text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1942 10

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7. - OCTOBER, 1942 - No. 5.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Editorial Offices - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 6d. ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Victory Mantel Model. . . . 5

TECHNICAL -

Forming the Amplifier Circle. . . . 7

Simple Hi-Fi Circuit. . . . 9

Carrier-Current Experiments. . . . 13

Radio Step by Step - Part 7. . . . 17

Origin of the Oscillograph. . . . 19

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Short-Wave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 20

Loggings of the Month. . . . 22

SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

It is only to be expected that war-time trading conditions are difficult, but it has come as rather a surprise to many that the difficulty takes the form of too much business, too much profit and the greatest difficulty of all - the payment of a huge income tax. At the moment the services of radio technicians are at an extraordinary premium, and those who accepted Mr. Graham's suggestion from the back cover and trained for a radio career must all have attained more than their fondest hopes. Notwithstanding the efforts to control prices the actual value of radio and electrical appliances is mounting every day. It is reported that a second-hand refrigerator which originally cost £57/10/- was sold recently for £137. Similarly with radio set and components there is a danger of a false value being given to goods which are scarce, especially when the seekers are earning big wages and have little to spend them on. Such trading, however, is most dangerous, as the authorities cannot be expected to show the slightest mercy to anyone who is found to be making an excessive profit. In the matter of the repair and adjustment of sets the practice of taking advantage of the present conditions seems to be prevalent and we have heard of several cases which would appear to indicate that exorbitant charges are being made for unsatisfactory work. Looking to the future, at first glance it might be thought that that the large number of men being trained in radio technique will eventually mean a saturation of the trade, but on further investigation it is very evident that the\ development of radio is wide enough to absorb all the men who are likely to be trained for many years to come.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1942 11

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - NOVEMBER, 1942 - No. 6

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Editorial Offices - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 6d. ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Super Quality Dual-Wave Design. . . . 7

TECHNICAL -

Little Known Industrial Equipment. . . . 5

The Weak Links in Reproduction. . . . 9

Handy Feedback System. . . . 11

Better Detection for the T.R.F. .. . . 13

Further Circuit Suggestions. . . . 14

Tolerances in Set Design. . . . 15

Radio Step by Step - Part 8. . . . 18

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Short-wave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 21

Loggings of the Month. . . . 22

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Is television just around the corner? Again the question is raised, this time dug out of the post by the announcement that the British Government hos sent along a Major Osborne, who hos recently arrived in Australia to pave the way for television services to start as soon as the war is finished. Already there have appeared statements in the press and in broadcasting journals which hove apparently emanated from Major Osborne. These give the impression that television is wonderfully easy, quite cheap and capable of supplying people with something they want and need. Similar statements have appeared fairly regularly over the past fifteen years, but the progress of television has been quite slow, and anything but steady. Doubtless television will eventually become an interesting sideline to radio broadcasting, and also provide a fertile field for experimenting; but we still stick to the belief we have held for many years - that television will not displace radio broadcasting with a sudden rush. We still feel that our advice to readers not to invest their savings in television companies was quite sound. We would even go further and say that the same recommendation holds good for to-day and for the immediate (post-war) future. The fact that Major Osborne is with us, however, makes it fairly evident that someone is still thinking about television and, that we have something to which to look forward.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1942 12

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - DECEMBER, 1942 - No. 7

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Editorial Offices - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 6d. ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Inter. Switch for Fidelity. . . . 5

TECHNICAL -

Interesting Ideas in Circuits. . . . 9

Added Range for Battery Sets. . . . 11

A Dictionary of Radio Terms. . . . 13

Radio in Development of Air Transport. . . . 17

Radio Step by Step - Part 9. . . . 18

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Aussie News for U.S. Listeners. . . . 7

Short-Wave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 21

Loggings of the Month. . . . 22

THE SERVICE PAGES -

New Prices for Rola Speakers and Repairs. . . . 16

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

It is indeed sad that there should be those amongst us who, instead of helping the war effort, are wrangling and wire-pulling with a view to gaining for themselves a monopoly of the radio repair business. We refer, of course, to the proposed scheme to allow component parts to be sold only to registered radio repairmen. Now is the time for every radio man, whether professional technician or boy novice, to do everything possible to keep radio sets in good operating condition. If the radio repair men like to get together to form a trade union, the move will be welcome. If the lofty ideals usually mentioned at the time of application for registration of such a union are kept in mind the radio repairmen will have ample scope for organisation without attempting to arrange a ban on the sale of components, or in any other way interfere with the freedom of any individual to repair his own set if he happens to have the necessary technical knowledge. It is not a heck of a long time since there wasn't a radio repairman in the whole of Australia. Anybody who wonted to have a radio set in those days had to build themselves a crystal set. Since then thousands of amateurs have built their own sets. These thousands are still with us, and only a small percentage are actively employed as radio repairmen. They have the knowledge necessary to cut their spare time to "keep 'em listening". It is ridiculous to suggest that they be denied the necessary parts.


text:
Wikijunior:How Things Work/Sewing Machines

Who invented it?
Elias Howe (left) and Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, invented the sewing machine for the First Industrial Revolution to reduce hard, manual sewing work.

Specifically Elias Howe invented the lock stitch mechanical stitch design (left) used in most home sewing machines today. An early model of his sewing machine was included in his patent.

How does it get power?
Modern sewing machines usually get power from a power socket, but some run on big batteries, for example the size D or C. Although the first invented sewing machine was run by hand, by rotating the sewing machine's wheel.

Chain stitch
The sewing machine sews by pulling a thread of string through the fabric using its needle, right at that time the thread gets grabbed by the looper underneath the fabric before it pulls up. Once the needle is up again, the feed dog mechanism pulls the fabric forward or backward. (depending which way your machine is running) Once the needle pushes through the fabric again, the new piece of string passes directly through the loop it has just made before. The looper again grabs the string. This is done over and over until you stop the machine.

Feed dog mechanism
The feed dog mechanism moves the fabric by moving forwards, going down, going backwards and going up again, this is done fast and repeatedly.

Lock stitch
Same as the chain stitch, the needle lowers, pulls a loop of thread of string through the fabric, needle rises as the fabric gets pulled along by the feed dog mechanism but instead of joining the two loops together, it joins them to the bobbin's thread of string.

Bobbin
The bobbin is a spool of thread positioned underneath the fabric as the 2nd source of string. It is positioned in the shuttle.

Shuttle hook
The shuttle hook is a sharp hook positioned near the shuttle. It grabs and pulls the thread of string the needle lowers while rotating itself. Once it has rotated 360 the bobbin's string catches the needle's string. This gets repeated over and over.

Shuttle
The shuttle is simply a place for the bobbin to sit in. There is a motor inside it which spins the bobbin.

How dangerous is it?
The modern sewing machine can be dangerous, for example if the needle pokes someone's hand or the motor starts smoking because of the hard fabric. Some old sewing machines had a bulb that you could accidentally burn your hand with when you move it but those were discontinued and LED lights were used instead.

How does it vary?
There are lots of sewing machines: there were ones ran by hand or electricity and different brands of them.

How has it changed the world?
They have changed the world by making people sew easier by sewing for them.

What idea(s) and/or inventions had to be developed before it could be created?
The wheel must have been made or the manual sewing machine couldn't operate. Plastic, metal and electricity must have been made for modern sewing machines.


text:
User:Red-back spider/timeless.css

 * 1) cookbook-namespace-editnotice{display:none;}

title: User:Red-back spider/timeless.css


text:
Linux Basics/Filesystem, permissions

Filesystem

 * Linux system basically:
 * System partition
 * Swap partition which is useful when you run out of physical memory, the unused program files get to this partitions.
 * We can add swap space as file to the system on the go. The size of these files doesn't change, so there won't be any fragmentation.
 * We can install Linux on standalone file system, if we install it as a server. The reason is to increase security, for e.g. if the logfiles fill the system, and it's on separate partition, the system won't stop.
 * We usually put the following directories on separate partitions: /home /var /tmp /boot /usr
 * Partitions:
 * We divide the mediums (HDD, SSD) to partitions where we create the filesystem.
 * Partition table specifies the method of storing partitions. Linux uses "DOS" partition table by default because of compatibility reasons.
 * DOS partition table allows only 4 primary partitions, the others can be in an extended partition. The extended partition can be divided to more parts, we call these logical partitions.
 * GPT partition table allows unlimited partitions. This is used more common.

Permissions

 * The DAC word stands for Discretionary Access Control. This allows the identified users to access to objects based on their properties. The access can only be set for the owner and only for group.
 * We also call these as UNIX permissions.
 * MAC or Mandatory Access Control is also known. We create access rules for objects which applies to every user (even root).
 * The third one is Role-based Accesss Control or RBAC. The superuser creates several roles. With the given permissions, we can get access to particular objects.
 * We differentiate three permissions:
 * Read (r)
 * Write (w)
 * Execute (x)
 * Permissions can be given to three types of users:
 * Owner
 * User belonging into a group
 * Everyone else
 * With chmod command we can set the permissions, where sometimes we relate to the owners, groups and everyone else, based on this table:

 * Example: output of ls -l in HOME folder:

Type can be: chown command:

chmod command:
 * We can use the command for assigning a file's or directory's owner and group.

 * It can be used for setting permissions.
 * We can add/take permissions by two methods. First one is with numbers, second one is with letters.
 * We give with the letters who we want to add or take permissions. Then +/- depending what we want to modify (+: add, -:remove). Then finally what we want to change. The user types are stackable, so we can write like ug or uo or ugo. the latter one is equal to "a". The permissions can be stacked too.
 * We want to give the user writing permission to forest.txt file:
 * We want to give the group and owner every permission:
 * We can give it with numbers as well:
 * Explanation of the "770":

4 means read, 2 means write, and 1 means execute.

The setuid, setgid, sticky bits:

 * SETUID: We can set which user's permission can the program run, but this has security risk, so we use only if the problem can be solved by this.
 * SETGID: Setting this the program can run with the group's permissions where the owner has the file, and we can set it in directories, so every file is in the particular group's ownership.
 * STICKY: Turning on sticky bit indicates to the operating system that it should keep the file in the memory after execution so it can start up faster later.
 * We can turn on sticky bit in the case of directories too. Anyone can add files in this folder marked with sticky bit (although their other permissions have to comply), but everyone can delete its own..

title: Linux Basics/Filesystem, permissions


text:
Cookbook:Russian-style Waffle Cake

This recipe is for a Russian-style waffle cake, layered with caramelized sweetened condensed milk.

Waffles

 * 6 eggs
 * 1 cup white granulated sugar
 * 200 g butter, melted
 * 1 cup all-purpose flour

Caramel

 * 1 can (390 g) sweetened condensed milk
 * 150 g butter

Equipment

 * Soviet-style waffle-iron for making very thin waffles
 * Mixing bowl
 * Ladle

Waffles
Main recipe: Thin Waffles
 * 1) Crack the eggs into a mixing bowl, and add the sugar.
 * 2) Gradually stir the flour into the egg mixture. Then, gradually mix in the melted butter.
 * 3) Heat the waffle iron according to the manufacturer's directions until it is ready.
 * 4) Ladle a sufficient amount of batter onto the waffle iron—it should just barely cover the surface. Close the iron, and cook until the waffle is medium-brown (about 2 minutes). Remove the cooked waffle from the iron.
 * 5) Repeat the waffle cooking process until you have used up all the waffle batter.
 * 6) Let the waffles cool.

Caramel

 * 1) Place the sealed can of sweetened condensed milk in a pot of water. The water should completely cover the can by several inches.
 * 2) Bring the water to a boil, and simmer for 2–3 hours. Add more water if necessary during the cooking process—the can should always be fully covered with water.
 * 3) Remove the cans from the heat, and let them cool completely. Do not try to open a hot can.
 * 4) Mix the caramelized milk with the butter.

Assembly

 * 1) Place one waffle on a sheet of foil or plastic wrap. Spread some caramel on the waffle, then place another waffle on top. Repeat this process until you have used up all the waffles and caramel.
 * 2) Wrap the cake up, and put it in the fridge for several hours.
 * 3) Slice the cake along the lines made by the waffle-iron, and serve!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you want a big cake, double or triple the mixture. The size of the cake will vary depending on the amount of batter and the size of the waffle iron.
 * The waffles should not be thick. A rectangular waffle-iron is recommended so that the waffles are rectangular and it is easy to put the cake together.

Warnings

 * Be careful when boiling the sealed cans of sweetened condensed milk. If the water level gets low and the cans are allowed to overheat, they can explode. Never try to open a hot can.

title: Cookbook:Russian-style Waffle Cake


text:
Linux Basics/Archiving, mounting in depth

Archiving

 * Archiving, compression with tar program

Listing:

Compressing:

compressing data to the given path in tar.

Uncompressing: : Uncompresses file.tar and it puts to a /file folder

Mounting
Mounting – or connecting devices to the computer. Well, what happens of it doesn't work automatically, for example we didn't mount a hard drive under installation?

This is the base syntax of the mount command: mount -t type device mount_folder - if we want to mount manually

mount -ta device mount_folder - if we want to detect the file system automatically

 * we mount by detection

type can be:

ext,ext2,ext3,ext4, fat, ISO9660, msdos, ntfs, udf, xfs etc.

if I want to mount a CD then the mounting would be like (from step to step): mount -t ISO9660 /dev/sr0 /media/cd Previously files were mounted to /mnt, but modern systems put them into /media folder.

In case of DVD it would be udf. You may ask, but DVD was in ISO too, yes, just in ISO there is a filesize limit, which is 2/4 GB, so in cas of DVD it's impossible to write a file bigger than the limit, even if the one layer - one sided DVD has a capacity of 4.7 GB.

We can give specific parameters at mounting with -o switch, separating them with commas (not all):

async – asynchronized I/O operations -> sync: synchronized I/O operations

atime – it updates the access time of inodes in the filesystem at every access, this is the kernel default.

noatime – it won't update the inode's access time in the filesystem

auto – automatically mounts the partition while booting (we have to do this in the case of non-root drives) and mount -a also does the same

noauto – it won't be mounted automatically, so we have to mount it manually

defaults: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async, and relatime

remount – Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem.

ro – read-only

rw – read/write

dev – Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.

nouser – Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem.

relatime – Update inode access times relative to modify or change time.

suid –Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.

other parameters: man mount command / https://linux.die.net/man/8/mount

So how does it work then?
For e.g. we want to mount a device, that is writeable, can be mounted only by root, and we don't want to mount it automatically by boot, it has ext4 filesystem, we want to use the setuid, setgid bits, and it's in the first HDD's first partition, then i have to type this: mount -t ext4 -o rw,noauto,nouser,suid /dev/sda1 /mnt/data But first we need to create a folder for the partition we want to mount, else the command will alert that there's no such directory. sudo mkdir /mnt/data Then we edit the /etc/fstab file with e.g. nano, and we add the second line's content to the file: /dev/sda1       /mnt/data  ext4    rw,noauto,nouser,suid  0     1 Explanation:

file system = this means the partition we want to mount

dir = this means the path we want to mount it

type = type of filesystem

options = options, that i mentioned above

dump = dump should make a copy of the file system or not, 0 means no, 1 means yes

pass = fsck decides by this that in what order it wants to check the filesystems, 1 is the root's, 2 is other file systems', in case of 0 the particular filesystem won't be checked

Unmounting is easier than mounting since just we have to give what we want to remove: umount /dev/sda1 - we remove the first HDD/SSD's first partition.


text:
Albanian/Home

 * Carrige - Chair

 * Mur - Wall
 * Tavolinë - Table
 * Kuzhinë - Kitchen
 * Dhomë - Room

title: Albanian/Home


text:
Linux Basics/Package management, process management

Package management
Function: Installing applications and its components.

There are two base formats:

 * RPM-based systems (RedHat, CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE) have rpm command for package management. One of its wrapper program is dnf. In openSUSE zypper is used for installation.
 * One of Debian GNU/Linux's wrapper program is in apt package. In the beginning apt-get was used, but since then an apt command appeared, which is the improved version of apt-get.
 * apt stands for Advanced Packaging Tool.
 * Package management was hard a lot because of the dependencies, so it had to be simplified.
 * There are console and graphical frontends for package management.

Process management
Process management:

 * The process is an existing copy of the started program.
 * The most important task of operating systems are the process management.
 * PID 0 is reserved, PID 1 is for the init. (Process IDentifier)
 * In a system there must not be two identical PIDs simultaneously.
 * Every process is created by an existing process except the first (init) process. We're gonna call the first process in the following as parent process (its identifier is usually called as PPID), and the freshly created one is called child process.
 * Of course the rules of the real life are also valid here, one process can be another process' child for the time, but it can be a parent process hence it can have many child processes.
 * Those processes which show 2 as PPID (this would be weird for other UNIX and UNIX-like system users because in other systems the system process's property is PPID=0), are parts of the kernel (and can't be found binary with this filename) and they can be only seen as a process for administration, scheduling reasons. Their name are kernel-level, kernel- or just system processes. For the system processes no permission managements are valid.
 * Processes in their lifetime use some CPU resources and memory and load the computer's I/O subsystem. The termination of a process has a phase when the process exists as "zombie" in the system..
 * We can get information about process directly via /proc filesystem or we can get it by ps command.
 * states:
 * R: running
 * S: interruptable sleep → The process waits for an event or resource and it can be interrupted by a signal. For example it waits for a counter (sleep) or any I/O operation.
 * D: uninterruptable sleep → The process waits for an event or resource and it cannot be interrupted by a signal. Usually this state is for waiting for some I/O device.
 * T: Stopped / Traced: Here goes a process if we press CTRL+Z from terminal when it's running and we drop it into the background
 * X: dead: this state can't be seen
 * Z: zombie process: terminated, it stayed in memory
 * see „man ps”
 * The first real process is init, and in the new systems systemd, which has an identifier of 1. The following started processes originate from that process, so the processes in relation create a tree-like structure → pstree

 * The „job” term: We can execute in the terminal with a command multiple operations / processes for e.g.:

$ cat something.txt | grep apple

 * Here the terminal starts 2 processes and between them it a pipeline, hence creating a need for a new term, which explains the started processes.
 * Command for following processes:

jobs

sudo apt update &
 * Processes can run in foreground and in background: FG, BG
 * We can terminate processes running in foreground by pressing CTRL+C in the terminal
 * We can terminate processes running in foreground by pressing CTRL+Z in the terminal
 * Processes we want to run in background is with & character, e.g.:
 * Running multiple command one after another automatically: with && characters, e.g.:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Process management commands

,,  : it lists the processes dynamically (like Task Manager in Windows)

nice -n 3 program-name We can modify the program's priority while it's running, by using renice: renice -n 3 -p PID

Signals, terminating process

 * A process can be suspended "from outside" via sending a signal. We can list all the signals by entering kill -l
 * For termination we need the PID, and the permission for the process from the user. Of course, we can terminate other's processes with superuser privilege.
 * Killall command kills every process which is associated with the main process, for example, killall conky will kill every process that is associated with conky.

Pipeline

 * it uses one program's output as an input for other program
 * For example:

ifconfig | grep eth0


text:
Albanian/Verbs

 * Auxiliars
 * To be : jam
 * To have : kam
 * To can : mund
 * To want : dua

 * Irregulars
 * To speak : flas
 * Regulars
 * To like : pelqej

Present simple

 * Koha e tashme
 * I learn : unë mëso j
 * You learn : ti mëso n
 * He learns : ai mëso n
 * She learns : ajo mëso n
 * We learn : ne mëso jmë
 * You learn : ju mëso ni
 * They learn : ata mëso jnë
 * They learn : ato mëso jnë

Past

 * I read : unë lexo ja
 * You read : ti lexo je
 * He/she read : ai/ajo lexo nte
 * We read : ne lexo nim
 * You read : '''ju lexo nit
 * They read : '''ata/ato lexo nin

Future

 * E ardhme
 * I will write : unë do të shkrua j
 * You will write : ti do të skhrua sh
 * He/she will write : ai/ajo do të shkrua jë
 * We will write : ne do të shkrua jmë
 * You will write : ju do të shkrua ni
 * They will write : ata/ato do të shkrua jnë
 * Negative
 * I will not buy : unë nuk do të ble
 * You will not buy : ti nuk do të blesh
 * He/she will not buy : ai/ajo nuk blertë
 * We will not buy : ne nuk blem
 * You will not buy : ju nuk blini
 * They will not buy : ata/ato nuk blen
 * Interrogative
 * Will i go ? :  a do të shkoj unë?
 * Will you go ? :  a do të shkosh ti?
 * Will he/she go ? :  a do të shkojë ai/ajo?
 * Will we go ? :  a do të shkojmë ne?
 * Will you go ? :  a do të shkoni ju?
 * Will they go ? :  a do të shkojnë ata/ato?

title: Albanian/Verbs


text:
User:Chapka

=Links=

 * WikiProject Languages
 * Irish

= Adjectives=

Rules for regular adjectives:

Masculine noun: no changes

Feminine noun:
 * Adjective ends in consonant other than h, l, n, r: séimhiú
 * Adjective ends in h, l, n, r, or a vowel: no change

Plural noun:
 * Broad adjective: add -a
 * Slender adjective: add -e
 * Ends in -úil: changes to -úla
 * Ends in -air: changes to -ra
 * Ends in vowel: usually no change (except breá to breátha, te to teo)
 * Plural noun is slenderized: séimhiú added to plural adjective

Irregular adjectives:

TBD

=Template Test=

Vocabulary Template
This is a test. The vocabulary list should be floating to the right.

Vocabulary Module
This is a test of the module-based vocabulary system

=Lesson Plan Unit One=

Proposed lessons for Unit One:

Lesson One

 * Concept: The Three Dialects of Irish
 * Grammar 1: The Alphabet and the Síneadh Fada
 * Grammar 2: Building a Basic VSO Sentence
 * Vocabuary: Very basic
 * Pronunciation: l, n, nn, é, éigh, ia, mh
 * Culture: Online Irish resources? or Gaeltacht?
 * Exercises: Explore pronunciation

Lesson Two (Incorporates current lesson 1)

 * Concept: The Copula
 * Grammar 1: Question Words
 * Grammar 2: Pronouns? Broad and slender?
 * Vocabulary: Greetings and introductions
 * Pronunciation: c, ?
 * Culture: ?
 * Exercises

Lesson Three
Pronouns?
 * Concept: ?

Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce themselves and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where they live, people they know and things they have.

The Irish Compass
In Irish, the directions left and right are the same as the compass directions for north and south.

=Notes for future articles=

Exceptions and Irregularities

 * bheith in sentences like "Is maith liom bheith ag snámh" often pronounced "a bheith" in spoken Irish

question words
At least three ways of saying "when":
 * Cathain?
 * Cá huair?
 * Cén uair?

 * Ca fhad

Grammar
 * Question words come first in the sentence, followed by "a" (or the "a" in "atá")
 * "a" particle adds séimhiu to consonants

"ar" - question particle in past tense

nouns

 * baol (danger) -> baolach (dangerous)
 * tréimhse (period) -> tréimhseachán (periodical)
 * lia (stone) -> liath (grey)
 * sláinte (health) -> sláintiúil (healthy)

verbs

 * iarr (ask) -> iarracht (attempt)
 * úsáid (use) -> úsáideach (useful)

adjectives

 * éigin (some) -> éiginnte (uncertain)

-each -oir

Random bits
- Body parts: ar vs. ag

title: User:Chapka


text:
Albanian/Prepositions

 * E - Of

 * I - Of (Masculine singular)

 * Me - With

title: Albanian/Prepositions


text:
Linux Basics/User management

User management functions

 * Functions: adding, deleting user, setting password, modifying
 * Adding user: adduser(under Ubuntu), useradd

Adding user
Syntax: useradd [options] username Options:

 * : setting the user id (UID)
 * : note
 * : setting group membership
 * : setting HOME folder to /home/user.
 * : default shell (here the user gets bash as default
 * : separating them with commas, if the user is member of other groups
 * : it creates the home folder based on an existing user's home folder.
 * -m switch refers to create home directory, -k indicates where we want to copy the default files from (e.g. /etc/skel -> the skeleton folder of the home folder)

so the command looks like this: useradd -c "test account" -u 1001 -g users -G info,sysadmin -d /home/test -s /bin/bash -m -k /etc/skel test

getent
User information: getent getent passwd If we want to get information about infotech group: getent group infotech

/etc/passwd file
Location of user data: /etc/passwd

Content of /etc/passwd is like: janos:x:1000:1000:Nagy János:/home/janos:/bin/bash Passwd file's entries are separated with comma, and the explanation of the fields are the following:

 * 1) Username.
 * 2) Encrypted password.
 * 3) User ID(uid).
 * 4) Group ID (gid).
 * 5) Full name and other information
 * 6) Home folder
 * 7) Selected shell

/etc/shadow file
Content of /etc/shadow file is like: smithj:Ep6mckrOLChF.:10063:0:99999:7::: As with the passwd file, each field in the shadow file is also separated with ":" colon characters, and are as follows

 * 1) Username, up to 8 characters.  Case-sensitive, usually all lowercase.  A direct match to the username in the /etc/passwd file.
 * 2) Password, 13 character encrypted.  A blank entry (eg. ::) indicates a password is not required to log in (usually a bad idea), and a ``* '' entry (eg. :*:) indicates the account has been disabled.
 * 3) The number of days (since January 1, 1970) since the password was last changed.
 * 4) The number of days before password may be changed (0 indicates it may be changed at any time)
 * 5) The number of days after which password must be changed (99999 indicates user can keep his or her password unchanged for many, many years)
 * 6) The number of days to warn user of an expiring password (7 for a full week)
 * 7) The number of days after password expires that account is disabled
 * 8) The number of days since January 1, 1970 that an account has been disabled
 * 9) A reserved field for possible future use

chage
Changing user rules: chage

We can regulate with changing it when will the password of a user expires.

For example, output of chage -l joska will display the data for it: Last password change                                : Feb 28, 2019 Password expires 	                               : never Password inactive 	                               : never Account expires 	                               : never Minimum number of days between pasword change	: 0 Maximum number of days between pasword change	: 99999 Number of days of warning before password expires 	: 7 We want joska user's password to expire in 10 days: chage -M 10 joska When will we want joska's password to expire? chage -E "2019-12-31" joska Lockdown after inactive days

We lock joska's password after 10 inactive days. chage -I 10 joska chage --inactive 10 joska

User password
User password: passwd

Changing own password: With superuser privilege we can change anybody's password: Storing password encrypted: /etc/shadow
 * 1) passwd
 * 1) passwd username

Generating password:
 * 1) makepasswd

chfn
Modifying user data: chfn

We need finger package for it.

e.g.: Kapcsolók:
 * 1) chfn -f János janos
 * 2) chfn --full-name "Nagy János" janos

 * -f, --full-name
 * -o, --office -- office room number
 * -p, --office-phone - office phone number
 * -h, --home-phone - home phone number

Deleting user
Deleting user: deluser, userdel

It's recommended to regulate it with help of /etc/deluser.conf, We should look up deluser.conf(5) manual.

e.g.: deluser --remove-home deluser --remove-all-files deluser --backup deluser –backup-to

Handling user groups
Creating group: addgroup, groupadd

Location of group data: /etc/group

/etc/group file can be edited manually (text editor, mcedit, nano etc) by root.

A group is created with every user's name (like in case of kathy user a kathy group is created).

Adding to group: gpasswd -a kathy infotech

 * We add kathy to infotech group

Csoportból kivétel: gpasswd -d kathy infotech

 * We delete kathy from infotech group

Handling user groups (and user data)
„usermod” command:

 * Changing user accounts.

Adding user mary to infotech group: usermod -a -G infotech mary (For -a the group name is appended, so the other group remains for that user. If we omit -a, then all the existing groups the user is assigned in gets deleted for that user.

Usermod command's other switches:

 * -u value user: it changes user ID (UID)
 * -g group user: it changes user group (e.g. usermod -g infotech mari)
 * -G group1,group2: it adds the user to the given groups (but without appending)

usermod -G human,economy,sysadmin mary

usermod -L -e 1970-01-01 mary (expiration date can be older than the current date) (--lock)
 * -L user: it locks the access of the user / bans the user (so you can't log in)
 * -e value: expire date (--expiredate)
 * -U user: unlocks the ban from the user
 * -d user: setting new home folder (--home)
 * -s user: setting shell (--shell)

id command:

Requesting information about the user.

group member: id id -nG

User account settings
In /etc/login.defs directory/file there can be set some properties for users. For example, where should the user emails be stored. MAIL_DIR /var/mail Logging failed logins into /var/log/faillog file: FAILLOG_ENAB yes Logging unknown usernames in case of failed logins: LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB no Logging successful logins: LOG_OK_LOGINS no Controlling passwords. By default, when it's gonna expire, when the user can change it, what's the minimum length of the password, and when the warning should be: PASS_MAX_DAYS 99999 PASS_MIN_DAYS 0 PASS_MIN_LEN 5 PASS_WARN_AGE 7 User ID minimum and maximum ID's in case of useradd: UID_MIN 1000 UID_MAX 60000 Minimum and maximum number group IDs: GID_MIN 1000 GID_MAX 60000 Denying login after this number of fails: LOGIN_RETRIES 5 The length of lockdown after exceeding the number of unsuccessful logins: LOGIN_TIMEOUT 60

User defaults
/etc/default folder contains it.

E.g. /etc/default/useradd GROUP=100 HOME=/home INACTIVE=-1 EXPIRE= SHELL=/bin/bash SKEL=/etc/skel CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
 * 1) useradd defaults file

 * /etc/skel folder contains the base home directory's content.

title: Linux Basics/User management


text:
Albanian/Plants

 * Leek : presh

 * Shrub : thrumbe

title: Albanian/Plants


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 01

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - JANUARY, 1943 - No. 8

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Editorial Offices -

117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079 and

187-193 Berkley St. Carlton, Victoria - Phone F4136

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 6d. ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Standard 4-Watt Amplifier. . . . 5

TECHNICAL -

Interesting Ideas in Circuits. . . . 7

Modern Gramophone Pick-ups. . . . 9

Substitute Valve Arrangements. . . . 11

Evolution of the Detector. . . . 13

Another Quality Set Design. . . . 14

A Dictionary of Radio Terms. . . . 16

Radio Step by Step - Part 10. . . . 20

The "Magneto" Spacelicker. . . . 23

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Short-Wave Review. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 22

Loggings of the Month. . . . 24

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

From what we can gather there has been an order issued which prohibits the manufacture of radio sets. Up till now we have not been able to find out whether the order will apply to those of us who assemble a set for ourselves once in a while, but it is only reasonable to expect that the prohibition will apply to all. The idea is to conserve stocks of component parts and make them available for the maintenance of existing receivers. With such a difficulty facing the radio trade it might be opportune to reassure our readers that there is little likelihood of the order affecting the progress of "Australasian Radio World." It is now some months since it was possible to order a kit of parts for a set and obtain them without difficulty. Yet over this period our little magazine has enjoyed unexpected popularity. Sales have risen steadily and, for our October issue, represent a peak in the seven-years' history of the publication. As might be expected, our advertising section is not as strong as in the good old days, but we still have a valuable list of loyal supporters. Annual subscriptions are as solid as ever. As a result, we have decided upon a policy of improvement and expansion starting with the appointment of Mr. J. W. Straede to the position of Technical Editor. Mr. Straede is a Bachelor of Science, and a radio engineer with a nicely blended balance between the theoretical and the practical and plenty of bright ideas. We are confident that his contributions will be even more popular in the future than in the past.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 02

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7. - FEBRUARY, 1943 - No. 9.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Editorial Offices -

117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079 and

187-193 Berkley St. Carlton, Victoria - Phone F4136

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 6d. ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

A De Luxe Signal Tracer. . . . 5

Power for the Battery Amplifier. . . . 9

S.W. Converter for Battery Sets. . . . 15

TECHNICAL -

Ideas in Circuits. . . . 11

Evolution of the Tuning Condenser. . . . 13

Substitute Valves - Part 2. . . . 16

Radio Step · by Step - Part 11. . . . 17

Resistor and Condenser Boxes. . . . 18

Selections of Crystals for Crystal Sets. . . . 19

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Co-Prosperity in Formosa and Korea. . . . 20

Short-Wave Review. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 23

Loggings of the Month. . . . 24

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

The news sessions being broadcast from Japan leave no doubt about the efficiency of the spy service being operated right here in Australia. It is fairly evident that the Japanese have an organisation which sends them full information on matters which should be kept secret. From the working of the Japanese spy system in Australia it appears almost certain that radio transmitters are being operated from Australia. One official view is that the transmitters must be installed in trucks, which move from place to place, making it a difficult job to track them down. No matter just how or where this Japanese transmitter is operated it appears to us to offer an exceptional opportunity for our readers to do something really startling; to unearth this transmitter. Most of our readers have sets which are capable of covering every wavelength from 5 to 550 metres, and somewhere in this band there must be some unusual type of noise or radiation, if not a straight out morse or phone signal. Perhaps the greatest difficulty is to appreciate that this spy transmitter is almost certain to be operated by an Australian or British person. This seems hard to believe, but it is equally unlikely that any Japs are walking about freely in Australia, so that we will have to look to the unexpected in this spy hunt. The suggestion that our readers should keep a sharp look-out for any suspicious transmission is quite unofficial, but we haven't any doubt that if any reader has anything to report he will have no difficulty in getting action from any police or military officer.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 03

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - MARCH, 1943 - No. 10

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor, Publisher, Editor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Editorial Offices -

117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, Phone M4078 - M4079 and

187-193 Berkley St. Carlton, Victoria - Phone F4136

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Not open Saturday morning

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each; Laboratory Service, 2/6 per set

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

High Tension for Battery Sets. . . . 13

TECHNICAL -

Pentodes for Power ... But Triodes for Tone. . . . 6

Hints for Better Soldering. . . . 10

Evolution of the Loudspeaker. . . . 11

Radio Step by Step - Part 12. . . . 17

Ideas for Modern Circuits. . . . 19

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 22

Loggings of the Month. . . . 23

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Post-war plans are popular topics for discussions, so let us not forget the place of radio. War-time radio has been responsible for tremendous developments which am not yet fully appreciated by all of us. Every plane in the bomber squadron keeps in constant touch with every other plane, as well as with its base; even the fighter pilots take their instructions by radio. Practically every unit of a modern mechanised army has its own transmitter and receiver. Tanks keep in constant touch with each other by radio, even the infantry battalions carry radio. All of which goes to indicate how radio can be applied to postwar conditions. Imagine the time which can be saved if all taxi-cabs carry radio and keep in touch with headquarters; if fleets of delivery trucks from the big stores are so equipped; as well as the fire brigades, ambulances, and the road patrols. Imagine the possibilities of radio transmitting as a hobby for the hundred thousand men who have been taught the theory and code in their army, navy or air force training. There is room on the air for at least fifty thousand radio "hams" and every prospect of them receiving official encouragement in recognition of the service they have given. In broadcasting there is ample room for development too, especially in the direction of television, and super high-fidelity sound on short-wave or with frequency modulation. Encouraged under the control of a man of wide vision and progressive ideals there is no limit to the possibilities of post-war radio development. Our only fear is that radio may be left in the grip of the P.M.G's Department, at the mercy of some old-fashioned official who sees in radio only a competitor to the telegraph and the telephone.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 04

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - APRIL, 1943 - No. 11

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Advertising Manager - Dudley F. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 9 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

The "S.R.L. Special" Amplifier. . . . 5

TECHNICAL -

Audio Frequency Coupling Methods. . . . 7

Ideas in Circuit Design. . . . 10

Gremlins Now Troubling Radio. . . . 12

Evolution of the Radio Valve. . . . 13

Are Deaf Aids Radio Business? . . . . 15

Can There be Radio to the Planets? . . . . 18

Radio Step by Step - Part 13. . . . 19

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 22

Loggings of the Month. . . . 23

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

One of the outstanding features of this war has been the way in which rumours have been proved to be so dangerous. The power of suggestion is capable of wreaking havoc, even with people who would normally show reasonable discrimination. Which might lead you to think that we are going to tell you not to listen-in to the powerful Jap signal which romps in on the short-wave bands, or to repeat the oft-told tale of Station Ananias. Actually, however, our aim is more to dispel the many rumours about the difficulty of obtaining parts for the maintenance of receivers. There are many shortages and it would be futile to assert that all types of valves are readily available. On the other hand, things are not nearly as bad as they might be, and we have a long way to go before conditions will be as difficult as they are in England, where it has been estimated that more than a million receivers are silent for want of replacement parts. Strangely enough, some parts which might be expected to be scarce are readily available, and surprising results can sometimes reward a little scouting around the shops. We made an outsize in errors in the Queries page of last month's issue, by suggesting that certain old-type battery valves would be unobtainable, only to be corrected by the Mullard people, who happen to have handy stocks of many valves of types of which little has been heard for several years.


text:
Linux Basics/Distributions for beginners

Which distributions are recommended for beginners
Because Linux isn't developed by companies but volunteers who distribute the code under GPL v2, so there are many distributions (Operating Systems) based upon Linux kernel (so not only Ubuntu exists :) ) This chapter aims to help the beginners which distribution to choose. I shorten distribution as distro this time.

 * 1) Ubuntu Linux Ubuntu Linux is one of the most supported desktop Linux distributions. Its UI may be confusing for users coming from Windows, because by default the buttons in the titlebar are Mac-like. It comes with GNOME by default, but you can download it with XFCE, KDE Plasma, LXQt, MATE, Budge (and there is also Ubuntu Studio for professionals and Ubuntu Kylin for the Chinese). More info: Ubuntu flavours  It comes with Debian's package manager (apt) but it's incompatible with Debian backwards.
 * 2) Linux Mint It's an Ubuntu fork, its aim is to grant an easy to use environment for those who come from Windows. The developers of Linux Mint develop the Cinnamon Desktop Environment and the programs associated with it. You can download Linux Mint with MATE and Xfce too. It relies only on Ubuntu LTS versions, so the software it uses remains on relatively stable versions.
 * 3) Manjaro It's based on Arch. If you want to get to know how does Linux work, and it's not a problem if the system breaks, and you need to fix it, then you should try it out hence you learn new things when you fix an update. Don't forget, you can ask help from the community anytime which is recommended, because you learn a lot from it. It uses pacman package manager, so problems can occur with the updates, so you may need manual intervention for installing the update, but you can learn by that too. The Arch User Repository (AUR) is a container where anyone can put packages, but you have to compile it from source. AUR packages have often problems but you can learn also by fixing them. It's a rolling release, which means it's enough to install it once and it updates to the latest version of every programs, so you don't have to reinstall at distro version update. The community is friendly and helpful.
 * 4) MX Linux MX Linux is on the first place of Distrowatch probably since 2018. The reason is that it's very easy to use, and there are so many programs in MX Tools which helps you a lot (like USB writer, desktop arrangement, MX Package installer which is very easy to use). It comes with Xfce only. It's compatible backwards with Debian, because it's a Debian stable fork.
 * 5) Solus It has a rolling release model (so it gets the updates continuously like Manjaro), but it's very stable. It has its own driver manager. Its drawback is the community, because it's not the friendliest, so you should ask for help in distro-independent communities if not Solus-specific is the problem.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 05

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 7 - MAY, 1943 - No. 12

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Advertising Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Novel Designs for Amplifier. . . . 5

Receiver Using Junk Parts. . . . 11

TECHNICAL -

Radio Frequency Coupling Methods. . . . 7

Television Tubes. . . . 9

Army Instruction "A La Yank!" . . . . 12

Ideas for Modern Circuits. . . . 13

Modified Views on Short-Wave Propagation. . . . 14

Evolution of the Tuning Coil. . . . 17

Radio Step by Step - Part 14. . . . 18

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

New Stations. . . . 22

Allied and Neutral Countries Shortwave Schedule. . . . 22

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Recent correspondence has been sharply divided between those complaining of lack of service, and others asking why our staff is not working in the interests of the war effort. There have been good reasons for the complaints about the answering of letters, acknowledgements of subscriptions and so on. Of our office staff of seven persons a couple of years ago, not one remains. Bill DeCosier, our first office boy, was shot down in his Spitfire over the North Sea a couple of months ago. Of the rest, two are now prisoners of war, one in the A.I.F., two engaged on munitions production and even little Patsy is now a WAAF! Recently we made arrangements with an established office to handle our business affairs. This should mean vastly improved service without any drain on manpower. With regard to our war effort: Mr. Straede is a physicist in a munitions factory; Mr. Keast handles his short-wave pages in his spare time, and personally, having been rejected on account of physical unfitness, I put in over 56 hours per week as manager of D. M. HULL & Co., an engineering factory engaged solely on war work. Under the circumstances we feel that we are doing our best to justify the confidence of the thousands of subscribers and supporters who are greater in number today than ever before in the seven years history of the publication. - A. G. HULL.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 06

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8 - JUNE, 1943 - No. 1

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Simple Battery Set. . . . 9

TECHNICAL -

Electronics in Medicine. . . . 5

Ideas from Modern Circuits. . . . 11

Television or Facsimile. . . . 13

Substitute Output Valves. . . . 14

Radio Step by Step. . . . 20

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Short-wave Review. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 21

Notes and Observations. . . . 22

Allied and Neutral Countries Short-wave Schedules. . . . 24

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Following on last month's editorial remarks about carrying on through strenuous times, we might also point out the debt which we and our supporters owe to those of our advertisers who have remained faithful. Some firms found that they were short of stock and they no longer needed to advertise to maintain their business. But they did NOT cancel their advertising. They realised that advertising can be something more than merely a bait with which to catch buyers. By maintaining their advertising they are doing an indirect, but none the less effective, service to their most valued clients, the technicians, servicemen and radio enthusiasts throughout the Commonwealth. We feel sure that we speak for all our readers, when we pledge ourselves to remember all this when peace returns and trading conditions return to normal.


text:
English-Hanzi/Workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding fumes

Workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding fumes can cause heart disease.

工作场所暴露于二氧化硅粉尘，发动机排气或焊接烟雾会导致心脏病.


text:
User talk:Red-back spider

Welcome
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title: User talk:Red-back spider


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 07

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8. - JULY, 1943 - No. 2.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Power Amplifier for Batteries. . . . 5

T.R.F. for Local Hi-Fi. . . . 7

Forty-Watt Amplifier. . . . 11

Battery Charger from Speaker Parts. . . . 13

Design for Transposed Aerials. . . . 15

TECHNICAL -

With Radiomen of the Air Force. . . . 6

Television. . . . 9

The Effects of Load Impedance. . . . 17

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

Short-wave Review. . . . 21

Notes and Observations. . . . 22

New Stations. . . . 23

Allied and Neutral Countries Short-wave Schedules. . . . 24

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

It has been announced that a National Security order has been issued which provides that radio repairmen are to be licensed and zoned. All persons engaged in repairing or servicing radio sets who have not applied for a licence should do so before July 19. Applications should be addressed to the State Deputy Director of the Department of War Organisation of Industry at your capital city. It should be noted that those who do radio work in their spare time, or are capable of doing so, are invited to register and will be officially encouraged to carry on with work of this kind. At the moment of writing the full details of the scheme, and especially in regard to its control of radio component parts, have not been revealed, but it is evident that radio servicing is at last to receive the attention it warrants. We strongly advise all of our readers to make a point of sending in their names for registration immediately, as failure to register now may have far-reaching effects in the future.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 08

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8. - AUGUST, 1943 - No. 3.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Design for 20-Watt Amplifier. . . . 5

Test Panel for Vibrator Testing. . . . 7

TECHNICAL -

Common Errors of Amplifier Practice. . . . 11

The Measurement of Resistance. . . . 15

Headphones for Quality Reproduction. . . . 17

Radio Step by Step. . . . 18

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 21

Notes and Observations. . . . 22

New Stations. . . . 23

Allied and Neutral Countries Shortwave Schedules. . . . 24

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Recently l have accepted invitations to hear amplifiers and receivers which proud owners have considered to be the pinnacle of perfection. In nearly every case I have been sadly disappointed, and without regard to the rules of etiquette and hospitality I have felt it my duty to insist on the production of a meter to prove the most blatant faults, such as putting three watts of energising power into a speaker field coil and then feeding it with ten watts of audio. One of the amazing features of the human body is the way in which the senses will accommodate themselves to changed circumstances. They say that after working in a tannery, or other place where there is an obnoxious smell, the nose soon becomes accustomed to that smell and it no longer seems unpleasant. The ears have a similar characteristic. If you listen long enough to distorted reproduction you can eventually fool yourself into imagining that it doesn't sound too bad. The ear, being such an unreliable judge of distortion, we suggest that wherever possible a periodic check should be made with meters. Unfortunately it is not so easy to thoroughly check distortion with simple meters, but much can be done by indirect methods. If an amplifier is correctly designed and the valves and other components are in good condition, then it is unlikely that distortion will be present. We specially suggest the testing of valves, and checking such points as the actual wattage in the speaker field, the plate current of each valve, and measurement of the effective bias voltage between each grid and cathode.


text:
Praat/Introduction

Praat is a wonderful software package written and maintained by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of the University of Amsterdam. Available for free, with open source code, there is simply no better package for linguists to use in analyzing speech.

Unfortunately, much of the existing documentation for the software is just that, software documentation, and is not designed to help linguists (who may not necessarily consider themselves to be “phoneticians” or have a strong phonetics background) get the measurements and make the changes that they need and desire for their research.

As such, rather than introducing each menu item and function as such, I’ve instead chosen to describe how to do some of the tasks that linguists want to do without assuming a strong phonetics or programming background. Then, eventually, we’ll discuss some of the more complicated measures and tricks one can perform with Praat.

Of course, no one workshop can discuss the myriad features present in Praat, nor cover all of the quirks of the package, but this workshop will hopefully leave you feeling more at home in Praat, and give you an opportunity to go forth and explore further on your own.

title: Praat/Introduction


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 09

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8. - SEPTEMBER, 1943 - No. 4.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Design for Post-War Receiver. . . . 9

Simple Wheatstone Bridge. . . . 15

Super Space-Licker Two. . . . 19

TECHNICAL -

Electronics in Medicine. . . . 5

Full Story of Inverse Feedback. . . . 10

The Story of the Electrolytic Condenser. . . . 17

Resistors - Resistance. . . . 18

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

Notes and Observations. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 22

Allied and Neutral Countries Shortwave Schedules. . . . 23

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Anytime there happens to be a lull in the conversation you have only to mention post-war reconstruction and you will be sure to stir up plenty of enthusiasm. Take, for example, radio trading of the future. One thought is along the lines of extension of the socialism scheme, meaning possibly a standard design of "Peoples' Receiver," of utilitarian type, produced in big quantities under Government supervision and supplied at cost to each and every householder. For contrast, there are those who plan to produce elaborate receivers of the most deluxe specification, claiming that when people start to spend their savings and their repaid war loan bonds they will want the best. From an entirely different angle, there is the view that maybe the local radio manufacturers will have to face the prospect of free-trade, standing toe to toe and slogging for the market against the competition of mass-produced receivers from overseas, selling complete at a figure which the Australian public has become to regard as the price of a couple of valves. All of the above thoughts are possibilities, even as there is a possibility that conditions will return to exactly the same stage where we left off as the war became intensified. No matter what the answer may be we feel a happy confidence in the ability of the members of the Australian radio trade to face up to circumstances and overcome all obstacles, even as they did in the early days of their progress.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 10

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8. - OCTOBER, 1943 - No. 5.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Design for a Simple A.C. Bridge. . . . 5

A Receiver Circuit for Utopia. . . . 9

Building a High-Grade Audio Transformer. . . . 15

TECHNICAL -

History of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. . . . 7

Revivals in Radio Practice. . . . 13

Servicing Suggestions for A.C.-D.C. Sets. . . . 18

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

Notes and Observations. . . . 21

Allied and Neutral Countries Shortwave Schedules. . . . 23

New Stations. . . . 25

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

Once again the question of Marconi's early work on the development of radio communication has been brought into the limelight. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that Marconi did not invent radio and has invalidated the American patents of his, dated 1904. The court's opinion was based largely on the fact John Stone showed a four-circuit that a patent granted in 1902 to wireless telegraph apparatus substantially like that later specified and patented by Marconi. Irrespective of court decisions, however, there is no doubt that Marconi was the practical man who knew how to make the most from the new science. Which brings us to the point we wish to stress; there is a wonderful field of opportunity waiting for the firm or individual who can organise a really effective way of entering the field of electronics. Being so closely allied to radio, it is only natural that we turn to the radio engineers as the most likely men for the job. It has been demonstrated beyond a shadow of doubt that there are remarkable prospects for the commercial application of the photo-electric cell, thyratron, ignitron, kenatron, magnetron and the hundred and one other recently introduced applications of the electron stream. These units can be of great service to industry, yet they lie comparatively dormant, waiting for the right kind of publicity campaign to bring their merit under the notice of those who should be interested in their possibilities as aids to production. There is no need to wait until after the war is over, as they might well be obtained on the lend-lease plan to help in our war effort.


text:
User:Skierpage/The Physics of Music

Sound waves travel through a medium (usually air), cause our eardrums to vibrate, and we perceive this as sound. Like electromagnetic waves, sound waves have a frequency and wavelength, related by the speed of sound (about 343 meters per second), which we perceive as pitch. They also have an amplitude, which we perceive as volume.

Noise, sound, and pitch
However, most sounds we hear are a jumble of different sound waves.

Musical notes differ from noise in that they have an audible and somewhat constant lowest frequency. This can be produced by the vibration of a string, such as striking the strings in a piano, plucking a guitar string, or by air passing over your vocal chords when you sing; or it can be produced by striking a vibrating surface such as a bar in a xylophone or a tuned drum; or by a vibrating column of air in an organ or wind instrument. Here are various instruments all playing the same frequency note, 440 cycles per second. They sound different, but most people can perceive that they are the same "note"; if you sing along with them you would sing the same pitch. The difference in the quality of the sound of each is called timbre

In the 20th century mankind was able to directly synthesize audio waveforms. Here is a pure sine wave at 440 cycles per second (hertz or Hz), followed by a sawtooth waveform, and a square wave. Here is a view of 0.01 seconds of the three waveforms, so about 4 cycles of each wave.

The sine wave has no overtones, the other shapes do. Wolfram|Alpha can display the overtones of these different wave shapes: sinewave, sawtooth, square wave

Musicians realized that by shortening the length of the string (and increasing its tension, and using different materials), plucking the string produces different pitches. A shorter string or column of air produces a higher frequency, and the note sounds higher.

Relative and absolute pitch
Conventional music consists of notes of different pitches and durations, also of different volumes.

Here is a simple musical phrase. The notes go up and down in pitch. Over centuries, Western musicians have established a notation for the different pitches and durations of these notes. Don't worry about the details of musical notes, just notice them moving up and down on the set of lines as the music progresses left-to-right; higher-pitched notes appear higher. Now let's repeat the musical phrase, starting at a different pitch. It sounds different, but most people will recognize it as the same tune, because the relative changes in the pitches are the same.

When you hear an orchestra tuning up, the musicians are adjusting their instruments to produce the same pitch for a particular note, otherwise the ensemble will sound out of tune. In Western music, the primary reference tone is the pitch A above middle C. Most musicians and orchestras tune their instruments so this note's fundamental frequency is 440 Hz. This is the pitch of the tone played by different instruments in the audio samples earlier).

Relationship between frequencies
Western music theory originated with the findings of the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras based on the vibrations of a string.

The fundamental frequency is the frequency where the entire string vibrates backwards and forwards with two nodes at the ends where the string is tied down. To try this, hold a spring between yourself and a partner and rocking it back and forth steadily until the entire spring sways without being disrupted. This is the fundamental frequency.

Many string instruments such as a violin and some wind instruments such as a trombone can produce a continuous range of frequencies. So why do we choose certain relative pitches for music? The relative change in pitch between two notes is called an interval, and some intervals sound better than others. If you halve the length of the string, that halves the wavelength of the sound it produces, doubling its frequency. This pleasing jump is called an octave. The note is higher, but it sounds the same. You can shorten the string by half again, or double the length of the string If you press on the string 1/3 from one end and pluck the remainder, the remainder is 2/3 as long, so the note is 3/2 higher. Similarly, if you press on the string 1/4 from one end and pluck the remainder, the string is 3/4 as long, the note is 4/3 higher. In a happy mathematical result that blew Pythagoras's mind, if you combine these two intervals, the pitch rises 3/2 higher, and then rises 4/3 higher, the result is $${\frac{3}{2} \times \frac{4}{3}} $$ or twice as high, so these two intervals result in a doubling of frequency, the octave described above. Space precludes the origin of all the other intervals, but Western music evolved to use a set of seven intervals from the starting note to the final eighth note at twice the frequency of the first. You may be familiar with this as the major scale and do-re-mi scale.

If we start at a frequency around 440 Hz and call that pitch 'A', then we can name the subsequent notes B C D E F G, and then we are an octave higher at 'A'.

Returning to the fractional intervals, the fourth note where the frequency is 4/3 higher is called a perfect fourth, the fifth note where the frequency is 3/2 higher is called a perfect fifth, and the final eighth note where the frequency is twice as high as the starting note is called an octave from the Latin for "eighth." (note these numbered positions are not fractions – a fifth is the fifth note in the scale, not the fraction one fifth higher.)

Equal temperament
In twelve-tone equal temperament, all other tones are related to this pitch according to the formula: $$F(n) = 440 \times 2^{\frac{n}{12}} $$

The first overtone (also known as the second harmonic) occurs when the length of a string is halved (while its tension is unchanged). The frequency of the second harmonic is twice that of the first. The frequency of the third harmonic is three times that of the fundamental and so on.

It is not important to understand all of the physics of this, but it is important to remember that modern music is based of the harmonic series. The further something is from the fundamental on the harmonic series, the less consonant it is said to be. While typically consonant notes are the unison, octave, fifth, sixth, and third and dissonant notes the second, seventh, and tritone, as well as all augmented or diminished intervals, consonance is now considered a relative matter based on the harmonic series and context.

title: User:Skierpage/The Physics of Music


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 11

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8 - NOVEMBER, 1943 - No. 6

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Receiver to Operate from 32-Volts. . . . 7

TECHNICAL -

Servicemen get Radio Parts Priority. . . . 5

Future Applications of Frequency Modulation. . . . 9

Design of Screening for Receivers. . . . 11

Are Multiple Valves a Good Proposition? . . . . 13

The Limits to Audio Amplification. . . . 15

The Construction and Amplification of Pick-ups. . . . 16

Speaker Location for High-Power Amplifiers. . . . 18

Common Errors of Radio Testing. . . . 19

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

Notes and Observations. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 22

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

In this issue will be found the full details of the parts priority plan for radio servicemen. It is bound to be of vital interest to all our readers. Not actually covered in our issue, but already well publicised in the daily press, is the order controlling the sale of radio receivers. At the moment of writing, Dame Rumour has it that parts are to be frozen, too, and only released to servicemen. This is logical, so we won't be at all surprised if it has become a fact by the time these lines appear in print. There appear to be two trains of thought on the above moves. One is that control is inevitable; the other, a pious hope that the efficiency factor of the administration will be such that a better result will be achieved than could be obtained if the manpower hours of the organisation involved were applied to the production of materials and components. When the history of this period is being written, there is a chance that it will not appear as efficient as desirable, especially if account can be taken of the manpower hours wasted in wangling, hunting for black markets, waiting in queues, and so on. However, be that as it may, it is the clear duty of everyone to do their utmost to accept regulations as they come, abide by them as far as practical, and do everything possible to discourage the corruption of morals and principles which seem to be the unfortunate wake of Regulations. - A. G. HULL.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1943 12

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 8. - DECEMBER, 1943 - No. 7.

P.03 - Publication Notes
Proprietor - A. G. HULL

Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc.

Short-wave Editor - L. J. Keast

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - For all correspondence: Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

Five-Way Tone Controls. . . . 9

New Design for Folded Horn. . . . 15

TECHNICAL -

Electronics in Industry. . . . 5

Operation of Output Valves. . . . 11

Guide to Back Numbers. . . . 13

High Efficiency Aerial for Shortwaves. . . . 17

Speaker Location for High-Powered Amplifiers. . . . 18

SHORTWAVE SECTION -

Shortwave Review. . . . 20

Notes and Observations. . . . 21

New Stations. . . . 22

THE SERVICE PAGES -

Answers. . . . 26

P.03 - Editorial Notes
Editorial

In a recent issue we reprinted some remarks about a court-case in America, dealing with radio patents and more particularly, the part which Marconi played in the invention of radio communication. This article aroused considerable comment, especially from those who are loyal supporters of Marconi. It has been pointed out often enough that wireless waves, as such, were first known as hertzian waves, after Hertz, German scientist who holds credit for their discovery. A correspondent has pointed out, however, that in December, 1889, an engineer, named Huber, wrote to Hertz and suggested the use of his oscillations for communications, but Hertz turned down the idea! Another correspondent points out that the preliminary experiments in the use of hertzian waves for communications were carried out by a Russian named Popov, who demonstrated reception before the Russian Physical-Chemical Society on May 7, 1895. This demonstration was not the mere starting of Popov's experiments, either, as he had lectured on the subject at the Marine Officers' Club in Kronstadt in the spring of 1889. Dealing with the recent interpretation by the Supreme Court in U.S.A., it is still far from clear that the court ruling did anything which could be defined as a contradiction of the generally-held view that Marconi was the father of radio communication. There seems little doubt that Marconi and his organisations reaped the honour, glory and financial reward to which they were rightly entitled.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 17

Today is Margaret Hamilton’s birthday. She is credited with naming the discipline of “software engineering“ and legitimizing it, as well as for helping to open the door for more women to enter the field. She was the lead designer of the on-board flight software of the Apollo command module and the Skylab.


text:
User:Kingdom precious

I changed my password and I have agreed to join this group

title: User:Kingdom precious


text: Category:Assistant:Breadboard

title: Category:Assistant:Breadboard


text: Category:Assistant:Breadboard/Templates

title: Category:Assistant:Breadboard/Templates


text: Category:Assistant:Breadboard/Documentation


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 27

Today in 2000 the first World Computer Exchange started. It is an international non-profit organization committed to extending the positive impact of ICT projects in developing countries by offsetting the negative environmental impact of its e-waste hardware.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 20

 Today in 1994 WebCrawler was launched, the first full text search web search engine.


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