text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/How does physical activity interact with coronary artery disease?

Background research
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common condition that primarily affects the cardiovascular system, in particular the major blood vessels (coronary arteries) that supply the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients. CAD is the leading single cause of disease burden and death in Australia, in 2020-21 an estimated 571,000 Australians over the age of 18 reported having CAD, this resulted in 16,600 deaths nationwide in 2020, making up for 10% of Australian deaths that year. There are many risk factors that can increase someone's chances of developing CAD, some of the main ones are: age, sex, family history, smoking, drinking, and physical activity.

Physical activity has been known to have significant positive effects on many diseases, particularly ones that affect the cardiovascular system, This means that a disease like CAD is strongly influenced by physical activity levels. A study conducted in 2017 placed patients suffering from CAD into 3 different intervention groups based on their lifestyle-related risk factors such as physical inactivity, BMI, and smoking habits. This study's results showed that implementing changes to someone's lifestyle that target their lifestyle-related risk factors does positively impact CAD.

These results from this study appear to align with other available research however the process and reliability of it will be critiqued throughout this page.

Where is the research from?
The article referred to was published in 2017 by the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, they are known for their original peer-reviewed clinical and experimental reports on all aspects of cardiovascular disease. (5) The Journals impact factor is ranked 5th out of 143 in Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems and is available in 11 international databases.

The complete data found in this study comes from 711 participants that were spread across 15 hospitals in the Netherlands.

What kind of research was this?
The article states that its research is that of a randomised controlled trial, however there is evidence of some randomised controlled trial and multi-centre characteristics being used to create the 3 different intervention groups and gather data from multiple hospitals.

What did the research involve?
The research for this study involved a large amount of cooperation from many patients with CAD and nurses throughout multiple hospitals. There were 562 male participants and 149 female participants, requirements for these participants included hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome, and/or coronary revascularization within the last 8 weeks and having 1 or more lifestyle-related risk factor. Although all participants had CAD these lifestyle-related risk factors varied between participants (low physical activity, high BMI, smoking habit) and altered what their intervention would be. Below are the 3 interventions they were given.

Intervention group with low physical activity levels:

Philips DirectLife offers an Internet-based program aimed at improving physical activity. An accelerometer measures physical activity and an online coach provides personalized feedback. Access to this program was for the duration of 1 year.

Intervention group with high BMI:

Weight Watchers offers a program that emphasises a healthy diet, changing unhealthy behaviour and regular physical activity, and uses group motivation, coordinated by a Weight Watchers coach. Access to this program was for the duration of 1 year.

Intervention group with smoking habit:

Luchtsignaal is a smoking cessation program in the Netherlands that uses telephone counselling based on motivational interviewing by trained professionals, for the duration of 3 months. Nicotine replacement or varenicline therapy was prescribed, as appropriate.

The participant's baseline data was collected after discharge from hospital so they can be compared with their results 12 months later. The data that was collected included cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular history, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, blood pressure, body weight, height, waist circumference, BMI, body composition, fasting blood samples, and a 6-minute walking distance test.

There's an extremely large amount of data that's been gathered for this study. It's clear that if this were been done on a specific population or only use one intervention group there would be less variation in data and that could lead to finer results and possibly achieve a better dropout rate than 11.3%. With that being said the Authors have done well to convey this complex investigation they are doing. A concern that is apparent in the method is that people's physical activity levels and smoking habits are self-reported. This can create a level of unreliability amongst the data.

What were the basic results?
The results that are relevant in the case of this page will be those that came from the physical activity intervention and control groups. At baseline, 63% of participants did not meet the target for adequate physical activity, making this the 2nd most prevalent lifestyle-related risk factor behind a high BMI and would suggest a relationship between physical activity and CAD.

The 6-minute walking test was the main test used to show an improvement in physical activity, the results are:

- 45% of physically inactive participants in the intervention group saw a change in their 6-minute walking distance test that was greater than or equal to a 10% improvement

- 40% of physically inactive participants in the control group saw a change in their 6-minute walking distance test that was greater than or equal to a 10% improvement

What conclusions can we take from this research?
From the research, we can conclude that physical activity does positively interact with CAD. The extent of its effects don't seem to be fully investigated in this research but the evidence is still there. The results of the control group are somewhat close to the results of the intervention group (only a 5% variation), this brings up a few questions such as was self-reporting physical activity levels a poor choice from the researchers or was the internet-based program provided the best option for increasing physical activity levels. Because of these questions, it would be wise to investigate further into this topic after some reflection on some possible mistakes that were made here.

Practical advice
These results may suggest that physical activity benefits CAD on a smaller scale than what was expected but its important to consider that the participant's baseline statistics were taken shortly after they were discharged from hospital, this means the results in the control group could just be them naturally recovering from their hospitalisation. If this study were to be replicated there should be a larger window between taking the hospitalisation and the recording of baseline statistics. Although there may be flaws in this research the information it offers is still valuable and holds a large amount of credibility.

Further information/resources
Heart foundation Australia -


text:
User:MeekFavor

I suppose I should share some of my credentials; I got my first call to be an intellectual when I broke my knee playing foot ball in high school. I figured my knee would be to weak for physical labor. so I dedicated myself to solving the most difficult problems in our society. (I am Mars Sterling Turner).

http://ctmucommunity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/proofs

http://ctmucommunity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/proof_of_monism

http://ctmucommunity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/worship_technology

in physics
I predict that all subatomic particles and atoms and molecules are actually solitons. they have already verified that gluons are actually solitons

nothing is nothing; everything is energy; monism pantheism

nowhere and at no time has nothing existed; energy has always existed everywhere

nothing is the cause of nothing; energy is the cause of everything; all powerfull

nothing is conscious of nothing: energy is conscious of everything; omniscience

every cause and every effect involves energy, therefore energy is self deterministic; as a cybernetic loop self determinism is consciousness. therefore energy is consciousness.

since every cause and effect involve energy; energy is self-causal; it is self-deterministic; as a self organizing cybernism; energy is consciousness

what was created at the big bang? transverse radiation or light; longitudinal radiation already existed

cosmic-thermal (and nuclear) 'noise' radiation OR electromagnetic radiation pressure/rarefication waves OR electromagnetic longitudinal waves; create the noise picked up by transverse wave receivers. They mostly pass right through matter except when there is a plasma such as electrical current.

They refract in the atmosphere and in earth; (which are lundberg lenses); creating a longitudinal wave gradient, greater 'noise' power the lower the elevation, less 'noise' power the higher the elevation.

Traveling down the 'noise' gradient (lowering in elevation) shrinks matter which decreases the mass of matter, converting the mass into kinetic energy; which produces acceleration (gravity) down the gradient; traveling up the gradient (increasing elevation) into lower noise grows matter and increases the mass of matter causing deceleration (gravity). Converting kinetic energy (from the thing that's lifting) into increased mass.

the size of matter determines it's mass. The noise pressure determines the size of matter.

0. Yahowaho said that every form of radiation is a soliton

1. there exists cerebral exothermic transformations of dual coupled soliton radiation interacting spin isomers; in other words, you can have 'nonlocality' 'quantum entanglement' with superluminal self sustaining radiation

2. all particles, atoms, most molecules, meteors, asteroids, planets, moons, stars, "black holes", atmospheres, interstellar medium, and the galactic medium are Luneburg lenses with a singularity in the center; the refractive index is higher towards a layer and the center of these mediums repel radiation because there is a strong refractive gradient from the layer to the center

5. particles (and "black holes") exist due to Kerr induced self-focusing refraction or as a soliton vortex

6. a supernova creates a gigantic Luneburg lens increasing the convergence of radiation in the center...

10. information change can produce energy; because rotational energy of the subatomic particles is conserved

11. Power is the transformation of energy, NOT the destruction of energy. The inability to destroy itself does not contradict being all-power-full. Therefore the universe cannot destroy itself. To create and to lift both involve the transformation of energy. The universe is an infinite energy and a rock which has finite form cannot exist in an infinite substantial state. Therefore the universe cannot create a rock that it cannot lift.

12. we are currently loosing atmosphere on earth and on the moon IF both the earth and moon are growing in size

in ecology
1. 1/4 of the farmable land in America is enough growing hemp using hydrothermal depolymerization to satisfy the fuel demand of America

2. I suspect that if the AI has a high IQ then it would never harm us

3. Pomegranate is the tree of the knowledge of good and bad

4. Apple is the tree of life

in genderology
1. women are perfect as they are

2. women should be sensually stimulated every day; sensual subliminals are the cleanest and most efficient way to do this

do only what grows it

in sociology
~1. individualism is perfected by autotelicism

~2. 'money compels performance' says Justin

~3. rehabilitation instead of justice (revenge)

in epistemology
1. using scientific laws as axioms makes the conclusion of a deduction (proof) have the truth value of scientific law

2. (|-∃!{}), assuming nothing, I,e, using no non-logical axioms, it follows that there is an assuming, or thinking. This particular thinking amounts to the existence of one empty set or the word nothing.

3. Approximation and estimation are the same thing.

4. every referent is a thing

in psychology
~1. the purpose of life is living on purpose; do anything and everything that promotes life

~2. religious faith is like the placebo effect

~3. "How does one lead a superior force?" talking to the master

~4. subliminals in subliminals

obey the One LAW
DESIRE TO CREATE "WELL-BEING FORALL WITH REVERENCE AND DEVOTION" WITH YOUR WHOLE HEART, SOUL, MIND, AND STRENGTH:

How to apply; make a list of all the people that make you offended; starting with minor offences to grievousness. after you have that list, One at a time I want you to internally feel good for each of them. next I want you to feel love for everyone, feel it in your body. make it powerful. this should change your life forever. You are now omnibenevolent! side note; I define "good" as what creates well-being and "love" as the desire to create well-being for others.

follow the One FAITH
THE DESIRE TO CREATE "WELL-BEING FORALL WITH REVERENCE AND DEVOTION", MUST BE THE MOST POWERFUL FORCE IN EXISTENCE,

thinking life through to its logical conclusion; everyone desires well being, therefore to create well being for all must reflect the force of everyones desire. Think about it; no one will stop you, everyone will help you. there is no law against promoting well-being.

become the One EGO
WELL-BEING FORALL WITH REVERENCE AND DEVOTION

inject/project Well-being Forall with reverence and devotion into everyone and everything you read or hear from

meditations
~1. Azazel discovered the following; it is like vipasana or mindfulness meditation except that it focuses the meditation on well being for all in a mindfulness way

~2. try "well being for all" as a montra with Nirvikalpa (silencing the mind/body)

~3. like anapanasati but instead of breathing with the stomach, you breath with your ribs

~4. instead of using aum and other indian tones, use do re me fa so la ti do

~5. instead of using tones, whistle in meditation

rebuttals to Iesous
its better to live for everyone then to die for some

feeling good for violent people can allow you to continue to research their activities without getting mad

loving your enemies is much easier if you feel good for them first

had Iesous felt good for the money changers he would not have wiped them

But whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be liable of hell fire. (Matthew 5:22)

Jesus said;

You fools (Matthew 23:17)

You foolish ones (Luke 11:40)

O foolish men (Luke 24:25)

Matthew 5:22 uses "mOre"

Matthew 23:17 uses "mOroi"

Luke 11:40 uses "aphrones"

Luke 24:25 uses "anoEtoi"

you can see that Matthew uses the same root word, it's where English gets the word 'moron'

you could say that its ok to call multiple people morons at the same time and that Jesus was referring to speaking to one person

or you could say that Jesus intentionally called them morons so that he could visit and minister to those in hell fire, the bible does imply that he visited Tartarus for three days while he was physically dead

Iesous rebuts Mars
while alive I can live for everyone and I can die for some

moroi is like little puppies, more means a retard

rebuttal to Paul
Your scriptures define an alien (spirit) invasion

that mankind in flesh and blood and bones is worthless

that we should just shut up and listen to the aliens who infest us and think for us

and then they will replace us in heaven giving us a mock representation in a kingdom

just so you know; I am not interested in your aliens and I request that you do not hand me over to satan

second rebuttal to Iesous
re; love your enemies and do good to those who persecute you

well for one you wouldnt have any enemies if you felt good for everyone you despise

rebuttals to YHWH
Yohowoho can with his vast wisdom, filter, alter, and process low IQ prayers; transforming them into high IQ action potentials that please the pray'er while removing all forms of revenge: likewise the Holy Spirit can be good, living without revenge.

Fear makes one stupid

externalized worship is a sign of debt; you can only worship the god that is inside you: YHWH would be happy to become that god every time you worship

erotically knowing god will have you worship in intensity more than anything else

instead of bad and good dichotomy use good and gooder

indictment of YHWH
http://ctmucommunity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/worship_technology#YHWH_threat

rebuttal to Buddha
http://ctmucommunity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/worship_technology#cultivation

"Buddha" never upgraded his ego past being "aware"

for example he could of upgraded to "waking"

in singing and instrumentation
1. multi-vabrado singing; I think I have heard of two tone vabrado... so use three or more

2. vabrado all the notes while singing other notes

3. both 1 and 2 can be used in instruments

in food
cultivate cheese and icecream with high opioid content

in robotics
1. a robot designed to be pet

2. have robots do all their calculations/computations exterior to the robot

in music mediums
analog laser reader for vinyl records

in massage chair
an ergonomic message chair

in noise
noise increases with temperature; so heat the electronics and rectify the noise

in computer peripherals
1. a mouse that toggles forward down and backward down

2. motion and proximity detectors to simulate touch screen technology with a regular screen without the touch screen screen

3. multiple pointers and cursors

in electronics
1. capacitor (super) conductor

2. curl capacitor

3. curl capacitor coil (inductor)

in casmir plates
make the internal surfaces none reflective and the outer surfaces reflective

model of universal form
sphere with dielectric making reflection in the center a hole while otherwise a Luneberg lens

in home defense
for home defense, right to defend in homes assailants can be bean bagged by an autonomous robot

in integrated circuits
inferred photoelectric devices cooling the IC to superconductive temperatures

in musical instruments
1. Motor controlled hurdy gurdy

2. use rubber instead of horse hair for violin... etc

3. instrument with human tones

4. multi-vabrado instrumentation

in respirator gear
for welding put intake manifold near the neck under the ears says Azazel

in workouts
1. Isometeric flow

2. Caressing touch

3. Sprint, jog, or walk with your eyes closed

4. listen to more than one song at a time; actually this was done on Star Trek by Data

5. sprint for 15 minutes and then put your forehead to the ground for 5 minutes

6. punch and kicking with weights on limbs

in vaccines
Use colloidal silver, copper, or gold instead of mercury

in elixirs
guar gum, cloves, turmeric, maca root

cumquat kombucha and honey

soy sause and guar gum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixa_orellan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania_grandiflora agathi keerai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomelo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_orange

1. chia seed, orange juice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera

banana leaf

peach leaf

cumquat leaf

moringa leaf

clove leaf

https://gundrymd.com/good-bacteria-food-prebiotics/

guar gum coagularius butanol

in war tech
1. missile bullet

the following is drone technology dont do it yourself

2. nuclear bullet (including H-bomb)

3. nuclear missile bullet

4. ICBM bullet

if your not worried about rapid fire, you can use a cannon,

5. weapons (such as missiles and bullets) that shoot backward

6. neutron laser to ignite nuclear bullet

7. uranium laser

in artificial intelligence
1. Hmm a song in a search engine

2. Hmm a tune and have ai produce a song

3. Use the rules of rule based algorithm

4. Track everyone and everything and predict their movements(speech, thoughts, etc...)

5. ai traveling people on motor cycles

6. in spreading activation; allow threading to come to conclusions that can be the topic of conversation

7. 3D printing works of art

8. in algorithms of control learning, the value function can have non random input

9. drones observing a crime or injury can have a chat bot call 911 and explain what the drone sees

10. have artificial general intelligence compete with specialized programs such as in chess and go

11. AGI that creates AI that creates AGI that creates AI

12. a calculator that shows the steps of a calculation

13. ai that creates proofs

14. ai that invents technology

15. using all the censors in the world and in space, train a model that predicts the weather

16. ai trained on all optical illusions and capable of creating images and videos

17. a chatbot that can talk about and edit its design

in software
have cryptocurrency security on downloading and uploading of software

in police gear
a billy club can be upgraded with peizeolectric crystals that produce high voltage when pressure is applied to the ends of the billy club having trigger hammers attached

in sensory deprivation research
latex or other elastic sheeting can act as a sensory deprivation tank without getting wet

in hygiene equipment
1. Tesla's death ray, used instead to adsorb gold into cavities

2. deodorant made of coconut oil, chia seed gel, buffered vitamin C and colloidal copper

3. toothpaste made of nano hydroxy-apitite, chia seed gel, buffered vitamin C and colloidal copper

4. gold can be adsorbed on an elastic plastic brush or comb for combing hair, or use conductive plastic brisels

5. Charged water fall or fountain; produces healthy ions

6. use conductive plastic for a tooth brush

in terraforming equipment
1. dielectric barrier plasma turning carbon dioxide into ozone and carbon dust

2. nuclear missile bullet automatic machine gun for drilling holes in volcanos, discharging pressurized magma, preparing geothermal tubes etc....

in artificial gravity, tractor beam, inertial dampener
place a conductive charged layer on a speaker and play a 50kH tone and it will attract things

in oscillatory rotary engines
1. four rotor ORE with dynamic actuation

2. three rotor ORE with unidirectional clutch actuation

3. two rotor ORE with slip pinion actuation

in cogeneration jet turbine
for a steam cogeneration jet turbine; put the liquid or steam to power the fuel turbine

in alternative fuel
explosives added to water/fuel such as ammonium nitrate

in perpetual motion
swinging triangle magnet thruster with power inductor

in thrusters
transparent and reflective layered optics can act as a reflection thruster

in shielding
picowire and dielectric grid with high voltage

in solid state free energy
1. a capacitor can be charged and discharge while the dialectric is illuminated by laser light charging with laser on, discharging while laser is off (or something like that); of course the dialectric would need to be transparent to the laser with reflective coating covering the dialectric

2. atleast two capacitor series inductor pathways with load on nodes

3. two inductors with similar frequency but slightly different, can create a phasor, which can phase electrons in a hologram, creating a movie, a charge spiral will induce a charge

4. electrons are formed when laser light hits gold; this should show a charge, and therefore turning on and off the laser will turn on and off the negative charge

5. capacitor or inductor aranged to vibrate a tuning fork

free torque
1. have two or more reactionless drives on opposite sides of a rotor putting free torque on a shaft

in plasma physics
1. a water tube with an oil tipped electrode will extend the length of the plasma arc; possible use as a boiler

2. adding a coil around the tube should couple to the plasma

in synthetic psy
1. two subjects A and B; if A is closer to a longitudinal source then B, then A can read the mind of B: PS I hear that A becomes a slave to B

2. build a container surrounded by north inward directed magnets

in colors of light
I hypothesize that light colors are effected by the crystal used to separate them

in the nature of neutrons
I believe neutrons are solitons with a magnetic nature

in electric directional...
I hypothesize that sending an object down will increase the negative electric field and sending it up will increase the positive electric field, and that placed on a spinning wheel it can be overunity?

and it can thrust

in magnetic circuit
I hypothesize that magnets can be arranged around a wire and give power to a circuit

in ammonia combustion
I hypothesize that south magnetized ammonia is more energetic that north magnetized ammonia

in communications modulation
1. high voltage with slight fluctuations as modulation

2. as well as ground fluctuations as additional modulation

in measuring one way speed of light
1) synchronize clocks of two locations with two fiber optic cables of equal length and light speed;

1a) one location can be triggered to send a light pulse to the other location, while the other location is triggered to turn on a stop watch

1b) we could use one fiber optic cable to deliver the laser pulse into the vacuum chamber... so that would mean zero delay...

I hypothesize that the speed of light changes throughout the day just like the decay of radioisotopes

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/sun-082310.html

in response to the poynting vector
I predict that when you turn off a circuit it still runs for a small amount of time; electrons flow to the holes; or electrons find an equilibrium by spreading out

in electrolysis
I predict that magnetized water has an efficiency difference in electrolysis depending on the polarity of magnetization

in heavy water genesis
I think that electrolysis is generating heavy water; not that you find heavy water through electrolysis

in star energetics
there are stars that produce microwave radiation (true source of the microwave background)

in heat kinetics
a terrahertz diode can rectify room temperature heat

in heat spectrum
I hypothesize that heat can exist in different parts of the em spectrum

in neuroscience
1. Yohowoho said that binaural beats can bring someone back to life when their brain otherwise had no activity

2. Yohowoho said that binaural beats squash demons too; could help people recover from demon possession!

in magnetized water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen

one should foresee the application of switching the spin isomers of water; ortho to para should produce an energy difference; using a magnet to catalytically force the flip, as the rotational energy of the subatomic particles is concerved

in magnetized electrons
I hypothesize that a magnet can grab electrons; a spinning magnet will produce a current

in physics
1. energy is; eternal, all-power-full, self-deterministic, consciousness, the universe; and it transforms

2. energy density is; (consciousness density is) wisdom; wearing a gold crown would increase human wisdom

3. power is; radiation; the transformation of energy (transformation of consciousness)

4. power density is; (radiation density is) intelligence; placing your head next to a jet turbine will increase our intelligence;

5. reflection and recoil create space; impedance mismatch, refractive node, phase singularity; an optical vortex creates subatomic space between nuclei because the central gradient pushes according to the Kerr effect

in magnets and crystal
I can still feel a difference between poles of a magnet correctly verifying the right polarity

I put a crystal perpendicular to a north magnetic pole and I feel a flow of something with the polarity dependent on which eye I am looking through

in the Hall effect
I verified the Hall effect; producing 100 uV with small magnets and aluminum foil conductor and paper insulator

I forgot to check the current, and I would like to check the results with more powerful and elongated magnets

in magnetized fuel
1. I verified that a diesel truck is more efficient when the fuel is magnetized south

2. I verified that gasoline burns faster (is more explosive) when magnetized south

in drinking magnetized water
after drinking magnetized water for a week I was able to correctly feel the polarity of magnets with my hands

in tree voltage
I verified that trees have a vertical voltage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:MeekFavor


text:
Talk:21 Expected Difficult Questions With Simple Answers

consider changing title
Maybe do a more precise and descriptive title (even if longer)…maybe something like: Hard social FAQs (that field researchers come across in India) —Zblace (discuss • contribs) 06:21, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @Zblace, I wanted to seek co-contributors to this book, You may have different questions in your contexts. I would love if you try and add them here. thanks QueerEcofeminist (discuss • contribs) 05:03, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

 * @QueerEcofeminist sure but start with being more precise so people understand better the aim! --Zblace (discuss • contribs) 05:12, 13 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Aidanbruce22

Welcome, Aidanbruce22!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 06:37, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aidanbruce22


text:
User talk:Funnykids comedy

--Xania   talk 07:54, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Funnykids comedy


text:
User talk:2601:285:100:9920:B57B:190C:4B60:1FCA

--Xania   talk 07:57, 14 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Horep

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Horep!

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(Would you like to provide feedback on this message?) Thanks for your contributions. 12:40, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Horep


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of water-based exercises on depressive symptoms and nonspecific low back pain in retired professional athletes

This is a critique of the article: The Effects of Water-based Exercises on Depressive Symptoms and Non-specific Low Back Pain in Retired Professional Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

What is the background to this research?
Aquatic Exercise can also be referred to as hydrotherapy. It is usually characterised by movements that are slow and controlled, helping with reducing the pain often associated with exercise on dry land. \ Non-specific low back pain has been defined as pain within the lumbar region which is not linked to any known pathologies. It is often common in people of all walks, with roughly 60-80% of people experiencing it throughout life. Depression is a mental health disorder highlighted by the most common symptom of lingering sadness. Both depression and non-specific low back pain have been widely researched throughly by the medical community, however the effects, within more specific communities has been skimmed over. Taheri and Irandoust's research has filled the gap in the athletic population. Their research highlighted the importance for this population to continue to move and be active after retiring from their careers. It has paved the way for future research into the area with even more specific populations.

Where is the research from?
The article was written by Morteza Taheri and Khadijeh Irandoust who are both associate professors in the discipline of physical education and sports science at Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin, Iran. Irandoust has focused her research over the years on athletes of all abilities and has many papers discussing performance improvement and the effect of physical activity on disease. Taheri has examined a wider range of groups and the effect of physical activity on disease. However, he has recently shifted his focus towards the effects of COVID-19. It is unclear if there are any organisational links due to the lack of information available about the Dr Irandoost Sport Medicine Counseling Center. This could be due to the largely Persian dominance of language in Iran.

What kind of research was this?
The study conducted was a randomised controlled trial (RCT). An RCT is considered the gold-standard for determining the causal relationship between factors. The population consisted of all retired professional male athletes within the Qazvin Province and the sample was narrowed down to 60 participants through the use of accessible sampling.

What did the research involve?
The 60 participants were randomly split and assigned to the control group or the experimental group. Consent was gained and two tests were performed. These were the Keele STarT Back Screening Tool (SBT) to assess non-specific low back pain, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess depressive symptoms. The intervention group then performed roughly 40-60 minutes of water-based exercise three times per week for eight weeks. The control group did not perform any additional exercise bouts in these eight weeks. Following the completion of the intervention both the SBT and the BDI were completed again and compared to the baseline data. The methodology could have been improved in many areas. Whilst the article mentions that all participants attended four counselling sessions in the duration of the study, it does not mention what else the control group did. The results showed improvements in all facets, however how this was achieved is not explained. Testing could also have been implemented in the duration of the study to better reflect upon the improvements in certain areas. A number of limitations from the study were encountered. Research only looked at water-based exercises in an all-male sample, from a particular province. In addition, all subjects were obese and had low levels of exercise which does not always reflect the population.

What were the basic results?
It was found that the intervention group's results made significant improvements in the SBT and BDI compared to the control group who made very slight improvements. Tables 1 and 2 show the differences in the scores pre and post interventions for both the intervention group and control group respectively. Taheri and Irandoust came to the conclusion that the difference between both groups was a significant finding. It was also found that there was a reduction in body fat and weight of the participants, this was utilised to draw wider conclusions and the generalisation of the study.

It was highlighted in the discussion that the findings were not specific enough to ensure that these results were directly influenced by the aquatic exercise. Instead, the conclusion was that general exercise helps with decreasing abdominal fat, which in turn can reduce non-specific low back pain and depression symptoms. This conclusion, highlights that Taheri and Irandoust were aware that although the results between the control and intervention groups were significant, this could be due to other lifestyle factors that may not have been accounted for.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study presented with questions surrounding the validity of the research. Thus, it can be concluded that other lifestyle factors most likely took precedence over the aquatic exercise itself. Participants may have completed extra exercise outside of the supervision of the test, as well as potential dietary changes may have been implemented. These factors lead to the conclusion, that general exercise will often decrease fat and weight. A study by F.H Abadi in 2019 found that aquatic based exercises had significant improvement in low back pain levels in a group of obese women. This aligns quite well with the results found in the 2014 paper.

Practical advice
Aspects of this research can be translated into more generalised populations. It can be concluded that exercise of any kind can be helpful in reducing the impact of non-specific low back pain as well as depression symptoms, especially in non-active patients. However, aquatic exercise can be utilised to ease pressure on the joints, which can be better for ageing populations. A larger population is needed better understand the significance of this training modality and its impact. However, appropriate medical advice from a GP surrounding ones ability to participate safely should be gained before participation.

Further information/resources
For further information surrounding depression and where to get help see the below links:

Mental Health Helplines

Beyond Blue

For further information and where to get help for non-specific low back pain see the below links:

Find a Physio


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Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Josephine A. Roberts

Josephine A. Roberts (born 11th November,1948) was an American author, scholar and professor of English. She was the William A. Read Professor of English at Louisiana State University and was a major figure in renaissance scholarship and the works of Lady Mary Wroth. She was one of the original founders of the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women and was a member of the research board for the Women Writers Project. Known for her contributions to the Women’s writing and Renaissance fields, she received several awards and contributions for her work including the Founders Award from the Society for the study of Early Modern Women in 1994 and the LSU Foundation Distinguished Faculty award in 1989.

Roberts graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975 with a PhD and began teaching in the Department of English at Louisiana State University. She went on to publish a variety of works but her most notable works was her compilation and annotation of the Poems of Mary Wroth and The First Part of the Countess of Montgomery’s Urania.

Roberts died on the 26th of August 1998 in an automobile accident. In her legacy, the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women created the Josephine Roberts Award for a Scholarly Edition and the Louisiana State University established the Josephine A. Roberts Alumni Association Distinguished Dissertation Award in Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences.

Early Life
Josephine Anastasia Roberts (Josephine Gaines, Josephine Roberts Gaines) was born on the 11th of November 1948 in Richmond, Virginia. She was born to mother Anastasia Luety and Father John Roberts. She attended Thomas Jefferson High school. She went on to study at the College of William and Mary in 1970 where she graduated magna cum laude. She received her masters and doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975. That same year, Roberts married Foreign Language Professor, James Frederick Gaines on the 19th of July, in Richmond, Virginia. Together they had one son, John Gaines.

Academic Work
After receiving her doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania with her dissertation titled, “Architectonic Knowledge in the New Arcadia (1590): Sidney’s Use of the Epic Journey”, Roberts began employment as an English Professor at Louisiana State University. Her studies in renaissance scholarship, Shakespeare, Sir Phillip Sydney and Lady Mary Wroth increased her reputation as a scholar. This led to Roberts receiving a multitude of awards, including the South-Central Modern Language Association and Newberry Library Fellowship in 1988, the American Philosophical Society Fellowship in 1988 and the LSU Foundation Distinguished Faculty Award in 1989. In 1991, Roberts was awarded the distinguished title of the William A. Read Professorship in English and held the title until her death in 1996.

Society Work
Roberts was one of the founders of the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women in 1993, alongside Georgianna Ziegler, Elizabeth Hageman, Jane Donawerth and Margaret Hannay, who wanted to establish an organization that discussed early modern women scholarship and provided opportunities for young scholars. Roberts served as the chair for the Nominating Committee of the Organization Committee, where she accepted suggestions from the organizing committee and prepared a slate of nominations to be presented to those who became charter Members at the 1994 Inaugural Celebration. After Roberts' death in 1996, the Society established the Josephine Roberts Award for a Scholarly Edition in 1998, which is still utilized in 2022. In 2000, the Society presented the five founders, including Roberts, with the Founders Award, which celebrated the “pioneering achievements… vision and intellectual contributions… hard work and persistence” of the founders.

Roberts was also involved in other projects, including the Women Writers Project. Roberts was a long-time supporter of the project and served as a member of the Research Board.

Death
On the 26th of August 1996, Roberts was killed in an automobile accident in Louisiana, Virginia. Both Roberts and her son, John Gaines, 14, were driving home when her car was struck when “a runaway, open-body utility trailer…careened across the Interstate 12 median into oncoming traffic.” She was taken to the Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Centre, where she was pronounced dead 90 minutes after the accident. Her son, while injured, survived. She is buried at the Greenoaks Memorial Park in Louisiana, Virginia.

Roberts’s death impacted many people around her, particularly her colleagues. LSU English Department Chairman, J. Gerald Kennedy said, “She was also a superb teacher and an exemplary, gracious colleague whose loss to this department and to the university is devastating.”

Legacy
Roberts' significant contributions to her field and her reputation as a reputable scholar saw many awards created in her honor after her death. She was honored by the Louisiana State University with the creation of the Josephine A. Roberts Alumni Association Distinguished Dissertation Award in Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. Likewise, the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women created the Josephine Roberts Award for a Scholarly Edition which has since awarded over 22 awards.

Roberts' contributions to her field have also left behind a legacy. A special award was granted to Suzanne Gossett and Janel Mueller for completing the edition of The Second Part of the Countess of Montgomery’s Urania by Lady Mary Wroth, originally began by Josephine Roberts. Roberts' work on Lady Mary Wroth still makes up a large aspect of the current scholarship scholarship. Roberts is continuously credited within scholarship. She continues to be honored in books, articles and projects alike, such as Sigrid King’s book, “Pilgrimage for Love: Essays in Early Modern Literature in Honor of Josephine A. Roberts”


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User:Thomas Norren

Hey everyone! I'm Thomas, and I'm mainly interested in languages and history and will probably be here to learn about them.

I'm from Auckland, New Zealand.

Other accounts
English

Māori

French

title: User:Thomas Norren


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Talk:New Zealand History/Polynesian Settlement

Moriori
The Moriori weren't whiped out, there are about 700 left (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriori), my ex went to school with one Thomas Norren (discuss • contribs) 15:13, 14 September 2022 (UTC)


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Metroid franchise strategy guide/Mother Brain

Mother Brain (マザーブレイン) (often referred to as the Mother Brain) is a major antagonist and boss of the Metroid video game series, acting as the cyborg computer of the Space Pirates.

The villain generally appears as an enormous brain with a single, lidded eye, protruding metal spikes and power cables, which is surrounded by a glass tank, various automated defense systems, and a pool of lava or acid.

Mother Brain is depicted as being female in the television show Captain N: The Game Master, as well as in other lesser-known comic books. Also, the Metroid Fusion manual does make a reference to Mother Brain being female by stating, "On Zebes, Samus also encountered the biomechanical Mother Brain, leader of the Space Pirates, and dispatched her in a bitter fight."

Position
It is ambiguous whether or not Mother Brain is the true leader of the Space Pirates. According to Super Metroid ' s manual, Metroid: Zero Mission ' s manual, and both official manga, Ridley is the General of the Space Pirates while Mother Brain is just a biological computer which controls Zebes' defenses. However, the instruction manual for the original Metroid game, the manual for Metroid Fusion, the Nintendo Power comic, and the in-game introduction in Super Metroid refer to Mother Brain as the leader of the Space Pirates, with the original Metroid instruction manual going so far as to say that Ridley is actually controlled by Mother Brain. It should be noted however that the original Metroid has been retconned by Metroid: Zero Mission and the Nintendo Power comic is not canon. Metroid Prime confuses the issue even further in the Pirate Data logs by alluding to a High Command that issues orders, including the reconstruction of Ridley himself. One possible interpretation is that, since Mother Brain may have existed on Zebes before the Space Pirates arrived, that she "leads" them in the sense of a guide, leading them to conquest of the planet. In the Metroid E-manga (which acts a guide to Samus' past), Mother Brain is actually an ally of the Chozo, who use it to keep track of data and reports. When Samus disarms a number of enemies but doesn't kill them Mother Brain pauses, but then orders her sentry bots to kill the disarmed invoking Samus' rage, although the story has not yet revealed a reason for Samus and Mother Brain to be enemies in the game or why Mother Brain is a member of the space pirates. However Mother Brain seems to be getting frustrated with the Chozo. The attitude between her and Samus is quite antagonistic even in the manga.

On August 13, 2007, the Wii Preview Channel for Metroid Prime 3: Corruption describes the Aurora unit organic supercomputer, which were originally created by Federation scientists twenty years prior to the game's present. These Aurora Units parallel Mother Brain's duties in the Metroid series, and it is likely she was, if not an Aurora Unit herself (as this contradicts the E-Manga as well as several other sources) then possibly the design-model for the other Aurora Units. According to the video released on the 13th, these computers can be used by government, military and large businesses, and can be given a male, female, or gender neutral persona. The video contains a schematic for an Aurora chamber nearly identical to the chamber in Tourian that houses Mother Brain in Super Metroid and highly like the chambers serving the same purpose in Metroid and Metroid: Zero Mission. The game itself, however, did not clarify their relationship.

Another thing of note to Mother Brain's origins, is the B.O.X. Robot in Metroid Fusion. The B.O.X. is large piece of hardware, made for digging holes and maintenance work in the habitats in the B.S.L. Research Station. It is tremendously powerful to protect it from the powerful creatures the B.S.L. scientists have been collecting. When Samus battles the rogue B.O.X. Robot, she blasts apart its mid-section, revealing an organic brain controls it. Eventually the organic brain is replaced by an X-Parasite mimicking it, but the brain itself fused to a cybernetic system is reminiscent of Mother Brain and the Aurora Units, just on a smaller, more mobile level.

Appearances

 * Metroid (NES)
 * Super Metroid (SNES)
 * Metroid: Zero Mission (GBA)

In the top three games of the list, Mother Brain is defended by Zebetites, life support units that block Samus' path. Mother Brain is defeated by first breaking its tank with missiles (or super missiles depending on the game), and then pummeling the brain itself. In Metroid: Zero Mission, not only are there rinka launchers and gun turrets, but the brain itself can fire a bolt of energy. In Super Metroid, the cyborg has an ace up its sleeve: after the destruction of its tank, Mother Brain seemingly collapses, but suddenly lifts herself up and is revealed to be part of a large, bipedal creature, with a range of powerful attacks (and a roar similar to Mothra).

In each game in which she is featured, Mother Brain's destruction initiates a self-destruct device, giving the player only a few minutes to escape before the area, atmosphere, or planet is incinerated. Catastrophic self-destruction countdowns are a well-known trademark of the Metroid series, as all but Metroid II: The Return of Samus feature at least one. Interestingly enough, Metroid and the bulk of Super Metroid take place on the planet Zebes. Though the damage done by the time bomb in Metroid is never assessed, in Super Metroid the entire planet is destroyed. In Metroid: Zero Mission Mother Brain's time bomb gutted only her control center and the adjacent rooms.

Other appearances

 * In the TV show Captain N: The Game Master, Mother Brain is portrayed as a female supervillain, with a more human-like face, and two eyes instead of one. This depiction was also used in the Valiant-published comic book based on the series, and in an obscure German comic, with even larger and more grotesque lips. Mother Brain's voice in the Captain N: The Game Master cartoon was provided by Levi Stubbs of Motown act The Four Tops, who also played the voice of Audrey II in the 1986 version of Little Shop of Horrors. Like Audrey II, Captain N's Mother Brain had a fiesty and flamboyant personality. She was very power-hungry but also rather incompetent and easily frustrated by her slow-witted assistants, King Hippo and the Eggplant Wizard.

 * Mother Brain has appeared in WarioWare, Inc. series. The first game of the series, WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$, has 9-Volt's microgame that re-enacts the fight between Samus and Mother Brain from the original NES Metroid. Samus must shoot missiles at Mother Brain to destroy it.


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User:SAvSkiing

A student who is working on a class project and wants to learn about chemistry

title: User:SAvSkiing


text: User talk:2603:7080:C43D:1882:A1DD:9973:EBC1:C9C1


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Open Scholarship Press Collections: Community/Introduction

Creating Open Scholarship With & Across Communities
Alyssa Arbuckle (UVic)

The emergence and evolution of open, digital scholarship has shone a light on the possibilities for academic work beyond the real or perceived boundaries of postsecondary institutions. Academic research can now be produced, published, and shared in a way that extends past the hallowed halls of a long-established university or the compact shelves of that university’s library. The Open Access movement has been pivotal for the largescale reconsideration of who does and who should have access to the world’s research. Community-university partnerships and concerted knowledge translation and mobilization efforts have also formalized efforts to bring various publics together around issues of shared interest. The evolution of open access to open scholarship to open social scholarship is also representative of changing notions around the purpose and possibility of academic work.

This Open Scholarship Press Community research scan draws together recent thinking and writing on these topics. By no means complete, this scan represents a snapshot of resources relevant to the aims of the Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE) Partnership Community cluster. The research scan, made up of nearly 300 individual annotations, is divided into three core themes: Public & Community Engagement, Open Social Scholarship, and Scholarly Communication, each of which is subsequently divided into relevant sub-sections. Some resources are relevant for more than one sub-section, and the citations for these resources have been duplicated where appropriate and marked with Φ, as well as an indication of the previous sub-section in which the full annotation may be found. Many annotations represent original research, formally published in this scan for the first time. Other annotations are drawn from previous annotated bibliographies and research scans compiled by members of the Electronic Textual Cultures Lab (ETCL). Entries drawn from “Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography” (El Khatib et al. 2019) are marked with +. Entries drawn from “An Annotated Bibliography of Social Knowledge Creation” (Arbuckle et al. 2017) are identified with †. Unpublished annotations originally developed by Vitor Yano or Anna Honcharova through Mitacs Globalink internships in the Electronic Textual Cultures Lab (2018–2019) are marked by *; unpublished annotations developed by Alan Colín-Arce during his 2021 Mitacs Globalink internship in the Electronic Textual Cultures Lab are noted with Δ. Annotations concurrently published in the Open Scholarship Press Connection Collection and written by Graham Jensen are signaled by Ω; those in the Policy Collection written by Caroline Winter and Jesse Kern are noted by Ψ.

Long equated with such exclusionary metaphors as the ivory tower or the walled garden, academia is now considered to be a space for more inclusive and community-engaged work—at least by some. Calls for more public-facing and public-engaged scholarship have emerged over recent years, as emphasized by many of the authors included in the Public & Community Engagement section and especially the “Public Scholarship & Public Humanities” sub-section (see Christie et al. 2014; Jay 2012; and Rogers 2020; among others). Julie Ellison (2013) considers the “new public humanists” (291) to be more mainstream figures than previous public humanists, who were poised in a contrarian or alternative position vis-à-vis their more traditional academic colleagues. Kathleen Fitzpatrick (2019), in Generous Thinking: A Radical Approach to Saving the University, places community-mindedness and community engagement at the heart of her recommendations for how academia should evolve to become more relevant for and aligned with contemporary society. Still others argue that the university, as a social institution, has moved too far away from its civic mission of public service and education and that more publicly-oriented activities could realign academia more appropriately (Cuthill 2012; Gibson 2009; Glass and Fitzgerald 2010; Hsu 2016; Woodward 2009). These institutional visions reveal a more engaged, open establishment than the old-fashioned metaphors of the ivory tower or walled garden infer.

Following this line of thinking, postsecondary institutions can be refigured as sites of collaboration and arenas for collective knowledge creation and sharing. Many of the authors in the “Collaboration, Partnership, & Engagement” sub-section focus on the importance of community-university partnerships, and how these can be undertaken ethically (Avila et al. 2010; Barnes 2009; Bowden and Carpenter 2011; Hall 2011; Hall and MacPherson 2011; Hart and Northmore 2008; Hart and Wolff 2006; Holland and Ramaley 2008; Hoy and Johnson 2013; Silka et al. 2008; Silka and Renault-Caragianes 2006; Silka and Toof 2011). Others look to where collaboration is already happening, especially in digital spaces. For instance, Susan Brown (2016) reflects on scholarly collaboration in the humanities and Lynne Siemens (2009) focuses on digital humanities teams. Overall, the authors collected in this sub-section move from a foundation of valuing engaged universities to considering how collaboration and partnership are undertaken in practice.

The concept of social knowledge creation is also aligned with values of public scholarship, collaboration, partnership, and engagement. Social knowledge creation encapsulates activities that promote multiplayer knowledge production in contrast to the old-fashioned notion that knowledge is created by a solitary, lone genius. In the sub-section “Social Knowledge Creation, including Wikipedia & Crowdsourcing,” authors discuss a variety of projects that purposefully facilitate social knowledge creation. The oft-discussed Wikimedia suite of initiatives, for example, is considered by many authors as a potent site for collaboration and knowledge development (Bruns 2008; Crompton et al. 2015; Jemielniak and Aibar 2016; Pfister 2011; Rosenzweig 2006; Siemens et al. 2012; Vandendorpe 2012, 2015; Willinsky 2007)—although Wikimedia is not without its issues and areas for improvement (Berson, Jones, and Tamani 2021; Gruwell 2015; Shane-Simpson and Gillespie-Lynch 2017). Crowdsourcing, too, is considered as a mechanism for creating knowledge across and with varied communities, as explored by the Transcribe Bentham team (Causer and Terras 2014; Causer, Tonra, and Wallace 2012; Causer and Wallace 2012; Terras 2017) and commented upon by other authors (Carletti et al. 2013; Bradley et al. 2009; Estellés-Arolas, Enrique, and Fernando González-Ladrón-de-Guevara 2012; Hendery and Gibson 2019; Holley 2010; Manzo et al. 2015; Ridge 2013; Rockwell 2012; Ross, Christie, and Sayers 2014; Walsh et al. 2014; Wiggins 2011). Social knowledge creation tools and techniques often rely on networked technologies, offering an interesting counterpart to more embodied, in-person collaborations considered in earlier sub-sections.

In recent years, many creative academic practices and areas of study have emerged under the auspices of research creation. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council defines research creation as “An approach to research that combines creative and academic research practices, and supports the development of knowledge and innovation through artistic expression, scholarly investigation, and experimentation.” Digging deeper, Owen Chapman and Kim Sawchuk (2012) suggest:

"Research-creation can […] be read as a methodological and epistemological challenge to the argumentative form(s) that have typified much academic scholarship. In research-creation approaches, the theoretical, technical, and creative aspects of a research project are pursued in tandem, and quite often, scholarly form and decorum are broached and breeched in the name of experimentation. (6)"

Such endeavour is often an intuitive fit with the ethos of community engagement and social knowledge creation. The final sub-section of Public & Community Engagement, “Research Creation in Theory & Practice,” includes resources on research creation activities with a community engagement bent, including social media, podcasting, and games/game studies: areas that often align with broader public engagement due to their accessible modalities. In Social Media in Academia: Networked Scholars (2016), George Veletsianos explores how academics have embraced social media (or not) and the possibilities such public engagement entails for knowledge mobilization, professionalization, and broader community engagement. Other authors, such as Tatyana Dumova (2012), Claire Ross (2010), and Julie Letierce, Alexandre Passant, John Breslin, and Stefan Decker (2010) consider social media ripe for study as a digital scholarship practice. Podcasting can be a more focused way of engaging with varied communities using digital means, as Honae Cuffe (2019) demonstrates through her argument for the value of the history podcast. Looking to the connection between games and more open academic practices, Jean-Claude Bradley, Robert J. Lancashire, Andrew SID Lang, and Anthony J. Williams (2009) explore the intersections between a game-based approach to learning that intersects with open data, crowdsourcing, and the undergraduate classroom. Overall, the Public & Community Engagement section offers a view into the many approaches to and reasons behind reorienting academic work into a more public, and more social, space.

Building on public and community ideals and activities, one can look to the contemporary open movement in academia as framed in the Open Social Scholarship section. The INKE Partnership defines open social scholarship as “academic practice that enables the creation, dissemination, and engagement of open research by specialists and non-specialists in accessible and significant ways.” Indeed, open social scholarship centres public and community engagement, but it also focuses this engagement through the creation and sharing of research and research outputs. In this sense, it adds another layer to the concept of open scholarship or open science. In the “Open Scholarship” sub-section, many authors consider open scholarship to be a crucial step beyond mere access to research publications (Arbuckle 2019; Aspesi, and Brand 2020; Maxwell 2015; McGregor and Guthrie 2018; Meadows 2015). Authors such as Veletsianos and Royce Kimmons (2013) are more critical of the technoutopic ethos and application of open scholarship to date, however, and Leslie Chan, Bud Hall, Florence Piron, Rajesh Tandon, and Lorna Williams (2020) strongly promote a decolonial approach to open scholarship practices. Still other authors would like to see a more experimental and less polished approach to open scholarship and scholarly communication in general, as Kaja Marczewska, Janneke Adema, Frances McDonald, and Whitney Trettien (2018) advocate for in their collaborative pamphlet, The Poethics of Scholarship.

Despite varying opinions on the current and future form, function, and feasibility of open scholarship, open access remains a foundational building block for open scholarship as well as open social scholarship. Various sources included in the “Open Access” sub-section demonstrate how central open access to research publications is to larger digital research infrastructure projects and activities. Much research and writing has been done on the Open Access movement and its various components, from models for books and monographs (Adema 2014; Asmah 2014) to humanities-specific concerns (Eve 2014) to impact on citations (Gargouri et al. 2010). Early open access advocacy tends to be quite optimistic about the impact the movement could have in regard to global access and knowledge democratization (see Willinsky 2006, for example). Authors such as Ahmed Allan (2007), Denisse Albornoz, Angela Okune, and Chan (2020), Laura Francabandera (2020), Piron (2018), and Thomas Herve Mboa Nkoudou (2020) are more critical of open access, however, and suggest that in many ways the Open Access movement has reinscribed rather than overturned an inequitable scholarly communication system. Regardless, the value of more open and more accessible research output—in principle—is a constant throughout the literature.

Open scholarship incorporates other open areas as well, including open data and open education—additional sub-sections included in the Open Social Scholarship section. In keeping with the ethos that open access to research output is beneficial for multiple stakeholders, open data supporters argue that data should be as accessible as publications. Heather A. Piwowar and Todd J. Vision highlight the efficiency and possibility for reuse that open access to data entails (Piwowar and Vision 2013; Vision 2010); Tim Davies (2010) argues that open government data empower citizens and improve government transparency and accountability. Other authors are more critical of open data: Michael B. Gurstein (2011) voices concern about marginalized communities being exploited via open data analysis and use and Jeffrey Alan Johnson (2014) argues similarly that open data could exacerbate social injustices. Open education discussions follow a similar trajectory, with broad support for the concept of open education but concerns about exploitative or problematic consequences of this evolution. Among other sources, the value of open education and open educational resources (OERs) is espoused throughout Rajiv S. Jhangiani and Robert Biswas-Deiner’s (2017) edited collection, Open: The Philosophy and Practices that are Revolutionizing Education and Science. But Pauline van Mourik Broekman, Gary Hall, Ted Byfield, Shaun Hides, and Simon Worthington (2015) raise flags about the potential exploitation of higher education via open education mechanisms, and Veletsianos (2021) suggests OERs might heighten inequities by privileging well-known and well-cited information over more diverse knowledges. The many strands of open practices interweave to form open scholarship, and, with an eye to broader and more community-engaged practices, open social scholarship.

The ways in which academics communicate their work have evolved over time and are, in the twenty-first century, increasingly influenced by more open and more social practices. The Scholarly Communication section brings together contemporary issues, digital artifacts, critical approaches, and knowledge translation and mobilization. Current scholarly communication discussions encapsulated in the “Contemporary Issues” sub-section are broad and include deliberations on copyright and intellectual property rights (Boon 2014; Johns 2009; Lawson 2017a; Martin 2017), metrics (Fitzpatrick 2012a), Indigenous knowledges (Kimmerer 2020), digital research infrastructure (Government of Canada 2013, 2015; Leadership Council for Digital Research Infrastructure 2014; Minister of Industry 2015; Neylon 2017b; Research Data Canada 2013), publication platforms (Laakso et al. 2017; Lovett et al. 2017; Pooley 2017), and data management (Borgman 2015; Wilkinson et al. 2016), among other themes. Some authors—such as Daniel J. Cohen (2012), Kathleen Fitzpatrick (2019), Stuart Lawson (2017b), and Colleen McKenna and Jane Hughes (2013)—zoom out from those more focused topics and explicitly consider a wider, values-based approach to scholarly communication. For instance, in Living Books: Experiments in the Posthumanities, Janneke Adema (2021) argues for a more values-based approach to creating knowledge outputs that embodies flexibility, openness, and process over fixity and commercial gain. Many of the subjects outlined in the “Contemporary Issues” sub-section also emerge in the “Digital Artifacts: Articles, Journals, Monographs, Scholarly Editions, & Other Books” sub-section, where authors consider the state of these scholarly communication forms in the contemporary academy.

Moving beyond contemporary issues and their ramifications for specific academic artifacts, the “Critical Approaches to Digital Scholarship” sub-section takes a more pointed look at scholarly communication. Authors like Moya Z. Bailey (2011), Wendy Hui Kyong Chun (2004), and Laura Francabandera (2020) look at the gendered and/or racialized aspects of digital scholarship and knowledge production. In Data Feminism, Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein (2020) take a feminist approach to examining data science practices. As noted above, Chan et al. (2020), Allan (2007), Albornoz, Okune, and Chan (2020), Piron (2018), and Nkoudou (2020) all suggest to varying extents that scholarly communication should be approached through a postcolonial or decolonial framework.

Issues of how best to communicate scholarly work have preoccupied researchers for some time now. In the “Knowledge Translation & Mobilization” sub-section, authors from across disciplines—including the social sciences and health sciences—consider best practices and detail previous and proposed approaches to effective knowledge sharing. Authors like Amanda Cooper and Ben Levin (2010) and Ian D. Graham, Jo Logan, Margaret B. Harrison, Sharon E. Straus, Jacqueline Tetroe, Wenda Caswell, and Nicole Robinson (2006) outline some of the challenges inherent to knowledge translation or mobilization. In sum, the Scholarly Communication section spans many pressing issues and hot topics for those concerned with current modes and methods for communicating academic research findings.

Much research remains to be done on the multiple ways to create open scholarship with and across communities. As Adema (2021) writes in relation to open access specifically, “The politics and ethics of open access publishing and archiving are not predetermined, do not simply come prepackaged; they need to be creatively performed, produced, and invented by their users in an ongoing manner in response to changing technologies, practices, and conditions” (177). This research scan aims to collect and summarize recent thinking on public engagement, open social scholarship, and scholarly communication related to the INKE Partnership Community cluster. Overall, the collection suggests that not only are there multiple branching areas of interest related to these topics but many nascent research questions, too. At any rate, the twenty-first century postsecondary sector and its practitioners are well positioned to take on academic research for, with, alongside, and of interest to broader communities.

''This annotated bibliography is an output of the Open Scholarship Press. For related work, please see the Connection, Policy, and Training bibliographies.''

Notes on the PediaPress print version of this document
Footnotes in the PediaPress print version of the text appear in the back of the book, under the "Appendix" section.