". They argue that requiring walking or biking will give the government control and digital surveillance over citizens' lives. Others claim that neighborhoods will become "concentration camps" and life will be like "the Hunger Games". They claim that having no cars will divide cities and keep people in their "factions".

Eliminating cars is not a goal of 15-minute cities. The idea emphasizes that cars are not required for safe, simple transportation around the city. With infrastructure designed for walking, cycling, and public transit, the 15-minute city offers a freedom of mobility that car-dependent cities make near impossible. In a 2021 interview for Slate, Paris Deputy Mayor David Belliard summarized his experience with the burden car-centric cities place on their residents: "When I was in Vesoul, I was obliged to have a car, the car was not an object of emancipation but of servitude. I could do nothing without my car."

The propaganda mindset results from misinformation. Once 15-minute cities become accessible, people will realize they can keep their cars with freedom to drive everywhere; they just no longer are solely dependent on cars.

CityAccessMap
CityAccessMap maps 15-minute cities across the globe. 15-minute cities are abundant in the UK, India, and Japan. Thus, we know it's possible for 15-minute cities to become standard in some countries. However, in the United States, they are sparse and only seen in larger cities such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Chicago. In 2050, after increased gas prices and a shift in policymakers, zoning laws will change, allowing big United States cities to become 15-minute cities, and small cities like Charlottesville to follow suit.

Predictions
The 15-minute city is feasible and is already established in cities like New York City and Los Angeles, but abandoning cars is currently undesirable, due to its convenience and cost-effectiveness. Outside of the US, public transport is essential, but in US cities, it is seen as social welfare. Local politicians see transit as government aid for people without cars, which is a narrative that must change for the 15-minute city to become standard.

Reduction in convenience of private cars
For the 15-minute city to become feasible, obstacles must hinder private cars' desirability, which could include gas prices rising in the coming years. Private cars will no longer be seen as the cost-effective option, which would motivate a switch to less expensive alternative modes of transport. Regulations will reduce the production and sales of gas-powered cars with internal combustion engines (ICEs), much like California's current requirement that all sales of new light-duty passenger vehicles be zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 2035. ZEVs include battery-electric and fuel cell electric vehicles, so electric vehicles will become a significant portion of the auto market by 2050. However, considering potential sustainability limitations on current methods of mineral extraction and production of EV batteries, electric cars could still be too expensive for the average consumer to purchase, which would reduce the general use of cars.

Pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly urban spaces
Walking and biking will only be widely adopted by city travelers if established as safe and convenient transit options, which requires traffic infrastructure designed with pedestrians and cyclists in mind. Notably, bike lanes could be created or select roads could be transformed into pedestrian plazas out of alternative mobility desires. These modifications might first be temporary, low-cost projects (as some bike lanes in Paris initially were), such that local governments can experiment with the adjustments and seek feedback from residents before committing to a permanent project that requires more extensive development. These experimental projects will encourage local planning commissions to act, as they will take on less immediate risk, face fewer delays from red tape, and better serve the community in their urban design decisions.

Additionally, cities will be made conducive to walking and cycling through the reform of zoning and land-use regulations. If zoning laws are loosened, then mixed-used developments and affordable housing will be more easily and quickly constructed. Mixed-use development promotes density and variety in urban spaces, so that services and facilities are accessibly located and established in accordance with the needs of the area. Affordable housing near to everyday destinations in the city decreases daily commutes to comfortable walking or biking distance.

Educating younger generations
The shift towards an alternative mobility initiative starts with children, by teaching them that walking, biking, and using public transit is healthy and necessary to fight climate change. While many adults are already rooted in notions of convenience and the car-dependent status quo, younger generations can be taught early on to take their mobility into their own hands.


text: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Nxe5


text: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Nxe5/


text:
Category:Font-old using size param

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Font-old using size param


text:
Category:Font-old using color param

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Font-old using color param


text:
Category:Font-old using face param

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Font-old using face param


text: Category:Programming typing-aid templates


text:
Category:Articles containing Central Bikol-language text

__HIDDENCAT__


text:
Bikol/Particles

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. The infinitive 'to' in 'to fly' is an example of a particle, although it can also act as a preposition, e.g. 'I'm going to the Philippines next week'.

Lists: Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.

 * bagá – (Tagalog: diba/nga) used for emphasis determined by context
 * bayâ – giving a chance to someone; polite insisting
 * daa – (Tagalog: daw) quoting information from a secondary source
 * pati - emphasizing the condition that intensifies the difficulties. (Mauranon pati)
 * daw – (Tagalog: ba/kaya) interrogative particle
 * dawà/maski - (Tagalog: kahit) although
 * dángan - (Tagalog: tapos) then
 * garó – (Tagalog: mukhang, parang) likeness or similitude. English: 'It looks like, it's as if'.
 * gáyo – 'exactly'
 * daing gáyo – 'not exactly, not really'
 * gayód – (Tagalog: bakâ) 'maybe, could be'
 * giráray/liwát – (Tagalog: [m]uli) 'again'
 * kutâ (na) – 'I hope (something did / did not happen' ; 'If only ...' (conditionality of past events)
 * lámang, lang/saná – (Tagalog: lang) 'only, just'
 * lugód – hoping that something will happen, or expressing surrender/assent
 * man – (Tagalog: din, rin) 'also' or 'ever' (such as ano man 'whatever' and si isay man 'whoever')
 * malà - 1. relenting or agreeing (Mala, dumanan mo siya kun iyan an gusto mo) 2. one is yielding (Mala ta nagpahunod na siya.) 3. stating what actually happened (Mala iyan, inabotan mi sindang huruba.)
 * mûna/ngûna – (Tagalog: muna) 'first' or 'yet'
 * na – (Tagalog: na) 'now' or 'already'
 * naman – (Tagalog: naman) 'again'
 * nanggád – (Tagalog: talaga, nga) 'really, truly, absolutely' (adds a sense of certainty)
 * niako – 'I said'
 * nganì – expresses fate ("This is helpless") or a plea for others not to insist
 * ngántig – indicates to a person what they should say to another (Ini ngantig an dapat gibohon niya.)
 * ngápit – 'in the future', 'later' (span of time)
 * ngayá – expresses a hypothetical event/situation (Ini man ngaya an taguan ninda.)
 * pa – (Tagalog: pa) 'still'
 * palán – (Tagalog: pala) expresses surprise or sudden realization
 * tabì – (Tagalog: po) politeness marker; po in some Bikol dialects due to the influence of Tagalog.
 * harambili – 'lest' (Akuon ko na sana an ayuda kan barangay, harambiling makamati nin gutom. I'll just accept the help of the barangay, lest I will get hungry).
 * túlos – (Tagalog: agad) 'immediately, right away'
 * talagá – (Tagalog: talaga) 'really', 'truly'

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Particles


text:
User:Jay Bolero

Please have a look at Bikol and Baybayin and give me feedback on them

Wikibooks · Wikipedia

Karl Ian Basallote ᜃ ᜇ᜔ ᜎ᜔ ᜁᜌᜈ᜔ ᜊᜐ ᜎ᜔ᜌᜓ ᜆᜒ 卡爾·伊恩·巴薩廖特 卡尔·伊恩·巴萨廖特 カール・イアン・バサリョテ Καρλ Ίαν Μπαζαλιότε

— Bicol Region, Philippines; b. 1988

 * Wikijunior:Languages/Bikol
 * Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Bikol
 * Vegan and vegetarian phrases/Bikol
 * Wikijunior:World at Work/Domestic helper
 * Wikijunior:Bugs/Earthworm
 * Cookbook:Calamansi
 * Wikijunior:Big Book Of Cities And Towns/Philippines

 * Wikijunior
 * Wikijunior:Asia/Philippines
 * Cookbook:Cuisine of the Philippines
 * Wikijunior:Languages
 * Wikijunior:Countries A-Z
 * Wikijunior:Bugs
 * Wikijunior:NATO phonetic alphabet
 * Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Filipino

title: User:Jay Bolero


text:
Oberon/SVN

SVN in a Unix-like System
Install Subversion. In Redhat, for example, sudo yum install subversion and in Debian. sudo apt install subversion Before attempting to create the local repository, check that UTF-8 character encoding is present in the system. An encoding failure will interrupt checkout with a report similar to this. svn: E155009: Failed to run the WC DB work queue associated with '/home/me/a2', work item 15168 (file-install 44 UnixAos/DarwinA2 Installer/A2 64.app/Icon{U+ F00D} 1 0 1 1) svn: E000022: Can't convert string from 'UTF-8' to native encoding: svn: E000022: /home/me/a2/UnixAos/DarwinA2 Installer/A2 64.app/Icon{U+F00D} If a locales package is available, it should be installed and configured according to instructions such as for Debian. Encoding "en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8" and several others will be effective.

At an arbitrary location,, in the user directory make a directory for the working copy of the repository. Eg. mkdir /a2 Clone the repository into the directory. In a graphical environment, a dialogue prompting for the password may appear. In that case, the password option should be omitted from the command. cd /a2 svn checkout \ --username infsvn.anonymous \ --password anonymous \ https://svn-dept.inf.ethz.ch/svn/lecturers/a2/trunk. Files will be reported as they are retrieved. Redirecting to URL 'https://svn.inf.ethz.ch/svn/lecturers/a2/trunk': A   UnixAos A   UnixAos/buildtools A   UnixAos/buildtools/Darwin.AMD64.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/Solaris.I386.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/Solaris.AMD64.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/UnixAosBuild.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/Linux.I386.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/Linux.AMD64.Tool A   UnixAos/buildtools/Darwin.I386.Tool A   UnixAos/boot ... If checkout is interrupted, by an encoding error or communication failure, this should recover. cd /a2 svn cleanup. svn update. Check that the local repository is complete. svn status /a2

Subsequently, the local repository can be updated. cd /a2 svn update \ --username infsvn.anonymous \ --password anonymous. See what has changed (including every changed file) since this subversion repository was created. This will produce a very large output. svn -v log /a2 For additional details refer to the svn manual.

Documentation predating the SVN archive is in A2Documentation.pdf available from http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/show/trunk/ocp/Documentation. Also refer to the Wayback Machine.

SVN in MS Windows
While SVN is not distributed with Windows, third party softwares are available. TortoiseSVN is one possibility. Install an SVN client and proceed as for Unix-like system as described above. SVN commands are executed in Powershell or in the cmd console (instead of "mkdir" use "md"; don't include the Backslash indicating continuity of the svn command), both available in Windows 10. The executable script for Windows is named a2.bat rather than a2.sh. If using PowerShell change "oberon" in a2.bat to "./oberon" or ".\oberon".

title: Oberon/SVN


text:
Template:Persian/dialogue-end

 * }

title: Template:Persian/dialogue-end


text:
Template:Persian/exercises-end

 * }

title: Template:Persian/exercises-end


text:
Cookbook:Sauerkraut

Sauerkraut is fermented finely shredded cabbage.

title: Cookbook:Sauerkraut


text: Template:Font-line

title: Template:Font-line


text: Category:Beverages

title: Category:Beverages


text:
Bikol/Speech Register

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

Bikol has a a speech level or register not found in any Philippine language. Its called “angry register” by Jason Lobel but is a misnomer since one does not have to be angry to use it. One can use it if irritated, or wants to intimidate, antagonize, shock, to illicit laughter, to spice up a conversation, or to put people down or outside their normal place.

Xyller Yañez in his blog called it Palanit, and the other register Palumhok. Palanit register can also use words that imply vulgar, unpolished behavior, or apply words normally descriptive of animals. Both palanit and palumhok describe the speaker’s attitude towards the thing, or emotions at that moment. The following are just a few of the examples in Bikol.

The speech register of Bikol, also known natively as tamanggot, is sometimes used by mothers when nagging. Some examples of the register include:

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Speech Register


text:
Foreign Alphabet/Tagalog

Tagalog language uses Latin alphabet. majuscule — minuscule
 * A — a
 * B — b
 * C — c
 * D — d
 * E — e
 * F — f
 * G —g
 * H — h
 * I — i
 * J — j
 * K — k
 * L — l
 * M — m
 * N — n
 * Ñ — ñ
 * NG — ng
 * O — o
 * P — p
 * Q — q
 * R — s
 * S — s
 * T — t
 * U — u
 * V — v
 * W — w
 * X — x
 * Y — y
 * Z — z

title: Foreign Alphabet/Tagalog


text:
Foreign Alphabet/Bikol

Bikol language uses the Latin alphabet. majuscule — minuscule
 * 1) A — a
 * 2) B — b
 * 3) C — c
 * 4) D — d
 * 5) E — e
 * 6) F — f
 * 7) G — g
 * 8) H — h
 * 9) I — i
 * 10) J — j
 * 11) K — k
 * 12) L — l
 * 13) M — m
 * 14) N — n
 * 15) Ñ — ñ
 * 16) NG — ng
 * 17) O — o
 * 18) P — p
 * 19) Q — q
 * 20) R — s
 * 21) S — s
 * 22) T — t
 * 23) U — u
 * 24) V — v
 * 25) W — w
 * 26) X — x
 * 27) Y — y
 * 28) Z — z

title: Foreign Alphabet/Bikol


text: Category:Afang recipes

title: Category:Afang recipes


text: Category:African pear recipes

title: Category:African pear recipes


text: Category:African star apple recipes

title: Category:African star apple recipes


text: Category:Aidan fruit recipes

title: Category:Aidan fruit recipes


text: Category:Aji amarillo recipes

title: Category:Aji amarillo recipes


text: Category:Aji dulce recipes

title: Category:Aji dulce recipes


text:
User:Wanda2312

Project Collaborator:

title: User:Wanda2312


text: Template:Mono/top

title: Template:Mono/top


text: Template:Mono/end

title: Template:Mono/end


text: Template:Big/top

title: Template:Big/top


text: Template:Big/end

title: Template:Big/end


text: Category:Nut recipes

title: Category:Nut recipes


text: Category:Akpi recipes

title: Category:Akpi recipes


text: Category:Acorn squash recipes

title: Category:Acorn squash recipes


text:
User:Rtetsoacrsf/Collections/Eng Wiki Note Taking

Eng Wiki Note Taking

 * General Engineering Introduction
 * General Engineering Introduction/Do it First
 * General Engineering Introduction/Attitude
 * General Engineering Introduction/Solve Problems
 * General Engineering Introduction/Golden Ignorance

 * Notes
 * General Engineering Introduction/Notebooks
 * General Engineering Introduction/Notebooks/Drawing
 * General Engineering Introduction/Notebooks/Writing Pattern
 * General Engineering Introduction/Notebooks/Project Writing
 * General Engineering Introduction/Notebooks/Problem Writing
 * General Engineering Introduction/Documentation
 * General Engineering Introduction/Communication
 * General Engineering Introduction/Presentations
 * General Engineering Introduction/Brainstorm
 * General Engineering Introduction/Scope Scale
 * General Engineering Introduction/Problem Statement
 * General Engineering Introduction/Philosophy
 * General Engineering Introduction/Research
 * General Engineering Introduction/Decisions
 * Professional and Technical Writing/Instructions


text:
Foreign Alphabet/Korean/ㅂ

Bieup

Korean word that stands for B

B>like the start of a word in the word book or in the word bear.

title: Foreign Alphabet/Korean/ㅂ


text:
Chatbots For Social Change/Practicalities of LLMs

Statement Embedding Models
For generating embeddings of statements that can assess the similarity in meaning between two statements, several state-of-the-art, open-source algorithms and tools are available:

OpenAI's Embedding Models OpenAI offers embedding models that are particularly tuned for functionalities such as text similarity and text search. These models receive text as input and return an embedding vector that can be utilized for a variety of applications, including assessing the similarity between statements.

Spark NLP This open-source library provides a suite of transformer-based models, including BERT and Universal Sentence Encoder, which are capable of creating rich semantic embeddings. The library is fully open-source under the Apache 2.0 license.

To use Spark NLP you need the following requirements:
 * Java 8 and 11
 * Apache Spark 3.5.x, 3.4.x, 3.3.x, 3.2.x, 3.1.x, 3.0.x

GPU (optional): Spark NLP 5.1.4 is built with ONNX 1.15.1 and TensorFlow 2.7.1 deep learning engines. The minimum following NVIDIA® software are only required for GPU support:
 * NVIDIA® GPU drivers version 450.80.02 or higher
 * CUDA® Toolkit 11.2
 * cuDNN SDK 8.1.0

 * There is a massive text embedding benchmark (MTEB ) which should help us determine which embedding algorithm to use.

LLMRails
The MTEB led me to the ember-v1 model by llmrails, because of its success on the SprintDuplicateQuestions dataset. The goal is to embed statements such that statements or questions which are deemed by a community to be duplicates are closest. The dataset compiles marked duplicates from Stack Exchange, the Sprint technical forum website, and Quora.

LLMrails is a platform that offers robust embedding models to enhance applications' understanding of text significance on a large scale. This includes features like semantic search, categorization, and reranking capabilities.

Pricing: "Elevate your data game with our cutting-edge ChatGPT-style chatbot! All you need to do is link your data sources and watch as our chatbot transforms your data into actionable insights."

LLMRails is revolutionizing search technology, offering developers unparalleled access to advanced neural technology. Providing more precise and pertinent results paves the way for transformative changes in the field of search technology, making it accessible to a wide range of developers.

From the website: "with private invitation, join the LLMRails and start your AI advanture!" How did they get this wrong?

 * Embed $0.00005 per 1k tokens
 * Rerank $0.001 per search
 * Search $0.0005 per search
 * Extract $0.3 per document

Other Vector Databases as a Service

 * Amazon OpenSearch Service is a fully managed service that simplifies deploying, scaling, and operating OpenSearch in the AWS Cloud. It supports vector search capabilities and efficient vector query filters, which can improve the responsiveness of applications such as semantic or visual search experiences.
 * Azure Cognitive Search: This service allows the addition of a vector field to an index and supports vector search. Azure provides tutorials and APIs to convert input into a vector and perform the search, as well as Azure OpenAI embeddings for tasks like document search.

 * Zilliz Cloud, powered by the world's most powerful vector database, Milvus, solves the challenge of processing tens of billions of vectors.
 * Zilliz has a 30-day free trial worth $400 of credits. 4CUs
 * Pricing: Zilliz Cloud Usage (Each unit is 0.1 cent of usage)	$0.001 / unit
 * A more comprehensive list, Awesome Vector Search, on GitHub.
 * For cloud services, they list Zilliz first, then Relevance AI, Pinecone, and MyScale.
 * Graft somehow came up
 * It is extremely expensive, $500/month for 10,000 data points. Unlimited datapoints at $5k/month...
 * Perhaps it's more managed than a Zilliz, or that's just what the infrastructure costs either way?
 * High price could also be an indication of the value of this sort of technology (they also do the embedding & document upload for you).

Open Source Models

 * Milvus is a "vector database built for scalable similarity search, Open-source, highly scalable, and blazing fast." Seems perfect. They have a managed version, but I'm not sure it's necessary now.
 * Elastic NLP: Text Embeddings and Vector Search: Provides guidance on deploying text embedding models and explains how vector embeddings work, converting data into numerical representations.
 * TensorFlow Recommenders' ScaNN TensorFlow provides an efficient library for vector similarity search named ScaNN. It allows for the rapid searching of embeddings at inference time and is designed to achieve the best speed-accuracy tradeoff with state-of-the-art vector compression techniques.
 * Other notable vector databases and search engines include Chroma, LanceDB, Marqo, Qdrant, Vespa, Vald, and Weaviate, as well as databases like Cassandra, Coveo, and Elasticsearch OpenSearch that support vector search capabilities.

Milvus Benchmark

Milvus has conducted benchmarks, which should give us an idea of overall cost, and how much we can scale before buckling.

 * CPU: An Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz. This is a high-end server-grade processor suitable for demanding tasks. It belongs to Intel's Xeon scalable processors, which are commonly used in enterprise-level servers for their reliability and performance.
 * Memory: 16*\32 GB RDIMM, 3200 MT/s. This implies that the server has 16 memory slots, each with a 32 GB RDIMM (Registered DIMM) module, totaling 512 GB of RAM. The memory speed is 3200 MT/s (MegaTransfers per second), which indicates how fast the memory can operate.
 * SSD: SATA 6 Gbps. This indicates that the server uses a Solid State Drive connected through a SATA interface, with a transfer rate of 6 Gigabits per second. SSDs are much faster than traditional hard drives and are preferred for their speed and reliability.

To find an approximate AWS EC2 equivalent, we would need to match these specs as closely as possible. Given the CPU and memory specifications, you might look into the EC2 instances that offer Intel Xeon Scalable Processors (2nd Gen or 3rd Gen) and the ability to configure large amounts of memory.

A possible match could be an instance from the m5 or r5 families, which are designed for general-purpose (m5) or memory-optimized (r5) workloads. For example, the r5.12xlarge instance provides 48 vCPUs and 384 GiB of memory, which, while not an exact match to your specs (since it has less memory), is within the same performance ballpark.

However, keep in mind that AWS offers a wide range of EC2 instances, and the actual choice would depend on the specific balance of CPU, memory, and I/O performance that you need for your application. Also, pricing can vary significantly based on region, reserved vs. on-demand usage, and additional options like using Elastic Block Store (EBS) optimized instances or adding extra SSD storage.

Using the AWS pricing calculator, this amounts to $3 hourly.

 * Search - (cluster w/1) 7k to 10k QPS @ 128 dimensions, (standalone w/1) 4k to 7.5k QPS
 * Scalability
 * From 8-16 CPU cores, it doubles. After that it kinda less-than-doubles
 * Going from 1-8 replicas changes QPS from 7k to 31k, and over doubles available concurrent queries (to 1200)

There are 3600 seconds in an hour, so $PQ = $3 / (7k * 3600) = $0.000000119 per query...

Large Language Models
A useful article, comparing open-source LLM models, was published here, in Medium.

LLMs On Your Own Hardware
From the model card: "Llama 2 is an auto-regressive language model that uses an optimized transformer architecture. Llama 2 is intended for commercial and research use in English. It comes in a range of parameter sizes—7 billion, 13 billion, and 70 billion—as well as pre-trained and fine-tuned variations."

It turns out that you have to ask Microsoft nicely to get access to the parameter sets, agreeing to terms of use.

 * It's clear from a little research that running and training locally (I have a 2021 Mac M1) is going to cause a lot of headache.
 * AWS Sagemaker seems to be a great option for getting up and running with open source models.
 * Has access to dozens of models of varying sizes through their Jumpstart feature
 * In practice, you say "go" and are dropped right away in a JupyterLab instance.

Hardware requirements of Llama (Nov 2023)

 Benchmarking AWS SageMaker and Llama

Fortunately, Phil Schmid has conducted thorough benchmarks of different deployments of Llama on SageMaker in AWS. His blog posts in 2023 in particular are an incredible reference for getting started with these LLMs.

To give the most economical example, The g5.2xlarge ($1.52 / hour) can handle 5 concurrent requests delivering 120 tokens of output per second. Incredible! That's $3.50 per 1M tokens. ChatGPT, for comparison, offers gpt-3.5-turbo (the cheapest option) at $0.0020 per 1K tokens, or $2.00 per 1M tokens. Comparable, and not surprising that OpenAI is cheaper.

Let's compare the most expensive to the most sophisticated OpenAI model, GPT-4. Llama 70B runs on a $37.69 server (ml.p4d.24xlarge) serving 20 concurrent requests at 321 tokens/second. That's $10.43 per 1M tokens. For comparison, GPT-4 costs $0.06 per 1K tokens, or $60 per 1M.

It should be noted as well that Phil Schmid was able to get decent performance (15 seconds per thousand tokens generated) for a budget deployment in AWS's new inferentia2 hardware (inf2.xlarge), which costs just $0.75 per hour. That's $550 per month, so better not leave it on, but still. Very cool!

He trains a 7B parameter Mistral model using ml.g5.4xlarge ($2.03 / hour). It was able to fine-tune based on 15,001 examples, processed in whole 3 times (epochs), in 3.9 hours, giving an overall cost of <$8.

Integrations
To achieve the widest reach, we want to integrate our chatbots with low-effort communication media, such as text messages, phone calls, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, or perhaps decentralized messaging platforms like those built on nostr. Each option has somewhat different benefits, limitations, and monetary cost. This section gives an overview of the available connections, along with the pricing and basic principles to get you started.

Facebook (now under the parent company Meta) has plans to integrate its messaging services across WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook Messenger. Mark Zuckerberg is leading an initiative to merge the underlying technical infrastructure of these apps, while keeping them as separate apps. This would allow cross-platform messaging between the services, with all the messaging apps adopting end-to-end encryption. The integration raises concerns around antitrust issues, privacy, and further consolidation of Facebook's power over its various platforms.

Third-party platforms like Tidio, Aivo's AgentBot, Respond.io, BotsCrew, Gupshup, Landbot, and Sinch Engage allow businesses to create chatbots that can integrate with WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Instagram and other channels.

Here is a table summarizing the messaging integrations supported by various third-party platforms, along with their approximate pricing and relevant notes:

All the listed platforms support WhatsApp integration, as it is a popular messaging channel for businesses. Some platforms like Landbot and Flowable Engage also support Facebook Messenger integration. Platforms like Flowable Engage offer integration with additional messaging apps like WeChat and LINE. Pricing models vary, with some offering subscription plans (monthly/annual) and others following a pay-per-message or per-agent model. Certain platforms bundle additional features like AI chatbots, custom workflows, surveys, etc. along with messaging integration.

The search results indicate that Meta (Facebook) is working on enabling interoperability between its own messaging apps (WhatsApp, Messenger, Instagram) as well as with approved third-party messaging services, as mandated by the EU's Digital Markets Act. However, the extent of this interoperability and its impact on existing third-party integrations is currently unclear.


text:
User:Alexande Eichman2

Hello. I got blocked from the user Alexande Eichman, so I moved out to Wikibooks instead to hide my mind, but Wikibooks is boring. Editing is fun. I will log back in with the different name AJ Eichma in wikipedia because my blocking policy will expire tomorrow., so I will log back in with the name AJ Eichma in Wikipedia tomorrow, it's going to be the different user page, and talk page.

title: User:Alexande Eichman2


text:
User talk:Alexande Eichman2

Blocking policy from Wikipedia K

title: User talk:Alexande Eichman2


text: Category:Alcoholic beverage related recipes


text: Category:Alfalfa sprout recipes

title: Category:Alfalfa sprout recipes


text:
User:ExeEve

I'm ExeEve.

I'm passionate about cybersecurity, dedicated to knowledge sharing, and committed to empowering future cybersecurity professionals.

title: User:ExeEve


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2023/October

Special:Contributions/213.202.242.53
Xwiki vandalism, page deletion may be needed. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 11:33, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:21, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

Special:Contributions/DJ_DOMINIC_PEWEE
This user seems to be a spam-only account, please have a look at their edits. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 09:15, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Mass deleted and glocked. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 13:25, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

Users at Supplementary mathematics series (CU needed?)
I recently noticed that a new user has activity overlaps with Special:Contributions/Germany_Poul_Ah (GPA, already blocked) and Special:Contributions/Germany_paul_whq2 (GPW, already blocked/locked). Actually, I think GPA and GPW are the same user, due to their activity overlaps at this project (editing similar pages, similar issues) and global activity overlap (especially fawiki and fawikibooks etc.). The new user I found has made account via fawiki and made Supplementary mathematics/Prism as their first edit in mainspace. There could be many editors in this area, but actually only few (especially the users I mentioned at here) have joined these series. I also found that many of the major contributors of this series come from fawiki (Special:Contributions/FDVDBFNDBSW2552, Special:Contributions/Mohammad.Hosein.J.Shia). Could these be different users from same area, or should we have investigations started? MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 09:14, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * We'll need to assist here. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 16:25, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The behavioural evidence is fairly strong. The initial checks I made a couple of days ago showed no technical overlap, but further investigation makes it probable they are sock or meatpuppets. Accounts blocked accordingly. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 10:07, 18 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Neurology and Neurosurgery/Brain Death

A permanent, irreversible and complete loss of the brain function which my included cessation of involuntary activity necessary to sustain life. It differs from persistent vegetative state, in which a person is alive and same automatic functions remain

title: Neurology and Neurosurgery/Brain Death


text:
User:Heimerslinger

Hello, and welcome to my user: page!

title: User:Heimerslinger


text:
User:Treetvapours

Is vaping lega In All USA States?

title: User:Treetvapours


text:
Talk:Celestia/Reference Frames

How to change the language to zh_CN
I want to change the language to zh_CN,I try to zh_CN.mo in /locale,but translate failed. Wangjunxiong wiki (discuss • contribs) 06:57, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celestia/Reference Frames


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4/4. Bc4

= Von Hennig Gambit =

4. Bc4
White is playing in a way reminiscent of the Blackmar-Diemer gambit, and indeed the popular lines fall into that trend. The Stockfish continuation is 4... b5, but more common are 4... Nf6 and 4... Bf5, the latter of which transposing to the main line of the former after 5. f3 exf3 6. Nxf3 Nf6. The main line after 4... Nf6 is 5. f3 exf3 Nxf3 (5... Bf5 is another line, best responded to with 6. fxe4 Nxe4 7. Qf3). In this position the main moves are 6... Bf5, 6... Bg4, and 6... e6. 6... Bg4 falls into a trap after 7. Bxf7+ Kxf7 8. Ne5+ winning a piece or the slightly worse 7. Ne5, where Bxd1 hangs Bxf7# and all other moves besides Be6 and Qc8 nearly instantly lose, while those 2 moves still leave white with a nice advantage. 6... e6 is played the most like a Blackmar-Diemer with ideas of O-O, Qe1-h4, and Bd3. 6... Bf5 is the main line, which is followed up with 7. O-O e6 8. Ng5 Bg6 (preventing Rxf5 where recaptures leads to a fork), where white's options are the calm 9. Ne2 and 9. Bf4 or the wild 9. Bxe6 fxe6 10. Nxe6, which will force black to either give up their queen or weather an incredibly dangerous attack.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...g6/4. Be2

=Semi-Classical Variation=

4. Be2
This is a move that can either lead to a transpositon to the Classical Variation with 4... Bg7 5. Nf3 or the aggressive 4... Bg7 5. g4 (Chinese Variation) and 4... Bg7 5. h4 (Bayonet Attack)


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Talk:Using Wikibooks/Setting Up A User Account

Love ❤
I think you should love our young ones

Aliyu A kaile (discuss • contribs) 21:22, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

What am I going to seach tonight I subject that!
Topic USERNAME W90 (discuss • contribs) 04:29, 23 January 2024 (UTC)


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User:Aliyu A kaile

Wiki Afican book of love 💕

title: User:Aliyu A kaile


text:
Kitchen Remodel

About this book
Target group for this book are readers of any level of professionalism who plan or prepare a kitchen installation or kitchen remodel, no matter of scale or scope. Since the example is taken from California, some of the suggestions are probably the most applicable for readers in North America or Mexico, but the bulk of them may apply to many other countries as well.

This book is a guide to kitchen remodel projects which include: Since I cannot cover those topics to the degree of a regular handbook, I am telling specifically the story of my own recent kitchen remodel, into which I put a lot of thought and research. The sheer amount of information that I had gathered throughout this process was so large that it would have been a pity not to write it down in order to make it accessible for others.
 * changes of floor plan and of electrical and water installations
 * choice of appliances and of cabinets
 * kitchen design
 * kitchen installation (DIY)
 * kitchen lighting
 * tile work

About the author
I'd like to point out that I am not an architect or kitchen designer, only a somehow resourceful and keenly interested amateur who went through the process of a kitchen remodel twice in only a few years. The first time, I relied on the work of a professional kitchen designer. The result was that I liked the outcome, but over time I figured that I could have done much, much better if I had been more involved in the creative process. Luckily, I got a second chance when we moved into a new home and decided to have a kitchen remodel once more.

As I am not a native speaker of English, my writing is probably satiated with spelling errors and awkward phrasing. Everyone is welcome to help me out there.

title: Kitchen Remodel


text: Category:Almond butter recipes

title: Category:Almond butter recipes


text: Category:Almond extract recipes

title: Category:Almond extract recipes


text: Category:Almond flour recipes

title: Category:Almond flour recipes


text: Category:Flour recipes

title: Category:Flour recipes


text: Kitchen Remodel/Template/Navigation

title: Kitchen Remodel/Template/Navigation


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Lint..
Line 36(?)  would appear to have a stray SPAN tag. ? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 09:42, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Done --Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] talk 07:36, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Citation/patent


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Category:CS1 errors: PMID

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:CS1 errors: PMID


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Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)

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text:
User:MinMinKAREN

How to training sniper

title: User:MinMinKAREN


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4

Rubinstein French
The Rubinstein French is a move that is often played to reduce theory, as it can also be played after the Tarrasch where in both cases the most common move by a landslide is 4. Nxd4. After this, black will most likely play either 4...Nf6, 4...Nd7, 4...Bd7, or 4...Be7. 4...Nf6 is usually followed with 5. Nxf6, where 5...Qxf6 is solid but uneventful while 5...gxf6 is similar to the aggressive Bronstein-Larsen variation of the Caro-Kann. 4...Bd7, the Fort Knox variation is designed to solve the problem of the French Bishop by moving it to c6, and is also the simplest of the 4. 4...Be7 and 4...Nd7 (the main line) both have similar ideas of playing Nf6 later and recapturing with a minor piece, and following with a pawn break with either c5 or e5.


text:
User:Patrickf36

Kingdom of United Freedom

title: User:Patrickf36


text:
User:Kingplfinerd45/sandbox

Kingdom of United freedom

title: User:Kingplfinerd45/sandbox


text:
User talk:Kingplfinerd45

Kingdom of United freedom

title: User talk:Kingplfinerd45


text:
User:Kingplfinerd45

Kingdom of United freedom

title: User:Kingplfinerd45


text: Category:Amchoor recipes

title: Category:Amchoor recipes