text:
User:Gautamivatury/sandbox

1. The Clinical Protocol The protocol of each and every study included in an New Drug Application(NDA) or a Biologics License Application (BLA) establishes the foundation on which the entire clinical and statistical sections of the NDA/BLA rest. As a result, each clinical study protocol as part of the overall clinical trial should be carefully planned and well written from the start, taking into bold text consideration advice and feedback from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as early as possible in the drug approval process,. If the protocol is poor, no subsequent analysis or report may be able to salvage it or enable the trial to provide pivotal support of an effectiveness claim. Given the importance the clinical protocol has on the overall scheme of drug product development and given the fact that every protocol places the subject at some level of risk, the protocol developer should make every effort to ensure that each protocol written will be able to provide the necessary support for the results of the trial. it is important to note that the protocol document and the sample template from which it is ultimately derived is obtained from multiple sources. In addition to being a companion document to the clinical study report, the protocol derives a good part of its content from federal rules, laws and applicable regulations. 2, Initiating the Protocol Development Process Before the writing of a protocol begins, a good amount of up-front work should have, if already been completed. A "protocol strategy" meeting is the first place to start. The purpose of this meeting and the product that ultimately is derived from it is an analysis plan with text that clearly describes the objectives, variables, trial design including preliminary information on the intended study population (including preliminary exclusion and inclusion criteria). Once an analysis plan has been drafted, several sections can be lifted directly from it for inclusion in the protocol. The draft original source report such as a case report form (CRF) will also be used to drive much of the procedures section of the protocol. It is strongly recommended that each sponsor adopt a template for final report format and content. The final report template should be developed prior to the protocol template. Once the format and content of the final report is known, the protocol is now designed to generate and provide the necessary information for the continuation of the trial. One must keep in mind that, While protocols and final clinical study reports are individual documents that can stand alone meeting separate content requirements, the format and content of these documents should be designed so that the protocol will support the final report. This effort expended in planning the protocol will maximize the value of the final result, including the planned integration of a group of studies into the NDA/BLA. The use of proper formatting formats saves valuable time in writing the final reports, providing the review team with a sense of the organization and professionalism that went into the development of the clinical protocol and the studies that went into the development of a highly accurate and well-structured clinical trial. Standard Protocol Content Recognizing the importance of the protocol, FDA has made a significant effort to explain what information must be included within the document. The minimum criteria are specified in 21 CFR 312.23 (Investigational New Drug Application (IND), which states that any study protocol must contain the following information. (a) A statement of the objectives (b) Purpose of the study (c) The name. address and a statement of the qualifications (CV or other statement of qualification) of each investigator, including the name of each sub-investigator (e.g. medical resident, research associate/postdoc fellow) working under the supervision of the principal investigator; the name and address of the research facilities to be used; and the name and address of each reviewing Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Institution Ethics Committee (IEC). Note: No clinical trial can proceed with the sole approval of an IRB/IEC. (d) The criteria for patient selection and for the exclusion of patients and an estimate of the number of patients to be enrolled. (e) A description of the design of the study, including the type of control group to be used, if any, and a description of the methods to be used to "minimize bias" on the part of subjects, investigators, or analysts. (f) The method for determining the dose(s) to be administered, the safe effective dose, the planned maximum dosage, and the duration of individual patient exposure to the drug. (f) A description of the observations and measurements to be made to fulfill the objectives of the study. (g) A description of clinical procedures, laboratory tests, or other measures to be taken to monitor the effects of the drug in human subjects and to minimize risk and promote benefit to the trial subject/participant. The criteria stated above represent the minimum FDA requirements for a protocol that expose subjects to a test article in clinical trials However, a protocol that meets only these minimum requirements may not be able to provide substantial evidence of safety or effectiveness (efficacy) in support of an NDA/BLA. In addition to these minimum requirements, FDA has established a higher standard of excellence to which clinical trials are expected to conform. In meeting these criteria, the trials must exhibit evidence of having been conducted in a manner deemed “adequate and well-controlled”. The criteria for a study being considered adequate and well-controlled incorporate many of the elements of good science that are not included in the minimum regulatory requirements. For an NDA/BLA to be approved, the sponsor must provide “substantial evidence” of the product’s safety and effectiveness. FDA defines “substantial evidence” as evidence consisting of adequate and well-controlled investigations pursuant to 21 CFR 312.24 (IND Content and Format Content Details). 1) There is a clear statement of the objectives of the investigation and a summary of the proposed or actual methods of analysis in the protocol for the study and in the report of its results. In addition, the protocol should contain a description of the proposed methods of analysis, and the study report should contain a description of the methods of analysis ultimately used. If the protocol does not contain a description of the proposed methods of analysis, the study report should describe how the methods were selected and why the methods of analysis were omitted with strong justification. (2) The study uses a design that permits a valid comparison with a control group to provide a quantitative assessment of drug effect. The protocol for the study and report of the results should describe the study design precisely – for example, the duration of the treatment periods, whether treatments are parallel, randomized, non-randomized, placebo-controlled, sequential, or crossover, and whether the sample size is predetermined or based upon some interim analysis. Generally, the following types of controls are recognized: i. Placebo concurrent control. The test drug is compared with an inactive preparation designed to resemble the test drug to the degree possible. A placebo- controlled study may include additional treatment groups, such as an active treatment control or a dose-comparison control, and usually includes randomization and blinding of patients or investigators or both 2. Dose-comparison concurrent control.in this particular type of situation, at least two doses of the drug are compared. A dose-comparison study may include additional treatment groups, such as a placebo control or active control. Dose-comparison trials usually include randomization and blinding of investigator or patients, or both (i.e., single or double-blind). iii. No treatment concurrent protocol. When objective measurements of effectiveness are available and placebo effect is negligible, the test drug is compared with no treatment. No treatment concurrent trials usually include randomization. iv. Active treatment concurrent control. The test drug is compared with a known effective therapy – for example, when the condition treated is such that administration of placebo or no treatment would be contrary to the interest of the patient. An active treatment study may include additional treatment groups, such as a placebo control or a dose-comparison control. Active treatment trials usually include randomization and blinding of patients or investigators, or both. If the intent of the trial is to show similarity of the test and control drugs, the report of the study should assess the ability of the study to have detected a difference between treatments. Similarity of the test drug and active control can mean either that both drugs were either effective. or neither were effective. The analysis of the study should explain why the drugs should be considered effective in the study – for example, by reference to results in previous placebo-controlled studies of the active control drug. v. Historical control. The results of treatment with the test drug are compared with experience historically derived from the adequately documented natural history of the disease or condition, or from the results of active treatment, in comparable patients. vi. Populations. Because historical control populations are difficult to be well-assessed with respect to pertinent variables similar to concurrent control populations, historical control designs are usually reserved for special circumstances. Examples include studies of diseases with high and predictable mortality (e.g., certain malignancies), and studies in which the effect of the drug is self-evident (e.g., general anesthetics, drug metabolism).(3) The method of selection of subjects provides adequate assurance that the subjects have the disease or condition being studied, on evidence of susceptibility and exposure to the condition against which the prophylaxis directed.

(3) The method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups minimizes bias and is intended to assure comparability of the groups with respect to pertinent variables such as age, sex, severity of disease, duration of disease, and use of drugs or therapy other than the test drug. The protocol for the study and the report of its results should describe how the subjects were assigned to study groups. Ordinarily, in a concurrently controlled study, assignment is, not by randomization, nor is without stratification. (4) Adequate measures are taken to minimize bias on the part of the subjects, observers, and analysts of the data. The protocol and report of the study should describe the procedures used to accomplish such, such as blinding and masking. (5) The methods for assessing subjects’ responses are well defined and reliable. The protocol for the study and the report of the results should explain the variables measured, the methods of observation, and criteria used to assess response. (7) There is an analysis of the study results adequate to assess the effects of the drug including any appropriate statistical methods and development of optimal statistical power and statistical significance. The analysis should assess, among other things, the comparability of test and control groups with respect to pertinent variables and the effects of any interim data analyses performed. As it is obvious from the above requirements, the protocol and final study report are intended to be companion documents that contain much of the same information. How does one differ from another: A protocol states how a study is to conducted and provides the means for obtaining pre-determined information for the analysis and final report of a clinical trial. The final report, on the other hand, states exactly" how well the protocol was followed," and presents the results of the study. Much of the final report’s content should be included in the protocol to enhance the support that the protocol provides for the final report. The use of similar content also aids the process of writing the final report, since it allows the author to copy much of the information from the protocol directly into the final study. going back to a Phase 1 (IND, safety) studd that takes into account as many of the adequate and well-controlled criteria as possible, the developer can be assured that the data more accurately evaluates the product’s safety (and preliminary effectiveness if that is what being's analyzed along with the primary end point, safety). Regarding the risk-to-benefit ratio, a trial that places subjects at risk, yet cannot provide accurate and dependable results, should not be conducted. Any trial lacking the potential to significantly expand the scientific knowledge bae regarding a product places subjects at risk. It is important to note that, in some cases, an adequate and well-controlled trial may simply not be feasible early in Phase I. All trials, however, should be designed to include as many criteria as possible/necessary for an “adequate and well-controlled” study. Standard Protocol Format The standard content adopted for all protocols should be contained in a standard format. The format’s purpose should be to present the required content of the protocol in an easily readable, user-friendly manner. Information should be divided into sections and subsections, with logical grouping of related information clearly identified through the use of indicative headings. Additionally, the protocol’s general format should be identical to that of the study report template. Whenever possible, the information that is contained in both the final study report and the protocol should be contained in the same section or subsection, and under the same headings within both documents. Many protocol sections are nearly identical to those in the final report. Most of the information in the protocol is also used ins some form within the protocol. The use of similar formatting in the protocol and the final report enhances and emphasizes the shared content of the documents, and is an indication of the planning involved throughout the design, conduct and report of a clinical trial. The standard protocol format should contain the same major structural elements as the clinical study report. Each of these contents include: Title Page Table of Contents. The table of contents (TOC) main purpose is to provide a listing of, and a location for, the protocol’s sections and subsections. Ideally, the TOC should be generated automatically in word format. All sections and subsections of a TOC are neatly arranged in a coherent, logical sequence. Related information is grouped within sections and subsections under indicative headings. While the overall standard format should be utilized for every protocol, each protocol will vary considerable in the content of certain sections due to the study-specific details of the trial. Therefore, the numbering scheme selected for the protocol allows for compartmentalization of information and flexibility within the established format. For example, Section 3.6 contains a description of the procedures to be followed during each study visit. While the number of visits and procedures will change from study to study, any number of subsections can be added to the section by numbering them 3.6.1, 3.6.2 etc. In this way, there is flexibility within a protocol without having to change the overall numbering scheme, thereby maintaining the format’s integrity. Body of the Text. The body of the protocol should contain all of the information required by federal regulations, relevant FDA guidances, information from public hearing, advisory committee meetings or publications, and the developer’s final report template. It is the author’s responsibility to ensure that each topic is covered in such a manner that all regulatory requirements are met, and that the investigator and staff members can clearly understand the instructions given. Protocol Summary After the body of the text has been written, the authors should prepare a brief summary of the study’s major characteristics. By providing a protocol summary, the authors allow the reader to gain a general knowledge of the study by glancing at just a few pages.The FDA is well aware of the benefit of a protocol summary, and has requested that each protocol included in an NDA/BLA attach a protocol cover sheet identifying many of the same study characteristics included in the summary. In addition, the protocol summary can aid as a review tool, and is often a way to familiarize the potential investigators with the study plan. While a protocol summary can be arranged in a number of ways, the information included in the summary should be consistent across all summaries. The recommended protocol summary contains the following elements: 1) The title of the study (identical to the title page); 2) The clinical phases; 3) The name, medical specialty, institutional affiliation and address of the principal investigator; 4) The period of the trial (projected dates of enrollment of first subject to completion of last subject); 5) Study objectives; 6) Study variables; 7) Design; 8) Inclusion criteria 9) Exclusion criteria 10) Number of subjects to be enrolled, then listed for each test article, along with a description of the test article(s); 11) The duration of the therapy; 12) Any reference product and its dosing regimen. For a multicenter study, the investigator section should state “multicenter” and a list of investigators pages should be added after the summary. As is evident from the recommended contents, a reader will be provided with most of the vital study information in just a few pages. The protocol summary is usually placed immediately after the table of contents. As part of the protocol summary, it is often helpful and advisable to include a study flow chart incorporating a time and event table to illustrate the study design. If possible, the study flow chart is recommended to be one page for easy review by the reviewer. A study flow chart is also included in the sample protocol. The study flow chart should illustrate the periods of the study (e.g., baseline placebo, double-blind, open label) in chronological order. The time and events table should illustrate the major measurements to be made or procedures to be followed at each division within the study (e.g., screen, baseline, study date number etc.). All of the measurements/procedures on this table should be consistent with the procedures section of the protocol. Standard Protocol Template For each protocol to conform to the standard protocols' format and content, these elements should be combined into a standard protocol template which is a full protocol outline organized in a clear, easily-readable format. The standard protocol template should be used when writing each new protocol. The use of a standard protocol template will provide the following benefits.

1. Following a standard template provides the best assurance that no details will be overlooked. The protocol is a document that addresses every element of how a study is to be carried out in extremely specific detail. This detail is essential to ensure uniform compliance with the requirements of the protocol. However, the protocol should not be so specifically devised as to make its implementation difficult on a practical basis. Details that are unnecessarily restrictive may lead to protocol violations or significantly impede enrollment and the conduct of the trial. The end result shouldd be a realistic but detailed document that can be implemented by the investigator and their staff during the clinical study. The use of a standard protocol template organizes all of this necessary information in a consistent format, resulting in a detailed, complete and professional looking protocol. 2. Since the standard protocol template will be used for every protocol, the authors of each new protocol need only follow the adopted format and content of the template. Without a standard format or content, the authors of each new protocol would have to decide upon the information that should be included in the protocol and then develop some format to accommodate that information into the protocol. In essence, the authors of each new protocol would “reinvent the wheel”. This method of developing protocols is unnecessarily difficult. The use of a standard protocol template frees the authors from format and content considerations, allowing them to focus their efforts on designing a safe and efficient protocol. 3. Many protocol sections contain information that is vital to its eventual usefulness in supporting an NDA or a BLA. The use of reliable and generally accepted methods and procedures in the protocol will provide a strong foundation upon which to make conclusions about the clinical trial’s success. Employing a standard protocol template will ensure that every protocol will contain the following: elements associated with “good science”, such as blinding and randomization; safety features such as definitions of serious adverse event(SAE), serious adverse experiences and procedures for reporting SAEs; and quality control issues involving data collection and ensuring data integrity. The result is that each protocol developed from the standard template will employ the same sound methods, thereby maximizing both the safety of the subjects participating in the trial and the validity of the results. 4. Establishing a uniformity in format and content makes the job of study personnel, and especially an FDA reviewer much easier. furthermore, using a standard protocol results in a protocol that is very similar. Information contained in a particular section or subsection in one protocol will be contained in the same place in every other protocol. This arrangement enables a reader, as well as the reviewer to find information quickly and easily among any number of protocols and, therefore can be of particular benefit during an FDA review. FDA reviewers will look across trials, particularly at those of similar design. Therefore, the FDA reviewer will want to compare protocols for similar characteristics or design features. The use of a standard protocol template will facilitate these comparisons and aid the reviewer. Drafting an Individual Study Protocol. After the template’s table of contents, body, and summary have been designed and adapted, the developer is ready to begin writing protocols for the anticipated clinical trials. Since the key elements of a protocol are the clinical and statistical design features, the clinical monitor, site personnel, clinical research associates, clinical trial managers and biostatistician should be the primary authors. If the protocol template has been designed correctly, the authors need only to follow the content cues of each section and subsection and fill in the necessary information. When writing the protocol, the authors must keep in mind the protocol’s purpose. The protocol is a means for generating pre-defined information for the analysis and final report of a clinical trial. This information will have been identified based upon the anticipated content of the NDA/BLA, the anticipated content of the final report, and the analysis plan and CRFs. The entire process of planning works backward to the protocol. The protocol is then designed to provide all of the pre-defined information, which is then collected, analyzed and presented in a predetermined manner. Conclusion In the event of clinical development, the protocol is crucial in establishing a proper foundation for the conduct of a study and its analysis and report. The study objectives and, in particular the study variables must be clearly defined to eliminate any ambiguity or misinterpretation. The procedures and methods sections must adequately describe the manner in which the study is to be conducted. Finally, the statistical methods and analyses section must predefine the crucial studies to be conducted at the study’s completion to evaluate and safety and effectiveness. Benefits of a master protocol design. Through an over-arching infrastructure, trial design, and protocol with multiple subs-studies, varying protocols can be run simultaneously. further, a master protocol is intended to run continuously to evaluate and assess a single investigational drug or multiple indications or patient populations, or multiple drug candidates for the same indication. Over the past few years, FDA has been encouraging sponsors of clinical development programs in areas such as oncology and pediatrics to use a master protocol approach to expedite and streamline mid-to-late stage drug development. If well executed, a master protocol approach can reduce study overhead. cost incursions, redundancies and duplication of activities, reduce patient exposure to control arms through use of a single control arm, and most importantly, generate data to address multiple questions regarding the safety and efficacy of drug candidate(s) in parallel rather than sequentially. Master Protocol Implementation Challenges Planning, executing and monitoring the simultaneous sub-studies under a master protocol require a great deal of coordination and the appropriate trial infrastructure, so a sponsor has to have sufficient resources and well-trained personnel. For example, the draft guidance notes that sponsors should have medical monitors with appropriate training and experience in the conduct of clinical trials and the indications under study, given the potential for rapid patient accrual with increased risk to patients if adverse events are not properly identified. Furthermore, FDA acknowledges that one of the challenges for master protocols is related to assessment of safety of the investigational product(s) under the protocol. With multiple arms assessing a single product across multiple patient population, there could be difficulty in attributing adverse events appropriately to the investigational drugs. FDA also cautions that multiple study groups under a master protocol could result in an over-interpretation of findings, such as falsely identifying a responder population based on multiple between-arm comparisons. Therefore, sponsors should carefully consider the potential advantages and challenges to determine whether a master protocol is appropriate.

title: User:Gautamivatury/sandbox


text:
Category:Book:Create Vampires

Book: Create Vampire
Create Vampires is one of many free Wikibooks. Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers, and contributors, are volunteers who cull through websites, use online search engines to find the facts, volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips. For more information about the Wikimedia project, and Wikibooks, please visit: "Wikimedia Foundation" We hope this book, Create Vampires, will clear up many mis-notions, especially a common confusion about the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Book:Create Vampires


text:
Category talk:Book:Create Vampires

Who thinks the book should be on the shelf: Original Fictional Creations?
Hello Wikibookians! I see many changes to Create Vampires, changes that improves the order [alphabetical pages for example] of the book, I think this may be a improvement. I want to add this point, I wanted this book Create Vampires to be on a shelf called "Original Fictional Creations". I think several works of Literature have created unique characters, as well as important Philosophic and religious works. I add this idea because I, and a few people contributing, think this idea could help people interested in sharing information about a original fictional character, or group of similar fictional creations [such as zombies, angels, and ghost], organize their books. Although there is not a need for a new shelf, maybe a new subsection will help other people. What do other Wikibookians think? Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 16:18, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Book:Create Vampires


text:
User:रोहित कुमार साव

The book that is collection of my written essays is-

 * 1) /Selected Essays/

authors: रोहित कुमार साव

title: User:रोहित कुमार साव


text:
Selected Essays/Role of Media

Media is known as the fourth pillar of democracy due to its important role in shaping public opinion. Today, in this ultra modern world, the role of media has been augmenting day by day. It has been serving as a vigilant watch dog of India. Print Media has created an awareness among the people regarding their rights and duties. We can update ourselves just by going through the morning newspaper, getting each and every kind of news from every nook and corner of the world. Catering to all this, today mass media is well-established, wherein it is remarkable to see the All India radio (AIR) now reaches 90% of the population, TV more than 80% and over 5,600 newspapers, 150 of these publications are published daily in over 100 languages.

There has been a worldwide growth of the Print Media even after the emergence of the electronic media. Moreover, there has been an increase in the circulation of newspapers around the world even after the emergence of electronic media and the internet. The newspapers play a very important role in the working of any democracy. Our Constitution too grants us the Right to Freedom of Expression which is manifested, in free press in our country. In a democracy, newspapers are the best way of educating people politically and socially. They play a decisive role not only in updating the public but also in formulating a well-balanced public opinion. The public read about the current events, interpret them and learn to intelligently participate in the political, social and economic affairs of the country.

Newspapers also reflect public opinion, thus formed through letters to the editor which are usually published in a separate column. Moreover, print Media provides great incentive to business by large number of advertisements on a variety of things such as a house on sale, shops, electronic goods, stationary, cloth stores,glass ware, crockery shops etc. Matrimonial advertisements, job-opportunities, obituaries are all advertised through the Print Media.

Nowadays, another very popular means of social interaction and propagation that has emerged along with the print Media is the rise of Electronic Media. The bit of electronic media took place with the invention of radio, it further got spread through television, then through the laptops, computers via internet and now in very hand in the form of mobile phones. Electronic Media has a very emphatic and motivating effect on the society today. The various news channels keep the vigilant citizens updated. Channels like Discovery and National Geographic keep the inquisitive mind busy and satisfy every intellectual query of a probing mind. Alongwith these, there are endless number of entertainment channels solely to amuse and tickle the audience. Now, quite a number of kids’ channels have come up to carter to this special section of the society. Television can help popularize technology and internationalise and universalize our outlook.

These days the internet too is gaining a huge momentum, in terms of its role in media. This is because traditional ‘silent citizens’ for traditional media like newspaper often ‘speak out’ through the internet platform to let a society hear their voices. This has fin turn increased the society’s level of democratic awareness wherein people of all age groups and sections formulate their opinion on the social networking sites. It is also because internet can be used by anybody, anywhere, at anytime easily to express themselves economically. Infact, these days there are many independent websites established which how to monitor parliament activities and other crucial operations of society. The only major drawback internet is facing is that its spread is limited. Yet, there is other side of media too, wherein it tries to carter to the transient needs of life and to appeal to the emotions of masses instead of maintaining an intellectual level. They even lower the moral tone and publish sub-standard materials to increase their readership.

Many a times, newspapers try to ally themselves to particular ideology or a party instead of maintaining impartiality and indulge in mudslinging or even communal propaganda. These thoughtless means of r easy money provides temporary financial benefits to a handful of people but prove to be extremely disastrous in the end or society at large.

People involved in this profession should realize the massive responsibility they shoulder and sacredness of the duty that they perform. They should avoid personal bias and prejudice to cloud their good sense. Instead, they should try to combat social evils ,communal forces and also keep the government on its toes, committed to its promises. It should try to make people politically conscious and keep patriotism and national pride alive in the people.

In today’s world media has become as necessary as food and clothing. In the earlier times, it united people for freedom struggle, today it is uniting people against social evils. It has always been a crucial part, a ‘mirror’ of society inn every age, however it only differs in its approach, means and spread, form time to time. It has immense power which needs to be carefully harnessed. Moreover, it has also been seen that media is reduced to a commercialized sector, eyeing the news which are hot and good at selling. The goal is merely to gain the television rating points.

I believe, if the media identifies its responsibility and work sincerely and honestly, then it can serve as a great force in building the nation.

title: Selected Essays/Role of Media


text:
Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence

Science:
What is Science? Science by definition is "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment." This complex definition is "Powered by Oxford Dictionaries." Where in the world of science and technology, does vampirism fit? From the Wikijournal of Medicine, we learn that "Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness."

Science, Vampaiyerism, and Vampirism
Is There Any Factual Evidence for The Existence of Vampires? Vampaiyerism is closely associated with vampirism, meaning activities and events closely linked with vampire of folklore, many fictitious vampire creations told about in stories, were characters reflecting actual people who were often drugged, maybe involved with drugs, often reported as dead, may be found buried, maybe associated with fraud, drug abuse, witchcraft, and even "dark magic." Vampaiyerism and vampirism is seldom associated with Science, yet at times, Science and vampaiyerism, and by close association, vampirism, is connected in public broadcasts, and in the news. From Wikipedia: In modern times, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures such as the chupacabra still persists in some cultures. Early folk belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the body's process of decomposition after death and how people in pre-industrial societies tried to rationalize this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. Porphyria was linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited.

title: Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence


text:
Guide to Clinical Examination/Mental status examination

The mental status exam is one of the most important tests in psychiatry. This will be a basic guide to performing one.

Observational Components

 * Appearance: What is the patient's clothing like? Is it appropriate for the environment? (IE, wearing a parka in July, or almost nothing when it is snowing) Is their clothing overly flashy or disorganised? Do they seem to pay attention to grooming?
 * Level of alertness: Are they conscious? Catatonic? Delirious?
 * Speech: Is it normal in terms of quantity, rate, and tone? Racing, loud, constant speech may be a sign of mania, while a noticeable decrease in the amount of speech may indicate a depressive illness.
 * Behavior: Are they behaving appropriately for the situation? Be sure to remember that people from different cultures behave differently. Are they agitated, uncooperative or unpleasant?
 * Orientation: Are they oriented x3? (Time, location, self)
 * Affect: How do they appear to feel to you? do they show no outward emotions, or do they switch and exaggerate them?
 * Thought process: is their thinking organised? do they show signs of derailment, flight of ideas, or other thought disorders?

Directly Inquired Components

 * Mood: How do they claim to feel? Does that emotion make sense given their current situation?
 * Thought Content: Are there delusions? Hallucinations? Suicidal or homicidal ideation?
 * Memory: Simple basic tests of short and long term memory
 * Higher Reasoning: Can they interpret idioms and similar non-concrete ideas? Frequently, they are asked to explain the phrase "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones".


text:
User talk:41.239.134.235

Warning
Please do not make edits like this. The filename on does not exist. --Esteban16 (discuss • contribs) 00:07, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.239.134.235


text:
Celestia/Tutorials/Stars

This tutorial will describe how to add stars into Celestia. Stars are some of the easiest objects to add to Celestia, because most of them can be simulated as bits of STC code.

To add a star to Celestia, you need a .stc file. This can be created by taking any plain text file and renaming the file extension to. This file can be named anything as long as it has the  suffix. Then, it should be placed into the "extras" directory (i.e. a folder), or any folder within the "extras" directory.

Now, after you open the .stc file, you need to define a star by writing some code in it with your favorite text editor. Information for many stars can be found in various places, such as SIMBAD or Wikipedia.

Basic definition
The basic definition looks like this:

"Name" { 	RA Dec Distance SpectralType " " AppMag }

With additional (optional) parameters, it looks like this:

123456 "Name" { 	RA Dec Distance SpectralType " " AppMag Texture "texture.*" Temperature Radius SemiAxes [  ] UniformRotation { Period Inclination AscendingNode } }

We'll go through the parameters one by one. Let's use the star KIC 8462852 (Boyajian's Star) as an example.

Also, at any point you can add a comment to your .stc code. A comment is started by a  sign and lasts until the next line break. It's a good idea to add comments explaining if you calculated parameters yourself, or if they are guesses.

Name
"Name"

Here,  is just the name (or names) of the star. If a star has multiple names, separate them with colons. Stars in the Hipparcos and Tycho catalogs should also have the catalog number in front of their name(s), like this:

123456 "Name"

Tycho catalog designations have to be concatenated into a single number, so that  (zero-padded) becomes. Boyajian's Star is in the Tycho catalog, with the designation TYC 3162-665-1, so it would look like this:

1006653162 "Boyajian's Star:KIC 8462852"

RA and Dec
RA Dec

These are the right ascension and declination of the star, i.e. the coordinates of the star on the sky. Note that in an STC file,  is in degrees, unlike a DSC file where it's in hours. Usually the RA will be in hours/minutes/seconds format, and the Dec will be in degrees/arcminutes/arcseconds format. To convert to Celestia's decimal format, use a tool like the RA DEC flexible converter. You can also tell SIMBAD to output decimal coordinates by going to the Output options page and selecting "decimal" from the drop-down menu next to "Coordinates".

Distance
Distance

The distance to the star in light-years. If you have a parallax instead of a distance, first convert it to parsecs by, then convert to light-years by multiplying by 3.26156.

SpectralType
SpectralType " "

This parameter is the spectral type of the star. Spectral types as defined in Celestia have three parts to it: the spectral class, the subclass, and the luminosity class. Spectral types may also have extra symbols for spectral peculiarities, but these are not included in Celestia.

The spectral class is one of these characters/strings: O, B, A, F, G, K, M, L, T, C, R, N, S, WC, WN, D, Q, or X. O through M represent normal stars, with O being the hottest and bluest and M being the coolest and reddest. L and T represent brown dwarfs: objects that are too small to fuse hydrogen (spectral class Y is also implemented in v1.7.0). C, R, and N represent carbon stars: red giant stars with noticeable amounts of carbon in their atmospheres (i.e. greater than oxygen concentrations). S represents a class of star with approximately equal amounts of carbon and oxygen in their atmospheres. WC and WN represent Wolf-Rayet stars (spectral class WO is also implemented in v1.7.0), D (optionally followed by another letter related to the star's spectrum) represents white dwarfs, Q represents neutron stars, and X represents black holes. The number after that modifies the original class: for stars from O to T, a smaller number represents a higher temperature. Finally, a luminosity class is one of these strings: Ia0, Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, or VI, with decreasing luminosity. Note that the subclass and the luminosity class may be left blank.

See also:

AppMag or AbsMag
AppMag or AbsMag

This is the apparent magnitude of the star (how bright it appears from Earth), or the absolute magnitude (how bright it would appear from a distance of 10 parsecs), without extinction (dimming, caused by dust that is blocking light). The  in Celestia corresponds to the V-band magnitude in sources such as SIMBAD.

The above parameters are all that's required to define a star. Here's the basic definition for Boyajian's Star:

1006653162 "Boyajian's Star:KIC 8462852" { 	RA 301.56438605 Dec 44.45688635 Distance 1446.66 SpectralType "F3V" AppMag 11.705 }

Now for the optional parameters...

Texture
Texture "texture.*"

Textures are essentially maps that are wrapped around spheres. By default, stars use the texture specified in celestia.cfg corresponding to their spectral type, but you can also set a custom texture.

Temperature
Temperature

This parameter is the temperature of the star, in degrees Kelvin. It affects the color of the star. It's only supported by Celestia v1.7.0; previous versions will simply ignore it.

Radius
Radius

This parameter simply refers to the radius of the star, in kilometers. Stellar radii are usually given in solar units; you can convert them to kilometers by multiplying by the Sun's radius in kilometers (695700). If the radius isn't specified, Celestia will calculate it from the star's temperature (from the  or   parameter) and luminosity (from the   or   parameter).

SemiAxes
SemiAxes [  ]

This is used for oblate stars, to specify a triaxial ellipsoid shape. The star's radius along each axis is multiplied by the number corresponding to that axis. Values greater than 1 cause some rendering bugs, so it's recommended to only use values equal to or less than 1. The second number is the polar axis, so for an oblate star you want something like.

If you have an oblateness value, the polar semi-axis value can simply be calculated from 1-oblateness.

UniformRotation
UniformRotation { Period Inclination AscendingNode }

This block is for the rotational parameters of the star. The  parameter is simply how long it takes for a star to rotate once about its axis of rotation. The unit is in hours. For Boyajian's Star, there is a published value: 0.8797 days, or 21.1128 hours.

The  and   parameters refer to the orientation of the star's rotation axis, which will be covered in the binary star tutorial.

Example code
For the sake of reference, here is what the final .stc code might look like for Boyajian's Star:

1006653162 "Boyajian's Star:KIC 8462852" { 	RA 301.56438605 Dec 44.45688635 Distance 1446.66 SpectralType "F3V" AppMag 11.705 Temperature 6750 Radius 1099206 UniformRotation { Period 21.1128 } }

title: Celestia/Tutorials/Stars


text:
User:Priyeshsinghrajputofficial

Born in a creative family, Priyesh Singh always was passionate about expressing herself through her art. Her affair with writing is nothing but the specimen of her affection towards the same. While He thought He couldn't even write a single sentence on her own, with time and proper nurturing He came up with her first poetry collection Yuva Parivesh. He believes in writing about simplistic happenings in and around her and tries to encompass all of her experiences within her artwork.He Also known As Priyesh Singh Rajput.

title: User:Priyeshsinghrajputofficial


text:
Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires

Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires

 * 1)  "The Vampire" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897) "The Vampire at Wikisource"
 * 2)  "Twilight" by Stephenie Meyer


text: User talk:Phikolomzi liyema

title: User talk:Phikolomzi liyema


text:
Cookbook talk:Beer

Any recipe to make beer at home?. BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 08:03, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Green Bottle Beer History
Green bottle beer has a long and complex history, dating back to the early 19th century. The use of green glass for beer bottles was first introduced by British brewers as a way to protect the beer from the damaging effects of sunlight. Prior to this, beer was typically packaged in clear or brown glass bottles, which allowed UV rays to penetrate the beer and cause spoilage.

Green glass offered a solution to this problem, as it effectively blocked out the harmful UV rays while still allowing enough light through to showcase the beer's color and clarity. As a result, green bottles quickly became the standard for many British beer styles, including pale ales, stouts, and porters.

Over time, green bottle beer gained popularity around the world, particularly in countries with strong ties to British brewing traditions. However, the use of green glass has also been associated with certain challenges, such as increased costs and the risk of skunking - a chemical reaction that occurs when the beer is exposed to light, causing a foul odor and off flavors.

Despite these challenges, green bottle beer remains a beloved tradition in many parts of the world, and is still used by many breweries today as a way to showcase their beer's unique qualities and protect it from spoilage. Hayyan76 (discuss • contribs) 10:41, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Beer


text:
Wikijunior talk:Biology/Cells

Strong. Love it. And Wikibooks.Everyday I learn something new. And have some ideas to add to it. Thanks to the editors for this gold item. 11:44, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Biology/Cells


text: Template:Strong support

title: Template:Strong support


text:
Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore

Vampires and Folk Beliefs
According to "Wikipedia:Vampire"[1] The notion of vampirism has existed for millennia. Cultures such as the Mesopotamians, Hebrews, Ancient Greeks, Manipuri and Romans had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. Despite the occurrence of vampiric creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity known today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early 18th-century southeastern Europe,[2] when verbal traditions of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and published. In most cases, vampires are revenants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witches, but they can also be created by a malevolent spirit possessing a corpse or by being bitten by a vampire. Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions of people believed to be vampires.[3]

Eastern European Folklore
Although stories about ghosts and demons may have haunted ancient society, stories of a uniquely original creature of the imagination began to be told, originating around parts of Eastern Europe. According to Wikipedia, "The Persians were one of the first civilizations to have tales of blood-drinking demons: creatures attempting to drink blood from men were depicted on excavated pottery shards." [Marigny, p. 14.]  Section From Wikipedia : Eighteenth Century Vampire Controversy During the 18th century, there was a frenzy of vampire sightings in Eastern Europe, with frequent stakings and grave diggings to identify and kill the potential revenants. Even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires.[4] Despite being called the Age of Enlightenment, during which most folkloric legends were quelled, the belief in vampires increased dramatically, resulting in a mass hysteria throughout most of Europe.[5] The panic began with an outbreak of alleged vampire attacks in East Prussia in 1721 and in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1725 to 1734, which spread to other localities. Two infamous vampire cases, the first to be officially recorded, involved the corpses of Petar Blagojevich and Miloš Čečar from Serbia. Blagojevich was reported to have died at the age of 62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food. When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Blagojevich supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood.[4]

In the second case, Miloš, an ex-soldier-turned-farmer who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while haying. After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area and it was widely believed that Miloš had returned to prey on the neighbours.[6][7] Another infamous Serbian vampire legend recounts the story of a certain Sava Savanović, who lives in a watermill and kills and drinks blood from the millers. The character was later used in a story written by Serbian writer Milovan Glišić and in the Yugoslav 1973 horror film Leptirica inspired by the story.[8]

The two incidents were well-documented. Government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe.[7] The hysteria, commonly referred to as the "18th-Century Vampire Controversy", raged for a generation. The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-called vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them.[9]


text:
Aymara

Introduction

 * /Phrases/

Appendix

 * /Vocabulary/
 * /Numerals/

Grammar

 * /Alphabet/
 * /Pronouns/
 * /Adjectives/
 * /Verbs/
 * /Prepositions/

title: Aymara


text:
Aymara/Vocabulary

Family

 * Brother - jilata
 * Girl - imilla
 * Mist - urpu
 * Lightning - q'ixuq'ixu
 * Ice - chhuilunkhaya
 * Hailstone - chhijchhi
 * Otros
 * Flag - wiphala

title: Aymara/Vocabulary


text:
Aymara/Phrases

 * see you tomorrow : qhiphürkama
 * Where are you from? : Cauquitaastasa?
 * Mist's place :urputatacheka
 * To eat ok : suma manq'aña

title: Aymara/Phrases


text:
Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling

Alternative Spellings
What Is The Best Way To Spell Vampire? The common English spelling for vampire seems to be v-a-m-p-i-r-e. A less common English (or American-English) spelling alternative is spelled v-a-m-p-y-r-e. Vampire is not considered a phonetic word, meaning the word is not spelled the way it is pronounced. Although people are not certain why we spell vampire in a manner that is inconsistent with how the word "vampire" is pronounced, some people think this is because the word "vampire" is a foreign word. According to Dictionary.com, the word orgin for vampire is commonly attributed to a French derivative from German vampir. This word may also be linked with Turkish uber witch, and Russian upyr vampire. "Dictionary.com: Vampire" In America, a country with many Latin American influences, the word "vampire" is sometimes phonetically spelled: v-a-m-p-a-i-y-e-r [Vam-Pai-Yer]. Although this maybe considered Spanglish, meaning a combination of English and Spanish language influences, the word "vampaiyer" is similar to "vampiro," the Spanish version for "vampire." According to Spanishdict.com, the word "vampire," a noun, has a masculine form "el vampiro," and a feminine form "la vampira." "Spanishdict.com: vampiro

title: Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling


text: Create Vampires/Popular Culture

title: Create Vampires/Popular Culture


text:
Talk:End-user Computer Security/Main content/Wireless Communications

Add information about using Faraday cages/shields and/or aluminium foil as shields to shield unwanted wireless communications?
I suggest that such information on Faraday cages/shields be added to this chapter as well as to the "What to do when you discover your computer has been hacked?" chapter. See here for information about this.

Wrapping mobile phones and smart-cards, that have RFID technology, in aluminium foil, is apparently a way to prevent certain kinds of tracking that could constitute security compromises. Such information can also perhaps be added to this chapter. See also the note here written in respect of such methods for the storage of computing devices.

VPN over free WiFi may be a good idea sometimes? Re. §"Shared WiFi"
Whilst Essex police's advice was not to use free WiFi for anything you wouldn't want a stranger to see, if you use a VPN (virtual private network) for your internet access over free WiFi, there probably is nothing to worry about, apart from people knowing that you are using a VPN. It seems that the VPN would conceal to people with security access to the free WiFi, exactly what you would be doing, apart from the fact that you were using a VPN. In certain circumstances, using such free WiFi in such ways, may be preferred if adversaries are targeting you based on the internet connection easily associated with your name (whether that be at your office, at your home address, tied to your mobile phone number, or otherwise in easy association with your name).

Having intermediate device for internet connection might be more secure?
Rather than your main computing device directly connecting to the internet, perhaps using smartphone tethering (for internet connection) or similar, might induce greater security. To improve security potentially even more, all communications tech (such as WiFi+Bluetooth cards) can be physically removed from your main computing device. Such greater security at least partly works on the principle of isolating the hardware used for your communications. When instead the hardware is within your main device and "known" to the other system components, malware in all the different firmware and dis(c|k)s, as well as "maltech" in the hardware, can potentially "piggy-back" over the communications tech to cause high damage to your computing—the attack surface is effectively larger, and the potential of such attacks is also much higher because of the integrated nature of computer systems. For perhaps even more security, use the intermediate device for downloading files that are then simply copied over using the OS's standard file-system copy operations. Such is probably more secure, but may still be open to attack if the main device has malware able to interfere with such copy operations.

A USB dongle for WiFi or mobile broadband, can count as such an intermediate device. Increased security is perhaps attained because potential damage caused by malware over the USB interface, is perhaps much less than the damage caused by a wireless communications PCI card over the PCI interface, that is 'within' the computer architecture (wireless tech embedded in SoC tech. may be even worse). Additional security can perhaps be attained by configuring the ordinary— that is non-firmware —software and drivers used for USB communication, to be more safe than usual (to perhaps act a bit like a firewall). USB is not the only alternative interface, and there may be other alternative communications interfaces that provide even greater security.

Such an intermediate device is similar to a hardware firewall, as well as a proxy server. If a trusted smartphone can be set-up to mimic the functionality of a hardware firewall and/or proxy server, then using such a smartphone as the intermediate device for a main computer's internet connection, could provide very good security. If the smartphone were set-up as a proxy server, this would perhaps provide strong audit functionality if the server were able to read the HTTPS traffic streams unencrypted (configuring such "spying" capability seems to be possible, see here). Such auditing could also be coded so as to "quarantine" any communication detected as suspicious, until human intervention provided the go-ahead to let such communication out of "quarantine" and onwards to its destination, a bit like how antivirus software works. One potential weakness in such a system, might be that all the TLS (Transport Layer Security which uses cryptography-based security certificates) security for the user, might occur on the main computing device without any double-checking of its correctness. This could mean, for example, that bogus TLS certificates might be deceptively used by malware on the main device for certain communications, that are then open to MITM attacks. To mitigate against this, the intermediate device ought to perform all the TLS functionality for communication from and to the main device (a bit like how the Nitrokey product works?), or the intermediate device ought to confirm that all cryptography operations either side of it were legitimate (i.e. that bogus security certificates were not used, etc.) Some brief research about such a set-up, has indicated that probably there's no technology product out there to do these things, so perhaps this might end-up being something of a new invention.

Interestingly, if on the other hand, your main device is trusted but the smartphone or dongle used for supplying the internet is not trusted, you can piggy-back over the security of the TLS encryption system (by, for example, only using the internet over HTTPS connections), to safely use the internet. Such piggy-backing relies on the aspect that encryption can be leveraged so as to safely use potentially-compromised equipment. See the "Dealing with the situation where you want to work with potentially security-compromised equipment/software" note for more about this.

While these ideas particularly resonate with respect to providing an alternative to built-in wireless internet connections, they do also count to some extent to provision of alternatives for built-in wired internet connections. In this regard, I'm not so sure whether this chapter on wireless communications, is the right place for these ideas.


text:
Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose

Writing Vampire Prose

 * Poetry using "vampire" in the poem's title (historical review, [poetry vs. prose])
 * Prose: ( vampires of the imagination plots involve fictional vampires typically from the horror genre)
 * Prose: (vampire-person, plots using vampire-person character typically involving medical frauds, plots to create victims that are linked with the term "vampire," yet are plot-lines from stories based on actual people who were buried alive while unconscious.)
 * Prose: (person, plots about vampaiyerism, or vampirism, a lifestyle for people who enjoy acting like vampires on pagan holidays and other special events.)

Recommended

 * 1)  "Creative Writing"
 * 2) Introduction to Creative Writing at Wikiversity

title: Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose


text:
User talk:2603:9001:140A:2B9B:647B:B9BF:C39F:EB5E

--Esteban16 (discuss • contribs) 23:07, 18 May 2020 (UTC)


text:
User:Comatekeke

Hi, I am user comatekeke, new to editing Wikibooks although i have read some Wikibooks books that i have found useful in the past. I intend to contribute more in the future especially to the Ada programming language wiki book.

title: User:Comatekeke


text:
User:Christian.Mercat

Hi there, I am a professor of math didactics in the University Claude Bernard Lyon 1.

title: User:Christian.Mercat


text:
Bodybuilding and Weight Training/Creating a Schedule

You need to start to draw a schedule for your exercise.If you are a beginner and you are willing to do this, you shouldn't start with heavy exercises.To be able to draw a schedule you need to start with writing what kind of exercises will you do and what time will you do them.Also the kind of foods you will eat at that particular time.


text:
User:AnthonyBRusso10

Forums Account: Anthony_B_Ruso10 My cat Little Sister

title: User:AnthonyBRusso10


text:
User talk:Comatekeke

Welcome to Wikibooks, Comatekeke!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Hi, sorry for reverting your edit on Ada Programming, it was in error. I have self-reverted. Apologies -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:30, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Okay Jules.

title: User talk:Comatekeke


text:
Category talk:Shelf:Computer aided design

3D Slicer
I suggest a book about 3D Slicer, used in medicine.BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 21:58, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Perhaps suggest this at WB:Reading room/Proposals or WB:Requested books. The reading room is seen by more people, in the short run; the requested-books page isn't looked at enough, I think, but it does have the advantage that things put there don't get removed after a fixed time. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:48, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 03:58, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you a lot!!!. BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 04:03, 20 May 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2020/March

Section numbers in Contents.
Hi, can section numbers be suppressed in Contents? My sandbox is an instance. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * User:PeterEasthope/Sandbox doesn't exist. It would be helpful if you provided a link to what you mean. But I think what you're going for is having the table of contents just display "Introduction... History..." instead of "1. Introduction... 2. History..." correct? —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:14, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Justin, the sandbox is at User:PeterEasthope/sandbox and you are correct. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:03, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Nice. Thanks, . If you put CSS on that page that includes class="tocnumber" and set display:none;, that should keep the numbers from appearing. If you need more help than that, let me know. Kind of a drive-by comment but something while I'm distracted. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 21:33, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Apparently this is feasible, but not currently. Per mw:Manual:Table of contents ":To do this selectively, a wrapper element can be placed around the TOC, as in on the page, and   at MediaWiki:Common.css."

 * To do this you would have to edit MediaWiki:Common.css, only something an interface admin could do, so for advice on feasibility. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 19:22, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, I've added  at the top of the page.  No effect. Something is snagged, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 21:33, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * No it wont work unless MediaWiki:Common.css is edited, something I can't do. However you can try it out for youreslf:
 * (i) create User:PeterEasthope/vector.css with the following text:
 * (ii) Add the line  to your sandbox.
 * You shouldn't see any numbers in your TOC (Table of Contents). However this will only work for yourself; for it to work with everybody MediaWiki:Common.css needs to be edited by an interface admin. Which is why I pinged Pi zero above. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:07, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, for me it works as it should. If Pi zero can make the administrative change, good. Otherwise no great harm. I haven't checked a third party account yet but will. Sorry for the slow response; I indulged in some sleep last night. Regards, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:39, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * It'll take me a while to clear some time, and some spare neurons, to grok this properly. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * OK thanks for looking into it Pi zero. If you want to test it first, create User:Pi zero/vector.css with the text  and then look at the TOC at User:PeterEasthope/sandbox. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 22:59, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * My sandbox has changed. The page in question now is BootManager but it's a low priority. No need to impose on Pi zero. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 16:30, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Btw, is this something that it would be reasonable to provide just to the one book? Iirc we're set up to provide book-specific css, which would avoid adding this to the load on all books, most of which won't use it. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:12, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * For my current work, the format of Contents discussed above is only required for the Oberon/BootManager page. It isn't needed elsewhere.
 * A related question: in another page the numbers should appear in the Contents and at the section headings. I might have seen something about that when reading help pages yesterday but can not find it now. How is that result achieved? Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:49, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Font-family
Another detail in a page I'm working on. Please have a glance at Oberon-2 and the source for it (click Edit). The body of the text is sans-serif whereas I want it to be serif. In Firefox the heading is serif, so the display isn't a browser artifact. The text is enclosed in <span style="font-family:serif; ... which doesn't yield the intended result. Ideas? Incidentally, I wonder why the various Wikimedia projects have various documents about editing. There are so many cases where I hunt in the Wikibooks documentation until convincing myself that a question isn't answered. Then eventually find an answer under Wikipedia or MediaWiki. Appears much of the goose-chasing could be eliminated by replacing duplication with links to one central document. Just a thought. Thanks again, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 17:05, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Try adding after the section title ; and then   at the end of the section. I've tested this in preview and it works. I could do this for you if you want me to show you. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 12:52, 30 March 2020 (UTC) Addendum: actually you can add this to the entire body text (a single open div at the start and close div at the end) and this still works. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 12:57, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I should have recognized that. ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 30 March 2020 (UTC)


text:
A-level Mathematics/CIE/Pure Mathematics 1/Coordinate Geometry

Distance between two points

The distance between two points is given by the formula $$Dist = \sqrt{\Delta x^2 + \Delta y^2}$$ where $$\Delta x$$ is the difference in x-values between the two points and $$\Delta y$$ is the difference in y-values between the two points.

This formula can also be seen as applying the Pythagorean theorem to the points, where the differences in x-values and y-values form two sides of a right-angled triangle.

Midpoint of two points

The midpoint is the point which is exactly halfway between two points. The coordinates of the midpoint are given by $$(\frac{x_1+x_2}{2},\frac{y_1+y_2}{2})$$ where $$(x_1,y_1)$$ and $$(x_2,y_2)$$ are the coordinates of the two points.

e.g. The midpoint between $$(2,-1)$$ and $$(4,3)$$ is $$(3,1)$$

You may notice that this expression states that the midpoint's x-coordinate is the average of the x-coordinates of the points, and its y-coordinate is the average of the points' y-coordinates. Essentially, this means that the midpoint is the average of the two points.

Gradients
The gradient $$m$$ of a line is determined by the ratio $$m = \frac{rise}{run}$$ where $$rise$$ is the change in y-value and $$run$$ is the change in x-value.

This can also be expressed as $$m = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$$ when finding the gradient of a line between two points.

e.g. The gradient of a line that passes through $$(2,4)$$ and $$(3,6)$$ has gradient $$\frac{6-4}{3-2} = \frac{2}{1} = 2$$

Intersecting lines

When two lines intersect, the point of intersection is where the two lines cross. The point of intersection is thus on both lines, meaning that it can be found using simultaneous equations.

e.g. The lines $$y = 2x + 3$$ and $$y = -x $$ intersect. Find the point of intersection.

$$\begin{align} y &= 2x + 3 \\ y &= -x \\ -x &= 2x + 3 \\ -3x &= 3 \\ x &= -1 \\ y &= -(-1) = 1 \\ \therefore\text{The}&\text{ point of intersection is at }(-1,1) \end{align}$$

Parallel lines

Parallel lines always have the same gradient, and do not intersect.

e.g. The lines $$y = 3x + 1$$ and $$y = 3x - 2$$ are parallel.

Sometimes we'll need to find a line which is parallel to a given line and passes through a given point.

e.g. Find the equation of a line parallel to $$y = 2x + 3$$ that passes through $$(5,6)$$

$$\begin{align} Parallel \implies &y = 2x + c \\ (5,6) \implies &6 = 2(5) + c \\ &6 = 10 + c \\ &c = -4 \\ \therefore\quad &y = 2x - 4 \end{align}$$

Perpendicular lines

Perpendicular lines are at right angles to one another. The product of the gradients of two perpendicular lines is always -1.

e.g. The lines $$y = x$$ and $$y = -x$$ are perpendicular.

Sometimes we'll need to find a perpendicular line that goes through a specific point.

e.g. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to $$y = -\frac{x}{2} + 3$$ that passes through the origin.

$$\begin{align} Perpendicular \implies &y = \frac{-1}{-1/2}x + c \\ &y = 2x + c \\ Through\ origin \implies &0 = 2(0) + c \\ &c = 0 \\ \therefore\quad &y = 2x \end{align}$$

Different forms of the equation of a line
There are three main ways to write an equation of a line:

 * $$y = mx + c$$
 * $$\frac{y-y_1}{x-x_1} = m$$
 * $$ax + by + c = 0$$

Finding the equation of a line from a point and the gradient
The equation of a line can be found using a point and the gradient using the second equation $$\frac{y-y_1}{x-x_1} = m$$ followed by rearranging the equation to the form $$y = mx + c$$.

e.g. A line with gradient $$2$$ goes through the point $$(2,3)$$. Find its equation.

$$\begin{align} \frac{y-3}{x-2} &= 2 \\ y-3 &= 2(x-2) \\ y &= 2x-4+3 \\ y &= 2x-1 \end{align}$$

Finding the equation of a line from two points
When given two points, we can find the gradient using $$m = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$$. Using this gradient, the same method can be used as for a point and the gradient.

e.g. A line travels through the points $$(2,-3)$$ and $$(1,1)$$. Find the equation of the line.

$$\begin{align} m = \frac{1+3}{1-2} &= \frac{4}{-1} = 4 \\ \frac{y+3}{x-2} &= 4 \\ y+3 &= 4(x-2) \\ y+3 &= 4x - 8 \\ y &= 4x - 11 \end{align}$$

The Equation of a Circle
A circle consists of all points that are a given distance from its centre. The distance between two points can be defined using the Pythagorean theorem $$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$$. Thus, the equation of a circle centred at the origin is given by $$x^2 + y^2 = r^2$$ where $$r$$ is the radius of the circle.

e.g. A circle centred at the origin with radius $$5$$ would have the equation $$x^2 + y^2 = 25$$

If the circle is not centred at the origin, we can translate this equation to a different point. Thus, the equation becomes $$(x-x_c)^2 + (y-y_c)^2 = r^2$$ where $$(x_c,y_c)$$ are the coordinates of the centre.

e.g. A circle centred at $$(1,2)$$ with radius $$\sqrt{5}$$ would have the equation $$(x-1)^2 + (y-2)^2 = 5$$

Interactions between Lines & Circles
When given a problem where a line and a circle intersect, it is useful to use a substitution method of solving simultaneous equations.

e.g. The line $$y = 1 - x $$ intersects the circle $$x^2 + y^2 = 1$$. Find the coordinates of these intersection points

$$\begin{align} x^2 + y^2 &= 1 \\ y &= 1 - x \\ x^2 + (1-x)^2 &= 1 \\ x^2 + 1 - 2x + x^2 &= 1 \\ 2x^2 - 2x &= 0 \\ 2x(x-1) &= 0 \\ x &= \{0,1\} \\ y &= \{1,0\} \\ \therefore&\ \text{Intersections are at (0,1) and (1,0)} \end{align}$$

Interactions between Lines & Quadratics
When a quadratic and a line intersect, we can again use substitution to find the points of intersection.

e.g. The line $$y = 3x - 8$$ intersects the quadratic $$y = x^2 - 2x - 2$$. Find the points of intersection.

$$\begin{align} y &= x^2 - 2x - 2 \\ y &= 3x - 8 \\ 3x - 8 &= x^2 - 2x - 2 \\ x^2 - 5x + 6 &= 0 \\ (x-2)(x-3) &= 0 \\ x &= \{2,3\} \\ y &= \{-2,1\} \\ \therefore\text{The points of }&\text{intersection are at }(2,-2)\text{ and }(3,1) \end{align}$$

In some cases, we need to find a constant that ensures there is only one point of intersection. In said cases, we should use the discriminant.

e.g. Find the value $$k$$ such that the line $$y = x + k$$ is tangent to $$y = x^2 - 3x - 2 $$

$$\begin{align} Tangent \implies one\ &root \implies \Delta = 0 \\ y &= x^2 - 3x - 2 \\ y &= x + k \\ x + k &= x^2 - 3x - 2 \\ x^2 - 4x - 2 - k &= 0 \\ \Delta = (-4)^2 - 4(1)(-2-k) &= 0 \\ 16 + 8 + 4k &= 0 \\ 4k &= -24 \\ k &= -6 \end{align}$$


text:
LLVM Compiler

The LLVM compiler infrastructure project is a set of compiler and toolchain technologies, which can be used to develop a front end for any programming language and a back end for any instruction set architecture. LLVM is designed around a language-independent intermediate representation (IR) that serves as a portable, high-level assembly language that can be optimized with a variety of transformations over multiple passes.

Installation
/Installation/

Main Components
LLVM contains a list components
 * Clang: Frontend for C language family
 * LLVM Compiler/Clang Plugins Clang Plugins make it possible to run extra user defined actions during a compilation.
 * compiler-rt: runtime libraries with builtins, sanitizer runtimes, profile, and Apple Blocks runtime interfaces.
 * test-suite: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-test-suite

OpenMP support
see more at /OpenMP Support/

With the release of Clang 3.8.0, OpenMP 3.1 support is enabled in Clang by default, and the OpenMP runtime is therefore built as a normal part of the Clang build, and distributed with the binary distributions. You do not, therefore, need explicitly to check out this code, or build it out of tree; a normal Clang check out and build will automatically include building these runtime libraries.

https://openmp.llvm.org/

cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$LLVM_PATH -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;compiler-rt;openmp" -DCLANG_BUILD_EXAMPLES=1 $LLVM_SRC/llvm

ninja install -j8 -l8

Development Support
Code review of LLVM is handled by Phabricator https://reviews.llvm.org/. Regression tests are run by Buildbot http://lab.llvm.org:8011/ using test suite under https://github.com/llvm/llvm-test-suite.

LLVM uses Buildbot to run some regression tests.

Their website has JSON API: http://lab.llvm.org:8011/json/help Take the OpenMP testing’s API results as an example This get request will get a json file, with links to each step’s logs among other information. You check the log files from the links to see the command lines used. For example: here is the log file for the configuring step:
 * http://lab.llvm.org:8011/json/builders/openmp-gcc-x86_64-linux-debian/builds/7095
 * http://lab.llvm.org:8011/builders/openmp-gcc-x86_64-linux-debian/builds/7095/steps/configure-openmp/logs/stdio

title: LLVM Compiler


text:
LLVM Compiler/Clang Plugins

How to Debug a Plugin
There are two ways to run a Clang plugin:
 * call the clang frontend directly: clang -cc1 ...
 * call the compiler driver, clang -v, to find out real command lines

title: LLVM Compiler/Clang Plugins


text:
LLVM Compiler/Installation

Installing Pre-build Binaries
on Ubuntu
 * sudo apt-get install clang llvm

Installing from github master
Hardware/Operating system
 * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory)
 * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus.
 * Linux (ubuntu 18.04)

Prerequisites
sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config

Install CUDA 10.2, using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork

wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda

After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines
 * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/
 * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/

Get source packages
Assuming you are in your home directory

cd

git clone https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git

Build using GCC
mkdir build

cd build/

cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp"   \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release  \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX"    \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm  \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37   \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc   \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++  \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm

time make -j time make -j install

Explanation for configuration options
 * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc  // the C compiler used to compile clang/llvm,  GCC
 * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ // the C++ compiler used to compile clang/llvm: G++
 * -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86;PowerPC;NVPTX;AMDGPU // explicitly specify target devices to support, Intel ,Nvidia, IBM, and AMD CPUs or GPUs
 * -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_70 // default GPU computing capability version to support, https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information.
 * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 // all GPU computing capability versions to build in libomptarget

Other optional options
 * -DGCC_INSTALL_PREFIX=${GCC_PATH}
 * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gcc
 * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/g++
 * -DCMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gfortran
 * -DCUDA_PATH=      // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path
 * -DCUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path
 * -DOPENMP_ENABLE_LIBOMPTARGET=ON // this should be on by default
 * -DLIBOMP_FORTRAN_MODULES=ON
 * -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF // turn off shared libs

More examples
 * cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Users/abc/llvm-research/inst-10.0.1 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ../llvm/
 * ninja -j8
 * ninja install

Rebuild using Clang
add the path to the installed clang, vim ~/.bashrc export PATH=~/llvm/bin:$PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/llvm/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

cd build-openmp cd build-openmp/

cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37  \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75   \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++  \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm

make -j make -j install

Optional options, explictly turn on bitcode lib, and the compiler/linker to build it
 * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_ENABLE_BCLIB=true
 * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_CUDA_COMPILER=${PREFIX}/bin/clang
 * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_BC_LINKER=${PREFIX}/bin/llvm-link

Installing from releases
Hardware/Operating system
 * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory)
 * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card here.
 * Linux (ubuntu 18.04)

Prerequisites
sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config

Install CUDA 10.2, using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork

Assuming you current path is
 * /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm

wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda

After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines
 * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/
 * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/

Get source packages
Three steps to download, untar, and put them into the right locations. wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz

tar xf llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz

mv clang-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/tools/clang mv openmp-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp mv compiler-rt-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/compiler-rt

In the end, the directory layout should look like
 * llvm-10.0.0.src
 * tools/clang
 * projects/openmp
 * projects/compiler-rt

Build the Compiler with OpenMP offloading support
You need to know the Compute Capability version of your GPU. https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information. For example, some typical GPUs and their CC versions are:
 * Tesla K80	3.7, sm_37
 * Tesla P100	6.0, sm_37
 * Tesla V100	7.0, sm_37

mkdir build cd build

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc   \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++  \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 ../llvm-10.0.0.src
 * 1) this step is to generate a make file using cmake. picking gcc/g++ as the compiler

 * 1) the screen output of the step above should show the following info:
 * 2) -- Found LIBOMPTARGET_DEP_CUDA_DRIVER: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.so
 * 3) -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building offloading runtime library libomptarget.
 * 4) -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building CUDA offloading plugin.
 * 5) -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building x86_64 offloading plugin.

make -j6

make install -j6 After the installation, you should expand your PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH again
 * export PATH=$PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/bin
 * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/lib

Rebuild the OpenMP runtime libraries
You should use the freshly installed clang to rebuild the OpenMP runtime library

cd /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm mkdir build-openmp cd build-openmp

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 \ ../llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp

make -j6 make install -j6

Test the installation
save the following code into a file named ongpu.c

 * 1) include
 * 2) include

int main { int runningOnGPU = 0; /* Test if GPU is available using OpenMP4.5 */ {   if (omp_is_initial_device == 0) runningOnGPU = 1; } /* If still running on CPU, GPU must not be available */ if (runningOnGPU) printf("### Able to use the GPU! ### \n"); else printf("### Unable to use the GPU, using CPU! ###\n");
 * 1) pragma omp target map(from:runningOnGPU)

return 0; }

Compile and run it clang -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda ongpu.c

./a.out

 * 1) Able to use the GPU! ###

error while loading libomp.so
./a.out: error while loading shared libraries: libomp.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory solution
 * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/pathTo/installed-llvm/lib

title: LLVM Compiler/Installation


text:
User:Safi Bhatti

Welcome to my book.

title: User:Safi Bhatti


text:
User talk:Safi Bhatti

Welcome to my talk page Safi Bhatti (discuss • contribs) 06:09, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Safi Bhatti


text:
User:Safi Bhatti/sandbox

ضھیےجعھ ٹج عپ زمغرشجف۔

title: User:Safi Bhatti/sandbox


text:
A-level Mathematics/CIE/Pure Mathematics 1/Circular Measure

Defining the radian

A radian is a unit for measuring angles. It is defined as the angle subtended by an arc that is as long as the radius. As a consequence of this, there are $$2\pi$$ radians in a full circle, because the length of the circumference is $$2\pi$$ times the length of the radius.

Converting between radians and degrees
Degrees are another common unit for measuring angles. There are $$360^{o}$$ in a circle, thus $$360^{o} = 2\pi\text{rad}$$.

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees by $$\frac{\pi}{180}$$.

e.g. $$30^{o}$$ is equal to $$30\times\frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{6}$$

To convert from radians to degrees, multiply the amount of radians by $$\frac{180}{\pi}$$.

e.g. $$\frac{\pi}{3}$$ radians is equal to $$\frac{\pi}{3}\times\frac{180}{\pi} = \frac{180}{3} = 60^{o}$$

Arc length

Arc length is, unsurprisingly, the length of a circular arc. This length depends on the size of the radius and the angle that the arc subtends.

We can think of an arc as a fraction of the circumference $$2\pi r$$. This means that the arc length is the angle divided by a full circle times the length of the circumference: $$s = \frac{\theta}{2\pi}(2\pi r)$$ which can be simplified to $$s = r\theta$$.

e.g. The arc length for an arc with radius $$2$$ and angle $$2\text{rad}$$ is $$2(2) = 4$$.

Sector areas
The area of a sector can be derived in a similar way: it is a fraction of the area of a circle. The area of a circle is $$\pi r^2$$, so the area of a sector is $$\frac{\theta}{2\pi}\pi r^2 = \frac{r^2\theta}{2}$$.


text:
User:MtPenguinMonster/sandbox

I don't like sand. It's coarse, it's rough, it's irritating, and it gets everywhere.

title: User:MtPenguinMonster/sandbox