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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 06

P.01 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 5. - JUNE, 1940 - No. 1.

P.01 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

"Fidelity Six". . . . 3

"Mystery Dual-Waver". . . . 17

"Vibra Fidelity Amplifier". . . . 21

"War News Booster Unit". . . . 35

GENERAL TECHNICAL -

"Old Reliable". . . . 9

Set Building as a Hobby. . . . 11

AMPLIFIER SECTION -

Fidelity Amplifier for Country Home. . . . 21

Amplifier Championship. . . . 23

Elimination of Distortion. . . . 27

SHORT-WAVE SECTION -

From Ill-fated Oslo. . . . 14

Hour by Hour Tuning Guide for War News. . . . 24

Review. . . . 29

The Month's Loggings. . . . 30

Short-Wave Tuning Guide. . . . 32

JUNIOR TECHNICAL -

Hints and Tips. . . . 42

Earthing the Receiver. . . . 44

Soldering Practice. . . . 45

TRADE NOTES -

Free Price List. . . . 42

New Radiokes Company. . . . 43

SPEEDY QUERY SERVICE -

Answers to Readers' Problems. . . . 47

P.01 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. G. Hull. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.48)

P.02 - Editorial Notes
'''Editorial Notes. . .'''

Should an Editor tell? Should an Editor admit the mistakes which always seem to happen in circuit diagrams and wiring layouts, no matter how doubly they are checked and re-checked? When the mistake is noticed should the Editor lie low, say nothing and hope that the majority of his readers have not noticed the mistake, and retain their impression that the diagrams are always one hundred per cent, perfect? Or should the error be noted in the following issue so that those who are in trouble will see the correction and solve their problem without further worry? Judging by technical journals from all over the world there seems to be a definite hesitancy about the admission of errors, but we feel that our readers are of a standard much higher than the average intelligence, and we don't think that they are going to consider our technical articles completely unreliable just because an occasional slip happens. Just how these slips do occur is fairly easy to explain, when the normal procedure is considered. First the design of the set is considered, and a rough circuit drawn up. From this rough circuit two copies are made, one for the man building up the chassis and the other for the artist who is draughting the final circuit schematic. When the set is being built and tested there are often minor changes made necessary to allow parts on hand to be used, or to cure unforeseen troubles which arise when the chassis is being given a thorough test on the air. When the chassis has been finally passed as O.K. it goes to the artist who draughts the picture diagrams from it. Later the diagrams are checked and re-checked, but every now and then there is an error or a substitution drawn into the diagrams which is not discovered. In most cases it is merely a matter of two alternative values being given, both equally suitable in practice and either value can be used without affecting results in any way. But they are different, and to the average set-builder such substitutions are confusing and worrying. We fully appreciate how well off we would be without them. But if they do happen then we feel that it is up to us to admit them in the next issue, even if the majority of other technical journals are not so candid with their readers. A. G. HULL


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 07

P.03 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 5. - JULY, 1940 - No. 2.

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL —

"Tip-Top Three-Four Superhet". . . . 5

Standard A.C. Power Unit. . . . 19

Two Novel Circuits From America. . . . 25

GENERAL TECHNICAL —

Battery Chargers. . . . 11

Using An R.F. Oscillator. . . . 15

Rola Introduces "Kappa" Cones. . . . 35

AMPLIFIER SECTION —

Amplifier Championship. . . . 22

SHORT-WAVE SECTION —

Review. . . . 28

The Month's Loggings. . . . 30

JUNIOR TECHNICAL —

Hints and Tips. . . . 37

Building a Galvanometer. . . . 38

TRADE NOTES —

W. G. Watson Release 1940 Test Equipment. . . . 40

Meter Repairs. . . . 40

Free Resistor De-coder. . . . 40

Bargain Lines at Murdock's Radio Sale. . . . 42

SPEEDY QUERY SERVICE —

Answers to Readers' Problems. . . . 41

P.03 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. G. Hull. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40)

P.03 - Our Front Cover
OUR FRONT COVER

On June 6 His Excellency the Governor, accompanied by Lady Wakehurst and attended by Mr. Peter Lubbock, made a tour of inspection of the S.T.C. Sydney factory. In the picture (from left to right) are: Mr. R. S. Beckwith (S.T.C. director), Mr. Peter Lubbock, Mr. H. C. Trenam (managing director of the S.T.C.), Lady Wakehurst, His Excellency the Governor, and Mr. S. D. McPhee (S.T.C. works manager) are seen watching the assembly of condenser gangs for S.T.C. Radio Receivers.

P.04 - Editorial
'''EDITORIAL. . .'''

Life has been brighter this month. The office has assumed a new air of happiness. The reason — our new mantel model, "Tip Top", has been playing in the office, as you'll notice by the photograph at the top of the opposite page. We've heard a lot about the need for auxiliary receivers in the home, and we've always made a point of having two or three sets available. But we never thought that one could prove such a boon in the office. With extraordinary performance, considering its simplicity and I cost, "Tip Top" has been providing a background of soft music which has changed the whole atmosphere of the working day. It makes us feel sure that this little set is bound to find favour with our readers, too. You'll be bound to find a good use for it. Not so bright, however, is the paper position. Every month it becomes harder and harder to obtain supplies of the kind of smooth-finish paper which we have used in the past, and, of course, costs have risen considerably. We feel sure that our readers appreciate decent paper and clean printing, so our problem at the moment is to know how to give you all you want without using too much paper. The solution rests with you. If you can spare a moment we'd greatly appreciate it if you will give us an idea of what type of reading matter suits you best. For example, there is the short-wave section. In one way it is difficult to justify its inclusion in a paper with a policy of "100% Technical Radio", and yet we feel that it is the most accurate and authentic guide of its kind, and that it serves a valuable purpose to the keen radio man. Do you appreciate it, or would you rather have more articles about battery set design? Let us know how you feel about such matters and we'll do what we can to fulfil your requirements. In conclusion we would like to again draw your attention to the Amplifier Championship. This contest is proving a wonderful success in spite of the difficult times through which we are passing. Our greatest care in regard to the Amplifier Championship is that there must be many readers who would find the auditions of boundless interest, yet have not managed to find sufficient energy to fill in the application form for a seat reservation. Of course many have done so, and already more than a hundred have been along to the first three heats, but there must be hundreds more who don't know what they are missing. Action is called for. A. G. HULL

P.28 - Shortwave Section - Review
Shortwave Review. D aylight Reception a t its Best ★ Stations in Frequency Order 4- Stations in “ Countries” Form ★ A ustralian M ail a t Fadio Saigon * N. I. R. O. M. will Q. S. L. ★ Full L ist of M onth’s Loggings ONDITIONS over the last month can only be described in the one word, “patchy.” The unusually warm weather experienced during the week-end of June 15 upset reception, as stations generally putting in a fine signal from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m., were very, very poor. However, when we have a thunderstorm in the middle of winter, I guess the short waves figure they have a right to play up. Daylight Reception Now At Its Best. But we can’t complain; daylight reception is now at its best and with the short period of "dead spot" from about 11 a.m. till 1 p.m. and sometimes not as long as this, the principal cities can be heard at terrific strength, and, what is more important, with almost incredible clarity, right throughout the day. From 6 p.m. till 9.30 p.m., with: the'exception of stations north of Australia, there is a lull, but quite often at this hour T.nid'm and Europe commence to trickle through. Choice of Stations. As the night wears on, and definitely by midnight, the choice of stations is very great. / Listeners at present have a good opportunity of hearing the Cubans and South Americans, as from just after mid-day till closing, which varies from 2 to 4 p.m., they are excelling themselves. Reference to observers’ and listeners’ reports will give a good idea of just what is coming through. It has been decided to print most, all if space permits, reports that are received, rather than have readers wade through a list of countries to find out just what stations are being heard. Stations in Frequency Order. We will also print each alternate month a list of stations in frequency order. This should enable a listener to look up at once any station he is hearing and of which he is doubtful. The list referred to commences with August issue. Stations in "Countries" Form. September issue will carry the stations in “Countries” form. I would appreciate opinions as to how the new system appeals. Since I have been conducting these pages, I have been compelled to chronicle the loss of some of our wellknown and regular transmitters. Unfortunately there are still more to be added to the already formidable list. This month records “Paris Mondial.” Admittedly, we still hear “This is Paris Mondial, the French Government Short Wave Station,” but is it? I venture to suggest that when I heard them on Saturday, June 15, at

2.15 p.m. on 31.51 metres, it was NOT our usual announcer, and am inclined to believe the speaker was NOT a Frenchman. I have heard London say on several occasions, "A Paris radio message says--but this most likely refers to a broadcast band. I do not know whether Berlin has reduced their power of a night, but lately London is heard much earlier, whereas the reverse was the rule, at my location anyway. Call sign of Moscow station on ll,900kc., 25.21m., is RIG. Radio Saigon puts over a Letter Bag session every Tuesday at 8.55 p.m. Radio Saigon Gets Mail from Australia. Judging by names and addresses called last Tuesday, their mail from Australia and New Zealand is of fair proportions. Talking of letters bags, TAP, Ankara (9465kc., 31.70m.), acknowledges letters from listeners on Sunday mornings, following their English talk at 6.50. As is usual in winter time, WBOS (31.35m.) are responsible for the hum that is heard on KZRM (31.35m.) from 8.30 p.m. onwards. N.I.R.O.M. Will QSL. N.I.R.O.M., Batavia, now send a QSL card in addition to a station booklet when verifying correct reports. JZK, Tokyo (15,160kc., 19.79m.), in addition to a special session for Hawaii in English and Japanese from 5 to 6 p.m., also conduct a special hour for the Near East from 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. English, Arabic, Hindustan, Burmese and Japanese are used.

Java. The N.I.R.O.M. (Batavia) seem to be on the air much longer than as previously. In fact, I was told that several of their transm itters are continuously on the air. We have a more than ordinary interest in the Dutch East Indies at present, and I do wish that one of their many news sessions could be put over in English. If you want to hear a signal tune to YD A (61.22rn.) from 9 o’clock onwards. Mr. S. I. Nelson (Cairns, Q.) advises that TAQ, Ankara (19.74m.), is back on the air again and gives news in English at 10.15 p.m. Perhaps this is the reason for the hum on top of DJB at 10 o’clock.

Verification Received. I have received a very dignified QSL card (black script on pink cardboard) from KZRC, “The Voice of Cebu,” “Cebu City, Philippines. It is a verification of my report of March 27. The owners are H. E. Heacock Co., and the card is signed by our old friend, Harry Fenton, as manager. Mr. Fenton will be remembered as the news commentator some time ago on KZRM. Station particulars are: 6100kc., 49.18m., 1000 watts, also long wave (1200kc.), 1000 watts. No time schedule is given, but I understand it to be: 2 p.m. to 3 p.m., 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. Hints On Sending For Verifications. When sending reports to foreign countries, it is well to spell the date out, as, say for example, May 1st. If written as 1/5/40, it would be taken in some countries, particularly America, as January 5, ’40.

Hams. Although American amateurs are forbidden to "talk" to foreign stations, there appears to be plenty on the air that can still be heard. Here is a "bag" from Dr. Gaden: 10 metres: W6- DGE, RDI, PKT, GOQ, SIM, DLW, QLD; W5BB; W7- GMB, W4HRF, K6SHZ, K6TCF. 20 metres: Plenty of W’s, IvA’s and K6’s — too common to list. C02GY, frequently heard, as also KF6JET, KF6JG, K4GMT, K7GMM, KC6HFS (gave 14,330kc.), ..KC6GK (gave 14,325kc.) KC60KS, KG6MU, KG6- PMV. Listeners will see there is quite a lot of sport to be had from the above loggings, as they cover a very wide range and take in a fair amount of territory that is in the limelight at the moment, such as Canton Is., Baker, Howland and Enderburv Is. Jarvis Is. (KG6) is also listed. Dr. Gaden regrets that, his knowledge of Spanish prevented him from deciphering a very strong signal in a talk between a K4 and a “ham” in Buenos Aires. The K4 was R Max.. Q5, and the B.A. R6, Q5.

The Empire A .C. All-wave Three. Tunes continuously from 12.5 to 600 metres. Full description in issue of Dec., 1937.

A New Cuban. Inadvertently, the following par was omitted from last issue:— COCSD, 11.75mc., 25.92m., Havana: 10.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Reported by Dr. Gaden as weak on opening, but at good strength when closing. Receiving advice from U.S.A. on this new station, I mentioned it in a letter to Dr. Gaden, and sure enough he logged it. The station promised that those sending reports which were verified would be rewarded by view cards and booklets. Address: Senor Batista, P.O. 625. In reporting it, Dr. Gaden said he heard some remarks about call sign COK. The explanation, according to an American mail just to hand, is that they were operating first under the call sign COCSD, but latterly under COK. It is quite probable the station is now off the air, as it was used for the elections.

The Jones' Super-Gainer Two
(Start Photo Caption) The Jones' Super-Gainer Two, a two-valve shortwave superhet, using a 6F7 and a 79. Full details will be found in July, 1937, issue of "Radio World." Obtainable from this office, price 6d. (End Photo Caption)

P.30 - Shortwave Section - The Month's Loggings
The Month’s Loggings ALL TIMES ARE AUSTRALIAN EASTERN STANARD.

Official Observer Arthur T. Cushen (Invercargill, N.Z.) writes:— HCJB Ecuador (24.08m.), proud of their new 10,000 watt transmitter, have forwarded a souvenir booklet. They are most anxious for reports from Australia. YSP El Salvador (10,400 kc., 28.85 m.) is being heard well all over N.Z. around 3 p.m. Signals at times are very good. HP5A heard closing with good signals at 2 p.m. COK Havana (11.6mc., 25.92m.) a new station, was heard last month at good signal strength, but, owing to bad modulation and interference has only been identified as the call was hard to p«ck. The address is Box 625, Havana. All verified reports will be acknowledged by free coloured photos of Cuba. (See special note elsewhere.— Ed .). Although signals are weaker, COHI (6.46mc.) is still being heard at 10.30 p.m. CFRX (6.07mc., 49.42m.) was heard on one occasion closing at 2.30 p.m. Station is in Toronto, Canada, and is operated by the Rodger Radio Corp. Reports are asked for and they will QSL with a beautiful postcard. CJRO (6.147mc., 48.78m.), Winnipeg, can be heard with irregular signals closing at 4.30 p.m. WLWO (25.27m.) and WCAB (49.50m.) are both very good. Radio Maroc III. logged at 6.30 a.m. with fair signal. CNP Casablanca (34.13m ) can also be heard with fair signals around 6.30 p.m. FFZ Shanghai (24.83m.), good but lot of interference. TAP Ankara (31.70m ), very good at 7.10 a.m. on Sundays in Letter Bag session. EQC Iran (30.99m.) can be heard around 1 a.m., but is interfered with by VLQ-5. YUA Belgrade (49.18m.), fair signals in English at 7.30 a.m. "Radio Experimental," Bucharest, Rumania (32.46m.) heard with weak signals at 6 a.m. "British" Freedom Station (on 11.96mc., 25.13m.) at 6.30 a.m. Signal good. This can be heard again at 7.30.— Ed.). STOP PRESS KGEI, Treasure Island, San Francisco, is now on 9670kc., 31.02m., from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. to 3 a.m., but from 9.30 a.m. to 2.15 p.m. on 15,330kc., 19.56m., as usual. Re Mozambique. A letter to hand states they have changed to 30.88m., the station being CR7BE, which was on 9.64mc., and was then badly interfered with. The change was made on March 25. They ask for reports.

Official Observer W. M. Chapman (Sydney) sends along a list of his loggings, together with com m ents:— 13 metres: V ery little value. 16 metres: TPB fa in t; others poor. 19 metres: GSF good forenoon and a fte rnoon. GSI good early evening and a.m. WGEA fa ir a.m. and p.m. KGEI good early afternoon. OAX4R fa ir afte r 7 a.m. Sunday 2R06 good signal a.m. and afternoon. 2R014 good p.m. RV96 quite a strong signal 1 p.m. 20 metres: Station on 20.58m. M ay be German oi* French. French spoken in early forenoon. 24 metres: HCJB still going strong, p.m. 25 metres: GSD strong afternoon and a.m. GSE fa ir a.m. W RUL still good a.m. W PIT fa ir a.m. WCBX fa ir a.m. Radio Saigon strong p.m. RNE strong 7 a.m. HP5A good 10 p.m. PRF5 Brazil, good 8.30 a.m. Sunday. CB1180 fa ir 9.30 p.m. VUD-4 strong p.m. M TCY fiair a.m. JZJ fa ir a.m. and p.m. JVW -3 good p.m. XGOY good p.m. XMHA fa ir p.m. 2R04 strong a.m. IQY strong a.m. Radio Maroc strong 7 a.m. 27 metres: PLP fa ir p.m. CSW-5 good a.m. early. 29 metres: PMN fa ir p.m. 30 metres: TGWA fa ir Sunday afternoons. ZHP good p.m. JIE-3 fa ir late p.m. CR7BE fa ir a.m. 31 metres: GSB good a.m. and afternoon. GSC very good a.m. KGEI good afternoon. TIPG good 10 p.m. KZRM good p.m ., but some nterference. (Probably WBOS.— E d .). KZRH very good p.m. ZBW only fa ir p.m. VUD-2 strong p.m. 2R03 good a.m. and afternoons. 2R09 good a.m. TAP good a.m. RAN good a.m. 41 metres: GSW fa ir afternoon. 2R011 fa ir 7.30 a.m. EAJ-9 fa ir 7 a.m. 44 metres: PMH strong p.m. 49 metres: VQ7LO good 5 a.m. Mr. Chapm an has a verification from Delhi advising correct call sign of station on the old VUM wavelength is VUD-4, and w avelength is 25.28 m etres. (Since this advice they have moved to ll,8 3 0 k c ., 25.36m ., e vidently to get aw ay from WLWO, who strangely enough interfere with Delhi on 31.28m .— E d ).

Official Observer '''Wm. Bantow''' ( Edithvale, Vic.) received a letter from Delhi also regarding VUD-4. (See rem arks under M r. Chapm an's report.;— E d .). He also sends a long list of loggings:— North Am erica: WLWO (2 5 .27 m .) strong at 9.30 p.m. (bad heterodyne). 31.28 fa ir 10 a.m ., strong later. WCAB (31.28) fair 10 a.m. W RCA (3 1 .0 2 ) fa ir 10 a.m. KGEI strong 10 p.m. Australia: VLR-3, strong 9.30 a.m. VLW -3 strong 9.30 a.m ., fa ir 8 p.m. VLR strong at night. VLW -2 strong at 10.45 p.m. VLQ-5 strong 5 p.m. 11 p.m ., fades badly. VLQ strong 5 p.m. The East: KZRH (3 1 .1 2 ) fa irly strong (CW in terference). KZRM strong 9.30 p.m. KZRF (4 8 .8 6 ) fa ir 9 p.m. KZRC Cebu strong 8.45 p.m. (Q R M ). JZ K strong 8.45 p.'m. JZJ strong 10.30 p.m ., also at 6.15 a.m. JVW-3 strong 9.30 p.m. ZBW -3 strong 10.30 p.m. VUD-4 fa ir 10 p.m. VUD-2 strong 10.15 p.m. ZH P strong 10 p.m. ZHJ Penang (49.3m .) strong 10.15 p.m. Radio Saigon strong 10 p.m. (interfered by CW some tim e s). XGOY (2 5 .2 1 m .) strong nightly. FFZ (24.8 m .) strong 10.45 p.m. XPSA (4 2 .8 ) fa irly strong 9.30 p.m. XGOZ ( ll,9 2 0 k c ., 2 5.17m .) strong a t 8.30 p.m. A t 9.15 p.m. gave calls as XGOX and XGOV. YDC, YDX and PMH strong. PLP and PMN only fair. X YZ Rangoon (4 9 .94 m .) strong at 12.45 a.m. CSW-7 (3 0 .8 ) fa irly strong at 8.30 a.m. TAP (3 1 .70 ) strong 6.45 to 7.30 a.m. YU A Belgrade (4 9 .1 8 ) fa ir at 7 a.m. RV-96 (31.5m .) strong with English at 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. RV-96 (25.77-m.) fa irly strong in English at 8 a.m. 2RO-3 (3 1 .13 m .) strong with English 7.45 a.m. Changes of Schedule London now gives news at 11 p.m., instead of 11.15. FG8AA (49.00m.), Noumea, is now heard daily, except Sundays, from 5.30 to 6.30 p.m. When closing down, the Marseillaise is played, followed now by “God Save the King.” Europeans in Wonderful Form. Dr. Keith B. Gaden (Tharmogindah, Q.) Here is what Dr. Gaden says about his loggings: "From daylight to d ark the Europeans are in wonderful form, and the U .S.A . and S. A m ericans are well on the improve. From 2 p.m. I found ten worthwhile signals

between XEWW (3 1 .58 m .) and COCQ '3 3 .9 8 m .), all of which sounded like Cubans or S.A .'s. TGWA (3 0 .98 m .) is very nice and clear at 2 p.m ., much better than XEQQ alongside. TG-2 Guatemala, a t R7, Q5, gave its call sign in plain English. A t 2.45 p.m . heard a very powerful South A m erican on approxim ately 31.77m . (Th is was probably HCODA Guyaquil, Ecuador, 9445 kc., 31.77m .— E d .). R E P O R T S W E L C O M E D With the international situation as it now stands, it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep track of European stations, which more than ever are taking advantage of the short-wave prerogative of changing schedule without notice; therefore reports will be welcomed. Even a few words may enable us to identify the “stranger,” of which there seems to be many at the moment. A t 5.30 W LW O (4 9 .5 m .), "T h e N ation's Statio n," closes with a very strong signal. FX8AA opens up nicely at 5.30. (Th is Noumean station which was heard only on W ednesdays and Saturdays, is now on the a ir daily except Sunday.— E d .). A t 6 p.m. w hat I take to be COCH was coming through at great volum e, and what I think was COCW cam e in a t good strength a t 9.40 p.m. Moscow gives a very fine signal a t 2.30 p.m. on 25.75m ., but no English was heard. (Moscow, on 19.76, gives a ta lk in English a t 10.15 a .m ., followed by news in English; reception for the last week has been exce llent.— E d .). H12G Trujillo (9.29m c., 3 2.29m .) opens at 2.30 p.m . with chim es, then a vocal hymn, followed by lady speaker. Q uality of signal is poor. Am ongst the morning stations heard, the following are worthy of m ention:— YUG Belgrade (1 9 .68 m .) is very good at noon. Martinique (30.92m.) opens up a t 8.30 a.m . Session is in French, and is generally gone by 10, although the other day it was quite O .K . at this hour. An Interesting Item. Heard a most interesting item on June 12 from YUC (3 1 .56 m .) at 9 a.m . W hilst the q uality was poor, I was able to learn th at a representative of the N .B.C . was to give a talk. A ll the N .B .C . stations re-broadcast it, and W RCA (3 1 .0 2 ), who are very good at this tim e, put over an R8, Q5 signal. The ta lk, which was certainly worth hearing, dealt with the Yugoslav reaction to Italy's entry into the W ar. Other morning stations a re : PSH Brazil (2 9 .35 m .) good a t 9 a .m ., weakens by 10. PYA-2 Rio de Janiero (3 2 .59 ) poor a t 8 a.m ., fa ir a t 9. PRF5 (2 5 .3 ) was not heard as DJP (2 5 .32 ) is very strong. Just above PYA-2, same strength, is HC2ET Guyaquil (3 2 .6 4 m .). They were heard at 8 a.m. To-day (Ju n e 1 5 ), at 9.5 a.m. on 29m ., were chim es very sim ilar to that of ORK. Q uality was poor. A t 10 a.m. the two C hilian stations, CB-1180 (2 5 .12 m .) and CB-1190 (2 5 .19 m .) were noted and an A sia tic on ap  proxim ately 25.18m. (T h is is probably XGOV, "Th e Voice of C h in a ."— E d .). CSW-7 (3 0 .8 ) was still on, but only fa ir; HJFK (3 0 .8 3 ) good and clear. Just above GRX at only fa ir quality wnar was most likely LRA-1 (3 0 .9 6 m .).

W ould especially draw your attention to WBOS (3 1 .35 m .) in their News Flashes at 3.35 p.m ., which are excellent and, as events have turned out, accurate. Mr. S. I. Nelson <AW 577-DX), Cairns, Queensland, sends an interesting report and advises hearing one or two "stra n g e rs." The first w as on 26.2m . and sounded like Spanish closing a t 5.30 p.m. (T h is m ay have been TG5JG Guatemala, who operate on 26.22m ., but who are supposed to go o ff the a ir a t 1.30.— E d .). The second is on 24.15m . and sounded like Russian. T h is closed at 5.45 p.m. (It is quite possible it m ay have been Moscow; they have sprung m any surprises lately as regards frequencies. They are likely to bob up anyw here.— E d .). Several New German Transmitters. Mr. Nelson says he heard several new German transm itters on H itler's birthday. (The two mentioned, v iz ., DXD (2 8 .5 m .) and DZB (29.86m .) are used for transm issions to A m erica. According to m y records the schedule is 9 to 10 a.m. and 6 a.m. to 1.45 p.m ., respectively.— E d .). I used to hear regularly CXA7 Montevideo (2 6 .13 m .) at 10 p.m ., but have not logged them lately. (I th in k they can be heard round about m id-day.— E d .). Some of the best Central and South A m ericans a re : TIPG, HP5A, COCH, COCQ, HP5J, CB1180, HJFK. The two M exicans, XEWW and XEQQ, put in loud signals a t Cairns in the afternoon. A nother -mystery station is on 32.5m . in the m ornings. It is interfered w ith by C .W . and is still on the a ir a t 8 a.m . (T h is is very likely PYA-2 Rio de Janiero, 32.59m .— E d .). The 49 m etre band is never of e n terta in  ment level here. O ccasionally it brightens up and a few stations are heard. I have logged the new M anila station, KZRC, "Th e Voice of C eb u," although very w eak here. I have just finished listening to COCQ. They gave an English session from 10 to 10.15 p.m. (S u n d a y). The Russian on 25.77m . w as on mmiimiimmiiiiimiMiiiiimiiiiiimiit WITH THE REPORTERS. With the exception of Tasmania, South Australia and West Australia, reports have reached us from all over Australia and both islands in New Zealand. Those who have helped in th’e compilation of the month’s loggings are:— Official Observers: Arthur T. Cushen, Invercargill, N.Z. W. M. Chapman, Kingsford, Sydney. Wm. Bantow, Edithvale, Victoria. and Dr. Keith Gaden, Tharmogindah, Queensland. Mr. S. I. Nelson, Cairns, Queensland. Mr. '''Alf. Deppeler''', Edmonton, Queensland. Mr. V. W. Curran, Bathurst, N.S.W. Mr. N. E. Gandy, Wellington, N.Z. Sincere thanks are tendered. '1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111' the a ir around 2.30 p.m. in p arallel with RNE (2 5 m .). (T h a n k you, Mr. Nelson, glad to welcome you to the D X Club, and w ill look forward to further reports.— E d .). Mr. V. W. Curran (Bathurst, N.S.W.) adv ses having received some nice verifications during last month or so. Here is the list: Vot.can City, W PIT, W RCA, HS8PJ, X YZ , HP59, Addis-Ababa, W RUL, HP5G. The fo rego- ng were in form of QSL cards, while from •: :••• -c re 'eceived letters of confirm a- CR7BE XPSA and HP5G. (A little m ail a n yone would be proud o f.— E d .). V ' Curran refers to hearing COCH 31.52r- a t 3.25 p.m. on Sunday, when, apar* from usual Cuban type of programm e, a ofrtery w as drawn. He could hear the mart»ies in the barrel while it w as rolled out; I should say rolled round. Figures were c a lled out and checked. The station closed at 6 p - m. Mon— stations are referred to as fo llo w s — SUX, Cairo, (3 8 .1 5 m .) 6 to 6.30. Io4m M fo c <25.1 3 m .), 7 a.m . LRX 31.06m . from 8.23 to 9 a .m ., R7 to R5. W RCA 38.10 to 8.23. I -- *ere Delhi 31.28 at 1 1 p m . COCX 3 2 .6 ' 11 p .m .; COCO (34.48m ) 10.15 p r ZBW-3 ^ 3 1.4 9 m J, and all M anila stct z^s- YSP 125-85 opened a t II p.m. WLWO KZRC (49.1 m. * X Y Z < 4 9 .9 *n .l„ doses a r 1 a .m .t, R 9; XTC (32.28» opens a t 11 p.m . M r. Curran also refers to the seldom heard HI IN TrvpHo 12 4 9G kc 24.02m as opening c t ' p .— 2ca3SR»3; • Radio Tananarive ooe*~s ct ’ -3C a-r* S O T 1 a.m . as reported. M r. Curran concludes by sa> .ng he received a nice long letter froc- Station HP5G Panama City 25 4- sg ned by G . W illiam s, and c sx'v g fo r reoorrs from A u stralia. A s reception ;mpr jv c s. he proposes to put on a special DX programm e. Further particulars c*er Geo. W .i e rrs of HOA and HP5G Panama City, -s the m an who sent the famous signal in 1918 announcing the surrender of the Germ an rligh Sea Fleet in Scapa Flow. He has spent much o f his life in radio work
 * = f 'eports WLWO, M TCY, VQ7LO, COHI,

and has a vast store o f inform ation availab le. He was due to put over a special DX program m e on M onday, June 3 between noon and 1 p.m. Listeners should keep a look out for him. He wants reports, and address is: Box 3 4, Panam a C ity, Panam a, Central A m erica. Station HOA mentioned is on long waves, 2:34m c.— E d .). Mr. Alf. Deppeler (A W 535-D X), Edmonton, via Cairns, Q., sends a great list of loggings secured on two receivers, a 4 -valve t.r.f. and a 7 -valve all-w ave vibrator. GST, GSJ and GSH are classed as e rratic, some nights being good. (Ju st as I com  menced to w rite these notes (9.35 P - m ., June 2 7 ), I turned on the receiver and to m y surprise I found all the three London tran sm itters on 13 metres audible, GSJ being surprisingly good. The signal w as infinitely better than ZHP Singapore, and every word of the B .B .C. news could be heard.— E d .). New Station? Official Observer Wm. Bantow (AW353-DX), Edithvale, Victoria, advises as having heard Szechwan, on ll,920kc., 25.17m., with a strong signal a t 8.30 p.m. At 9.15 p.m. they gave call sign as ZGOX and XGOV. (This station is also heard as ‘'The Voice of China” at 7.30 a.m. with news in English.—Ed.). GSG (1 6 .8 6 ) very scratchy around 9.30 p.m. GSB, GSF and GSD are classed as good, GSF even being heard some nights at 9.30. GRX, GSW and GSA are classed as w eak. (The interval signal on foreign broadcasts is actu ally a metronome.— E d .). GST (2 5 .2 9 ) good at 10.30 a.m . VLR strong at 6.30 p.m . and most o f the night. VLW -3 very strong in early morning and late afternoons. VLW very good nightly. VPD-2 Suva, good a t 8.30 p .m .; FK8AA (4 9 m .) fa ir 6.20 p.m .; 2RO-3 (3 1 .1 3 ) good between 4 and 5 p.m. 2RO-20 (1 6 .87 m .) heard a t 1.30 p.m . on Sunday in special broadcast to U.S^A. 2RO-4 (2 5 .4 0 m .) good a t 8.15 a.m . M r. Deppeler finds most o f the German transm itters O .K ., p articu larly DJL (1 9 .85 m .) a t 3.15 p.'m. YDC, PLP, JZ K, JVW -3, KZRM , ZBW, KZRH and YDX are all classed as good to very good. RW96 (1 9 .7 6 ) very loud in afternoon. (In  cid entally, this is one of the loudest stations on the a ir at 8.30 a.m ., when news in English is given.— E d .). W NBI, W PIT, EAQ, TAP, COCQ and RNE good. (T h an ks, M r. Deppeler, hope to hear from you ag ain .— E d .). Mr. N. E. Gandy < Wellington, N.Z.) sends another fine list o f loggings, and it would appear most of the stations received in A u stra lia are being heard across the T a sm a r. Best reception tim es are 5-30 to 8 a.m. 10.30 a.m. to 1 p.m ., 2 .30 p.m. to 5 p.m. A fte r th at, things are patchy. The difference in ti'me helps N .Z ., as they get an hour and a h a lf with CFRX (2 5 .60 ) on Sunday a fte rnoons, 3 to 4.30 p.m. (5 to 6.30 .Z . . London, Rome, A m erica and the East all give fine signals, w hile the South Am ericans, as well as Central A m erica, are all given good reports. T6PG Costa Rica (31.19m .) is specially m entioned, as also is OAX4J Peru (32.12m. . Manila is being heard well, KZRM and K ZIB having choice of place. Regret th at pressure of space prevents list being given in full. (A lw ays glad to hear from the North Island. Please w rite again, Mr. Gandy.— E d .).

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text:
A-level Mathematics/CIE/Pure Mathematics 1/Integration

The Antiderivative
Integration is defined as the reverse process of differentiation. Thus, it is the process of finding the antiderivative of an expression.

The antiderivative is also called the integral of an expression, and is represented using the symbol $$\int$$.

e.g. $$\int 2x\ dx = x^2$$

The Constant of Integration
A problem with integration is that many different expressions have the same derivative, such as $$\dfrac{d}{dx} (x^2 + 3) = 2x$$ and $$\dfrac{d}{dx}(x^2 - 5) = 2x$$. Expressions with different constant terms may have the same derivative, so when we integrate an expression, we need to add an arbitrary constant $$+c$$ to the end, which represents this unknown value.

Therefore, $$\int 2x\ dx = x^2 + c$$

In some scenarios, we have a point on a curve and an expression for its derivative. From that, we need to find the equation of the curve, which will require us to find the constant of integration by substituting the values from the point.

e.g. The point $$(3,2)$$ is on a curve with gradient $$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = x^2$$. Find the equation of the curve.

$$\begin{align} &y = \int x^2\ dx = \frac{x^3}{3} + c \\ (3,2) \implies & 2 = \frac{3^3}{3} + c \\ & 2 = 9 + c \\ & c = -7 \\ &y = \frac{x^3}{3} - 7 \end{align}$$

Definite Integrals
A definite integral is an integral between two given bounds $$a$$ and $$b$$. These bounds are written $$\int_a^b$$.

For a function $$f(x)$$ with integral $$F(x)$$, the definite integral $$\int_a^b f(x)\ dx = F(b) - F(a)$$

e.g. Find $$\int_0^1 \sqrt{x}\ dx$$

$$\begin{align} \int \sqrt{x}\ dx &= \int x^{\tfrac{1}{2}}\ dx \\ &= \frac{x^{\tfrac{3}{2}}}{\tfrac{3}{2}} + c \\ &= \frac{2}{3}x^{\tfrac{3}{2}} + c \\ \int_0^1 \sqrt{x}\ dx &= \left[\frac{2}{3}x^{\tfrac{3}{2}} + c\right]_0^1 \\ &= \frac{2}{3}1^{\tfrac{3}{2}} + c - (\frac{2}{3}0^{\tfrac{3}{2}} + c) \\ &= \frac{2}{3} + c - 0 - c = \frac{2}{3} \end{align}$$

Note that with definite integrals, the arbitrary constants cancel out. This means we don't actually need to write them when working with definite integrals.

Improper Integrals
An improper integral is a definite integral where one of the bounds is invalid.

e.g. $$\int_{-1}^1 x^{-2}\ dx$$ is invalid at $$x=0$$

To evaluate an improper integral, we need to find the limit of the integral as one of the bounds approaches the value we are looking for.

$$\begin{align} \int_{-1}^1 x^{-2}\ dx &= \lim_{a \rightarrow 1} \int_{-1}^a x^{-2}\ dx \\ &= \lim_{a \rightarrow 1} \left[-\frac{x^{-3}}{3}\right]_{-1}^a \\ &= \lim_{a \rightarrow 1} -\frac{a^{-3}}{3} - (-\frac{-1^{-3}}{3}) \\ &= \lim_{a \rightarrow 1} -\frac{a^{-3}}{3} + \frac{-1}{3} \\ &= -\frac{1^{-3}}{3} + \frac{-1}{3} \\ &= -\frac{1}{3} + \frac{-1}{3} \\ &= -\frac{2}{3} \end{align}$$

Area under a Curve

A definite integral can be used to find the area under a curve.

e.g. Find the area bounded by $$y = x^2 + 2$$, the x-axis, the line $$x = 3$$ and the line $$x = 6$$

$$\begin{align} A &= \int_3^6 x^2 + 2\ dx \\ &= \left[\frac{x^3}{3} + 2x\right]_3^6 \\ &= \frac{6^3}{3} + 2(6) - (\frac{3^3}{3} + 2(3)) \\ &= \frac{216}{3} + 12 - \frac{27}{3} - 6 \\ &= 72 + 12 - 9 - 6 \\ &= 69 \end{align}$$

Solids of Revolution

A solid of revolution is a volume which is obtained by rotating a curve about an axis between two bounds.

The volume can be calculated as the sum of a series of tiny cylinders. If we're rotating about the x-axis, this sum is equal to $$\sum_{x=a}^b \pi(f(x))^2 \delta x$$ where $$\delta x$$ is the width of each cylinder. As $$\delta x$$ approaches zero, the sum becomes $$\int_a^b \pi(f(x))^2 dx$$.


text: Category:Book:End-user Computer Security/Book part/Book preliminaries/Book introduction/Foreword


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Template:End-user Computer Security/Category-page header for book categories

End-user Computer Security Inexpensive security This book category is part of the |  book.


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User talk:Merkosas

Translation
Please don't translate pages from English to Spanish. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:30, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Merkosas


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User talk:Scamhasach

Welcom
-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:37, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Moving pages
Hi, could you use the move page function to move pages? For example to move Irish/School Subjects use Special:MovePage/Irish/School Subjects. You could have used it to move the page to Irish/Vocabulary/School subjects.

Cutting and pasting pages removes attributions on pages, so is not allowed. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:42, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scamhasach


text: Irish/Vocabulary/Bathroom

title: Irish/Vocabulary/Bathroom


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Planet Earth/2a. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics

Measuring Energy
On Bloom Street in Manchester, England, is a tiny pub called The Goose. Based on online reviews it is not a very good pub with dirty bathrooms and a rude bartender, and over the years its name has changed with each owner. It is located in the heart of the Gay Village district of Manchester, but if you travel back in time two hundred years ago, you could purchase a Joule Beer at the pub. Joule Beer was crafted by a master brewer from Manchester named Benjamin Joule, who made a strong English port, a beer that had made him famous and rich in the bustling English city. When his son James Joule was born with a spinal deformity, he lavished him with an education fit for the higher classes. More a scientist than a brewer, his son James Joule became obsessed with temperature. He would always carry a thermometer wherever he went, and measure differences in temperature. Taking diligent notes of all his observations, particularly when helping his father brew beer. Determining the precise temperature for activities such as brewing was an important skill his father taught him, but James took it to the extreme. Thermometers where not necessary a new technology for the day, Daniel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius had devised thermometers nearly a century before, which still bear their respective unit of measurement in degrees (Fahrenheit and Celsius). No, James Joule was singularly obsessed with temperature because it simply fascinated him. What fascinated him the most, was how you could change temperature of substances, such as a pail of water, using all sorts of ways. One could place it over a burning fire, one could run an electric current through it, or one could stir it at a fast rate, and each of these activities would raise the temperature of the water. Measuring the change in temperature was a way to compare mathematically the various methods employed to heat the water. James Joule had developed a unique way to measure vis viva.

Vis viva is Latin for living force, and in the century before James Joule was born, the term was used to describe the force or effect that two objects had when they are colliding with each other. Isaac Newton determined vis viva as the sum of an object’s mass multiplied by its velocity. The faster the object traveled and the more mass the object had, the more vis viva the object would carry with it. Gottfried Leibniz, on the other hand, argued that velocity was much more important, and that faster objects would have an exponential increase in vis viva. While the two men debated, it was a woman, who discovered the solution.

Émilie du Châtelet, the Cannonball and the Bullet
Her name was Émilie du Châtelet, and she is perhaps one of the most famous scientists of her generation. Émilie was born into lesser nobility, married a rich husband, and dedicated herself to science. She studied with some of the great mathematicians of the time, invented financial derivatives, took the famous poet Voltaire as a lover, and wrote several textbooks on physics. In her writings she described an experiment where lead balls of different mass are dropped into a thick layer of clay from different distances. The depth of the ball into the clay was exponentially greater for balls dropped higher, than they were by increasing their mass. This demonstrated that that it is velocity that is more important rather than mass, but this is difficult to measure.

Imagine a cannon ball and a bullet. The cannon ball measures 10 kilograms and the bullet 0.1 kilogram (smaller in mass). If each are fired at the same velocity, the cannon ball would clearly cause more damage because it has more mass. However, if the bullet traveled 10 or 100 times faster, would it cause an equal amount of damage? The clay experiments showed that the bullet needed to only travel 10 times faster to cause an equal amount damage. Although this was difficult to quantify, as measuring vis viva was challenging.

Origin of the Word Energy
In 1807, the linguist and physicist Thomas Young, who would later go on to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs using the Rosetta Stone, coined the scientific term Energy, from the ancient Greek word, ἐνέργεια. Hence it was said that Energy = Mass x Velocity2. This was the first time the word Energy was used in a modern sense. Today, we would call this Kinetic Energy, energy caused by the motion or movement of something. The equation is actually:
 * $${E_\text{kin} = {\frac{1}{2}mv^2}}$$

Where Ekin is the Kinetic Energy, m is the mass of the object and v its velocity. Note that there is a constant factor ½ in the equation. This slight modification was proposed later by Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, for which the Coriolis Effect is named after, about the same time that James Joule was having his obsession with thermometers.

What really is Energy?
James Joule demonstrated with his experiments that this Energy could be measured by the heat (change in temperature in a pail of water) that the activity produced. Initially his experiment involved electricity. In 1843 he demonstrated at a scientific meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, that water with an electrical current passing through it would heat up, resulting in a gain in temperature. He wondered if he could demonstrate that kinetic energy (from the motion of objects) would also heat up the water. If true, he could calculate a precise unit of measurement of Energy, using temperature changes observed in water. At the same time, there was great many skeptics of his ideas, as many scientists of the day believed that there was a substance, a self-repellent fluid or gas called caloric which moved from cold bodies to warm bodies, an idea supported by the knowledge that oxygen was required for fire. James Joule thought this idea was silly. He countered with his own idea that what caused the water to raise its temperature was that the water was “excited” by the electricity, the fire, or the motion. These activities caused the water to vibrate. If he could devise an experiment to show that the motion of an object would change the temperature of the water, he could directly compare energy from a burning fire, electricity, and the classic kinetic energy of moving objects.

The Discovery of a Unit of Energy, the Joule
In 1845 he conducted his most famous experiment, a weight was tied to a string, which pulled a paddle wheel, stirring water in an insulated bucket. A precise thermometer measured the slight change in temperature in the water as the weight was dropped. He demonstrated that all energy, whether it was kinetic energy, electric energy, or chemical energy (such as fire), was all equivalent. Furthermore, James Joule summarized his discovery in stating that when energy is expended, an exact equivalent of heat is obtained. Today, Energy is measured in Joules (J), in honor of his discovery.
 * $$\text{J} = \frac{\text{kg}{\cdot}\text{m}^2}{\text{s}^2}$$
 * $$\text{J} = \text{N}{\cdot}\text{m}$$
 * $$\text{J} = \text{Pa}{\cdot}\text{m}^3$$
 * $$\text{J} = \text{W}{\cdot}\text{s}$$

Such that J is Joules, kg is kilograms, m is meters, N is Newtons (a measure of force), Pa is Pascal (a unit of pressure), and W is Watts (a unit of electricity), and s is seconds.

The common modern usage of electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hours which is the unit that you will find on your electric company bill. A kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 megajoules (1,000 Watts x 3,600 seconds = 3.6 million Joules).

The Skeptic
In 1847, James Joule presented his research at the annual British Association of Science in the city of Oxford, which was attended by the most brilliant scientists of the day, Michael Faraday, Gabriel Stokes, and a young scientist by the name of William Thomson. While he won over Michael Faraday and Gabriel Stokes, he struggled to win over the young scientist named Thomson, who was fascinated, but skeptical of the idea. James Joule returned home from the scientific meetings absorbed with how to win over the skeptical William Thomson. At home, his summer was filled with busy plans of his wedding to his lovely fiancé, a girl named Amelia Grimes. They planned a romantic wedding and honeymoon to the French Alps, and while looking over the lovely brochures of places to visit in the French Alps, he stumbled upon a very romantic waterfall dropping down through the mountains called the Cascade de Sallanches. He convinced Amelia that they should visit the romantic waterfall, and wrote to William Thomson, to see if he could meet him and his new wife in the French Alps, he had something he wanted to show him.

In 1847 the romantic couple, and the skeptical William Thomson arrived at the waterfall to conduct an experiment. You could see why James Joule found the waterfall intriguing. The water does not drop simply from a cliff, but tumbles off rocks and edges as it cascades down the mountain side, and all this energy as the water falls adds heat, such that as James Joule explained to the skeptical William Thomson, the temperature of the water at the bottom of the waterfall will be warmer than the water at the top of the waterfall. Taking his most trusted thermometer, he measured the temperature of the bottom pool of water, and hiked up to the top of the waterfall to measure the top pool of water. The spray of the water resulted in different values. Wet and trying not to fall in the water, James Joule was comically doing all he could to convince the skeptical William Thomson, but the values varied too much to tell for certain. Nevertheless, the two men became lasting friends, and a few years later, when Amelia died during child birth, and he lost his only infant daughter a few days later, James Joule retreated from society, but kept up his correspondence with William Thomson.

The experience at Cascade de Sallanches had a major impact on William Thomson. Watching the tumbling waterfall, he envisioned the tiny particles of water becoming excited, vibrating with this energy, as they bounced down the slope. He envisioned heat as vibrational energy inside molecules, and with increased heat, the water would turn to steam, and float away as excited particles of gas, and if cooled would freeze into a solid, as the vibrational energy decreased. He imagined a theoretical limit to temperature, a point so cold, that you could go no colder, where no energy, no heat existed, an absolute zero temperature.

Absolute Zero, and the Kelvin Scale of Temperature
William Thomson returned to the University of Glasgow, a young brash professor, intrigued with this idea, of an absolute zero temperature. A temperature so cold, that all the vibrational energy of matter would be absent. What would happen if something was cooled to this temperature, with the help of James Joule, he calculated that this temperature would be −273.15° Celsius. Matter could not be cooled lower than this temperature. In the many years of his research and teaching, William Thomson invented many new contraptions, famously helped to lay the first transatlantic telegraph line, and was made a noble, taking on the name Lord Kelvin, after the river that ran through his home near the University of Glasgow. Today, scientist use his temperature of −273.15° Celsius, as equal to 0° Kelvin, a unit of measurement that describes the temperature above absolute zero. Kelvins are often used among scientists, over Celsius (which is defined with 0° Celsius as the freezing point of water), because it defines the freezing point of all matter. Furthermore, Lord Kelvin postulated that the universe was like a cup of tea, left undrunk, slowly cooling down toward this absolute coldest temperature.

Scientists have since cooled substances down to the very brink of this super low temperature (the current record is 1 x 10−10° Kelvin, with larger refrigerated spaces achieving temperatures as low as 0.006° Kelvin). At these low temperatures, scientists have observed some unusual activity, including the presence of Bose–Einstein condensate, superconductivity and superfluidity. However, scientists still detect a tiny amount of vibrational energy in atoms at this cold temperature, a vibrational energy that holds the atoms together called zero-point energy, which had been predicted previously. The background temperature of the universe is around 2.73° Kelvin, which is heated slightly above absolute zero, such that in the coldest portions of outer space the temperature is still a few degrees above absolute zero.

Using this scale, your own solar system ranges from a high of 735° Kelvin on the surface of Venus to a low of 33° Kelvin on the surface of Pluto. The Earth ranges from 185° to 331° Kelvin, but mostly hovers around the average temperature of 288° Kelvin. Earth’s Moon varies more widely, with its thin atmosphere between 100° to 400° Kelvin, making its surface both colder and hotter than the extreme temperatures measured on Earth.

Potential Energy
Winters in Edinburgh, Scotland, are cold and damp. Forests were of limited supply in the low lands of Scotland, such that many of the city’s occupants in the early 1800s turned to coal to heat their homes. Burned in their fireplace, the coal provided a method to heat homes, but it had to be shipped into the city from England or Germany. The demand for coal was growing, as the city grew in population. A group of investors suggested bringing in local coal from the south. They constructed a trackway for which horse drawn carts could be used to carry heavy loads of coal into the city. However near the city was a steep incline, too steep for horses to pull up the heavy loads of coal. In was along this passage of track, that two large steam engines were purchased to pull the carts up this incline. Each steam engine was fed a supply of coal to burn in its furnace, heating water in a boiler, which turned to steam. The steam could be opened into a cylinder which would slide back and forth transferring heat into mechanical energy. The cylinder would turn a pully, and pull the carts of coal up the incline into the city. As young boy, whose father managed the transport of coal into the city, William Rankine was fascinated with the power of these large steam engines. Soon the horses where replaced by the new technology of steam locomotives, which chugged along with the power of burning coal. Rides were offered to passengers, and soon the rail line meant to transport coal, became a popular way for people to travel. William Rankine studied Engineering, and became the top scientist in the emerging field of steam power, and the building and operation of steam locomotives. In 1850, he published the definitive book on the subject, but his greatest work was likely a publication in 1853 in which he described the transfer of energy.

James Joule had shown that motion could be transformed into heat, while the study of steam locomotives had demonstrated to William Rankine that heat could be transformed into motion. Rankine fully endorsed Joule’s idea of the conservation of energy, but he realized something unique was happening when energy was being transferred in a steam locomotive. First the water was heated using the fire from burning coal, this boiling water produced steam, but the engineer of the locomotive could capture this energy, holding it until the valve was open, and the steam locomotive begin to move. Rankine called this captured energy, Potential Energy.

A classic example of potential energy is when a ball is rolled up an incline. At the top of the incline the ball has gained potential energy. It could be held there forever, but at some point, the ball will release that energy and roll back down the incline, producing Kinetic Energy. In likewise fashion, a spring in a watch could be wound tight, storing potential energy, while the once the spring is sprung, the watch will exhibit kinetic energy, as the hands on its face move recording time. A battery powering a tablet computer is potential energy stored when charged, but once used for watching Netflix videos, its kinetic energy is released. The energy it took to store the potential energy is equal to the energy that was released as kinetic energy.

Rankine called kinetic energy, actual energy, since it did actual work. In his famous paper in 1853 he simply states, "“actual energy is a measurable, transferable, and transformable affection of a substance, the presence of which causes the substance to tend to change its state in one or more respects; by the occurrence of which changes, actual energy disappears, and is replaced by potential energy, which is measured by the amount of a change in the condition of a substance, and that of the tendency or force whereby that change is produced (or, what is the same thing, of the resistance overcome in producing it), taken jointly. If the change whereby potential energy has been developed be exactly reversed, then as the potential energy disappears, the actual energy which had previously disappeared is reproduced.”"

To summarize William Rankine, the amount of energy that you put into a device is the same amount of energy that comes out of the device, even if there is a delay between the storage of the potential energy and the release of the kinetic energy.

Furthermore, Rankine went on to state that “The law of the conservation of energy is already known, viz: that the sum of the actual and potential energies in the universe is unchangeable.” It was a profound statement, but one also uttered by James Joule, that energy in the universe is finite, a set amount. Energy cannot be spontaneously created or spontaneously removed, it only moves from one state to another, alternating between potential and kinetic energy. The power to move the steam locomotives was due to the release of potential energy stored in buried coal, the coal was produced by ancient plants, which stored potential energy from the energy of the sun. Each step in the transfer of energy was a pathway back to an original source of the energy within the universe— energy just did not come from nothing. Such scientific laws or rules were verified by years of failed attempts to make perpetual motion machines. Machines that continued to work, without a source of energy are impossible.

Einstein’s Addendum
However, this scientific law or rule that energy cannot be spontaneously created was proven incorrect in 1905 by Albert Einstein, who first proposed that E=m⋅c2. The total amount of energy (E) is equal to the total amount of mass (m), multiplied by the speed of light (c) squared. If you could change the amount of mass, it would produce a large amount of energy. This equation would go on to demonstrate a new source of energy—nuclear energy—in which mass is reduced or gained, and results in the spontaneous release of energy. This scientific rule or law called the Law of the Conservation of Energy, had to be modified to state that in an isolated system with constant mass, energy cannot be created or destroyed. The study of energy transfer became known as Thermodynamics, thermo- for study of heat, and dynamics- for study of motion.

Entropy and Noether’s Theorem
Using the law of the conservation of energy, engineers imagined a theoretical device that alternated energy between potential energy and kinetic energy with zero loss of energy due to heat. In physics this is referred to as Symmetry. Energy put into a system is the same amount of energy that is retrieved from a system. Yet, experiment after experiment failed to show this, there appeared to always be a tiny loss of energy when energy went between states. This tiny loss of energy is called Entropy. Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. In the world of William Rankine, entropy was the loss of energy through heat, which prevented any system from being purely symmetrical between states of energy exchange. Entropy is the loss of energy over time which increases disorder in a system. However, the law of the conservation of energy forbid the destruction of energy. Einstein’s discovery that changes in mass can unlock spontaneous energy suggested that there might exist changes that unlock the spontaneous destruction of energy.

In 1915, at the University of Göttingen two professors were struggling to reconcile the Law of the Conservation of Energy and Einstein’s new Theory of Relativity, when they invited one of the most brilliant mathematicians to help them out. Her name was Emmy Noether. Emmy was the daughter of a math professor at the nearby University of Erlangen, and had taken his place in teaching, although as a woman she was not paid for her lessons to the students. She was a popular, and somewhat eccentric teacher, who students either adored, or were baffled by. When shown the problem, she realized that Law of the Conservation of Energy, described a symmetrical relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy, and could be reconciled with special relativity through an advance algebra technique called symmetry-flipping two math equations when they result in an identical, but symmetrical relationship. It would be like looking at a mirror to describe what exists in a room reflected in the mirror. It was a brilliant understanding, and resulted in a profound insight into the conservation of energy, which directly led to the birth of today’s quantum physics.

The important implications of Noether’s Theorem for you to understand is that Entropy is directly related to a system’s velocity and time. Energy is lost in the system due to the system’s net velocity in the universe or likewise time that has passed during that conversion of energy. Here on Earth, the motion of the Earth, which is measured either in time or velocity is the reason for the loss of that tiny amount of energy during the conversion between potential and kinetic energy. This insight is fascinating when you consider systems of energy traveling at the speed of light. Approaching the speed of light, time slows down until it stops, at which point the transformation of potential and kinetic energy is purely symmetrical, such that there is no entropy. Such insight, suggests that light, itself a form of energy, does not observe any entropy (heat loss), as long as it is traveling at the speed of light. Of course, light can slow as it hits any resistance such as gas particles in the Earth’s atmosphere, or solid matter such as your face on a sunny day. At this point, heat is released. Light traveling at the speed of light through the near vacuum of outer space, can travel at incredible far distances from galaxies on the other side of the universe to your eye on a dark starry night. It is because of this deep insight into Emmy Noether’s mathematically equations, that we can explain entropy, in the notion of time and velocity, as observed here on planet Earth.

The Four Laws of Thermodynamics
You can summarize what you have learned about the nature of energy and energy exchange into four rules, or laws of thermodynamics.

 * Law 0
 * If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This basically states that we can use thermometers to measure energy as heat, when they are brought in equilibrium within a system.

 * Law 1
 * Law of the Conservation of Energy, which states that in an isolated system with constant mass, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

 * Law 2
 * The Law of Entropy, for energy in an isolated system traveling less than the speed of light, when there is an energy transfer between potential and kinetic energy there will be a slight loss of the availability of energy applied to a subsequent transfer due to the system’s velocity or time difference. Hence systems will become more disordered and chaotic over time.

 * Law 3
 * The Law of Absolute Zero: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero (−273.15°C, 0° K), then the value of the entropy approaches a minimum.

Energy usage has become more critical in the modern age, as society has invented new devices that convert energy into work, whether it is in the form of heat (to change the temperature of your home), motion (to transport you to school in a car), or electricity (to display these words on a computer), as well as the storage of energy as potential energy for later usage (such as charging your cellphone to later text your friends this evening). The laws of thermodynamics define how energy is moved between states, and how energy systems become more disorder through time by entropy.


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User:RBICamille

My name іѕ Arlette ɑnd I am studying Anthropology ɑnd Sociology and Occupational Therapy at Paris / France.

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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1945 01

Front Cover
The Australasian Radio World

Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical.

Vol. 9 - No. 8; January 15, 1945

Highlighted Contents:

Full instructions for winding your own power transformers.

Latest - electronic control from spoken words of command.

Further tecnical data on the performance of phase-inverters.

Guide to reception of overseas short-wave broadcast stations.

Price, 1/-

P.03 - Contents Banner
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS

VOL. 9. - JANUARY, 1945. - No. 8.

P.03 - Publication Notes
PROPRIETOR — A. G. HULL

Manager - DUDLEY L. WALTER

Secretary - Miss E. M. VINCENT

Short-wave Editor — L. J. KEAST

For all Correspondence: City Office — 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney, Phone: MA2325

Office Hours — Weekdays: 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Saturdays: 10 a.m.-12 noon

Editorial Office — 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Victorian Advertising Representative — W. J. LEWIS, 379 Collins St., Melbourne, 'Phone MU4725

Subscription Rates: 6 issues - 5/3; 12 issues - 10/6; 24 issues - £1; Post free to any address.

Service Departments — Back Numbers, 1 /- ea. post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," Elizabeth St., Sydney (Footnote P.36)

P.03 - Contents
CONTENTS

CONSTRUCTIONAL —

Power Transformers. . . . 5

TECHNICAL —

Tales of Phase Inverters. . . . 11

In Defence of "A504". . . . 13

The Telechrome. . . . 17

Factors in High Fidelity. . . . 19

Acoustic Typewriters. . . . 25

SHORTWAVE REVIEW —

The Month's Loggings. . . . 29

Notes From My Diary. . . . 32

New Stations. . . . 31

THE SERVICE PAGES —

Answers. . . . 34

P.03 - Editorial
EDITORIAL.

As this is the first issue in the year 1945 it may be permissible to reflect on the problems that have been surmounted in the past and mention the bright prospects for the New Year. It has been a part of editorial policy to avoid stressing the problems of the times and it has been gratifying to note that our subscribers seem to have appreciated them without our belabouring the subject. Now, these actual lines are being written in a caravan on Phillip Island, for the holidays. A koala bear is grunting as he nibbles the gum leaves overhead. The prospects are quite rosy. Charlie Mutton has recovered from the Amplifier Contest and several articles from his pen are already in the kitty waiting for future issues. Included is a new series on electronics. From a newcomer, J. G. Du Faur, are some handy articles, too, and there isn’t any doubt that these will be highly appreciated. They are of a high standard, like the Du Faur article in this issue. Enough to make any Editor happy is a fine series of articles on radio theory and fundamentals, written by Charles Aston, already well-known to our readers as a contributor who really can make difficult theory both easy and interesting. With the paper position easing and the above articles in hand it is clearly evident that 1945 is going to be a happy year for "Radio World" and its readers. — A. G. HULL.

P.29 - Shortwave Review - The Month's Loggings
The Month's Loggings

ALL TIMES ARE EASTERN AUSTRALIAN STANDARD TIME Pressure on space only permits of unusual Loggings or alterations in schedules or frequencies. Readers will show a grateful consideration for others if they will notify me of any alterations. Please send reports to L. J. Keast, 23 Honiton Avenue W., Carlingford. Urgent reports, 'phone Epping 2511.

OCEANIA

Fiji VPD-2, Suva - 6.13mc, 48.94m - Heard at 6.30 pm, good sig. (Miss Sanderson). New Caledonia FK8AA, Noumea - 6.208mc, 48.39m - Heard nightly, 7-8 pm (Miss Sanderson) New Zealand ZLT-7, Wellington - 6.71 me, 44.68m - Heard nightly (Miss Sanderson).

AFRICA

Algeria AFHQ, Algiers - 9.60mc, 31.22m - Heard in relay with U.S. stations at 8 am with news at good level. "Cross Section" followed (Gillett). AFHQ, Algiers - 9.535mc, 31.46m - Also heard at 8 am in parallel with 31.22 m. (Gillett). Belgian Congo RNB, Leopoldville - 15.17mc, 19.78m - Closed at 11 pm after presenting AFRS programme (Gillett). RNB, Leopoldville - 11.64mc, 25.76m - Best of the RNBs. Relays WLWK at 6.30 am (Gaden). RNB, Leopoldville - 9.78mc, 30.66m - Heard from 3.45-5.15 pm (Miss Sanderson, Dr. Gaden). French Equatorial FZI, Brazzaville - 15.59mc, 19.25m - Some very good reception, especially 10.15 news (Gaden). Heard closing at 10.45 pm after giving a programme from the Armed Forces (Gillett). FZI, Brazzaville - 11.97mc, 25.06m - Heard well when opening at 2 am (Gillett). FZI, Brazzaville - 11.687mc, 25.67m - Opens at 2 am with good sig. (Gillett). Madagascar Radio Antananarivo - 6.14mc, 48.86m - Antananarivo appears to be using 48.86 m. regularly now. On a number of occasions have found them on this spot until closing at 2 am (Gillett). CR7BE, Lourenco Marques - 9.86mc, 30.42m - Logged with wonderful volume around 6.15 am with great musical programme.

GREAT BRITAIN

GRN - 6.195mc, 48.43m - Heard at 6 pm with news at dictation speed (Cushen). INDIA ZOJ, Colombo - 15.275mc, 19.64m - Heard with Delhi relay till 2.30 pm — takes own programme till 3 pm — then with Delhi till sign off with "Auld Lang Syne" at 3.25 pm (Cushen). SEAC, Colombo - 11.81 me, 25.40m - Roars in lately at night (Pepin).

CENTRAL AMERICA

Panama HP5G, Panama - 11.78mc, 25.47m - Ern Suffolk and myself have identified this one. Heard at fair level around 7 am with a variety of programmes — Latin-American music, Sports commentaries and Spanish language talks (Gillett). Heard fairly well before breakfast (Gaden). KP5A, Panama - 11.696mc, 25.65m - One of my favourites; heard fairly well before breakfast (Gaden).

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil PRL-8, Rio de Janiero - 11.72mc, 25.60m - This is by far the best South American I have ever heard (Gaden). (Schedule: 5.30-6.15 am; 7.10 am-12.42 pm. English daily except Mondays.— L.J.K.) Dutch Guiana PZX-5, Paramaribo - 15.395mc, 19.48m - Good some nights, but not heard any English. Erratic as to skeds (Gaden). (See "New Stations"). Good level when closing with Dutch National Anthem (Gillett). Ecuador HCJB, Quito - 12.445mc, 24.08m - Heard from early evening at great strength.— L.J.K. HCJB, Quito - 9.958mc, 30.12m - Heard regularly each evening from 8.45-10.15. Signal very good (Miss Sanderson).

U.S.A.

San Francisco unless otherwise mentioned. KWIX, - 17.76mc, 16.89m - Splendid signal till closing at 5.58 am (Gaden). KWID, - 17.76mc, 16.89m - Very good on opening at 6 am (Gaden). KROJ - 17.76mc, 16.89m - Heard daily opening at 11 am (Pepin). KGEI, - 15.13mc, 19.83m - Heard closing at 8.30 pm (Miss Sanderson). (Thought I heard KGEI the other morning around 11 in parallel with KGEX (19.57 m.).— L.J.K. KGEX, - 7.25mc, 41.38m - Very good signal nightly (Miss Sanderson). (Since Miss Sanderson's report left Melbourne, I find KGEX has voices behind, especially in early part of transmission. I often hear, G for George, R for Robert, etc.— any one any ideas? — L.J.K.) KROJ, - 6.10mc, 49.15m - Strong signal at night ruined by hum (Cushen, Edel, Perkins, Miss Sanderson). Other than 'Frisco stations (Items with an asterisk (+*) are carried over from December issue) WLWL, C'nnati - 15.23mc, 19.67m - Signs at 5.45 am; re-opens at 6 am (Cushen). +*WNRX, New York - 14.55mc, 20.61m - At 12.30 am, "This is Columbia Broadcasting Station, New York." Then on in French, and at 12.45, Italian (Edel). +*WNRI, New York - 13.05mc, 22.98m - Good at 9 pm (Matthews). WLWL, C'nnati - 13.022.5mc, 23.03m - Heard at 6 am (Cushen). (Note: Call at 6.45 am is WLWL.— L.J.K.) WLWK, C'nnati - 11.71mc, 25.62m - Sched. 5.30-7 am (Cushen). +*WJQ, New York - 10.10mc, 29.97m - Heard at 6.30am (Young, Gillett, Cushen). (This Press Wireless Station situated in Hicksville, N.Y., was away back in 1942 one of the best signals on the air. They ceased operations about February, 1943. I sent them a report very early in the piece and for want of fuller particulars, not knowing at that time the owners, I simply addressed my letter to Short-Wave Radio Station, WJQ, New York City, N.Y. It was returned "Unknown." Such is fame.— L.J.K. WBOS, Boston - 9.89mc, 30.31m - Heard well at 5 am with prog, from AFRS (Cushen). This is the call in early morning with all English prog. Good at 6.30 am (Gillett). WNRA, New York - 9.855mc, 30.44m - Heard closing at 11 pm (Cushen). WLWR, C'nnati - 9.75mc, 30.77m - Heard from 1-6 am (Cushen, Gillett). WRUW, Boston - 9.70m.c, 30.93m - Very fair with special prog, at 11 pm (Cushen). +*WGEX, New York - 9.55mc, 31.41m - "X" appears to be the call on this frequency at 7 am — quite a good signal (Gaden). (Yes, 9.55 mc is reserved for "X", schedule being 7-11 am; the call on 9.53 mc 31.48 m is "O" or "A" according to schedule.— L.J.K.) +*WLWR, Boston - 7.832mc, 38.30m - Good at 8.30 am (Matthews). +*WOOW, New York - 7.82mc, 38.36m - Good at 10.30 am (Matthews). WRUL, Boston - 7.805mc, 38.44m - Very good in special prog at 11 pm (Cushen). WNRI, New York - 7.56mc, 39.66m - This is call, now, at 7 am (Gillett). (Was previously WNRX.— L.J.K.). WGEO, New York - 7.25mc, 41.38m - One of the best Yanks at 5 pm (Cushen) WNRX, New York - 6.10mc, 49.10m - News at 7 am (Gillett).

U.S.S.R.

Moscow unless otherwise mentioned 15.33mc, 19.31m — see "New Stations". 12.26mc, 24.47m — Calls BBC at 10.30 pm (Cushen). 15.75mc, 19.05m — Seems to be the best for English programme, nightly from 9 o'clock; news at 9.40 — L.J.K. RW-15, Radio Frunze - 5.93mc, 50.54m - Heard well at 10 pm (Edel, Young). -, 8.94mc, 33.54m — Heard at 9 pm (Edel, Young). -, 9.48mc, 31.65m — Heard fairly well around 4.30 pm (Young).

Items with an asterisk (+*) are carried over from December issue.

Canada

+*CBFX, Montreal - 9.63mc, 31.15m - Good at 10 pm (Matthews, Young). (Delhi back on this frequency mars reception here.— L.J.K.) France Radio Paris - 15.355mc, 19.53m - See "New Stations". Radio Francais - 15.24mc, 19.69m - Have heard male and female announcers on the old Paris wave-length, at good strength (Gillett, Young). Radio Paris - 15.095mc, 19.87m - See "New Stations". Radio Paris - 9.56mc, 31.38m - Reported by Mr. Young and Dr. Gaden as heard around 3.30 pm. Mr. Edel found them signing off at 11.34 pm. (This is one of the wave lengths in p/l with 19.87 m.— L.J.K.) Radio Paris - 7.245mc, 41.44m - See "New Stations" Iraq +*Radio Baghdad - 7.095mc, 42.32m Good in English at 2.30 am (Matthews). Jerusalem +*British Mediterranean - 11.72mc, 25.60m - Has been heard with news in English at 10.45 pm. Very good signal (Gillett). +*British Mediterranean - 9.67mc, 31.03m - In p/l with 25.60 but not as strong (Gillett). (Same position here, Rex.— L.J.K.) Mexico XEWW, Mexico City - 9.50mc, 31.58m - Good at midnight (Edel).

Middle East JCJC, location unknown - 7.22mc, 41.55m - Received verification letter stating 7.84 mc withdrawn last June. Also mentioned location must remain secret (Cushen). WVLC, Leyte - 18.60mc, 16.14m - Good at 8.45 am (Gaden, Ferguson, Gillett). WVLC, Leyte - 17.74mc, 16.91m - Good at 9 am (Matthews). WVLC, Leyte - 14.85mc, 20.20m - Heard around 11.45 pm (Gaden, Ferguson). WVLC, Leyte - 7.795mc, 38.44m - Heard about 8.30 pm (Gillett). Good at 10 pm (Gaden, Matthews). Heard closing with RCA at 10.54 pm (Cushen, Pepin). +*WVLC, Leyte - 9.302mc, 32.25m - Is very strong at 11.15 pm with commentary for the U.S.A. (Gaden, Matthews, Gillett).

SWITZERLAND Berne HER- - 12.965mc, 23.14m - Very poor signal on Tues. and Sats. owing to morse.— L.J.K. HER- - 11.775mc, 25.48m - News in English daily except Sats. at 7.20 am; news in nat. lang. daily 7.30 and 8 am.— L.J.K. HEI-5 - 11.715mc, 25.61m - One of the best signals on the air from 6-7.30 pm on Tues. and Sats. Eng. Tues. nat. lang. Sats.— L.J.K. Heard at 2.10 am in French. Call "Ici la Suisse" (Gillett). HEO-4, - 10.338mc, 29.02m - News in nat. lang. daily at 5.45 am.— L.J.K. HEK-3 - 7.38mc, 40.65m - News in nat. lang. daily at 11.30 am. — L.J.K. HET-3, - 7.36mc, 40.78m - Good strength when closing at 1.50 am (Matthews). HEI-2 - 6.345mc, 47.28m - News in English daily at 7.20 am; nat. lang. 7.30 and 8 am.— L.J.K. Heard in afternoon at 2 o'clock (Young). HER-3 - 6.165mc, 48.66m - News in nat. lang. daily at 11.30 am— L.J.K. Good signal at 1.45 pm (Young). Sweden +*SBT, Stockholm - 15.15mc, 19.81m - Fair to good at 9 pm (Matthews) +*SBO, Stockholm - 11.705mc, 25.63m - Good at 1.30 am (Matthews). Heard at 5 am (Gillett). +*SBU, Stockholm - 9.535mc, 31.46m - Opens with bells on Sundays at 8 pm; signs off at M/N (Cushen). Syria +*FXE, Beirut - 8.035mc, 37.34m - Good signal on closing at 7.15 am with "Marseillaise" (Gillett). Good with news in English at 1 am (Matthews). Turkey +*TAP, Ankara - 9.465 me, 31.70m - Now using English on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays at 6.30 am. On Mondays put over a Post Bag Series when listeners' letters are acknowledged. I heard announcer say there were three transmitters at Ankara, viz., TAR, TAP and TAQ, but that an order had been placed for three more.— L.J.K. When listening to No. 9 of Post Bag Series on Xmas Day announcer said the success of the series was such that they were considering making it 30 minutes and in the daytime (our night time) using TAQ also.— L.J.K. Vatican City +*HVJ, - *17.445mc, 17.20m - Heard around 12.15 am (Young).

West Indies Cuba COCY, Havana - 11.737mc, 25.56m - Heard giving call in English at 6.30 am — Spanish language follows. Fair signal (Gillett). +*COCX, Havana - 9.27mc, 32.36m - Great signal at 8 am (Matthews). Haiti HH3W, Port-au-Prince - 10.13mc, 29.62m - "Congratulations on logging HH3W — heard same myself this week"— Wally Young). Thanks, Walter.— L.J.K. "Your old friend HH3W too noisy for me." (Gaden).

P.31 - Shortwave Review - New Stations
NEW STATIONS

PZX-5, Paramaribo, 15.395 mc, 19.48 m: Well, here is a sitting shot for those South American hunters to add Dutch Guiana to their log, and what is more at an hour that is somewhat unique for that part of the globe. PZX-5 is heard at quite good strength from around 8.30-9.23 pm. . . I say around advisedly, as the schedule varies, but they can be counted on to be "on the air" most nights at 9 o'clock and the Dutch National Anthem signifies their closing, which is anytime from 9.23 to 9.30. It was the playing of the anthem that attracted the attention of Roy Hallett. He rang me up mentioning the approximate wavelength and time that he had heard it and I called to mind a note from Wally Young that had arrived that morning advising me of Paramaribo. So we will credit Young-Hallett with first honours. Since then other ether-combers, Leo Edel, Dr. Gaden and Rex Gillett, have written in about it.

Radio Paris, 15.355 mc, 19.53 m: "Ici Paris Radio Diffusion Francais" is the call heard at 9 pm. A weak signal, plus very annoying morse spoilt what may be quite a good station reported by Mr. Edel. Cannot announce schedule as it has not been heard, if given, but some nights are still there at 1 or 1.30 am.

Radio Paris, 15.095 mc, 19.87 m: Here is a real "honey" of a signal, comparable with the 19 metre band BBC's at this hour, 10-11.30 pm. This item which has been re-written should have appeared in the December issue of "A.R.W." but with a good deal more "copy" was squeezed out owing to pressure on space. Rex Gillett wrote me the last week in November telling me he had heard a station at 10.45 pm on 19.87 metres announcing as "Ici Radio Diffusion Francais". All attempts this end failed to find it and apparently they jumped to 19.53 metres. But now they are back again on 19.87 metres with programme directed to French Indo-China; for this information I must thank Mr. Edel. After opening at 10 o'clock with "Marseillaise" a male and female announcer talk till 10.45 when bright cabaret type music continues till 11.15. Then the Annamite language is employed till close down at 11.30 by "Marseillaise". Signal right through is R9 Q5 and according to announcement are on additional wavelengths of 31.19, 31.38 and 31.58 m. I found them with a weak signal on 31.58 metres, say R5 Q3, but not a sound on the others, although a few weeks ago Paris was heard on 31.38 metres at that time.

Radio Paris, 7.245 mc, 41.44 m: Rex Gillett advises he heard Paris a few weeks ago at 5 am with male and female announcers, but when Delhi opens they are overpowered. This is an old Vichy frequency and will be well worth watching.

Moscow, 15.53 mc, 19.31 m: Another frequency for the U.S.S.R. whose transmitters are already legion. This one could very easily be passed over as the signal at 9.40 is very weak. Following the Soviet Anthem an English programme is heard.

XGOY, Chungking, 6.165 mc, 48.66 m: Another station with the fidgets of the old time South American frequency jumpers has been located here. Opens at 10 pm with news headlines followed by Chinese programme. News in English for 10-15 minutes is given at M/N. Mr. Edel and I found this one, one night when having a "session" at his home.

KCBA, 'Frisco, 11.14 mc, 26.92 m & KCBF, 'Frisco, 9.75 me, 30.77 m: These two are bracketed because they are twin-like in their habits. First heard at 1.30 am by Mr. Edel, who 'phoned me (with considerable thoughtfulness) after breakfast about his catch. I have since kept a watchful eye on them and so far can go on record with: Heard closing with very faint signal at 4 pm. Re-open at 4.30 and stay in parallel with KWV, KRCA and KWID (9.57 mc) until 5.45 pm, when KWID drops them. At 7 o'clock KCBA and KCBF close, returning at 7.30 with KWV when they pick up KRCA and talk in Japanese for the rest of the evening. After midnight musical programme is heard till 1 or 1.30 am (I think KWV drops them at 9 o'clock and closes). According to their frequent announcements are operated by Columbia Broadcasting System. Signal is quite o.k. in late afternoon but at night morse is a little troublesome. KCBF seems the stronger at all times.

KNBA, 'Frisco, 15.15 me, 19.81 m. & KNBC, 'Frisco, 13.05 me, 22.98 m.: Running over the bands during the holidays I came across these two new outlets of the National Broadcasting Corporation, heard in parallel with KGEX, 15.33 mc, 19.57 m, 7 am-3 pm. Signal from 11 am on KNBA is good, but KNBC is only fair.— L.J.K.

ZNK, Aden, 6.75 mc, 44.38 m: Mr. Edel during an all night sitting came across this new one. Programme in Arabic, but at 2 and 3 am announce in English that they are transmitting on 24.76 and 44.38 metres.— Nice catch, Leo.— L.J.K.

KRHO, Honolulu, 6.12 mc, 49.02 m: This Hawaiian who made his debut first week in January comes in at terrific strength from 6 p.m. till closing at 2 am. Programme is "For the enlightenment and entertainment of the peoples in Japan, China, Formosa, Manchuria and Korea. This programme can also be heard on 1,000 kilocycles in the medium wave band." (Programme is mostly in Eastern language, but there are frequent announcements in English. An harmonic of this very strong station will be heard on 12.24 mc.— L.J.K.

KRHO, Honolulu, 17.80 mc, 16.85 m: Just after ringing Ted Whiting to tell him of KRHO on 6.12 mc, he rang me to say he heard them on 17.80 mc. I found them there on Sunday, 7th inst., from 11.30 till closing at noon. Announcer said, "This has been a special broadcast by KRHO, A Voice of America broadcasting from Honolulu, Hawaii, transmitting on 17.8 mc in the 16 metre band. Our programme is heard in regular transmission from 5 pm till 1 am, Japan time, 0800-1600 G.M.T. on 6.12 mc in the 49 metre band." To-day, 8th inst., I could not find them on 16 metre band, but signal yesterday was R8 Q4.— L.J.K.

CHANGE OF FREQUENCY

KRCA, 'Frisco, has moved from 9.49 mc to 6.19 mc, 48.47 metres. Opens at 6.30 pm in parallel with KES-2, 8.93 mc. 33.58 metres, and is heard much more clearly than when on 9.49 mec KRCA is also heard on 15.13 mc, 19.83 m, opening at 9 am.— L.J.K.

P.32 - Shortwave Review - Notes From My Diary
Shortwave Review

CONDUCTED BY L. J. KEAST NOTES FROM MY DIARY

NEW YEAR RESOLUTION I am introducing a new column in this issue under the title "SAYS WHO?" and would like to know from members if it appeals. It will afford members an opportunity of expression and become a sort of debating column until such time as doubtful stations are definitely tabbed. I find members often hear stations that they hesitate to put under any particular country, and this is understandable with the great number of relays that are taking place. For instance RNB, Leopoldville, is often heard in AFRS programmes — remember the confusion when they were heard some months ago relaying the BBC at 2.30 p.m. Well it is to ventilate this type of query as well as to provide an opportunity for listeners to say their piece in addition to the short, sharp, snappy loggings they send in which will still go in the classified column.

UMBRIAGO I was delighted to hear through KROJ, 17.76 mc, on December 16, that an American destroyer had picked up the entire crew of the Super-Fortress that did not return to Saipan from the Nagoya Mission. But I had to smile when we were told the giant bomber was named Umbriago. Listeners to the Armed Forces Radio Service will remember Umbriago is the imaginary pal of Jimmy Snozzle Durante in the series "Comedy Caravan."

ERRATA Under the paragraph The Ever Bending Beam, KROJ was shown as 9.89 m.c., 30.31 metres. This should read: 6.10 m.c., 49.15 m., 6-11 p.m. South Pacific.

RADIO QUIZ Seems to be some doubt as to what is the correct frequency for the new Columbia Broadcasting System stations KCBA and KCBF. On one thing we all agree, that is, the frequencies are 9.75 m.c. and 11.14 m.c. But who belongs to which? I listened again to-day, 8th inst., and am hoping Mr. Printer will be able to squeeze this in. I tuned to 9.75 m.c. and at 4.30 p.m. heard announcement: "This is The Voice of America, stations KCBA and KCBF operated by Columbia Broadcasting System, transmitting on 9.75 m.c. and 11.14 m.c., in the 30 and 26 metre band, as authorised by the F.C.C." Well, it looks as though the position is the reverse of the paragraph elsewhere in this issue. Both stations go into parallel with KWV till closing at 7 p.m. Re-open at 7.30 p.m. with same announcement at at 4.30. Both close at 2 a.m.

CHANGES ON THE AIR Effective 1700 G.M.T. or 10 a.m., 10th January P.W.T. (that is 3 a.m. Thursday, 11th Jan., Sydney). The Voice of America will be heard over the following frequencies: Directed to The Philippines.— 7.25, 15.21, 6.12, 7.46 and 13.05 m.c. Directed to China.— 9.57, 7.23, 15.29, 6.06, 17.80 and 11.14 m.c. Directed to Japan.— 9.55, 9.57, 9.70, 13.05, 11.14 and 6.12 m.c. Directed to Indonesia, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and S.W. Pacific.— 7.23, 13.05 and 9.70 m.c. In most cases News in English will be heard ON the HOUR, every hour.

'''WHAT! NO SUGAR?''' As from last October, Home Town News heard over the ’Frisco stations has been known as "Sugar Report." The title was evidently determined by the fact that a sweet young thing, introduced as "Your Sugar" gave the names of musical items that punctuated the news supplied by the Armed Forces Radio Service, read by an army officer. Well, whether it is a New Year resolution or what have you, I do not know, but Sugar has gone and the old monnicker is being used again. I will certainly not subscribe to the idea that Sugar has run out, notwithstanding the fact that we were presented with a new Sugar each week. By the way, there is a possibility that Domestic News from the States may from January 10th be increased to 30 minutes and be read at dictation speed. With the happy knack the Yanks have of finding unusual items of news, I am sure this would be welcomed.

'''SAYS WHO? . . .''' Noumea very kindly sent me a verie. I believe lots of the lads in the past have reported them without result. Verie was a letter."— Dr. Gaden. (Yes, Dr. Gaden, a lot of the lads, including yours truly, have written without receiving an acknowledgement. Several of the letters, like mine, had Reply-Coupons enclosed. I think Roy Hallett received a photo of the lassie who used to announce from FK8AA.— L.J.K.

"Service Digest" is now heard on WEDNESDAYS at 11.15 a.m. over KROJ 17.76 m.c., 16.89 m.— L.J.K.

The opening march used by CFRX, Toronto, 6.07 m.c., 49.42 m. is "Bond of Freedom" according to a reply received by Dr. Gaden in answer to his enquiry.

Recent verifications received were from XEQQ, TGWA and CR7BE. The card from XEQQ, Mexico City, was an attractive postcard depicting a native Mexican in colour. TGWA’s card was the usual one showing the country's national bird, the Quetzal, and they also sent a 72 page booklet about Guatemala. CR7BE, Lourenco Marques, sent their usual card verifying my report of last April. (Gillett).

I was very pleased to receive a report from W. H. Pepin, of Perth, logged during his brief leave from the military. I was very pleased to receive a letter from Private W. H. Pepin, of Maylands, W .A., who during his brief leave found time to "run over the dial." Mr. Pepin before joining the Army was a regular contributor to these pages. He says, "Well, I hope some day in the near future conditions will be back to normal." I am sure we all subscribe to that thought.— L.J.K.

Sent out over 700 messages picked up here from our men interned in enemy country and heard over Tokyo, Singapore, Shanghai, etc., this year.— Cushen, Invercargill, N.Z.

WCBN, N.Y., 16.83 m.; WGEO, N.Y., 19.57 m ; WCBX, N.Y., 19.61 m. and WRUS, Boston, 19.83 m. all good at 10 p.m. (Matthews).

Lindsay Walker, of Perth, who writes the broadcast band notes for the W.A. Short Wave League has been selected for a Commonwealth Engineering Cadetship and will be in Melbourne for 14 months, to do field work. He will return to Perth in February, 1946, to complete his University course in Engineering.— "The Broadcaster." (Congratulations! Lindsay did not confine his Radio dialing to the broadcast band and often sent in a long and informative report to these pages.— L.J.K.)

Mr. Rex Gillett reports hearing Egypt on 7.22 m.c., 41.55 m., from 12.30-6 a.m. Dr. Gaden says he heard WLWR on 18.16 m.c., 16.52 m. at good strength in a.m. He does not mention exact time but it must be before 7, as at that time I can hear "nuttings".— L.J.K.

A new Indian has been heard on 15.22 m.c. at 1.30 p.m.— Cushen.

A good opportunity to try the selectivity of your set is to tune to GWR, 15.30 m.c., 19.61 m. (schedule is 8-9.15 p.m.) say about 9 p.m. Stay tuned and watch them quietly withdraw at 9.15. A whisper away you will find GSP on 15.31 m.c., 19.60 m., has commenced business and will continue till 10 p.m.— L.J.K.

Wally Young writes: "Have heard a muffled voice on approximately 24.52 metres at night." I am wondering if he has been listening to the elusive TFJ, Reykjavik. Only thing against this is they were, when heard a couple of years ago, only audible in the afternoon and then for a brief 15 minutes.

Probably the first of the BBC transmitters to show up near midday is GSD, 25.53 metres, who in the last quarter hour of their 7.15 a.m.-12.15 p.m. transmission to South America can be heard at quite good strength.— L.J.K.

Radio Maroc was recently logged on a few occasions on approximately 36.65 metres at 6 a.m. French language and a classical concert were presented.— Gillett.

Saipan heard with a call that sounded like NPLA or NBL-8 on 7.35 m.c., 40.82 m., after the first recent Tokyo raid.— Cushen.

Heard BBC in French until 7 а.m., then German using "V for Victory" (. . . — ) interval signal and announcement, "Hier ist Englant" repeated three times. Approx. б.04 m.c., 49.67 m.— Gillett. (If anyone hears or knows of call-sign, please oblige.— L.J.K.)

Mr. Cushen writes: "ABSIE, Office of War Information, American Embassy, London, verified with a long letter from Margaret Gill, Transmitter Intelligence. They stated schedule is now 3.30-11 a.m., and that they use many BBC transmitters, in fact, all broadcasts are on BBC trans.: GRB, GSL, GWH, GRR, GRT, GWJ, GWO, GWC, GWF, GWA, GWI, GWM, GWL, GSA, GRS, and GSW."

ABSIE has taken into use 49.59 metres, and is at good strength at 7 a.m., the same programme being carried on 49.92 metres.— Gillett. (GSA and GRB— see above.)

XGOY heard on an announced frequency of 6.165 m.c., 48.66 m.— Gillett. (See "New Stations")

Re these new CBS stations. Have you noticed the way the 7.30 p.m. announcement goes? KCBA and KCBF, then the frequencies 9.75 and 11.14 m.c. in the 30 and 26 metre bands. Makes it look as if A is on 9.75 and F on 11.14.—Gaden (Yes, see "Notes From My Diary" under Radio Quiz.)

Received verification card promised by JCJC. Well worth, having. It is cream coloured and has a lot of detail. Operated by Forces Broadcasting Unit, Middle East Headquarters, Cairo. They also operate JCPA, 1391 k.c., JCFA, 795 k.c., JCLA, 1019 k.c. and JFPA, 950 k.c.— Cushen.

Leopoldville on 19.78 metres is generally poor at opening but improves, closing nicely at 11 p.m. I find no interference whilst he is on but after his Anthem finishes, Spanish can be heard. Suspect TGWA.— Gaden.

A good signal at 6.15 p.m. is GRN, 6.195 mc, 48.43 in., when playing Allied Expeditionary Forces programmes. Schedule is 6-8.30 p.m. and 1.30-4 a.m. AEF programmes are heard on GRJ, 7.32 m.c., 40.98 m. from 8.45 p.m.-1.15 а.m.

Seein's believin' says the guy from Missouri, but what about hearin'? KWV on 10.84 m.c., 27.68 m. even as late as 7.15 p.m. on January 8th, when closing said, "Our programme continues on KRCA on a frequency of 9.49 m.c." Maybe the engineers and the programme clerks are not too chummy; KRCA has been on б.19 m.c. for last week at that hour. —L.J.K.

Heard a new B.B.C. frequency at 9.30 p.m. in General Forces Programme, 9.90 m.c.— Ted Whiting. (Yes, is heard as early as 8.05 p.m., giving programme details followed by Daily Service. Very nice signal.)