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Financial Math FM/Interest Rate Swaps

Learning objectives
The Candidate will understand key concepts concerning interest rate swaps, and how to perform related calculations.

Learning outcomes
The Candidate will be able to:
 * Define and recognize the definitions of the following terms: swap rate, swap term or swap tenor, notional amount, market value of a swap, settlement dates, settlement period, counterparties, deferred swap, amortizing swap, accreting swap, interest rate swap net payments.
 * Given sufficient information, calculate the market value, notional amount, spot rates or swap rate of an interest rate swap, deferred or otherwise, with either constant or varying notional amount.

Introduction and motivation
As suggested by the name "interest rate swap", there is some sort of "swap" between interest rates. Indeed, the interest rates to be swapped are interest rate, which do not change during the term of the loan, and interest rate, which changes based on the market interest rate.

Since the future market interest rate is uncertain, there are some uncertainties involved for the variable interest rate. Since some may want to avoid such uncertainties, they may want to have fixed, rather than variable, interest rates for their loans. This motivates.

Terminologies
For the variable interest rate, it is often linked to a specified index, and common indexes include the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and the prime interest rate. By linking to an index, it does not mean the variable interest rate is exactly the same as the rate from that index. There can be some modifications on it. Typically, the variable interest rate equals an index plus some basis point(s) (bp(s)). The basis point(s) added is call "spread". For the two counterparties, one is and another is.

There are some terminologies related to the exchanges of payments during the swap term.

Sometimes, one counterparty has a loan from a third party for which interest needs to be paid to the third party. In this case, in addition to the net swap payment (if needed), additional payment is also needed.

Most interest rate swaps have a level notional amount over the swap term, but this is not a must, and the notional amount can change over the swap term.

Typically, the first settlement period of an interest rate swap starts at time zero, but again, this is not a must, and the first settlement period can start at later time.

Swap rate
The fundamental principle for determining the swap rate here is that the swap rate is set such that there is no cost to either counterparty to enter into an interest rate swap (assume the transaction cost is zero from now on), i.e. neither of the counterparties are better off or worse off from entering into the interest rate swap. To do this, the present value of expected future payments for each counterparty should be the same. As a result, the expected future payments paid (or received) by each counterparty should be zero.

Market value
An interest rate swap can be sold or closed by a counterparty at a time during the swap term. To sold the swap, the seller receives the market value of the swap at the time point, calculated using the spot rates at that time. To close the swap, a possible way is that one counterparty pays the market value to another counterparty at that time.

title: Financial Math FM/Interest Rate Swaps


text: Category:Shelf:The Sims

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Shelf:The Sims


text:
User talk:2409:4064:783:9E2D:4939:D5E2:F967:3CE1

--Xania   talk 10:18, 30 July 2022 (UTC)


text: Shelf:The Sims

title: Shelf:The Sims


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 5

Today in 2009 Google’s acquisition of On2 got announced. After Google promptly gave On2’s top product VP8 to the general public, this proved to be only the first big step in a broader push to break the dominance of patent-encumbered media formats.

On2 was the provider of the main competing formats to MPEG’s lossy video compression standards. The company had previously contributed to the development of patent-free, open-source video compression (leading to OggTheora). Ever since the first MP3 patent infringement letters of 1998, there had been growing discontent with the patent licensing system for MPEG formats that restricted business models involving online media. As a result of particularly brazen royalty demands for the successor to the highly successful MPEG-4 AVC aka. H.264, much of the video coding industry rallied to the cause, culminating in the formation of the Alliance for Open Media consortium and the development of AV1.


text: Category:Shelf:The Sims/all books

title: Category:Shelf:The Sims/all books


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 4

Today 1968 US patent No. 3,387,286 for a one-transistor MOS dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell and the basic idea behind the three-transistor cell was granted. This was the dynamic RAM technology that replaced magnetic-core memory.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 4


text:
Mirad Grammar/Mirad-English Dictionary

 * Click on the search link below to search the 110,000+ word Mirad<->English Dictionary in either language direction. This search method invokes an external web program that is the most up-to-date.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:yellow"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:yellow"

 * SEARCH
 * }
 * Once you are on the non-Wiki Mirad Dictionary query page, you can get back here by pressing the back arrow on your browser. You can also make the link a separate browser tab or window and consult it that way.
 * Note that you cannot edit the dictionary. If you see a mistake, an omission, or have a suggestion for creating a new word or expression, you can leave me a message on this book's discussion page.
 * Notice that in this external interface, the search direction is English->Mirad each time you search unless you specifically change it to Mirad->English.
 * Notice also that seaches are exact matches unless you precede or follow the search term with the regular expression .*. For example, the input .*dib in the Mirad->English search direction will find every Mirad expression ending in dib. By the same token, red.*tion in the English-Mirad direction will find every expression that begins with red and ends in tion.  Simply put, .* represents an stretch of unknown letters, spaces, or other characters.
 * If you know regular (regex) expressions, other patterns like [^rl] (= not containing an r or l) can be used.
 * Notice also that seaches are exact matches unless you precede or follow the search term with the regular expression .*. For example, the input .*dib in the Mirad->English search direction will find every Mirad expression ending in dib. By the same token, red.*tion in the English-Mirad direction will find every expression that begins with red and ends in tion.  Simply put, .* represents an stretch of unknown letters, spaces, or other characters.
 * If you know regular (regex) expressions, other patterns like [^rl] (= not containing an r or l) can be used.

title: Mirad Grammar/Mirad-English Dictionary


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Scratch

Scratch is an attacking move, and is very common in most early games. It has 40 base attack power, making it a relatively middling attack, but not the weakest. It has 100 accuracy, meaning it will always hit without confounding factors such as accuracy reducing move or immunity. It typically starts with high PP, allowing the move to be used often.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Scratch


text: Category:Beer beverage recipes

title: Category:Beer beverage recipes


text:
Mirad Grammar/Alphabet

The Alphabet

 * Mirad uses the Roman alphabet as in Modern English. There is an upper case (majuscules or capital letters) and a lower case (miniscules or small letters). The upper case letters are used for capitalization exactly as in English.  Mirad, at least for non-foreign words, uses no diacritic marks such as the brève, the grave accent, or the dieresis.  The order of the alphabet is the same as in English.  The letters, though, are pronounced as shown in the chart. Note that there is a pattern: The vowel of each Mirad letter name changes to the single vowel letter before it.  For example, the vowel in the name for letter f changes to e following the letter e in the alphabetic sequence.  The Mirad letter name for j is ji because it is just beyond the vowel letter i in the alphabetic sequence.  Uppercase letters have a Mirad letter name beginning in ag, a prefix meaning big.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; vertical-align:top; align:center; font-size:smaller;"

! Lowercase !! a !! b !! c !! d !! !! e !! f !! g !! h !! !! i !! j !! k !! l !! m !! n !row=1| Mirad Letter Name ! Uppercase !! A !! B !! C !! D !! !! E !! F !! G !! H !! !! I !! J !! K !! L !! M !! N !row=1| Mirad Letter Name
 * + Alphabet A-N
 * - align=center |
 * a || ba || ca || da ||bgcolor=lightgray| || e || fe || ge || he ||bgcolor=lightgray| || i || ji || ki || li || mi || ni
 * - align=center |
 * aga || agba || agca || agda || bgcolor=lightgray| || age || agfe || agge || aghe ||bgcolor=lightgray| || agi || agji || agki || agli || agmi || agni
 * }

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; vertical-align:top; align:center; font-size:smaller;"

! Lowercase !! o !! p !! q !! r !! s !! t !! !! u !! v !! w !! x !! y !! z !row=1| Mirad Letter Name ! Uppercase !! O !! P !! Q !! R !! S !! T !! !! U !! V !! W !! X !! Y !! Z !row=1| Mirad Letter Name
 * + Alphabet O-Z
 * - align=center |
 * o || po || ko || ro || so || to ||bgcolor=lightgray| || u || vu || wu || xu || yu || zu
 * - align=center |
 * ago || agpo || agko || agro || agso || agto ||bgcolor=lightgray| || agu || agvu || agwu || agxu || agyu || agzu
 * }

 * The letters c and q are used only to represent words and names imported into Mirad from other languages, or for words in which letters of the alphabet are used to spell out chemical terms, metric units, country names, languages, and other terms based on existing world standards like ISO.

Letter Names

 * Spelling a word aloud means uttering the word's Mirad letter names in succession left to right. If the letter is a upper case, then the letter name is preceded by ag-....big, eg.:
 * anxwa is spelled aloud as a-ni-xu-wu-a
 * Mirad is spelled aloud as agmi-i-ro-a-da

 * Note that age for E and agge for G need to be carefully distinguished. The former, age is pronounced a-ge, while the latter, agge, is pronounced ag-ge.

Capitalization

 * Capitalization in Mirad is handled almost exactly as in English:
 * The first word of a new sentence is capitalized.
 * At ife et.....I love you.
 * Iyt da: "At ife et."....She said, "I love you."
 * All proper nouns are capitalized, including names of people, organizations, books, languages, countries, etc.
 * Mirad....Mirad
 * Ferom....France
 * ha Feromati....the French
 * Alica be Flisem....Alice in Wonderland
 * ha Yoongun....The Pentagon
 * Acronyms are capitalized.
 * ZUYX....NATO.
 * DXV....FBI.
 * If a verb or adjective is based on a proper noun, the proper noun part of the word gets capitalized.
 * Deumxer....to Germanify
 * loNazixer....to de-Nazify
 * Irolim-ulza....Kelly (= Ireland) green.
 * The planets and inhabitants of planets are capitalized.
 * Ha tyod bi Imer .....The people of Earth .
 * Ha Umerati upeye.....The Martians are coming.
 * The word god is capitalized if referring to a religion's one, true god, otherwise not.
 * Ha toti se futipa.....The gods are angry.
 * Fyadilu bu Tot .....Pray to God .
 * Van yat fyadilu bu Allah.....Let's pray to Allah.
 * Unlike in English, though:
 * The days of the week, the months of the year, and the seasons are not capitalized.
 * juab....Monday
 * jieb....February
 * jeub....Winter

Punctuation

 * Punctuation is handled as in English, with the following exception:
 * A colon is used in direct quotations, as opposed to the comma  used in English, eg.:

 * He said, "Let there be light."....It da: "Van esu man."

 * Here is a chart showing punctuation marks and symbols along with their names in Mirad:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller"

! ENGLISH !! SYMBOL !! MIRAD ! colspan=3| MARKS (siyn) ! colspan=3| SYMBOLS (siun)
 * + Punctuation Marks and Symbols
 * period || . || nodsiyn
 * comma ||, || grunsiyn
 * colon || : || ennodsiyn
 * semi-colon || ; || nodgrunsiyn
 * question mark || ? || didsiyn
 * exclamation point || ! || yoksiyn
 * single quote || ' || aona gedsiyn
 * double quote || " || eona gedsiyn
 * hyphen || - || naydsiyn
 * dash, em dash || -- || eona nadsiyn
 * underscore, low line || _ || oybnadsiyn
 * vertical line || | || aonadsiyn
 * wave dash || ~ || pyaon nadsiyn
 * forward slash, solidus || / || zaya kinad
 * backward slash, reverse solidus || \ || zoya kinad
 * double slash || // || eona kinad
 * apostrophe || ' || oysunsiyn
 * left parenthesis right parenthesis || || zua uzkun yebyujarsiyn zia uzkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left angle bracket right angle bracket || < ] || zua gun yebyujarsiyn zia gun yebyujarsiyn
 * left square bracket right square bracket || [ ] || zua izkun yebyujarsiyn zia izkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left curly bracket right curly bracket || { } || zua uzyua yebyujarsiyn zia uzyua yebyujarsiyn
 * ellipsis || ... || innodsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * vertical line || | || aonadsiyn
 * wave dash || ~ || pyaon nadsiyn
 * forward slash, solidus || / || zaya kinad
 * backward slash, reverse solidus || \ || zoya kinad
 * double slash || // || eona kinad
 * apostrophe || ' || oysunsiyn
 * left parenthesis right parenthesis || || zua uzkun yebyujarsiyn zia uzkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left angle bracket right angle bracket || < ] || zua gun yebyujarsiyn zia gun yebyujarsiyn
 * left square bracket right square bracket || [ ] || zua izkun yebyujarsiyn zia izkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left curly bracket right curly bracket || { } || zua uzyua yebyujarsiyn zia uzyua yebyujarsiyn
 * ellipsis || ... || innodsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * left parenthesis right parenthesis || || zua uzkun yebyujarsiyn zia uzkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left angle bracket right angle bracket || < ] || zua gun yebyujarsiyn zia gun yebyujarsiyn
 * left square bracket right square bracket || [ ] || zua izkun yebyujarsiyn zia izkun yebyujarsiyn
 * left curly bracket right curly bracket || { } || zua uzyua yebyujarsiyn zia uzyua yebyujarsiyn
 * ellipsis || ... || innodsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * left curly bracket right curly bracket || { } || zua uzyua yebyujarsiyn zia uzyua yebyujarsiyn
 * ellipsis || ... || innodsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * caret || ^ || garsiyn
 * ampersand || & || aysiun
 * at sign || @ || asiun
 * percent sign || % || asoynsiun
 * hash tag, pound sign, number sign || # || sagsiun
 * asterisk || * || marsiun
 * dollar sign || ? || Usodansiun/
 * }
 * hash tag, pound sign, number sign || # || sagsiun
 * asterisk || * || marsiun
 * dollar sign || ? || Usodansiun/
 * }
 * dollar sign || ? || Usodansiun/
 * }

 * Note: Most of these marks and symbols are on a standard English-language keyboard. Mathematical symbols are not listed here, nor are most accent marks like "grave accent".  See the Mathematical Expressions section of Numbers.

Text Direction

 * Text in Mirad is written from left to right with spaces between words.

title: Mirad Grammar/Alphabet


text: Category:Whiskey recipes

title: Category:Whiskey recipes


text: Category:Tequila recipes

title: Category:Tequila recipes


text:
Mirad Grammar/Pronunciation

= Consonants =

Consonant graphemes and phonemes

 * The following chart shows the correspondence of the consonants and their phomemic values in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

Pronunciation of Consonants

 * The following chart shows the Mirad consonants with their phonemic values in the IPA:

 * The phonemes /r/ and /l/ are consonant liquids and behave in a special way in forming words in Mirad.

 * In Mirad, every consonant has a one-to-one correspondence with a single phoneme (ideal sound). Mirad does not use digraphs like sh or ph to represent consonant sounds.  There are no double consonants, although sometimes a consonant will come together with the same consonant in the same word, but not the same syllable.  There are no silent consonants.  Also, there are no letters in "native" Mirad with diacritical marks like é or ñ.

 * Here are the letters that are pronounced somewhat differently from English:

 * The letter x is pronounced like an sh in English, or a ch in French.
 * In native Mirad words, h is pronounced like the h in English hand. It is sometimes used to simulate foreign sounds like the ch in Yiddish la ch ayim (to life!), or German Ba ch .  If h comes at the end of a word, it is silent, but, being a consonant, it can serve to move the stress to the word-final syllable, as in Allah, pronounced a-LA.

 * The letter j is pronounced like the zh in Russian  Zh ivago or the ge in English mira ge .

 * The letter s is always unvoiced as English ss and never sounds like a z.

 * The letter g is always a hard sound as in English  g ap, not as in English wa g e.

 * The letter c represents the unvoiced affricative sound t͡ʃ like the ch in English  ch ur ch . Some chemical names and metric units use the letter c, such as calilk (chlorine).

 * The unvoiced plosives p, t, and k are pronounced without the puff of breath that sometimes follows them in their English counterparts. The corresponding consonants in French are exact equivalents.

 * The consonant r should be a flap or trill like the r in Brit. Eng. ve r y or the single, intervocalic r in Spanish pe r o.

 * The consonant q is usually pronounced as a k, but in foreign borrowings or proper names, it may be pronounced according to context.

 * The consonants in the Mirad alphabet correspond one-to-one with phonemes. There are no cases of consonant sounds being represented in native words by digraphs as in English ph, sh, ch, or th.  For example, the sh sound in English is represented by x in Mirad.  The English ch sound is represented in Mirad with the letter c.  There are no equivalents in Mirad for the English sounds th in this or the th in think, but the combination th in foreign borrowings is pronounced as it is in the source language.

 * Here is a chart showing the phonetic values of Mirad consonants:

= Vowels =
 * Mirad vowels are divided into simple and glided vowels. The simple vowels are single letters, while the complex vowels have one or more semi-vowel glides (y or w) prefixed or suffixed.

Simple Vowels
The Mirad graphemes (alphabetic letters) used to represent the simple vowel phonemes (minimal meaningful sounds) are as follows:

Pronunciation of Simple Vowels

 * The simple vowels are pronounced as they are in many European Latin-based languages. The table below gives their phonetic values and some close examples in Spanish and French, and not-so-close examples in English.

Glided Vowels

 * Glided vowels are those preceded or followed by the semi-vowel glides y or w. This chart shows the possible glided vowels, their IPA equivalents, and their approximate pronunciations using English and other languages.

 * In Mirad, the above glided vowels are considered single vowels for the purposes of grammar, syllabification, and stress.

 * Note 1: International Phonetic Alphabet. See chart and click on sounds at [].
 * Note 2: Without the typical y-glide at the end of the English vowel. The vowel should be pure, as in the Romance languages of Europe.
 * Note 3: Without the typical w-glide at the end of the English vowel. The vowel should be pure, as in the Romance languages of Europe.

title: Mirad Grammar/Pronunciation


text:
Mirad Grammar/Syllabification

 * Every syllable in Mirad contains one and only one vowel. A y when final or followed by a consonant is used to post-y-glide or diphthongize the previous vowel and is therefore considered part of the syllable in which that vowel is the nucleus (see case 2, below).  Similarly, the liquids r and l, when final or followed by a consonant are considered to be a part of the syllable where the preceding vowel is the nucleus (see case 4, below).  Two vowels in a row form two syllabic nuclei (see cases 3, 6, and 7, below).  How syllables are divided is important for determining where the stress accent goes in a word (see Mirad_Grammar/Stress, below).

title: Mirad Grammar/Syllabification


text:
Cookbook:Béchamel Sauce (Basic)

| Sauces

Béchamel is one of the five "mother sauces" in French cuisine. As a basic white sauce, it can be used as the base of many other sauces.

Ingredients

 * 50 g (¼ cup) butter
 * 50 g (¼ cup) white wheat flour (type 405)
 * 1000 ml (4½ cups) whole milk (>3% milk fat)
 * 1 small onion
 * 1 fresh bay leaf
 * Salt
 * Pepper

Procedure

 * 1) In a saucepan, melt the butter over medium-low heat. Whisk in the flour to make a roux.
 * 2) Cook the roux over gentle heat for 3–5 minutes, but do not brown. This cooking is necessary to remove the floury taste.
 * 3) In a separate pot, begin heating the milk. Peel the onion, but do not cut it.
 * 4) Add the onion and bay leaf into the pot with the milk. Keep stirring until milk is heated to 80°C. Do not let the milk adhere and cook to pot bottom.
 * 5) Remove onion and bay leaf.
 * 6) Gradually whisk the heated milk into cooked roux. Add salt and pepper to taste.
 * 7) Stir and cook for 15 minutes until thickened. No lumps should be present.

bpy:%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%A5%E0%A6%B2:B%C3%A9chamel sauce bxr:Куисиска:Сос бешамелска Livre de cuisine/Sauce béchamel ta:Cookbook:பெஸமஎல Sauce te:Cookbook:B%C3%A9chamel sauce

title: Cookbook:Béchamel Sauce (Basic)


text:
Mirad Grammar/Phonotactics

 * Phonotactics refers to the patterns in which the phonemes of a language may combine to form sequences. The possible syllabic patterns of Mirad are given below in a chart.

 * For the purposes of this chart:
 * Y stands for the semi-vowel glides y or w.
 * L stands for the liquids r and l.
 * C stands for consonants other than glides or liquids.
 * A stands for simple vowels.
 * N stands for the nasal consonants m or n.
 * + means 1 to 3 of the foregoing letter
 * Parentheses indicate that a letter is optional.
 * Bracketing indicates a choice of letters or patterns.

 * Syllables in native Mirad are shaped according to the following pattern constraints:

 * Two non-glide/liquid/non-nasal consonants cannot appear together in the same syllable, except in foreign-imported words.
 * Two glides or liquids cannot come together in one syllable except in foreign-imported words.

title: Mirad Grammar/Phonotactics


text:
Mirad Grammar/Stress

 * Although stress in Mirad is not marked and is not phonemic, i.e. not semantically distinctive, in all words of more than one syllable, the stress occurs on the last, non-final vowel, including glided vowels. The following chart gives some examples:

 * 1 Here ay is a single post-y-glided vowel, and final, so it is not stressed.
 * 2 Two vowels in a row are pronounced in two syllables.

 * Here is a small passage where the stress of vowels in shown by boldfacing:

 * Hya tobi taje yiva ay gea be utfiz ay doyivi. Yit bulwe texyaf ay tyaf ay yeyfe hyuitaxler tidyenay.
 * All men are born equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another as brothers.

title: Mirad Grammar/Stress


text:
Cookbook:Common Sauce (Hartshorne)

| Sauces

Common Sauce is a multi-purpose sauce that can be used for a number of meat-based dishes and side vegetables. This recipe is an interpreted method from the original recipe in Henry Hartshorne's the Household Cyclopedia.

Ingredients

 * Veal slices
 * Ham slices
 * 2 onions
 * 2 parsnips
 * 2 cloves of garlic
 * 2 cloves
 * 500 ml broth
 * 175 ml white wine
 * 2 slices of lemon

Procedure

 * 1) Combine veal, ham, onions, parsnips, garlic, and cloves in a large saucepan.
 * 2) Add broth, wine, and lemon slices.
 * 3) Simmer over low heat for 15 to 20 minutes, or until reduced.
 * 4) Sieve the sauce and serve.

title: Cookbook:Common Sauce (Hartshorne)


text: Category:Henry Hartshorne

title: Category:Henry Hartshorne


text:
Cookbook:Parson's Sauce (Hartshorne)

| Sauces

Parson's sauce is a light sauce that can be used for a number of chicken and vegetable dishes. This recipe is an interpreted method from the original recipe in Henry Hartshorne's the Household Cyclopedia.

Ingredients

 * 1 lemon, zest removed
 * 2–3 pickled cucumbers
 * 2 tbsp butter
 * 1 tsp salt
 * 1 tsp pepper
 * 20 g plain flour
 * 2 tsp catsup (ketchup)

Procedure

 * 1) Chop lemon-peel and pickled cucumbers very fine. Mix in all remaining ingredients.
 * 2) Transfer to a saucepan, and simmer for 10–15 minutes.
 * 3) Use or serve.

title: Cookbook:Parson's Sauce (Hartshorne)


text:
Cookbook:Nonpareil Sauce (Hartshorne)

| Sauces

Nonpareil sauce is a tangy sauce that can be used for a number of meat and fish dishes. This recipe is an interpreted method from the original recipe in Henry Hartshorne's the Household Cyclopedia.

Ingredients

 * 1 slice of ham, chopped fine
 * 1 breast of roasted fowl, chopped fine
 * 1 pickled cucumber, chopped fine
 * 1 hard-boiled egg yolk, minced
 * 1 anchovy, minced
 * 1 tsp parsley, minced
 * 1 shallot, chopped fine
 * 200 ml catsup (ketchup)

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all the ingredients together.
 * 2) Boil this mixture until warm and serve.

title: Cookbook:Nonpareil Sauce (Hartshorne)


text:
Cookbook:Gravy Cakes (Hartshorne)

| Stuffing

Gravy cakes are meat-based cakes, great as sides to a roast dinner or other meat-based meal. This recipe is an interpreted method from the original recipe in Henry Hartshorne's the Household Cyclopedia.

Ingredients

 * 2 legs of beef
 * 700 ml (1.5 pints / 3 cups) water
 * 3 onions
 * Gravy spices

Procedure

 * 1) Chop 2 legs of beef in pieces, put them into a pot of water, and slow cook for 24 hours.
 * 2) Add onions, herbs, and spices as for gravy.
 * 3) Continue stewing until the meat is off the bones, and the gravy has started to develop.
 * 4) Strain the mixture into a milk-pan, to which quantity it should be reduced.
 * 5) When cold, skim off the fat, put it into a saucepan, and add any other flavourings as wanted.
 * 6) Simmer it on a slow heat until reduced to about 12 saucers two-thirds full,
 * 7) Put them in an airy place till as dry as leather, put them in paper bags, and keep in a dry place.

title: Cookbook:Gravy Cakes (Hartshorne)


text:
User:Malika Eshpulatova

= Emotional Intelligence =

Definition
The capacity to recognize, use, and regulate your own emotions in order to reduce stress, communicate clearly, sympathize with others, overcome obstacles, and diffuse conflict is known as emotional intelligence (EQ). You can develop stronger relationships, perform well at work and school, and reach your professional and personal objectives with the aid of emotional intelligence. Additionally, it can assist you in establishing a connection with your emotions, putting your intentions into practice, and choosing what is most important to you.

Roots of Emotional Intelligence
The term "emotional intelligence" was first used in 1990 by Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, who defined it as "a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action."

Additionally, Salovey and Mayer started a study to create reliable emotional intelligence tests and investigate its relevance. For instance, they discovered in one study that when a group of people saw a distressing movie, those who scored highly on emotional clarity—the capacity to recognize and categorize an experienced mood—recovered more quickly. In a different study, people who were better in accurately perceiving, comprehending, and appraising others' emotions were also better at adapting to changes in their social environments and creating supportive social networks.

Salovey and Mayer's work came to Daniel Goleman's attention in the 1990s, which ultimately inspired him to write his book Emotional Intelligence. Goleman specialized in writing on brain and behavior studies for the New York Times. He received his training in psychology at Harvard, where he also collaborated with David McClelland. McClelland was one of a rising number of scholars who were troubled by how little information was provided by conventional assessments of cognitive intelligence about what it takes to succeed in life.

Goleman claimed that emotional intelligence, not cognitive intelligence, was the key to commercial success. He identified four traits in emotionally intelligent individuals:

 * They had an excellent grasp of their own feelings (self-awareness)
 * They were adept at controlling their feelings (self-management)
 * They had empathy for other people's emotional motivations (social awareness)
 * They were adept at managing the feelings of others (social skills)

Components as four key skills
Your capacity to comprehend and control your emotions is referred to as emotional intelligence. These qualities are connected to a variety of advantages, such as academic success, decision-making skills, and general success in life. According to some scientists, emotional intelligence, or EQ, may even be more significant than intelligence quotient.

Self-awareness
One of the most important traits of emotional intelligence is self-awareness, or the capacity to perceive and comprehend your own feelings. Being conscious of the impact of your actions, moods, and emotions on other people goes beyond simply being conscious of your own feelings.

You must be able to keep track of your own emotions, recognize various emotional reactions, and then correctly name each individual feeling if you want to develop self-awareness. People who are self-aware understand the connections between their feelings and behaviors.

Additionally, these people are aware of their own advantages and disadvantages, are receptive to new ideas and experiences, and take lessons from their interactions with others. According to Goleman, those who are self-aware have a good sense of humor, self-assurance in their skills, and knowledge of how others view them.

Self-regulation
Emotional intelligence calls for you to be able to control and manage your emotions in addition to being conscious of your own feelings and how they affect others.

This merely entails waiting for the appropriate situation and moment to express your emotions rather than putting your emotions on lockdown and keeping your genuine feelings hidden. The key to self-regulation is knowing how to articulate your feelings.

Self-regulation experts typically have a flexible personality and do well with change. Additionally, they excel in handling disputes and calming tense or challenging circumstances.

Strong self-control abilities are often accompanied by high conscientiousness. They take accountability for their own acts and are sensitive of how their influence may affect others.

Social skill
Another crucial component of emotional intelligence is interpersonal competence.4 People who are socially adept are better able to form lasting friendships and have a deeper comprehension of both the self and others.

Understanding emotions on a deeper level than only your own and others' is necessary for emotional intelligence. Additionally, you must be able to use this knowledge in your regular interactions and conversations.

Building ties and relationships with employees helps managers in professional contexts. Being able to establish a great rapport with managers and fellow employees benefits employees. Active listening, verbal and nonverbal communication abilities, leadership, and persuasiveness are all crucial social skills.

Empathy
Understanding other people's emotions, or having empathy, is essential to having emotional intelligence. But it entails more than simply being able to identify other people's emotional states.

It also entails how you react to other individuals in light of this knowledge. How do you react when you notice someone is depressed or hopeless? You may show them more consideration and kindness, or you could try to lift their spirits.

Being sympathetic also enables you to comprehend the power dynamics that frequently affect interpersonal interactions, particularly at work. This is crucial for directing how you engage with the various people you see every day.

People who are skilled in this can tell who is in control in various partnerships. Additionally, they comprehend how these factors affect attitudes and actions. They can therefore appropriately assess a variety of scenarios that depend on such power dynamics.

Motivation
Another critical trait of emotional intelligence is intrinsic motivation. Emotionally intelligent people are driven by factors other than material rewards like fame, money, recognition, and acclaim. 5

Instead, they are passionate about achieving their own internal demands and objectives. They crave peak experiences, look for internal rewards, and feel flow when they are completely immersed in an activity.

Competent people in this field are frequently action-oriented. They create objectives, have a strong drive for success, and are constantly seeking for ways to improve. Additionally, they frequently exhibit high levels of commitment and initiative.

Why Emotional Intelligence is important
Humans are social beings; we desire connection. Our lives may be more enriched if we can create more wholesome connections and cooperative interactions.

Unsurprisingly, studies have revealed a link between happiness and greater EQ.

However, EQ can still support us in those times as well.

According to study, adolescents who exhibit strong emotional intelligence, particularly in the areas of emotional control and empathy, may be less likely to encounter bullying in a classroom context.

Work is another illustration. According to research from 2013, having a strong EQ can help you accomplish the objectives of your company and boost your job happiness, in part because it fosters great interactions at work.

Strong emotional intelligence abilities can improve a person's life in a variety of ways. People with these talents always seem to maintain their composure. Even the most uncomfortable social situations can be handled by them with grace. And they consistently seem to put other people at ease.

Main advantages of EI
Among the main advantages of having strong emotional intelligence abilities are improved:

 * Leadership: You can be a more effective leader by having emotional intelligence.
 * Communication: You can communicate more effectively with others if you are aware of their feelings.
 * Knowledge of oneself: Gaining a deeper understanding of oneself requires being more conscious of one's feelings.
 * Self-control: You can improve your capacity for self-control by becoming conscious of your emotions.
 * Stress management: You can exert more control in situations characterized by stress or conflict if you can properly regulate your emotions.

Tapping into your own emotions
Take note of how you feel as the day proceeds. It's simple to ignore how you're feeling about the things that happen to you throughout the day. But acknowledging your feelings regarding situations is crucial to raising your EQ. Neglecting your emotions is ignoring crucial information that has a significant impact on your mentality and behavior. Increase your awareness of your emotions and start relating them to experiences.

Consider the scenario where you are at work and are interrupted during a meeting. What feelings come up when this occurs? How do you feel when you receive applause for a job well done, on the other hand? Your EQ will start to increase as soon as you start naming your emotions as melancholy, shame, joy, contentment, or any other number of sentiments.

Make it a practice to connect with your emotions at specific times each day. What feelings come to mind when you wake up? Your final before you snooze?

Be attentive to your body. Start paying attention to your emotions' outward manifestations rather than dismissing them. Our body and minds interact quite deeply; they are not separate from one another. By developing your ability to recognize physical clues that reveal your emotions, you can improve your emotional intelligence (EQ). For instance:

Your chest may feel constricted or your breathing may become rapid when you are stressed.

Sadness can resemble waking up with sluggish, weighted limbs.

You might have butterflies in your stomach, a racing heart, or a boost in energy when you're happy, pleased, or scared.

Observe how your emotions and behavior are connected. What do you do when you have intense emotions? Instead of simply reacting without thought to the events you encounter every day, pay attention to your gut reaction. Your EQ will increase as you get more insight into what drives your behavioral impulses, and you'll be better equipped to apply what you learn to really alter your behavior going forward. Here are some illustrations of actions and the motivations behind them:

You might unplug from conversations if you're feeling self-conscious or insecure.

When you're angry, you might shout louder or stomp away indignantly.

You can become anxious, forget what you were doing, or start crying while you're feeling overpowered.

Avoid criticizing your own feelings. Even the negative emotions you experience are legitimate. It will be more difficult to use your emotions positively if you judge them since doing so will prevent you from feeling everything that you are feeling. Consider it this way: Each feeling you experience provides new, insightful knowledge about a situation in your life. Without this knowledge, you wouldn't know how to respond in a suitable manner. Because of this, the capacity for feeling is a sort of intellect.

It's challenging at first, but work on allowing unfavorable feelings to emerge and tying them to the events. What, for instance, does the feeling of resentful envy reveal about your circumstance?

Feel all of your good feelings, too. To understand how to experience joy and satisfaction more frequently, relate them to the events taking place around you.

Notice the patterns in your emotional past. It's an additional strategy for discovering as much as you can about your own emotions and how they relate to your past experiences. When feeling a powerful emotion, consider the last time you experienced it. What occurred prior to, during, and following?

You may exert more control over your behavior once you start noticing patterns. Consider your previous approach to a circumstance and your preferred approach for the future.

So that you can clearly understand how you typically react, keep a journal of your emotional responses or how you feel during the day.

Practice determining your behavior. You cannot control your emotions, but you can choose how to respond to them. If you struggle with becoming angry or withdrawing when you're hurt, consider how you'd want to respond. Make a plan for the next time your feelings become overwhelming so that you don't let them control you.

Take some time to acknowledge your feelings when anything bad occurs in your life. Some said that they felt a wave of despair or rage come over them. After the initial wave has subsided, decide how you wish to act. Instead of suppressing your emotions, choose to express them, or choose to try again rather than give up.

Avoid engaging in escape mechanisms. It's difficult to allow negative emotions to fully surface, so many individuals suppress them by abusing substances, binge-watching TV, or engaging in other painful-numbing behaviors. If you keep doing this, eventually your EQ will start to decline.

Feel all of your good feelings, too. In order to learn how to experience that happiness or satisfaction more frequently, link it to the events taking place around you.

Connecting with other people
Be flexible and accommodative. Emotional intelligence is correlated with both openness and agreeableness. A smaller EQ is typically a sign of a restricted thinking. It is simpler to handle disagreements in a calm and confident manner when your mind is open as a result of comprehension and introspection. You'll become more socially conscious, and new opportunities will become available to you. Consider the following to improve this aspect of your EQ:

watching or listening to arguments on radio or television. Think about the arguments from all sides, and search for any nuances that call for more in-depth analysis.

Consider the reasons behind someone's differing emotional response from your own and make an effort to understand it from their perspective.

Develop your capacity for empathy. Understanding and sharing other people's feelings is what it means to be empathetic. [4] You can learn more about how people are feeling by being a more attentive and engaged listener to what they are saying. Emotional intelligence is demonstrated when you can apply such knowledge to guide your decisions and strengthen your interpersonal connections.

Put yourself in other people's shoes to increase empathy. Consider your feelings if you were in their shoes. Actively consider what it must be like to go through the experiences they are, as well as what assistance and care might be able to do to lessen some of their suffering.

Ask yourself, "How would I behave in the similar situation?" whenever you observe someone displaying a strong emotion.

Take an authentic interest in what others are saying so that you can respond with tact. Ask questions and briefly recap what they say to make it seem that you are participating in the conversation rather than letting your mind wander.

Study the body language of others. Make it a point to pay attention to people's facial expressions and other body language in order to discern their actual feelings. People frequently say one thing, but their facial expressions often indicate a deeper truth. Improve your observational skills by learning to recognize the less obvious ways that individuals express their emotions.

Try taking a quiz to test your ability to read facial emotions if you're not sure. Someone who speaks with a higher tone of voice is under stress.

Watch the impact you have on other people. When it comes to EQ, knowing how other people feel is only half the battle; you also need to be aware of how you affect other people. Do you have a tendency to make people jittery, happy, or angry? When you enter the room, what happens to the conversation?

Consider any patterns that might need to be altered. You may need to alter your attitude if you frequently get into arguments with family members, your partner frequently tears up during chats, or other people tend to become more reserved around you.

Find out from close friends or family members what they think about your emotionality and where you may improve.

The way someone speaks might also have an effect. They can assist you if you have problems realizing how you affect other people.

Make an effort to be emotionally open. You are not speaking honestly if you scowl as you declare you're "fine." Improve your ability to express your emotions physically so that others can read you better. Inform them of your concerns, as well as your excitement and happiness.

Being "yourself" makes it easier for others to get to know you, and if they can relate to your perspective, they will be more inclined to trust you.

However, be aware that there is a limit; manage your feelings to avoid hurting others.

Emotional Intelligence in Leadership
The culture of the workplace is directly influenced by the boss. Studies have revealed the influence of the leader on the actions of the workforce. The extent to which managers and leaders have a good impact on workers and organizational functions, however, remains a crucial subject. Organizational factors that are connected are shown in Figure 1. Emotional intelligence is influenced by each of these variables. Leadership is significantly influenced by the HR activities of managerial performance, training and development, and recruitment and selection. The leadership directly affects how well HR services perform in terms of aiding organizational members in raising their EI.

A high level of EI facilitates the identification of abilities, the appropriate delegation of roles, and the peaceful resolution of conflict. The qualities listed below are part of the EI mechanism:

Perception of others' feelings: Accurate social perception enables people to learn a great deal about the attitudes, objectives, and passions of other group members. This knowledge should allow people to exert influence by figuring out, comprehending, and meeting other group members' unspoken needs and developing goals that might be accepted.

Understanding how others are feeling: Members in EI groups may function better if they have an understanding of others' emotions. In order to complete the group task, which in turn affects group performance, it is helpful to be able to control one's emotions according to the needs of the group.

Manage emotions: By effectively managing one's emotions, a group member can influence the group by altering how other members feel about certain courses of action. These influencers use their own prior knowledge to their advantage.

Resources
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey, P., Sluyter, D. (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–31). New York: Basic Books.

Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R., Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V 2.0. Emotion, 3, 97–105.

Lopes, P.N., Brackett, M.A., Nezlek, J.B., Schütz, A., Sellin, I., Salovey, P. (2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1018–1034.

Emotional Intelligence in Leadership. [https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_45.htm#:~:text=Emotional%20intelligence%20or%20EI%20is,emotions%20can%20affect%20other%20people. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_45.htm#:~:text=Emotional%20intelligence%20or%20EI%20is,emotions%20can%20affect%20other%20people.]

Improving Emotional Intelligence (EQ). https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/emotional-intelligence-eq.htm

What to know about emotional intelligence https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/components-of-emotional-intelligence

How to Develop Emotional Intelligence. https://www.wikihow.com/Develop-Emotional-Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence: Why We Need It Now, More Than Ever. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2020/12/01/emotional-intelligence-why-we-need-it-now-more-than-ever/?sh=112c8ab73df3

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