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Supplementary mathematics/Calculus

Calculus, which in the past was called calculus of infinitesimals, is a branch of mathematics. Just as geometry is the study of shapes and algebra is the generalization of arithmetic operations (the four main operations), arithmetic is the mathematical study of continuous changes.

Accounts have two branches: differential account and integral account. Differential calculus studies the rate of change and slope of the curves, while integral calculus deals with the accumulation of values and areas under the curves. These two branches are connected to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus and use the fundamental concepts of convergence of sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit.

Calculus of infinitesimals was independently developed in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Today, calculations have found wide applications in science, engineering and economics.

Antiquity
In the ancient period, some ideas led to integral calculus. But it does not seem that these ideas have led to a systematic and stable approach. Calculation of volume and area is one of the purposes of integral calculus, which can be found in the Moscow papyrus (13th Dynasty of Egypt, around 1820 BC); But the formulas were simple recipes without any indication of a specific method, so that some of these recipes lacked the main ingredients.

From the age of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408-355 BC) used the method of Afna (who did something similar before discovering the concept of limit) to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes (ca. 212-287 BC) developed this idea further to invent a heuristic method that resembles the methods of integral calculus.

Middle Ages
In the Middle East, Ibn Haytham (Latin: Alhazen ) (965-1040 AD) derived a formula for the sum of fourth powers. He used the results of what we now call the integration of this function, such formulas for the sum of the square of integers and the fourth power also provided him with the possibility of calculating the volume of the parabola.

In the 14th century, Indian mathematicians presented an unstable method similar to differentiation that could be applied to some trigonometric functions.

In Europe, fundamental work took place in the form of Bonaventura Cavalieri's treatise. He was the one who claimed that volumes and areas should be written as sums of volumes and areas with infinitesimally small sections. These ideas were similar to the work of Archimedes in his treatise called "Method", but they believe that the mentioned treatise of Archimedes was lost in the 13th century and was rediscovered in the 20th century, so Cavalieri was not aware of its existence.

Modern Era
The formal study of calculus brought together Cavalieri's method of infinitesimals and calculus of finite differences, which was developed in Europe at the same time. Pierre de Fermat claimed that the concept of "as equal as possible" (he coined the word "adequality" for this concept with the help of the Latin language) was inspired by Diophantus. This concept represented equality within an infinitesimal error term. The combination of these concepts was achieved by John Willis, Isaac Barrow and James Gregory, the latter two of whom proved the Second Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic around 1670.

The rule of multiplication and chain rule, the concepts of derivatives of higher orders and Taylor's series, and analytical functions were used by Isaac Newton using a strange notation to solve problems in mathematics and physics. In his works, Newton restated his ideas in such a way as to correspond to the method of the time, as he replaced the calculations of infinitesimals with their geometrical equivalents. He used to solve problems such as the movement of the planets, the shape of the surface of a rotating fluid, the expansion of the globe at the poles (swelling at the poles), the movement of weight by sliding on a wheel, and many other problems that are in his work (the book Principia Mathematica'' written in 1687 AD) discussed, used the arithmetic method. In his other works, he used series expansions for functions, including fractional and non-exponential powers, so that it was clear that he understood the principle of Taylor's series. But he did not publish all these discoveries, and at that time, the use of the infinitesimal method was still in bad history and did not have a suitable aspect.''

These ideas led to the calculus of real infinitesimals, organized by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Newton initially accused Leibniz of plagiarism. He is now credited as an independent inventor and contributor to accounts. His contributions were to provide a set of clear rules for working with infinitesimally small values, which provided the possibility of calculating derivatives of the second and higher orders, and provided the multiplication rule and the chain rule in differential and integral form. Contrary to Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of attention to formalization, in such a way that he often spent days determining the appropriate symbol for concepts.

Today, both Leibniz and Newton are credited for the invention and independent development of calculus. Newton was the first to use calculus in general physics, and Leibniz was the first to use much of the notation used in modern calculus. The basic insights provided by both Newton and Leibniz include: the laws of differentiation and integration, derivatives of the second order and higher, and the concept of approximation using polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known.

Since Leibniz and Newton, many mathematicians have contributed to the continuous development of calculus. One of the first and most complete works on both the calculus of infinitesimals and the integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetna Agnesi.

Application
The use of infinitesimal calculus for physics and astronomy problems was contemporary with the birth of science. Throughout the 18th century, these applications multiplied, until Laplace and Lagrange brought a wide range of study of forces into the realm of analysis. We owe the introduction of potential theory to dynamics to Lagrange (1773), although the name "potential function" and the basic memories of the subject are due to Greene (1827, published in 1828). The name "potential" is due to Gauss (1840) and the distinction between potential and potential function to Clausius. With its development, the names of Lejon Dirichlet, Riemann, von Neumann, Heine, Kronecker, Lipschitz, Christoffel, Kirchhoff, Beltrami and many prominent physicists of the centuryi is

In this article, it is not possible to go into various other applications of analysis for physical problems. including Euler's research on vibrating chords. Sophie Germain on elastic membranes; Poisson, Lamé, Saint-Venant and Klebsch on the elasticity of three-dimensional bodies. February in heat release. Fresnel in light; Maxwell, Helmholtz, and Hertz on electricity. Hansen, Hill and Gilden on Astronomy. Maxwell on spherical harmonics. Lord Rayleigh on acoustics. and the contributions of Lejon Dirichlet, Weber, Kirchhoff, F. The labors of Helmholtz deserve special mention, as he contributed to the theories of dynamics, electricity, etc., and applied his great analytical power to the fundamental principles of mechanics, as well as to pure mathematics.

Furthermore, infinitesimal calculus entered the social sciences beginning with neoclassical economics. Today, it is a valuable tool in the mainstream economy.

base
In calculus, "fundamentals" refers to the detailed development of the subject from axioms and definitions. In early calculations, the use of infinitesimally small values was thought to be imprecise and was strongly criticized by a number of authors, notably Michel Rolle and Bishop Berkeley. In 1734, Berkeley described infinities as the ghosts of vanishing quantities in his book The Analyst. Establishing a precise foundation for calculus preoccupied mathematicians throughout the century since Newton and Leibniz, and remains somewhat of an active area of research today.

Several mathematicians, including McLaren, tried to prove the use of the infinitesimally small, but it was not until 150 years later, due to the work of Cauchy and Weierstrass, that a way was finally found to avoid mere "notions" of the infinitesimally small. . The foundations of differential and integral calculus were laid. In Cauchy's Cours d'Analyse, we find a range of fundamental approaches, including the definition of continuity in terms of infinities, and the (somewhat imprecise) prototype of the (ε, δ)-limit definition in the definition of differentiation. In his work, Weierstrass formalized the concept of limit and eliminated the infinity of smalls (although his definition can actually confirm the infinity of zero-squared smalls). Following the work of Weierstrass, it eventually became common to base calculus on limits rather than infinitesimals, although this is still sometimes called "infinitesimal calculus". Bernhard Riemann used these ideas to give a precise definition of the integral. It was also during this period that with the development of complex analysis, the ideas of differential and integral calculus were extended to the complex level.

In modern mathematics, the basics of differential and integral calculus are included in the field of real analysis, which includes definitions and complete proofs of theorems of differential and integral calculus. Access to calculus has also been greatly expanded. Henri Lebego developed measure theory based on earlier developments by Emil Burrell and used it to define the integrals of all but the most pathological functions. Loren Schwartz introduced distributions that can be used to take the derivative of any function.

Limits are not the only exact approach to the foundation of calculus. Another way is to use Abraham Robinson's non-standard analysis. Robinson's approach, developed in the 1960s, uses technical machinery from mathematical logic to augment the real number system with infinitesimally small numbers, as in the original Newton-Leibniz concept. The resulting numbers are called metareal numbers and can be used to give a Leibnizian extension like the usual rules of arithmetic. There is also smooth infinitesimal analysis, which differs from nonstandard analysis in that it requires the neglect of infinitesimals of higher powers during the derivation.

Importance
While many of the ideas of calculus had already been developed in Greece, China, India, Iraq, Iran, and Japan, the use of calculus began in the 17th century, when Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz built on their work. were, it started in Europe. Earlier mathematicians introduced its basic principles. The development of calculus is based on the basic concepts of instantaneous motion and area under curves.

Applications of differential calculus include calculations related to speed and acceleration, curve slope and optimization. Applications of integral calculus include area, volume, arc length, center of mass, work and pressure calculations. More advanced programs include power series and Fourier series.

Calculus is also used to gain a more precise understanding of the nature of space, time, and motion. For centuries, mathematicians and philosophers have struggled with paradoxes involving division by zero, or the infinite sum of numbers. These questions are raised in the study of motion and area. The ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea gave several famous examples of these paradoxes. Calculus provides tools, especially limits and infinite series, that resolve paradoxes.

Limits and infinitesimals
Calculus is often developed by working on very small values. Historically, the first method was done with the help of infinitesimals. These are objects that can be treated like real numbers, but are "infinitely small" in some respects. For example, an infinitesimally small number may be greater than zero, but less than any number in the sequence $$1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \cdots$$ and therefore it is smaller than any positive real number. From this point of view, arithmetic is a collection of infinitesimal manipulation techniques. The symbols $$dx$$ and $$dy$$ were considered to represent infinitesimals and the derivative, i.e. $$dy/dx$$, was simply the ratio of the two.

The infinitesimals approach was abandoned in the 19th century because it was difficult to make the concept of infinitesimals precise. However, this concept was revived in the 20th century with the introduction of the concept of non-standard analysis and analysis of smooth infinitesimals, which provided a solid foundation for the manipulation of infinitesimals.

At the end of the 19th century, infinitesimals were replaced in scientific circles by the epsilon and delta approach to define the limit. It describes the range of values of a function at a particular input in terms of its values at adjacent inputs. This tool captures the small-scale behavior in the context of a real number machine. In this approach, calculus can be considered a collection of techniques for manipulating certain limits. The infinitesimals were replaced by very small numbers, and the infinitesimal behavior of a function is obtained by its limiting behavior for smaller and smaller numerical values. Limits were thought to provide a solid foundation for calculations, and for this reason, this approach became the standard approach in the 20th century.

Differential Calculus
Calculus studies the definition, properties and applications of the derivative of a function. The process of finding the derivative is called "differentiation". If we consider a function and a point in its domain, the derivative of that point is a method that includes the small-scale behavior of a function near that point. By finding the derivative of a function at any point of its domain, it is possible to generate a new function called "derivative function" or simply "derivative" of the main function. In formal language, the derivative is a linear operator that takes one function as input and produces another function as output. The latter description is more abstract than many of the processes studied in elementary algebra, where the input and output of the function were simply numbers. For example, if a doubling function were considered, an input of three would produce an output of six, and if a squaring function were considered, an input of three would produce an output of nine. While derivation takes the entire function of the square generator as input, that is, all the information related to what numerical output of each numerical input of that function goes, and based on that information, it builds another function, which is the doubling function. Is.

In more explicit language, the "doubling function" can be represented as $$g(x)=2x$$ and the "squaring function" as $$f(x)=x^ 2$$. Now the "derivative" takes the function $$f(x)$$ defined by the expression "$$x^2$$" as input, and from that the function $$g(x)=2x$$.

The most common symbol for a derivative is a sign similar to an apostrophe, which is called prime (or prim in Persian). Therefore, the derivative of a function like $$f$$ is written as $$f'$$ and it is called "f prime". For example, if $$f(x)=x^2$$ is the squaring function, then $$f'(x)=2x$$ is its derivative (the same doubling function as in discussed above). This notation is known as Lagrange notation.

Application
Calculus is used in every branch of physical science, actuarial science, computer science, statistics, engineering, economics, commerce, medicine, demography and in other fields wherever a problem can be mathematically modeled and Its optimal solution is found. desired. This allows one to go from (non-constant) rate of change to total change or vice versa, and many times in studying a problem we recognize one and try to find the other. Calculus can be used in conjunction with other mathematical disciplines. For example, it can be used with linear algebra to find the "best-fit" linear approximation for a set of points in a domain. Or it can be used in probability theory to determine the expected value of a continuous random variable according to the probability density function. In analytical geometry, to study graphs of functions, calculus is used to find high and low points (maximum and minimum), slope, concavity, and turning points. Calculus is also used to find approximate solutions of equations. to be In practice, this is the standard method for solving differential equations and finding roots in most applications. For example, there are methods such as Newton's method, fixed point iteration and linear approximation. For example, spacecraft use the modified Euler method to approximate curved trajectories in zero-gravity environments.

Physics makes special use of calculus. All concepts in classical mechanics and electromagnetism are related through calculus. The mass of an object of known density, the moment of inertia of the object, and the potential energy due to gravitational and electromagnetic forces can be found using calculus. An example of the use of calculus in mechanics is Newton's second law of motion, which states that the derivative of an object's momentum with respect to time is equal to the net force. On the other hand, Newton's second law can be expressed by saying that the net force is equal to It is expressed by the mass of the object times its acceleration, which is the time derivative of the velocity and therefore the second time derivative of the position. Starting from knowing how an object accelerates, we use calculus to derive its path.

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and Einstein's theory of general relativity are also expressed in the language of differential calculus. Chemistry also uses calculus in determining reaction rates and in the study of radioactive decay. In biology, population dynamics starts with reproduction and mortality rates to model population changes.

Green's Theorem, which expresses the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C and a double integral over the region of the plane D bounded by C, is applied to an instrument called a planometer, which is used to calculate the area of a flat. will be Area on a painting For example, it can be used to calculate the amount of area occupied by an irregularly shaped flower bed or swimming pool when designing the layout of a piece.

In the medical realm, calculus can be used to find the optimal bifurcation angle of a blood vessel in order to maximize flow. Calculus can be used to find out how fast a drug is eliminated from the body or how fast a cancerous tumor grows.

In economics, calculus enables the determination of maximum profit by providing a way to easily calculate marginal cost and marginal revenue.

types
Over the years, many reformulations of calculus have been explored for various purposes.

Non-standard account
Imprecise calculations with small infinitesimals were largely replaced by the exact definition of the (ε, δ) limit starting in the 1870s. Meanwhile, calculations continued with the infinitesimally small, often leading to correct results. This led Abraham Robinson to investigate whether it was possible to create a number system with infinitesimally small quantities where the theorems of calculus still hold. In 1960, relying on the works of Edwin Hoyt and Jerzy Losch, he succeeded in developing non-standard analysis. The theory of nonstandard analysis is rich enough to be applicable to many branches of mathematics. As such, books and articles devoted solely to traditional calculus theorems are often titled non-standard calculus.

Smooth infinitesimal analysis
This is another reformulation of calculus in terms of the infinitesimal. Based on the ideas of FW Lawvere and using the methods of category theory, he considers all functions to be continuous and unable to express discrete entities. One of the aspects of this formulation is that there is no law of the eliminated middle in this formulation.

constructive analysis
Constructive mathematics is a branch of mathematics that insists that proving the existence of a number, function, or other mathematical object must provide a structure of the object. In this way, constructive mathematics also rejects the law of the omitted middle. Reformulating calculus in a constructive framework is generally part of the subject of constructive analysis.

title: Supplementary mathematics/Calculus


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User:IVonish

Malbern

Guide Of All Things

Malbern is here to present Guide Of All Things.

May not he very stocked yet, but one day it will.

Enjoy yourself and let’s do what’s right.

title: User:IVonish


text:
User talk:IVonish/sandbox

About
This is merely a landing place for what I plan on trying to contribute here. I figured I would add a page to have a guide of my own and to add extra info to existing pages which would call for adding a link or reference to my page where the extra info would be.

Will be working on it to not only include rants and rambles but will be studying information technology, programming, and things around that nature. IVonish (discuss • contribs) 04:11, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

 * @IVonish Based on your explanation, I don't think this book meets the Wikibooks inclusion criteria. Books here are intended to be standalone guides with a cohesive theme, and linking between books is heavily discouraged according to policy. What you are describing is a miscellaneous repository to be linked to from other books on Wikibooks. Additionally, "rants and rambles" do not really meet the inclusion criteria, since Wikibooks is neither a soapbox or a free host. Unless this becomes a real book or a solid outline on how to do so is described within the next few days, it is likely to be deleted. Admins like @SHB2000, @Xania, @MarcGarver, @Leaderboard, and @JackPotte may also be able to provide their thoughts based on the policy. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello, I think we could all agree that the current book is a stub, and for this reason it doesn't present any interest to be indexed in the search engine. So let's move it immediately to User:IVonish/sandbox.
 * Concerning its roadmap, of course linking between books (and especially out of the site) is more than discouraged: books should be self-contained. And I also agree that "rants and rambles" are out of our inclusion criteria since the beginning.
 * But in conclusion, I would propose to see if the author can adapt its plans to Wikibooks before stopping its project with a speedy deletion. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 15:39, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * , what is the aim of this book? Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:00, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:IVonish/sandbox


text: Category:Templates generating hCards and Geo


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Cookbook:Egg Noodles I

These homemade noodles can be served with a variety of pasta sauces, such as pesto sauce.

Ingredients

 * 3 whole eggs
 * ⅛ teaspoon salt
 * ½ cup (120 ml) wine
 * 1 Tablespoon olive oil
 * 3 cups (700 g) flour

Procedure

 * 1) In a bowl beat together eggs, salt, olive oil, and wine.
 * 2) Stir in 1 cup flour with fork.
 * 3) Gently add second cup of flour after the first is mixed thoroughly.
 * 4) Remove mixture from bowl and place on a lightly floured work surface.
 * 5) Knead in the last cup of flour a bit at a time. If the dough becomes too dry, add a bit of cold water.
 * 6) Continue kneading until the dough is uniform and shiny in appearance.
 * 7) Roll into a large ball and cut into quarters. Overturn the mixing bowl over the cut pieces to protect from dust and drying out.
 * 8) Let dough relax for approx. 30 minutes.
 * 9) Shape noodles as desired (see notes).
 * 10) To cook, bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a rolling boil. Add rolled and cut noodles to the water and cook to al dente.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This dough can be rolled and used for lasagna, cut and used for fettuccine, or rolled out for ravioli. One quarter cut into fettuccine will feed four.
 * Store any remaining dough lightly floured in a bag in the refrigerator for up to two weeks, or dried and stored in a cool dry place for up to a month.
 * Generally speaking, 1 small egg to 1 cup of flour is what is expected. For a lean dough, increase the flour to egg ratio (you really can't go too far; the poor use no egg at all). For a rich dough omit the egg whites and use 2–3 yolks per cup of flour.
 * When Kneading: It may get tough to knead the flour into the dough when you are down to the last ¼ cup (60 g). Be careful not to add too much water to the dough after you have begun kneading. Lightly dipping your fingers into the water and coating the outside of the dough should be enough. Kneading is hard work and it takes the better part of 20 minutes for proper consistency. If you have the time, bring the dough together in a shaggy ball and allow it to sit tightly wrapped in plastic wrap overnight in refrigerator; this will allow the gluten to fully hydrate, alleviating some of the time and work of the kneading job.
 * To Store: In order to prevent sticking it is helpful to blanch the pasta for a second or two in boiling salted water, then air dry on a sheet. Finally, dust the noodles with rice flour or corn starch to store. Refrigerate for 5–7 days, or freeze for 6 months to a year.
 * Non-Alcoholic Variation: ½ cup (120ml) of water can be used in place of the wine

title: Cookbook:Egg Noodles I


text:
Cookbook:Egg Noodles IV

Ingredients

 * 4 large eggs
 * 400 g plain flour
 * Extra flour for kneading

Procedure

 * 1) Sift the flour onto a large work surface, and create a well in the centre.
 * 2) Break the eggs into the well.
 * 3) Slowly draw the flour into the eggs either using a spoon or your hands.
 * 4) Knead into a smooth, elastic dough.
 * 5) Roll to desired thickness, using extra flour. Cut to desired shape.
 * 6) Bring a large pot of salted water to the boil.
 * 7) Add the noodles to the water and cook until al dente.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * While 400 grams of flour should be sufficient for creating the dough, more may be necessary depending upon the size of the eggs.
 * This recipe usually makes enough noodles for four people; however, depending on the shape of pasta, more may be needed. A good rule of thumb is one large egg per person.

title: Cookbook:Egg Noodles IV


text:
Cookbook:Egg Noodles III

Ingredients

 * 1 whole egg
 * 1 cup flour
 * 2–6 tablespoons water
 * 1–2 teaspoons olive oil (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) On a smooth surface, heap the flour. Push a hole in the center of the flour (it should look like a volcano).
 * 2) Break egg into flour. Add oil now if you choose to do so—it will change the flavor and texture.
 * 3) Begin kneading with hands or mixing with a fork. Slowly add water one teaspoon at a time while kneading the dough. You probably will not need all six tablespoons of water (though you may possibly need more).
 * 4) Knead dough until it has a consistent texture.
 * 5) Shape the noodles through one of the following methods:
 * 6) * Divide dough into manageable sections. Select one section at a time and keep the rest covered. Roll each section to desired thickness and cut into noodles with a knife.
 * 7) * Divide dough into manageable sections. Select one section at a time and keep the rest covered. Roll dough through smooth rollers repeatedly at progressively thinner settings. When the dough reaches desired thickness, cut with grooved rollers.

Use

 * These noodles can be laid out to dry for later use or dropped immediately into a boiling pot of water. Cook to taste. They are good with a variety of sauces.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Using a pasta machine is recommended, as it drastically speeds up the process.
 * Ingredients can be multiplied without changing the instructions.
 * The drier you can keep the dough, the better it will come out. If the dough gets too wet it will stick to itself and cook down to one blob.
 * To stop pasta sticking to itself as it cooks, toss the freshly-made pasta in flour first, and keep the pan of water at a rolling boil to keep the water moving.
 * To make the dough more easily, ingredients can be mixed in a food processor. They will form a breadcrumb texture. These crumbs can then be pressed together to make the dough. This means the dough can be made more quickly.

title: Cookbook:Egg Noodles III


text:
Cookbook:Egg Noodles II

Ingredients

 * 3 egg yolks
 * 1 whole egg
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 dash pepper
 * 80 ml (¼ cup) water
 * 580 ml (2 cups) flour
 * 1–2 teaspoon olive oil

Procedure

 * 1) In a bowl, beat together egg yolks, egg, salt, and pepper.
 * 2) Stir in water, then flour.
 * 3) Knead into ball.
 * 4) Roll out on a floured surface until 2–4 mm (1/16–⅛ inch) thick.
 * 5) Cut into noodles 6 mm (¼ inch) wide.
 * 6) Bring water to a boil in a pot, and add oil.
 * 7) Add noodles to boiling water, and cook until done.

title: Cookbook:Egg Noodles II


text:
Category:Biscuit recipes

This page displays all recipes for North American style biscuits. For British style biscuits, see Category:Biscuit (UK) recipes.

WikiBooks's biscuit page has information on biscuits.

title: Category:Biscuit recipes


text:
Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Oroville Dam

This casebook is a case study on the Oroville Dam Failure by Matthew Glaubke, Davis Kaderli and Ian Gates as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-003 (Synthesis Seminar for Policy & Government) / CEIE 499-002 (Special Topics in Civil Engineering) Spring 2023 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government and the Volgenau School of Engineering Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Modeled after the Shinkansen High Speed Rail Casebook. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan Gifford.

Summary
Just 70 miles above Sacramento, this earth fill dam is located where the three forks of the Feather River meet. The dam is the tallest dam in the United States and is also the largest water storage and delivery system that is state-owned. It includes a spillway system for runoff water from connecting bodies of water that connect to it. It is owned by the California Department of Water Resources. It is an important factor for the California State Water project. Water that is stored in the dam flows down the river and goes into the Sacramento river system. The dam creates a reservoir that holds around 3.5 million acre-feet of water. It features a fish barrier dam and pool.

The Oroville Dam also protects the residents who are located downstream from possible flooding of the Feather river. One of the most critical aspects of the dam is its role in helping the California water system combat droughts that occur. Because of these functions, the dam is extremely important for Northern California.

What is an earth fill dam and spillway system?
An earth fill dam is made up of compressed earth. Local soil is the main material used for it. Most of these dams contain a middle zone called the core. This zone is made up of low-permeable material. These clayey soils in the core help prevent water from passing through the dam.

They are the most common type of dam that can be built to any height. They are created as a non-overflow section with a separate spillway. They are the most common because of their foundation requirements, which are not as extensive as other dams. Also, high-skilled labor is not required to construct it.

A dam spillway system is a structure that forms part of the dam. Sometimes they are found just beside one. Their purpose is to allow floodwater to safely flow through the dam when a reservoir is full. It is located at a lower height than the rest of the dam. This allows for the water to flow down from the dam onto the spillway.

Institutions and actors involved
There were multiple entities that were responsible for the collapse of Oroville Dam. They collectively work together to monitor the dam and provide maintenance and risk information.

California Department of Water Resources:

The California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) is responsible for the regulation and management of California’s water usage and supply. It manages the water chain of 750,000 acres of California farmland and provides water to California cities and industries. It also helps with flood control, recreational opportunities, hydroelectric power generation, and enhancements that help protect fish and wildlife ecosystems. The DWR’s oversight runs from Northern California to Southern California. In its scope, it oversees 36 storage facilities, 21 dumping plants, 5 hydroelectric plants, and 4 pumping-generation plants.

They have a large number of responsibilities. They oversee the process that updates and develops the California Water Bulletin. They are in charge of regulating dams, providing flood protection, and helping with emergency management. They work to keep California dams safe and up to date. The agency has oversight of the Oroville Dam.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission:

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is the federal agency that regulates and oversees electricity, natural gas, and oil. This involves the regulation of wholesale electricity sales and transmission of electricity for interstate commerce. They reinforce mandatory reliability standards for the state power systems.

One of the commission’s main authorities is its oversight of all hydroelectric power projects. One of the main functions of the commission is maintaining dam safety. They conduct security inspections, monitor infrastructure for environmental concerns, and enforce dam safety. They also are in charge of issuing new permits and licensing for new hydropower projects. The commission consults with federal and state natural resources agencies and state water quality agencies before starting new projects.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulates the construction and operational phases of new hydropower projects. The commission reviews and approves the designs, specifications, and plans of powerhouses, dams, and other infrastructure. Staff engineers inspect the projects on a regular basis so that they are kept up to date.

Federal Emergency Management Agency:

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) acts as the primary point of contact for disaster recovery preparedness for states. They establish and maintain networks for disaster recovery resources and support systems. They also put in place recovery progress plans and communicate improvements to authorities after a disaster. They work with the National Dam Safety Program to strengthen and develop tools to assist decision-makers.

Division of Safety of Dams:

Aside from the DWR, the California water code also assigns dam safety regulatory power to the Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD). They provide supervision for the design, construction, and maintenance of over 1000 dams in California. The agency reviews and approves dam enlargements, alterations, and repairs to make sure that the structures meet minimum requirements. They inspect dams on a regular basis to confirm that they are safe and functioning.

Friends of the River:

Friends of the River is a California activist organization committed to the environmental preservation of California Rivers and drinking water. It was founded in 1973 and they are now one of California’s leading river conservation organizations. They engage in grass-roots organizing and lobbying to influence policymakers. They have led a variety of successful campaigns that were able to influence dam and river infrastructure.

Funding and Financing
The Oroville Dam is publicly funded by the California Department of Water Resources. The DWC funds flood mitigation, management projects, and invests in dam maintenance measures. The DWC worked with Kiewit Corp to form a contract to repair the damages caused by the accident. The dam was originally financed by the DWR. FEMA has a Public Assistance program that reimburses applicants for project disasters. The program covers up to 75% of the possible costs connected with a federally declared disaster. After the Spillway accident, the Department of Water Resources requested $308 million for reconstruction and emergency response funding from the Federal Management Agency. After initially declining, they sent the funds to the DWC that were able to help with reconstruction.

Timeline of Dam Construction and Failure
1957: The facilities relating to the dam begin construction

1961: The construction of the dam begins.

Dec. 8, 2016, to Jan. 31, 2017: Lake Oroville bottoms out Dec. 8 at 725-foot elevation and begins rising, but is 175 feet from full. Jan. 13 when the lake is 50 feet from full, the spillway is opened to release 15,000 cubic feet per second. Before Jan. 31, the lake topped 855 feet and releases fluctuate between 12,500 cfs and 20,000 cfs. (13)

Feb. 3-6: Multiple storms cause the DWR to increase releases up to 50,000 cfs. The lake's elevation is 849 feet. (13)

Feb. 7: The spillway releases increase, with a target of 65,000 cfs. However a large hole breaks open in the spillway floor about noon, about midway down, and the releases are stopped. With inflow in excess of 100,000 cfs, Lake Oroville begins to rise rapidly, topping 862 feet.

Feb. 8: With the lake continuing to rise, the DWR conducts test releases through the damaged spillway of 20,000 cfs to see how much erosion occurs. Lake level nears 875 feet with inflow still in excess of 100,000 cfs. With no other option, DWR begins releasing 35,000 cfs down the spillway, recognizing the bottom may wash away.

Feb. 9-10: The spillway releases increased to 65,000 cfs, then scaled back to 55,000 cfs. DWR says inflow has peaked and is declining, saying 55,000 cfs discharge should be enough to keep the emergency spillway from being used. Regardless, the water agency removes trees, rocks, and debris from the slope below the emergency spillway weir. PG&E removes power lines that are crossing the area that is at risk of being flooded if the water tops the emergency spillway weir. Lake level tops 890 feet, 10 feet from full. On Feb. 10 work continues below the emergency spillway weir and the Hyatt Powerplant is turned off as debris accumulates in Diversion Pool at the base of the spillway.

Feb. 11: At about 8 a.m., lake level tops 901 feet and begins spilling over the emergency spillway weir for the first time since the lake was completed in 1968. Main spillway releases continue at 55,000 cfs.

Feb. 12: The lake reaches 902.59 feet at 3 a.m. and begins to decline, but water is still running down the emergency spillway. At noon, DWR describes the situation as “stable.” However, at 3 p.m. a gash erodes into the hillside below the emergency spillway weir and begins cutting back toward the weir, raising the risk of a catastrophic failure that could release in excess of a quarter-million acre-feet of water down the Feather River. Releases down the main spillway are increased to 100,000 cfs to relieve pressure on the weir. Butte County Sheriff Kory Honea orders immediate evacuation, as do sheriffs in Yuba and Sutter counties. All told, in excess of 180,000 people are told to leave their homes.

March 6: Despite repeated requests for information, DWR refuses to say how much has been spent during the emergency. State Assemblyman James Gallagher finally gets an answer: $4.7 million per day, or $100 million during February alone.

April 6: The state Department of Water Resources outlines its plans for repairs and replacement of the Oroville Dam spillway by Nov. 1, with the undamaged top chute as the priority.

April 25: For the first time since the crisis began, members of the state Legislature pepper key water leaders with questions about what happened, what will happen next, and what can be learned from it all. Despite the first legislative grilling, not much new was shared or learned.

April 27: Bill Croyle, the acting DWR director, answers questions and listens during a series of community meetings as residents affected by the spillway debacle step up to a microphone and are heard. A total of seven meetings are completed by May 11.

May 4: The independent board overseeing the repair of the spillway recommends the DWR change its priorities and focus on the damaged bottom chute rather than the top.

April 2, 2019: Water flowed for the first time down the rebuilt spillway. Reconstruction of the main and emergency spillways cost $1.1 billion. .

Case Narrative
Completed in 1968, the Oroville Dam is the largest earth-fill dam in the United States. It is a vital part of the California State Water Project, which helps supply over 23 million people with water. After a number of storms in the area, a chunk of concrete in the dam’s spillway eroded and broke away. This caused faster erosion to the rest of the spillway, as well as the ground underneath and around it. The spillway flow had to be increased to prevent the risk of flooding on the dam and river, which provoked the evacuation of over 180,000 downstream residents.

In the aftermath of the failure, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission conducted an investigation with the help of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials and the United States Society on Dams. The investigation took nine months to complete and concluded with a 584-page report that outlined not just the physical failures of the dam, but the human errors that led to the failure. The first human error was found in the design of the dam itself. Right after construction was completed, engineers noticed cracks in the slab of concrete underneath the spillway, but it was quickly dismissed as an issue that only needed ongoing repairs. The dam was also mischaracterized in multiple safety analyses as in good quality when the foundation was eroding.

The investigation also resulted in the discovery that the owner of the dam, as well as regulators, didn’t pay sufficient attention to the safety of the dam, and most spending on the safety was reactionary instead of preventative. Documents and data were not organized. Employees and engineers often didn’t receive the information they needed. The failure helped inform the rest of the dam industry about what to be aware of and the correct practices in ensuring dam safety.

Policy Issues
Following the crisis, then-Governor Jerry Brown had to declare a state of emergency and deploy the National Guard to assist with the evacuation effort. He also activated the State Operations Center to its highest level and requested a Presidential Major Disaster Declaration before announcing new policy proposals to boost dam safety and further protect the state from floods.

One of these announcements was a $437 million investment in “near-term flood control and emergency response actions.” Brown’s second announcement was to begin requiring action plans and flood inundation maps for dams in the state. He then announced an effort to “enhance” California’s dam inspection program before requesting federal action in letters to the US Army Corps of Engineers and Secretaries of Defense, the Interior, and Homeland Security.

FEMA runs the National Dam Safety Program (NDSA) works to promote dam safety nationwide. The High Hazard Potential Dams Program provides $22 million a year to states for dam repairs, including $11 million this year from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Two advisory committees currently oversee dam operations in the United States. FEMA-chaired ICODS (the Interagency Committee on Dam Safety) encourages the development of efficient programs to maintain and improve dam safety nationwide. The National Dam Safety Review Board (NDSRB) sets safety goals and examines the effects of federal policy on dams; an analysis of their operations may be necessary to prevent Oroville disasters in the future.

During the dam rebuild, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) was suspended but NMFS (the National Marine Fisheries Service) tried to slow down the process citing the Endangered Species Act. NFMS requested that inspections and construction only occur at night but Congressman Doug LaMalfa (R-CA) strongly condemned these practices in his letter to then-President Trump regarding the Oroville incident that happened in his district.

In 2019, FEMA approved paying $205 million but not the remaining $306 million needed to rebuild the dam spillway. Since the spillway failed due to poor construction practices, FEMA was not responsible for covering the entire cost. Federal law allows FEMA to reimburse up to 75% of the construction costs but FEMA decided only to cover 40% of the cost. When the State or California announced plans to sue FEMA over this lack of reimbursement, the Trump administration reversed course and covered the additional $300 million

Takeaways
Following the spillway failure, there’s been increased discussion about the state of dams in America. The American Society of Civil Engineers gave dams in the US a ‘D’ in 2017 collectively on their annual infrastructure report card. Another major preventable dam failure occurred in Midland, Michigan in 2020 - raising concerns about the state of dams in America once again

An investigation found that the Oroville spillway failure was caused by a faulty construction process. The main spillway was constructed on “poor quality rock” and the spillway designer had never built a spillway before. Multiple cracks had formed over the years, allowing water to break through on February 7, 2017.

The US Army Corps of Engineers and Independent Forensic Report both came to the same conclusion that design flaws contributed to this dam failure. The spillway that failed was built on unstable bedrock and the spillway’s efficacy had never been tested.

The California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) was also blamed for the failure, as the department was “significantly overconfident and complacent about the integrity of its State Water Project civil infrastructure, including dams.” The dam structure was weak, as the structure depended on thin concrete anchors that were anchored into bedrock and steel. One expert with the National Academy of Engineering suggested that the culture of the CDWR should either be changed or that the department should clean house. Governor Brown chose not to clean house, so it may take a while for this neglectful culture to change at CDWR.

Even in 2020, a report found that despite hundreds of millions of dollars of repairs, there were still vulnerabilities in the dam:

 * Erosion could still flood the Hyatt Powerplant
 * Structural issues could prevent operators from opening the gate
 * The headworks structure could still fail, releasing uncontrolled amounts of water
 * A rare storm could cause a breach
 * Internal erosion could still occur near the top of the dam

Additional investments of up to $2 billion must be made to address all of these vulnerabilities. Climate change was also cited as contributing to the Oroville crisis as well. Atmospheric rivers - the phenomena that drenched Northern California on the day of the dam failure in 2017 - are expected to become more and more common as the globe warms. Dam planners and operators’ mistakes will be exposed further if action is not taken to ensure that the process of building and inspecting dams is more comprehensive.

Discussion Questions
How can disasters like the Orville dam be prevented in the future?

What regulatory measures can be put in place to prevent human error?

How should proper mechanisms be implemented to allow concerns from organizations like Friends of the River to be taken into account for dam safety?


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User talk:Iangates2001

Oroville Dam page
Hello! Please note that you should be making edits to Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Oroville Dam and not Oroville Dam. The latter has been protected to prevent repeated bad page creations. Thank you! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 22:59, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iangates2001


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4/2...d5/3. cxd5

= Accelerated Panov Attack =

Theory Table
.

1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5


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User talk:Daylight Synergizing Time

YouTube Views
Lists of YouTube views are not educational textbooks and are thus out of scope for Wikibooks (and therefore will be deleted). MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 16:04, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daylight Synergizing Time


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User talk:Moby-Dick4000/Healthy, Traditional Recipes

Suitability and recommended deletion
I am highly inclined to delete this page for a few reasons: —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 22:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) First person POV not appropriate
 * 2) Manual lists deprecated in cookbook, and this one hasn't been updated in almost a decade
 * 3) Both "healthy" and "traditional" are pretty arbitrary terms and not very useful


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User:Sbb1413/sig

Sbb1413 (he) (talk • contribs)

title: User:Sbb1413/sig


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AI Art Generation Handbook/List of AI Art Websites

List of image generation websites (on-line)
Note 1: List is not exhaustive and there might be popular but niche image generations out there

Note 2: Pricing is checked to be correct at time of this published article (August 2023)

Note 3: To current and future editors, please strike off the values ( Example ) instead of removing the values for posterity


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4/2...d5/3. exd5/3...cxd5/4. cxd5/4...Nf6

= Accelerated Panov Attack =

4…Nf6
The idea of the move Nf6 is to put another attacker on the d5 pawn, that way, white could not save the pawn and gain a tempo by attacking the queen.

Theory Table
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1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5


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The Complete Encyclopedia of Self-Help Techniques/Neuro-Linguistic Programming

Nero-Linguistic Programming or NLP is a form of mental therapy with a large number of scientific detractors. Many have also proposed its use as a sales or persuasion technique.


text: User talk:KEMONO MANKO

title: User talk:KEMONO MANKO


text: Template:Fixed

title: Template:Fixed


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Talk:A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Kinematics

Kinematics
i have huge problem on this topic Ore Alice (discuss • contribs) 12:15, 29 March 2023 (UTC)


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Philosophy of Religion/Sin and salvation

Salvation is a concept focused on destination after death the most typically of which being heaven. In the context of Christianity Salvation is a state a person achieves that protects them from the consequences of sin. Salvation in the context of traditional Christianity isn't a works based system meaning actions performed have no value on the salvation of a person. Rather Christianity proposes that a debt is to be paid for sin. That debt being one that the sinner should have to pay but doesn't due to the redemptive nature of Christ. The debt is paid for by the work Jesus the son of God performed on the cross.

The philosophy of Christianity asserts that justice is a necessary cosmic component of a truly "good" God. How is Hell a "Just" punishment for sin. Commonly it is asserted that so vast a punishment should not be given for so minor a crime. Everyone may be "sinners" but why does someone need to spend eternity for minor sins. Imagine three scenarios. In one you kill a cockroach. Nothing happens to you. In another you kill a homeless man. You receive several years in prison. In another you kill the president of the United states. You receive the death penalty. In each scenario you killed something but the punishment is different. What changed? Status is the only thing that changed in each scenario. Now knowing that sins are committed against God, who is in religion one with the most high status what would the punishment have to be.

Commonly the analogy of a courtroom is used in conjunction with a talk on Salvation. If someone commits

The Nature of Salvation though is hotly debated as a formal study called soteriology. A few matters of discussion include -

Calvinism - Arminianism

Are the saved chosen before they are saved. Calvinists assert under the teachings of John Calvin that all of Gods saved are predestined or determined to go to heaven or hell before birth and nothing can change a persons salvation during life. The basis of this belief is the question of whether or not choosing to accept christ is in of itself a "work". Since salvation is "Not a matter of works lest any man should boast". (Ephesians 2:9)

The Salvation of the Unborn

With the doctrine of original sin in place, where will children who sin by the act of being born go in death.

Christus Victus


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Talk:Philosophy of Religion/Does God exist?

Does God Exist Section
In my opinion the section Does God Exist has a few problems.

 * 1) It is clear Via the text that the author has a bias. Particularly that God in fact does not exist. That is OK. But I am under the impression that this is a textbook, meaning this is supposed to be unbiased in nature. I could be wrong and if so perhaps this needs to be renamed from philosophy of religion to something else.
 * 2) None of the arguments for the existence of God are proposed. I think a section dedicated to the existence of God should mention these.
 * 3) The author is aimless. There are sections that do not matter. Whether or not we spell God with a lowercase g or capital G should not matter.
 * 4) Some of the text is incorrect. There are other reasons for belief in God besides pure faith. Take a look at various religions apologetic movements.
 * 5) The text is very wordy to the point of being unable to understand sections of the text.

216.56.4.254 (discuss) 18:47, 29 March 2023 (UTC)


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User:PrincessPandaWiki/sandbox/Sonic Riders Story and Analysis

Sonic Riders is a 2006 racing video game that was to commemorate Sonic the Hedgehog's 15th anniversary. It features Sonic and others racing on hovering vehicles known as Extreme Gear, which usually take the form of hoverboards. Its story, which is experienced through the story mode, follows the heroes, Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, and Knuckles the Echidna, and a new, anti-heroic group, the Babylon Rogues, competing with each other in the EX World Grand Prix for the Chaos Emeralds. The EX World Grand Prix is organized by Doctor Eggman, who is secretly searching for the treasure of the Babylonians, the Babylon Rogues' technologically advanced ancestors, which the Babylon Rogues are also after.

The story was written by Hiroshi Miyamoto.

Heroes storyline
This storyline focuses on the heroes..

One night in Metal City, Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles are looking for a Chaos Emerald. However, Tails' Emerald Detector alerts them that something is jamming the Emerald's signal. Suddenly, three figures crash out of a nearby window, riding on Extreme Gear, with the police on their tails. Tails discovers that these figures have the Chaos Emerald, and thus the trio gives chase to them. While one of the green figure is able to cut past Sonic with no problem, Knuckles punches the grey one off his Extreme Gear. A purple figure picks up her companion and rushes off, as Tails notices that the Extreme Gear they dropped features a symbol of a bird on it. Sonic then uses this Gear to chase them down, and he is able to reach the green figure, who admits that Sonic is not bad at using Extreme Gear. However, the figure takes Sonic by surprise and jumps above him, knocking him out. As the figure mocks Sonic and leaves with his teammates, Sonic is reunited with Tails and Knuckles, excited that he now has a new rival to compete against.

The next day, Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles notice a local screen being broadcasted by Dr. Eggman, who announces that he has organized an Extreme Gear tournament known as the "EX World Grand Prix", with the participants needing to pay an entry fee in the form of a Chaos Emerald, and that the winner will receive all seven Chaos Emeralds. Though Sonic seems unsurprised at first, Eggman presents the three current contestants: Jet the Hawk, Wave the Swallow, and Storm the Albatross; the same three figures Sonic encountered. This gets the hedgehog's attention, making him, Tails, and Knuckles join the tournament.

After a few races in Metal City and Splash Canyon, the trio runs into Amy, who reveals that she has signed up for the tournament as well to be with Sonic. Tails then says that he believes that Jet, Wave, and Storm are part of a legendary group of thieves known as the "Babylon Rogues", who, according to rumors, live on a floating island known as Babylon Garden. He also explains that, according to legends, the Babylonians' actions enraged the Gods, who cast Babylon Garden into the depths of the earth. However, the same legends claim that there is a treasure on the island. After this, the heroes meet Wave, who mocks the Extreme Gear Tails is holding, the Blue Star, by calling it a "piece of junk". While the heroes are infuriated by her actions, they do not notice that she has tampered with the Blue Star by placing a bomb on it.

Later, at Egg Factory, Knuckles has a short fight with Storm, accidentally damaging an E-10000R in the process. In the end, they decide to settle things with a race, which Knuckles wins. Afterward, the heroes find themselves at Green Cave watching Sonic practice on his Extreme Gear. There, they find Jet, who says that while Sonic is very fast on his feet, he is not very impressive on Extreme Gear. Jet then leaves, and Tails remembers Wave's comments about his Extreme Gear. Refusing to let Wave get the better of him, Tails promises Sonic that he will unlock the secrets of the Extreme Gear for them. Afterward, Tails has a race against Wave, which he manages to win.

Next, at Sand Ruins, Omochao is hosting the final race of the EX World Grand Prix. Amy cheers Sonic, who is about to compete against Jet. The hawk mocks Sonic once again, saying that he obviously was able to win his previous races because of luck rather than skill, though Sonic is confident that he will win. At the end of the race, Sonic is about to beat Jet. However, Wave then detonates the bomb on Sonic's Extreme Gear, destroying Sonic's Blue Star and allowing Jet to win and obtain the Chaos Emeralds. Jet proceeds to use the Emeralds and the Key to Babylon Garden to summon Babylon Garden, which raises out of the nearby desert and into the sky. Suddenly though, Dr. Eggman snatches the Key to Babylon Garden from Jet's hands and flies off to Babylon Garden in his Egg Mobile.

Using the Tornado 2, the heroes reach Babylon Garden. Next to the Babylon Rogues' ship, the trio notices Dr. Eggman passing by on his E-Rider. Sonic prepares to chase him, but not before Tails gives him the Blue Star II. However, he is met by Jet, who challenges him to a final race. In the end, Sonic is able to win. While Jet throws a tantrum in frustration, Sonic sees Eggman in front of a giant door on the Babylon Garden. Sonic is about to attack the doctor, but not before Eggman reveals that he is holding Amy hostage. Sonic then uses two Tornadoes to attack Eggman and get the Key to Babylon Garden. Having no need for the treasure of Babylon, Sonic gives the key to Jet, who complains that he has lost and does not want his pity. Insisting that "treasure is treasure", Wave takes the key anyway, and Jet begrudgingly accepts it. Just before the heroes leave, Amy shows up, enraged because Sonic attacked Eggman with herself in the middle. Sonic attempts to come up with an excuse to calm her down, though with little success. Amy then chases Sonic around with her Piko Piko Hammer, while Tails and Knuckles watch.

Babylon storyline
This storyline mostly takes place during the same events as the Heroes storyline but with a focus on the Babylon Rogues and tells the ending of the story.

While in his office onboard his ship, Jet looks at the Key to Babylon Garden in his hand, carefully examining it. Suddenly, Storm comes in, making Jet comically fall off his seat. Wave walks in as well, scolding Storm for his impoliteness. Storm then notices the Key to Babylon Garden, with Jet explaining that he had inherited it from his father. Wave and Storm proceed to argue with each other, before Jet stops them and asks them why they entered his office. The two then tell him that Dr. Eggman wants to visit him. The doctor then steps into the room, noticing the Key to Babylon Garden in Storm's hands. Eggman tells Jet that he needs to collect the Chaos Emeralds, and while Jet believes that his mission is going to be easy, Eggman warns him of Sonic the Hedgehog. Nevertheless, Jet shows no concern, and is convinced that he will easily beat Sonic in an Extreme Gear competition.

After Jet proves himself to Sonic in Night Chase, Wave meets Sonic, Tails, Knuckles, and Amy in Red Canyon. She sees the Blue Star, an Extreme Gear Tails modeled and customized himself, and Wave says to herself that it does not look bad for an "amateur". She then mocks Tails by calling his Gear a "piece of junk" and secretly plants a bomb on it and proceeds to win a race against an enraged Amy.

Back on the Babylon Rogues' ship, Jet is once again in his office examining the Key to Babylon Garden, before Storm abruptly bursts in once again. Storm says that he lost a race against Knuckles in Egg Factory, and Wave criticizes him, which starts another argument between the two. Jet, suspicious of Eggman's intentions, tasks Storm with going to Ice Factory, one of Eggman's bases, to find clues of what the doctor is really up to.

While Storm is exploring Ice Factory, Jet and Wave are waiting for him in White Cave, complaining that Storm is taking too long. Nevertheless, Jet does not really care, causing him to be scolded by Wave for a while because of his lack of responsibility as a leader. Jet then notices Sonic doing some tricks as Tails and Knuckles watch and quietly sneaks away without Wave noticing. When Wave sees that Jet is gone, she complains about him before leaving as well.

Later, at Dark Desert, Jet and Wave reunite with Storm, who gives them a small microchip he found. Wave takes it, revealing a holographic monitor with Eggman's diary. This reveals that he intends to find the Babylonians' ancient technology and claim it for himself to conquer the world. After learning of this, Jet decides to leave, finding the effort he put in a waste of time, and having no interest of using advanced technology. However, Wave stops him, convincing him that this advanced technology that Eggman seeks must be worth much more than silver or gold. After imagining himself resting in riches, Jet decides to participate in the finals of the EX World Grand Prix.

After the final race, Omochao broadcasts the news of Babylon Garden having mysteriously appeared near Dark Desert, and that Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles have gone to investigate. There, Wave and Storm meet Tails and Knuckles, accidentally starting an argument with them. The heroes offer Jet the Key to Babylon Garden, as they have no use for it, but Jet refuses, seeing it as an act of pity. Regardless, Wave takes it on behalf of the Babylon Rogues, noting that "treasure is treasure". The Rogues then use it to open a large door, accidentally summoning the Babylon Guardian in the process. Teaming up with Sonic and his friends, the Babylon Rogues defeat the Guardian, revealing the treasure of Babylon. However, it turns out that this treasure is just a Magic Carpet, surprising everyone. Having arrived to claim the treasure himself, Eggman deems his plot with the EX World Grand Prix a waste of time, and proceeds to faint from the subsequent shock. Jet sees the carpet as a sign that the Babylon Rogues are descendants of genies. Afterwards, the Babylon Rogues part ways with Sonic and his team, with Jet vowing to return and face Sonic again.

Original text is from the article "Sonic Riders", as of March 29, 2023, on Sonic News Network on Fandom and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported).

Characters

 * Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Miles "Tails" Prower
 * Knuckles the Echidna
 * The Babylon Rogues:
 * Jet the Hawk
 * Wave the Swallow
 * Storm the Albatross
 * Doctor Eggman
 * Amy Rose
 * The Babylonians
 * Babylon Guardian

Songs

 * "Sonic Speed Riders" is the opening theme song of Sonic Riders. It expresses a theme of the story, which is the rivalry between Sonic and Jet the Hawk, who compete to prove who is faster on Extreme Gear. The song also references some of the gameplay elements of Sonic Riders, such as riding on the waves of Super Sonic, which means using turbulence to gain speed. The song has a fast-paced electronic rock style that matches the futuristic, high-speed action of the game.

 * "Catch Me If You Can" is the theme song of the Babylon Rogues, with its lyrics reflecting the Babylon Rogues' personalities and motivations. Jet's belief in being the fastest of all is the basis of the song's title, which is repeated in the chorus. The song also references some aspects of their backstory, such as being descendants of genies and having a treasure that is connected to Babylon Garden, a floating island that is the main goal of the story. The song has an electronic and hip-hop style based on the futuristic style of the game and the attitude of the Babylon Rogues.

''Text was mostly generated with Bing Chat. Original text is under public domain.''

Themes

 * Rivalry and competition: The story emphasizes the thrill of racing and the challenge of facing opponents who have different skills and styles. Sonic meets his new rival, Jet the Hawk, who is confident and arrogant about his abilities on Extreme Gear. The two characters clash throughout the game, both verbally and physically, as they try to prove who is faster and better. The story also shows how rivalry can motivate characters to improve themselves, such as Tails, who wants to unlock the secrets of Extreme Gear after being mocked by Wave the Swallow.
 * Friendship and teamwork: The story also shows how characters rely on their friends and teammates to support them and help them achieve their goals. Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles work together to stop Eggman’s plans and to rescue Amy from his clutches. The Babylon Rogues also have a strong bond, despite their frequent arguments and disagreements. They share a common heritage and a passion for Extreme Gear. The story also features moments where characters from different teams cooperate with each other, such as when they join forces to defeat the Babylon Guardian.
 * Adventure and discovery: The story introduces the concept of Babylon Garden, a mysterious floating island that was once home to an ancient civilization of genies. The game explores the legends and secrets of this island, as well as its connection to Extreme Gear and the Chaos Emeralds. The story also features various locations around the world that serve as racetracks, such as Metal City, Splash Canyon, Sand Ruins, and Dark Desert. The story invites players to experience different environments and cultures through racing.
 * Technology and magic: The story combines elements of science fiction and fantasy. Extreme Gear is a futuristic device that can be customized with various parts and abilities. The Chaos Emeralds are mystical gems that have immense power and can be used to summon Babylon Garden. The treasure of Babylon turns out to be a magic carpet that can fly without any machinery. The story shows how technology and magic can coexist and interact in surprising ways.

''Text was mostly generated with Bing Chat. Original text is under public domain.''

Additional sources used

 * "The Story of the Sonic Riders Games", narrative analysis/commentary video by Pariah695 on YouTube (WARNING: Frequent strong profanity)

Learn more
Readers who want to learn more about Sonic Riders, including the pure game aspects, may be interested in the following links:
 * "Sonic Riders" on Wikipedia
 * "Sonic Riders" on Sonic News Network


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Professionalism/Cher Scarlett and Tech Labor Advocacy

Introduction
Cher Scarlett is a software engineer who found her passion as a workers' rights activist during her professional career. Although her birth date is unknown, she was born either in 1984 or 1985 in Walla Walla, Washington. She grew up in poverty with her mother in Kirkland. With numerous struggles in her early life combined with bipolar disorder, she would eventually drop out of high school. She began teaching herself how to code in middle school, and has worked at major firms including Apple, Activision Blizzard, and Starbucks. Her major achievements include being the leader of the #AppleToo movement, successfully lobbying for labor protections in Washington state, and advocating for the first Apple shareholder proposals to be approved in 10 years.

Ethical Deception in Professional Life
After her pregnancy at 21, Cher Scarlett was forced to change her career trajectory to provide for her future child. She secured a $27,000 per year salary web development job in 2007, but this did not cover the costs of childcare and rent. She then decided to freelance, answering Craigslist web development ads. Over time she built a portfolio with a social networking site and e-commerce sites with backends.

However, she encountered a pattern of losing potential jobs far into negotiations. She would pitch solutions and design ideas to prospective clients, but they would ask to speak with the programmers. When she revealed that she was the sole programmer, she would lose her opportunities. Scarlett tried changing her email address to seem more gender-neutral. But when she spoke with clients on the phone, they would still usually back out.

Scarlett desperately needed money. She created the brand St. Louis Web Media and began using the email, "info at St. LouisWebMedia-dot-com." When asked to speak to engineers, she would claim that engineering was outsourced to a reputable firm. After creating this brand, Scarlett was able to survive in the industry.

To secure business, Cher Scarlett deliberately misinformed clients. Though she did not misrepresent her work, capabilities, and skills, she lied about the identity of the developer who would ultimately be creating sites. In a perfect world, where the evaluation of a professional is not based on age, sex, gender, skin color, or ethnic background, it would be morally impermissible to lie about the gender identity of a developer. In such a world, this lie would serve no purpose, only creating harm by leading a client to believe incorrect information.

But this is not a perfect world. Cher Scarlett's business partners held incorrect biases, thinking that, because she was a woman, Scarlett would be less capable of building software solutions. Such misogynistic beliefs cause measurable harm.

Scarlett passed the valid checks that should be given before hiring a developer. She communicated well in emails and initial discussions and impressed business prospects with her portfolio.

Scarlett only failed an invalid check that would have no bearing on the quality of her work: she was a woman in a man-dominated field. To even the field, giving her a chance of competing with those who did not suffer from discrimination, she lied about who was going to be completing the client's work. This corrected for the invalid biases held by her customers, helping her compete more fairly in the market for freelancing web development.

It is difficult to delineate precisely when it is permissible to lie in business proceedings. Allowing deception to any degree can easily be abused, and all lies cause some degree of harm. But in an unjust world, if it is clear that others are mistreating or barring opportunities solely because of characteristics with no bearing on the ability to complete work, a person should feel free to deceive prejudicial business partners. The harm of lying about being a man is much less than that caused by discrimination based on gender.

Advocacy in the Workplace
Advocacy in the workplace is important for facilitating change where there is injustice. Professionals may face scrutiny or risk their career while standing up for what they think is right, but their efforts are necessary to provide a safe, inclusive, and prosperous work environment. Cher Scarlett is a highly regarded software engineer and activist who gained recognition in her advocacy for labor rights. Throughout her time at Activision Blizzard, Starbucks, and Apple, she advocated for the rights of women and minorities, spoke against unfair and exploitative practices, and provided avenues to help other coworkers. She exemplified the true spirit of a whistleblower, drawing upon her courage and moral fortitude to pave the way for positive change in the workplace.

Scarlett gained notoriety for her advocacy at video game company Activision Blizzard from 2015 to 2016. She collaborated with coworkers to raise awareness about the mistreatment of minorities and women by the company, having personally faced underpayment and sexual harassment while working there. Although she felt unsafe reporting workplace harassment, Scarlett, along with a few coworkers, provided testimony to California’s Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH). DFEH then filed a gender-based discrimination, inequality, and harassment lawsuit against Activision Blizzard.

After taking on the role of a technical lead at Starbucks, she began to question Starbucks' values. After two black customers were arrested at a Starbucks without any apparent reason while they were waiting for someone, Scarlett took to Twitter to voice her concerns and advocate for fair treatment of marginalized groups. In an attempt to be more inclusive, Scarlett took the initiative to try to integrate Pride celebration onto Starbuck's web app but was met with avoidance from upper management. She advocated for equitable pay at Starbucks, arguing that the cost of living was not proportional to her pay. She also joined a successful campaign to address the disparities between Starbucks' compensation for women and men.

As an Apple security engineer, Scarlett became the face the of the #AppleToo movement. This movement centers Apple employees who share their experiences in the workplace including harassment, discrimination, and feeling unheard by management. Feeling dissatisfied with the way Apple addressed reports and requests from employees, Scarlett decided to demand change more directly. Employees shared their stories with Scarlett through Discord, and #AppleToo was born from these conversations. Scarlett encourages these employees to continue to share their complaints with state and federal authorities to hold Apple accountable. She filed cases against Apple for labor law violations, alleging that Apple prohibits employees from talking about wages, hours, or other terms of their employment. The National Labor Relations Board found merit to these charges. She states that she received retaliation from Apple through harassment from colleagues even after she resigned.

Topical Boundaries
Cher Scarlett's background helped her develop grit and deep contempt for injustice. During her professional life, she also quickly rose through the engineering ranks at respected firms. Thus, she was able to find a perfect balance between the seemingly contradictory skills of advocating for workers' rights and producing high-quality engineering.

Most workers would not challenge the status quo after landing a big-tech job opportunity. Instead, Scarlett truly stepped into her role as an activist after getting an offer as a Principal Software Engineer at Apple. In 2021, Apple hired Antonio Garcia Martinez, a product manager who had referred to "most women in the Bay Area" as "soft and weak... and naive" in his book Chaos Monkeys. She tweeted criticism of Apple and helped circulate a petition calling for an investigation of Martinez's hire; it was later announced that Martinez would leave the company. She would also criticize Apple on the issues of harassment, pay equity, its strict back-to-office policy, discrimination against the disabled, and more. She would even fire back at Activision when stories of sexual harassment began resurfacing.

In an interview with the Washington Post, Scarlett summarized her professional perspective: "I'm not a corporate shill, but I'm also not throw-away-my-job idiotic, I have to feel good about what I'm putting into the world, whether that's in my job or on social media, whatever. I have to feel good about it. And if I don't I have to remedy it immediately." She also stated that "I've gone through much worse, I know my rights - and I know I can find another job."

Since March 2022, Scarlett has continued her work in the industry as a Senior Software Engineer at ControlZee, an online video game platform company.

Conclusion
Cher Scarlett's work as a software engineer and as a workers' rights advocate reveals the ethical boundary for when it is acceptable to misinform, importance of workers advocating for reforms in the workplace, and ways to balance advocacy with a successful career.

Future research about Scarlett could explore the stories of the other workers that supported her causes throughout her professional life, help frame her work in its historical context, or reflect any of her future work fighting injustice.


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Professionalism/He Jiankui and Designer Babies

Background on He Jiankui
He Jiankui is a Chinese biophysics researcher who studied at Rice University for his PhD and taught at Southern University of Science and Technology in China. He founded the company Direct Genomics in 2012, which developed single molecule sequencing devices. In 2018, He Jiankui claimed to have created the first gene-edited twins "Lula and Nina" and a baby named "Amy". He recruited couples in which the father had HIV and through in vitro fertilization, edited the genomes of embryos to be protected from HIV later in life.

 Background on CRISPR

CRISPR is highly efficient, relatively easy to use, and has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering. It has the potential to treat and cure a wide range of genetic diseases, improve crop yields, and enhance our understanding of genetics and biology. First, scientists design a guide RNA molecule that matches the target DNA sequence they want to edit. This guide RNA molecule then binds to the Cas9 protein, which acts as scissors, cutting the DNA at the precise location where the guide RNA has bound. Once the DNA has been cut, scientists can then introduce a new DNA sequence into the cell, which the cell uses as a template to repair the break in the DNA. This process can be used to either insert or delete specific genes or to correct genetic mutations that cause diseases.

Guidelines and Regulations
Starting in 2015, industry groups began releasing statements regarding the ethical implications of genetic modifications of embryos. The U.C. Berkeley Institute for Genome Innovation "strongly discourage[d]…any attempts at germline genome modification" and the International Summit on Human Gene Editing said "it would be irresponsible...until the relevant safety and efficacy issues have been resolved...and there is broad societal consensus". In 2017, the National Academy of Science and the National Academy of Medicine released the official position of the US Academies, stating that genome modification should only occur with a clear regulatory framework. They recommended that genetic editing be restricted to preventing a serious disease or condition, restricted to converting genes to versions that are prevalent in the population, and take place with "ongoing, rigorous oversight" and "maximum transparency".

Beyond industry guidelines, many countries have implemented laws that ban clinical trials of genome editing in embryos. As of 2020, no country allows for the genetic modification of embryos in pregnant women, through either explicit or de facto bans. However, at the time of He's experiment, the regulations surrounding genetic modification research in China were dubious at best, and did not explicitly prohibit clinical studies of this kind. Additionally, the regulatory environment surrounding research in China is relatively new, making it easy for He Jiankui to avoid any oversight from both industry and governmental agencies. Regardless of the lack of robust legislation on genetic modification, He blatantly violated a number of other ethical and legal restrictions in order to carry out his experiment covertly. He forged documents to get medical approval, fabricated a fake ethical review certificate, and misled doctors "misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women." In the years since He's research, China has passed new regulations restricting genome editing and created a new national medical ethics committee to oversee future genetic experiments.

Controversy
In China, the government immediately launched an investigation into the experiment, and in January 2019, He Jiankui was fired from his position at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen. The Chinese government also issued a statement condemning the experiment, stating that the researchers had "violated China's laws and regulations, breached the morality and ethics of academia, and damaged China's international reputation in the field of science and technology." While the babies' parents were aware of the gene editing, He broke Chinese laws by forging Chinese documents. In December 2019, He Jiankui was sentenced to three years in prison and fined three million yuan (approximately $430,000) by a Chinese court for his involvement in the experiment. Two of his colleagues, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, were also sentenced to prison and fined.

 Media Response

There was immediate outcry from many people in the industry against He's actions. The NIH, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, WHO, and countless other bioethicists, geneticists, and other biomedical researchers all strongly condemned He Jiankui and his experiments. A documentary called "Make People Better" about the activities of He Jiankui and his relations with the Chinese Government was released in 2022. It provided a critical perspective on He yet claims that he is part of a larger trend in China and was thrown under the bus. The National Academy of Sciences, which has been outspoken about the ethical concerns of gene-editing, tweeted in 2019 seemingly in support of using gene-editing to create designer babies with enhanced abilities beyond resistance to diseases. He Jiankui's research has prompted much public discussion on the ethics of genetic modification and "designer babies". While most people disagree with using genome editing to make babies more intelligent, public opinion is more mixed on its use to cure diseases.

Impact
There is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the effects of the gene editing experiment. He Jiankui attempted to disable the CCR5 gene that is responsible for HIV infection, but this is far from a guarantee. This experiment he conducted is still being monitored with no concrete evidence that this gene is completely disabled. In a video released on his YouTube channel, He Jiankui said that gene editing should only be used for healing rather than enhancing IQ or physical appearances. Interestingly, the CCR5 gene is a suppressant of memory and brain plasticity. Disabling this gene may prevent the contraction of HIV, but it also has implications in creating highly intelligent babies. There are loads of possible consequences these babies can face from higher risk of West Nile Virus and severe flu to cancer. The impact on babies "Lula and Nina" it yet to be seen, but this experiment has launched a heated debate between scientists over the use of CRISPR-Cas9.

Conclusion
He Jiankui's actions have been almost universally denounced by researchers and governments around the world, and he paid the price when he was sentenced to prison. However, in 2022, He was released from prison and is already attempting to raise money to perform new experiments, this time working to "develop affordable gene therapies for rare diseases." To this day, He has never apologized for his actions or experiments. The only regret He has expressed is that he "did it too quickly." While He's work brought the ethical dilemma to the forefront of public attention, it did not result in any definitive answers. Research on genome modification continues, albeit under stricter oversight than in He's experiment, and ethical debates within the industry are still ongoing. He Jiankui received an array of opinions for his work. In a professional sense, He should have informed others at the institute he was working with due to the fact he was using their resources and the ethical questions associated with his experiment. A question that comes into play is how will He Jiankui be viewed in 100 years? Will he be revered for his trail blazing work or continue to be condemned due to the fact that he violated the regulations and ethical guidelines of the time?


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Talk:Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Voice

Why is this page empty?
It seems like it ought not to be empty. 73.223.232.13 (discuss) 10:12, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Voice


text:
Talk:OpenClinica User Manual/InstallationCheckList

InstallationCheckList - broken link
Dear users, about the check list for installation, we cannot access this link https://community.openclinica.com/project/openclinica

thank you ! 193.49.47.250 (discuss) 12:34, 30 March 2023 (UTC)