text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in Distributing COVID-19 Vaccines

Summary of Meeting 1 (20/11/2020 1:00PM GMT)
In Attendance: Ling Ling, Alexia, Jeanne (Nicola joined the meeting halfway)

General Discussion

-clarified the four marking rubrics and the limit of word count

-compared a few examples in past years

Brainstorming

No one showed interest in History. We think that Evidence and Truth are two issues that come quite similarly when being reflected in the sources available.

Alexia proposed the idea of “Power of technology in the fashion industry”, which the other two group members found interesting. Disciplines like Computer science, Art design and Economics could be considered. Alexia proposed the idea based on the founder of the new fashion firm Bode, which intertwines Microsoft AI with Fashion Design. Some ideas were discussed: the discipline of Economics tends to be dominated by males, whereas art design is like a field involving more females, power dynamics somehow may arise between economists and art designers in the form of ideological clashes.

Ling Ling mentioned some possible angles for investigation e.g. how the development of fashion industry may impact on economic sustainability in long-term, see fashion design from the lens of economists.

While the topic was promising, we were not sure we could find a viable clash between Fashion Design and Computer Science that would work with any of the principles of Truth, Evidence, Power, or History. We still decided, however, to try and see whether we could work on this topic in regards to Power or Truth until our next meeting.

Nicola gave us some useful advice:

1. We should choose an interdisciplinary topic, which could be valuable in some sense.

2. The topic chosen is just like one tool being employed to identify and analyze the nature of Power in that specific context. We may look at fashion simply as one industry.

3. Power as an issue is very tricky. If writing about it, we need to dissect how it is manifested in one of the four forms that we learned from the lectures, and cannot use it simply as one word in day-to-day contexts.

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 01:47, 28 November 2020 (UTC) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), edit: 11th December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Discussion in WhatsApp Group
Ling Ling rethought the old topic and came up with another new one as the following.

Topic: How to decide the ways of Covid-19 vaccine distribution to maximize social welfare?

Interdisciplinary issue: Evidence

Disciplines: Economics, Biology, Sociology

Experts in different disciplines have differing conceptions of Evidence and prioritized disciplinary perspectives.

==> clashes [But we need to be careful to only write about the differences in their ways of approaching, constructing, and understanding knowledge, which makes the thing arguable.]

-subconscious bias in collecting and analyzing evidence

Biology

-infection systems in the human body, electronic image e.g. the older and certain groups are more vulnerable to the epidemic, should be given priority

Economics

-collect data and construct models, maximize social welfare, make assumptions

-may emphasize the importance of young people as a workforce to economic growth and development

-ignore the role of social factors e.g. the implications of culture and social beliefs on consumers’ behavior

-maximize utility

Sociology

-based on other various social theories

-different research methods e.g. take interviews

Final conclusion: when combining together to facilitate government policy decision making…

Alexia and Ling Ling discussed this in the face-to-face seminar and then proposed the idea to Jeanne in the Whatsapp Groupchat to see whether we should switch the topic. We decided to switch to this topic and work on Evidence as the issue.

Alexia organized a Google Doc where we could share all relevant links to the research on our new topic.

Regarding our new topic, Nicola gave us these suggestions:

1. should emphasize on Evidence (talk about how multiple disciplines gather evidence, this discipline uses evidence like this and that discipline uses evidence like that)

2. how to structure the Chapter: many possible ways of formatting (traditional essay style; other creative ones)

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 02:04, 28 November 2020 (UTC) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), edit: 11th December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 2 & Meeting 3
In Attendance: Ling Ling, Alexia, Jeanne

It appeared difficult to find much evidence used by different disciplines on COVID-19 vaccine distribution to support our arguments. So we decided to work on Truth as an issue.

We shared the links to check out:

Epidemiology, Health: Check this book out: Qualitative methods for health research, J. Green, N. Thorogood https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e7ca/dda07e4076073cf3f6777b73800492f878f5.pdf?_ga=2.187360104.1169024446.1606655436-1485175133.1603165432

Published by the School of Public Health Interim Framework for COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation and Distribution in the United States (centerforhealthsecurity.org)

Economics A Covid-19 Vaccine Will Need Equitable, Global Distribution (hbr.org)

Economics https://econlife.com/2020/05/covid-19-vaccine-distribution-dilemmas/

Report from the US Department of Health about the vaccine distribution plan, Operation Warp Speed (OWS) https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/strategy-for-distributing-covid-19-vaccine.pdf It says for example that the distribution has to be ‘equitable’

The definition of “public health” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health (we get many useful insights from this definition)

Chapter title: Truth in Distributing COVID-19 Vaccines

Disciplines: Epidemiology, Economics, Sociology

Potential 5-part structure

1. Introduction - Ling Ling

2. Epidemiology (hard science) - Alexia

3. Economics (social science) - Ling Ling

4. Sociology (social science) - Jeanne

5. Conclusion (potential clashes): Public health practice, policy makers - work together

Final edit: work together

Ways to think about Truth (use the following two rules to guide us when writing on the three disciplines)

1. How they construct truth

2. How what they believe to be true may not be true when they are trying to reflect the complex real-world situation (pros and cons of “truth”?)

Issue should be related to the disciplines, instead of the topic, the topic is just used like the excuse.

Ling Ling proposed the following working timeline which the other group members also agree on.

 * Finish the 1st draft (work on individual parts): by the end of Friday Dec 4

 * Edit the paragraphs: by the end of Tuesday Dec 8

--> do research and read articles on each other's parts, the references we found and put in the Google Doc

 * Improve and finalise the whole Chapter: by the end of Sunday Dec 13

 * Download and submit the PDF file to Moodle: Dec 14

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Objectives of Meeting 4
I outlined a brief to-do list in our WhatsApp chat group:

1. Share the idea of paragraph we each wrote (see if we focused on Truth+find clashes about Truth)

2. Check on the quality of all references + consistency in usage of Vancouver referencing

3. Outline the bullet points for final “Conclusion” part

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 17:57, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 4
In attendance: Alexia, Ling Ling; Jeanne (couldn't attend, but we caught up afterwards in the Whatsapp Groupchat)

We discussed our first drafts and how to find truths in the disciplines we chose and how these truths clash. Epidemiology functions on an inductive-based truth, proposing an age-based program for vaccine distribution, while Economics uses deductive reasoning and Sociology uses social constructionism on the research.

Objectives of today’s meeting

1. Share the idea of the paragraph we each wrote (see if we all focused on Truth+find clashes about Truth) -- checked

We found that in some parts we need to emphasize more definitions and studies we discussed, as well as cut down and use correct wording.

2. Check on the quality of all references, Consistency in the usage of Vancouver referencing  in the works

3. Outline the points for the final “Conclusion” part - in the works

We discussed how truths clash and listed the bullet points for Conclusion.

Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 21:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Discussions in the Whatsapp Group Chat
Dates: 5-13 December 2020

Jeanne:

 * shared in the group chat the two best Wikibook samples on truth from previous years, so we could work on our structure and learn from them

 * reminded us to be specific on the interdisciplinary problem (what we focus on is the vaccine distribution on a national scale, not an international scale)

Alexia:

 * suggested the next meeting date to be Friday 11th and also Saturday 12th so we could revise as a whole what everyone wrote and write the conclusion together on Friday and on Saturday, and check all references and grammar mistakes

 * shared an article in the group chat: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5948/1705.full that would be beneficial in the conclusion

 * shared a PDF file on Vancouver referencing

 * Proposed that until next meeting we all should make a google document, copy-pasting everything that we wrote so far, then editing in it what we want to emphasize in each paragraph or take out, so we don't alter the structure of the wiki book until we discuss together.

Ling Ling:

 * she reminded us of:

-how to find the right resources and use only peer-reviewed journals, books and government papers, not the online blog posts or news

-academic research tools (Google Scholar, UCL library while using Boolean Operators, Scopus, UCL databases)

 * she reminded and urged all group members to work and meet the deadlines ourselves set

 * she often reminded us to be precise and concise

 * shared:

-two good academic articles with detailed explanation on Positivism, Interpretivism, and Social constructionism to understand truth better

https://philosophyterms.com/positivism/

https://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/interpretivism/

http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2012/06/01/what-is-social-constructionism/

-her lecture notes on Truth

-the link: https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/1-what-epidemiology that would be useful for Epidemiological methodologies

-the link: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/languages-international-education/ucl-academic-communication-centre/academic-communication-support-and-resources-ucl/acc-useful-0 (UCL general guidance on academic essay writing)

 * pointed out and discussed the problems in the Sociology part she found

(lack of specific arguments, lack of precision and did not focus on the national scale in 2nd paragraph, change of title, lack of references in one paragraph)

 * clarified the marking criteria

 * frequently update the to-do list for the whole Chapter

 * she reminded us to identify and clearly write out the forms of truth, specific theories, and methodologies in the Chapter

(just show clear and precise points to the readers, pointed out the lack of these in Sociology part)

Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 22:37, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 5 (12/12/2020 10:00AM-12:30AM GMT)
In attendance: Ling Ling, Alexia, Jeanne

We all worked together to cut down the words and figured out how to improve each part so that the content could be more precise.

We discussed how to paraphrase our sentences and how to make the truth more obvious in the disciplines we chose. We decided to meet again and revise what each of us redid on their paragraph based on the feedback we gave to each other.

Alexia proposed a word limit:

 * 100 words for the introduction

 * 300 words for each of our individual disciplines

 * 200 words for the conclusion

We decided to finish everything on Saturday and Sunday: paraphrase (cut down words), check references, submit into Turnitin

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 12:30, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs+edit)13.29, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 6 (13/12/2020 9:00AM-2:25PM GMT)
In attendance: Alexia, Ling Ling

We started the meeting by discussing our final version of the paragraphs. Since we couldn't get in touch with Jeanne, we didn't alter her part. We started with Alexia's part on Epidemiology and discussed what information is not relevant to the Truth in the discipline or to our topic: The Truth in Vaccine Distribution.

Then we started working on the introduction again by cutting down unnecessary words and trying to make it concise and relevant to our topic. Both of us discussed which words would be better to make our statement clear. We searched for an introductory sentence to the paragraph, having in mind adding the timeline of the covid pandemic as declared by WHO. We then realized the exact date is not as relevant as the fact that WHO declared Covid-19 a global pandemic. We then added suitable referencing for the Introduction paragraph.

We then took sentence by sentence the paragraph on Economics and finished its review. We then scheduled another meeting for later tonight.

Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), edit: 13th December 2020 (UTC) Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Discussion
Hey! I think we can use this in the conclusion or intro: "Once an emerging flu outbreak is detected, public health authorities will attempt to mitigate it by reducing further spread as much as possible. Scarce and/or costly control measures such as vaccines, anti-infective drugs, and social distancing must be allocated while epidemiological characteristics of the disease remain uncertain" ( Reference: Optimizing infectious disease interventions during an emerging epidemic; J. Wallinga, M. van Boven and M. Lipsitch; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (2) (2010), pp. 923-928) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for this quotation, Alexia! I think this part: "epidemiological characteristics of the disease remain uncertain" can be embedded into Conclusion to critically evaluate the positivist truth produced by epidemiological research. But the other words in this quotation seem irrelevant to our topic, "Truth in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution". Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 21:57, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Yes! I agree, not everything needs to be included, but part of it could help us make the conclusion hold better! Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 12 December 2020 (UTC)

We could also reference this bit of an article and rephrase it in the conclusion: "Keeping vaccination program implementation as simple as possible is key. This includes maximizing the efficiency of individuals who will provide vaccines and minimizing the need to apply overly burdensome or restrictive screening policies for eligibility. National recommendations should be broad enough to offer flexibility, yet specific enough to provide guidance to health care clinicians and facilities, states, and localities as they develop implementation plans." (October 22, 2020, Scientific and Ethical Principles Underlying Recommendations From the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for COVID-19 Vaccination Implementation Beth P. Bell, MD, MPH1; José R. Romero, MD2,3; Grace M. Lee, MD, MPH4; JAMA. 2020;324(20):2025-2026. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.20847; Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2772326#jvp200223r6) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Yes, I agree. Thank you for this quotation! It is good and would be useful in the Conclusion. Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 14:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Jeanne, I think this will help you: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2771874 :) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Discussion through Whatsapp Messages
We told Jeanne the outcomes of the meeting between Ling Ling and Alexia.

Ling Ling reminded Jeanne about the Sociology part:
 * the content about truth is completely lacking, the long paragraphs are filled with all kinds of irrelevant information
 * to talk about the truth in Sociology, instead of things like COVAX, the situation in Lebanon etc., what matters is how sociologists construct truth
 * don't write about distributing vaccines to different countries, but within ONE country (our essay topic)
 * write about - how sociologists construct/produce truth(what they think is true) under the context of COVID-19 vaccine distribution
 * truth is a form of knowledge in academic disciplines, rather than those events happening in daily life or the reality itself
 * despite the quality of all references, pay attention to the referencing way which should be the Vancouver system

[Author(s).+Title.+Publisher.(information)+Published date.+Available from:...]

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 16:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 7 (13/12/2020 10:00PM-12:30PM GMT)
In attendance: Ling Ling, Jeanne, Alexia

We cut down irrelevant sentences in the Sociology part, paraphrase and select wording to make the sentences clearer. All of us took the Sociology part sentence by sentence and in a Zoom call reorganised the whole paragraph and stressed out the importance or refrences for some information we mentioned.

Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 02:28, 14 December 2020 (UTC) Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs), 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of Meeting 8 (14/12/2020 10:00AM-3:30PM GMT)
In attendance: Ling Ling, Jeanne, Alexia

We finalised the content of the whole Chapter by cutting down all irrelevant words, finishing the Conclusion together and selecting appropriate wording. Also, we checked all references, grammar and similarity rates before submission.

We took sentence by sentence the Epidemiology part and then discussed what can be improved. We rephrased the ending and then added a part from our old conclusion in the Epidemiology's conclusion.

We redid our whole conclusion. Our first draft was too long and it didn't focus on the types of approaches to truth the disciplines have, neither did it focus on how this clash. Alexia took the whole conclusion, and reworked it with Ling and Jeanne. We took the main parts of our previous conclusion are rewrote it from the beginning, focusin on how their truths clash in the implementation of COVID Vaccines.

We then added the conclusion in our wikichapter and then re-read the whole text. Then we split, each person with a task. Alexia reviewed the refrences again to see whther all of them are in Vancouver style referencing, Lilly proof read the text for grammar issues and checked if we went over the word limit; we didn't! :)

Alexia searched a relevant picture to our article from Wikimedia then asked for approval and then colaborated with the girls to read again the final draft.

Jupiterjoyner (discuss • contribs+edit), 13 December 2020, 4.23 pm (UTC) Lily0212 (discuss • contribs) 13:36, 14 December 2020 (UTC)


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in Distributing COVID-19 Vaccines

Introduction
The upcoming vaccines would become a key solution to the COVID-19 outbreak, a global pandemic recognized by The World Health Organization (WHO).

Nonetheless, the confrontation between the expected initial limited supply and the "staggering global need" leads to a controversial topic: How to distribute scarce vaccines effectively and equitably for the sake of the whole society?

This interdisciplinary problem has yielded arguments from different disciplines: Epidemiology, Economics, and Sociology. Due to contrasting disciplinary perspectives and priorities, different types of "truth" provided multiple insights, yet made the decision-making process tough by creating tensions between disciplines.

Truth in Epidemiology

Epidemiology measures disease outcomes concerning populations at risk (groups of healthy or sick people, counted as cases if contracting the disease being studied). In "truth", epidemiology uses positivism, being based on a posteriori knowledge, empirical evidence, inductive reasoning, and observational research.

Positivism in Vaccine Development
The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine developed faster than other previous vaccines through empiricism and observational research methods, associated with positivism.

The research methods included using preclinical and toxicology data already available (e.g. the 80% similarity between the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV) and new research tools (e.g. “structure-based antigen design, computational biology, protein engineering, and gene synthesis”).

Despite the importance of a posteriori knowledge when defining epidemiology’s truth, data from the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development are incomplete. Because the reactogenicity of the vaccine caused severe allergic reactions in some individuals, groups of people were neglected from the vaccine research: drug or alcohol addicts, the uncontrollably ill, pregnant women , children under 16, and individuals allergic to drugs (eg. Paracetamol). That being said, most vaccine tests were efficient in adults. Therefore, with minimal risk to human subjects, implementing an accelerated COVID-19 vaccine program is needed.

Inductive Reasoning in Vaccine Distribution
Epidemiological truth relies on inductive reasoning: generalizing research outcomes to effectively propose a vaccine distribution method. Based on previous vaccine distribution approaches, the standard age-based mathematical program proved to be the most optimal (fast in delivery, better uptake for the people at risk: health-care workers, the sick, and the elderly).

However, since epidemiology prioritizes risk factors and vaccine doses are scarce, the first to receive the vaccine would be Health Care Personnel (HCP) and then essential workers, patients with high-risk underlying medical conditions, and elderly individuals.

Vaccine effects remain uncertain. Hence, countries like Switzerland delayed the accelerated COVID-19 vaccine program , which urges epidemiologists to conduct further research and alter their initial risk-based plan if needed.

Truth in Economics
Economics concerns the production and distribution of goods and services. When approaching truth, it uses positivism, interpretivism, and social constructionism to determine how distribution would affect different social groups and the economy.

Positive Externality of Vaccination
From a positivist perspective, according to economist Tyler Cowen, one “uncomfortable truth” is that “Most of the best distribution methods are blatantly unfair.” In this context, he claims fairness is overvalued. He proposed a geographically concentrated approach to vaccine distribution that would save more lives and restore the economy through limiting vaccine doses within certain regions.

In this approach, the underlying truth is making the most use of limited vaccine doses by intensifying the positive externalities of vaccination such as "herd immunity and reduced transmission of the disease". This truth mirrors broadly the augmenting hidden health protection gained by third parties, that are not directly related to the production or consumption of vaccines. Thus, a dynamic social environment is constructed by economists.

However, the validity of the truth is undermined. The real-life situation is oversimplified with external and unpredictable variables. Neither subtle extra benefits nor potential welfare gain could be precisely quantified before policy implementation.

Truth of Figures
It was argued that based on the collection and analysis of macroeconomic data (e.g. high unemployment rate, unstable inflation rate), 75% to 85% of the population must be vaccinated to recover the economy.

However, data “on the size of the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on transmission” is still unavailable. The predictive "truth" is mainly based on the changing state of the pandemic and the economic outlook of the US.

Moreover, there is an imperfect measure of a nation’s macroeconomic reality. For instance, unemployment figures do not take underemployment and hidden unemployment into account. This implies the overestimation of actual macroeconomic conditions when observing and interpreting them from the perspective of the unemployment rate. Other unpredictable factors (e.g. domestic consumer confidence and business confidence) also influence the final observable impacts of vaccines on stimulating the economy. Therefore it is hard to verify the reliability of the ubiquity and precision of figures given as truth in this case.

Truth in Sociology
Sociology studies the impact of society on observable phenomena. When approaching truth, sociologists use both social constructionism and interpretivism, based on qualitative and quantitative data, and empirical and experimental evidence.

Health Inequalities
From the sociologists' perspective, vaccines should not be distributed in a "colorblind" method in the U.S., but instead by targeting racial minorities who have suffered more from the COVID-19 pandemic. They emphasized that health care services were already race-biased. Surveys carried out in hospitals show that there are 4 times more Hispanic or Latino persons hospitalized for COVID-19 in the US than white persons.

Widening socioeconomic inequalities also affect ethnic minorities (Black, Indigenous, Pacific Islanders, Asian, Hispanic or Latino persons, etc). A report states that "the ethical justification for prioritizing economically worse-off racial minorities rests on epidemiological, economic, and social justice grounds". Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages governments to distribute vaccines by targeting the reduction of social inequalities.

These "unfair" truths have been underlined by sociologists. However, sociologists' way of finding constructed meanings in society could be influenced by their subjective truth, which lines up with their values.

Localization and Distribution
With the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) (an index that geographically studies social vulnerability), and the quantitative evidence of COVID-19 cases, sociologists can localize the regions where COVID-19’s aftermaths would be the most consequent with "people of color and other vulnerable populations" and where it would be "right" to distribute the vaccine as a priority.

They also emphasize that the ethnic minorities and the poor are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 and are not reflected in the initial vaccine prioritisation order; despite this, those ethical questions need to be explored. This shows that the research focus on the socially disadvantaged groups requires further exploration in the truth construction about certain neglected groups in sociology.

Conflicting Truth in Public Health
Contrasting possible outcomes in vaccine distribution programs emerged in the field of Public Health.

While Epidemiology and Economics, use positivism to approach the truth, Epidemiology targets the high-risk population in vaccine distribution, while Economics seeks to maximize social utility. Both Economics and Sociology use social constructivism and interpretive truth within research in their field, however, Sociology stresses out the pre-existent social and health inequalities in vaccine distribution.

Considering the significance and complexity of the "truths" formed by different disciplines, an interdisciplinary approach is essential in government policy-making of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution, to benefit society the most.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Bengali/Script

The attempt to find a way to express one's thoughts to distant people began with the discovery of the writing system. Attempts to express ideas by drawing first. But only concrete can be expressed with images, not abstract. So this is the beginning of the attempt to discover the symbolic sign as a representative of the idea or consonant, which is ultimately achieved through the discovery of the alphabet. Almost all the scripts of the world have originated from a single original script. And the name of this script is Finnish script. The ancient Phoenicians first invented the consonant. The Greeks added vowels, from which the modern European alphabet originated. But the writing system of scripts and numerology in India and Bengal has unique features.

Bangla script has evolved from Brahmi script. Brahmi is the oldest and most widely used script in India. It is unknown at this time what he will do after leaving the post. Many have tried to find a link between the Indus script and this script. According to some, the script came from outside India. Why this script is called Brahmi cannot be said to be correct. Some people say that the name of this script is Brahmi because it is derived from Brahma. Again, some people think that this script has got the definition of Brahmi as it is the script of Brahmins. The earliest evidence of Brahmi is found in the Pripraba Stupa in the Terai region of Nepal. The Pripraba inscription is engraved on a box. The bones of Buddha were kept in this vessel. From this it is thought that this inscription dates back to the time of Buddha's Nirvana. Engraved shortly after 47. However, Brahmi is widely used in the inscriptions and pillar inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. There are many mature and complete forms of Brahmi in Ashoka's script, which suggests that the Brahmi characters evolved from the earliest times to the stage of Ashoka's script. 1838 A British scholar named James Prinsep was able to decipher the Brahmi. And from the Brahmi source it is possible to decipher the ancient scripts of different parts of India. In the late nineteenth century and throughout the first half of the twentieth century, one by one, the ancient scripts of the Bengal region began to be deciphered, from which it became possible to know the continuous history of the evolution of the Bengali script.

title: Bengali/Script


text:
User talk:Grammaloretoo

Okay thank you! We will look at them tomorrow during the zoom! --128.86.177.101 (discuss) 18:36, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grammaloretoo


text:
Lentis/Light pollution

From torches to lightbulbs, artificial light has helped illuminate the world. Cheaper, brighter, and longer-lasting lights have improved human's ability to navigate, work, and feel comfortable in darkness. However, the increased accessibility and effectiveness of lighting can be excessive and wasteful. Known as light pollution, this man-made phenomenon has adverse effects on both the natural environment and human society.

Types of Light Pollution

 * Light trespass: Poorly directed sources spilling unwanted light over to neighboring areas.
 * Glare: Intensely bright light sources can be hazardous, blinding and distracting people from potential dangers.
 * Skyglow: Light-concentrated urban areas propagate light upward, blocking vision of the night sky.

Astronomical Impact
Skyglow reduces contrast between astronomical objects and the sky, and has become problematic to observatories. Filters can reduce the effects of light pollution, but come with several drawbacks.

Palomar Observatory was selected as the site of the Hale Telescope in the 1930s, as Palomar Mountain was largely free of interference from city lights. The development of cities in Southern California since then has greatly hampered the ability of Palomar Observatory to conduct research. In response, the observatory has worked with city, county, and state governments to pass local ordinances. These ordinances require outdoor light to be directed and shielded properly, limit the correlated color temperature (CCT) to warmer color temperatures, and restrict the hours outdoor lights can be on.

The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) is a non-profit organization founded by astronomers in 1988. Its mission statement is "to preserve and protect the night time environment and our heritage of dark skies through quality outdoor lighting." Today, the IDA has 64 chapters in 18 countries. The IDA raises awareness about the dangers of light pollution, and promotes solutions for responsible outdoor lighting. Its Fixture Seal of Approval program certifies outdoor lighting that minimize light pollution. In order to be certified, lighting must be fully shielded, emit no light above the horizontal plane, and emit 3000K or lower light, among other criteria. The page also links to retailers that sell attachable light shields. The IDA also designates Dark Sky Reserves, land specifically protected for its exceptional night skies or environments. Restrictions on light pollution in these reserves promote astronomy, and limit disruption of wildlife at night.

Environmental Impact
Light pollution at night is a significant driver in the decline of insect populations. Insects are lured to lights, where they are killed on contact, or by exhaustion. Light also makes insects more vulnerable to predators, and can disrupt mating signals.

Light pollution also disrupts birds migrating at night. Artificial light at night not only disrupts the circadian rhythm of birds, it disorients their navigation. Migrating song birds are more likely to collide with buildings than other species. When song birds are disoriented by light, they can call out to others, increasing flock size and leading to more collisions. Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) Canada is a Canadian charity which is dedicated to "safeguarding migratory birds in the built environment through education, policy development, research, rescue and rehabilitation." FLAP keeps track of bird collision statistics, and provides solutions to keep birds safe.

Experiments show that under artificial light, tadpoles have slower growth, with metamorphosis greatly reduced. Ponds where frogs breed can be temporary, and dry up, so this slower growth is dangerous to newly hatched tadpoles. Frogs are also being forced from breeding grounds, as they tend to avoid breeding in lit areas.

Plants rely on light not only for energy, but also information. The timing, intensity, and spectral composition of natural cycles of light are all important for plants. Trees under streetlights can retain leaves longer than usual, delaying dormancy, disrupting their ability to survive the winter.

Unlike the IDA for astronomical impact, there is not a significant organization solely dedicated to combating the environmental impacts of light pollution.

LED Lighting
High pressure sodium lamps, which date back to 1964, are the most commonly used lighting throughout the developed world. However, new light installations are dominated by a more efficient technology: light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which convert electrical energy directly into light as opposed to heat. LEDs are up to 50 percent more energy efficient than traditional sodium bulbs and can last 15 to 20 years.

Health & Safety
New land development offers the easiest way to opt for LED lighting, but scheduled upkeep and retrofitting projects also present opportunities. In Detroit, a growing number of dark streets have been symbolic of the city’s decline in recent decades. In 2014, nearly half of Detroit’s 88,000 streetlights were defunct. The impact was palpable for the community: restaurants and small businesses saw significantly reduced foot traffic, especially in the winter months, as many residents avoided going out after dark. Detroit has since replaced all 88,000 sodium lamps with 65,000 LED streetlights, and communities have rebounded. Energy efficiency gains from the LEDs have yielded $3 million in annual electricity savings and cut 40,000 tons worth of carbon emissions a year.

LED streetlights have also taken hold in New York City. Similar to Detroit, LEDs are expected to save the city a chunk of change: $14 million a year between energy bills and less frequent maintenance. In the Queens neighborhoods of Corona, residents have welcomed LEDs as a crime deterrent and improvement to the accessibility of public spaces after dark. Not all New Yorkers share the same sentiment, however. Since the inception of LED retrofitting projects, hundreds of grievances citing light trespass have been filed. Residents in Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn say the lights are so piercing that ordinary curtains are inadequate and make it difficult to sleep.

Science legitimizes concerns around the suitability of LEDs as the go-to choice of lighting in urban areas. According to the American Medical Association, blue-rich light from LED streetlights can suppress melatonin levels. The wavelength of this light is disruptive to circadian rhythms, the impact of which is estimated to be five times greater than conventional sodium lamps. Excessive nighttime light exposure has also been linked with higher rates of breast cancer.

Light Pollution in Hong Kong
Hong Kong boasts some of the world's worst light pollution. A research study found that areas like Tsim Sha Tsui were 1200 times brighter than a normal night sky . Despite acknowledgement of light pollution as an issue, the Hong Kong government has avoided regulatory legislation. In 2011, the government created the Task Force on External Lighting to look into the feasibility of a “lights-off” mandate from 11 pm to 7 am.

Groups favoring strict restrictions are residents who live near brightly-lit commercial areas. Advocacy groups like Friends of the Earth HK (FOE HK) and Green Sense raise awareness. A FOE HK-sponsored survey showed that 70 percent of residents wanted a reduction in light intensity. An equal percentage felt that excessive night lighting contributed to anxiety, weariness, and sleep loss. FOE HK director Edwin Lau criticizes current guidelines for being too general, believing the only way to tackle light pollution is for unambiguous government legislation on brightness and illumination time: “the government has the noise control ordinance… I see no reason why it shouldn’t be the same with lighting”. These critics have pointed to advertising boards and business signs as biggest offenders of light pollution, disturbing people with light trespass and glare.

Opposition to “lights-off” mandates comprise businesses who rely on brightly-lit advertising to attract customers. Hong Kong has commercialized excessive lighting for tourism, such as the world’s largest permanent light show, A Symphony of Lights. Chief Executive Donald Tsang opposed an event to briefly turn off lights across the city, saying that it would impact the daily light show: “the campaign would give negative publicity to Hong Kong as an international metropolis and a major tourist attraction”. Residents less impacted by light pollution agree, fearing “lights-off” would harm Hong Kong’s cultural status as “The Pearl of the Orient”.

After the 2011 Task Force delivered inconclusive results, the government issued a voluntary charter in 2016 for businesses who agree to “lights-off”. The efficacy of the charter remains unknown, as light pollution complaints have continued to rise. Light pollution in Hong Kong is an environmental issue: groups who raise awareness to a seemingly invisible foe compete against groups who see regulation as an economic detriment. Other cities like Toronto have implemented legislation, but the Hong Kong government seems to side with the businesses. It may have to reconsider priorities as the same excessive lighting that proudly showcases the city’s affluence increasingly disgruntles its residents.

Conclusion
Artificial light, the answer to challenges humans face in darkness, has adverse side effects. Lighting of public spaces offers utility to some groups at the expense of others. Man-made light also has consequences for the environment. Among factors degrading biodiversity, light pollution is often underestimated. Light pollution solutions do not require productivity sacrifices. While light pollution is not a priority for many policymakers, future extensions to this casebook may examine governments like Toronto who have successfully implemented efforts to curtail light pollution.

title: Lentis/Light pollution


text:
3D Printing/Maintenance

Introduction
3D printers are complex machines that require maintenance to operate efficiently.

Build Plates

Calibration

title: 3D Printing/Maintenance


text:
LMIs in Control/pages/Reachable set normbounded

Reachable sets with unit-energy inputs; norm bound uncertainty
A Reachable set is a set of system States reached under the condition $$u = Kx$$. On this page we will look at the problem of finding an controller $$K$$, that  $$E \supseteq RS$$ - reachable set.

The System

\begin{align} \dot{x} &=A x + B_w w + B_u u +B_q p \\ q &= C_q x + D_{qw} w + D_{qu} u + D_{qp} p\\ u &= Kx \end{align} $$

Where:

\begin{align} x & \in R^{n} \\ w & \in R^{m} \\ u & \in R^{k} \\ \end{align} $$ In case of norm-bound uncertainty, we have:

\begin{align} p & = \Delta(t) q \\ & \|\Delta\| \leq 1 \end{align} $$

The Data
The matrices $$ A \in R^{n\times n};\; B_{w} \in R^{n\times m} ;\; B_{u} \in R^{n\times k}; B_{p} \in R^{n\times N_p}; K \in R^{k\times n}  $$.

$$ C_q \in R^{N_q\times n};\; D_{qu} \in R^{N_q\times k} D_{qw} \in R^{N_q\times m} D_{qp} \in R^{N_q\times N_p} $$.

Reachable set
The reachable set can be defined:

\begin{align} RS &= \{x(T) | u = Kx; \;\; x(0) = 0; \;\; T \geq 0 ;\;\; \int_{0}^T w^T w dt <1 \} \\ \end{align} $$

The elipsoid $$ E = \{ \varepsilon\in R^n | \varepsilon^T Q \varepsilon\leq 1\} \supseteq  RS $$

The Optimization Problem
The following optimization problem should be solved:

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &\mu >0: Y\\ & \begin{bmatrix} QA^T + A Q + B_{u }Y + Y^TB^T_{u} + B_{w}B^T_{w}+\mu B_p B_p^T & (C_q Q + D_{qu}Y)^T \\ C_q Q + D_{qu}Y & -\mu I\end{bmatrix}< 0 \\ & K = Y Q^{-1} \end{align} $$

Or

\begin{align} \text{Find} \; &\mu >0: \sigma\\ & \begin{bmatrix} QA^T + A Q + \sigma B_{u }B_u^T  + B_{w}B^T_{w}+\mu B_p B_p^T & (C_q Q -\sigma D_{qu}B_u^T + \mu D_{qp} B_p^T)^T \\ C_q Q -\sigma D_{qu}B_u^T + \mu D_{qp} B_p^T & -\mu(I - D_{qp} D_{qp}^T) \end{bmatrix}< 0 \\ & K = -\frac{\sigma}{2} B_u^T Q^{-1} \end{align} $$

Conclusion:
This LMI allows us to investigate stability for the robust control problem in the case of polytopic uncertainty and gives on the controller for this case

Implementation:

 * - Matlab implementation using the YALMIP framework and Mosek solver

Related LMIs:

 * Reachable sets with unit-energy inputs; Polytopic uncertainty
 * Reachable sets with unit-energy inputs; Diagonal Norm-bound uncertainty
 * H-inf Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

Return to Main Page

 * Main Page.


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Radiation Oncology/Space Radiation

Space Radiation

 * Sources of Radiation
 * Solar
 * Galactic Cosmic Rays

 * Types of Cosmic Radiation
 * Photon
 * Particles

 * Measurements of Cosmic Radiation
 * Units
 * Dosimetry

 * Impact of Cosmic Radiation on Astronaut tissues
 * to be expanded ...

Space Medicine

 * P D Hodkinson et al. Br J Anaesth. 2017. An overview of space medicine ( 29161391)
 * Jan Stepanek et al. N Engl J Med. 2019. Space Medicine in the Era of Civilian Spaceflight ( 30865799)
 * T E Vasquez et al. West J Med. 1987 Sep. Space medicine--a review of current concepts ( 3314154)

Mars Exploration Program

 * John D Boice et al. The Million Person Study relevance to space exploration and Mars. Int J Radiat Biol. 2022;98(4):551-559. ( 30831048)
 * J B Garvin et al. NASA's new Mars Exploration Program: the trajectory of knowledge. Astrobiology. 2001 Winter;1(4):439-46. ( 12448977)
 * Zarana S Patel et al. Red risks for a journey to the red planet: The highest priority human health risks for a mission to Mars. NPJ Microgravity. 2020 Nov 5;6(1):33. ( 33298950)

title: Radiation Oncology/Space Radiation


text:
User talk:Blacklipstick

That is a very good remark indeed. I think you are right since we are focusing on the evidence here, it would be more relevant to focus on the discipline the produces the evidence. Hudsonvalley12 (discuss • contribs) 01:30, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blacklipstick


text: 3D Printing/Printable version

title: 3D Printing/Printable version


text:
3D Printing/Development

Progress

 * Minimum Viable Product achieved on November 29th, 2020.
 * Print formatting finished on March 20th, 2021.

title: 3D Printing/Development


text:
LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Continuous Time/Optimization Over Affine Family of Linear Systems

Optimization over an Affine Family of Linear Systems
Presented in this page is a general framework for optimizing various convex functionals for a system which depends affinely, or linearly, on a parameter using linear matrix inequalities. The optimization problem presented on this page generalizes an LMI which can be applied to various problems within linear systems and control. Some examples of these applications are finding the $$ H_{2} $$ and $$ H_{\infty} $$ norms, entropy, dissipativity, and the Hankel norm of an affinely parametric system.

The System
Consider a family of linear systems     $$ \dot x = Ax + B_{w}w, $$      $$ z = C_{z}({\theta})x + D_{zw}({\theta})w $$    with state space realization $$ (A,B_{w},C_{z},D_{zw}) $$ where $$ C_{z} $$ and $$D_{zw}$$ depend affinely on the parameter $$ {\theta}\in\mathbb{R}^{p} $$.

We assume $$ A $$ is stable and $$ (A,B_{w}) $$ is controllable.

The transfer function, $$ H_{\theta}(s) \widehat{=} C_{z}({\theta})(sI-A)^{-1}B_{w}+D_{zw}({\theta}) $$ depends affinely on $$ {\theta} $$.

The Data
The transfer function $$H$$, and system matrices $$A$$, $$B_{w}$$, $$C_{z}$$, $$ D_{zw} $$ are known. $$ {\varphi} $$ represents the convex functionals, $${\alpha} $$ and $${\psi}$$ represent some auxiliary variables dependent on the problem being solved.

The LMI:Generalized Optimization for Affine Linear Systems
Several control theory problems, mentioned earlier, take the following form: minimize $${\psi}_{0}(H_{\theta}) $$ subject to $${\psi}_{i}(H_{\theta}) < {\alpha}_{i}, i = 1,. . ., p $$

Problems of this nature can be formulated as an LMI by representing $${\psi}_{i}(H_{\theta}) < {\alpha}_{i} $$ as an LMI in $$ {\theta},{\alpha}_{i}, $$ and possibly $${\psi}_{i}$$ such that $$ F_{i}({\theta},{\alpha}_{i},{\psi}_{i}) > 0 $$

Thus, the general optimization problem to be applied to an affine family of linear systems is as follows: minimize $$ {\alpha}_{0} $$ subject to $$ F_{i}({\theta},{\alpha}_{i},{\psi}_{i}) > 0, i = 0,1,....,P $$

Conclusion:
The LMI for this generalized optimization problem may be extended to various convex functionals for affine parametric systems. For extensions of this LMI, see the related LMIs section.

Implementation
Implementation of LMI's of this form require Yalmip and a linear solver such as Sedumi or SDPT3.

$ H_{\infty} $ Norm for Affine Parametric Systems - MATLAB code for an extension of this generalized LMI.

Entropy Bond for Affine Parametric Systems - MATLAB code for an extension of this generalized LMI.

LMI can be applied to other extensions in stability and controller analysis. Please see the related LMI pages in the section below.

Related LMIs
$ H_{\infty} $ Norm for Affine Parametric Systems

Entropy Bond for Affine Parametric Systems

Dissipativity for Affine Parametric Systems

for Affine Parametric Systems

Return to Main Page:
LMIs in Control: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LMIs_in_Control


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Clockwork GameShell

History
The Clockwork GameShell started out in 2017 as a Kickstarter project from a group in Hangzhou, a coastal city in the Zhejiang province of China. Backers received units in 2018.

By 2019 the Clockwork GameShell was generally available for $159.99.

Compute
The Clockwork GameShell is powered by a Allwinner R16 SOC containing a quad core ARM Cortex A7 processor clocked at one gigahertz and a Mali-400MP2 GPU.

The Clockwork GameShell has one gigabyte of DDR3 RAM. Storage is expandable via microSD card slot. The system ships with a 16 gigabyte card.

The controller is handled by a separate Arduino compatible computer based on an 8-bit ATmega168P microcontroller.

Hardware
The Clockwork GameShell has a 2.7 inch RGB TFT LCD with a resolution of 320 by 240 pixels and a 60 Hz refresh rate. The handheld has a two channel speaker module. There is also a microHDMI port for AV out. The back of the system has Lego mounting studs.

The handheld has radios for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

The Clockwork GameShell is powered by a Lithium Ion rechargeable battery that outputs 3.7 volts and is rated at a capacity of 1200 mAh.

The system can be expanded to have five additional buttons through the Lightkey module.

Software
The Clockwork GameShell runs the Debian 9 based Clockwork OS, which uses the Linux 4.1 kernel.

Games

 * Cave Story - Preinstalled.


text:
Cookbook:Sugar Pie

Sugar pie is a traditional American pie known by several other names, including "Desperation Pie" (due to low ingredient count) and "Sugar Cream Pie". Under the last name, it is the official pie of the state of Indiana.

Ingredients

 * 1 pie crust
 * ½ cup butter
 * ¼ cup cornstarch (flour can work if cornstarch is unavailable)
 * 1 cup white granulated sugar
 * 1 cup milk
 * 1 cup whipping cream
 * Cinnamon or nutmeg to sprinkle on top of pie (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat oven to about 375°F (190–200°C)
 * 2) In large saucepan, simmer milk without boiling.
 * 3) Dissolve sugar, cornstarch and butter into milk. Stir gently and allow to thicken for about 5 minutes.
 * 4) Pour mixture into pie crust and gently transfer into oven. Bake for about 22 minutes.
 * 5) Optionally engage broiler for a few minutes to caramelize the top of the pie.

title: Cookbook:Sugar Pie


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Tangential Nevanlinna Pick

Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick
The Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick arises in multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) control theory, particularly $$ H_{\infty} $$ robust and optimal control.

The problem is to try and find a function $$ H: C \to C^{p x q} $$ which is analytic in $$ C_{+} $$ and satisfies $$ H({\lambda}_{i})u_{i} = v_{i}, $$     $$ i = 1,...,m $$      with $$ ||H||_{\infty} \leq 1 $$    $$ (1) $$

The System
$$ N_{(ij)} $$ is a set of $$ p x q $$ matrix valued Nevanlinna functions. The matrix valued function H({\lambda}) analytic on the open upper half plane is a Nevanlinna function if $$ Im(H({\lambda})) \geq 0 $$ $$ ({\lambda} \in {\pi}^{+}) $$.

The Data
Given: Initial sequence of data points on real axis $$ {\lambda}_{1},...,{\lambda}_{m} $$ with $$ {\lambda}_{i} \in C_{+} \widehat{=} (s | Re(s) > 0) $$, And two sequences of row vectors containing distinct target points $$ u_{1},....,u_{m}$$ with $$ u_{i} \in C^{q} $$, and $$ v_{1},...,v_{m} $$ with $$ v_{i} \in C^{p}, i = 1,...,m $$.

The LMI: Tangential Nevanlinna- Pick
Problem (1) has a solution if and only if the following is true:

Nevanlinna-Pick Approach
$$ N_{ij} = $$ $$ \frac{u_{i}^{\ast}u_{j} - v_{i}^{\ast}v_{j}}{\ {\lambda}_{i}^{\ast} + {\lambda}_{j}}$$

Lyapunov Approach
N can also be found using the Lyapunov equation:

$$ A^{\ast}N + NA - (U^{\ast}U -V^{\ast}V) = 0 $$

where $$ A = diag({\lambda}_{1},...,{\lambda}_{m}), U = [u_{1} ... u_{m}], V = [v1 ... vm] $$

The tangential Nevanlinna-Pick problem is then solved by confirming that $$ N \ge 0 $$.

Conclusion:
If $$ N_{(ij)} $$ is positive (semi)-definite, then there exists a norm-bounded analytic function, $$ H $$ which satisfies $$ H({\lambda}_{i})u_{i} = v_{i}, $$    $$ i = 1,...,m $$      with $$ ||H||_{\infty} \leq 1 $$

Implementation
Implementation requires YALMIP and a linear solver such as sedumi. - MATLAB code for Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick Problem.

Related LMIs
Nevalinna-Pick Interpolation with Scaling

Return to Main Page:
LMIs in Control: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LMIs_in_Control


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Nevanlinna Pick Interpolation with Scaling

Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation with Scaling
The Nevanlinna-Pick problem arises in multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) control theory, particularly $$ H_{\infty} $$ robust and optimal controller synthesis with structured perturbations.

The problem is to try and find $$ {\gamma}_{opt} = inf(||DHD^{-1}||_{\infty}) $$ such that $$ H $$ is analytic in $$ C_{+}, $$      $$ D = D^{\ast} > 0, $$ and $$ D \in\mathbb{D} $$ define the scaling, and finally,      $$ H({\lambda}_{i})u_{i} = v_{i} $$      $$ i = 1,...,m $$       $$ (1) $$

The System
The scaling factor $$ \mathbb{D} $$ is given as a set of $$ m x m $$ block-diagonal matrices with specified block structure. The matrix valued function H({\lambda}) analytic on the open upper half plane is a Nevanlinna function if $$ Im(H({\lambda})) \geq 0 $$ $$ ({\lambda} \in {\pi}^{+}) $$. The Nevanlinna LMI matrix $$ N $$ is defined as $$ N = G_{in} - G_{out} $$. The matrix $$ A $$ is a diagonal matrix of the given sequence of data points $$ {\lambda}_{i} \in\mathbb{C} (A = diag({\lambda}_{1},...,{\lambda}_{m}) $$

The Data
Given: Initial sequence of data points in the complex plane $$ {\lambda}_{1},...,{\lambda}_{m} $$ with $$ {\lambda}_{i} \in C_{+} \widehat{=} (s | Re(s) > 0) $$. Two sequences of row vectors containing distinct target points $$ u_{1},....,u_{m}$$ with $$ u_{i} \in C^{q} $$, and $$ v_{1},...,v_{m} $$ with $$ v_{i} \in C^{p}, i = 1,...,m $$.

The LMI: Nevanlinna- Pick Interpolation with Scaling
First, implement a change of variables for $$ P = D^{\ast}D $$ and $$ N = G_{in} - G_{out} $$.

From this substitution it can be concluded that $$ {\gamma}_{opt} $$ is the smallest positive $$ {\gamma} $$ such that there exists a $$ P > 0, P \in\mathbb{D} $$ such that the following is true:

$$ A^{\ast}G_{in} + G_{in}A - U^{\ast}PU = 0 $$,

$$ A^{\ast}G_{out}+ G_{out}A - V^{\ast}PV = 0 $$,

$$ {\gamma}^{2}G_{in} - G_{out} \geq 0 $$

Conclusion:
If the LMI constraints are met, then there exists a $$ H_{\infty} $$ norm-bounded optimal gain $$ {\gamma} $$ which satisfies the scaled Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation objective defined above in Problem (1).

Implementation
Implementation requires YALMIP and Mosek. - MATLAB code for Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.

Related LMIs
Nevalinna-Pick Interpolation

Return to Main Page:
LMIs in Control: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LMIs_in_Control


text:
Lentis/Car Dependency in the U.S.

Car dependency, or automobile dependency, describes the results of a series of policy making, and city planning decisions that nudge people towards purchasing and using private vehicles. There have been studies on influence of automobile dependency over modern American life in various aspects. The following article will show how the increasing costs of automobiles with the suburb layout has disadvantaged many Americans who cannot afford a vehicle, how the interests of motorists have monopolized zoning laws, and how the social, financial, environmental, and health impacts of car dependency has affected the quality of life in the United States. This article will also address the current trends and the future of car dependency, and the participants who oppose the hegemony of the automobile.

= Car Dependency in the Modern Day = Car dependency stemmed from zoning ordinances, and kept developing. To better understand the consequences, there has been many studies from different aspects, including social, financial, environmental and health on impacts of Car Dependency.

Zoning Ordinances and Car Dependency
Zoning laws have an impact on the layout of cities. Critics of zoning laws argue they contribute to car dependency by forcing developers to build out rather than build up. . Proponents of "Smart Growth" propose a change in zoning laws that decrease car dependency. One paper describes smart growth as "... defined as a policy framework that promotes an urban development pattern characterized by high population density, walkable and bikeable neighborhoods, preserved green spaces, mixed-use development (i.e., development projects that include both residential and commercial uses), available mass transit, and limited road construction". Smart Growth America is a non profit organization that promotes this policy. They work with local governments on urban planning among other activities. Critics of smart growth argue its policies can decrease property values, availability of affordable housing, restrict property owner's rights and disrupt existing communities or even increase urban sprawl.

Social Impacts
The environment designed for car dependency inherently discriminates against those who cannot drive. The poor, young, elderly, and disabled can’t travel on their own. Without cars or well-developed public transportation system, they have limited travel options, meaning most of the time they are just stuck at home.

Social isolation
Car dependency also causes degrees of social isolation. In other ways of commuting, people usually experience some sort of random interactions with strangers. But during driving, they are locked up in their own space, and there’s no interaction whatsoever.

Psychologically dehumanizing
This study from Australian universities shows that car driving psychologically relates to blatant dehumanizing. They conducted survey on vehicle drivers, showing them a spectrum of chimpanzees/insects evolving into human, and asking them where they think cyclists stand. Results show that 55% of car drivers think cyclists are not completely human.

Financial
Car dependency has caused financial burdens for multiple parties. For city planning sectors, citizens using more cars means they have to accommodate parking, and expand lanes for cars. City planning opts for horizontal growth from the zoning laws. This furthers the demand for cars because facilities are now more spread out, and this creates a cycle of automobile dependency. For individuals, besides the costs of owning and maintaining a car, government spending on building roads is also spending their tax money. Not having a car also means a limited travel options and high time cost. Economically speaking, the disadvantages from not owning a car way overwhelms the financial costs of getting a car, and therefore people are nudged to own a car under this environment.

Burden on small business
For small businesses, this car-dependent environment establishes a high cost of entry. Many cities expect business to have their parking lots. And from the consumer’s perspective, traveling between small specialized shops like grocery, butcher, bakery, or pharmacy, takes too much time. It is convenient to buy everything from a single place, and small businesses have to produce goods at an exceptional level to worth consumers’ time to park their cars.

Environmental and Health
Over the years, car manufacturers have consistently made cars cleaner regarding carbon emission, and following Jevons paradox, we can see transportation-related CO2 emission has steadily increased over the years until the recession in 2008, and since then has taken over power becoming the biggest source of greenhouse gas emission. Besides greenhouse gas, cars also emit air pollutants like Particulate matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), and Carbon monoxide (CO), etc. All of which can cause respiratory diseases or harm other organs, not to mention more than 4 million people are injured each year in traffic accidents. Regarding health, there’s also an interesting finding about the relation between driving and obesity. Researchers at the University of Illinois found from all US county data that vehicle use (measured in annual vehicle miles traveled) correlated 99% with annual obesity rates.

How do the car-less manage?
Choose to live in an area where it is feasible to live without a car. There is always the option of walking. In addition to private ownership, there are ride sharing services for bicycles and electric scooters. Many cities have public buses and some larger cities have high speed rail systems that move passengers within the city and even between cities.

Alternative Transportation Advocacy
The League of American Bicyclists(LAB) is a non profit organization which advocates using bicycles for transportation. They lobby the federal Congress to provide money for local bicycle projects. They also work to promote bicycle related legislation around the country and even rank states on bicycle friendliness.

A nonprofit organization, America Walks (AW), advocates for walking as a form of transportation. A partner Sam I. Schwartz, P.E. asserts "One quarter of all trips in the U.S. are 1 mile or less, and yet most of these trips are taken by car – increasing walking reduces traffic congestion and the cost of road maintenance". AW works with federal agencies to make urban areas more "walkable". Education pertinent to a wide array of participants is offered at their learning Center. Training, resources and workshops are offered to local and state organizations to help build effective advocacy groups.

There is also the National Complete Street Coalition, a part of the Smart Growth America non-profit. It advocates for safe and convenient access to transportation, and works with local jurisdictions to help them draft and implement Complete Street policies.

Some activists are part of highly decentralized movements like Critical Mass, who in cities across the U.S. organize cyclists to meet up at specific times and ride through cities as one large mass, taking back the road from automobiles.

= The Future of Car Dependency =

Commuter Trends
COVID-19 caused large shifts in how Americans interface with their workplace, before, only about 3% of Americans regularly worked from home. By April of 2020, about half of all employed adults were working from home, and a contemporary survey of CFO’s found that a fifth of them were planning on keep 20% or more of their workforce working remotely after the pandemic. This combined with the increase in the use of e-commerce services like grocery delivery, is expected to drive a decrease in two-car households in the US. About 14 million fewer cars are expected to be on the road as a result of this shift.

Public Transportation
Up until 2019, public transportation had seen a steady increase in usage. However in 2020, monthly public transportation use dropped by 65% due to COVID19. Even with $25 billion worth of emergency funds from the CARES act being allotted to public transportation, it remains to be seen if the public transit sector returns to its pattern of steady growth from before the pandemic.

Urban Development
Cities across the US have started to reevaluate the place cars occupy in an urban environment. For example, in New York and San Francisco, lawmakers placed bans on private vehicle use on some of the most congested roads in the cities for upwards of 16 hours each day. The results of this experiment was an increase in public transit use, faster commute times, and less pedestrian accidents. In Boston, COVID-19 prompted the creation of more bike only lanes, and a movement to make more streets pedestrian friendly.

= Conclusions = Automobiles continue to be the focal point of American life, and will likely remain as such for the next few decades. However, the future of Car Dependency in the United States depends greatly on the actions of activists, corporations, and government policy alike. The effects of the shift to remote work, as well as the movement towards "Smart Cities", remain to be seen. Future researchers could explore other potential disruptions to car dependency, including the continued development of autonomous vehicles and the potential for ride's as a service that would accompany them. Though whether they are viable solutions for the car dependency problem is still up for debate.

=References=

title: Lentis/Car Dependency in the U.S.


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2020/October

DISPLAYTITLE template
Hello, does the DISPLAYTITLE template work only on the title page of a book. It doesn't center the heading in the Oberon/bootman page. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 14:47, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

 * DISPLAYTITLE is actually a "magic word": see mw:Help:Magic words. It just doesn't allow much customization; for example you can't radically alter the displayed title. I think also that it doesn't accept all CSS, and "text-align:center;" simply doesn't work. And I doubt there is a workaround.
 * My advice is to ignore DISPLAYTITLE, and instead use the template book title underneath it, which will be centered. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:53, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The page is just one in a book. Therefore "book title" seems illogical; no offense intended. An appropriate visual appearance can be achieved with a div tag. Is that objectionable? Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 18:02, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * No not at all, it does exactly the same thing. All the template does is add a div tag and little CSS, so it makes no difference. Take a look at its source. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:10, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric
. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. .

Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, check the full announcement.

Qgil-WMF (talk) 17:09, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Criminals
I want to start a wiki book on criminals. Seikopo (discuss • contribs) 00:38, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Maybe look into Subject:Criminal law? —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:29, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Important: maintenance operation on October 27
Read this message in another language •

The Wikimedia Foundation tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems.

They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on Tuesday, October 27 2020.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in MediaWiki, all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future.

You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.

 * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at 14:00 UTC (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28).
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This project may be postponed if necessary. You can read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. Please share this information with your community. -- Trizek (WMF) (talk)  17:10, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Starting a new wikibook?
What are the elements? I want to start one on criminals and crime. Seikopo (discuss • contribs) 16:08, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The basic reference on this is the book Using Wikibooks. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:15, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Visual editor
Hi all

Sorry for the newbie question, I've been on Wikipedia for several years and interesting in writing a book for Wikibooks. I can't find how to edit using Visual Editor, I've looked in preferences, searched the help pages etc, I'm probably missing something obvious... Can someone help me out?

Thanks

--John Cummings (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

 * There might be something about it in Special:Preferences. (Though I, for my part am only interested in how to prevent Visual Editor from appearing; I believe VE to be a cataclysmically bad idea, basically the opposite of what the Wikimedia Foundation would be trying to do if they were acting wisely.  I reckon the great value of wikis lies in the markup language, wiki markup, and every time a user edits a page it's vitally important that they see the wiki markup, see how things are done, so they can learn it by seeing and doing, whereas a WYSIWYG interface like VE exists for the specific purpose of preventing users from seeing how things are done.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:44, 23 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Special:Preferences - QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

History of criminals
Could someone help? Seikopo (discuss • contribs) 03:10, 15 October 2020 (UTC)
 * What is it that you need help with? —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 03:22, 15 October 2020 (UTC)


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Steam Machines

Development
By early 2012 substantiated rumors of Steam Machines were being published on major gaming websites.

In 2013 Valve was publicly working with Xi3 to create a small computer called Piston. Also in 2013 was the announcement of SteamOS. In December of 2013 300 beta units were sent to testers.

Launch
Steam Machines were delivered to those who had preordered them on October 16th, 2015. General retail availability followed on November 10th, 2015.

By June 2016, less than 500,000 steam machines had sold.

Legacy
In 2018 Valve deemphasized steam machines on it's store, though they could still be purchased at that time.

Following silence on Steam Machines, Valve continued development of SteamOS till at least 2019.

The Steam Controller would result in a court case which started lasted from 2015 to 2021 and ultimately cost Valve a $4 million dollar fine for patent Infringement.

The Steam Machines were followed by the Steam Deck portable console, which also ran on Steam OS.

Technology
Steam machines came in a number of different hardware configurations by multiple manufacturers, and ran the Linux based SteamOS.

At launch depending on the model, systems could use an AMD or Intel CPU paired with either an AMD or NVIDIA dedicated GPU or an Intel integrated GPU.

At launch, systems from manufacturers could have from as little as four gigabytes of RAM to as much as 32 gigabytes of RAM.

Storage at launch was either based on using only hard drives, a small SSD used with a larger hard drive, or an SSD only.

Games
Steam Machines could directly run games on Steam that supported Linux.


text:
AQA A-Level Physics/Spectral Classes

Key Definitions
Balmer Series: A set of lines in the Hydrogen Spectrum

Spectral Classes
Stars can be classified into spectral classes based on their temperature and the absorption spectra that they produce. The following table summarises the properties of each class and was taken directly from the AQA specification.

Hydrogen Balmer Lines
Different elements in stars absorb different wavelengths of light. For example, if white light was shone through a cloud of pure hydrogen, all light would make it through except a few particular wavelengths. This is because the hydrogen has absorbed it, subsequently exciting the electrons around the hydrogen atoms. The same effect occurs in stars. Each element in the star absorbs certain wavelengths of light, resulting in an absorption spectrum to a viewer one earth.It would look something similar to Figure 1, just with black bands over the absorbed wavelengths.

Hydrogen Balmer lines are a series of lines in the Hydrogen spectrum. By analysing these lines, we can narrow down our estimate of the temperature of the star. These lines only occur at a certain temperature, when the electrons of the hydrogen are in the $$n=2$$ state.

When star temperature is too hot:
Going back to our hydrogen cloud example, if the cloud was too hot, the hydrogen atoms would collide with each other with enough force to free their electrons. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes ionized, so the result of this is an ionized cloud of hydrogen. Due to the lack of electrons, no white light can be absorbed, so the hydrogen balmer lines are not visible; no light is being absorbed.

In this instance, the electrons are of course not in the $$n=2$$ level, as they're not even part of the atom at all.

When star temperature is too cold:
If the cloud were too cold, the light incident on the hydrogen atoms would not have enough energy to excite the electrons, meaning it would not be absorbed. For a cloud of pure hydrogen, this would give exactly the same effect as if the cloud were ionized.

Is the star too hot or too cold?
Given that the star being too hot or too cold have exactly the same effect to an oberver on earth looking at balmier lines, how can we tell what the temperature of the star is.

Fortunately, a star contains many elements, which all have different absorption patterns. We can analyse multiple elements to more accurately determine the temperature of the star.

We know that the strongest balmer lines occur in a star of approximately 9000K. As the temperature of the star gets closer to 9000K, the hydrogen balmer lines get stronger. As a result, we can use the intensity of the balmer lines to estimate a stars temperature.

title: AQA A-Level Physics/Spectral Classes


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/The French Security Law

Introduction
The 20th of October 2020, Jean-Yves Fauvergue et Alice Thourot introduced a new proposition of law to put in action within the French government. It included new regulations upon the municipal police’s power, the instauration of new equipment and devices (drones, cameras for pedestrians…) of video monitoring for enhanced social security and new policies to restrict rights to disseminate videos of the police. The last proposition constitute the 24th article of the law and triggered massive social reactions and discontentment. We are going to base our study on the 24th article of the law which focuses on the filming of policemen

Proposition: « Art. 35 quinquies. – Est puni d’un an d’emprisonnement et de 45 000 euros d’amende le fait de diffuser, par quelque moyen que ce soit et quel qu’en soit le support, dans le but qu’il soit porté atteinte à son intégrité physique ou psychique, l’image du visage ou tout autre élément d’identification d’un agent de la police nationale ou de la gendarmerie nationale autre que son numéro d’identification individuel lorsqu’il agit dans le cadre d’une opération de police. »

Sociological approach
Sociology is a discipline which examines social structures, the evolution of social life and human behavior within a common culture. . Proving sociological insight on a law appears beneficial in the full understanding of a policy and its insertion in society. During a period of national confinement, several thousand citizens gathered during the month of November to challenge this law, which they considere to be liberticidal. According to the government, this law only aims to tackle issues of increasing violence against the police due to online diffusion of videos calling for violence. Even though, this law claims to protect the nation’s police, many activists, journalists as well as the EU and the UN are expressing their dissatisfaction with this law, which is not in line with French values and human rights. In the midst of growing debates over the police’s role along with the diffusion on online platforms denouncing police brutality and in the midst of a sanitary crisis, the law’s article 24  appears  to its opponents as a way to repress freedom of the press and gives free rein to impunity for the police’s action and responsibility.

Conflict Theory Perspective
Conflict theorists center their sociological perspective upon power relationships within broader social structure, in particular inequality and uneven wealth distribution causing consequent class conflict. According to Chevigny and based on evidence he collected in America, a conflict theorist of the 95s,police brutality is a governmental instrument used for and by social elites to suppress potential social threats that could destabilize their privileges. This perspective emphasize the exploitative aspect of social structure and the global passivity and lack of consciousness due to established and uncontested status quo and consensus. Using this perspective as an evidence, the 2020 French law regulating rights upon video-recording the police, appear as a mean to prevent the population from having access to disturbing videos that could destabilize the established order to the detriment of potential victims, as well as allowing police officers to commit unjustified violence with impunity to groups that would repeat a threat. All of this in order to conserve the existing structure and cover up undesirable social movements, likely to cause social unrest.

Functionalist approach
The functionalist approach describes society as a large entity constituted of different major social institutions. Functionalists analyse how these institutions interact and coordinate each other to create a stable and robust body. The functionalist theory underlines that the leading causes and consequences of specific events are not direct but rather indirect. As Herbert Spencer, the society from a functionalist perspective is "organs" that move together to become a "body".

Philosophy and the Global security law
On the 17th of November 2020, the government decided to adopt the global security law. The new measure allows citizens to be observed from a drone as well as cameras that police officers will be wearing to record civilians actions during legal procedures. Civilians don't have the right anymore to take any video footage of the police. With the implementation of this law, the government reinforces its leverage on the population. The French people are now watched in all of their movements and are incapable of looking back at the authority, making the look a new object of power. This is what Michel Foucault observes in his book " Discipline and punish" where he talks about the panopticon a project thought by Jeremy Bentham. The "panopticon" would be a tower of control at the centre of a prison where someone could observe every movement of the prisoners without them being able to look back at him. The human tends to act correctly in front of a camera: he stands straight tries to look decent for the eye of the observer. The subject of the film becomes a subject of the observer installing a new power relation between the two. As we are subjects to the others look, we become constrained physically, giving them more power. In this context, allowing a one-way observation of the other provides full control for police officers and attacks our freedom. However, Hobbes demonstrates that giving more power to a member of society is the key to societal cohesion. According to his book, "Léviathan" written in 1651 the " man is a wolf to man". Humans are naturally egoistic beings that are hostile towards his community as this would end into a war where everyone would fight each other. Civilians are therefore obliged to accept to submit themselves to one leader to guarantee security and social cohesion. Initially, men are violent and to prevent from a violent death they will forget about their natural human rights to follow a leader that will bring peace by being able to condemn the ones who don't follow the rules. In this situation, if we follow Hobbes train of thought, by giving more power to police officers, the French government is ordering for more social cohesion within the country.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/The French Security Law

Hey! I started introducing the law, but should we focus more on the 24th article? June1965parias (discuss • contribs) 13:27, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Sorry I just saw your message yes that's the article we should focus on Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 17:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567

Security law chat
Hi guys I just added a little draft for the introduction, let me know if you want to add or change anything. I am going to start on philosophy I think. Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567

Hi I just added a brief introduction for philosophy. I think we could link this with the sociological approach and find tensions with another discipline. Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Velma1234567

Ok perfect, I think Max is going to explain the methodologies in each discipline around evidence to make it more relevant June1965parias (discuss • contribs) 17:38, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Little update: I added a part on Hobbes in the philosophical approach and tried to focus more on evidence. Feel free to suggest any changes Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 22:35, 8 December 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567


text:
User talk:Velma1234567

Security law chat
Hi guys I just added a little draft for the introduction, let me know if you want to add or change anything. I am going to start on philosophy I think. Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 13:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC) Velma1234567

Hi I just added a brief introduction for philosophy. I think we could link this with the sociological approach and find tensions with another discipline. Velma1234567 (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Velma1234567

title: User talk:Velma1234567


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in censorship of women's bodies on social media

Introduction
Today’s era is profoundly marked by the growth of social media. Given their wide impact, it is important that powerful networking platforms, such as Instagram, Facebook or Twitter, represent the populations in their realities. However, numerous debates have emerged regarding the norms and values that social media conveys. Indeed, the rise of censorship of women’s bodies has caused indignation around the world. This chapter will be discussing how different disciplines conduct various approaches to the truth of this phenomenon.

Truth in Law
Censorship, which can be defined as the "official prohibition or restriction of any type of expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order“, is used by social media in their rules to regulate the display of nudity. However, they restrain women’s bodies’ expression and their interpretation is often subjective to their phrasing. Thus they aren't applied equally to every woman. “Squeezing female breasts, defined as a grabbing motion with curved fingers that shows both marks and clear shape change of the breasts“ is supposed to be forbidden on Facebook, but in reality, prominent breasts being touched can be censored whereas small breasts aren't. Moreover, celebrities and women who match the beauty ideals - thin, white etc.- are restricted less severely than others  . The vagueness of those policies allows social media to remove anything they want. Pinterest's policy is a great demonstration of the freedom that the platform has to delete anything without justification : ”We reserve the right to remove or modify User Content, or change the way it’s used in Pinterest, for any reason”.

As for menstruation blood, contents have been removed on the basis of the policy even though it was respected. In March 2015, a photo depicting a fully clothed woman with bloodstains on her trousers and sheets was removed without explanation, except that it didn't respect the policy even though menstrual blood is not mentioned in it.

However, some policies are actually very specific and thus restrictive. For example, “female nipples“ are censored on TikTok, Facebook and Instagram but male ones are not. Even though some improvements have been made allowing nipples to be shown “in the context of breastfeeding, birth-giving and after-birth moments, health-related situations“ for Facebook and Instagram, it is not generally allowed yet.

In conclusion, because of the law expressed in the policies which induce censorship on social media, the online image of women’s bodies is not a mirror of reality. The ambiguity of the policies and their vagueness makes the truth that is shown subjective and unfair.

Truth in Sociology
Social interaction has an impact on humans and their mental state and since it is largely carried out through social media nowadays, the censorship of certain content also plays a part in shaping our society’s mentality.

Social media can affect the human psyche in various ways, including how people view their own bodies and feel about themselves. Especially young women seem to be affected by this and experience for example eating disorders and distorted perception of their bodies due to profuse exposure to certain beauty ideals (in this case, thinness) on social media. Evidently, what is seen on the platforms, and in turn what is not, can severely affect the norms and ideals that are deducted within society.

Content such as the graphic demonstration of women’s body hair, mothers breastfeeding, women's nipples or discussion about natural phenomena like their menstrual cycle has been subject to censorship on social media. What one is left with are social media platforms that provide viewers with an altered picture of women’s bodies, with also not all kinds of bodies being equally represented. An example is the censorship of pictures of overweight women. This promotes unrealistic body images for most girls and women and further invigorates the striving towards bodily “perfection”, which is seemingly defined by the content that does end up being viewed. The issues of "female nipples" and "female body" hair being censored are also especially controversial in society, since for men it is considered socially acceptable to show their nipples as well as body hair.

“Taboo-ing” such topics and pictures in the first place constructs a perception of parts of women’s bodies as something shameful and sexual, and the display of such as suggestive and provocative. Thus, sociologically, the censorship of women’s bodies on social media does not only mirror issues in society like their sexualization and stigmatization but also further consolidates them by constructing an incomplete and consequently non-authentic portrayal of reality.

Truth in Economics
Nowadays social media is one of the most effective ways for businesses to reach new audiences on a global scale, and like every firm, social media companies’ first concern is to make a profit. Their primary and most successful way to make money is through selling advertising, meaning that an advertising sales representative sells « space » on their platforms to companies that want to advertise their products.

Advertising companies try using societal “supposed ideals” in ads on social networks to maximize the audience they are reaching, in an endeavor to sell a maximum amount of products. An example is the adage: “what is beautiful is good”, in other words: what is attractive makes more money. Facebook's and therefore Instagram’s guidelines consider content where “nudity or implied nudity (even if artistic or educational in nature), excessive visible skin or cleavage (even if not explicitly sexual in nature) images focused on individual body parts, such as abs, buttocks or chest, (even if not explicitly sexual in nature)” against their Advertising Policies. Also, black or “plus-size” women have been largely underrepresented in advertisements in general for a long time, and still are in part. During the ad review process, the advertising sales representatives of the platform decide whether the ad will be made available to the consumers or not.

Companies decide what they show on their platforms and what they do not. An economist would say that all economic agents make rational choices and as firms, social media platforms' primary concern is, as said before, making money. That means that in truth, censorship is a rational choice to pursue their goal of making a profit. This theory is manifested by the fact that women's nipples, hairy legs, or menstrual blood in advertisements can be considered "shocking" and consequently have a negative impact on business.

Conclusion
Examining the fact that women’s bodies are being censored on social media through the lens of different disciplines, various explanations of the truth that this phenomenon displays can be deducted. While sociologists would not only argue that the censorship reflects issues within society itself, but also that this censorship constructs an image and expectations of the woman’s body in society that are not entirely truthful, an economist would use a more quantitative approach, explaining the situation to be a result of a business model aimed at increasing the profit of companies. Law provides us with necessary guidelines but also leaves real grey areas with respect to which kind of content is approved for display on social media. As the truth might be situated somewhere in the middle of these explanations, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to illustrate it accurately.