text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2022/July

syntaxhighlight lang="console" or lang="shell-session"
The <syntaxhighlight> markup seems to be the right choice when showing an interactive shell session with full input and output. See Public Key Authentication for some examples. However there are a lot of different language choices for the <syntaxhighlight> markup. Which would be more appropriate for showing an input command line and its output, would it be <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> or <syntaxhighlight lang="console"> instead? -- Larsnooden (discuss • contribs) 08:29, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm going to go with just shell-session for the actual interactive shell sessions since those really are different IMHO from the console. However, that decided, is there a generic designator for configuration files?  There are several configuration languages listed there, but they are specific to particular program.  What should be used generically?  -- Larsnooden (discuss • contribs) 03:41, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia has a article on ...
Hi, Is there a template which produces a box stating "Wikipedia has an article on ... ." or similar? Analogous the the familiar reference {{Commons category|...}}. A Help search didn't help. =8~) Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, and it's easy to remember: L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I have above average talent for forgetting details, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

Automatically adding a category from a template
Hi, I would like to add a category automatically when placing a template within a Wikibook.

Specifically, when adding the template Template:Beeton to a Cookbook page, I would like the category Category:Public domain recipes to be added within the template itself so Wikibook Cookbook recipes that use that template are automatically included within the category. I have noticed that the template Template:Fruit does a similar thing to what I want to do, but I do not understand the markup up it has used to adapt it. Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 15:48, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * try using

L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:14, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

The Sims game strategy book
Hi ya, no sure if this is the correct place for help with creating strategy books, please do direct me elsewhere if not, but I was wondering if anyone could help me finish off creating the initial shelf for The Sims? There are a number of parts to it and I can't seem to find detailed help on how to correctly link all the categories, etc. to one another.

Any help would be appreciated. Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 10:32, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi again! The sims shelf would be part of Category:Shelf:Strategy guides, and all the books on The Sims would be part of the Sims shelf, as I understand it. But I'm not that experienced at shelves. And you should only add a shelf if three books could go into it, I think. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 11:47, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and fixed it!
 * The tricky thing with shelves is a dependence on an older different system called subjects (Which I think most other editions of Wikibooks still use?). I messed up my first shelf/subject creation too. :)
 * Wikibooks Stacks/History explains the history of the system more in depth.
 * User:L10nM4st3r is generally right that shelves ought to be able to house a few books. I think in due time, this will happen with The Sims so I'm totally fine with it, though others may not be. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 01:05, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

 Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass

 *  You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass •

Hi all,

Community members in the 2022 Board of Trustees election are invited to propose statements to use in the Election Compass.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass

July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements

July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements

August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements

August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements

August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee

Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 09:47, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7
 Movement Strategy and Governance News

Issue 7, July-September 2022 Read the full newsletter Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's Movement Strategy recommendations, other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent Movement Strategy Weekly will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe here if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.  Mervat (WMF) 12:58, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Movement sustainability: Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. (continue reading)
 * Improving user experience: recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. (continue reading)
 * Safety and inclusion: updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. (continue reading)
 * Equity in decisionmaking: reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. (continue reading)
 * Stakeholders coordination: launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. (continue reading)
 * Leadership development: updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. (continue reading)
 * Internal knowledge management: launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. (continue reading)
 * Innovate in free knowledge: high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. (continue reading)
 * Evaluate, iterate, and adapt: results from the Equity Landscape project pilot (continue reading)
 * Other news and updates: a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. (continue reading)

Custom book search
Is there a way to search a book, and be sent to the subpage instantly if it exists (case insensitive), so in Minecraft, I search "Cat" or "cat" and get Minecraft/Cat instantly? But if the page does not exist, it sends me to the default search screen. Thanks. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 07:38, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi there, as I know of, there is a book search template. Template:Book search
 * I use it in my book Wikijunior:How Things Are Made Chhers Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 12:46, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I already know of tbat template. Is there a way to directly send you to the subpage if it exists? Doing so would make it easier for readers to find what they want quickly. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:26, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:28, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election

 *  You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election •

Hi everyone,

The Affiliate voting process has concluded. Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are:

 * Tobechukwu Precious Friday (Tochiprecious)
 * Farah Jack Mustaklem (Fjmustak)
 * Shani Evenstein Sigalov (Esh77)
 * Kunal Mehta (Legoktm)
 * Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)
 * Mike Peel (Mike Peel)

You may see more information about the Results and Statistics of this Board election.

Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation.

Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia.

Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process.

The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period. You may view the Board election timeline here. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways:

 * Read candidates’ statements and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives.
 * Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A.
 * See the Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement.
 * Propose statements for the Election Compass voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles.
 * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections CommitteeMervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 13:37, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Location of a picture relative to sections in a page
Hi, How can a picture be located in a specific section in a page. In the Crash carts page the picture of the top drawer should be in the Top Drawer subsection, the picture of the middle drawer in the Middle Drawer subsection & etc. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Simply add the image wikicode just below the section you want. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:34, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * We're at crossed purposes? The source of the Crash carts page is organized as you describe but my intention is to have section title "Top Drawer" adjacent to the top of the WaterlooCrashCartTopDrawer image. Section title "MiddleDrawer" adjacent to the top of the WaterlooCrashCartMiddleDrawer image. And etc. Sections can be padded manually with <br> or set in cells of a table but automatic padding would be better. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 01:46, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and fixed it. If a floating element, like a picture, is pushing content below it in a way you don't like, like it was there, use  just above the content being pushed downward (or the section with that content). L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 04:43, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Request for comment: cookbook naming
, this is where you can ask for consensus to be made. See Cookbook talk:Table of Contents, near the bottom. I'll leave this to those who are more familiar with the cookbook than I am. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 13:40, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * sorry, I mispelt your username above. I suggest watching this page. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 13:43, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Have added this to > Reading_room/Proposals Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 15:52, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements
Join an online meeting with the team working on the Desktop Improvements! It will take place on 26 July 2022 at 12:00 UTC and 19:00 UTC on Zoom. Click here to join. Meeting ID: 5304280674. Dial by your location.

Read more. See you! SGrabarczuk (WMF) (talk) 16:19, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

 Vote for Election Compass Statements

 *  You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements •

Hi all,

Volunteers in the 2022 Board of Trustees election are invited to vote for the statements. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

 * July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass
 * July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
 * July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
 * August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
 * August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
 * August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee

Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 20:13, 25 July 2022 (UTC) Mervat (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 20:13, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

Unknown completion?
Hello, the Oberon book displays a completion status of 90%. Someone please look at Shelf:Operating systems and tell me why Oberon is listed under "Unknown completion". Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 20:16, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * page status only supports "0%", "25%", "50%", "75%" and "100%. You need to choose the one of those that best suits your need. Try "75%" for this one. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 22:00, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Now {{decistage|9|Jul 5, 2022}} and {{status|75|Jul 5, 2022}}. Still under "Unknown completion" in shelf lists. Must be something else. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 22:13, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * did you add the % symbol? It is needed. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:10, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * That works. Thanks.
 * Next question relating to access: there are shelves Linux, Mac OS & etc. How can I create Shelf:Oberon. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:01, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * See ../Assistance, a user already posted a question about making shelves . L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 04:56, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Appears that with only one book about Oberon, a shelf is not appropriate. OK, except that Oberon won't appear alongside Shelf:Linux, Shelf:Mac_OS & etc. I'm not fussed about it. Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 16:27, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Change Cookbook categories - recipes by culture
Thanks @L10nM4st3r for pointing out this talk page. I think this might be the best area? - sorry added this to the wrong section!

Summary: suggesting to merge current recipes categorised by "country" into "culture" (e.g. British Cuisine instead of Cuisine of the United Kingdom) as it reflects the cultural aspect of food more, rather than it being limited to a political entity. This including diaspora groups more easily and follows what has already been established by Wikipedia's articles on cuisine.

Discussion from the Cookbook

"I think the way cuisines are currently presented is problematic. Mainly as I think there has been a conflation of the state (e.g. a political entity) with the nation (e.g. community, culture, and identity).

For example, people normally discuss "Chinese food" or "American food", or "French cuisine", rather than "cuisine of France" or "cuisine of the United Kingdom", which is normally presented as "British food/cuisine".

Additionally, when focusing on political entities, rather than cultural identities, it makes it difficult to discuss and record recipes from diaspora groups like Kurdish cuisine where they have no defined/ recognised country.

This has also created a duplication of effort in this Cookbook, as categories exist for both the state throughout Category:Cuisines and the nation/ culture/ identity of a community of people within Category:Recipes by origin - whereas the latter categorisation is more broad, inclusive, and offers more flexibility to record recipes by than focusing on the state itself.

I also feel the precedent to focus on food as a cultural aspect, rather than a political one, has been set by Wikipedia in that articles relating to food focus on cultural identities rather than political ones. E.g. "British Cuisine" rather than "cuisine of the United Kingdom", etc.

Trying to untangle this within the Cookbook will be a little bit of a challenge as a number of edits/ page renaming will need to be made, but I think would be helpful to readers in how recipes are presented".

Initial idea:

 * Rename pages throughout Cookbook:Cuisines from "Cuisine of X" to "X Cuisine" e.g. instead of Cuisine of Albania it would be Albanian Cuisine.
 * Rename Category:Recipes by origin to Category:Recipes by culture

Would be grand to have more input from people Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 15:57, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I have no objections, but I'm not a cookbookian or a chef. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 16:02, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I understand the concern, although I do think there is some value in the identification of state cuisines since the construction of a state can result in cultural blending and the emergence of new, sometimes fusion cuisines. Additionally some things fall into multiple useful categories, neither of which is perfect but both of which have value. Just to make sure I understand, could you (@Jamzze) lay out exactly what you propose to do so we can all get an idea of the scope and what the end product would look like? -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 03:14, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * You have a good point.
 * Maybe the issue is a little more simple then. I think this issue could be solved by: 1) renaming pages throughout Cookbook:Cuisines from "Cuisine of X" to "X Cuisine" e.g. instead of Cuisine of Albania it would be Albanian Cuisine and 2) rename Category:Recipes by origin to Category:Recipes by culture. Jamzze (discuss • contribs) 08:22, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I have no particular problem with using "X Cuisine" though it seems like it will require a lot of concerted effort to implement. I'm not sure "Recipes by culture" is the simplest or most accurate since not everything in that category is a culture per se, but they do all have an origin. I do think for both the suggestions you proposed it would be a good idea to get the opinion of an admin and/or someone who's been working on the cookbook for a while! -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 22:29, 26 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
Beekeeping/Commercial Beekeeping

Commercial Beekeeping
Commercial beekeepers are people who provide a service that is part of a much bigger system of agriculture, retail, consumer demand, food industry etc which in turn interacts with government and legislators. Proper nutrition is the first requirement. Wherever possible the bees should be on a pollen and honey flow, and the hive never allowed to fall back in strength.The hive field force must be kept "rolling" to maintain production. A hive with a full work force will get the most from any flow, but a colony which has been off a flow for three weeks will take up to three weeks before it completely recovers from the break in the brood raising. A hive which has been off a flow for six weeks or more will often take up to three months to become fully productive again. The reason for this is to be found in the division of the labour force of the hive, and the reaction of bees to a period of death. Their first reaction is to slow down the laying of the queen. This in turn means that six weeks from the time of the flow cutting out there will be a smaller number of bees emerging from their cells, progressively growing less as the number of nurse bees decreases. A worker-bee has milk glands in her forehead with which to feed the larvae. When she first emerges from the cocoon, the young worker-bee cleans cells in preparation for the next batch of eggs, then starts to feed the older larvae with honey and pollen, progressively feeding the younger larvae as her milk glands mature. After about three weeks the young worker goes onto other duties. After she has matured the worker can still feed the larvae, but less efficiently, so a colony with a smaller proportion of nurse bees cannot raise as many larvae as a well balanced hive. It is for this reason that any break in egg laying means the equivalent break in the nursing population a little more than three weeks later, and three weeks later still a decrease in the foraging population and a continuing effect from the lack of nurse bees showing up in the numbers of bees emerging. All this means that the hives must be kept up in strength a t all times, unless another flow is not likely for some time, or a continuing flow is not available at all. The secret of success in commercial beekeeping is therefore to keep the bees on a pollen or honey flow consistently the whole year round if possible. A consistent pollen flow is more important than a consistent honey flow, for pollen is required to supply the proteins and other necessary food for the young growing bees. It is more important to produce honey of any kind than only first grade honey. From this arise four subsidiary but still important factors.

While it is necessary for the beekeeper to be able to breed his own replacement queens it is extremely doubtful at the present price of queens whether it is economically sound for him to produce his own queens rather than buy them from recognised and reliable queen breeders. The queen breeder of good reputation is proud of his good name, and besides making sure that he sells only good queens he is constantly trying to improve his breed. Few honey producing bee farmers have the time to pay the same sort of attention to the quality of their breeding stock. A refinement which helps the beekeeper produce more honey during the honey flow is to keep a number of nuclei always available to requeen hives which shows any sign of failing. Any failing hive noticed during the extraction round and immediately reinforced with a nucleus containing a high producing young queen will on the next round be producing as well as any other in the apiary.
 * Keep only young queens whose daughters have the genetic make-up to be prolific honey gatherers.

The successful commercial bee-keeper knows completely the potentialities of every honey plant within 100 miles radius of his home. He must visit all possible sites every year to keep abreast of the honey flow available, and to plan his moves.
 * The bee-keeper must have a thorough knowledge of honey and pollen flora.

His truck controls the number of hives the bee-keeper can run, and this is the most important item of his plant. It must be big enough to allow the apiary to be shifted quickly and efficiently. The average bee-keeper working on his own can handle three loads of bees easily; four can still be handled but five become a poor proposition because by the time the last load is shifted the flow to which the bees are being moved ha s often been going for at least 15 days. If the distance shifted is over 250 miles—as is sometimes necessary—the flow can be going for up to 4 weeks before the last load is placed on it. It is then that bee-keepers tend to leave one or two loads of bees in the bush while they extract and care for the loads they have shifted. This not only wastes capital investment, but the bees left on the old site get down in strength and when they can be shifted are quite often no longer producing hives. Therefore a truck which can carry 120 hives is better than a smaller truck which is fully extended carrying 80 hives. Added to this is the shifting cost factor. If the cost of shifting is £6 a hive using the small truck the cost a hive with the larger truck will be about £4. One ma n with a small truck cannot comfortably handle more than 240 hives while one man with a larger truck could handle 350 hives. The other major item is the extracting van. This should be designed to extract all hives in 10 working days. One man should be able to handle the van but it should still be convenient and efficient when used by two men during a heavy flow. There are many different views on the layout of the interior of the extracting vans. Any bee-keeper should make himself familiar with as many extracting vans as possible before he builds or buys.
 * Adequate mechanical equipment is essential.

The combs are the most important. They must be kept in good condition and free of drone comb if the hive is to remain productive and at full strength. The drone combs should be weeded out at regular intervals. Any frame with more than 25 per cent, drone cells should be melted down. If the hives are kept constantly on a flow wax moth is not a worry; it becomes an active threat only when the hive dies out and the colony is not inspected for some time. All these factors make the successful bee farmer and each one is important; each is needed to complete the whole commercial beekeeper.
 * Material in the hives must be maintained at a high standard.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beekeeping/Commercial Beekeeping


text:
User talk:Dmitriy.Poterukha

Born in 1987 in Ukraine

title: User talk:Dmitriy.Poterukha


text:
Beekeeping/Bumblebees

Bumblebee
Bumblebee, (tribe Bombini), also spelled bumble bee, also called humble-bee, common name for any member of the insect tribe Bombini (family Apidae, order Hymenoptera). These bees occur over much of the world but are most common in temperate climates. They are absent from most of Africa and the lowlands of India and have been introduced to Australia and New Zealand to aid in the pollination of various flowering plants. Most authorities recognize two genera: Bombus, the nest-building bumblebees, and Psithyrus, the parasitic bumblebees. Certain species are sometimes assigned to a third genus, Bombias. About 19 species of Bombus and 6 species of Psithyrus occur in Great Britain. About 50 species of Bombus, as well as some Psithyrus species, are found in North America. Bumblebees are robust and hairy, average about 1.5 to 2.5 cm (about 0.6 to 1 inch) in length, and are usually black with broad yellow or orange bands. They often nest in the ground, commonly in deserted bird or mouse nests. Bombus species are social bees; i.e., they live in organized groups. Each nest has a queen, drones (males), and workers. Psithyrus species, having no worker caste, enter Bombus nests to lay their eggs, which are then cared for by Bombus workers. The resemblance between a Psithyrus species and the Bombus species it parasitizes is often remarkable. The British species P. vestalis sometimes stings the Bombus queen to death. There are then no Bombus larvae produced to compete with the parasitic Psithyrus larvae for the attention of the workers. The Bombus queen lays her eggs in the nest after spending the winter in hibernation. The first brood generally develops into four to eight worker bees. Shortly after emerging as adults these workers take over from the queen the duties of collecting pollen and caring for the hive. The queen then retires to a life of egg laying. For a while only worker progeny are produced, and the colony grows until it contains 50 to 600 bees. In late summer, with the large population of workers bringing in abundant food, males and new queens are produced. Although some males develop from unfertilized eggs laid by the queen, most hatch from eggs laid by workers. In early fall the queen stops laying eggs, and the colony, including the queen, gradually dies out. During this period the larvae of certain moths and beetles prey on the remaining eggs and larvae in the nest. The next season’s queens have developed from eggs laid late in the season. The future queens, when fully grown, leave the nest, mate, and find a sheltered place in which to hibernate for the winter. The lone queens then start new nests in the following spring.

title: Beekeeping/Bumblebees


text:
Beekeeping/Semi-Social Bees

Semi-Social Bees
social insect, any of numerous species of insects that live in colonies and manifest three characteristics: group integration, division of labour, and overlap of generations. Social insects are best exemplified by all termites (Isoptera; sometimes Blattodea) and ants (Formicidae) and by various bees and wasps (Hymenoptera).

Social insects are differentiated in structure, function, and behaviour into castes, the major ones being the reproductives (e.g., the queen) and the steriles (workers and soldiers). Besides carrying out the basic function of reproduction, the members of the reproductive caste generally select the site for a new colony and excavate the first galleries. The workers care for the eggs and larvae, collect food for other members of the colony, and construct and repair the nest, while the soldiers defend the colony against predators.

title: Beekeeping/Semi-Social Bees


text:
Beekeeping/Pheromones

How do honey bees use pheromones to communicate?
Bees use chemical cues to interact with each other and to manage colony organization. Alarm pheromone is used to recruit bees to defend the colony, while Nasanov pheromone is used for aggregation (during swarming or if bees are displaced from the colony).The forager bees produce a pheromone which slows the behavioral maturation of young bees so that they remain in the nursing state longer – this allows the colony to adjust the worker force to have the optimal number of nurses and foragers. The virgin queen releases a pheromone which is used to signal to drones during mating. After mating, the chemical composition of this pheromone changes, and it will inhibit the rearing of new queens, slow behavioral maturation of workers, and inhibit the development of ovaries in workers (so they remain sterile). Queen pheromone also attracts workers from a short distance, and causes them to lick and antennate the queen in a “retinue response”. The workers in the retinue thus pick up the pheromone and spread it throughout the colony. The developing larvae produce brood pheromone, which stimulates feeding of the larvae, capping of the cells prior to pupation, and also slows the behavioral maturation of workers and inhibits worker ovary development. Exposure to both brood and queen pheromone will stimulate foraging behavior in forager bees.

title: Beekeeping/Pheromones


text:
Beekeeping/Tanzanian Top Bar Hives

Tanzanian Top Bar Hives
Top Bar hives have been used for centuries, and their practicality and more natural approach to beekeeping is still favored by small-scale farmers around the world. Top Bar hives allow the bees to build their own comb and are an alternative to the standard Langstroth hives with movable frames. Top bar hives are gaining in popularity among beekeepers in the U.S., in part because they are easy to construct, relatively cheap to produce, and do not require any frames or supers. Top Bar hives tend to produce less honey, but that honey does not have to be extracted. Instead, honey is harvested as whole-comb and is either pressed or drained. There are two types of designs for Top Bar hives, the Kenyan and the Tanzanian. The designs are similar in that they both include a sturdy box with an entrance on one side, 20 to 30 top bars, and a roof. The difference is in the sides: the Kenyan style has walls that slope inward toward the bottom while the Tanzanian has straight sides. Both designs work well; however, bees tend not to attach comb to floors, and with the sloped sides of the Kenyan-style hive, bees think the walls are part of the floor and attach far less comb, making it easier to remove the comb. Brood is built near entrances, so placing the hive entrance on one end for brood results in the bees filling comb with honey on the opposite end. Consequently, it is easy to harvest honey, and no queen excluder is needed. A queen excluder is used in Langstroth hives, placed between the brood chamber and honey supers. It allows for worker bees to move throughout the colony but keeps the queen and drones confined to the brood chamber. As a result, the honey supers contain only honey—no brood—and can easily be removed for harvesting.

The key principle with Top Bar hives is making sure that the top bars are between 1¼ and 1½ inches wide. This is the proper distance apart to allow bees to build comb. In addition, a top bar length of 19 inches makes it convenient for starting comb and brood rearing in a Langstroth hive and later transferring it to a Top Bar hive. When starting a top bar, attaching ½ inch of beeswax, masonite, or hardwood to the top bar will help the bees start building comb in the right place. Many top bars have a groove down the center so that the starter can easily be wedged into the bar. When reusing a top bar, the starter can be achieved by leaving ½ inch of comb attached to the top bar when the rest of the comb is cut away during the harvest. Since top bars are not supported by a full frame, the comb is more fragile than in a standard hive. The comb should always face down and can be turned upside down, but should never be turned sideways.

title: Beekeeping/Tanzanian Top Bar Hives


text:
Beekeeping/Bee Suit

Bee Suit
Most beekeepers wear special clothing to protect themselves from bee stings while they work. They should always wear a hat and veil to avoid stings around the face and eyes, but they can also wear special pants, plus a jacket and gloves. During honey removal, in unfavourable weather and late season, it's most important to be well protected, since bees may be more defensive or aggressive. The suit is usually white, since lighter colours are more calming to bees. Beekeeper gloves, usually made of leather or canvas, are very thin and pliable to allow the beekeeper more dexterity in working with bees and to reduce the likelihood of accidentally harming them.

title: Beekeeping/Bee Suit


text:
Beekeeping/Nosema

Nosema spp
Nosema ceranae originates from Asia and was originally described as a pathogen of the Asian cavity nesting bee Apis cerana (Fries et al., 1996). It was later found to occur in colonies of Apis mellifera in Taiwan(Huang et al., 2007) and reported from Spain (Higes et al., 2006). It has been suggested that N. ceranae may be more virulent than Nosema apis when infecting A. mellifera, and it has been reported to cause severe colony losses, especially in southern Europe (Higes et al., 2007, 2008). N. ceranae has been present in the US since at least 1995 (Chen et al., 2007a, 2007b) and in Europe (Finland) since 1998 (Paxton et al., 2007). Nosema disease (nosemosis) caused by the honeybee microsporidia is one of the most important diseases in honeybees and is worldwide in distribution (Nixon, 1982). Microsporidia are possibly the smallest single-cell organisms with a true nucleus. The genus Nosema is a parasitic fungus that infects insects such as honeybees, bumble bees and silkworms. Nosema apis, which infects the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, was first described by Zander (1909). Nosema ceranae, which attacks the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, was reported in 1996 by Fries et al. (1996). They invade the midgut epithelial cells of the worker bees, queens and drones. Nosema has negative effects on the bee colony. It can affect the productivity and survival of honeybee colonies including adult bee longevity, queen bees, brood rearing, bee biochemistry, pollen collection and other bee behavior (Kang et al., 1976). The prevalence of Nosema has raised concerns especially with the recent declines in honeybee populations. Many of these losses have been attributed to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), although the specific causes of most losses are undetermined. It was reported that co-infection by virus and Nosema in honeybee might be associated with colony collapse (Bromenshenk et al., 2010).

title: Beekeeping/Nosema


text:
Beekeeping/Acute Bee Paralysis

Acute Bee Paralysis virus
Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) was originally discovered during laboratory experiments as a cause of asymptomatic infections of adult bees (Benjeddou et al., 2001). This virus is a common infective agent of honeybees, frequently detected in apparently healthy colonies from several countries worldwide (Allen and Ball, 1996; Békési et al., 1999; Benjeddou et al., 2001; Farkas et al., 2001; Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b; Tentcheva et al., 2004; Antúnez et al., 2005; Ellis and Munn, 2005; Berényi et al., 2006; Forgach et al., 2007; Sanpa and Chantawannakul, 2009). These infections are sometimes exacerbated and activated by stressful environmental factors such as mite infestations, bacterial infections, pollution and the usual utilization of chemicals and insecticides in agricultural technology (Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b). The overt infection of ABPV is characterized by rapid death of adults; previously the lethally infected adults show a rapidly progressing paralysis, including trembling, inability to fly and the gradual darkening and loss of hair from the thorax and abdomen (Bailey et al., 1963; Maori et al., 2007a; Ribière et al., 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a).

ABPV could attack all stages of honeybees, but the most favourable hosts for virus multiplication were the pupae (Chen et al., 2005a; Sanpa and Chantawannakul, 2009). Either the accumulation of viral particles in the brain and especially in the hypopharyngeal glands (de Miranda et al., 2010) and the readily detection of ABPV in the faeces (Hung, 2000; Ribière et al., 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a), prove the foodborne transmission of virus through the salivary gland secretions of infected adult bees used to feed the young larvae or mixed in the pollen (Benjeddou et al., 2001). Infected larvae either die before they are sealed in brood cells if large amounts of virus particles were ingested, or survive to emerge as healthy infected adult bees (Bailey and Ball, 1991). The detection of ABPV sequences in semen of apparently healthy drones (Yue et al., 2006) suggests the possibility of venereal transmission of this virus. Further studies will be necessary to clarify this crucial aspect and to analyse the impact of the consequent vertical transmission of the virus through the eggs.

ABPV has been indicated as the major factor contributing to the mortality of honeybees infested with V. destructor (Faucon, 1992; Nordstrom, 2000; Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b; Antúnez et al., 2005) and it was detected to be a primary cause of mortality in weakened colonies from Germany, Yugoslavia, France, Hungary (Forgàch et al., 2007) and USA (Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b). Moreover several studies have also detected the presence of ABPV in Varroa mites (Allen et al., 1986; Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b; Tentcheva et al., 2004; Chantawannakul et al., 2006). The term bee parasitic mite syndrome has been used for the disease complex observed in infested colonies simultaneously infected by viruses, characterized by high mortality (Shimanuky et al., 1994; Hung et al., 1995). Due to the spread of the Varroa mite in the European apiaries during the last decade, ABPV has gained relevance (Berènyi et al., 2006). Indeed, the parasitic mite plays a crucial role in spreading this virus both as a vector and as an activator of viral infection weakening the honeybees (Bakonyi et al., 2002a, 2002b; Berènyi et al., 2006).

title: Beekeeping/Acute Bee Paralysis


text:
Beekeeping/Kashmir Bee Virus

Kashmir bee virus
This virus is widely diffused in Australia and in the United States, where it is endemic, it has been reported in Europe only rarely (Tentcheva et al., 2004; Berènyi et al., 2006). Like most dicistroviruses (Christian and Scotti, 1998; Valles et al., 2007; de Miranda et al., 2010), KBV persists at low titres in apparently healthy colonies until several stress factors activate the viral multiplication causing the death of the colony. The KBV overt infection occurs in different developing stages of bees without clearly defined disease symptoms. In last decade, this potentially lethal virus is becoming more important as one of several viruses closely associated with colony collapse in apiaries infested by V. destructor (Hung et al., 1995, 1996c; Ball and Bailey, 1997; de Miranda et al., 2004; Todd et al., 2007; Ribière et al., 2008; Pettis et al., 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a, 2010b).

KBV is genetically and serologically closely related to ABPV (Allen and Ball, 1996; de Miranda et al., 2004); both these viruses were discovered as a contaminant during transmission studies of CBPV (Bailey et al., 1963; de Miranda et al., 2004). Probably these two viruses originate from a common ancestor and evolved independently in secluded geographic regions (Berènyi et al., 2006). Both viruses are able to co-infect the same colony (Hung et al., 1996; de Miranda et al., 2004) and even within the same bee (Evans, 2001; de Miranda et al., 2004). Although these two viruses are closely related they are readily distinguished by RT-PCR (Stoltz et al., 1995; Evans, 2001; de Miranda et al., 2004), moreover the VP4 proteins of ABPV and KBV particles are serologically distinct (Stoltz et al., 1995; de Miranda et al., 2004). Indeed, between these two viruses there are significant differences concerning critical areas of the genome such as the 5’ NTR (de Miranda et al., 2004). This region contains primary and secondary RNA structures that are fundamental for the binding of the viral RNA polymerase for genome replication (Gromeier et al., 1999).

In experimental infections KBV is resulted extremely lethal to adults and larvae, (Bailey et al., 1963; Dall, 1985; Bailey and Ball, 1991; Ribière et al., 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a, 2010b), with less than 100 particles required to cause death within a few days, and the same effect can also be achieved by feeding around 1011 virus particles per bee (Bailey et al., 1963; Bailey and Woods, 1974; Bailey and Ball, 1991; Nordström, 2000; Maori et al., 2007a; Ribière et al., 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a, 2010b). In natural infections KBV affects all stages of the bee life cycle and commonly persists within brood and adults apparently healthy (Anderson and Gibbs, 1988; Dall, 1985; de Miranda et al., 2004, 2010a, 2010b). The transmission of KBV in natural infected colonies may be occurred through multiple routes (Shen et al., 2005). The detection of KBV in brood food, honey, pollen royal jelly and faeces confirm the oral transmission of infection via contaminated food resources in the colony (Shen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006a; Chen and Siede, 2007a, 2007b; de Miranda et al., 2010a, 2010b). The detection of viral genome in Varroa mites and their salivary secretions (Shen et al., 2005; Hung and Shimanuki, 1999; Hung, 2000) suggests that the parasite may act as vector of KBV even if further studies will be needed to clarify the effective role of Varroa as biological or physical vector.

In recent years the virus has proved to be a most important marker of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) (Pettis, 2008; de Miranda et al., 2010a, 2010b). CCD is characterized by rapid loss of the colony’s adult bee population. At the final stages of collapse, the queen is attended by only a few newly emerged adult bees (Pettis et al., 2007; Maori et al., 2009). CCD poses a serious threat to apiculture and agriculture worldwide and CCD-related losses (direct and indirect) have been estimated at $75 billion (Swinton et al., 2007; Maori et al., 2009). Further work is, therefore, required to elucidate the precise role of KBV plays in this syndrome and the possible existence of other environmental and biological factors that could be able to play an important role in the spread of CCD.

title: Beekeeping/Kashmir Bee Virus


text:
Beekeeping/Chronic Paralysis Virus

Chronic bee paralysis virus
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is a common single-stranded RNA virus which may cause significant losses in honeybee colonies. It was first isolated in 1963 from diseased honeybees (Bailey et al., 1963; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). CBPV has been directly detected by serological methods in dead adult bees from every continent (Ribière et al., 2010) except South America, where it has been detected by molecular techniques (Antúnez et al., 2005; Blanchard et al., 2007; Ribière et al., 2010). The prevalence of this infection did not appear to follow any seasonal pattern (Tentcheva et al., 2004).

This virus can persist through the years as a covert infection but may multiply to high levels in honeybees (Blanchard et al., 2007; Ribière et al., 2007; Olivier et al., 2008) and may cause an overt infection with significant losses in colonies (Allen and Ball, 1996; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). Scarcity of food resources, severe winters or adverse weather conditions in summer may promote these outbreaks (Allen and Ball, 1996; Bailey et al., 1983; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). In these overt infections CBPV was identified as a cause of a contagious disease of adult honeybees characterized by trembling, flightless and sometimes black individuals crawling at the hive entrance (Bailey et al., 1963; Allen and Ball, 1996; Chen et al., 2005; Ribière et al., 2007).

The CBPV overt infection is characterized by two different syndromes that can bees seen even in honeybees from the same colony (Bailey and Ball, 1991; Ribière et al., 2010). The most common one is characterized by abnormal trembling of the body and wings, bloated abdomens and partially-spread dislocated wings that causing an inability to flight. The bloated abdomen is caused by distension of the honey sac with fluid which accelerates the onset of dysentery. The affected honeybees die within a few days following the onset of symptoms (Ribière et al., 2007). The other syndrome is characterized by hairless, shiny and black appearing bees which makes them seem smaller than healthy bees, with a relatively broader abdomen. Because of their different appearance, the affected bees suffer nibbling attacks by healthy guard bees of their colony, which makes them, seem like robber bees. In a few days they become flightless, trembling, and soon die.

The CBPV paralysis appears to be due to the neurotopism of the virus, indeed the fifty percent of the many millions of CBPV particles which can be extracted from only one paralysed bee is concentrated in the head, which represents about one-tenth of the total body weight (Ball, 1999; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). CBPV particles were observed in the neurons of the higher integration centres: the mushroom bodies and the central complex (Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). The mushroom bodies are involved in sensory processing, learning, memory storage and the control of motor patterns like walking (Menzel, 2001; Heisenberg, 2003; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). The central complex is involved in higher locomotor control, orientation behaviour and regulation of arousal of the insect (Schildberger, 1983; Strauss, 2002; Wessnitzer and Webb, 2006; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b). CBPV particles have been seen in sections of brain tissue, hypopharyngeal and mandibular ganglia and in abdominal and thoracic ganglia (Giauffret et al., 1966; Olivier et al., 2008a, 2008b).

Laboratory experiments have proved that CBPV can be easily transmitted to bees by topical application to the surface of cuticle freshly denuded of its hairs (Ribière et al., 2007). Moreover, the crowded condition of the colonies promotes the spread of the virus by direct contact of healthy bees with paralysed individuals (Ribière et al., 2007). The systematic detection of CBPV particles in faeces of both naturally and experimentally infected bees with acclaimed symptoms proves an important source of environmental contamination in the colony (Ribière et al., 2007). Further studies will be necessary to clarify the resistance of the viral particles outside the host and its ability to infect healthy individuals confined in contaminated apiaries. The detection of CBPV in queens (Chen et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2006b; Ribière et al., 2010) and in all developmental stages of their offspring including eggs has been reported (Chen et al., 2006b;

Blanchard et al., 2007; Ribière et al., 2010), suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of this virus. CBPV infections have never been related to Varroa destructor infestations and the virus has not been reported in this parasite (Ribière et al., 2007).

title: Beekeeping/Chronic Paralysis Virus


text:
Beekeeping/Birds

Stunning Birds that Eat Bees
Most birds are omnivores. Their diet consists of a wide range of foods including small animals, seeds and insects. However, there are some types of birds that are specialists when it comes to insects hunting. These birds that eat bees rely on them as the mainstay of their food source. The action of catching and eating a bee takes place so quickly that birds do not get stung when they eat bees. The insect is stunned against a hard surface before being swallowed. Also, if it is a large bee, the bird will rub the stinger end off before consuming.

The vast majority of birds that prey on bees catch the insect while in flight. The bird glides up to the bee (birds can fly faster) and grabs the insect. Then back to a nearby limb to knock the bee’s head on a hard surface to kill it. The insect is consumed whole. Bees sting as a form of defense. Foragers working in the field are no match for a hungry bird. Most birds do not attack the whole nest.
 * How Birds Catch Bees

Common Birds that Eat Insects
The most adapt bee-eaters belong to the bird family Meropidae. Within this family more than 22 species of birds are known to be consumers of bees. Thankfully, most live in Africa and not in high beekeeping areas. These specialized birds have carved beaks that make capturing flying insects much easier. Of course, they don’t only eat honey bees. Flies and other insects also make good meals. But, there are other birds that also consume bees as a major part of their diet. They are known to actively pursue and eat bees throughout the season. For them, it is more than just an opportunity – it is a way of life.

Known and appreciated for their insect catching abilities. Purple martins eat many types of insects. Bees, wasps, flies, dragonflies and even fire ants! Purple martins are found in many regions of the US. Their glossy black blue feathers give them their name as they look purple in some types of light. They commonly nest in colonies with many nests close together. Seeing martin colonies with gourds as nesting units is common in my area. They are known to be agile hunters that perform impressive acrobatics in air. Dining on flies, dragon flies, and wasps, they will also eat bees in great quantities if the opportunity is there.
 * Purple Martins

Scarlet Tanagers and Scarlet Tanagers are medium-sized songbirds native to the Americas. They are small bright colored birds that look similar to northern cardinals. Like most other birds in this family, they have a varied diet of ants, moths, beetles, flies and grasshoppers. However, they especially target wasps and bees. These members of the tanager family are known to consume many bees and wasps during the summer season. This is actually a good thing as it removes some pests from the environment. Too many of any insect is not a good thing. There are predators and prey – both serve a role in nature’s balance.
 * Summer and Scarlet Tanagers

In any conversation about birds that eat bees, we can not ignore one that actually has the name bee-eater. These birds belong to the family Meropidae and there are over 27 different species. Found mostly in Asia, Europe and Australia, they are beautiful birds with brightly colored feathers and hooked bills. Bee-eater birds live in large groups that can number in the hundreds. Male and female mate for life and the whole community shares in raising young. Bees and wasps make up 70% of the diet of the bee-eater. They capture the insect in flight using their impressive eyesight. Bee-eaters can spot a bee in flight over 300 ft away.
 * European Bee-eater

Honeyguides are birds in the family (Indicatoridae). A resident of sub-saharan Africa, this bird gets its name from the tendency to guide humans to honey bee nests. There are several different varieties. The honeyguide exists primarily on the contents of a bee colony. They eat the bee brood or larva and the beeswax. In fact, they are one of the few birds that feeds on beeswax. These birds also feed on wax moths found in the hive.
 * Greater Honeyguide

Not every member of the bird family is a voracious eater of bees. Some birds do consume them if the opportunity arrives but do not necessarily seek out bees.
 * Occasional Bee Consuming Birds

Eastern Kingbirds are sturdy birds that often harass anything else that flies into their territory – even much larger counterparts such as hawks. Often called “flycatchers” they enjoy dining on insects. If they can catch a fly – a bee certainly poses no problem. However, they do eat other insects and even small frogs. Their diet also consists of various types of fruit. They are occasional bee eaters and do not represent a large threat.
 * Kingbirds

The common cardinal or redbird is a well-known songbird. Appreciated by bird-lovers everywhere, the cardinal has a varied diet. Dining on flies, beetles, worms and snails, it is said they eat adult honey bees near the hive. This is especially true during mating season when they are desperate for protein. Other times of the year, they dine on grains, seeds, berries and fruit. However, they pursue the easiest food source available and are not a major danger to beehives if other food sources can be found. I have never seen my cardinals bother the hives.
 * Northern Cardinal

Members of the woodpecker family come in all sizes. You will see small ones that fit in the palm of your hand and large woodpeckers that look rather scary. Their diet consists of various insects including ants, termites, grubs, carpenter bee larvae and yes on occasion honey bees. In some regions of the world, they can be a problem for out-apiaries that are secluded in wooded areas away from homes. It seems that the woodpecker only cause a problem for beehive in times of desperation when natural food is not available. This is a natural response to any living thing trying to survive.
 * Woodpeckers

Are Bees Threatened by Birds?
At times you will also find orioles, swifts, thrushes, and mockingbirds consuming bees. But, this does not represent a real threat. They had rather catch easier prey such as: spiders, worms and caterpillars. Honey bees are not threatened by bird predation. In fact, the impact of birds on the bee population is minimal compared to other types of predators. Mice, skunks, shrews and bears do more damage to honey bee colonies than a few birds ever could. In most situations, there are plenty enough bees and other juicy insects to allow for some loss. Birds also eat pest insects that affect home gardens and agricultural crops. In nature, we must take the good with the bad.

What Should a Beekeeper do About Birds?
Beekeepers in most regions will not be affected by the occasional bird eating their bees. Of course, if you see it happening – it is time to deploy some tactics to scare them away. The best thing a beekeeper can do to protect the hives is to provide food for the birds. This is especially true during mating season when the need for protein is greatest. A good bird feeder with an animal fat suet block is much easier to catch than a flying bee. These colorful and amazing birds need to eat too and chances are they will do little to no harm to the bee population near your home.

title: Beekeeping/Birds


text:
Hobo tourism/Equipment

This chapter of the textbook examines the preparation of equipment needed for a traveler using budget methods of travel around the world and explains some nuances of its application in tropical and subtropical countries: the concept of hobo tourism, excludes routes, related to visiting polar climates regions.

The subject of hobo tourism should have a minimum of the most essential items, as travel in this format is sometimes fraught with dangers and is always accompanied by non-standard accommodation options, such as an open-air overnight stay, in the halls and staircases of buildings, joining the companies of native homeless and so on. where to have expensive or attracting the attention of potential robbers items — is not safe.

There is a special term characterizing travel easily — ultralight backpacking This method is used by ordinary (including not crossing the state borders) hikers, but if for them it is a matter of choice, then for t. n. international tramp — a necessity.

What to take with you?

 * Backpack (small, preferably without lightnings).
 * Sleeping pad (attached to the backpack from below — see photo).
 * Polyethylene film for spreading under the sleeping pad, much larger than its dimensions (to protect the lower plane from dirt).
 * Mosquito net.
 * Blanket or sleeping bag.
 * A small flashlight (you will need to sleep in abandoned buildings).
 * First aid kit containing the minimum necessary medicines.
 * Chlorine tablets (or manganese) for water purification.
 * Insect repellent.
 * Wet wipes (preferably anti-bacterial): sometimes they have to wipe not only hands, but also gifts of the jungle.
 * A small towel (it will serve for washing and after taking a shower).
 * Glue universal quick action (for emergency repair of shoes, backpack, etc.).
 * A knife with a light handle.
 * Threads, needle.
 * Handkerchief.
 * Spoon and mug (plastic).
 * A duffel bag of thin cloth.
 * A toothbrush and a paste in a small tube.

What to leave at home?

 * The tent, it will become a burden for long journeys.
 * Paper guides (and another books).
 * Expensive photo and video equipment (as well as cheap but cumbersome).
 * Large and heavy outerwear.

Certain recommendations

 * The backpack should be roomy and comfortable, filled to weigh no more than 10 kg. (Some airlines charge an additional fee for exceeding the specified weight).
 * In case of expected rain, you should find a canopy, in clear weather — sleep in the open. No tents!
 * Sometimes the backpack must be left at the point of temporary dislocation (for example, hidden in the bushes) and wander with a duffel bag light.
 * The lack of a smartphone can compensate for the native Internet clubs that are now available even in the poorest countries.
 * Sleeping bag is necessary only in some cases (see example), usual, you can do without it.
 * It is recommended to use objects for different purposes: windbreaker — as a pillow, etc.
 * If the flight is due in winter and the return is scheduled for the warm season, the outer garments should be simply thrown away when boarding the aircraft or at the airport of arrival.
 * If you expect to return in winter, you should take light demi-season clothing, allowing you to run from the airport terminal to the stop of the bus.

Quote
About use as «luggage store» hidden place on the roof of a high-rise house in Hong Kong, where the author had to spend the entire period of stay in the "city-country": ''<...> my «sleeping place» was located at the door, facing the roof. Opening it, examined a small area and found a niche in the brick annex. Wrapping the backpack in a large plastic bag, I hid it in a stash and put some junk on top to disguise and sighed with relief. Of course, things can steal, and I can't explain to police that slept... like Karlsson. But, who does not risk — the one... does not travel around the globe, but sits at home...''.

Gallery
In the first photo: toothbrush (12 g); knife (30 g); hat (33 g); flashlight (40 g); towel 30x70 cm. ( 90 g) ; inflatable pillow (115 g); scarf (95 g)

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Equipment


text:
Template:Department:Page/doc/use-count/doc

7,750+


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 28

Today in 1964 the Mariner 4 spacecraft was launched. It was the first mission to transmit pictures over interplanetary distances and the first to take close-up photos of another planet. Data arrived at 8.5 bits per second, and the first graphical representation of the data was hand-painted, paint-by-numbers style.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 23

Today in 2001 the iPod was introduced, a very successful flagship product from Apple. Music was moving to hard drives. Together with the accompanying iTunes software, it brought convenient accessibility for large music collections to the masses. Users had tasted the feel of having all the music they could ever listen to at their fingertips. After Napster and its progeny the genie was out of the bottle and a startled music industry was fighting a futile fight to turn back the clock. 2003 the system was complemented by the iTunes Store, a legal music download service that profited from criminalization campaigns of the industry to scare file-sharing users. The iPod created a market for music on the Internet, paved the way for the Open Music Model, for Spotify and the like. Users gladly surrendered control over their music consumption and settled for (industry-controlled) access rather than more self-determined ownership of music files.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 19

Today in 2011 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced its massive open online course program MITx.


text:
Lingwa de planeta/Simple sentence - keys

1.1
 * we live - nu jivi
 * they (pl.) live - li jivi
 * he hopes - ta nadi / lu nadi
 * she hopes - ta nadi / ela nadi
 * they (pl.) know - li jan
 * I know - me jan
 * you talk - yu shwo
 * you all talk - yu oli shwo
 * I talk - me shwo

1.2
 * Do you love? - Ob yu lubi?
 * I don't love. - Me bu lubi.
 * Doesn't she love? - Ob ela bu lubi?
 * She doesn't know. - Ela bu jan.
 * Doesn't he hope? - Ob lu bu nadi?
 * He lives. - Lu jivi.
 * Don't you understand? - Ob yu (oli) bu samaji?
 * We hope. - Nu nadi.
 * Do they talk? - Ob li shwo?
 * They don't know. - Li bu jan.

1.3
 * Did you love? - Ob yu lubi-te?
 * I will love. - Me ve lubi.
 * Will he understand? - Ob ta ve samaji? / Ob lu ve samaji?
 * Does she hope? - Ob ela nadi?
 * She hoped. - Ela nadi-te.
 * She won't hope. - Ela bu ve nadi.
 * We will live. - Nu ve jivi.

1.4
 * I didn't know. But you talked. Now I know. - Me bu jan-te. Bat yu shwo-te. Nau me jan.
 * She believes and hopes. - Ela kredi e nadi.
 * They don't see and don't hear, but they talk. - Li bu vidi e bu audi, bat shwo.
 * They don't understand, but they work. - Ta bu samaji, bat gun.
 * I talk so you understand. - Me shwo dabe yu samaji.
 * She hopes because she loves. - Ela nadi bikos ela lubi.
 * You don't know or don't understand. - Yu bu jan o bu samaji.
 * She didn't think, she did knew. - Ela bu dumi-te, ela ya jan-te.
 * Don't you believe? Yes, I do believe! - Ob yu bu kredi? - Doh, me kredi ya!

Back to lesson 1


text:
Lingwa de planeta/Compound sentence - keys

2.1
 * I see you. - Me vidi yu.
 * You understand me. - Yu samaji me.
 * She didn't understand you. - Ela bu samaji-te yu.
 * We love him. - Nu lubi ta / lu.
 * They won't hear him. - Li bu ve audi ta / lu.
 * She doesn't know herself. - Ela bu jan swa.
 * You won't hear one another. - Yu bu ve audi mutu.
 * You don't hear yourself. - Yu bu audi swa.
 * We understood each other. - Nu samaji-te mutu.

2.2
 * for me — fo me
 * about you – om yu
 * because of us – por nu
 * for you – fo yu
 * with you – kun yu
 * without her – sin ela
 * because of you – por yu

2.3
 * Who understands? - Hu samaji?
 * Who knew? - Hu jan-te?
 * What did you know? - Kwo yu jan-te?
 * What will he understand? - Kwo ta / lu ve samaji?
 * Where did you work? - Wo yu gun-te?
 * Where will we live? - Wo nu ve jivi?
 * Where and wherefrom are you going? - A wo e fon wo yu go?
 * When did they come? - Wen ta lai-te?
 * Why don't you understand? - Way yu bu samaji?
 * How are you talking? - Komo yu shwo?

2.4
 * You know where I lived. - Yu jan wo me jivi-te.
 * They see how I hope. - Ta vidi komo me nadi.
 * I don't understand what you want. - Me bu samaji kwo yu yao.
 * We said that they would travel. - Nu shwo-te ke li ve safari.
 * She doesn't believe that you'll come. - Ela bu kredi ke yu ve lai.
 * They don't know where I'll go. - Li bu jan a wo me ve go.
 * I don't understand about what you sing. - Me bu samaji om kwo yu gani.
 * You don't know with whom she dances. - Yu bu jan kun hu ela dansi.
 * I don't understand how you talk without thinking. - Me bu samaji komo yu shwo sin dumi.

2.5
 * wherever you live - wo unkwe yu jivi
 * whatever I think about - om kwo unkwe me dumi
 * whoever comes - hu unkwe lai
 * however I'm asked - komo unkwe oni pregi me

2.6
 * She will want to ask you. - Ela ve yao kwesti yu.
 * We like to work. - Nu pri gun.
 * I had to ask. - Me majbur-te pregi.
 * You do need to hope. - Yu treba ya nadi.
 * I know how to love. - Me janmog lubi.
 * Here you (one) may not dance. - Hir oni bu darfi dansi.
 * One should answer when they ask you. - Gai jawabi wen oni kwesti yu.
 * They didn't come because I didn't want to see them. - Ta bu lai-te bikos me bu yao-te vidi ta.

2.7
 * I know, I don't believe. - Me jan hi, bu kredi.
 * Is she who loves you? - Ela ku lubi yu?
 * It's about you that I talk. - Me shwo om yu hi.

2.8
 * I too believe them. - Me toshi kredi (a) li.
 * I don't work. Also I don't love you. - Me bu gun. Yoshi me bu lubi yu.
 * I need to understand right now. - Me treba samaji tuy.
 * I can't understand, though there's need to work. - Me bu mog samaji, obwol treba gun.
 * They can come suddenly. - Ta mog lai turan.
 * She doesn't want to hope; however, he loves her. - Ela bu yao nadi, yedoh lu lubi ela.
 * We don't want to see them again. - Nu bu yao vidi ta snova.
 * I believe, since I don't want to live without you. - Me kredi, sikom me bu yao jivi sin yu.
 * Later I will answer you. - Poy me ve jawabi a yu.

2.9
 * I like to travel. - Me pri safari.
 * I want to go to China (Jungwo). - Me yao go a Jungwo.
 * Will you go with me? I'm asking you. - Ob yu ve go kun me? Me pregi yu.
 * What do we need to take with ourselves? - Kwo nu treba pren kun swa?
 * We can take whatever you want. - Nu mog pren kwo unkwe yu yao.
 * What do you want to see there? You don't know what to say? - Kwo yu yao vidi dar? Yu bu jan kwo shwo?
 * You can ask me, I'll answer you. - Yu mog kwesti me, me ve jawabi a yu.
 * Are you happy? I'm happy too. - Ob yu joi? Me toshi joi.
 * People can sing, then dance, then again sing because of joy. - Oni mog gani, poy dansi, poy snova gani por joi.
 * Why do you suddenly say that you do not understand what to travel for? - Way yu turan shwo ke yu bu samaji fo kwo safari?
 * Will you ask me about that? - Ob yu ve kwesti me om to?
 * But I won't be able to answer to you, since I don't understand what you want to hear. - Bat me bu ve mog jawabi a yu, sikom me bu samaji kwo yu yao audi.
 * Although I understood you. - Obwol me samaji-te yu.
 * And I hope that I'll understand. - E me nadi ke me ve samaji.
 * What are you thinking about? When will you help me? - Om kwo yu dumi? Wen yu ve helpi me?
 * You should work, however you sing and dance. - Yu gai gun, yedoh yu gani e dansi.
 * I'll have to talk to them about you. - Me ve majbur shwo a ta om yu.
 * Even though I love you, I loved and will love. - Obwol me lubi yu, me lubi-te e ve lubi.

Back to lesson 2


text: One-to-One Laptop Schools/Print version

title: One-to-One Laptop Schools/Print version


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

An analysis of the journal article "A Randomised Controlled Trial of Multi-component Exercise in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment" by Suzuki et. al. 2013

What is the background to this research?
Classification: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is the stage between the normal process of cognitive changes with ageing and Dementia. Furthermore, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is diagnosed following the progressive and rapid cognitive decline beginning with slight impairments in memory formation. It ultimately affects mental functions and leads to full dependence on carers for daily activities, a decreased quality of life and can lead to premature death.

Prevalence: The global prevalence of cognitive diseases like AD is estimated to be 24 million and predicted to double every 20 years to 2040, leading to an impending increase in public health costs in future decades. The effects of cognitive decline and AD is placing an increasing burden on patients, caregivers and the general society.

Risk Factors: As AD effects the brain and cognitive function, other risk factors have been linked such as; cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity and normal ageing. There is also increasing research to indicate that genetic patterns can determine the risk of cognitive decline in adults over 65 years of age.

As cognitive decline in older adults is individualised, it is important to identify changes which can lead to Dementia. Therefore, interventions to slow these progressions are essential. Tracking cognitive function can also be used as a preventative measure for those who are not yet symptomatic.

Implementing physical activity or cognitive therapy interventions have been shown to slow the rate of AD progression. However, there are limitations due to the memory defects and impaired cognitive state. Suzuki et.al used a combination of aerobic exercise, strength training, postural balance training and multi-tasking therapies to determine the effects of a multi-component intervention on memory capacity and cognitive function in older adults with MCI.

Where is the research from?
The research is from the National Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology and the Centre for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Obu (Aichi) Japan. It was conducted by Suzuki et. al. on urban community-dwelling individuals (living alone in the community) aged 65+ in the city of Obu, Japan.

What kind of research was this?
This was a randomised controlled trial. The main researcher was blind to the aims when randomising participants into groups. Other study personal responsible for recording outcome variables were also blind to the randomisation assignment. To further add to the reliability and validity, health professionals working with groups were blinded to group status.

Randomised control trials can produce the most reliable and valid evidence as subjects are allocated to treatments/interventions randomly, removing the allocation bias shown in other study designs.

What did the research involve?
Methodology: 1543 volunteers who were 65 years or older, were recruited from a database by random sampling or when attending a medical check-up. 528 participants with a clinical dementia rating (CDR) of 0.5 were recruited in the first round. 135 individuals met the requirements of the second round of assessments consisting of neuropsychological tests (language and memory). From this 35 were excluded, leaving 100 participants in the study who all met the definition of MCI based on the Petersen Criteria.

A researcher blind to the aims randomly allocated individuals into an amnestic MCI (aMCI) (n=50) or other MCI group (n=50). The aMCI group had a sub analysis consisting of neuroimaging measures with objective memory impairment based on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS). The subjects were further divided into either a multi-component exercise intervention (n=25) or educational control group (n=25) at a ratio of 1:1 in each group respectively, as shown in the table below. A limitation was that participants knew they were in the aMCI group, as consent was required for the sub-analysis involving MRIs. However, the overall recruitment strategy and eligibility criteria was beneficial for the outcomes of the study.

Interventions: Over the six-month study period, the multi-component exercise program consisted of bi-weekly 90-minute sessions involving aerobic exercise, muscle strength training, postural balance training and dual-task training. The group also focused on promoting exercise and functional behaviour change with two trained geriatric physiotherapists conducting each intervention.

Subjects in the educational control group attended two health promotion classes during the study period designed to inform individuals about health, diet, oral care, urinary incontinence prevention and health checks. To adhere to the aims, this group did not receive any information about physical activity or cognitive health.

What were the basic results?
From the MCI data collected, Suzuki et. al. found that the intervention group showed improved results from Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), WMS and Whole Brain Corticies (WBC) atrophy. They all had a p-value of <0.03 indicating statistically significant data. This improvement can be attributed to increased cognitive function as a result of the physical activity and cognitive tasks.

From the aMCI data collected, the intervention group had increased Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and WMS scores. This together with an increase in group-time interaction indicates benefits over time. The control group had a decrease in MMSE score, indicating that cognitive capacity can decline over time. It was also noted that the control group had an increase in WBC atrophy (p=<0.05) following the six-month period

In both the MCI and aMCI group, individuals with the multi-component intervention had increased cognitive function compared to baseline results. The control group, however, had little improvement with some results lower than baseline as shown through the WBC atrophy data. This suggests that cognitive capacity can decline at a faster rate bringing about the more serious effects of Dementia and AD without any intervention. It is important to note that eight participants did not complete the full study possibly skewing results and outcomes, however, this effect was not significant.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Multi-component interventions consisting of physical activity, strength training, postural balance exercises and dual-task training can be effective in slowing the progression of cognitive decline in older adults. Previous studies have found a positive relationship between exercise and progression of AD. In particular, there is a link between cognitive intervention and delayed onset of cognitive impairments like Dementia and AD. This study shows that multi-component interventions addressing physical and cognitive issues associated with ageing can be effective in treating older adults with MCI. Improving the cognitive capacity of individuals makes activities in daily life easier, improves quality of life and reduces the impact of cognitive impairment.

Practical advice:
This research shows that cognitive and exercise interventions are effective in improving cognitive function in older adults. They can also be used to delay the onset or rate of cognitive decline, which could improve quality of life. Exercise alone has been shown to improve cognitive capacity and reduce the risk of co-morbidities associated with Alzheimers. Consideration of safety of individuals carrying out these multi-component interventions is important as the risk of falls, injury and adverse health problems are more prominent in old age. However, with safety considered, interventions can help delay the onset/severity of cognitive decline and improve function in those already experiencing impairment.

Further information/resources:
Further information on the effects of exercise and cognitive interventions on cognitive impairment:
 * What is Alzheimers Disease?: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-alzheimers-disease
 * How exercise improves cognitive function and brain health: https://www.urologyofva.net/articles/category/healthy-living/3330548/08/01/2019/how-exercise-improves-cognitive-function-and-overall-brain-health
 * Interventions for Dementia: https://dementia.ie/interventions/
 * Exercise and boost memory skills: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-can-boost-your-memory-and-thinking-skills


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 21

Write a question and its solution that shows the calculation of the vibrational force constant of H19F. Show what the force constant would have to be for HF to absorb visible red light instead of IR light.

If H19F has a vibrational fundamental wavenumber of 4141.3 cm, What is the bond force constant? What would the force constant need to be to absorb visible red light instead of IR light? H has a n exact mass of 1.00782 u, and 19F has an exact mass of 18.998403 u.

Solution:

First, calculate the reduced mass for H19F.

$$\mu=\frac{m_1m_2}{m_1+m_2}$$

$$\mu=\frac{(1.00782)(18.998403)}{1.00782+18.998403}$$

$$\mu=0.95705 \ \text{u} \times 1.66\times10^{-27} \text{kg} \ \text{u}^{-1}$$

$$\displaystyle \mu = 1.589 \times{10^{-27}} \ \text{kg}$$

Now, solve for the force constant:

$$\nu = \frac {1}{2\pi} \left( \frac {k}{\mu} \right)^\frac{1}2 $$

$$2\pi\cdot c\cdot \tilde{\nu}={\left({\frac {k}{\mu }}\right)^{\frac{1}2}} $$

$$\frac{k}{\mu}=4\pi^2c^2\tilde{\nu}^2 $$

$$k=4\pi^2c^2\tilde{\nu}^2\mu $$

$$k=4\pi^2(2.998\times10^{10} \text{cm} \cdot \text{s}^{-1})^2(4141.3 \ \text{cm})^2(1.589\times10^{-27} \ \text{kg}) $$

$$k= 966.99 \text{N}\cdot \text{m}^{-1} $$

Therefore, the bond force constant is 967 N m-1.

Red light is around 700 nm, or 700×10-9 m. Converted to wavenumber, that is 14285.71 cm-1. Substituting this in,

$$k=4\pi^2(2.998\times10^{10} \text{cm} \cdot \text{s}^{-1})^2(14285.71 \ \text{cm})^2(1.589\times10^{-27} \ \text{kg}) $$

$$k= 11506.7 \ \text{N}\cdot \text{m}^{-1} $$

Therefore, the bond force constant would have to be 11506 N m-1 to absorb visible light.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 21


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 22

Make a table showing all the absorption transitions for the first 5 rotational states of HCl. Include a column that shows which are allowed and which are forbidden.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 22


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 23

Create a table showing all the possible absorption transitions between the first 5 vibrational states of HCl. Include columns for the energies and frequencies. The last column should indicate if the transition is allowed or forbidden.

Solution:

The vibrational frequency of a linear diatomic molecule depends on its reduced mass and vibrational spring constant (k). The spring constant for 1H35Cl was measured and reported as 515.825 N/m.

The reduced mass was calculated as follows: $$\mu_{HCl}=\frac{m_1\cdot m_2}{m_1+m_2} =\frac{1.00783\text{ amu}\cdot 34.9689\text{ amu}}{1.00783\text{ amu}+34.9689\text{ amu}} =0.979597 \text{ amu}$$

The reduced mass was converted to SI units as follows:

$$\bigl(0.979597 \text{ amu} \bigr) \bigl(1.66054\cdot 10^{-27}\frac{\text{ kg}}{\text{amu}}\bigr) =1.62666\cdot 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$$

The fundamental vibrational frequency was calculated as follows:

$$v_0=\frac{1}{2\pi}\biggl(\frac{k}{\mu}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} =\frac{1}{2\pi}\biggl( \frac{515.825 \frac{\text{N}}{\text{m}}} {1.62666 \cdot 10^{-27} \text{ kg}}\biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} =8.961237 \cdot 10^{13} \text{ s}^{-1} $$

The fundamental vibrational frequency was converted to wavenumbers as follows:

$$\tilde{v}_0=\frac{v_0}{c}=\frac{8.961237 \cdot 10^{13} \text{ s}^{-1}} {2.99792458\cdot 10^{10} \frac{\text{cm}}{\text{s}}} =2989.52 \text { cm}^{-1} $$

The energy for a given vibrational state can be calculated as follows:

$$E_\vee=hv_0 \bigl( \vee+\frac{1}{2} \bigr) =hc\tilde{v}_0 \bigl( \vee+\frac{1}{2} \bigr) $$

For example, the energy of the vibrational ground state:

$$E_0=hv_0 \bigl( 0+ \frac{1}{2} \bigr)=\frac{1}{2}hv_0 =\frac{1}{2}hc\tilde{v}_0 $$

The transition energy between the ground state and the first excited vibrational state was calculated as follows:

$$\Delta E_{1\leftarrow0}=E_1-E_0 = \frac{3}{2}hc\tilde{v}_0-\frac{1}{2}hc\tilde{v}_0 =hc\tilde{v}_0$$ $$\Delta E_{1\leftarrow0} =\bigl(6.62607015\cdot 10^{-34} \text{ J}\cdot \text{s} \bigr) \bigl(2.99792458 \cdot10^{10} \frac{\text{cm}}{\text{s}} \bigr) \bigl( 2989.52 \text{ cm}^{-1} \bigr) =5.93853\cdot 10^{-20} \text {J} $$ According to the specific selection rule, vibrational transitions are only allowed between adjacent energy levels (where $$\Delta \vee=\pm 1$$). Consequently, due to the quantization of energy levels, vibrational transitions allowed by the specific selection rule are equivalent in energy and frequency, such that $$\Delta E=hv_0=hc\tilde{v}_0$$. Conversely, overtone transitions are those for which $$\Delta \vee\neq\pm 1$$. As such, overtone frequencies can be calculated as integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, the vibrational frequency for the transition between the ground state and the second excited vibrational state was calculated as follows:

$$v_{2\leftarrow0}=2 \bigl(v_0\bigr) =2 \bigl( 8.961237 \cdot 10^{13} \text{ s}^{-1} \bigr)= 1.79247 \cdot 10^{14}\text{ s}^{-1} $$

Similarly, the wavenumber for the transition between the ground state and the third excited vibrational state was calculated as follows:

$$\tilde{v}_{3\leftarrow0}= 3\bigl(\tilde{v}_0 \bigr) =8968.57 \text{ cm}^{-1} $$

Finally, the energy for the overtone transition between the first and fourth excited vibrational states was calculated as follows:

$$\Delta E_{4\leftarrow1}=E_4-E_1 = \frac{9}{2}hc\tilde{v}_0- \frac{3}{2}hc\tilde{v}_0= 3hc\tilde{v}_0 $$

$$\Delta E_{4\leftarrow1}=3 \bigl(6.62607015 \cdot 10^{-34} \text{ J}\cdot \text{s} \bigr) \bigl(2.99792458 \cdot10^{10} \frac{\text{cm}}{\text{s}} \bigr) \bigl( 2989.52 \text{ cm}^{-1} \bigr) =5.34468\cdot 10^{-19} \text {J} $$ However, because $$\Delta \vee\neq\pm 1$$, this transition is forbidden.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 23


text: Category:Book:Dictionary of Sociology

title: Category:Book:Dictionary of Sociology


text:
Hobo tourism/Food

In this section of the textbook are offered to consider some ways/options of food in the long travel format "bum tour". For better perception of the content of the article, the text is supplemented by the author’s photo and video material from travels of different years. It is also worth reminding readers that it is preferable for hobo tourism to visit developing countries, so that the following part of the training manual is based on the description of food self-sufficiency, mainly for these States.

Recommended

 * The easiest and most affordable way to eat — dishes that are sold on the street. The so-called street food (or fast food) is ubiquitous, in particular in the Third World: there are not only small eateries offering snacks behind one of the old tables, but also eatery where they prepare food in the open air (which allows the traveler to observe the process), and eat either standing, or sitting on a squat or on improvised accessories (box, inverted bucket, etc.).
 * In large cities in developing countries, food is available from supermarkets and small shops. If funds are running out, there is always the option of switching to instant noodles: they are now common around the world.
 * If you are staying in hostels where there is a kitchen, you can cook independently of the products purchased in the market. Variants of the demand for the use of kitchen appliances range from such, where a small line of guests is built to the gas stove, and ending with the complete opposite (see "Personal kitchen", video #5 in the gallery).

Besides

 * When placed in Aboriginal dwellings, you can eat what they eat (if offered). The difficulty of the method is that it is not always possible to stay with the natives, and sometimes they are so poor that even there is almost nothing for themselves.
 * The author of this text, at the beginning of understanding the wisdom of independent tourism, took with him (in short trips) separately packed portions of oatmeal, and then, pouring them in a bowl of water heated to 100º C road immersion heater, consumed without oil. The method is suitable only for short-term (up to 1 month) trips, provided that the financial security of the traveler is low.
 * You can eat the gifts of the jungle. For example, on the Eua Island, papaya is growing (see photo. 5 in the gallery), and in the Comoros, sometimes mangoes are found. But do not hope that fruit will surround you everywhere and in abundance. The locals are not rich, they also do not mind filling the stomach with the fruits of wild trees. Sometimes it is possible to find a fruit-bearing trees only in the deep jungle, from where to get out without the navigator very difficult. And it happens that the fruits left on the tree are high — you can only get them by showing a dexterity.
 * Probably quite feral, you can catch fish and fry on fire, but this process will take a long time, to scatter which in the journey across overseas territories, is not very economical.

Information

 * In Japan, you can eat small portions of sushi from the shops 7-Eleven and FamilyMart. The cost of one portion — within $5; alternative in terms of lower price is not available. In Korea and Taiwan — a little cheaper.
 * Exotic dishes, which can include caterpillars in some African countries; spiders, grasshoppers and cockroaches in Cambodia and surrounding countries — this is nothing more than snacks, they are suitable for studying local traditions (which is one of the factors of cultural travel) but not for complete nutrition on a long journey involving physical activity.
 * Is it worth recalling that travelers do not consume alcohol during expeditions and journeys? In this their difference from beach tourists.

Quotes
Familiarity with Arabic street cuisine (Amman, Jordan): ''For a start, I went to the street restaurant, which gave the impression of establishments with low prices. After some attempts (and misunderstanding on my part) to find out the cost of an unknown dish, I was shown for clarity (as a price tag) coin: half of the local dinar, that is, a little less than the US dollar. I nodded happily (the prices are normal — I will not die of hunger) and sat down at the table, on which stood a bowl of free ajika. Next to the wall, on a small separate table, long and narrow, lay cakes — local bread, which (I understood) the customer who ordered a large portion could take in any amount for free. Due to poor knowledge in Arabic (no more than 50 - 60 words), unfortunately I сanʹt repeat the name of the dish that brought me. I can only describe it: there was a thick oily mass of a uniform beige color in the bowl. I asked, depicting the excavator give me a spoon or fork. They told me in the language of sign that it is eaten by dipping pieces of bread into it. I tried — it worked. The dish was very fat and full, so I could not finish it. Without saying goodbye, I taken another tortilla: for breakfast. The food-service workers noticed it, but they didn’t say.''

''During time in Ecuador, the main dish was for me hot dogs made by my own recipe: a pack of sausages, bread and ketchup. Sometimes, instead of ketchup — mostaza. Seasoning differs from our, Russian "relative": the color is brighter and not so strong. Having decided to diversify the diet, I bought a package of boiled sausage, a kilo of platano and mayonnaise. At the hostel asked the owner to let me boil the fruit. She walked me across the labyrinths of the yard to guards' room, where there was a small gas stove.''

''Bananas of this variety are larger than those sold in our shopping network. I had to cut it in half: completely, even in a large pot could not fit. After half an hour, I took out the contents, shredded with small cubes and mixed with boiled sausage, and poured mayonnaise on top. The result was an Ecuadorian-style Olivier salad.''.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Very tasty... spider!"

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Food


text:
Quantum Chemistry/Example 24

Write a question and its solution showing the probability of a particle being located in the bottom left quadrant of the ground state of the particle in a square.

Particle In a Square (2D)
The particle in a square model is where a particle in confined to a restricted

region inside a 2D box. For this model we consider a particle which is free to move

anywhere inside the x,y dimensions but cannot exist outside of the 2D box where it would

have infinite potential energy.

The conditions for the potential energy are $$\nu= \begin{Bmatrix} \infty, & x<0,y<0 \\ 0, & 0\leq x, y\leq L \\\infty, & x,y>L \end{Bmatrix}$$ meaning that the particle spends 100% of its time within the walls of the box.

Since the particle in a square is a 2D model the wave function must take into account the x and y direction ; $$(\Psi(x,y)) $$

$$

The states the quantum system is in are defined by the quantum numbers $$n_x, n_y $$

In quantum energy levels only discrete energy levels are possible. In this model the particle cannot be motionless meaning the lowest possible energy level must be non-zero (n=1). Since the particle is always moving even in the ground state the particle has a a non- zero energy level. Therefore the ground state of a particle in a box is $$n_x=1, n_y=1 $$. In quantum mechanical systems there is a presence of nodes where in states above the ground state for the 2D model there are nodal lines that divide the square. As the quantum numbers increase so does the amount of nodal lines as $$N nodal lines =n_x,_y -1 $$. The sign of the wavefunction changes between the nodes and has a value of zero on the nodes.

Probability Distributions
The probability (P) of a particle being found in an interval can be found by integrating the probability distribution (P(x))

The probability of finding a particle in the range $$\left [ a_1,a_2 \right ] $$,$$\left [b_1,b_2 \right ] $$ is given by; $$P =\int\limits_{a_1}^{a_2} \int\limits_{b_1}^{b_2 } P(x,y)dxdy$$

The probability distribution of a a particle is the wave function squared.

For one particle in 2D (particle in a box):

$$P(x,y)=\left \vert \Psi(x,y)^2 \right \vert= \Psi(x,y)^* \cdot \Psi(x,y) $$ ,where * is the complex conjugate of the wave-function

Therefore the probability of finding a particle over a range can be re-written as:

$$P = \int\limits_{a_1}^{a_2} \int\limits_{b_1}^{b_2 } \Psi^* \bigl(x,y)\Psi \bigl(x,y)dxdy$$

Solution
If the particle is in the bottom left quadrant it is in the interval; $$x=\left [ 0, \frac{ L}{2} \right ] $$ $$y=\left [ 0, \frac{ L}{2} \right ] $$

Therefore the probability density is:

$$P =\int\limits_{0}^{ \tfrac{L}{2} } \int\limits_{ 0}^{ \tfrac{L} {2} } \Psi^* \bigl(x,y)\Psi \bigl(x,y)dxdy$$

The wave-function for a particle in a square is:

$$\Psi(x,y)=\frac{2}{L} sin\left ( \frac{n_x\pi}{L} x\right )\left ( \frac{n_y\pi}{L} y\right )\cdot\frac{2}{L} sin\left ( \frac{n_x\pi}{L} x\right )\left ( \frac{n_y\pi}{L} y\right )$$

In the ground state $$n_x =1$$ $$n_y =1$$, therefore the probability distribution can be written as:

$$P = \int\limits_{ 0}^{ \frac{L}{2}} \int\limits_{ 0}^{ \frac{L} {2}} \biggl ({2 \over L}\biggr) sin \left ( \frac{\pi}{L }x \right ) sin \left ( \frac{\pi}{L }y \right )\centerdot\biggl ({2 \over L}\biggr) sin \left ( \frac{\pi}{L }x \right ) sin \left ( \frac{\pi}{L }y \right )dx dy$$

Then solving the integral,

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{L}{2}} \int_{0}^{\frac{L}{2}}sin^2 \left ( \frac{ \pi}{ L} x\right )sin^2 \left ( \frac{\pi}{ L} y\right ) dx dy$$

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{L}{2}} sin^2 \left ( \frac{ \pi}{ L} x\right )dx \cdot \int_{0}^{\frac{L}{2}} sin^2 \left ( \frac{\pi}{ L} y\right ) dy$$

$$

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right )\left [ \frac{ y}{2} - \frac{sin\bigl(2 \frac{\pi}{L}y \bigr)}{4\left ( \frac{\pi}{L} \right )} \right ]_0^L \left [ \frac{ x}{2} - \frac{sin\bigl(2 \frac{\pi}{L}x \bigr)}{4\left ( \frac{\pi}{L}  \right )} \right ]_0^L $$

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right )\Biggl( \frac{ \frac{L}{2}}{2} - \frac{Lsin\bigl(2 \frac{\pi}{L}\frac{L}{2} \bigr)}{4\left ( \pi \right )} \Biggr) \Biggl( \frac{ \frac{L}{2}}{2} - \frac{Lsin\bigl(2 \frac{\pi}{L}\frac{L}{2} \bigr)}{4\left ( \pi  \right )} \Biggr) $$

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right ) \Biggl( \frac{L}{4} - \frac{Lsin\bigl(\pi \bigr)}{4\left ( \pi \right )} \Biggr) \Biggl(  \frac{L}{4} - \frac{Lsin\bigl(\pi \bigr)}{4\left ( \pi  \right )} \Biggr) $$

Since $$sin\pi $$ is zero the whole term goes to zero

$$P= \left ( \frac{4}{L^2} \right )\Biggl(\frac{L}{4}-0\biggr) \Biggl(\frac{L}{4}-0\Biggr) $$

$$P= \frac{4}{8} $$

$$P= \frac{1}{4}$$

Therefore the the probability of finding a particle in the bottom left quadrant of a square in the ground state is 0.25 of 25%.

title: Quantum Chemistry/Example 24


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