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Russia (Russian: Россия, romanized: Rossiya, [rɐˈsʲijə]), or the Russian Federation,[c][19] is a country in Eastern Europe with Siberian territory (North Asia). It has land from the Baltic Sea to the Bering Strait. It is the largest country in the world, followed by Canada, the United States, and China. Russia is home to roughly 146.7 million people,80% of the population are west of the Ural Mountains. It has the largest population in all of Europe. The capital city is Moscow. In addition, it is Europe's biggest city. Some major cities are Kazan, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, and Nizhny Novgorod. Russian is the language of Russia. Europe's most spoken language is Russian. In addition, it is the Slavic language most often spoken. Along with Russian, many Russian regions also have official languages. In Europe it shares borders with Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Norway and Azerbaijan. The capital city is Moscow. Other big cities in European Russia are St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. The currency of Russia is the Ruble.Following the United Nations and the European Union Russia is classified as a European country.

Russia's History

The eastern "Slavic" tribes were the forebears of the contemporary Russian people. They founded the state known as "Rus" in the year 882. Kiev (now in Ukraine) served as the capital city and home to the dynasty of "Rurikids" monarchs. They adopted "Orthodox Christianity" in the tenth century from the Byzantine Empire.

The Mongols attack all of Russia in the thirteenth century and controlled the region for the following three centuries. Moscow progressively gain control throughout this time. After uniting neighboring regions, the Grand Dukes of Moscow ultimately overthrew the Mongols in the fifteenth century.

Due to its location and climate, Russia has expanded its borders over the course of several centuries as its people have looked for "warm water ports" that will allow them to compete on a global scale. Their spread eastward along the Baltic Sea coast, as well as their involvement in Afghanistan during the 1980s, serve as examples of this.

"Ivan the Terrible" became the first "tsar" (emperor) of Russia in the 16th century. Russia seized significant lands along the Volga River during his rule. He left no successors, therefore a period of turmoil followed his passing. Following that, the Romanovs began anew. The Russian Empire rose to global prominence while they were in charge.

In the course of the 17th century, Russia began to expand eastward through annexation and expeditions. New cities were established in ‘Siberia’ (such as Krasnoyarodsk, Yakutsk and Irkutsk), as military bases and commercial centers. By the middle of the 18th century, Russian settlements could be found in eastern Siberia, the Chukchi peninsula, the Amur River basin, and on the ‘Pacific coast’. The Bering Strait, which connects Asia and North America, was first discovered by a Russian traveler in 1648.

At the start of the 18th century, Tsar ‘''Peter the Great” founded a new capital city in the north, named it ‘‘St Petersburg’ . Together with Prussia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Catherine II (‘Catherine the Great’) drove out the Polish-Lithuanian Empire in a series of ‘‘partitions’ which gave Russia vast territories in the western part of the continent. During the ‘‘Napoleonic wars’, Russia was at war with France. In the year 1812, Napoleon took Moscow with his army, but was defeated; the strong winter proved too much for the French army, and the defeat was a major setback to Napoleon’s plans for European supremacy.

In the first half of the 20th century, Russia was a member of the Soviet Union. In 1917, the "working masses" of Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin, rebelled against the Tsar and his family in the so-called "October Revolution". Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed. In response, several Soviet socialist republics, including the Russian SSR, were formed. The capital of Russia was moved back to 'Moscow' and St. Petersburg was renamed 'Leningrad'. Factories were 'nationalized' and farms were divided into 'collective' farmlands, known as kolkhoz. All the industries were governed by 'five-year plans. In 1922, some of the Soviet socialist republics merged into the Soviet Union, forming the USSR.. -->

The Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the 'battle of Stalingrad, the Soviets began pushing the Germans out and eventually followed them to Berlin. Following the conflict, the USSR "occupied Central Europe," including Germany's Eastern Region. A "technological race" was started by the Soviet Union and the USA. With the launch of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on the first "manned space flight," the USSR emerged as a "nuclear superpower." However, the planned economy proved to be ineffective, and the populace lost faith in the administration. In December 1991, the USSR was "formally dissolved," having broken up into fifteen separate republics.

Russia's Geography
The Russian climate and geography is very diverse. Throughout much of the territory there are only two distinct seasons — winter and summer; spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January and the warmest usually is July. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot and humid.

In western Russia there are the world's largest forest reserves which are often known as the Lungs of Europe. Mount Elbrus is the largest mountain in Europe at 5,642 metres.

Russia possesses one of the greatest surface water resources in the world thanks to its countless rivers and inland waterways. Lake Baikal is Russia's largest and most well-known freshwater body. the oldest, purest, and deepest freshwater lake on Earth. More than 25% of the fresh surface water on Earth is found in Lake Baikal alone. Two of Europe's largest lakes, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega, are among the other notable lakes. Among the 100,000 rivers in Russia, The Volga is the most well-known due to its significant role in Russian history as well as the fact that it is the longest river in Europe. .

Russia's People
The population is around 143 million. Russia is multi-ethnic country, people of about 160 nationalities live there. Ethnic Russians are about 80% of the population in Russia. Other significant minorities include Tatars and Ukrainians. The majority of people live in cities; the population density is higher in the west of the nation. Russia's official language is Russian despite the fact that many other languages are also spoken. Russia is a very large country with a wide variety of religions practiced there. Most individuals are Orthodox Christian but there are also large minorities of Muslims, Buddhists, Catholic Christians and Jews.

Russia has unique and distinctive culture. Russian literature is widely known all over the world. Most famous Russian writers are Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Russia is also known for its classical music and ballet. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote music to some of the world's most famous ballets: Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and Sleeping Beauty. Matryoshka dolls and different styles of handicraft, like Palekh and Khokhloma, represent Russian folk art.

Russia's Sights
Tourists to Russia are required to purchase a visa, in addition to having a valid passport. Since Moscow and St. Petersburg are located in the west and are home to some of Russia's most well-known tourist destinations, including Red Square and St. Basil's Cathedral, the majority of visitors to the country travel to these cities.the Moscow Kremlin, the Peter and Paul Fortress, the State Hermitage Museum, and the St. Petersburg Church of the Savior on Blood. Well-known for its beaches, Sochi served as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics and is a popular vacation spot. Russia has many World Heritage Sites especially in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

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= How Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation Impact the Journalists' Code of Ethics in Digital News Media  = Journalists and media practitioners face several complex ethical challenges due to the rise of digital technologies. The impact of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation on the code of ethics followed by media in digital journalism is significant. With the advent of multimedia, it has become effortless for such user-generated content to propagate quickly and extensively, posing a challenge for digital news media to ensure the integrity of their content. Collectively, misleading news has led to a growing concern about the impact of these phenomena on journalism ethics and standards in digital media. By shedding light on how false information can affect ethical journalism, this exploratory article can help digital news and social media publishers protect their audience from fallacious news and promote the open exchange of ideas based on truthful reporting.

The Effects of Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation in Digital News Media
In 1938, the CBS Radio Network aired a radio drama, "The War of the Worlds ,” which depicted Martians' fictional invasion of Earth. The drama is famous for causing mass panic, as many listeners mistook it for an actual news broadcast. When the episode was broadcast, it was dramatic theater for some and revealed as orchestrated misinformation for others.

It is increasingly difficult to differentiate between real and fake news stories. The Internet is filled with numerous examples of blatantly false news:  examples of blatantly false news:
 * The U.S. Capitol police gave the protesters an "okay" to enter the Capitol. A video clip was widely shared on social media and posted by a group of Trump supporters. The video showed the group attacking the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., on January 6, 2021, after U.S. President Donald Trump lost the 2020 presidential election. The group claimed that a police officer had told them that they could enter the building. However, upon reviewing the video, no evidence supports this claim. The Gateway Pundit, a fake news website, also reported this claim on their Facebook and Instagram pages. Additionally, a radio show in Texas called "Walton & Johnson" ran a similar headline.
 * The FBI has released ample evidence to the public, which demonstrates that Trump supporters violently attacked officers at the Capitol. Additionally, other footage shows them breaking through a metal barrier outside the Capitol and breaking windows of the building to enter. It can be concluded that the U.S. Capitol police did not allow protestors to enter the Capitol.

During the 2016 election, President Donald Trump began expressing concerns about the possibility of election rigging. He spoke about it repeatedly, claiming that the election was rigged and that something was going wrong on the part of Hillary Clinton. Trump's attempt to destabilize the election created a sense among his supporters that the election was being manipulated. Hence, a fake news content creator from Maryland saw an opportunity to capitalize on this sentiment and decided to create false evidence to support the idea that the election was rigged. He started with a headline claiming that thousands of fraudulent Clinton ballots were found in an Ohio warehouse.
 * High doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19. In 2020, numerous websites and social media posts propagated that high vitamin C could cure or effectively treat COVID-19.
 * There was a lot of hype around unproven claims for vitamin C as a cure for COVID-19, spread through fake news, personal websites, and social media influencers. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims.
 * Chickens are not laying eggs because RNA is being added to commercial chicken feed. The source of the claim was an article titled "Messenger RNA sequencing and pathway analysis provide novel insights into the biological basis of chickens' feed efficiency." The study aimed to understand the differences between chickens with low and high feed efficiency and used RNA sequencing to analyze the levels of RNA produced by the chickens' cells. However, the article did not mention adding RNA to chicken feed. The goal of the study is to improve the selection process for feed efficiency.
 * Several experts have confirmed that the claim regarding commercial feed manufacturers adding RNA to chicken feed misinterprets the data. The FDA has also stated that RNA is not considered a feed additive. The articles cited in the original TikTok video do not provide evidence to support the argument made in the video. Moreover, the FDA has advised seeking advice from a licensed veterinarian to examine the chicken and gather a detailed medical and diet history, as there are several reasons why a chicken's egg-laying behavior and production may change.
 * The first thing that should be questioned is the reference to RNA in the post. RNA, scientifically known as ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid found in all living cells. Therefore, the argument of adding synthetic Arnie into commercial feed does not seem logical. Additionally, research confirms that factors such as management practices, improper nutrition, parasite infection, disease, lighting, and stress commonly affect chicken egg production. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn that RNA is not added to commercial chicken feed.

But, in his 2017 New York Times article, "From Headline to Photograph: A Fake News Masterpiece," Scott Shane uncovered the truth behind this questionable story that would be a headliner for “a dubious art just coming into its prime” —fake news. He dives into how the 23-year-old fake news creator intentionally designed a website and Facebook pages to generate revenue from the distrust of Clinton among “six million” Trump supporters. Although the bogus story was verifiably false, Shane points out that the damage had been done. The blatantly, intentionally disseminated information sparked outrage from people who believed Clinton would cheat Trump, underscoring the effect of false information in digital news media.

Journalism, “Fake News” and Disinformation —a handbook designed to address the issue of disinformation that confronts societies in general, and journalism in particular—avoids legitimizing that the term “fake news” has a straightforward or commonly understood meaning because “news” implies verifiable information in the public's interest. If the information does not meet these standards, it does not deserve the “news” label. Therefore, “fake news” is an oxymoron that undermines the credibility of information that meets the threshold of verifiability and public interest—real news. In this handbook, the term "disinformation" is commonly used to describe the act of intentionally deceiving or manipulating people using false information. The term often involves a range of tactics, including disseminating misleading or dishonest information and hacking or compromising individuals. All the same, "misinformation" typically refers to unintentionally misleading information. While both are problematic, disinformation is considered more dangerous as it is often well-planned, well-funded, and supported by automated technology.

Those who spread false information target people vulnerable to their messages or can amplify them for their purposes. They use the public’s tendency to share information to persuade their audience to become the carriers of their messages. The danger lies in the fact that such "fake news" is usually free and accessible to everyone, making it particularly risky for those who cannot afford quality journalism or do not have access to unbiased news media. With the help of technology and social media, fake news stories can appear in legitimate electronic news publications. Political organizations and groups may use ads that resemble news to deceive some target audience. Additionally, hackers may use bots, which are small pieces of software, to create numerous social media accounts and spread false information. This subversion of reality and twisting of facts can make a fabricated story appear genuine, as many people have shared it.

Fake news is a growing problem, made worse by the ease of access and sharing on social media. Technology like generative AI and deepfakes make it challenging to differentiate between real and fake news. This can lead to misinformation and confirmation bias17, as people are likelier to believe news confirming their beliefs. Echo chambers18 further exacerbate this problem by promoting biased opinions as fact.

False information is a problem in our society and can come from dissimilar sources. Some people create it to make money, while others use it to harm their competitors. Unfortunately, these articles can cause many problems, such as confusion and bad decisions. They can also make people lose trust in journalism. Gossip is another issue where people spread rumors without verifying whether they are true. Propaganda is a message that tries to convince people to support a particular political or ideological agenda. It often has misleading information, making it hard for people to make good choices. Nowadays, anyone can publish opinions without checking the facts. This manipulative use of news has led to a decrease in ethical norms in journalism, according to Forbes magazine.

The Importance of Ethical Journalism in Digital News Media
Media ethicist Stephen J.A. Ward believes that “[we] are moving towards a mixed news media—a news media citizen and professional journalism across many media platforms.” This alternative media has become increasingly prevalent as the mass communication landscape evolves. Ward explains that with this shift comes the need to establish fresh hybrid media ethics that can guide amateur and professional individuals, regardless of their platform—bloggers, broadcasters, Twitterers, or traditional journalism writers. These guidelines should be comprehensive and inclusive, considering each medium's unique challenges and opportunities. They should also prioritize accuracy, fairness, and transparency while respecting the privacy and dignity of all individuals involved in the news-making process. These ethics should ensure that the public can trust the information they receive from all news media sources.

Traditional journalism is losing its grip on public trust in digital news media. The cornerstone of journalism ethics is balance and fairness, striving for accuracy and conveying all sides of a story. However, there is a debate about how far media people should go to represent all perspectives. Although journalists should take their time to present all sides of a story, especially during urgent situations, they should avoid "false balance" or giving equal weight to both sides of a story when one side is false. Even if a reporter has a point of view, they must still aim for balance and fairness. Sometimes, it is impossible to achieve complete balance and fairness, as news coverage often caters to those at the extremes. David Robert Grimes, who contributes to several media outlets on questions of society, thinks that "when the evidence is clear-cut, the assumption that good journalism requires mutually opposed views to be treated as equally valid simply doesn’t hold." It is essential to recognize that not all perspectives are equally valid, primarily when one side is based on false information.

In this ever-evolving digital media environment, adhering to ethical norms is a proactive measure that benefits columnists and their readership. Trust is paramount in creating an informed and responsible society. New ethical guidelines must be established and upheld with citizen journalism, blogging, and social media disrupting traditional journalism. Yet, the current measures must be revised to guide journalists in this new era that combines professionals and amateurs. Therefore, new ethical ideologies must be tailored to this new media landscape to ensure reliable information. Upholding ethical guiding principles combats misinformation, safeguards against false information, and promotes accurate reporting. Codes of ethics in media establish credibility, preserve the reputation of digital news sources, and serve the public interest. The digital age has transformed journalism, making ethics more crucial than ever.

Maintaining transparency as an online reporter is necessary. This requires a demonstration of openness and accountability. To achieve this, the Ethics of Online Journalists emphasizes: “If [a journalist] make[s] a correction to an article that is already published, note the correction on the updated version. When [an online reporter is] connected personally to a story, share that information in the interest of full disclosure.” Moreover, maintaining open communication with the audience is essential. Credibility is of utmost importance for online writers, who are constantly under scrutiny. To earn credibility, it is necessary to check facts and use supporting documentation, avoid inserting subjective opinions, and provide supporting links to reliable sources. By adhering to the Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists, which includes being honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information, online reporters can uphold exacting standards of excellent journalism and enhance their professional reputation.

Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the precursor to justice and the cornerstone of democracy. Ethical journalism guarantees the unfettered exchange of precise, impartial, and comprehensive information. An honest journalist always upholds integrity. The Society identifies these four principles as the bedrock of ethical journalism and encourages their implementation by all individuals in all forms of media.

How to Protect the Public from Fallacious Information in Digital News Media
Digital news media must expose fake news and disinformation while avoiding giving them undue credibility. They can achieve this by relying on their internal experts and reputable fact-checkers. To educate the public about misleading news sites, well-regarded websites such as PolitiFact, Factcheck.org, and Snopes evaluate the accuracy of claims made by elected officials and publish stories that detail the truth or falsehood of specific developments. These fact-checking sources have become visible in election campaigns and candidate evaluations in the United States and elsewhere. Darrell M. West’s article, “How to Combat Fake News and Disinformation,” reports—according to research by Dartmouth College Professor Brendan Nyhan—that labeling a Facebook post as "disputed" can reduce the percentage of readers who believe the false news by ten percentage points. Additionally, West—a nonpartisan analyst for the Brookings Institution, a nonprofit organization dedicated to independent research and policy solutions—discloses that communication and media professor Melissa Zimdars of Merrimack College has compiled a list of 140 websites that use "distorted headlines and decontextualized or dubious information," which helps people find promoters of false news. In times of significant turmoil and confusion, the world requires a robust and effective news media that informs citizens about current events and long-term trends.

The Radio Television Digital News Association—the world's largest professional organization dedicated to broadcast and digital journalism—emphasizes that disseminating false information has become a significant menace to the public. Addressing this problem is vital and requires the active involvement of news professionals and newsroom managers. Journalists are the first line of defense against inaccurate and deceptive content across all mediums. Newspeople should refrain from repeating false claims, reposting manipulated images, or restating incorrect quotes to avoid generating false or misleading deceptions. Instead, they should always state the truth and accuracy before correcting erroneous information. While correcting falsehoods, it is decisive to ensure that the content is not being amplified—and has not been viewed or shared by many people. A trumped-up story should be corrected when the alternative fact reaches a critical mass and appears to be spreading (Preventing the Spread).

Submitting material or information to a news organization is pivotal in disseminating news. Nonetheless, it is equally essential to ensure that the authenticity of the material is verified before it is published. This verification process involves a thorough investigation to confirm the source, date, and ownership of any videos, photos, or audio recordings. Journalists should contact anyone identified in the material to ensure its accuracy and context. When confusion, diversion, and distraction are ramped up, they become a pollutant of public debate. Newspeople must get the sources to verify how the material was obtained and to seek additional evidence to support any claims. Graphics should be scrutinized for accuracy, and their sources should be disclosed to ensure transparency. In addition, news organizations should carefully examine all material for signs of manipulation, including unnatural movements and lighting. A review process involving more than one reporter should be implemented to ensure that all material is thoroughly vetted before publication.

By taking these steps, news organizations can maintain their credibility and ensure that the information they publish is accurate and reliable. It is important for news organizations to continuously educate and train journalists on how to identify and combat misinformation, using free resources such as those provided by First Draft News—a nonprofit coalition providing practical and ethical guidance on how to find, verify, and publish content sourced from the social web. Reporters are responsible for informing the public about the methods used to spread false information and how to spot it. Anyone who writes for news websites or prepares news to be broadcast can build trust with their audience by sharing their reviews and verification processes. Additionally, having a second person proofread news content across all platforms can help ensure accuracy.

How to Promote an Open Exchange of Ideas in Digital News Media
What will journalism look like in the next century? While change is inevitable, as stated in “The Rise of Digital Journalism: Past, Present, and Future”—a Maryville University blog—"[it is] clear that the Internet and digital age are here to stay, and humanity will continue to find new ways to connect and interact as the 21st century goes on.” Irrespective of the outcome, journalists and media practitioners in the digital era must adapt. With innovative technologies, platforms, and tools emerging, the best reporters must find ways to incorporate them into their skills or explore new areas in the field. As per the Poynter Institute, journalists in the next 10 to 20 years will require the same level of inquisitiveness, writing proficiency, and fact-checking abilities as today's writers, but they will also need to rely more on digital film, photo, and editing skills, as well as their capacity to "build their brand."

Journalism has undergone significant changes, from its origins before the Industrial Revolution to the present era of citizen journalism and media conglomerates. To be successful in this field in the 21st century, news writers and journalism students must be adaptable to new platforms and technologies and stay attuned to the public's opinions and interests. Despite the uncertain future of journalism, there will always be opportunities for entrepreneurial individuals with a grasp of technology and human nature to tell engaging stories. Regardless of what they call themselves, that is the essence of journalism.

With the media landscape changing swiftly, today's scenario demands continuous adaptation and evolution. By introducing participatory journalism—where the audience can actively gather, report, examine, and share information—professionals and amateurs can foster a more inclusive conversation around the news by treating their audience as collaborators, advisors, advocates, partners, and contributors. Digital news media can promote access to reliable information and diverse viewpoints by encouraging open discussions, providing diverse perspectives, and offering engaging video-based content. Personalized content based on data and analytics can enhance audience engagement and encourage user-generated content, leading to an open exchange of ideas and a sense of community. With advanced technology, digital news media can create a more immersive and interactive experience for their readers, leading to a more informed and connected society.

The Fourth Estate, or the press, is influential in informing the public about current events and issues and holding those in power accountable. On the other hand, the rise of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation makes delivering accurate and reliable information increasingly difficult. Digital news media outlets must prioritize truthful reporting and fact-checking to ensure the public is well-informed and can engage in meaningful discussions. While there is a debate about how far reporters should go to represent all perspectives, promoting balanced and fair reporting is a prerequisite.

Responsible journalism involves several noteworthy components, such as fact-checking principles, source verification, transparency, diversity, and adherence to ethical guidelines. By adhering to these standards, digital news media outlets can ensure that their reporting is fair, accurate, and unbiased. By investing in the professional development of their journalists, digital news media outlets can promote responsible journalism practices and improve the quality of their reporting.

How Technological Advancements Will Shape the Future of Journalism—a blog associated with Maryville University—acknowledges that the world of journalism is undergoing a rapid transformation. Traditional desktops have been replaced by more portable and versatile laptops and notebooks. With the Internet, vast content resources are now available worldwide. Several news organizations, such as the Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times, have started utilizing artificial intelligence to generate automated content, tag digital text, and reformat articles. Regardless of these technological advancements, qualified and experienced news writers are still indispensable in covering a wide range of events like breaking news, local happenings, and forums on public policy, board of education meetings, and elections.

Conclusion
Promoting responsible journalism is foremost when ensuring accurate and credible news and information. By implementing constructive measures to encourage audience engagement, inclusivity, and critical thinking and prioritizing truthful reporting and fact-checking, journalists can overcome the challenges posed by digital media and promote a trustworthy, unbiased, and fair culture of responsible journalism.

Wikipedia Sources

 * Alternative Media
 * Blog
 * CBS Radio Network
 * Citizen Journalism
 * Codes of Ethics in Media
 * David Robert Grimes
 * Deepfake
 * Digital Age (Information Age)
 * Digital Journalism
 * Digital Media
 * Disinformation
 * Facebook
 * Fake News
 * Fact-checking
 * False Balance
 * First Draft News
 * Fourth Estate
 * Generative AI (Artificial Intelligence)
 * Hacker
 * Instagram
 * Journalist
 * Journalism Ethics and Standards
 * Mass Communication
 * Misinformation
 * Multimedia
 * Scott Shane
 * Social Media
 * Society of Professional Journalists
 * The War of The Worlds (1938 Radio Drama)
 * Twitter
 * User-generated Content

Glossary of Terms
Alternative Media. Sources of media that are distinct from conventional or dominant forms of media, such as mainstream or mass media, in their content, production, or distribution.

Blogger. Someone who regularly writes for a website, usually run by an individual or small group, and uses an informal, conversational writing style.

Broadcaster. A person employed to talk on radio or television shows.

Citizen Journalism. Also referred to as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism, or street journalism, involves public members actively participating in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and distributing news and information.

Code Of Ethics in Media. In 1947, the Hutchins Commission recommended the creation of a code of ethics in the media. The commission believed journalists, newspapers, and broadcasters were responsible for ensuring accurate and reliable journalism and should be held accountable for it.

Confirmation Bias. When people process information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.

Deepfakes. A type of synthetic media created by digitally manipulating one person's likeness with another.

Digital Age. Also referred to as the Computer Age, Information Age, Silicon Age, New Media Age, or Media Age, it began in the mid-20th century and is characterized by a rapid shift toward an economy centered on information technology.

Digital Journalism. A modern form of journalism that delivers editorial content through the internet rather than print or broadcast.

Digital Media. Digital media is any communication media that operates with encoded machine-readable data formats. It includes text, audio, video, and graphics transmitted over the Internet for viewing or listening.

Digital Technologies. Electronic tools, systems, and devices can generate, store, or process data. Examples include social media, multimedia, and mobile phones.

Diverse Viewpoint. It is understanding that all people have unique experiences and see things differently.

Echo Chambers. As seen in news and social media, an echo chamber is a closed system where individuals are exposed to beliefs that amplify or reinforce their existing beliefs through repetition and communication while insulating from opposing viewpoints.

Electronic News Publication. Commonly referred to as an online newspaper, it can either exist as a standalone publication or as the digital version of a printed periodical.

Ethical Norms. Standardized conduct and behavior refer to universally accepted guidelines that individuals in a society or organization follow.

Fact-checking. Fact-checking verifies the accuracy of information presented in a written work, news article, speech, or other communication piece.

Fake News Websites. Fake news websites publish hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation as real news. They use social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.

False Balance. Also known as bothsidesism, it is a type of bias in media where journalists tend to present an issue as being equally balanced between opposing viewpoints, even when the evidence does not support it.

Fourth Estate. It pertains to the press and news media, which possess the explicit capability of advocacy and the implicit ability to shape political discourse.

Generative AI. Refers to the ability of AI to create text, images, and other media using generative models. These models learn from input training data and produce new data with similar characteristics.

Gossip. Casual or unconstrained conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details not confirmed as valid.

Hacker. Someone who uses technical skills to solve problems can also refer to someone who illegally accesses systems for criminal purposes.

Ideological Agenda. A set of beliefs and values that form the basis of political action in a country or political system.

Journalistic Ethics and Standards. Journalistic ethics are the principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. It is also known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism."

Mass Communication. Refers to the transmission and exchange of information to vast segments of the population through mass media. Technological advancements have made conveying information through various media platforms more efficient. The primary examples of these platforms include journalism and advertising.

Media Conglomerate. A company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises. Six major companies, including Comcast, Fox, The Walt Disney Company, Viacom, AT&T, and CBS control the US media. These companies are part of a media conglomerate and serve as significant news sources.

Media. The means of communication, such as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely.

Media Practitioners. Individuals involved in producing, editing, or disseminating news and information to the public. This can include broadcasters, journalists, publishers, editors, and managers or owners of broadcasting stations or publications.

Multimedia. Multimedia combines various content forms, like writing, audio, images, animations, or video, into an interactive presentation.

News media. The news media comprises newspapers, TV journalism, and other forms of communication that provide current events and analysis.

Participatory Journalism. Also known as citizen journalism is a modern form of journalism in which ordinary citizens who are not professional journalists participate in the news-gathering process. It expands the traditional path of journalism, created by journalists and distributed to an audience, to allow more active and potential roles for the public. This includes their involvement in gathering, analyzing, reporting, and sharing information.

Political Agenda. A list of current government and public concerns.

Political Groups. Political groups such as political parties and trade unions are created to promote a shared ideology and achieve objectives in the public sphere.

Political Organizations. Political parties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and advocacy groups engaged in activities like lobbying, organizing, and advertising to achieve political goals for their members. Parties are political organizations focusing on winning elections and controlling the government.

Propaganda. Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Social Media. A type of online technology that allows people to create and share content with others in virtual communities. It involves interactive participation and is a new form of media.

Traditional Journalism. Also known as legacy or mainstream media, it comprises television, radio, newspapers, news magazines, and online versions. These forms of media are regulated by media law and press ethics—and were once considered the most trustworthy sources for news. Before the internet, they were the only means of information dissemination.

Twitterer is Someone who posts short messages or information on the social media platform formerly Twitter.

Wikiquotes
Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo.

— W. H. Auden

'''The lowest form of popular culture—lack of information, misinformation, disinformation, and a contempt for the truth or the reality of most people’s lives—has overrun real journalism. Today, ordinary Americans are being stuffed with garbage.'''

— Carl Bernstein.

My definition of fake news is a content-like object that is a story, an article, a video, a tweet that has been fabricated, completely invented out of thin air, intentionally for the purpose of misleading.

— Vivian Schiller

'''I suppose, in the end, we journalists try - or should try - to be the first impartial witnesses of history. If we have any reason for our existence, the least must be our ability to report history as it happens so that no one can say: "We didn't know - no one told us."'''

— Robert Fisk

While we claim to live in an information age, disinformation has become the order of the day.

— Farid A. Malik

Discussion Questions

 * What would you say to someone who argues that identifying fake news should lie solely with the reader?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that ethical guidelines may stifle free speech and limit the diversity of opinions expressed in citizen journalism?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that labeling a Facebook post as "disputed" may increase the percentage of readers who believe the false news due to the backfire effect?
 * What about those who argue that citizen journalism can lead to a lack of accountability and professionalism in reporting?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that readers should be responsible for verifying the accuracy of the news they read instead of relying on media outlets to fact-check?
 * What about those who argue that fake news, misinformation, and disinformation have always existed and are not a new phenomenon in digital news media?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that fake news is not a significant issue because it only affects unsuspecting people who are easily fooled?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that people should be responsible for fact-checking news stories rather than relying on media outlets to differentiate between real and fake news?
 * What would you say to someone who argues that people who consume fake news are responsible for their misinformation and should be more critical of the sources they trust?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Oohrahusmc/sandbox


text:
User:Isayedshikder

Sayed Shikder

title: User:Isayedshikder


text:
Antenna Television/Troubleshooting

The following is a guide for troubleshooting common issues encountered with antenna television.

Interference Issues
Interference can affect digital TV signals and cause intermittent or missing reception of channels. The sources of interference include electronics, such as TVs and other devices, which emit electromagnetic signals. Metal objects like roofs, window screens, and rebar inside walls can block or reflect signals. Radiant barriers, made of reflective insulation materials, can also interfere with TV signals. To detect interference, turn off electronics and try repositioning the antenna away from interfering objects. If issues persist, consider using a roof antenna for better signal reception.

Older TVs or TVs with No Tuner
Some older analog TVs and certain new TV models may lack the necessary tuner to receive OTA (over-the-air) channels. To overcome this limitation, you can purchase a digital converter box with a tuner that connects to your antenna and outputs the signal to your TV. These converter boxes often offer features like real-time recording and programmed time recording, and some provide limited EPG (Electronic Program Guide) data from broadcasters. Make sure the converter box or DVR is compatible with your TV, either through HDMI or analog RCA inputs. Examples of digital converter boxes include the Mediasonic HW-150PVR, iView 3500STII, and Ematic AT103B. Alternatively, you can consider using an OTA DVR that includes a built-in tuner for recording and playback of OTA channel.

TVs with Broken Coax Connectors
For TVs without a working coax connection, such as older analog TVs or newer models without built-in tuners, the solution is the same for older TVs: use digital converter boxes or OTA DVRs. These devices are available with HDMI connections, allowing them to be connected to the TV, and have built-in tuners that enable the reception and recording of OTA channels.

TVs with no HDMI, RCA, or Coaxial Connectors
If you are using an old television set, from the 1950s to the 2000s, additional equipment besides a converter box may be required. Some options include:

 * HDMI to RCA Audio Video Converter
 * HDMI-to-Composite Converter
 * YPbPr Component to HDMI Converter
 * HDMI to Component Video Converter with Audio Output
 * RCA Compact RF Modulator
 * RCA Matching Transformer

Projection Screens
A digital converter box or an OTA DVR are required to use an antenna with a projection setup. Both are available with HDMI connections and the necessary tuner.

Receiving No Channels
If you have connected your antenna but are not receiving any channels, there are several things to check:

 * Ensure the TV is set to scan for channels on the Antenna or Air input, not Cable. If it is set to Cable, you won't be able to pick up any broadcasts.

 * Check if there are nearby towers by generating a Reception Report. This will help determine if there are available channels in your area.

 * Make sure to perform a channel scan on your TV. If you cannot find the option to scan channels or if you have an older TV, it may lack the correct tuner or have no tuner at all. In such cases, using a digital converter box or OTA DVR with a tuner is recommended. Refer to the section on "Older TVs" for more information on using digital converter boxes.

 * In rare cases, a TV with a functioning tuner may not work properly or have a faulty tuner. Again, the solution would be to use a converter box or OTA DVR with a tuner.

Receiving Only Some Channels
When considering antenna reception, it's important to note that VHF channels are typically weaker than UHF channels. Therefore, if your reception report indicates the presence of VHF channels, it's crucial to select an antenna that is suitable for both VHF and UHF signals. Most indoor antennas perform better at UHF frequencies than VHF.

Mounting the antenna at a higher location can enhance reception since obstacles like trees, houses, and buildings can obstruct signals. The reception report will indicate whether a channel is a one or two edge channel, meaning you don't have a direct line of sight to the tower. In such cases, the likelihood of receiving those channels is significantly lower compared to channels marked as LOS (line of sight) on the report.

Ensure that you aim the antenna in the correct direction using the information provided in the reception report. The first chart in the report assists in aligning the antenna toward the appropriate towers. Your location is at the center of the chart, and the red N signifies magnetic north. If you have channels in different directions, review the reports to identify which channels you want. Sometimes, if the strongest channel is in the opposite direction, you can aim the antenna toward the weaker channels and still receive the strong channel from the backside. In some cases, rabbit ear antennas may perform better indoors than flat antennas.

Losing Channels
New obstructions such as new buildings recently constructed, or changes in weather or leaves on trees can all affect your ability to receive channels. Ensure your antenna is facing the right direction, then rescan for channels. If you have an outdoor antenna, inspect all connections to make sure they are undamaged. Also verify that the antenna is pointed in the correct direction.

title: Antenna Television/Troubleshooting


text:
Cookbook:Homemade Baharat

Ingredients

 * 6 tbsp allspice
 * 6 tbsp black pepper
 * 3 tbsp cinnamon
 * 3 tbsp coriander
 * 2 tbsp cumin
 * 1 tbsp nutmeg
 * 1 tbsp cloves
 * ½ tbsp cardamom

Procedure

 * 1) Finely grind all the ingredients using a mill or spice grinder. Mix well.
 * 2) To intensify the taste, fry the powder in butter before use.

title: Cookbook:Homemade Baharat


text: Category:Baking powder recipes

title: Category:Baking powder recipes


text:
User:TechnoSquirrel69/huggle.yaml.js

--- enable: true version: "3.4.12 build: 4100 3.4.11" report-summary: "Reporting $1" confirm-multiple: false confirm-talk: true confirm-self-revert: true confirm-whitelist: true revert-on-multiple-edits: true automatically-resolve-conflicts: true software-rollback: false enforce-months-as-headers: true history-load: true on-next: 1 delete-edits-after-revert: true skip-to-last-edit: false preferred-provider: 2 remove-oldest-queue-edits: false truncate-edits: false talkpage-freshness: 20 remove-after-trusted-edit: true retrieve-founder: false display-title: false check-tp: true manual-warning: false summary-mode: false automatic-reports: false han-html: false han-display-user-talk: true han-display-bots: false han-display-user: true watchlist: "preferences" automatically-group: false queue-id: "default" page-empty-queue: "" enable-max-score: false max-score: 0 enable-min-score: false min-score: 0 automatic-refresh: true automatically-watchlist-warned-users: false shortcut-hash: "" show-warning-if-not-on-last-revision: true number-dropdown-menu-items: true insert-edits-of-rolled-user-to-queue: true confirm-on-recent-warning: true recent-warning-time-span: 120 confirm-warning-on-very-old-edits: true skip-warning-on-confirm: true queues:
 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be careful
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
 * 1) // Whether edits made by same user should be grouped up together in page
 * 1) // Location of page (wiki page name, for example WP:Huggle) that should be displayed when you hit next and queue is empty. Leave empty for default page.
 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
 * 1) // If warning was sent less than N seconds ago it's considered too recent
 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

title: User:TechnoSquirrel69/huggle.yaml.js


text:
User:Mazedona De La Altadama Craquis Díaz

en.m.wikibooks.org/ wiki/ User:Mazedona_De_La_Altadama_Craquis_D%C3%ADaz

Encyclopedia Wikipedia Wikidata Knowledge Base Media Repository Wikimedia Commons Wiktionary Dictionary and Thesaurus Wikibooks Textbooks and Manuals Wikinews Free Content News Wikiquote Citation Collection Wikisource Free Content Library Wikiversity Learning Resources Wikitravel Travel Guides Wikispecies Directory of species Incubator New language versions Meta-Wiki Project Coordination MediaWiki MediaWiki Development


text:
User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker

Note: After saving, you have to Bypass your cache to see the changes. Internet Explorer: press Ctrl-F5, Mozilla: hold down Shift while clicking Reload (or press Ctrl-Shift-R), Opera/Konqueror: press F5, Safari: hold down Shift + Alt while clicking Reload, Chrome: hold down Shift while clicking Reload.


text:
User talk:70.26.154.153

Test
Quinlan83 (discuss • contribs) 19:43, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.26.154.153


text:
User:Pinpointdaprophet/sandbox

The Presence of the Cycle of Abuse in Dreamhouse
If you’ve ever wondered why victims of domestic violence stay in abusive relationships, you’re asking the wrong question. Since “victims may be trapped in domestically violent situations through isolation, power and control, traumatic bonding to the abuser…”, it is much more appropriate to ask how the abuser is able to prevent the victim from leaving. In terms of the story, Carmen’s partner prevents her from leaving their relationship by having power and control over Carmen, leaving Carmen feeling as though it is her who needs to “be a better person”. The social cycle theory known as the “Cycle of abuse”, developed in 1979 by Lenore E. Walker, goes into detail on patterns of behavior in abusive relationships which are visible in Carmen’s relationship.

In phase one of the Cycle of Abuse, also known as the “Tensions Building” phase, “Stress builds from the pressures of daily life, like conflict over children, marital issues, misunderstandings, or other family conflicts”. We see this in the couple when Carmen’s partner has the audacity to ask Carmen for an explanation as to why she was moving around in her sleep. Not only is Carmen startled by her partner, but she is also afraid of the potential aggression that may result based on her answer. This is extremely stressful for Carmen as she wasn't she was disturbing her partner and yet she is being questioned as if she did.

Phase two of the Cycle of Abuse is known as the “incident” phase. In this phase “the abuser attempts to dominate their victim” with “outbursts of violence and abuse”. This outburst by the abuser “reduces the tension” that was built up in the previous phase but usually comes at the expense of the victim. When Carmen to apologizes to her partner for interrupting her sleep, Carmen states that she “can’t” stop moving around, to which her partner responds, “Fuck You”. The usage of this phrase is the “incident”, as it ultimately ends the conversation but simultaneously reveals the “power and control” Carmen’s partner has over her.

In phase three of the Cycle of Abuse “The perpetrator may begin to feel remorse, guilty feelings, or fear that their partner will leave…” while the “victim feels pain, fear, humiliation, disrespect, confusion, and may mistakenly feel responsible.” This “apparent end of violence” is what is known as the “reconciliation” phase. This phase is characterized by the abusers' “affection, apology, or, alternatively, ignoring” of the incident. While Carmen’s partner never apologizes for her verbal abuse, Carmen recalls her partner did say that she is “not responsible for anything (she) says” during “the first 10 minutes of the day.” By responding in this manner Carmen’s partner is able to dismiss Carmen’s feelings while simultaneously ridding herself of the guilt that comes with disrespecting the person she claims to love. Because Carmen’s partner holds all the “power and control” in their relationship, Carmen allows herself to be convinced that her partner’s lack of accountability is acceptable. While it may not make sense to the individual who has experienced a healthy relationship, it is completely understandable that Carmen reacts this way as survivors of abuse tend to be “eager for their relationship to improve”.

The final stage of the cycle of violence is what is known as the “calm” phase, and “is often considered an element of the honeymoon/reconciliation phase”. During this time “the relationship is relatively calm and peaceful” as the abuser may ask for forgiveness, or the couple may have sexual relations, which can create a momentary “normal atmosphere”. These examples may vary based on the couple but ultimately these solutions do not last as “interpersonal difficulties will inevitably arise”. In the chapter the couple experience this phase first thing in the morning as Carmen wakes up and feels a sense of “effervescent contentment” before being disturbed by her partner’s ridiculous question.

Carmen Maria Machado does a phenomenal job at illustrating the Cycle of Abuse as well as the inability of the victim to simply “leave” their abuser. We as readers are able to find Carmen’s reasoning as to why she is unable to leave her abusive relationship through the Cycle of Abuse, which is why it is so important to mention when discussing this chapter.

title: User:Pinpointdaprophet/sandbox


text:
User:Butterfliesinthesky/sandbox

Summary
The memoir "In the Dream House" by Carmen Maria Machado dives into the author's experiences in an abusive same-sex partnership. The memoir's "Dream House as Choose Your Own Adventure" chapter is a particularly inventive and distinctive section in which Machado used the structure of a choose-your-own-adventure tale to describe the difficulties of her relationship. Using an interactive storytelling method popular in choose-your-own-adventure novels, Machado gives the reader choices that affect the plot's course in this chapter. But rather than producing the usual adventurous endings, Machado's narrative's choices mirror the tough choices and the pain she endured in her abusive relationship.

Forms Of Verbal Abuse
Here are some forms of verbal abuse so we can all be aware of in our relationships romantic and or platonic.

 * Bullying – "The use of physical, psychological and verbal aggression to intimidate others to submit to the will of another and/or cause emotional upset. Bullying is typically one-sided and unprovoked by the victim and can be present in any environment.
 * Gaslighting – The abuser causes the victim to doubt both their own sanity and identity. Gaslighting is a tactic used by abusers to induce their victims to doubt their own senses of reality by asking probing questions. People who experience gaslighting may perceive themselves as outsiders, have low self-esteem, and believe they are not supported in making decisions.
 * Accusations/Denial of wrongdoing: When an individual falsely accuses another individual of performing a certain action; When an individual denies his/her actions performed against another individual that could have or did cause the victim harm to self-preserve and protect the abuser. (Gaslighting also fits into this type of abuse).
 * Minimization – Refers to when the abuser is attempting to down-scale the severity of the situation and making it seem insignificant to the victim or audience
 * Threatening – When an aggressor uses words or actions against a victim that indicates if the victim does not comply with certain situations and/or actions, harm will be inflicted upon them.
 * Name calling – The use of offensive language/names to gain something from the situation (ex: win an argument) or to probe a negative reaction out of another individual or situation; this is also used to induce rejection or condemnation without consideration of the facts in the situation.

Examples in the text where these forms of verbal abuse are demonstrated

 * Now this quote has a mix of Bullying and Accusations/Denial of wrongdoing "Page 11. The first time it happened the first time she yelled at you so much you were crying within 30 seconds from waking, a record. She said, ‘the first 10 minutes of the day i'm not responsible for anything I say’. Yelling at someone till they cry screams middle school bullies. This behavior coming from a partner is heartbreaking in any situation.

 * Minimization - In this example It’s night time and the partner wants to get intimate yet it isn't consensual and it is painful to endure “ You shudder and moan with precision. She turns off the lights. You watch the darkness until the darkness leaves you, or you leave it.”  Reading this becomes painful and to think about what Machado went through in this abusive relationship her voice was not heard in the relationship at all. It was a constant cycle of trying to climb up for air and just drowning all over again.

 * Threatening – “Page 13. You shouldn't be here, but it's OK. It's a dream. She can't find you here.” Throughout the entirety of the narrative there's not an explicit example of a threatening moment but the simple fact she feels safer in her dreams than in real life with her partner shows the danger she's experiencing  in the relationship. Just being in the relationship living together as a whole is the threat.

 * Name calling - On the 2nd page of the narrative the couple gets into an argument about an uncomfortable night's rest together in their bed. The partner proceeds to call the narrator “a f*cking c*nt” and claims she never takes responsibility for anything and continues to curse her out. Over having their elbows touching her partner in bed while she's asleep, it's something she cannot control.

Resources for Rape Victims
Unfortunately this isn’t just a made up story many people go through this in their day to day '''if you or someone you know is a victim of sexual assault, it's important to seek immediate medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can address immediate health concerns, conduct a forensic exam (often referred to as a "rape kit"), and provide information about potential risks and preventive measures.''' After that it is beneficial to reach out for support. In the United States, the National Sexual Assault Hotline provides confidential and anonymous help. Here is the information for the National Sexual Assault Hotline:

United States: National Sexual Assault Hotline

 * Website: National Sexual Assault Hotline

 * Phone: 1-800-656-HOPE (4673)

This hotline is operated by RAINN rainn.org/resources, (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network), and it provides free, confidential support 24/7. Trained staff can offer assistance, resources, and information to survivors of sexual assault.

If you are located outside the United States, consider searching for a local sexual assault hotline or contacting a local crisis center or women's shelter. Many countries have dedicated hotlines and support services for sexual assault survivors. Local law enforcement and healthcare providers may also be able to provide guidance on available resources in your area. Remember, seeking help is an important step towards healing, and there are people and organizations ready to support you.

title: User:Butterfliesinthesky/sandbox


text: Category:Baking soda recipes

title: Category:Baking soda recipes


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c6

There is not really much to say about this. The Gunderam Gambit, characterized by the move 2...c6!?, is considered a very dubious response to the King's Knight Opening as it blocks the knight on b8 from developing to its natural square, and sacrifices a center pawn for almost no compensation.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c6!?

/3. Nxe5/ /3._g3/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...c6/3. Nxe5

White makes the good decision to capture an important center pawn. But White must still be careful as black may catch them off guard and turn the tables.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 c6 3.Nxe5

/3...Nf6/


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qe7/3. d4/3...d6

After 3...d6, Black may get a semi-decent position if they play accurately. They might also consider moves like 4...Nc6 or 4...Nf6.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.d4 d6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qe7/3. Nxe5

3.Nxe5?? sacrifices a knight for a pawn for completely no reason. Yes, this move is completely useless and is only used in some bullet games to confuse the opponent.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.Nxe5??


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Be2

3. Be2 - Tayler Opening
This opening is a bit passive and rare. The point of this move is to try and put Black off their comfort zone. But if Black is paying attention, they can get the upper hand. For these reasons, the Tayler Opening only gives white psychological advantage, just like in the Bongcloud or the Ware Opening.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Be2


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe5

3...Nxe5 - Irish Gambit Accepted
Black captures the free knight and gains a big material advantage. However, they might still get caught by surprise if they do not focus or play too passively.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nxe5 Nxe5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5

Pepsi Countergambit
This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!

'''1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5??'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5

=Double Grob=

1...g5!?
The Double Grob is a rare response to the Grob Opening (1. g4), as it copies White's moves and get a more common draw, but this opening is famous because of the Coca-Cola Gambit which comes after 2. f4.

1.g4 g5

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...a5/2. h4/2...h5/3. Ra3/3...Ra6/4. Rhh3/4...Rhh6

1. a4 a5 2. h4 h5 3. Ra3 Ra6 4. Rhh3 Rhh6
By this time, both sides have pushed flank pawns and 'developed' their rooks. This position can lead to a drawish game if black continues the symmetrical moves.

1.a4 a5 2.h4 h5 3.Ra3 Ra6 4.Rhh3 Rhh6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. e4

2. e4 - Omega Gambit
After playing d4 and developing their queen pawn, White aims to take control of a central square with the move e4. This pawn thrust creates a strong pawn chain in the center of the board and can potentially gain space and initiative. By making this move, White is also looking to open lines of play for their pieces and gain more control of the board. In sum, e4 is a powerful move that seeks to assert White's dominance in the center of the board. However, Black can take the free pawn with 2...Nxe4!. Omega Gambit is best played as an aggressive and attacking opening. White sacrifices the pawn on e4, gaining control of the center. Black has two options: accepting the pawn or declining it. If Black takes the pawn, the game will be wild and tactical, with opportunities for both sides. If they decline, White can still develop their pieces aggressively, while Black will have a more cramped position. The key to playing this opening well is accurate calculation and precise play. Omega Gambit can be a tricky opening to face if unprepared. Black can counter it by declining the gambit with 2...d5, freeing their position and declining any risk. Alternatively, they can accept the pawn with 2...Nxe4, but must be careful not to overextend and leave their king vulnerable. If played accurately, Black can gain a solid position with chances to win. It is important to remain calm and not be intimidated by the nature of the Omega Gambit. Accurate calculation and precise play will be essential to counter this opening effectively.

1.d4 Nf6 2.e4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. b4

3. b4 - Pachman (Wing) Gambit
In response to Nc6, White plays b4 to develop their queen's bishop and create potential threats on the long diagonal. This move also emphasizes White's control of the center and indirectly challenges Black's knight on c6, potentially forcing it to move and creating weaknesses in Black's position. However, b4 also creates a potential weakness on the b-file that Black can exploit. By playing b4, White is taking a somewhat aggressive approach that can create opportunities for attack but also requires careful attention to the consequences of their moves. Also, Black can simply take the free pawn with Nxb4 or Bxb4. Pachman Wing Gambit starts with e4 e5 Nf3 Nc6 b4. The goal is to entice black to take the pawn and allow you to open the b-file. Aim to control the center and pressure the black king. Be mindful of defending the pawn on b4 if black declines the gambit, and avoid premature attacks. Play with precision and strategy in mind, as inexact moves can weaken your position. Pachman Wing Gambit can be tricky to counter, but certain strategies can help. Don't rush to capture the b4 pawn. Instead, aim to control the center and develop your pieces quickly. Try to anticipate your opponent's moves and have a solid defense in place. Keep an eye out for tactical opportunities and don't be afraid to counter-attack. Remember, playing accurate moves with patience and calm can often neutralize any gambit.


text:
User:Prairie Astronomer

Howdy. My name is Prairie Astronomer. I am a Firefighter and Emergency Medical Technician in the United States. I am also a paramedic student at the time of writing this sentence.

title: User:Prairie Astronomer


text:
User:Mafiandan6ixx 592

Given Name

Anthon Joseph Caesar Professionally Known As Mafiandan6ixx Singer-Songwriter and Graphics Designer Born And Raised in Guyana at the age of 10 Years Old He Started His Musical Career But Age 16 Years Then He Really Focus On His Musical Journey And Since Then Making Ways in Music He Created Genre Called Gothic Dancehall.

He Did Shows Radio Station Interviews He Created A Platform For Himself Mafiandan6ixx Also Created His Recording Label Called Mafiandan6ixx Entertainment, Venomous Sting Production What Responsible For All Musical Copyrighting. Other Than That Mafiandan6ixx Grew Up With His Mother And Brother In A Single Parent House But That Didn't Stop Him From His Musical Career Now Mafiandan6ixx Is The Bread Winner For His Family..

Songs In Total 300 Songs And Counting He's One Of Main Artiste In Guyana.

title: User:Mafiandan6ixx 592


text:
User:Mafiandan6ixx 592/sandbox

Given Name

Anthon Joseph Caesar Professionally Known As Mafiandan6ixx Singer-Songwriter and Graphics Designer Born And Raised in Guyana at the age of 10 Years Old He Started His Musical Career But Age 16 Years Then He Really Focus On His Musical Journey And Since Then Making Ways in Music He Created Genre Called Gothic Dancehall.

He Did Shows Radio Station Interviews He Created A Platform For Himself Mafiandan6ixx Also Created His Recording Label Called Mafiandan6ixx Entertainment, Venomous Sting Production What Responsible For All Musical Copyrighting. Other Than That Mafiandan6ixx Grew Up With His Mother And Brother In A Single Parent House But That Didn't Stop Him From His Musical Career Now Mafiandan6ixx Is The Bread Winner For His Family..

Songs In Total 300 Songs And Counting He's One Of Main Artiste In Georgetown Guyana..

title: User:Mafiandan6ixx 592/sandbox