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Interesting social sciences/The philosophical foundations of my theory of the interrelation between social conflict and social control

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vj-nWgFhFaU&ab_channel=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2

Russian way of development.

English subtitles. Open Systems Theory. Formation Approach. Asian mode of production.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pSTH7CK_Uc&ab_channel=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2

Toynbee's law of challenge and response.

English subtitles exist in this video. On the cover is the Minoan civilization of the Palace of Knossos. Examples of successful responses оf local civilizations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmIgHID0dAc&ab_channel=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2

Toffler. Futuroshok

Technocrats and Technophobes. War human against robots. English subtitles exist in this video. Features of post-industrial society. Technocrats and Technophobes. Escape from equipment to the taiga or to an uninhabited island.

The formations or, in other words, мodes of production
The classification of formations

Formations or, in other words, мodes of production are the steps or stages of the development for society.

The main idea of formational approach consists in that the development of society occurs through the steps or stages (through the formations).

Karl Marx have listed in the work “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy” four мodes of production (formations):

• antique мode of production,

• asiatic мode of production,

• feudal мode of production,

• capitalist мode of production. This subparagraph about modes of production is the only valuable idea for me of   Karl Marx from all his multi-volume collected works.

The scientific discussion was on this question in 1928‐1935 in the USSR, as a result Joseph Stalin have summed up the result of this discussion and Joseph Stalin named five formations:

• primitive ‐ communal formation,

• slaveholding formation,

• feudal formation,

• capitalist formation,

• communist formation.

Socialism is the first phase of communism.

Joseph Stalin has forced to forget about the Asiatic mode of production (formation), because the Asiatic mode of production (formation) resembled socialism greatly. It is obtained so that  such society (Asiatic mode of production) was built in the USSR, as in ancient Egypt. And is this named as progress? Theme “Asian mode of production” had become forbidden theme in the Soviet philosophy. Karl August Vittfogel wrote in the West on this theme in the work "Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power". Raymond Aron mentioned this theme in the work “Democracy and totalitarianism”. The reason of incompleteness of the discussion about the formations to the present day consists that the philosophers could not find the correct criterion, which distinguishes one formation from another formation. In the opinion of Karl Marx, such criterion is the level of the development of productive forces, but this criterion is too abstract, such criterion is unfit for the comparison of formations. Therefore some researchers have selected four formations, and others researchers have selected five formations. Some researchers considered that Asian mode of production (formation) is different from others formations, but other researchers did not consider like that.

In my opinion, such criterion, which distinguishes one formation from another, is kind of control in the sphere of the economy:

• primitive ‐ communal formation is built on the moral control,

• slaveholding formation is built on the armed control,

• feudal formation is built on the administrative control,

• capitalist formation is built on the economic control.

Karl Marx did not invent new kind of control for the communism and Karl Marx considered even that all forms of social control will be abolished at the communism, but this prognosis is utopia, unrealizable dream, because society cannot exist without the relations of social conflict and social control. The attempts were made to use ideological stimuluses (red flags, the badges of Forward of Communist labor, medal of Hero of Socialist Labor, the articles in the newspaper, which glorify of Forwards, photo on the board of honor, honorable certificates) in the field of the economy at socialism. Miner Aleksey Stakhanov had become by first Forward of Communist labor. But this campaign had ended by complete failure, because workers did not want to work for the flags. Such sanctions acted on people at socialism really, as body’s punishments in the field of the prison's labor in Gulag, as threat of the capital punishment for “wreckers”, as administrative sanctions in field of free labor.

Body’s punishments is the sign of slaveholding in the field of the economy, and administrative stimuluses is the sign of feudalism in the field of the economy. Therefore socialism is the Asian variety of the feudalism, where state’s sector of the slaveholding economy exists. Slow evolution from the slaveholding formation to the feudalism went in the Ancient East.

Thus, in my opinion, four formations existed in the history of society:

• primitive formation,

• slaveholding formation,

• feudal formation,

• '''capitalist formation. '''

Asiatic formation (Asiatic mode of production)
Leaning on the concept of an Asian mode of production entered by Karl Marx, Karl Vittfogel in the book "Oriental Despotism: a Comparative Study of Total Power" pointed out the feature, general for east countries — great value of an irrigation for agriculture. Asiatic formation (mode of production) was invented in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia. Similar societies had arisen in Ancient India, Ancient China, Ancient Mexico, Ancient Peru, Byzantium, tsarist Russia and Soviet Russia later. “Asiatic” and despotic character of tsarist Russia is dictated by external factor, by Mongol conquest. Karl August Vittfogel wrote that Russia was “the outskirts” of the West before the Mongol invasion, and after that as Mongols had brought to Russia “eastern” rules, borrowed by Mongols from China, Russia had become “the outskirts” of the East. Arnold J. Toynbee objected to that, Arnold J. Toynbee was confident in the byzantine origin of Russian civilization. According to Arnold J. Toynbee, Karl August Vittfogel attempted to revive the Greek myth of the times of Greek-Persian wars about “bad” Asia” and “good Europe”. Karl August Vittfogel had seen in tsarist Russia clearly features, typical for “eastern despotisms” (rural community and bureaucracy).

It my opinion, people had invented in Asia irrigation agriculture and cattle breeding, people had built in Asia irrigation and other global projects (pyramids in Egypt, urban walls and Ziggurats in Mesopotamia, Great Wall of China, Mesoamerican pyramids). These huge objects became by archaeological monuments and by the useless frequently method of the spending of human energy, this method did not have real benefit often. State slavery, bureaucracy, taxes, hieroglyphic writing, despotism, regular army, law court, prison, police, code of laws, government ownership on the earth, temple economy and economy of the Pharaoh were invented in Asia. Bureaucracy had functions of the collection of taxes and management of the building of global projects. Despotism or, in other words, tyranny was vitally necessary in the countries of the Ancient East, because only despot could force to repair irrigation system each year and thus to avoid hunger. Asian formation had become by Asian version of slaveholding formation, then Asian formation had become by Asian version of the feudalism gradually. Bright difference of Asiatic formation was the absence of particular ownership of the means of production.

According to Karl August Vittfogel, the society of “Eastern” type is deadlock version of development for society, because the society of “Eastern” type is not capably to pass independently to capitalism as the higher stage of development for society. The absence of free work force leads to the stagnation, and social progress comes to the deadlock. Already one it means that ways of "East" and "West" are different essentially. East society is based not on the property relations, but East society is based on existence of the extra class despotic state and "bureaucracy". Despotic power of the state had become in the East by irresistible force: despotic power of state regulates agriculture and using of water, despotic power of state undertakes the large building work, despotic power of state controls craft and trade. Any opposition is suppressed with help of the system of total terror in the East. Society is divided only into two classes: ruling class and controlled class. The despot and bureaucracy belong to the ruling class. Controlled class is farmers, craftsmen, merchants and slaves.

Power of the state fulfills in the East two functions:

• organizational function (Karl August Vittfogel includes in this function the organization of economy and the organization of armed forces),

• the function of tax collection.

The idolized despotic power is supported by regular army, police and bureaucracy. Absolute submission is characteristic of each citizen. Despotic power strive to prevent that owners have developed in independent political force. With this aim despotic power creates obstacles for the formation of large private fortunes. If people of low origin are capable to something, then a possibility exists of the elevation for this people. Poor person could make the outstanding career in China and this person could become minister even with help of the passing of school examinations. Despotism had appeared in “hydraulic societies” and despotism had turn out to one of the most infectious diseases of human society. Karl August Vittfogel had attempted to solve problem of the lagging of the countries of the East from Europe. One of the reasons of the lagging is the absence the needs for the West to expend the forces to the irrigational works. Based on the example of China Karl August Vittfogel said about regress which has happened when nomads have conquered farmers. The conquest of Kiev Russia by Mongols had led to the similar regress.

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome had become the cradle for the western version of slaveholding. The western version of feudalism arose in the countries of Western Europe after the invasion of Germans and crash of Ancient Rome. This western version of slaveholding and feudalism differed from the Asiatic version somewhat. The climate was more damp in the West, therefore system of irrigation agriculture, state slavery and despotism didn't exist in the West. Athens have borrowed craft, sea’s trade and alphabet from Finicia. It were invented private property to the earth and slaves, direct democracy and aristocracy, warship (trireme), market competition, sport competition, competition of actors at the theatre in Ancient Greece. Serfdom and vassal‐fief system, built on the administrative control, existed in the West only. Capitalism was invented just in the West.

It is possible to enumerate four great English inventions, which are the basis of capitalism:

• Economic control, money’s premium and fine in sphere of the economy, free work force.

• Inventions in the equipment (firearms, machine tools, steam engine and so on).

• Market competition on the basis of the use of free work force.

• Representative democracy, multi ‐ party system, national elections, constitution, political freedoms.

Capitalism was brought to Asia on the bayonets of West European colonizers.

Conclusion: in my opinion, Karl August Vittfogel was right partly regarding the reasons for the appearance of despotism in different countries. Karl August Vittfogel concentrated its attention only on one of the reasons for the appearance of despotism (system of irrigation agriculture) and Karl August Vittfogel did not see other reasons. In my opinion, the main reason for the appearance of despotism are the extremal external and internal conditions of life of society. Such conditions can be in case of threat of the external aggression, in case of large territory and imperial organization of the country, when a need exist for the suppression of separative uprisings. Such conditions can be by need for organizing irrigation agriculture. Irrigation agriculture existed never in Russia, but threats have always existed for Russia from numerous aggressive neighbors. Russia possessed large territory always and a need for suppressing separative uprisings existed always. It is no accidental, what Russia has selected very rigid model of democracy (presidential republic) today, otherwise Civil War could begin against the separatists in Russia or Russia could lose the war in the international arena.

Russian way of development

Russia occupies the middle position between Europe and Asia; therefore Russia did not invent any own great inventions, but Russia had borrowed social inventions alternately first from Europe, then from Asia. Generally, very few countries exists, which could make at least one great social invention.

Four “countries ‐ teachers” existed for Russia:

• Varangians from the West from Sweden. Varangians had become by the first teachers for the eastern Slavs. Varangians had brought power of Grand Princes, trade along the rivers, weapon, laws, the collection of tribute into Russia. Varangian Rurik was the first Russian Grand Prince.

• Byzantine Empire, which had become the second teacher for Russia. Byzantine Empire occupied the middle position between Europe and Asia also, as Russia. Russia has borrowed from Byzantium Christianity, written language, architecture.

• Mongols and Gold Horde from Asia, which had become by third teacher for Russia. Mongols and Gold Horde had learned Russians to collect the taxes with each house and to build despotism, as result the absolute monarchy was invented in the Moscow state, where the throne was transferred to eldest son or to eldest brother by inheritance.

• Western Europe (first Poland, then Sweden, Holland, England, Germany, France, USA) had become by fourth teacher for Russia in 17-21 centuries, and especially under Russian emperor Peter the Great. Russia was at war with some of these countries and Russia learned at them alternately. Three English inventions (technical inventions, market competition and economic control) were  borrowed by Russia from Western Europe. Nicholas II of Russia attempted to introduce the fourth English invention. Nicholas II of Russia attempted to build system of representative democracy. Nicholas II of Russia had introduced parliament and multi ‐ party elections, but Nicholas II of Russia could not finish this building of system of representative democracy, Nicholas II of Russia could not introduce constitution and control of the parliament over government. Four Great English inventions were restored in Russia under the president Boris Yeltsin.

Russia studied at own teachers and Russia defeated in the war of own teachers at the same time. Russia won of own teachers in war and Russia even turned teachers into its own colonies sometimes. Russia won against Sweden under Charles XII of Sweden, Germany under Adolf Hitler, France under Napoleon. Russia made by own colony Golden Horde, Poland at 19-20 a century, Eastern Europe (East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria) in the 20th century. Opponents of Russia have to remember about this danger today.

Failure in during social construction occurred as a result of October Revolution in 1917. Bolsheviks had destroyed capitalist system and Bolsheviks had built Asiatic formation on an example of Ancient Egypt.

Bolsheviks had conducted four campaigns during social construction of the Asiatic formation:

• War Communism. Vladimir Lenin has constructed oligarchy instead of the monarchy or representative democracy. Vladimir Lenin have cancelled private property to the earth and to factories. Vladimir Lenin have cancelled economic control in the sphere of economy. Vladimir Lenin have cancelled market competition. Vladimir Lenin even attempted to cancel money, religion and code of laws vainly. War Communism caused Civil War in Russia, but Bolsheviks could win in this Civil War, although Bolsheviks were forced to go on the temporary concessions to the peasants in the form of the New Economic Policy.

• The New Economic Policy. Bolsheviks removed prohibition to have small and average private property. Bolsheviks cancelled prohibition to employ little work force. Bolsheviks removed prohibition to be engaged in small trade within the country. Bolsheviks had introduced convertible currency (Gold Chervonets), but Bolsheviks have kept prohibition to large private property and private foreign trade. Such contradictions had led to the crises in the economy of the New Economic Policy, when peasants had rejected to sell grain on the low prices.

• Industrialization. Bolsheviks have organized large construction of state factories of heavy and defense industry, channels and railroads. Robbery of peasants, unpaid labor of prisoners, the coercion to the purchase of Government bond, the sale of vodka at overestimated prices became by sources of financings of these construction.

• Collectivization. Bolsheviks had tired out violently of peasants into kolkhozes and Bolsheviks had compeled of peasants to work almost free of charge. Bolsheviks had compeled peasants to work for “marks” in the register of workdays. Peasants fed themselves and peasants paid large taxes from own kitchen garden and own cattle. Bolsheviks have robbed, put in GULAG and executed rich peasants. As a result stimuluses to the labor had disappeared at peasants completely, and the agricultural industry came to a condition of full decline.

• Cultural Revolution or “large terror” or “large cleaning”. Vladimir Lenin had built oligarchy, as the power of the privileged minority, this minority was called “Leninist guards”. The fight of factions for the authority had begun inside this “Leninist guards” in the 20's of 20 century. Joseph Stalin have won in turn in fight behind scene of paralyzed Vladimir Lenin. Joseph Stalin have won faction of Leon Trotsky. Joseph Stalin have won faction of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev. Joseph Stalin have won faction of Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov and Mikhail Tomskiy. Joseph Stalin had destroyed physically almost all “Leninist guards” in 1937-1938  and Joseph Stalin had built tyranny instead of oligarchy. Joseph Stalin had created instead of “Leninist guards” the new ruling layer ("Nomenklatura"), which was subordinated to tyrant Joseph Stalin rigidly. Thus, building of Asiatic formation was finished and Asiatic formation was as classical model during Stalin's epoch.

Nikita Khrushchev had destroyed physically of new applicant in tyrant Lavrentiy Beria. Nikita Khrushchev had restored oligarchy, the gradual destruction of Asiatic formation had begun in Russia with that. The degeneration of oligarchy had begun during Leonid Brezhnev's epoch. Mikhail Gorbachev had loosened oligarchy before the basis. President of Russia Boris Yeltsin had destroyed oligarchy and Asitic formation completely. Boris Yeltsin has built capitalism and system of representative democracy by Western samples. Yegor Gaidar has introduced market competition in Russia in 1991. Anatoly Chubais has introduced private property and economic control in the sphere of economy. Boris Yeltsin has introduced constitution and parliament. Vladimir Putin has brought order after the period of reforms. All four English inventions are introduced in Russia today. Therefore capitalism is introduced in Russia already today.

Asiatic formation was built in other countries of the socialist camp also, where these four campaigns were conducted by the Soviet samples also. As soon as the Soviet troops were removed in 1989 from these countries of East Europe, “velvet” revolutions had occurred in these countries of East Europe and capitalism was restored in this countries. Mao Zedong had built Asiatic formation in China, Mao Zedong had won in Civil War in China and Mao Zedong had conducted such campaigns as "Great Leap Forward“ (Industrialization), People's communes (Collectivization) and Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping began to pursue New Economic Policy which proceeds in China and today. Market competition, economic control in the economy and technical inventions are introduced in China today, but power is located in the hands of Communist oligarchy, and the students, who required of democracy on the square Tiananmen, were crushed by tanks. Asiatic formation remains in North Korea and in Cuba today. Three English inventions - inventions in the equipment, a private property and the market competition are introduced in China today, the fourth invention - representative democracy - isn't introduced in China still. Conclusion consists that socialism is regress in comparison with capitalism, and this grandiose communist experiment led to the large victims in Russia. Bolsheviks could not find own Russian way of the development of the country and Bolsheviks had led of Ryssia by backward Asian way. Bolsheviks can not build anything, except this primitive model of society and today. The repetition of a similar utopian experiment will become the catastrophe for Russia.

Technological determinism.
Debates exist between technocrats and technophobes within this direction. Technocrats are optimists and technocrats consider that development of technology will solve all problems, for example, filters, settling basins, etc. are necessary for the solution of environmental problems. Technophobes consider that the mankind will die from the machines, for example, mankind will die from environmental problems or as a result of war with robots therefore it is necessary to break technical devices, for example, luddites broke machines in England. Technophobes suggest to break machines or to run away on the desert island or to a taiga. Lykov family ran away to a taiga in the 20th century and Lykov family lived in full isolation from society several decades. Lykov family ate potatoes, Pinus sibirica nuts, edible mushrooms, berries, fish, meat without salt. When Lykov family were found by geologists in 1978 accidentally, almost all family members, except the daughter Agafya, had died from a stress or as a result of loss of immunity during lifetime for some time in sterile taiga isolation.

The writer and musician Samuel Butler had emigrated to New Zealand in 1859 with the purpose to be engaged there in cultivation of sheeps. He wrote a sketch "Darwin among the Machines" in which Samuel Butler wrote about very fast evolution of Machines in which outdated Machines disappear as dinosaurs. One day Machines will be able to dominate over people. Samuel Butler described the history of the fictional state in the novel "Erewhon" (word "nowhere"") in which all Machines were destroyed, because  Machines began to pose threat for people.

Time will show that technocrats or technophobes is right in this debates.

James Bernham made the forecast about The Managerial Revolution during which the power will pass from businessmen to technocrats, but these forecast was a utopia.

Stages of the development of society
Besides marxist theory other theories exist about the stages of the development of society.

Walt Whitman Rostow had separated five stages of economic Growth in the work "The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto", published in 1960.

Marshall McLuhan has shared history into four epochs in dependence from the replacement of the means of the communication in work "The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man":

 * Oral tribe culture. The epoch of the tribal person, who possessed of capability to spoken language

 * Manuscript culture. This epoch has come after the invention of writing, hieroglyphs and the alphabet.

 * Gutenberg galaxy. The epoch of the industrial person, who exchanged information with help of the invented by Johannes Guttenberg printing press.

Leslie White separate five stages of human development in the dependence on the change of the energy sources in work "The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome"(1959):
 * Electronic age. The epoch of the new tribal person, who exchanges by information with help of the telephone, the Internet, sputnik’s communication and etc.

 * People use energy of their own muscles.

 * People use energy of domesticated animals.

 * People use the energy of plants (so Leslie White refers to agricultural revolution here).

 * People learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas.

In my opinion, these classifications of the steps of the development of society are not completely successful, because these authors selected secondary criterions for the classification of steps. My criterion for the classification of the steps of the development of society (kind of social control in the sphere of the economy) is more essential.
 * People use nuclear energy.

Future Shock
Future Shock is a book written by the futurist Alvin Toffler in 1970. Alvin Toffler defines the term "future shock" in the book, as a certain psychological state of individuals and entire societies. His shortest definition for the term "future shock" is a personal perception of "too much change in too short a period of time".

Term
Alvin Toffler argued that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an industrial society to a "super-industrial society". This change overwhelms people. He believed the accelerated rate of technological and social change left people disconnected and suffering from "shattering stress and disorientation"—future shocked. Toffler stated that the majority of social problems are symptoms of future shock. In his discussion of the components of such shock, he popularized the term "information overload."

Development of society and production
Alvin Toffler distinguished three stages in development of society and production:

 * agrarian,

 * industrial

 * post-industrial.

The first stage began in the period of the Neolithic Era when people had invented agriculture, thereby passing from barbarity to a civilization. The second stage began in England with the Industrial Revolution during which people had invented the machine tool and the steam engine. The third stage began in the second half of the 20th century in the West when people had invented automatic production, robotics and the computer. The services sector attained great value.

Alvin Toffler proposed one criterion for distinguishing between industrial society and post-industrial society: the share of the population occupied in agriculture versus the share of city labor occupied in the services sector. In a post-industrial society, the share of the people occupied in agriculture does not exceed 15%, and the share of city laborers occupied in the services sector exceeds 50%. Thus, the share of the people occupied with brainwork greatly exceeds the share of the people occupied with physical work in post-industrial society.

Fear of the future
Alvin Toffler's main thought consists of the fact that modern man feels shock from rapid changes. For example, Toffler's daughter went to shop in New York City and she couldn't find a shop in its previous location. Thus New York has become a city without a history. The urban population doubles every 11 years. The overall production of goods and services doubles each 50 years in developed countries. Society experiences an increasing number of changes with an increasing rapidity, while people are losing the familiarity that old institutions (religion, family, national identity, profession) once provided. The so-called "brain drain" – the emigration of European scientists to the United States – is both an indicator of the changes in society and also one of their causes.

Features of post-industrial society

 * Many goods have become disposable because the cost of manual repair or cleaning has become greater than the cost of making new goods due to mass production. Examples of disposable goods include ballpoint pens, lighters, plastic bottles, and paper towels.
 * The design of goods becomes outdated quickly. (And so, for example, a second generation of computers appears before the end of the expected period of usability of the first generation). It is possible to rent almost everything (from a ladder to a wedding dress), thus eliminating the need for ownership.
 * Whole branches of industry die off and new branches of industry arise. This affects unskilled workers who are compelled to change their residence to find new jobs. The constant change in the Market economics also poses a problem for advertisers who must deal with moving targets.
 * People of post-industrial society change their profession and their workplace often. People have to change professions because professions quickly become outdated. People of post-industrial society thus have many careers in a lifetime. The knowledge of an engineer becomes outdated in ten years. People look more and more for temporary jobs.
 * To follow transient jobs, people have become nomads. For example, immigrants from Algeria, Turkey and other countries go to Europe to find work. Transient people are forced to change residence, phone number, school, friends, car license, and contact with family often. As a result, relationships tend to be superficial with a large number of people, instead of being intimate or close relationships that are more stable. Evidence for this is tourist travel and holiday romances.
 * The driver's license, received at age 16, has become the teenager's admission to the world of adults, because it symbolizes the ability to move independently.

The main principles of civilization's approach.
Three basic ideas exist in this approach:

• Each local civilization has unique originality. Local civilizations are differed from each other on the systems of values, the customs, the culture, the production technology, their morals and philosophy.

• Each local civilization survives the periods of birth, blossoming, decline, death. The cycle of the life of civilization is such.

• These local civilizations exist near with each other, these local civilizations replace each other and these local civilizations fight with each other.

Researchers separate several local civilizations: Ancient Egypt, the civilization of Babylon and Assyria, Ancient China, Ancient India, the antique civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, the civilization of Ancient America, the Moslem civilization of Arab caliphate and Osman empire, West European civilization. Debates exist about the composition of this list of civilizations. The reason of debates consists in that this researchers did not find criterion, which distinguishes one civilization from another. In my opinion, such criterion is the list of great social inventions which were made by this civilization. For example, my large doubts cause attempt to consider Russia as separate civilization. Сontrary to the principles of Russian patriotism, it is difficult to find in the history of Russia fact of the made of great social inventions, which entered into the gold fund for humanity. Russia, as and the majority of the countries of World, did not invent, but Russia learned at other civilizations. It is desirable to repeat again, that Russia is the transitional country from Asia to Europe, like Byzantium. Civilization is society, built on the specific set of great social inventions. One civilization is differed from another civilization with help of the set of these inventions.

Giambattista Vico, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee had created the classical and widely known theories within the framework of civilizational approach to the history of society. All these authors were fond by statement of questions of culture and mythology, their style of statement was metaphorical and too verbose.

The law of challenge and response of Arnold J. Toynbee
Its main book is “A Study of History” into 12 volumes. The essence of the law of challenge and response consists of the following. Environment proposes the challenge for civilization, elite must find response to this challenge. If there is no response or response is inadequate, then civilization perishes. If the elite manages to find the correct response to a challenge, the elite manages to solve a problem with the help of a new great invention, then this civilization conquers own neighbors and this civilization teaches own neighbors to this new great invention.

Expansion of borders, replenishment of work force and assimilation of neighbors - barbarians – these kinds of activity are characteristic of any civilization.

Three types of the challenges exist:

• Unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.  The civilization achieves success not owing to easy conditions of the geographical environment, but in spite of severe climate. Too good natural conditions and absence of challenges, as a rule, encourages the return to nature (“"forward to apes") and absence of challenges lead to the cessation of any development of civilization.

• Attacks of foreigners.

• Rotting and the decline of the neighbouring civilizations, the weakness of enemy is challenge also, because the weakness of enemy generates hope for an easy victory at other enemy.

Elite is creative minority, which rules at first owning to merits and authority, then elite degenerates inevitably and elite rules with help of the force of weapon, then elite perishes and elite gives way on the top of power to another elite. The elite must turn sluggish and inert masses to own strong-willed satellites, striving for the new goals. Mass is noncreative majority. Mass is deprived of the ability to create and mass must imitate to elite. Arnold J.Toynbee could not formulate criterion, which distinguishes one civilization from another. Therefore Arnold J. Toynbee named too many civilizations  ‐  21 civilization. Moreover, Arnold J. Toynbee literally had "drowned" in information about a huge number of historic facts and Arnold J. Toynbee could not state clearly own concept because Toynbee was not able to allocate main thing in own concept.

Examples of the successful responses of the civilizations:

 * Hunters of the Sahara.  Unfavorable for the ancient people process of the drying up of Аfro ‐ Asian steppe has begun after the end of glacial period. Desert the Sahara had arisen on the spot of fertile pastures. The process of drying up is challenge for the ancient people. Some tribes of hunters and gatherers has died out simply. Other tribes made two great responses: nomad cattle breeding and irrigation agriculture. Nomads established nomad civilization and nomads had begun to conduct their herds along the seasonal route of migration skillfully, from one oasis to another. The such steppes and climate exist in America and Australia too, but Indians and aborigines of Australia did not know such invention, as cattle breeding. Thus, not all depends from natural conditions. The ancestors of Egyptians and inhabitants of Mesopotamia could master the swamps in the valleys of the river Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Egyptians and inhabitants of Mesopotamia had established river’s civilizations, Egyptians and inhabitants of Mesopotamia had built grandiose drainage and irrigating systems, using not iron, but only stone and wooden instruments of labor.

 * Andes civilization had arisen in the territory of upland. Challenge for the ancestors of Incas is the small territory of the earth, suitable for the agriculture in the mountains, severe climate and the low fertility of the earth. Response of the ancestors of Incas is a terraced agriculture.

 * Minos civilization.  Island Crete was the center of this civilization, this civilization had arisen as a result the challenge of sea. Phoenicians lived in the mountains on the coast of sea and Phoenicians had little earth, suitable for the agriculture. Response of Phoenicians is a invention of seagoing ships, sea trade and alphabet. Bronze weapon, glasswares and Tyrian purple fabrics has become by Phoenician’s goods. Minos civilization perished as a result natural catastrophe, as a result of volcanic eruption in 1 600 years B.C. Phoenicians were extruded from maritime trade routes by their disciples - the ancient Greeks, which have surpassed their teachers in the trade. Alexander the Great has seized phoenician city Tyre. The last colony of Phoenicians Carthage was destroyed by Ancient Rome. Thus, Phoenicians did not find response to the new challenge of environment  ‐  commercial competition of Greece and the military invasion of Ancient Macedonia and Ancient Rome and Phoenician’s civilization had perished.

 * Challenges for the antique civilization of Ancient Greece are the small fertility of stony soils and the shortage of food in the conditions of rapid growth of the population. There were three attempts to make an response to this challenge.

The response of Sparta consisted in the fact that it is necessary to conquer earth of neighbors in Messenia, to convert conquered inhabitants into the state slaves and to force them to work on the Spartans. Sparta was forced to create regular army and to militarize all own life from top to bottom for performance of this task, but Spartans had no craft and trade, Spartans were backward in all spheres, except war.

The response of Corinth consisted in the fact that it is necessary to establish overseas colonies in Sicily, South Italy and Frakia, where much of fertile earth exists, and it is necessary to bring grain from this colonies.

But Athens had made most successful and most effective response. Inhabitants of Athens has borrowed invention of Phoenicians (sea’s trade and craft), and inhabitants of Athens have bought the grain to the gained money simply. Athens have surpassed their teachers in the fact that inhabitants of Athens had invented the first in the world warship (trireme), but not the trade ship, the new goods  (iron weapon, wine, olive oil, silver adornments, ceramic ware and so on). The invasion of Persians to Greece had caused the successful campaign of Alexander the Great to Persia. Ancient Rome have invented Roman law and mobile construction of infantry in response to the invasion of Gauls to Rome.

 * The constant invasions of nomads had become by the challenge for Russia. Russia is located on the road from Asia to Europe, on which the countless waves of invasions went in Europe from the side of nomads. As a result Byzantine empire, which was located on this road also, was wiped off the face of the earth simply, but Austria has managed to stand against Ottoman Empire. The response of Russia consisted in the invention of semi-military estate  ‐ Cossacks, in the use of firearms and boat against the nomads. A gunpowder was invented in China, then the firearms were cardinally improved by Europeans, boat (Longship) is Varangians invention, thus, Russians invented nothing, but Russians used the European inventions against the Asiatic nomads successfully.  Cossacks have settled on the rivers and Cossacks have made rivers as natural boundaries of defense, then Cossacks has begun to use a boat for the advance into Siberia, thus, Cossacks has conquered the earth of nomads. Cossacks has crushed this ancient center of aggression against the farmers of Europe and Asia.

In my opinion, if you develop the ideas of Toynbee, then it is possible to name challenges, which had led to four great English inventions:

 * The low labor productivity of serf workers has caused necessity to invent more effective economic stimuluses – premium and fine instead of administrative stimuluses.

 * The deficit of supply of goods, especially pepper and spices, had become by challenge, which led to the need of inventing ocean ‐ going ships (Caravels) for oceanic trade and market’s competitions, under which the deficit of supply of goods cannot exist in principle. If ships were primitive early and it was possible to float on them only along the coast to hide in any bay in the case of storm, then it was possible to float straight through the ocean with help of the Caravel and Carrack.

 * Competition from the side of the Indian weavers, which could manufacture fabric of the manual work on the very low price and excellent quality, this competition has caused need of inventing Power loom, steam engine and other technical inventions.

The synthesis of formational approach and civilization’s approach
 * The abuses of tyrants have caused the need of the inventing of the system of representative democracy, which consists from constitution, parliament, system of the separation of powers, multi ‐ party elections and political freedoms.

Some authors opposed unreasonably these approaches under research of the history of society. In my opinion, the theoretical synthesis is necessary of these approaches. Who drives up mankind on steps of progressive formational development? Some religious philosophers called God’s will in quality of such whip, this God’s will conducts humanity to the purpose. This explanation does not suit me, because in my opinion, god does not exist. The progress of society occurs not according to the godly plan, but with help of blind search, by method trial and error according to the law of challenge and response of Arnold J. Toynbee. Local civilizations realize different projects of development, local civilizations fight with each other; as a result the natural selection occurs of these civilizations and their responses with help of the war and the competition on the international market. Сhange of civilizations – leaders on the world scene happens because of this fight of civilizations. War and market competition are lot always, therefore any civilization can't win eternally according to probability theory. Good luck can turn away from earlier successful civilization once, besides degeneration of creative elite of this civilization  happens over time, the creative elite loses ability to do inventions. Local civilization is the unit of selection in the human history, like the biological species in the biosphere. Thus, the struggle of local civilizations is the reason for formational development, the struggle of local civilizations is such whip, which drives up mankind on steps of progressive formational development, although certain people, nations, organizations, groups, countries and local civilizations develop cyclically through birth, blossoming, decline, death.

Examples of the civilization ‐ leaders in the world arena, who changed each other:

 * the Ancient East,

 * Antique civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome,

 * Western Europe and USA.

Many conquerors of the past  ‐  Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Adolf Hitler had attempted to attain world supremacy, but this idea is utopia, because  embodiment into the life of this idea would lead to the end of rivalry between the civilizations, to stagnation and end of the progress of humanity, that it isn't possible in principle. By the way, Russia put an end to claims on world supremacy to three of four grand conquerors - to Genghis Khan, Napoleon and Hitler. Of course Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan won against Russia, but force of a mongols were exhausted as a result of this victory and mongols could not move on conquest of Western Europe. And later Russia won against the Golden Horde and turned it into own colony.

The building of the global system of human society, which we observe today, will lead not to the termination, but to the sharpening of economic rivalry between the separate regions of world. For example, the countries of Southeast Asia and China have come out on top on rates of economic development today. Military rivalry of the Russian Federation and the United States of America has sharpened today too.


text:
Interesting social sciences/My theory of interrelations between social conflict and social control

The debatable questions in conflict theory
There are several unresolved problem in such science as conflict theory:
 * What is  an essence of interrelation between the social conflict and social control?
 * Do conflicts have a benefit?
 * What is the reasons and the purpose of conflict?
 * What is criterion for the classification of conflicts?
 * Is it necessary to settle all conflicts on the basis of the voluntary agreement between conflicting sides?

 * What is the basis for agreement between the conflicting sides during the settlement of conflict?

The definitions
A social conflict is the form of social interaction under which the participants of this conflict attempt to conquer the victory above their opponents with the help of different means with the aim of the physical destruction of opponent, with the aim transformation of opponent into the object of control, with the aim  the conquering of the somebody else’s sphere of influence and somebody else’s resources. A social control is the form of social interaction under which the controller forces the object of control to the fulfillment of norms of behavior with help of the threat of the application of positive or negative sanctions, with help of the introduction of stereotypes. Thus, there are two statuses (controller and objects of control) in relations of social control. A sanction is reward or punishment, thus positive or negative sanctions exist. A norm is the rule of behavior. A stereotype is the model for the imitation, which takes root in the consciousness of the people through the media and mass culture. The temporary consistency of the mechanism for control with help of the threat of the application of sanctions consists of three stages:
 * the broadcasting of norms,

Below I will try to give the answers on debatable questions in conflict theory, this debatable questions were assigned above.
 * supervision for the fulfillment of norms,
 * the application of negative sanctions against the disturbers of norms and the application of positive sanctions for the obedient executors of norms.

'''Essence of the interrelation between the concepts of social conflict and social control. '''

There is no description of the logical principle of the interrelation between the conceptions of “social conflict” and “social control” in the sociological literature. These conceptions are examined in the detachment from each other. The theoretical novelty of my approach consists to the detection of the essence of this interrelation. Exactly the understanding of the essence of this interrelation makes it possible to solve all enumerated above problems of conflict theory.

The essence of interrelation between social conflict and social control consists of the following:
 * From one side, the winner in the conflict becomes by controller before the following flash of conflict. The person who has lost in the conflict becomes by object of control. The person who has lost in the conflict is forced to perish or to give to the winner a sphere of influence

 * From other side, the controller is forced to support the optimum level of the strictness of the sanctions of social control, because too severe or too soft social control causes the new flash of conflict because the object of control begins to doubt in the ability of controller to fulfill its functions.

The object of control goes to the conflict with the controller because of a feeling of desperation  in the case of too severe social control  and the object of control decides to risk by own life, by achievements in the career or by wages for the sake of the liberation from too severe control. The object of control receives the hope on the victory over the controller in the case of too soft control, since object of control begins to consider that controller is too weak and incapable to use punishments. For example, the pupils arrange the disruption of lesson in the case of the too tyrannical or too tolerant style of the establishing order on the lesson from the side of teacher.

Benefit of conflicts
With the point of view for the representatives of such direction in macrosociology as structural functionalism, each custom and each organization have own function in the society, conflicts do not have a benefit and a function in the society; therefore conflicts must be eradicated. Empirical sociological research were developed intensively in first half 20 century (research of conflicts in the small groups and the production organizations, research of the conflicts in the form of strikes, protest demonstrations, riots and military conflicts). The purpose of these research is the explanation of the reasons of conflicts and the search of the effective procedures of their settling. The conflicts were considered  in this case as the negative processes, which restrain the development of society. Talcott Parsons saw the main task of sociology in the establishment of the non‐conflicting relations between different elements of society with aim of the establishment of equilibrium, mutual understanding and collaboration. In his opinion, law’s institutes, religion and customs carry out the function of settlement of conflicts. The society becomes all less conflicting in process of development of society. This concept of Talcott Parsons was underwent by the substantiated criticism for “frailty”. With an opposite point of view, which belongs to the representatives of conflict theory, conflicts are inevitable in the society, but conflicts must be settled, conflicts have a benefit and harm in the society. Lewis A. Coser indicated to the negative and positive functions of conflict.

The following negative functions of conflict exist:

 * the worsening of the social climate,

 * the reduction of productivity of labor,

 * the dismissal of the part of the workers with aim of resolution of conflict,

 * the inadequate perception by the opposite sides of each other and the decreasing of collaboration between them,

 * the material and emotional expenditures for resolution of conflict.

The following positive functions of conflict exist:

 * the conflict is the reason for change and development of social system, the conflict is the source of innovations,

 * conflict makes it possible to build hierarchy inside the social groups,

 * conflict makes it possible to create organization,

 * conflict makes it possible to join the association of adherents,

 * conflict makes possible for man to appear his activity, thus, conflict stimulates the development of personality, conflict brings up self‐esteem, firmness, courage and leader’s qualities,

 * outcome of conflict removes latent tension and outcome of conflict gives the exit for energy.

I am agreeable with the point of view of conflict theory completely. Benefit and function of conflict consist in that the development of society takes place with help of conflict   and the natural selection of aspirants to controllers take place with help of conflict; therefore the complete eradication of conflict is utopia, conflict is the necessary element of social structure.

The purpose and the reason of social conflict

The purpose of conflict is the conquest of resources, status of controller or sphere of influence. The reason of conflict is the human needs for wealth, prestige and power in spite of interests of other people. The consequence of these conflicts is the inevitable and natural inequality between the people in the society. The status of controller, the conquered sphere of influence, the wealth, the prestige and the power are prizes for winner in the conflict. The inequality between the controller and the object of control serves as an example of the inequality between the people. Some elites attempt to create themselves unfair advantages in the conflict in the form of caste’s or class’s privileges sometimes, some elites attempt to forbid for the representatives of bottoms to make legal career. Such elites attempt to abolish the free elections, the market competitions, the marriages between the representatives of bottoms and tops, such elites attempt to abolish the right of the representative of bottoms to address into the law court or to challenge on the duel of the representative of elite. This attempts lead unavoidably to the loss of competitive ability at the representatives of elite and this attempts lead to the social revolution, when “upstarts” from the bottoms are forced to destroy physically of “degenerates” from the old elite and “upstarts” from the bottoms are forced to occupy place at the top of social pyramid instead representatives of old elite.

The criterions for the classification of the forms of social conflict and social control.

Such essential criterion is the kind of means for struggle under conducting of conflict.

The following means of struggle for the different kinds of the conflict exist:
 * The gestures of aggression, flirtation, lie, etc.

My criterion for the classification of kinds of social control is the kind of sanctions or stereotypes. Psychological science did not open to the end the device of the mechanism of psychological control (mechanism of hypnosis, “fateful” love, influence of demagogue on the crowd). Moral, armed, administrative, economic and religious kinds of control are built on the mechanism of the threat of sanctions.
 * Verbal abuse or praise, the spreading of gossips.
 * The weapon.
 * Organization of election campaign, meetings and demonstrations, political advertisement, denunciation into the higher instances, the bureaucratic intrigues, the strike.
 * The religious curses in the address of opponents, sacred inquisition.
 * The cheap and high‐quality goods.
 * The high‐quality work of art.
 * The rhetorical methods, the sophistical tricks and the scientific proof.

Five kinds of the sanctions are applied in five corresponding kinds of control:
 * The moral sanctions (praise or insult).
 * The armed sanctions (corporal punishments).

Aesthetical and ideological kinds of control are built on the mechanism of the introduction of stereotypes.
 * The administrative sanctions (increase or demotion to the service, the dismissal or providing of work).
 * The religious sanctions (threat of eternal torments in hell or eternal bliss in to paradise, the promise of advantages or penalties in the process of reincarnation (in the process regeneration of souls).
 * The economic sanctions (award and penalty).

Classification of the forms of social conflict and social control
In my opinion, there are eight kinds of social conflict and there are eight analogous kinds of the social control:

The essence of this classification will be opened in more detail below. Examples of the kinds of conflict and social control will be named below. The kinds of social conflict and social control were invented not simultaneously, but the kinds of social conflict and social control were invented in turn in the process of the history of human society. The broadcasting of norms and the threat of sanctions is realized not with help of the words in the process of psychological control and psychological conflict frequently, but it is realized in form of the language of gestures. Humanity inherited these primitive kinds of psychological conflict and psychological control from the animal ancestors.

It is possible to give the following examples of each kind of the conflict:
1). Examples of the psychological conflict: 2). Example of the moral conflict:
 * the mutual intimidation in the language of gestures,
 * the clarification in the process of the flirtation of that fact, who is leader in the love relations,
 * the competition of demagogues for the influence on the crowd.

3). Examples of the armed conflict:
 * the quarrel between people in the process of fight for status of leader in the small group.
 * the hunting on wild animals,
 * the war between the states,
 * civil war,
 * the war between the criminal groups and the war of criminal groups against the police,
 * the armed seizure of power,
 * political murder,

 * extremist terror,

 * duel,
 * sport’s competitions, as kind of a show, the first examples of sports competitions: Olympic Games in Ancient Greece and Gladiatorial fights in Ancient Rome.

4). Examples of the administrative conflict:
 * political elections,

 * the conflict of bureaucratic cliques, fight behind scene, clique is group or the gang of adherents, this group strive to dismiss from the work of the members of other cliques with help of different methods and   this group strive to move the members of own clique upward on the administrative official stairs.

 * the fight of factions in a parlament or in party,

Three forms of the political elections exist:
 * the strike of workers.
 * the elections at the popular assembly under direct democracy,
 * the elections in the privileged assembly (Senate) under aristocracy,

The system of election in the popular assemble was brought to perfection in Ancient Athens, the system of election in the privileged senate was brought to perfection in Ancient Greek Sparta and in Ancient Rome, and the system of multi-party public elections was brought to perfection in England and the USA as a result of activity of the parties of chartists and feminists. Chartists have achieved of right to vote for workers, and feminists have achieved of right to vote for the women. 5). An example of religious conflict is religious competition between the church and sectarian organizations for the sphere of influence on the believers within the framework of the observance of the freedom of religion, invented in the USA.
 * the multi-party public election of the President and the deputies under representative democracy, the deputies vote in the parliament instead of their voters and in the interests of their voters.

6). An example of economic conflict is the market competition, under conditions of which such producer survives, who can produce and sell goods on the smallest price and with the best quality. Market competition was invented by Phoenicians and ancient Greeks in Athens. There were invented sea trade and seagoing ships, handicraft production of goods for sale and particular ownership of the means of production in Phoenicia and Athens, but Phoenicians and ancient Greeks used slaves as the work force instead of the hired workers employed for money. Gold coins  were invented in Lydia. The market competition was abolished and subsistence economy is restored in the Middle Ages in Western Europe, because the center of the development of European civilization had  moved from the Mediterranean to European continent, and trade along the overland roads was hindered because of the feudal fragmentation. The market competition was restored in Western Europe  under capitalism on the new basis. Oceanic trade and ocean‐going ships (carracks and caravels), wage labour  and machine production were invented in addition to the old signs of market. Oceanic trade, carracks and caravels were invented in Portugal and Spain.

7). An example of aesthetic conflict is the competition between the creators of art, this competition was invented in ancient Athens.

8). An example of ideological conflict is dispute or discussion between the scientists, between the politicians or between the media. Logic is science about the laws of correct thinking. Rhetoric is science about the eloquence. Logic and rhetoric were invented in Ancient Greece.

It is possible to give the following examples for each kind of control:
1). Examples of the psychological controllers:
 * the hypnotist,

2). An example of moral control is the control of leader in the small group with help of such sanctions as praises or curses under the conditions of the moral support of this leader from the side of the majority of the members of this group. 3). An examples of the armed control:
 * the demagogue, who knows how to influence on crowd.
 * the "fatal" person who able to inspire unrequited love to own person from the representative of an opposite sex.

 * the control of herdsman, horseman and  the coachman    in the farmer economy in relation to domestic animals,

 * the control of leader in the criminal groups,

 * the control of head of mafia in Russian prison, the control medical orderlies in psychiatric hospital,  the control guards  in any total institution (army barracks, slaveholding economy, concentration camp)  ‐ with help of such sanctions as corporal punishments.
 * the authorities turn out the system of criminal law into the system of state’s terror and intimidation of citizens under such form of Government as tyranny.

4). An examples of the administrative control: 5). An example of religious control is the control “of the prophet” in the charismatic sect and control of the priest above the believers with help of such sanctions as the threats of eternal torments in hell or the promise of eternal bliss in to paradise in Christianity and Islam, promise of advantages in the process of reincarnation in Buddhism. Religious control was invented in such world religions as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. The mechanism of religious control (in Christianity) was invented in the period of the sunset of Roman empire.
 * the control inside the vassal‐fief system,
 * the control inside any bureaucratic organization (tax service, army, church, police, system of education, system of state public health, government sector in the economy, socialist planned economy, system of executive power) with help of such sanctions as increase or demotion to the service, the dismissal or providing of work. Administrative control was invented together with the invention of bureaucracy in Ancient Egypt and in States of Mesopotamia.

6). An examples of the economic control:

 * the control in private enterprise,
 * the control of international banks,

Economic control is fulfilled with help of such sanctions as money’s award and penalty. This kind of control is most effective today. Economic control was invented under capitalism in England and Netherlands. International banks attempt to control economically to the policy of whole countries. The system of the government’s control of the domestic market uses such economic sanctions as privileges on the credits, the taxes and the customs duties. 7). An example of aesthetic control is a control with help of the introduction of aesthetic stereotypes (attractive images). 8). An example of ideological control is control with help of the introduction of ideological stereotypes by the way of multiple repetition of norms of behavior. Political and commercial advertisement serves as an example of aesthetical and ideological control. The invention of mass media (newspapers, cinema, radio, television, video) allowed to build the system of ideological and aesthetical control into Western Europe and USA under capitalism. State’s ideological machine was built under the Communist and Fascist tyranny with help of deception and disinformation of citizens in the interests of authorities. That to protect of citizens from this danger, freedom of press exists under western democracy. Freedom of press is the system of competition between the private mass medias. Television company, which gives the false, uninteresting or obsolete information, is forced to ruin in conditions of this competition.
 * the government’s control of market.

Similarity and difference between the biological conflict and social conflict
Three kinds of the conflict exist:

 * Fight for own life, fight for own existence and  fight for an opportunity to have own posterity.

 * The conflict for the status of the controller.

 * The conflict for a sphere of influence between several controllers.

Charles Darwin has noticed correctly that a fight of the first kind - fight for own life and for life of own posterity (maternal instinct) exists against representatives of other species almost only in the biosphere. Males of one specie fight with each other for the right to copulate and to have own posterity from a female. The psychological conflict and psychological control exist already at the highest animals, in particular in pack of wolves or in herd of ungulates. Other kinds of the conflict and control listed in my classification are characteristic only for people and animals couldn't invent them.

Fight for own life (fight for existence according to Charles Darwin) happens in human society only in such kind of the conflict as the armed conflict. A fight for the status of the controller or for a sphere of influence exist in other kinds of the conflict, but fight for own life don't exist in other kinds of the conflict. Loser is killed only in the armed kind of the conflict sometimes. The loser can choose between the prospect of own death and the status of the prisoner of war even in the war today. Thus a fight for the status of the winner exist, but fight for own life don't exist in modern war partially. European empires fought among themselves for a sphere of influence - for partition of colonies between European empires in World War I.

The psychological conflict and the administrative conflict go for the status of the controller - for the status of the hypnotist, for the status of "fatal" person in love, for status of the chief (the winner in secret fight), for status of the president (the winner on elections). The economic conflict in a form of the market competition, the religious conflict between churches and sects, an esthetic competition between actors and film studios, an ideological disputes between scientists and an ideological disputes between correspondents of newspapers - these kinds of the conflict go for a sphere of influence on consumers, believers, fans of music.

The conflict for the status of the controller and the conflict for a sphere of influence is widespread in society, though as a last resort, fight for own life is applied in society. There was a transition from prevalence of fight for life to prevalence of the conflict for the status of the controller and the conflict for sphere of influence in the course of human history. It turns out that the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin is only a special case of the my general theory about interrelation between the conflict and control.

Whether it is necessary to settle the conflicts?
In my opinion, the settlement of conflict is the impracticable task until participants of conflict will be agreeable to keep some conditions of truce. These conditions can consist from agreement about the repartition of resources, boundaries of the spheres of influence or about the observance of a treaty, according to which the  winner  in conflict becomes by controller, and loser men in conflict becomes  by object of control. This is the basis for the treaty between the conflicting sides. This treaty is the result of the test of forces in the conflict usually, but this treaty is not the result of frequently useless conversations with the psychotherapist. This treaty is superfluous in the case of physical destruction of one of two opposite sides of conflict. A court, a police and a prison are engaged by settling of the conflicts in society. The court monitors for observance of rules of fight in society and the сourt has powers to apply sanctions against violators of these rules. Religious organizations and psychological service has no such powers. Religious organizations and psychological service are not able to settle some conflicts often. Religious organizations and psychological service are capable to console of losers only, religious organizations and psychological service are capable to prevent cases of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide among losers. Religious organizations are capable to prevent mass riots and mutinies with participation of losers. It isn’t possible to settle all forms of conflict in the court, for example, it isn’t possible to settle psychological, moral, armed conflicts and conflicts of bureaucratic cliques in the court. People avoid to appeal in court most frequently on such insignificant questions as household quarrels. The criminal cases about “fateful” love are excited in the case of murder or suicide of victim only. Criminals avoid appeal to court frequently, since  appeal into the court contradicts the principles of thievish “honor”. Сontroversial problems are resolved at criminals not in the court, but on the meeting with the participation of criminal authorities instead of the judges, in “honest” duel or with help of the destruction of the enemy as a result of war between the gangsters. Сontroversial questions of nobility’s honor were resolved at nobles not in court, but with help of the duel. The settling of all forms of armed conflict is most difficult task. Victory is reached here frequently only after physical destruction of enemy or after taking into the captivity of the most part of the hostile army, when further continuation of war is impossible for defeated party. Fight without the rules goes in the war most frequently, when everything is permitted. The parties in the war sign treaties about the prohibition of the application of the most barbarous forms of weapon sometimes, about execution of prisoners of war and about terror against the innocent civilians, but these treaties are violated often. For example, Germany used poison gas in World War 1 in spite of the articles of prewar treaties. Terrorists are capable to execute hostages or children, terrorists are capable to blow up of peaceful citizens in spite of all laws. Observance of the prohibitions under warfare is built frequently only on the fear before retaliatory application of the forbidden type of weapon, but observance of the  prohibitions under warfare is'not built  on the fear before the judicial sanctions frequently. This rule exists in war ‐ the winner is always right. The representatives of one clique create the intolerable working conditions for the representatives of another clique during the conflict between the bureaucratic cliques, this conflict appears in any “office” unavoidably. The representatives of one clique force of representatives of another cliques to leave at own will, in this case the representatives of one clique try not to give to the representatives of another clique of occasion for the  appeal into the court. Not all forms of conflict must be settled, because it is profitable for society to support such forms of conflict as market competition, political elections, creative competition between workers of show business, scientific dispute, sport competitions. For this purpose state fights with those participants in the conflict, who managed to win of all their rivals and to attain monopoly position on the market. State supports  of opposition in the political sphere  and the state monitors for observance  of political freedoms. For example, the President of the USA Theodore Roosevelt was obtained nickname "trust buster". As the answer owners of this trusts created the transnational corporations, when central office is located in the USA, and assembly plants are located in the countries of Third World. As a result it is very difficult to bring to court of a similar company and to divide into the parts of a similar company by the decision of the court of one country. Furthermore, a similar company obtains the possibility to exploit cheap labor of the countries of Third World. The system of the separation of powers is built on conflict between the branches of power.

Two kinds of conflicts
All conflicts are divided into two kinds:
 * The conflicts, which are conducted without the rules and without an arbitrator. This conflicts are conducted before the complete physical destruction of the losing side of conflict sometimes.

Only first kind of conflict is applied in living nature. Hunting is finished by death of animals from the hands of man very often, but it is very seldom, that hunting is finished by the placement of animals into the zoo. The rules are introduced even in the sphere of hunting and fishing today, this rules forbid hunting on the rare animals, included into the IUCN Red List, this rules forbid hunting and fishing in the specific periods of time ‐ period of the spawning of fish, nesting of birds and so on. The most barbarous kinds of weapon of mass destruction were forbidden or limited in 20 centuries, and the rules of treatment with the prisoners of war were accepted. Knightly duels were passed according to the rules "The Code Of Honor", seconds followed for observance of this rules. Usurpers and conspirators destroyed of overthrown rulers after palace coup or after plot with the purpose of seizure of power usually, because  the overthrown rulers are too great a danger for the conspirators in the case of return of overthrown rulers to the power. For example, such tsars as False Dmitry I, Peter 3 of Russia, Ivan VI of Russia, Paul I of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia were killed in the course palace coup or after palace coup. As the exception from the general rule, Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev was sent  to the pension. The fight of bureaucratic cliques goes without rules, because this fight goes secretly, winners don't destroy of defeated rivals, but winners dismiss of defeated rivals. The small group is arbiter in the moral quarrel, the small group awards a victory. The rules of game and arbitrator exist in the political elections, the market competition, the religious conflict, creative competition and scientific dispute. The progress of society conducts to reduction of the sphere for the propagation of fight without the rules. The development of society conducts to the expansion of the sphere of the propagation of those forms of the conflict, where an arbiter and rules of game exist. As the conclusion it should be noted that I managed to give answers on all controversial questions in conflict theory.
 * The conflicts, which are conducted according to the rules, where the arbitrator exists, arbitrator watches for the observance of the rules of game and the  arbitrator awards the victory. Such conflicts finish by the destruction of the losing side of conflict never.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Aymara/Pronouns

Personal pronouns

 * Singular
 * I (exclusive [sender + | receiver — ]) = Naya
 * I (inclusive [sender + | receiver + ]) = Jiwasa
 * You = Juma
 * He / She = Jupa
 * Plural
 * We (exclusive [I and other(s) without you]) = Nayanaka / Nänaka
 * We (inclusive [I, you and other(s)] = Jiwasanaka
 * You = Jumanaka
 * They = Jupanaka

Possessives pronoun

 * Singular
 * My (exclusive) = -ja
 * Your = -ma
 * His / her = -pa
 * My (inclusive) = -sa
 * Plural
 * Our (exclusive) = -nakaja
 * Your = -nakama
 * Their = -nakapa
 * Our (inclusive) = -nakasa

title: Aymara/Pronouns


text:
User talk:Kuramae

 * really? who is your favorite character? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 09:46, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kuramae


text:
User:BASc to the future

Heya! This is my page for contributions to the BASc program!

title: User:BASc to the future


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/stability

ETH Oberon system stability Stability is a prominent highlight of Oberon. There exist however a number of ways to produce an "unrecoverable" system freeze and they are discussed below.

 Using the unsafe SYSTEM features or unsafe interfaces of low-level modules (e.g. Kernel) incorrectly. When a stack overflow occurs. Native Oberon and Bluebottle solve this problem by leaving the bottom page of the stack area in virtual memory unmapped. This causes a page fault when the stack overflows. This is reliable, even for large local variables, since stack initialization is done from top to bottom.

A stack overflow may happen when passing very large arrays as value parameters in procedure headings. Increasing the stack size (discussed at the end) is a way out, but the best solution is to use VAR formal parameters or pointers.

As a concrete example, try the following command on your Oberon system to see how it handles stack overflow induced by a recursive Trap call (warning: it may crash):

 MODULE Temp; PROCEDURE Trap*; BEGIN Trap END Trap; END Temp. Temp.Trap

Here are the results of test conducted on the four ETH Oberon systems (latest versions):  Native Oberon:  TRAP -14 Stack overflow ( 00103FFCH ) (PC Native 20.08.2002) Temp.Trap PC = 10 Temp.Trap PC = 15 ...  Oberon for Bluebottle:  [1] TRAP -14 PL 3 stack overflow Aos 20.07.2002 CS:=0000001B DS:=00000020 ES:=00000020 SS:=0000002B CR0=80040031 FPU=00000000 EIP=00574012 ESI=00573F70 EDI=8427F694 ESP=84261000 CR2=84260FFC PID=00000001 EAX=00898DC0 EBX=0057400F ECX=00000000 EDX=005A8FF8 CR3=02FFE000 LCK=00000000 EBP=84261000 FS:=00000000 GS:=00000000 ERR=00000006 CR4=00000000 TMR=00027BCA EFLAGS: cPaZstIdo iopl3 {1..2, 6, 9, 12..13, 16} Process: 18 run 1 2 0057A1B0:AosCommands.Runner AosLocks.ReleasePreemption pc=859 {0, 28} Temp.Trap pc=10 Temp.Trap pc=15 Temp.Trap pc=15 ...  ETH PlugIn Oberon for Windows (14.5.2001) running on Windows 2000 Version 5.0.2195 Service Pack 2:
 TRAP stack overflow in thread Oberon.Loop Temp.Trap PC = 7 Temp.Trap PC = 15 Temp.Trap PC = 15

Oberon for Linux x86 crashes (terminates the Oberon process). This bug was analyzed by Günter Feldmann. He found no way to handle a segmentation violation caused by stack overflow in Linux. In other Unix versions known to him, stack overflow handling is not a problem as they support an alternate stack for signal (trap) handling. In the Solaris ports of Oberon, Temp.Trap yields two segmentation violation traps. The second (recursive) trap view contains a notice which informs the user that the first trap was probably caused by stack overflow.

When he looked for the alternate signal stack in Linux last time (Kernel 2.2, x, glibc 2.2.1), he finally found the procedure "signalstack". But calling this procedure crashed the program. He hopes that in the near future signal stack will work in Linux too.

Stack size - Default size and how to adjust it

Native Oberon: use the configuration string "StackSize" to specify how many bytes are allocated for the stack. The default value is 131072, i.e. 128K.

PlugIn Oberon: The default size is 1MB. Two possibilities to adjust it are offered (effectively tested):

allocate more space to the Thread executing the critical code: in this case the Oberon loop. In the procedure Oberon.Loop, specify the stack size (in bytes) in the Threads.Start call. The disadvantage of this approach is that the stack space is immediately allocated, even if it is not (immediately) used.

allocate more space to all the Threads of the Oberon process. In the file Win32.Oberon.Link, search for the line HEAPSIZE and add a line STACKSIZE with an appropriate size right after it.

 In both cases oberon.exe must be linked again using PELinker.Link Win32.Oberon.Link ~ (Oberon.exe is the implied destination). For a stacksize <= 1 MB adjust the size to a multiple of 4096 (Page size) and beyond 1 MB to a multiple of 1048576 (1 MB).

Notes for implementers:

PELinker is part of the Developer package which must be installed (cfr. Packages.Tool).

As long as the key of the module Oberon is not changed, it is enough to link the new Oberon.exe. Do not forget to copy the latter to the right place.

Save the old Oberon.exe in a subdirectory, such as /Obj, as backup in case the new version fails.

 Bluebottle (not tested): In AosMemory.Mod, adjust the value MaxUserStackSize, compile the module and relink it. The default value is 128K but in reality the size is 124 KB because some space is reserved.

Unloading a module whereby some procedure variable reference to it still exists. The visual gadget case is a common manifestation of that, as can be demonstrated with this sequence of operations:

Set the caret in a viewer

Execute Gadgets.Insert BasicGadgets.NewButton ~

Execute System.Free BasicGadgets ~

Explanation: The Button's Handler was "stolen". When freeing a Module, Oberon checks if there are still other Modules depending on that module but it cannot currently check if a procedure variable reference to it still exists (e.g. to the Handler of the visual gadget).

Workaround: Do not System.Free a Module when its Objects are still displayed, since the Handler is called any time a Display.Broadcast (or update message) is sent (which is the case when new Viewers like a TRAP viewer are opened).

Solution: The aim is to make the system to trap gracefully and not crash. One way to solve the problem is to have a termination handler for each module. This might be true in most cases, e.g. if you have installed a task, or some other upcall that can be uninstalled again. In the case of visual gadgets, this is difficult, because the gadgets are not linked anywhere except in the display space (by design). Even broadcasting a "remove yourself" message to the gadgets of the module will not always work, since the gadget may be in a covered track.

This situation is handled correctly in Native Oberon. The pragmatic solution is:

When a "Volume full" situation is encountered - cfr. Partition size considerations.

When Oberon.Text is corrupted, Oberon start-up can end abruptly. This situation can be caused by a typing error during the edition of Oberon.Text. To recover from this situation, the partition hosting the corrupted Oberon.Text must be edited by mounting the file system from another Oberon system. The other system could reside on the same machine, on an Oberon-0 boot diskette or on CD-ROM. Pay particular attention to unmatched "{" and "}" parentheses used for nesting sections in the text.
 * 1) Where possible, the module termination handler (installed with Modules.InstallTermHandler) cleans up so that this problem does not occur.
 * 2) When a frame handler traps, the frame is closed. This avoids recursive traps and stack overflows, which thus avoids system crashes. The code for this is a bit of a hack, but it seems very effective. It is implemented in Viewers.Broadcast, Viewers.Close and System.Trap. In some cases it produces false positives, e.g., sometimes when a command linked to a gadget traps, the (innocent) frame containing the gadget is closed. System.Recall can be used to recall it.

Bluebottle also has an AosConfig.XML file which directs the start-up process and it is essential that it is syntactically well formed. A slight mistake could cause the start-up to derail. To enhance the system stability, the system is prepared to switch automatically to an alternate file Save.AosConfig.XML which is supposedly intact, thus giving the user a possibility to mend an error in AosConfig.XML. If the alternate file is corrupted, the same solution as described for Native Oberon must be applied. Both files are identical in the distribution.

[Top] ''11 Jun 2003 - Copyright © 2003 ETH Zürich. All rights reserved.''

E-Mail: oberon at lists.inf.ethz.ch

Homepage: http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/stability


text:
User:A.ren01/sandbox

the evidence

Capture_d’écran_2020-10-27_à_11.43.11.png

title: User:A.ren01/sandbox


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/windows

Plug-In ETH Oberon for Windows

Plug-In ETH Oberon for Windows is a port of the ETH Oberon operating system running on top of Windows. It is currently available for the Microsoft Windows platforms: 9x, ME, NT and 2000. It was developed for the purpose of obtaining a fine grain integration of Oberon on the Windows desktop (thus not confining Oberon to a full-screen interface), to allow using Oberon as a browser plug-in and as an ActiveX server. Classical implementations of Oberon System 3 run in full screen mode. This is an obvious choice when Oberon is implemented as a native operating system. However, if Oberon is implemented on top of another operating system, a full screen solution is not optimal. Oberon components ranging from simple gadgets such as buttons, to complex containers such as desktops, can be plugged into a foreign context, e.g. web pages. Such pluggable objects may not only display themselves but are also able to use other mechanisms provided by their context, e.g. scripting (VB Script, JavaScript), drag & drop, web streams, etc.

Latest Release
 * Download
 * Installation instructions including release notes
 * Documentation

Earlier versions The ETH Plug-In Oberon for Windows is an offspring of two other Oberon for Windows ports which are currently not maintained anymore but are still available for download:

Oberon System 3 for Windows 95 / 98 / NT Release 2.3.

Oberon System 3 for Windows (Win32s) Release 2.2 for use with Windows 3.1, Windows 95 and Windows NT. This version is an offspring of the "Spirit of Oberon" Windows version created by Hannes Marais.

In both versions, Oberon is running as full-screen Windows application. The two would have to be updated and recompiled to incorporate the latest developments of the ETH Oberon system.

''13 Jul 2002 - Copyright © 2002 ETH Zürich. All rights reserved.''

E-Mail: oberon at lists.inf.ethz.ch

Homepage: http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/windows


text:
Talk:Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme Regulation/Phosphorylation

Hey, don't know how often this gets checked, but my biology textbook mentions that phosphorylation of an enzyme is reversible. Would love input from someone who knows what they're talking about.


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2020/June

Template:Wikibooks editor navigation
Hi all, I've created a template to help with site navigation:

I was thinking of putting it on some of the pages listed. It doesn't include policies and guidelines as there is already a template for them.

Any comments are appreciated. Thanks, -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:17, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I rather like it. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:59, 17 June 2020 (UTC)