text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?

This WikiBooks page is a critical analysis and appraisal of the journal article "The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk" by Parry and Straker (2013)

What is the background to this research?
Sedentary behaviour is a continual concern for our society due to it being heavily related to causing poor health and chronic diseases that could lead to mortality. This is majorly due to the new age where technology has started to overtake our everyday lives, causing an increase in sedentary time. Recent studies have found that office workers spend a staggering amount of their time at work sedentary, which is a major concern with such a large population, especially in Australia, working in office jobs.

There is a lot of data based upon sedentary behaviours relating to occupations, but there was no knowledge of the contribution that sedentary occupations had towards the overall sedentary exposure of an individual. Therefore, the aim of this study is very important in our current technology-based society that could potentially be at a higher risk of poor health. This study assessed office workers by wearing an accelerometer during the day over the space of a week and recorded daily activities in a diary to determine the relationship between work and non-work activity rates.

Where is the research from?
Parry and Straker conducted their study on office workers from a large resource company in Perth, Australia via the United Kingdom (UK)-based open access publisher BioMed Central. This publisher shares peer-reviewed articles based on many topics such as science and medicine and claims to be the largest open-access science publisher in the world.

Parry and Straker have both researched the sedentary behaviours and worked as physiotherapists in Australia and the UK for many years, but now both currently work at Curtin University in Perth. Straker has a worldwide reputation for his research and is recognised as a leader in physiotherapy in Australia.

What kind of research was this?
This study was classified as an observational study due to having a group of office workers participating in the same method throughout the course of the procedure. There were no random selections for the study. The office workers chosen to participate were recruited via a criterion-based upon their working frequency and hours and were asked to then volunteer. The data gathered from the research was done via an accelerometer which was then analysed by using paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlations to see the relationship between work and non-work activity. Due to the research’s design suiting the overall aim this observational study is deemed appropriate.

What did the research involve?
A strict recruiting protocol was taken in place for the office workers with 176 completing a physical activity survey and only 51 subjects were able to volunteer to wear an Actical accelerometer for the seven day period during waking hours. The Actical accelerometers have been shown to a reliable source for physiological data gathering as well as providing valid measurements of low energy expenditure behaviours.

The data gathered from this study included measuring sedentary, light and moderate to vigorous time during work hours and non-work hours throughout an entire week via the accelerometer. Whilst activities that occurred without wearing the accelerometers were recorded in a simple diary, which could potentially be deemed as a very subjective source of information.

Data analysis from the accelerometers occurred via LabView program which was able to identify the intensity of exercise the subjects had. From this data, combined with the diary entries, the results between work and non-hours and work and non-work days were compared by using paired T-Tests, which were further analysed by using Pearson’s Correlation. These two methods are very simple but effective ways of comparing and correlating the data, providing clear and precise results.

What were the basic results?
There were multiple key findings from this well-executed study, one including that office workers spent 82% of their work hours on workdays sedentary, which is a staggering figure to consider when compared to 67% on non-work hours on workdays. It was also found that sustained sedentary time above 30 minutes for work hours on workdays (40.8 ± 16.6) was nearly double non-work hours on workdays (22.8 ± 10.9). Another result shown in Table 1 is that light activity bouts between 5-10 minutes showed a massive difference between work hours on workdays (2.6 ± 1.7) and non-work hours on workdays (6.5 ± 3.4).

Table 1 - Selected Exposure Variance Analysis variables demonstrating patterns of sedentary time, light activity and MVPA during work and non-work periods

Another staggering result was that proportionally, 78% of the subjects had a larger accumulation of sedentary time on workdays in comparison to non-workdays. There was a very similar result with 84% of participants also have less light activity on workdays.

Based on the clear results gathered the researchers found and interpreted that working in an office had a massive contribution towards the overall accumulation of sedentary time as well as sustained sedentary time. Although, these results could somewhat be an over-emphasis due to the fact that office work often tends to involve sitting at a desk working on paperwork or devices which does not require much or any physiological demands.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This observational study provides very important information regarding the staggering amount of time that office workers spend sedentary during their waking hours. It also highlights the importance of needing to interrupt sedentary periods as well as including some form of exercise into their days. With office work having such low physiological demand, it can be quite difficult to incorporate physical activity into a day, but as stated before, the risks associated with prolonged sedentary behaviour can result in chronic disease and premature mortality.

This study also matches the results and conclusions from other sedentary office work studies having a very similar accumulation of sedentary time during work hours as well as sitting time. The conclusions from these studies also show how damaging prolonged sedentary periods can be on the body.

Practical advice
If office workers were to implement an exercise intervention into their days, it is highly necessary to be pre-screened by a health professional prior to any exercise. Within an office environment, a health and wellbeing program should be taken into to place, introducing education and healthy actions, aiming to reduce the detrimental effects of sedentary behaviour.

Over the years there have been many strategies developed within offices to reduce prolonged sedentary time such as; sit and stand work desks, active emails, walking meetings and step challenges within a working cohort. By applying these ideas into working days, the chances of increasing light-moderate exercise time and reducing sedentary time are increased.

These strategies may be helpful, but the company also needs to consider whether they are appropriate for the variety and type of office work as well as considering whether the practical interventions will interfere with work productivity. Ultimately, it comes down to the motivation of the individual to participate in trying to reduce sedentary behaviours and incorporate exercise into their everyday lives.

Further information/resources
[Prolonged sedentary time combined with physical activity]

[Sitting pattern at work]

[Sitting time and mortality from chronic disease]

[What is sedentary behaviour?]

[Is standing at work the solution?]

[Workplace interventions reducing sedentary time for office workers]


text: User talk:AlexMacArthur

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:AlexMacArthur


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Mousse (Vegan)

| Cookbook:Dessert | Vegan

This surprisingly delicious chocolate mousse dessert is easily made from three New World plants, namely avocado, cocoa and agave.

The avocados should be very ripe, to the point where the navel almost - or even just - starts to mold.

Ingredients

 * Avocado(s)
 * Cocoa powder
 * Agave syrup

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the avocados and remove the pit.
 * 2) Break down the fleshy parts of the avocados using a fork or mixer; depending on the desired texture.
 * 3) Add the cocoa powder and mix.
 * 4) Add agave syrup to taste, and mix some more.
 * 5) Serve.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Mousse (Vegan)


text:
TeX/ht

every box has three properties: height, depth and width. return the height of the.

title: TeX/ht


text:
User:RogueScholar/signature

—  ⚞ ℛogueScholar 🐈 ₨🗩 ⚟   $My recent mischief$

title: User:RogueScholar/signature


text:
Sensory Systems/Ants/Olfactory System

Introduction
Ants are a very successful species, owing in large part to their intricate social organization and parsimonious array of sensory processing capabilities. As ants live in colonies of millions of members, solid communication abilities, such as signaling to other individuals the whereabouts and plentifulness of food sources or foreign colonies, are crucial. Keeping track of their environment allows ants to regulate their foraging activities. Ants also use their olfactory sensation to find back to their nest and use pheromone deposition to regulate colony-scale emergent behavior to find the shortest paths to food sources.

Olfaction
Olfaction in Ants is carried out by pheromones, small organic molecules that are produced by different glands, such as Dufour’s gland, the poison gland, the anal gland, and glands on feet, abdomen and thorax. These pheromones are used to exchange information about mating, predators, trail marking or food sources. Some ant species, such as the Pharaoh’s ant, have distinct pheromones of different valence and volatility. Pheromones can be either high or low volatility and attractant or repellant. This allows foraging ants to reinforce tracks to plentiful food sources in order to amplify rewarding paths and cut down attractance to scarce food sources. This way a pheromone network is created that is easily adaptable to changing environmental conditions. In a way ant colonies work like a single super-organism that can retain memory chemically with short and long term memory.

Olfaction in pathfinding
An interesting perspective linking olfaction to pathfinding was elucidated by the following experiment on desert ants: Researchers marked the visually inconspicuous entrance to their nest (a small hole in the ground) by four odorants which were previously shown to bear no valence, neither attractive nor repellent. The four organic molecules were deposited at the corners of an imaginary square surrounding the nest entrance. Ants subsequently learned to associate the smells with their nest entrance, such that under test conditions (without any nest present) they would actively seek out the center of the odor square. However, when the spatial arrangement of the odors was modified, the ants no longer recognized it, suggesting that the olfactory memory they resort to for navigation has an essential spatial dimension. Finally, when one antenna was severed (ants possess two antennae equipped with olfactory receptors), ants also failed to recognize the odor square. This led researchers to conclude that ants “smell their scenery in stereo”

The ability to quickly find the shortest path to ephemeral food sources is a key survival factor for ants. When placed in an environment where the nest and a food source are connected by two paths of different length ants become increasingly biased towards the shorter path. In the beginning ants choose randomly between the two available paths, but ants that chose the shorter one are able to make the trip several times, thus leaving more chemoattractants on their path. The higher pheromone concentration will induce more ants to select the short path, thereby reinforcing the bias with every journey. This shows that a complex navigation problem can be solved by the colony-scale behavior emerging in a system with a single, positively valenced pheromone.

Role and morphology of the antenna
The major channel of sensory input for ants is the antenna. By moving it around, they can touch, taste, and smell everything within their reach. The function of these antennae goes well beyond taste and olfaction, though: the chemical cues picked up through them are key to several behavioral functions necessary for their survival. They include mate recognition and selection, discrimination between nestmates and foreigners, locomotion and exploring new grounds for food, communication, and defensive behaviors. There are also examples of subfamilies of ants (Dorylinae, Leptanilinae, Cerapachyinae) that are all blind and rely exclusively on chemosensory signals. It is therefore mainly through chemosensing that ants are able to form the highly efficient organized colonies they are known for. The ant antenna is unique in that it is bent, or “elbowed”. It consists of a long elongated basal segment called the scape, and three to eleven distal segments collectively called the funiculus, or agellum. The scape and agellum meet at an angle, therefore giving the ant antenna its characteristic bent shape. Each segment is called an antennomer, so the total antennomer count for ants is between four and twelve.

The antenna contains three types of sensory receptors: odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), and ionotropic glutamate receptors (IRs). GRs contribute to the ant's sense of taste and pick up a limited amount of pheromones, while IRs are narrowly tuned receptors whose main use is to detect poisonous and toxic compounds. Ant IR and GR levels are comparable to IR and GR levels in other insects; however OR levels, responsible for responding to odorants and a wider array of pheromones, are disproportionately high in ants and allow them to detect chemical substances at lower concentrations than other insects.

Neuronal morphology of the antenna
The sensory neurons are located on silia, hair-like structures on the antennae. Within those structures are the sensilium filters (also referred to as sensilia), a cuticular apparatus that contains a group of sensory neurons and their auxiliary cells. Each antennomer contains a few different types of sensilia and secretory gland cells and can be observed with scanning electron microscopy. The types of sensilia differ not only between ant species but are also specific to the gender and caste of the ant in question. Different types and functions of sensilia Based on the morphological features of the sensilia (for instance, the presence or absence of pores), one can speculate on their functions and how they serve a specific sensory modality. There are seven different types of sensilia each with their own types of inputs:

The physiological functions of these sensory neurons in ants have mostly been studied using bioassay techniques and electrophysiological recordings using a variety of different ant species. Again, not all sensilia are always present on an ant, but five dominant types are usually present for all: S. basiconica, S. chaetica, S. trichodea curvata, S. coeloconica, and S. ampullacea. They also all have a characteristic protruding pore plate (S. trichodea curvata) structure, which provides a higher absorption probability for odorous molecules, as opposed to a at plate. The large surface area found in S. basiconica (long pegs), S. trichodea curvata (long hairs), and S. coeloconica (large openings) could also favor the collection of more molecules. The major type of sensilia for both males and females are S. trichodea curvata, which serve an olfactory purpose.
 * 1. Sensilla chaetica: mainly related to mechanosensory inputs
 * 2. S. trichodea: olfactory
 * 3. S. trichodea curvata: olfactory, including pheromones
 * 4. S. basiconica: olfactory
 * 5. S. coeloconica: olfactory
 * 6. S. ampullacea: has no pores and contains hygroreceptors that respond to humidity, thermoreceptors that respond to temperature, and specialized receptors that respond to CO2 cues
 * 7. S. campaniformia: olfactory

Odorant Receptor Neurons
OR neurons are located on specialized olfactory sensilia. Each OR neuron usually expresses a single receptor, along with what is called an Orco (odorant receptor co-receptor), together forming a functional receptor unit. OR neurons convert chemical activity into neural signals sent to glomeruli in the antennal lobe. The sensilia present in a specific ant depends on the ant's species, caste and gender. Some OR gene family members are also enriched specifically in worker ant antennae. OR neurons have also been proposed to be the principle mechanism by which ants detect queen cuticular hydrocarbons, which in turn regulates worker-specific behaviors.

Sexual and caste dimorphism in sensilia relates to function
Colonies of ants consist of non-reproductive females and reproductive males and females. All worker, soldier, and queen ants are female. The few fertile male ants don't work in the colony and are only alive for a few months to fertilize the queen ant during nuptial flights. Sensilia are sexually and caste dimorphic: they differ depending on the sex and caste of the ant. Overall, males have about a third of the number of ORs found in females. Recent research has shown that males also have ORs specifically tuned to pheromones produced by the queen. Scanning electron microscopy studies on the red fire ant have given us some other interesting examples, for example male antenna have porous sensilia on all segments. Morphological differences in sensilia have been proposed to not only relate to, but determine ant functional needs. In other words, the absence or presence of sensilia sensitive to task-related odors and cues could constitute a possible mechanism by which task assignments are determined in a colony. For example, in S. invicta worker ants are polymorphic, with the total number of sensilia depending on club length, which constitutes a difference in sensitivity to olfactory signals.

title: Sensory Systems/Ants/Olfactory System


text:
Wildlife Gardening

Wildlife gardening is the deliberate modification of a locality to influence the composition, diversity, abundance or health of the organisms that inhabit it. These modifications can provide significant aesthetic, conservation, dietary, recreational, and spiritual value to humans and wildlife alike.

About
This Wikibook is a descriptive textbook and instructional manual for wildlife gardening, assisting readers in shaping their local ecology to meet their personal goals. Please consult our manual of style before contributing.

Introduction

 * Common habitat features
 * Brush piles
 * Forests
 * Ponds
 * Rock piles
 * Bat houses
 * Bird feeders
 * Hummingbird feeders
 * Bird houses
 * Wood duck nesting boxes

Taxa

 * Plantae
 * Angiospermae
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Baptisia tinctoria
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Eutrochium fistulosum
 * Pycnanthemum
 * Echinacea purpurea
 * Monarda fistulosa
 * Cirsium discolor
 * Liatris spicata
 * Verbesina alternifolia
 * Gentiana andrewsii
 * Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
 * Vernonia noveboracensis
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Crataegus crus-galli
 * Cercis canadensis
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Salix discolor
 * Tilia americana
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Crataegus crus-galli
 * Cercis canadensis
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Salix discolor
 * Tilia americana
 * Ceanothus americanus

 * Solidago sempervirens

Taxon evaluation tables

⌗ = viewdata square

 * United States
 * Northeastern United States
 * Southeastern United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Southeastern United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Southeastern United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Southeastern United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Midwestern United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Plains region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States
 * Pacific West region of the United States

Ecosystems

==Example gardens= In Chalakkudy river side forests many jack fruit,mango ,Gua trees are there.These may be because of many tribal inhabitants as well as tourist movements.

Myself tried to make a contribution by planting anjily trees- similar to pine trees,but yearly yields sweet small jack fruits like fruits. Just spread nearly thousands of such seeds of anjily fruits.

Because unlike jack fruits these fruits are small but rich with nutritional contents.So monkeys can have the same easily, not waiting for human/ tourists thrown away foods.

The project requires support from forest officials, because with out their permission it will be a trespassing.

Waiting for comments & viability of the project.

Because of presence of 3 step dams in this river,365 days *24 hours water is available here & hence green forest.

The place is at India - Kerala - Near Thrissur Ernakulam national highway.

title: Wildlife Gardening


text: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening

title: Category:Book:Wildlife Gardening


text:
Brief History of Europe/sandbox

Reconquista: the Kingdom of Asturias, founded in either 718 or 722, was created after the Battle of Covadonga; this battle, where the Astures defeated the Muslims, and marked the beginning of the Reconquista, the reconquest of Iberia by Christians. Alfonso III of Asturias, King of León, Galicia and Asturias 866–910, would consolidate power and have numerous victories over Islamic and Christian opponents. Sancho III of Pamplona, King of Pamplona which was later called Navarre (1004–1035), would take over the kingdoms of Castile and Leon, as well as the French Duchy of Gascony. El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) took Valencia in 1094. By 1250 only the Emirate of Granada remained Islamic. Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile and Aragon, completed the Reconquista with a victorious war against the Emirate of Granada (1482–1492).

title: Brief History of Europe/sandbox


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Taxon/Danaus plexippus

Danaus plexippus or the monarch butterfly is a large orange and black butterfly. Its primary habitat ranges from southern to northern, but it also sometimes visits southern Pacific countries as well as  and northern. Monarchs lay eggs only on milkweeds (genus ) and closely related plants. As the caterpillar feeds it accumulates toxins that make it repulsive to predators. Adults drink nectar from a wide variety of flowers, which they pollinate as they feed. With the onset of fall, monarchs undertake a long migration to and, from which they will return in the spring. Monarch populations have steeply declined in recent years, making them a popular target species for conservation gardeners. It is the state butterfly of and  as well as the state insect of, , , , and.

Although they contains poisonous substances, monarchs pose little risk to people, pets, or desirable wildlife. Nevertheless, the presence of unwanted monarchs may be discouraged in a garden by encouraging predators like, , , (Harmonia axyridis), and , among others.

Nomenclature
The monarch was originally described by Linnaeus as Papilio plexippus in 1758. Later that century Jan Krzysztof Kluk transferred it to the new genus Danaus, where it now resides. Nevertheless, during the intervening centuries several other scientific names now of purely historical interest were used, including D. archippus, D. menippe, and Anosia plexippus.

The name "monarch" is believed to be given in honor of King William III of England, whose secondary title Prince of Orange makes a reference to the butterfly's main color. Other common names depending on region include milkweed, common tiger, wanderer, and black veined brown.

Description
Monarchs' wingspans range from 8.9 to(-). The uppersides of their wings are tawny orange, with black veins. The wing margins are also black, and contain two series of small white spots. Monarch forewings likewise posses a few orange spots near their tips. Wing undersides are similar to their upper surfaces, but the tips of the forewings and hindwings are yellow brown and the white spots are larger. Monarch flight has been described as "slow and sailing". Although they have six legs like all insects, monarchs are members of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies), and their first pair of legs are non-functional evolutionary relics held tight against their body.

Variation
Adults are sexually dimorphic.

The shape and color of the wings change at the beginning of the migration and appear redder and more elongated than later migrants. Wings size and shape differ between migratory and non-migratory monarchs. Monarchs from eastern North America have larger and more angular forewings than those in the western population.

Identification
The monarch is closely related to several similar-looking butterfly species whose ranges abut or overlap with its own. It also has a, the viceroy, whose similar toxicity and coloration discourages predators from hunting either species.

Encourage
Monarchs obtain moisture and minerals from damp soil and wet gravel, a behavior known as mud-puddling.

Utilize
For taxa whose presence in the garden is enouraged without being harmed by article taxon use tables like above but from the pov of the attracted taxon


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia

Darke p 137 life and death

Reorganizing

 * Space/population
 * Domestic
 * Urban
 * Suburban
 * Rural
 * By ecosystem
 * By taxon

Purpose of tables: determine if taxon is wanted.

Table policy proposals

Taxonomic repository Pros: Eliminates redundancy Cons: Makes comparing taxa difficult, which is the entire

Garden use repository Pros: more intuitive for readers, easier to compare Cons: lack of scientific

 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Animalia
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Arthropoda
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Lepidoptera
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Rhopalocera
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Vertebrata
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Amphibia
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Mammalia
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Reptilia
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Aves
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Fungi
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Plantae
 * Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Magnoliaphyta

Trees Shrubs Vines Herbs
 * Deciduous
 * Evergreen

 * Arthropods (terrestrial)
 * Bees
 * Butterflies
 * Moths
 * Arthropods (aquatic)
 * Fish
 * Amphibians
 * Frogs
 * Salamanders
 * Reptiles
 * Lizards
 * Snakes
 * Turtles
 * Birds
 * Hummingbirds
 * Mammals
 * Lizards
 * Snakes
 * Turtles
 * Birds
 * Hummingbirds
 * Mammals

http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?loadTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&paging=home&save=all&sourceTemplate=reviewMiddle.wmt

Geography
Forest and Woodland

CES202.359 1317	Allegheny-Cumberland Dry Oak Forest and Woodland USA: 	AL, GA, KY, OH, PApotentially occurs, TN, VA, WV

CES202.593 1370	Appalachian (Hemlock)-Northern Hardwood Forest USA: 	CT, KYpotentially occurs, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NY, OHpotentially occurs, PA, VA, WV

CES202.598 1340	Appalachian Shale Barrens USA: 	MD, NCpotentially occurs, PA, TN, VA, WV

CES202.591 1369	Central Appalachian Dry Oak-Pine Forest USA: 	CT, DC, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV

CES202.600 1377	Central Appalachian Pine-Oak Rocky Woodland USA: 	CT, KY, MA, MDpotentially occurs, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, VA, VT, WV

CES202.596 1320	Central and Southern Appalachian Montane Oak Forest USA: 	GA, KY, MDpotentially occurs, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV

CES202.028 1350	Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest USA: 	NC, TN, VA, WV

CES202.592 1303	Northeastern Interior Dry-Mesic Oak Forest USA: 	MA, MD, NJ, NY, OH, PA, VA, WV

CES202.887 1321	South-Central Interior Mesophytic Forest USA: 	AL, GA, IL, IN, KY, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV

CES202.331 1352	Southern Appalachian Montane Pine Forest and Woodland USA: 	GA, KY, MD, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV

CES202.886 1315	Southern Appalachian Oak Forest USA: 	GA, KY, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV

CES202.373 1318	Southern and Central Appalachian Cove Forest USA: 	GA, KY, MD, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV Steppe/Savanna

CES202.602 1400	Central Appalachian Alkaline Glade and Woodland USA: 	CTpotentially occurs, MD, NJ, NYpotentially occurs, OH, PA, VA, WV Herbaceous

CES202.294 1414	Southern Appalachian Grass and Shrub Bald USA: 	GA, KY, NC, TN, VA, WV Woody Wetland

CES202.018 Central Interior Highlands and Appalachian Sinkhole and Depression Pond USA: 	AL, AR, DE, GA, IL, IN, KY, MD, MO, NJ, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV

CES202.036 Cumberland Riverscour USA: 	AL, GApotentially occurs, KY, TN, WV

CES202.361 Cumberland Seepage Forest USA: 	AL, KY, TN, WV

CES202.069 High Allegheny Wetland USA: 	MD, PA, VApotentially occurs, WV Herbaceous Wetland

CES202.607 North-Central Appalachian Seepage Fen USA: 	CT, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NY, PA, VA, VT, WV

CES202.456 North-Central and Northeastern Seep CAN: 	NBpotentially occurs, QCpotentially occurs USA: 	CT, DC, DE, IA, IL, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WI, WV

Mixed Upland and Wetland

CES202.608 Central Appalachian River Floodplain USA: 	CT, MA, MD, NH, NJpotentially occurs, NY, OH, PA, VA, VT, WV

CES202.609 Central Appalachian Stream and Riparian USA: 	CT, DE, MA, MD, NH, NJpotentially occurs, NY, OH, PA, VA, VT, WV

CES202.705 South-Central Interior Large Floodplain USA: 	AL, AR, GA, IL, IN, KY, MO, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV

CES202.706 South-Central Interior Small Stream and Riparian USA: 	AL, AR, GA, IL, IN, KY, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV Barren

CES202.309 Cumberland Acidic Cliff and Rockhouse USA: 	AL, GA, KY, OH, PA, TN, VApotentially occurs, WV

CES202.601 North-Central Appalachian Acidic Cliff and Talus USA: 	CT, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, VA, WV

CES202.603 North-Central Appalachian Circumneutral Cliff and Talus USA: 	CT, MA, MD, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, VA, VT, WV

CES202.288 Southern Appalachian Spray Cliff USA: 	AL, GA, KY, NC, SC, TN, VA, WVpotentially occurs

Native trees
States

Native herbs
don't forget to note deer resistance


text:
Wildlife Gardening/MOS

Page templates

 * Ecosystem
 * Location
 * Taxon

title: Wildlife Gardening/MOS


text:
Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Location

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.

title: Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Location


text:
Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Taxon

Scientific name or the most common common name(s) is a brief description of the organism and its appeal/drawbacks.

Nomenclature
Discussion of taxonomic history and more thorough list of common names.

Description
Brief but more thorough description of organism.

title: Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Taxon


text: Category:Book:FreedomBox for Communities


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Power of exercise throughout retirement

This page is a critique of the article: Impact of Exercise in Community-Dwelling Older Adults by Hubbard. R., Fallah, N., Searle, S.D., Mitnitski, A. & Rockwood, K.

What is the background to this research?
Multiple research papers demonstrate the benefits of increasing the physical activity levels in older adults. This study was completed to better understand health improvements for those living in retirement villages (or community dwellings), as the global population is ageing with other issues associated. While few research articles have suggested the use of this 'prehabilitation' to increase life-expectancy also increased frailty and decreased health, this study set out to investigate using exercise and observe the power it has on health improvements, deterioration and death.

Where is the research from?
This study was a part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a large scale study assessing over 10,000 adults 65 years and over. This particular study focused on those living in retirement villages. All five authors declared no competing interests during this study. The article was published in the open access journal of PLoS ONE, a peer-reviewed, online publisher.

Research was funded by the National Health Research and development Program (NHRDP) of Health Canada and the Canadian Institute of Health Research. Minor contributions were received from Alzheimer's Research at Dalhousie University, Peel Medical Research trust and Fountain Innovation fund of the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Foundation.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a secondary analysis of the CSHA. This involves re-using previously gathered data to assess a new research question. They used the data to compare the differences between two existing groups design that occurred across a five year time period (ie a longitudinal study). Self-report was the main mode of data collection, as it is easy to collect by asking the participant to fill it out themselves. However, because it uses recall and its highly subjective to bias it needs to be considered when reviewing the results.

What did the research involve?
The study involved random sampling of 9008 community-dwelling participants. However, the CSHA-1 (a self-report risk factor questionnaire on frailty) could only be completed by 6297 participants. In the follow-up five years later, 742 of the eligible participants didn't or couldn't complete CSHA-2, 1064 died, while the remaining 4491 completed CSHA-2. Auxiliary information such as demographics, health, family and medical history, attitudes, ADL's (activities of daily living) and current health issues, were all assessed. The Frailty Index Phenotype comprised of a list of 40 deficits. The number of self-evaluated deficits present was then divided by 40 resulting in a decimal number score. The participants were also categorised into two groups; high exercise (3+/week, at least walking intensity) and low/no exercise (all other), of which they were already involved. The analyses used involved a multi-state model, consummating the four different outcomes with graded exercise exposure.

The lack of a coherent method makes it hard to replicate. The methodology used, in regard to how they implanted the CSHA reports, is not well documented which may be due to the nature of secondary analysis. While they started the questionnaires used were validated, they didn't state or link what it actually was. There was also a cognitive component of the study which was not alluded to in the methodology other than possibly coming under the auxiliary data. While they later stated they used the well know and validated 3MS cognitive test, this was not until well into the discussion.

What were the basic results?
While there were no results presented statistically, they used the mean and standard deviation of the collected information to make inferences. One of their main findings demonstrated age mortality could be reduced through the use of exercise. This was despite the initial frailty index reported in CSHA-1. However, those who exercised the most were somewhat demographically different, being younger, and comprised of more males, when compared to the low/no exercise group. For those in the low/no exercise group, two verdicts could be made. Participants in this group had a higher probability of death overall, regardless of the frailty scores and deficits. Once the higher frailty scores were added, the risk of mortality was substantially higher again. Another observed outcome, emphasised but the authors, was those reporting higher frailty on CSHA-1 had the greatest impact from exercise when comparing their results to CSHA-2. They reported that exercise should encouraged not limited with age and increased frailty.

The results observed by the researches have indicated the benefits of exercise on the frailty, but, there was no mention of exercise making ADL's easier or improving cognition. The background information alluded to exercise increasing survival not health, which has not been readdressed when looking for results.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
As a secondary analysis study, the results they were able to infer are reasonable. It compares well with other studies who ventured into the benefits of different types of exercise in community-dwelling adults. Tarazona-Santabalbina et al (2016), for example, developed a specialised exercise intervention for trial adults living in retirement villages and found unequivocal improvements in frailty, condition and sociability. Another study successfully demonstrated the use of computer game exercises as a means to improve frailty, balance and ADL's aligning with the outcomes found across this secondary analysis. These studies validate the argument of using exercise to improve ADL's through better balance, mobility and overall quality of life.

The researchers highlighted some limitations that exist in this study. The operational definition and measurement of frailty is still developing as it tends to over simplify and exclude the frailest. The authors agreed the follow up period of five years wasn't enough and should continue to investigate further health transitions. The method of self report was also a concern for the researchers, along with the exclusion of those unable to complete it due to their deficits.

Other limitations not mentioned by the authors comprise of the lack of CSHA-2 frailty results being published as a visual comparison for the reader. The random inclusion of the cognitive component at the end of the study was also of slight concern as it wasn't properly addressed apart from a brief statement of wanting a broad view across the whole health continuum.

Practical advice
The implications from this study can only encourage older adults, particularly those living in community be involved in exercise. While evaluating frailty scores isn't always required, having a qualified practitioner, such as an exercise physiologist (EP), around the local retirement villages to instruct classes or tailored exercise prescription, would be an ideal outcome to support healthy ageing.

It is important to note that when starting exercise, checking with medical professionals first is advised. Having the supervision from the EP should be top priority when initiating exercise as a prehabilitation to further ensure that heath is being improved and not hindered.

Further information/resources
Australian Ageing Agenda

Exercise Right A guide on getting involved and different types of activities


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User:U3163831/sandbox

about me
I am doing health disease and exercise

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power of exercise throughout retirement

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User:U3163831

About me
I am in my 3rd year of study

I'm doing the unit health, disease and exercise

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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Power of exercise throughout retirement

title: User:U3163831


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Partial Differential Equations/Fourier-analytic methods

1. Fourier Series of Even and Odd Functions
A function f(x) is said to be even if f(-x) = f(x).

The function f(x) is said to be odd if f(-x) = -f(x)

Graphically, even functions have symmetry about the y-axis, whereas odd functions have symmetry around the origin.

Examples:

Sums of odd powers of x are odd: 5x3- 3x

Sums of even powers of x are even: -x6 + 4x4+ x2-3

sin x is odd, and cos x is even

The product of two odd functions is even: x sin x is even

The product of two even functions is even: x2cos x is even

The product of an even function and an odd function is odd: sin x cos x is odd

2. Integrating even functions over symmetric domains.
Let p > 0 be any fixed number. If f(x) is an odd function, then

Intuition: The area beneath the curve on [-p, 0] is the same as the area under the curve on [0, p], but opposite in sign. So, they cancel each other out!

Let p > 0 be any fixed number. If f(x) is an even function, then

Intuition: The area beneath the curve on [-p, 0] is the same as the area under the curve on [0, p], but this time with the same sign. So, you can just find the area under the curve on [0, p] and double it!

3. Periodic functions
Definition:

A function f(x) is said to be periodic if there exists a number

T > 0 such that f(x + T) = f(x) for every x. The smallest such

T is called the period of f(x).

Intuition: periodic functions have repetitive behavior.A periodic function can be defined on a finite interval,

then copied and pasted so that it repeats itself.

4. The fourier series of the function f(x)
"a(k) =  f(x) cos kx dxb(k) =  f(x) sin kx dx"

5. Remainder of fourier series
Sn(x) = sum of first n+1 terms at x.

remainder(n) = f(x) - Sn(x) =   f(x+t) Dn(t) dt

Sn(x) =   f(x+t) Dn(t) dt"Dn(x) = Dirichlet kernel ="

Comments
The Dirichlet kernel is also called the Dirichlet summation kernel. There is also a different normalization in use: the kernels Dn and  are often multiplied by 2. They are then represented also by the series

7. Riemann's Theorem
.

If f(x) is continuous except for a finite # of finite jumps in every finite interval then:

lim(k->)  f(t) cos kt dt = lim(k-> ) f(t) sin kt dt = 0

The fourier series of the function f(x) in an arbitrary interval.

A(0) / 2 + (k=1..) [ A(k) cos (k(Π)x / m) + B(k) (sin k(Π)x / m) ]"a(k) = 1/m  f(x) cos (k(Π)x / m) dx""b(k) = 1/m  f(x) sin (k(Π)x / m) dx"

8. Parseval's Theorem
.

Parseval's theorem usually refers to the result that the Fourier transform is unitary, that the sum (or integral) of the square of a function is equal to the sum (or integral) of the square of its transform.

If f(x) is continuous; f(-PI) = f(PI) then

 f2(x) dx = a(0)2 / 2 + (k=1..) (a(k)2 + b(k)2)

Fourier Integral of the function f(x)

f(x) =   ( a(y) cos yx + b(y) sin yx ) dy"a(y) =   f(t) cos ty dt""b(y) =   f(t) sin ty dt"f(x) =    dy  f(t) cos (y(x-t)) dt

9. Special Cases of Fourier Integral
if f(x) = f(-x) then"f(x) =    cos xy dy  f(t) cos yt dt"if f(-x) = -f(x) then"f(x) =    sin xy dy  sin yt dt"

10. The Fourier Transforms
Fourier Cosine Transform

g(x) = f(t) cos xt dt

Fourier Sine Transform

g(x) = f(t) sin xt dt

11. Identities of the Transforms
If f(-x) = f(x) then"Fourier Cosine Transform ( Fourier Cosine Transform (f(x)) ) = f(x)"If f(-x) = -f(x) then"Fourier Sine Transform (Fourier Sine Transform (f(x)) ) = f(x)"


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Talk:Partial Differential Equations/Fourier-analytic methods

Fourier series
These are the formulas that which are helpfull in using to find fourier series. Shaik shakil (discuss • contribs) 03:27, 2 September 2019 (UTC)


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Transportation Geography and Network Science/Time Geography

Introduction
Transport geography is a sub-discipline of geography concerned about the mobility of people, freight and information, and its spatial organisation considering attributes and constraints related to the origin, destination, extent, nature and purpose of movements. Time Geography is considered a sub-group of social constructs created by Swedish Geographer Torsten Hägerstrand in the mid-1960s. By definition, time geography is a method of studying the coordination of human activities in the combination of society and nature. It involves environmental problems initiated by mankind and aims to develop knowledge which may better facilitate social and ecological sustainability. Time Geography uses the ideas of time and space in a bottom-up perspective to study how each person's daily activities are linked and coordinated with important geographical locations. Ultimately, time-geography leads to improved planning at all three levels (Urban, Regional and Global).

Background Of Transport Geography
Transport Geography can first be understood through a series of core principles which derive into the notion that there would be no transportation without geography and vice versa. These principles identify geographical attributes of information and transform them into an additional value in the process. Transport represents human activities worldwide as it allows for the mitigation of the constraint of geography both globally, regionally and in urban areas. It plays a role in the economic growth and spatial relationships between geographical regions. Transport creates links between regions and economic activities composed of four core components; Modes, Infrastructure, Network and Flows. These fundamentals help shape transport and geography even with ever-changing social, technological and economic variance.

Spatial Scale
Spatial Scale of Transport refers to the order of magnitude to the measurable extent of a land area or geographical distance studied or described. Transportation has such spatial constructs which are broken up into 3 categories.
 * Local is the spatial construct where the activity space is in the local scale representing a range of origins and destinations which individuals undertake within a time frame. Fixed Spatial constructs would be neighbourhoods or terminals which include flows of passengers and goods. These are generally grouped within the urban transport framework.

 * Regional where the spatial constructs of networks and flows tend to be more ambiguous and generally take the form of metropolitan areas and regions such as corridors

 * Global where the spatial constructs consider global networks and flows and have global value chains

Torsten Hägerstrand
Torsten Hägerstrand is a Swedish geographer who is primarily known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography. He received his doctorate at the Lund University and is highly renowned for his work in spatial planning. His investigation into Human Migration Patterns led to new understandings regarding paths of individuals as sequences similar to a movement chain. Socio-Environmental Mechanisms were also investigated, especially the relationship between natural and social science which in turn has led to the growth of the feminist behavioural geography movement. He studied conditions for individuals’ existence in different geographic, social, and ecological contexts by engaging new methods and cross-fertilising research fields; he developed precise concepts and a notation system which are generalised to describe any kind of individuals and are applicable at different levels of aggregation.

Origin
In Time-Space the individual describes the path within context however if we were to take the path of a lifetime, it becomes a network of constraints which are physiological and physical necessities or by public and private decisions. It’s a relationship between how individuals and populations are linked and will ultimately move (like migration) between locations. These constraints were then grouped into three categories:
 * Capability - limitations on the activity of individuals because of their biological structure and/or the tools they can command
 * Coupling - limitations that "define where, when and for how long an individual has to join other individuals, tools and materials similar to a critical path analysis
 * Authority - limitations on the time-space entity within which things and events are under the control of another individual or group.

Concept
The basic notion of time geography is the individual path which is tracked in the time-space diagram. The individual is an entity created purely for the examined time period and can be displayed in both 2D and 3D. Side-by-sideness (a) refers to individuals being together at a place for a time period for one's existence similar to coupling In-placeness (b) refers to the individual's existence over time's location for it is located at the same place for a time period. Encounter (c) refers to the part of an individual path meets another path Touch (d) refers to individuals being together at a place for a time period Separate (e) refers to either one of both individuals leaving the location where they met and stayed Front line of fabric refers to the present which is the only time there is an opportunity for any changes
 * Individual Path

Refers to an individual's behaviour in the space-time cube given their capability and coupling constraints Displays networks of individual paths in a graphical projection of space and time coordinates The conjunction of individual paths due to their capability and coupling constraints creating pockets of local order where the order is agreed upon and executed by individuals Refers to certain capability constructs of a given individual such as limited spatial size Authority constraints of a given individual or given group
 * Space-Time Prism
 * Space-Time Cube
 * Bundles of Paths
 * Concentric Tubes
 * Nested Hierarchies

Future Developments
Whilst these graphical representations of time-geography are essential, they do not provide the full picture but rather the foundation for how these concepts can increase the understanding in an ecological and sustainable method of how to develop mankind. Ultimately it is a product of the underlying ontology regarding large social-environmental mechanisms such as migration patterns. Social Sciences, Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Uses have been found as further usage of Hägerstrand's research into time-geography. His models and statistics were paramount in the development of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the processes involved in visualizing movement data.

Geographic Information System
The GIS (Geographic information systems) utilized Hägerstrand's theory of Space-Time in the early 1990s incorporating temporal information and analytical functions such that it will be capable of handling both temporal and spatial data. GIS conceptually captured ontological constructs such as migration and movement and their relationship with space and time. With improvements in technology, it became possible to compute and visualize the theory and ultimately data. Time-Space GIS continues to be used in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary faculties.

Legacy
Legacy of Hägerstrand's Time-Geography concept has continued use with the development in Time-Space GIS where it became possible to analyse various types of network datasets not limited to just geography but also of psychological behaviour and treatments.

Recommended Readings
Miller H. (2008) Time Geography. In: Shekhar S., Xiong H. (eds) Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, Boston, MA Ellegård, Kajsa; Svedin, Uno (July 2012). "Torsten Hägerstrand's time-geography as the cradle of the activity approach in transport geography" Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 17–25.


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Celestia/Keyboard Shortcuts

Since there are different GUI clients (GLUT, GTK, QT, WIN32), this is the planned page to document the celestia-cored keyboard shortcuts and client-specific shortcuts.

title: Celestia/Keyboard Shortcuts


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Template talk:Associated Wikimedia

Wikispecies
Can this template link to Wikispecies content? Abyssal (discuss • contribs) 15:33, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It looks like wikispecies hasn't been added to it, so far. Presumably it could be done, with a bit of study of how the template works; I'm kind of occupied just atm. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 17:20, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I was doing some work on the template and added the ability to link to Wikispecies pages/categories while I was at it. If there's something more you had in mind let me know and I'll see what I can do. I don't yet have autoreviewed rights so you may need to wait for someone to approve my changes before being able to make use of the new parameters. Cheers, —  ⚞ ℛogueScholar 🐈 ₨🗩 ⚟   $My recent mischief$  08:18, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

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Puzzles/River Crossing

River crossing puzzles are famous recurring puzzles especially in the recreational mathematics. One of the earliest known documented originator are Alcuin of York of 8th century (See pic 1), in his book Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes (Problems to Sharpen Youths ). In the book, there are 3 posted problems which are similar to river crossing puzzles as below:

The listed below are the classic river crossing problem: Problem 17: There were three men, each having an unmarried sister, who needed to cross a river. Each man was desiring of  his friend's  sister. Coming to the river, they found only  a small boat in which only two persons could cross at a time. Let him say, he who is able, How did they cross the river, so that none of the sisters were defiled by other men?

Problem 18: A certain man needed  to take  a wolf,  a goat  and a  load of cabbage across a  river. However, he could only find a boat which would carry two of these [at a  time]. Thus, what rule did he employ so as to get all of them across unharmed?

Problem 19: A man and his wife, each the weight of a loaded cart, who had two children each the  weight of  a small  cart, needed  to cross a river. However, the boat they came across  could only  carry the  weight of one cart. Let him devise [a way] of crossing in order that the boat should not sink.

About 1000 years later, Lewis Carroll, (See pic 2) a puzzlist who often presented it to young children have added some new modern twist to the age-old puzzles. He did write a unfinished book on puzzle before he passed away and compiled by Edward Wakeling after his passing.Below are some of the puzzles that were written down in his manuscript.

There was an old rickety bridge that connects between a town and a village. The bridges can support up to 150 pounds only and will break for even additional one pound are added to it. A young native boy coming back from town buying three beautiful cheese that he bought from town's store. The boy weighs 140pounds and each cheese weighs exactly 5 pounds. The boy knew that bridge wouldn't support him and all of three cheese. But he wouldn't leave one behind or make two trips to get all his purchase across.Being nimble in mind, he devise a way to get all of three cheeses across the old bridge in one single trip.How did he do it?

Back in Africa, three missionaries and three natives had returned to the river from their trip of mission. On the way back, two of natives engaged in a fight ; their hands were so injured that they were unable to paddle a canoe. However, they are still considered to be dangerous although they are injured. How do all people can get across the river; without natives outnumbered missionaries and ; with only missionaries and the only uninjured natives, Og to paddle the boats ?

Four people need to cross a rickety rope bridge to get back to their camp at night. Unfortunately, they only have one flashlight and it only has enough light left for seventeen minutes. The bridge is too dangerous to cross without a flashlight, and it’s only strong enough to support two people at any given time. Each of the campers walks at a different speed. One can cross the bridge in 1 minute, another in 2 minutes, the third in 5 minutes, and the slow poke takes 10 minutes to cross. How do the campers make it across in 17 minutes?

title: Puzzles/River Crossing


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Brief History of Europe/TOC mini

PrefaceChapter 1 Classical antiquity and the rise of IslamPart 1 Middle AgesChapter 2 Early Middle AgesChapter 3 High Middle AgesChapter 4 Late Middle AgesPart 2 Modern periodChapter 5 Early modern period part 1Chapter 6 Early modern period part 2Chapter 7 Late modern period until 1914Chapter 8 Europe since 1914Single page print version

title: Brief History of Europe/TOC mini


text: User talk:Tibetologist/Bibliography of Kuki-Chin Studies


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia

This is a critique of the research article:Robbins J, Kays SA, Gangnon RE, Hind JA, Hewitt AL, Gentry LR, Taylor AJ. The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with dysphagia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2007 Feb 1;88(2):150-8.

What is the background to this research?
A is when brain cells are damaged or die due to blocked or burst arteries preventing oxygenated blood cells from reaching the brain. . A stroke can cause problems with speech and weakness of the body. Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing which occurs in 76% of acute stroke patients. Depending on the region of the brain affected, dysphagia can increase the risk of dehydration,, depression and.

In the past, patients have had to modify their behaviour due to their disability. For many who suffer strokes the affects are often life long and negatively impact their quality of life. It causes many to have to adapt to their new situation. One such example of this is the way the patients eat, often by having to reduce the bolus size. While not being curable, rehabilitation is commonly used to improve the quality of life for stoke patients. A study conducted by JoAnne Robbins et al., focused on increasing the strength of lingual muscles to improve swallowing. Despite a limited sample size the study produced positive results amongst its participants. .

Where is the research from?
For this study, ten stroke patients were tested pre intervention, at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and post intervention. Six of the patients being acute stroke suffers with less then 3 months post stroke, while the other four patients, being chronic with more then 3 months post stroke. The age of the participants were from 51 to 90 years, with a mean age of 69.7. All ten patients went to a dysphagia clinic where data was collected. This increases the accuracy of results as the patients were seen by specialist to record the data.

In addition to accurate sample collection and a specific sample criteria, the reliability of the paper is increased as several of the lead authors of this article have extensive experience in this field of research. JoAnne Robbins has written published articles on swallowing pressures. While Stephanie A Kays has written articles on tongue volume and endurance. .

What kind of research was this?
This article is a prospective cohort intervention study. This study involves 10 patients that are given an 8-week lingual exercising program to improve swallowing pressure. Data was collected prior to the intervention, at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. This allows readers to see the progress the patients had. Further research may be needed to improve the quality of the research due to the small sample size.

A study by Robbins et al., showed that there is a positive relationship between lingual strength and lingual resistance training for adults over 70 years. Data showed that a lingual resistance program will improve swallowing pressure and therefore, can help stroke patients who have difficulty swallowing. This study has the same results as the article “The Effects of Lingual Exercise in Stroke Patients with Dysphagia” by JoAnne Robbins et al. Disregarding the study by Robbins et al., the majority of past studies focused on increasing muscle strength to improve mobility. Therefore, there is limited data supporting the links between lingual resistance training and the improvements of swallowing pressure it causes.

What did the research involve?
The ten patients were considered to be eligible if they had history of a stroke, were 45 years or older and had a lower then average lingual pressure of the anterior or posterior tongue. An average lingual pressure for a young adult (69.9kPa) is greater than an older adult (54.5 kPa). For this intervention a patient with a lingual pressure lower than 40 kPa was considered eligible.

The 10 patients took part in an 8-week lingual exercise program. The program consisted of placing an Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) in the mouth. The IOPI has a hard bulb on the end and the patients were to place pressure on the air-filled bulb between the tongue and hard palate. This was to occur 10 times on the anterior (10mm from the tongue tip) and posterior (posterior third of the tongue) portions of the tongue, three times a day on three days of the week. Each patient maintained a logbook documenting all sessions taken.

The programs design of 10 times, 3 times a day for 3 days per week was due to the American College of Sports Medicine. It suggested that by keeping a consistent workload while still allowing some days of rest will improve lingual strength the quickest.

The data collected included a quality of life (QOL) and dietary questionnaire, lingual strength (maximum isometric pressure and swallowing pressure), bolus flow parameters (oropharyngeal residue measures, penetration-aspiration scale and durational measure), and magnetic resonance imaging. The eldest patient (83 years) was unable to take part in the posterior pressure exercise due to her inability of consistent placement on the IOPI in the correct area. Therefore, she could only take place in the anterior pressure exercises.

What were the basic results?
In the first 4 weeks there was an increase of 63% anterior and 76% posterior in isometric pressure in the tongue. This increase makes swallowing and communicating easier. An increase continued throughout the 8-week exercise program. After 4 weeks of exercising a significant lower score in penetration-aspiration scale was recorded. This indicates an increase in swallowing safety levels for 3-mL thin liquid bolus and 10-mL liquid bolus post intervention.

As seen in the table below the SWAL-QOL questionnaire (a dysphagia-specific QOL questionnaire) showed an improvement in all stages. By improving swallowing pressure, the patients’ lives became easier and more enjoyable. The patients can communicate better, increasing their social life and therefore, improving their mental state.

NOTE. Maximum score per segment is 100.

The magnetic resonance imaging data was only available for three of the ten patients due to movement interrupting the image or dental crowns. The results showed that two out of the three patients showed an increase in lingual volume. The two patients had an average increase volume of 4.35% and the other patient had a decrease of 6.5%. This data can be considered unreliable due to such a small sample size and different range of results. It is currently not clear if the exercise program alone improved swallowing pressure or if neuroplastic modifications had a part in it as well. Further research with exercise programming and neuroplasticity needs to take place to understand this further.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study indicated that lingual exercises improves swallowing for people with dysphagia. Dysphagia can often be dangerous for its sufferers and negatively effects people’s lifestyles by impacting their social life, nutritional intake and mental health. As this study only had 10 participants, further research needs to take place to ensure accurate results. The SWAL-QOL questionnaire showed that this intervention improved social life, nutritional intake and mental health. While limited, the data indicated lingual exercises positively effects stroke patient's lifestyle. Therefore implantation of lingual exercises as part of a patients rehabilitation should be considered.

Practical advice
Stoke patients should see a speech-language pathologist to provide lingual exercises specific for their needs. The SWAL-QOL questionnaire, lingual strength pressure and magnetic resonance imaging should be taken multiple times throughout the rehabilitation to allow the patients to see their progression. Stroke patients should be provided information explaining the importance of lingual exercises and how it can improve their social life, nutritional intake and mental health.

Further information/resources
Overview of a Stroke

A Global Response is Needed

Swallowing Exercises

[https://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/SPAweb/Resources_for_the_Public/What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist/SPAweb/Resources_for_the_Pubic/What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist/What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist.aspx?hkey=7e5fb9f8-c226-4db6-934c-0c3987214d7a What is a Speech Pathologist? ]

Stroke Signs and Prevention


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Wikijunior:How Things Are Made/Toys/Dice

Products
Dice are tools used for generating random numbers in a variety of social and gambling games.

What do we need to make this thing?
Today, the most widely used base material for dice manufacture is plastic. Plastics are high molecular weight polymers that are produced through a variety of chemical reactions. For a plastic to be suitable in dice manufacture it must have good impact strength, low moisture absorption rate, easily coloured, and heat stable. It is also desirable that it must be thermoset (The shape is fixed once it is exposed to heat for first time) plastic.

The plastic that meets all of these requirements is poly-methyl-meth-acrylate (PMMA).

What is the step by step process?

 * Step 1: Plastic pellets are transformed into dice via injection molding. The pellets are plastic beads that have all the colorants and fillers already added. They are placed into a large bin known as a hopper and passed through a hydraulically controlled screw. As they travel through the screw, they are heated and melted. At the end of this screw is a spreader which injects the molten material into a cool, closed two-piece mold.
 * Step 2: The mold is made up of several chambers, which create multiple plastic parts. Inside the mold, the plastic is held under pressure and then allowed to cool. As it cools, the plastic pieces harden. The mold is then opened. When the mold is opened, the individual pieces are forced together to form a single solid cube. Because the mold was appropriately designed, this cube has indentations that will become the dots on each side. The cube is then ejected from the mold, coated and passed to the next phase of production via conveyor.
 * Step 3: To complete the production of the die, they may be washed and dried before the final decorations are applied. First, the spots are appropriately painted by machine. Nowadays, the machine are equipped with sensors and camera and accurately to dispense the paint over the indentation only.
 * Step 4: For board games, the dice are packed up into boxes and shipped to game manufacturers just like any other component material. When they are sold directly to consumers, dice are typically put into plastic blister packs with a cardboard backing.


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User:Oluwabukolami112

hello everyone reading this page,my names are robert loveleen,my native name is oluwabukolami.a nigerian precisely and a yoruba lady.Am a lady with lot of ambitions alot of things i know i have to do.you can help me and i can help you so the journey of my life beings.

title: User:Oluwabukolami112


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Template:Chapter navigation with TOC

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title: Template:Chapter navigation with TOC


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Template:Chapter navigation with TOC/doc

About
Template:Chapter navigation with TOC (or its redirect Template:Chapnavtoc) is a fork of Template:Chapter navigation; it was forked to avoid any legacy issues arising from changing its code.

It uses CSS and JavaScript to position chapter navigations at both the top and bottom of a page.

The template adds:

 * Top of page: navigation for the previous, book name, next pages of the book.
 * Bottom of page: navigation for previous page, book name, and next page of the book.
 * It also provides an option to add a mini TOC (Table of Contents) at the bottom of the page.
 * It adds by default a book category, and sorts category pages by chapter name.

Basic usage
Add this once at the bottom of a page:

You can instead use its redirect, which is simpler:

Note that the "previous subpage name" and "next subpage name" fields are both optional.

For first and last chapter of a book, leave the first or second field blank respectively:

 * for the first chapter
 * for the last chapter

TOC usage
It also provides an option to add a mini TOC (Table of Contents) at the bottom of the page, by using a third field:

 * 1) Create a subpage for a mini TOC, e.g. Book name/TOC mini
 * 2) Link the subpage in the third field

For the book "Example book", you would add TOC mini at "Example book/TOC mini". With three chapters "Example book/Chapter 1", "Example book/Chapter 2", "Example book/Chapter 3", you would place the following once at the bottom of the page of each corresponding chapter:

(on Chapter 1 only)

(on Chapter 2 only)

(on Chapter 3 only)

TOC mini coding
The recommended coding for TOC mini is:

 Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5

Where  etc. are replaced with the correct data. The above example would produce:

Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5

It is normally created at Book name/TOC mini. See Template:Nowrap begin for no-wrap documentation.

Advanced tips

 * By default it adds a book category. To disable this add the nocat=yes switch, for example:

 * Be aware that if you are using a TOC mini, any category from there will be transcluded, unless it is wrapped with noinclude tags.

 * If transcluded into Book name/Print version, the template should not be displayed nor printed. But otherwise you can prevent transclusion by wrapping with noinclude tags, for example:

 * If looking at Wikibooks with "Mobile view" (there is a link at the bottom of every Wikibooks page), the top navigation will not appear, as this is not possible in mobile view. The top navigation should also not appear on the main page.

Example

 * See Brief History of Europe


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FreedomBox for Communities/Offline Wikipedia

Offline availability of Wikipedia pages, Project Gutenberg, Stack Exchange and other content can be useful for education, especially in situations where Internet connectivity is intermittent or when the bandwidth is congested or metered. It could also be suitable for a class room that might otherwise not have Internet access.

Kiwix is an application that can serve a web interface on which users can browse pages and search them.

Installing Kiwix
Install Kiwix on the FreedomBox server machine by following these instructions.

Download and install kiwix-tools from Kiwix website. Do this as the root user.

Explanation: Kiwix used to be available in Debian package repositories, but isn't anymore. The workaround is to install via tarball, as described above. However, the tarball method may make it hard to update or uninstall Kiwix, should this become necessary. Alternatively, it may be possible to use a flatpack, but this is untested. The potential benefits would be the usual ones gained from using a Package manager.

Create a folder for holding Kiwix library in the /srv folder (this can be separate disk so that it can hold larger volumes of data).

Download files from Kiwix content download page.

Create and add the .zim files to a library file. Add as many .zim file as you wish in a similar way.

Setup kiwix web service to run on the system as soon as the system starts.

Create Apache configuration to forward requests on /kiwix to kiwix.

Adding new content repositories

Login as root user and download files from Kiwix content download page. </li>

<li>Add the .zim files to a library file. </li>

</ol>

Accessing Kiwix
Visit the URL http://<myfreedombox.domain>/kiwix/. You should see an interface showing a entry for each of the .zim file added. Select the entry to start browsing the content of the .zim file. There is also a search interface available to allow you to search within all of the offline content available.


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A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of functional programming/List processing

A list is an abstract data type that holds items in a given order. The same item may be be in the same list multiple times. For example the following are lists:

An empty list is defined by empty parenthesis:

Lists can also contain other lists:

In Haskell the items contained in a list must all be of the same datatype.

Whilst some programming languages such as Haskell will only allow datatype for the items in a list, it is sometimes possible to have multiple datatypes in a list. Whilst this might be possible it might not be a good idea and can make some very hard to debug code. For example, in python we might have an unexpected output from some very simple looking code:

Making and checking a list
You can perform a range of functions on lists:

You can make an empty list:

You can make a list that contains items:

You can get the length of a list:

You can check if a list is empty

Chopping up a list
Some very common list commands are head and tail. If you treat a list like a snake, head will give you the first item in the list (its head), and tail will remove the head of the snake and give you the rest a new list.

You can combine multiple head and tail commands together

In the above example we start from the innermost function, in this case  and work our way outwards.

The command  takes the first item off   and returns the rest:. We can then replace  with this returned list:

We now move to next innermost function:

The command  takes the first item off   and returns the rest:. We can then replace  with this returned list:

This leaves us with only one more function to calculate. We know the  function returns the first item of a given list. In this case it takes the first item of, giving:

Adding to lists
Prepend an item to another list, i.e. stick a single element on the front, add a new head to a list:

You might be used to other programming languages treating single and double quotation marks in much the same way, for example in Javascript:

This isn't the case for Haskell. Haskell treats the single quotation mark (') as defining a single element, and the double quotation marks (") as defining a list, even if there is only a single element inside the double speech marks, e.g. . This means that it treats   as a single item of type   and   as a list of type  . If we make sure that we match our datatypes we will be fine.

is the equivalent of

But  is not the equivalent of , as   is a list of lists of type  , whilst   is a list of. We can see this mismatch when trying the following:

And we can see that  is a list of lists of type   by doing:

Prepending the list  to the list   is fine, as the type of the prepended item, a list of , matches the type of the list items it is being prepended to, i.e. lists of type  :

We can also do the same when prepending an item of type,  , to a list of type  ,  :

But attempting to prepend an item of type Char  to a list of type List Char   will not work. The error message here show the difference between the type  and the type list of , defined in the error message by  :

Append (++) an item or a list to another list, i.e. stick something on the end, maybe an item or another list:

The prepend command only allows you to add a single element onto the front of a list. If you want to add a list onto the front of another list you can use the append (++) command:

You can use a combination of append and prepend to combine multiple lists and items


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User:J.garbuio

The research critique is about the study of 'Sedentary time in U.S. older adults associated with disability in activities of daily living independent of physical activity' by Dunlop, Song, Arntson, Semanik, Lee, Chang and Hootman.

 Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults

What is the background to this research?
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors causing obesity and leave of absences in jobs. Approximately 40% of individuals around the world with chronic diseases were not meeting a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate intensity per week of physical activity and the percentage grew higher as the countries with high income raised also. As of not only meeting the recommended guidelines for physical activity, in 2014, this would see 30% of the world's population being obese or overweight.

The purpose of the study that makes this important is to get workers that are prolonged, sedentary throughout their waking hours and getting adults more physical activate throughout the day while their awake to decrease the potential risk of increasing the severity of obesity in adults where they're are sedentary for long periods of their waking day. In 2014, the UK’s Office for National Statistics emphasized that approximately 12% of the 131 million working days lost were from either stress, anxiety and/or depression which could of lead from how they see themselves or others see them. The research on the adult population with desk or screen watching jobs are getting more obese and less activate.

Where is the research from?
Dunlop, Song, Arntson, Semanik, Lee, Chang and Hootman conducted the research in the United States of America by the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Surveys (NHANES). This research was conducted using cross-sectional study to see how the effect on health outcomes improve overtime by introducing less sedentary time (<1.5 metabolic equivalents). Even though the research was conducted in the USA, the findings are still applicable for Australia.

What did the research involve?
The participation of 2,286 adults, consisting of 1,159 males and 1,127 females aged 60 years or older, were being measured for seven consecutive days to measure their sedentary time and their amount of moderate-vigorous time throughout those seven days.

The NHANES collected and checked the data by an accelerometer monitor that the NHANES placed on the participants right hip. The accelerometer monitor was to be worn by the participants while they were awake and not doing any water activities such as showers or submerging the monitor underwater that would disturb or ruin the results in the monitor. The accelerometer monitor was placed on the right hip to allow the participants in the study to be able to do their regular daily living lifestyle with only a minimal disturbance to the participants.

Participants were excluded from the research if they did not have a valid amount of time of wearing the monitor of 10 or more hours throughout each day and also the participants were excluded if there was not four or more of the seven days not being valid of wearing the monitor 10 or more hours per day. The study with the accelerometer monitors on the participants was to observe the average time in hours and percentage each participant spent sedentary during the time the participants were wearing the monitor.

What were the basic results?
After the seven day period and when all the monitors were collected and analysed, the results found that out of the 2,286 participants aged 60 years and older, the average time the monitor was worn was 14 hours per day. Of that 14 hours, 63.4% of the participants registered to be sedentary for at least 9 or more hours per day.

The researchers for the study found that the participants that were not meeting the physical activity guidelines and present a chronic illness was relevant to those participants having a higher sedentary behavior.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study that the researchers conducted was a valuable design that could continue to be used and/or add modifications to the study to decrease the amount of time older adults spend sedentary and in type to sedentary position such as lying at home or sitting at work and increase physical activity among the older adult population.

Interventions were implemented to improve health outcomes in older adults proving programs that encourage cutting sedentary behaviors by involving more moderate-vigorous activities that will affect the future public health positively.

Practical advice
Further research on a longer period of study to allow variance in the participants week to week schedules. Allowing devices that can measure upper body movements as the monitor was placed on the hip so it limits to detect upper body movements as well as activities such as water activities were not able to be measured if the participants went for a swim or aqua aerobics which could alter the results. Participants wearing the monitor could stimulate them to participate with others or themselves to overcome certain psychological obstacles and make the participates engage in physical activity to make themselves seem health to the researchers eyes.

Further information/resources
Environmental Determinants of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior

Appropriate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults

Objectively Measured Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Metabolic Risk

Reducing Sedentary Behavior: Role in Modifying Physical Activity

Television Viewing Time is Associated with Overweight/Obesity Among Older Adults, Independent of Meeting Physical Activity and Health Guidelines

Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey

title: User:J.garbuio


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User:Reverseswing01/sandbox

The following Wikibooks page is an analysis of the journal article; “Childhood Motor Skill Proficiency as a Predictor of Adolescent Physical Activity” by L M. Barnett, M.P.H et al. (2008).

This critique was written as an assessment task for the unit; Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, September 2019.

What is the background to this research?
Recent evidence has suggested that sedentary behaviour is becoming an increasingly prevalent issue, especially within the adolescent population. In Australia, it was found that only 2% of adolescents (13-17) met both the physical activity and sedentary guidelines. This is concerning, as sedentary behaviour is heavily associated with metabolic risk and chronic disease-related mortality.

Where is the research from?

 * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share?
 * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field?
 * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings?

What kind of research was this?

 * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis?
 * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ?

What did the research involve?

 * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study?
 * Was the methodology the best approach?
 * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?

What were the basic results?

 * What were the important findings?
 * How did the researchers interpret the results?
 * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)
 * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)

Practical advice
* criteria for not exercising, * recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, * recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, * considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc
 * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:
 * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?

Further information/resources

 * What further reading may interested readers benefit from?
 * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?
 * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)

title: User:Reverseswing01/sandbox


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Wikijunior:Asia/Malaysia

Malaysia has a long and rich history that goes back thousands of years. The first people to live there were tribes who lived in the rainforests and along the coast. These tribes, called the Orang Asli which is "original people" in Malay, have been in Malaysia for many generations. They have their own special cultures, languages, and traditions. Some groups of Orang Asli are the Semai, Temuan, Semelai, and Jakun. They were really good at hunting, gathering food, and using natural medicine.

From the 15th to the 20th century, parts of Malaysia were colonized by foreign powers, especially the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Malaysia in the late 15th century. They set up trading posts in Malacca and other parts of the region. The Dutch came in the 17th century and controlled the spice trade for about 150 years until the British arrived in the 19th century. The British established the Straits Settlements, including Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, and the British North Borneo Company, which controlled Sabah and Sarawak. The British also introduced a system of administration and law that is still used in Malaysia today.

Malaysia was established on September 16, 1963,bringing together Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah. However, in August 1965, Singapore left the federation and became an independent country. Today, Malaysia is a member of the Commonwealth, a group of countries that were once British colonies.

Since independence, Malaysia has made great strides in developing its economy and infrastructure. It is now a thriving and modern country with a strong tourism industry, a growing service sector, and a diverse manufacturing base. Malaysia is also a major exporter of products such as electronics, palm oil, and rubber.

The capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur and the international time used is UTC+8.

Where is Malaysia?
Malaysia is a country of Southeast Asia, which lies just north of the Equator. It is composed of two non-contiguous regions: Peninsular Malaysia, also called West Malaysia (Malaysia Barat), which is located on the Asia mainland of Malay Peninsula, and East Malaysia (Malaysia Timur), which is on the island of Borneo. There are total of 16 states of Malaysia The West and East Malaysia are separated by South China Sea.

On Peninsular Malaysia, it is bordered by Thailand on the north and Singapore in south and bordering with Indonesia (Riau Island) on the west, which are separated by Straits of Malacca. Malaysian Borneo (or East Malaysia) located on the northern part of the island of Borneo in the South China Sea, bordering Indonesia and the state Sarawak is surrounding the Sultanate of Brunei. The country shares also maritime borders with the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam.

What is the currency of Malaysia?
The currency of Malaysia is in Ringgit Malaysia (MYR or RM) and the smaller denomination is the sen. 100 sen is equal to RM1.

The currency bank notes denomination is as followed: RM1, RM5, RM10, RM20, RM50, RM100 and the coins denomination is as followed: 5, 10, 20, 50 sen.

How many people live in Malaysia?
Malaysia consists of diverse of people living together with three major ethnicities: Malay, Chinese and Indian.

As of the [https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDash/MALAYSIA? 2020 census], 32.45 million lived in Malaysia. 69.4% of the population are Malay, 23.2% are Chinese, 6.7% are Indian and 0.7% are of other minor ethnicities.

What are the most common languages in Malaysia?
The official language spoken in Malaysia is the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu). Aside from Malay, English is also very commonly spoken in Malaysian. Aside from English, Chinese dialects such as Mandarin and Hokkien are also spoken in the country, primarily by those of Chinese ethnic origin. Tamil is also another popular language spoken in the country, primarily spoken by people from India.

What is the most common religion in Malaysia?
Islam, Malaysia’s official religion, is practiced by by about 63.5% of the population. Islam is one of the most important factors distinguishing a Malay from a non-Malay, and, by law, all Malays are Muslim.

What are some important sites?

 * George Town – the heritage street consists of the some popular hawker (street food) and murals drawing in the area.
 * Melaka –  famous historical landmarks such as A Farmosa Fort and Christ Church
 * Gunung Mulu National Park – famed for its impressive karst formations. The park is home to one of the world's longest cave systems.
 * Batu Caves – one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia, having being used continually as a religious site since 1878.
 * Petronas Towers (Petronas Twin Towers) – 88-storey twin skyscrapers that characterise the outlook of Kuala Lumpur.
 * Kenyir Lake – the largest man-made lake in Southeast Asia.
 * Tioman – the largest island on Malaysia's East Coast.
 * Kapas Island – a famous scuba diving location.
 * Jungle Highway – a highway connecting Kelantan and Perak via Gerik.
 * Mount Kinabalu – Malaysia's highest mountain.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Malaysia