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Canadian Refugee Procedure/About this text

There are many books about the substance of refugee law, both Canadian and international. They cover subjects such as what it means to have a well-founded fear of persecution and when a claimant has access to adequate state protection. This book is not one of them. Instead, this is a book about the legal processes involved in claiming refugee status in Canada, focusing particularly on the Refugee Protection Division Rules of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Tens of thousands of people file a claim for refugee protection in Canada every year. The ensuing process that they navigate is governed by the set of laws described herein.

Qualifications on the scope of this text
Refugee law itself may be regarded as a combination of administrative law, human rights law, civil procedure, (at times) criminal law, and international law, and as such, this text seeks to weave these strands together. That said, this text does not aspire to be an all-encompassing description of Canadian legal processes related to refugees, let alone international ones. There are three primary qualifications to note:

 * 1) First, as James Hathaway observes, the two core concerns of refugee law are qualification for refugee status and the rights that follow from such status. He notes that the first of these questions has attracted by far the greater attention, and, indeed this book continues in that vein by focusing on the processes involved in applying for refugee status as opposed to engaging with the nature of the Canadian legal processes that apply to those entitled to the ensuing remedy, namely, refuge.
 * 2) Moreover, even when focusing on the process for obtaining refugee status, this text confines itself to the in-Canada asylum process, setting aside discussion of the overseas resettlement provisions in the IRPA. In part, this is because of the nature of those resettlement decisions. As the Government of Canada states, resettlement is managed as an administrative process, and "as a result resettlement decisions are not subject to the same level of formality as asylum determinations." The Canadian government notes that, in addition to being less costly to administer, this allows for quicker decision-making than is the case for asylum adjudication.
 * 3) Furthermore, even within the context of the in-Canada asylum process, this text does not concern itself with the rules of the Federal Court for judicial review, the rules of the Refugee Appeal Division for appeals, the rules of the Immigration Division for admissibility determinations, or the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment process. Nor does it cover the law and process for having a claim referred to the Immigration and Refugee Board.

Approach and content of this text
Having discussed what this text does not cover, I now turn, then, to what this text does aspire to do and how it aims to go about that task. The centrepiece of this book is an annotation of the Refugee Protection Division Rules. This annotation strives to describe the law as it exists (lex lata), to situate such descriptions within the context of the law as it has been (lex historica), and to provide descriptions of the state of the law which are inflected by a conception of the law as it should be (lex ferenda).

Lex lata
In describing the law as it exists, the goal of this text is to contribute to the legal positivist project by providing clear descriptions of the way that the provisions at issue are, and have been, interpreted. Bentham observes that "miserable is the slavery of that people among whom the law is either unsettled or unknown." This text aims to reduce indeterminacy by elucidating how the provisions at issue are in fact operationalized. The twin methodologies utilized in furtherance of this aim are 1) analyzing past decisions in order to extract and identify rules, and 2) an empirical methodology that focuses on statistics about decision-making trends.

This necessarily takes place in an international context given the nature of the international legal commitments at issue in refugee protection. To the extent that the IRPA aims to implement international conventions, the provisions of those conventions applied through this statute should be operationalized in a way that is coherent with convention interpretations done by other states party to the conventions. In this sense, the IRPA cannot be seen to be just another domestic statute, but must be interpreted in the context of Canada's international commitments. Analyzing Canadian refugee procedure in a way that is informed by those international legal commitments is not a mere paean to internationalist values, but instead an effort to ensure that binding legal commitments are operationalized.

Lex historica
In setting out the law, this text strives to include consideration of historical context. It is said that "the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience". Along these lines, this text strives to focus on the history and evolution of the procedures in question over time, reading the current rules in the context of what has come before and why changes have occurred. Refugee admission is described as an area of immigration law that "remains controversial" and is "difficult to administer". Some of the politics of refugee procedure have arguably been relatively constant over its lifespan; Hamlin, for example, describes refugee law as a tool created by and for states which is intended to depoliticize the subject matter, characterize refugee admissions as a noblesse oblige deserving of accolades, and obscure any question of state obligation arising from legacies of colonialism and continuing patterns of international exploitation and domination. Other aspects of refugee procedure have been characterized by speedy policy changes, occasioned by, in Clayton Ma's words, "new governments and shifting popular opinions". Indeed, Haddad asserts that "the refugee issue cannot be divorced from the political context in which it operates at any one time." In Gorman's words, “the refugee definition is not static but rather a site of ongoing struggle over asylum protection, evolving in response to changing human rights norms and domestic priorities.” Refugee procedure is characterized by such repeated policy shifts not only in Canada, but in many countries that engage in refugee status determination. As an example, Norway's first level refugee status determination system is said to have high staff turnover and to have undergone "frequent reorganizations". The policy change in this area of law means that rules and processes are regularly under development and in flux. This can be a challenge for claimants and lawyers both. Such history, and the values of the moment, also speak to the evolution, interpretation, and application of the rules, and refugee procedures writ large.

Lex ferenda
Finally, this text seeks to provide descriptions of the state of the law which are inflected by a conception of the law "as it should be" (lex ferenda). For example, this text not only summarizes key cases and policies, but also attempts to organize and synthesize them into coherent and principled approaches to the sundry procedural issues discussed herein. Where there are multiple approaches to an issue, or the law is underdeveloped, this text seeks to identify a (in the view of this author) preferable approach. In providing such descriptions of the law that are inflected by a conception of the law "as it should be", this text has drawn on a number of sources of normative values:

 * Canada’s international legal commitments have been relied upon as a source of normative values. While Canada's refugee policies have evolved and shifted over the past half century, such procedural innovations have taken place against the stable background of the country's international commitments, particularly the commitments enshrined in the 1951 Refugee Convention. Despite the initial estimate of a short lifespan, the Refugee Convention has continued to be relevant for going on seventy years. Anand Upendran writes that that relevance is in large measure supported by the Convention’s rootedness in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which, unlike the Convention, "was intended, from its very inception, to forever declare itself to humanity".
 * This text has strived to adopt a decidedly comparative and international perspective. While the text is rooted in Canadian law, its approach to interpreting this country's procedures is grounded in the theory that principled interpretations can be informed by a study of other states' experiences and approaches, either to emulate or distinguish them.
 * The objectives section of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act has also been relied upon as a source of Parliamentary intent: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure.
 * This text seeks to view the rules, treaties, and legislation at issue as a coherent system. As described by the International Law Commission, legal interpretation, and therefore legal reasoning, builds systemic relationships between rules and principles by envisaging them as part of some human effort or purpose. Much legal interpretation is therefore geared towards linking an unclear rule to a purpose and thus, by showing its position within some system, to providing a justification for applying it in one way rather than another. This text seeks to contribute to this end.

Conclusion
As a final note, this text strives to approach these issues with a tone commensurate to the subject matter at issue. It is said that instruments of international human rights law, like the Refugee Convention, are innately sombre. Upendran writes that "they are sombre because they have been necessitated by tragic histories; sombre because they, realistically, recognise the capacity of men and nations to inflict violations; sombre also because, even as they seek to reduce indignities and suffering, they are aware of their powerlessness to prevent those conditions entirely." And yet that somber focus on human rights violation has a counterpoint in refugee law in the concept of refuge and the related forms of relief promised by the refugee regime. Bridget Hayden states: “The significant factor that distinguishes a refugee from other people who cross borders, people who are internally displaced, or indeed from those who have not moved at all but live in abysmal conditions, is the sense of responsibility and either pity or empathy we feel for them. ‘Refugee,’ like all other such categories, is a relational term.” In this way, the protection of refugees can be as much a point of pride and identity for the receiving state as it is a somber exercise.

Canada’s refugee procedures surely say many things about Canada as a state. As one author has noted, "aliens are our mirror image; nothing like our consideration of them and their legal position presents us in so stark a way with an image of ourselves." Just what that image is may be determined by the reader. Arguably, the image that emerges from these pages is of a country that has devoted significant resources and attention to the conditions upon which the other will be recognized as having status in Canada. On the one hand, this reflects and befits a state with a self-proclaimed liberal humanitarian tradition whose identity has been entwined with the concept of being a home for the displaced and persecuted. On the other hand, it can be argued that the very concept of refugee law reifies the dichotomy between “us and them”, “native and foreigner”, and the resources expended on the project may be seen as part of a state-centric initiative to maintain the efficacy and legitimacy of borders, and by extension, sovereign national power. Refugee law, ultimately, is surely an amalgam of these diverse histories and motivations sitting in uneasy union.


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Talk:Culinary Arts

Welcome

 * Note from the starting author:
 * Hello and welcome. My intention is to write a book of textbook quality and detail on culinary fundamentals for the culinary enthusiast. I am not a culinary professional and though I am a competent cook I hesitate to call myself an enthusiast. I do like to eat well. Since I am not a culinary professional I plan to tackle one chapter at a time, start with the information I know and supplement it with further research. Wikipedia should prove a good resource however anything from there will need to be heavily edited for style.

 * I probably should have left this as one of my user pages until I had it fleshed out a little more. If you follow along it may be a rough ride for a while.  I have substantially built my  outline. As you can see it is very flat.  I am thinking that entire chapters could be incorporated into another book on a specialized area.

 * Feel free to edit and make suggestions. Ping me if you edit so I won't occidentally clobber your edit.

 * Eddie

Shelving
I've been trying to figure out what shelf this belongs on. In the process I've discovered a serious lapse in our shelving system, in that Cookbook isn't shelved. My current leaning is we should rename Shelf:Foodservice to be slightly more general, and both this and (somehow) Cookbook should go in there. I'm waffling over what the new name of it should be, considering the range of things that would go in it. Thoughts? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:31, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I had also wondered where this should go but that was way down on my worry list. I was thinking about the same thing as you suggest.  It also occurred to me that this is only the tip of the iceberg.  For instance, Architecture. It doesn't really fit anywhere else.  The simplest fix may be to add a new shelf for "Technology & Industry". Several of the sub-shelves already in Miscellaneous would fit there. Culinary Arts and Cookbook could go into the Food Science sub-shelf of Tech&Ind.  I have book Ontology that I was playing with several years ago. Now that you have just gone through the effort of re-shelving it may be a moot point.  I'll see if I can resurrect it just as a point of reference.  --Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 17:42, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I also notice around there is a Wine and Brewing which really should go under Food Science ( or whatever it gets called). Vine-culture goes under Agriculture but wine is food or beverage.   --Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 17:45, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * i made the page Ontology of book subjects which I see is way overkill for what would be useful here. But I learned something new.  I need to create pages like this under my User page so it doesn't get published as a book unless I want it to.  Oh well... I move it.  --Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 18:20, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Shelf:Architecture is a sub of Shelf:Visual arts, which seems a solid arrangement and imho should stand, even if Architecture were also placed somewhere else. I notice Wikipedia also chose to arrange its category hierarchy with architecture under visual arts.  Which doesn't mean it can't also go under another grouping, but perhaps we should be wary of creating a shelf likely to draw in a bunch of pre-existing stuff already comfortably placed.  Admittedly the prospect of a parent shelf to draw together more of Department:Miscellaneous is tempting. The whole hierarchy in-depth on a single page is rather overwhelming, isn't it.  Interesting, though. Back on the original question, Food science is a tempting name... I'm unclear on just how the term is used, though. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:42, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * oh I didn’t look there but I do still think there will be a lot of things that don’t fit well anywhere. Your only choice is to come up with a elaborate overwhelming hierarchy like mine or just handle them as they occur.  I tried to come up with something better than FoodScience but all I could think of was Food Related Stuff which doesn’t seem quite right.  —Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 19:52, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Our approach is primarily distributed, as discussed at Wikibooks Stacks/History. Rarely, we do step in and adjust something about the hierarchy; like the occasion, a couple of years ago, when I collected several wildly miscellaneous books into Shelf:Personal appearance and fashion. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:21, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Re food shelving, starting from en.wp Category:Foodservice, the food-related ancestor category that also encompasses private cooking is Category:Food and drink. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 00:55, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * How about "Culinary arts" as a name for a shelf containing the Cookbook, this book, and all the other stuff (including subshelf Foodservice)? I'm inclined to move on this fairly soon, as it's not good to have this book uncategorized. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 00:48, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * That sounds good. I think that would work. I was thinking of changing the title of this book to culinary fundamentals because it does not really cover all the culinary arts. I was just putting it off because of moving all the pages, deleting the redirects and fixing any links. I guess the sooner the better as far as the amount of work. Can a regular user like me have delete privilege or can the “don’t create a redirect” option be added to the move? —-Eddiem0710 (discuss • contribs) 01:34, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * For a big move like that, involving many pages, one generally asks an admin to do it, as we can move it in a single action and we can suppress redirects. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 05:38, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Overlap with Cookbook
This book is under-developed, hasn't been updated in a long time, and has significant overlap with the Cookbook. As such, I propose merging any well-developed content into the Cookbook, which is being worked on and has greater existing architecture. If there are no objections, I will make this merge. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:11, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Culinary Arts


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Talk:Linux Guide/Reset a forgotten root password

Created as a guide to show up in web search results as alternative to random blogs with unspecified license. In this page I will try to add screenshots and upload to Commons. --Gryllida 02:53, 27 August 2020 (UTC)


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QBasic/Working With Strings

What are strings and what are they used for?
In QBASIC, a string is a contiguous sequence of ASCII encoded characters in memory. The characters are stored in memory as an 8 bit byte. Strings in QBASIC are mutable meaning they can be changed in place without allocating new memory. By now if you have read the prior chapters, you should know that strings are typically used to represent numbers, letters, and other symbols and are used to display information on screen, and getting user input. In the Files chapter you will find that strings can be saved into and read from files as well. If you get creative you can use strings for other purposes. One example is adding large numbers hundreds of digits long. In QBASIC you cannot do that with its built in numeric data types. You could however store the digits in string form and write your own function to add a couple of strings containing digits together thus overcoming some of the initial QBASIC constraints.

title: QBasic/Working With Strings


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User:Krisma siamy

Teenagers

title: User:Krisma siamy


text:
User talk:Synoman Barris

 * Put new text under old text. [ Click here to start a new topic].
 * Please sign and date your posts by typing four tildes.
 * New to Wikibooks? Welcome! Ask questions, get answers.
 * Be polite
 * Assume good faith
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Hi
Hi can i ask how did you create that page Thanks in advance Ka3naBeyond (discuss • contribs) 15:24, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Our 2010s–present problem
The horror film article 2010s–present section does not make sense. 107.119.69.23 (discuss) 13:41, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Synoman Barris


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User:Jjbiggins

School

Projects

Documentation

title: User:Jjbiggins


text:
User:Poronate

hunting can harm the word

title: User:Poronate


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User:Eddiem0710/Ontology of book subjects

= Top=


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Talk:Electronics/Transmitter design

I need transmitter console and censor

Buy of transmitters
Am aiming to set up a radio station please give me prize of transmitter console and censor Gbe20sola (discuss • contribs) 21:23, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electronics/Transmitter design


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?

This is a critique of the research article:Kyuwan L (2019) Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Intervention on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

This critique was undertaken as an assignment for the unit Health, Disease, and Exercise (8340) at the University of Canberra, during Semester 2 of 2020.

What is the background to this research?
The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is inevitably higher for women going through early-stage breast cancer than those individuals without the cancer. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a specific algorithm that estimates the risk of developing CVD within 10 years which is a survey that includes the risk factors of age, smoking status, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and blood pressure being treated with medicines. This is the only study to examine the effects of exercise on the FSC with patients going through early stage breast cancer.

The relationship between early stage pregnancy and cardiovascular disease has been poorly portrayed and understood by society until recent times. Researchers have recently discovered that women who have pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This underpins the necessity for action to be take to prevent this disease from occurring. In California, studies conducted convey that breast cancer survivors are at an increased risk of cancer occurrence. These studies show that within 6-12 months post recovery, patients experience decreased cardiorespiratory function, depression and weight gain. This study assesses whether aerobic and resistance training can improve cardiovascular function with early stage breast cancer which will prevent disease in the future.

Where is the research from?
Kyuwan Lee, Debu Tripathy, Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, Kerry S. Courneya, Nathalie Sami, Leslie Bernstein, Darcy Spicer, Thomas A. Buchanan, Joanne E. Mortimer, and Christina M. Dieli-Conwright conducted their research at the integrative Center for Oncology Research in Exercise at USC(ICORE), between August 2012 to October 2018. The intervention protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Southern California Institutional. The participants were recruited from Lee Breast Clinic at Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC County Medical Center and from posting flyers at USC Health Science Campus. Despite the intervention being conducted in USA, the results are still relevant to Australians.

Kyuwan is a renowned author that has published over 20 peer-reviewed papers, he is a specialist in breast cancer re-occurrence, cardiovascular dysfunction and effects of aerobic and resistance training. The other authors have published many health studies, relating to breast cancer.

What kind of research was this?
This research classifies as a randomised controlled 16 week exercise intervention in which participants are randomly assigned into one of two groups. One group labelled as the experimental group receiving the intervention and the other being the control group, which is considered the standard they compare to.

What did the research involve?
100 women with breast cancer who are less than 6 months of post-treatment received Framingham Risk Score which calculate each women's 10 year estimated risk of CVD to determine baseline results. Then the participants were divided into two groups for testing, one group as the 'usual care' group and the other was the 'exercise intervention' group. The intervention was performed weekly for 16 weeks and after they received a Framingham Risk Score again. The exercise intervention included:

 * At least 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week. Activities included treadmill walking, rowing or cycling.
 * Aerobic training was performed at 65-80% of maximum heart rate
 * Two or Three days of resistance training per week. Exercises included leg presses, leg flexion's or extensions, chest presses, seated rows, bicep curls, and tricep pulldowns
 * Resistance training was performed at 60-80% of 1 rep maximum and 3 sets of 10 reps on each exercise

Four women from the exercise intervention group were unreachable mid-way through the intervention. Four women discontinued the intervention from the casual care group and one was ineligible due to injury. There were 46 women from the exercise intervention group and 45 from the casual care group. Participants must of be a non smoker and previously been sedentary (Irregular physical activity, less than 60 minutes of physical activity per week)

What were the basic results?
The exercise intervention group recorded 95% attendance, after which there Framingham Risk Score (FRS) were recorded and the difference between the pre and post 14 week intervention was determined. As conveyed in the table below, the researchers reported that the total FRS scores decreased from 12.0 to 2.0 (P<0.05) in the exercise intervention group and the total FRS scores increased from 12.0 to 13.0 (P>0.05) in the usual care group. Overall the FRS was statistically significantly reduced (mean, −9.5; 95% CI, −13.0 to −6.0) in the exercise intervention group compared with usual care group.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The researchers report that resistant and aerobic training substantially reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer. It is evident that the 16 week training program significantly reduces the women's FRS within the intervention group. The lowered FRS was a result from the training decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Despite body weight or fitness level aerobic and resistance training are consequential in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Practical advice
Further research confirms that aerobic and resistant training not only lowers risk of cardiovascular disease within women with early-stage breast cancer but also for all individuals. Additionally study notes that not only exercise but diet plays an additional role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Progressively increasing either weight or reps/sets during resistance training and increasing speed or distance during aerobic training is important to improve fitness and is best monitored by a personal trainer. Often individuals experience a lack of energy or motivation to exercise which is why it's recommended to train with friends to make it more fun and enjoyable. Training with others is considered safer than training alone, in case of an emergency.

Further information/resources
Below are extra resources to provide additional information;

Associations of Pregnancy Complications With Calculated Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Middle Age

Framingham Risk Score for Hard Coronary Heart Disease

[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322789/#:~:text=In%20general%2C%20aerobic%20exercise%20induces,muscle%20mass%20and%20bone%20density. Comparative effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial]

[https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pregnancy/index.htm#:~:text=Pregnant%20or%20postpartum%20women%20should,this%20activity%20throughout%20the%20week. Healthy Pregnant or Postpartum Women]


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription

This article is a critical analysis of the following paper: Martínez-Velilla N, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Sáez de Asteasu ML, Lucia A, Galbete A, et al. Effect of Exercise Intervention on Functional Decline in Very Elderly Patients During Acute Hospitalization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med

What is the background to this research?
Ageing effects systemic physiological degeneration including muscle mass loss, proprioceptive dysfunction, hardening of vascular walls and reduced bone strength result in a high incidence of elderly hospital admissions (~46% of all total patient admittances). Research shows that whilst recovering in hospital, patients are subject to muscle atrophy, which is particularly concerning in the elderly demographic who already show signs of dwindling muscle mass. As a result, the need for appropriate exercise which minimises atrophy, and at least maintains patient functionality is crucial. This study investigates the impact of a multi-component exercise program in order to reduce the incidence of diseases that affect functionality in the elderly population.

Where is this research from?
The research was published in the, one of the world's top medical journals by Dr. Nicolás Martínez-Velilla, head of the Department of Geriatrics at the Navarra Hospital complex in Spain, who has published over a dozen papers in the field of elderly decline.

The study population includes elderly patients from a hospital in Spain (370 patients included: 209 women, 161 men, mean age = 87.3±4.9 years, median hospital stay = 8 days) and builds on the research generated for the Acute Care of Elderly (ACE) rehabilitation programs which are designed to meet the acute, non-life-threatening health needs of older people at risk of functional decline as a result of hospitalisation.

What kind of research was this?
This study was conducted as a blind (RCT), which is the gold standard for collecting data in a first-hand investigation, and thus a valid protocol for the study. An RCT is designed to test the degree to which an intervention is successful, by comparing the results of a control group with those of an intervention group. Within this focus, the researchers have produced a study that provides accurate and well-established data, along with appropriate evidence-based interventions to rectify a clear oversight in the treatment of elderly hospital patients.

Setup
Initially individuals were screened, with the following criteria used to select participants for the study:
 * 1) ≥75 years of age
 * 2) Barthel scale of 60 or above
 * 3) Being able to ambulate
 * 4) Being able to communicate with the research team

Eligible participants were then randomly assigned into either the control group or intervention group. Baseline results were gathered for each participant in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test, and (scale: 0 = severe functional dependence, 100 = functional independence) (Table 1).

Procedure
The program included 2 x 20 min sessions on 7 days a week. The morning session included resistance, balance, and walking training (2-3 x 8-10 x 30-60%), with 3 exercises focusing on lower body muscles (squats from a chair, leg press and knee extension), and 1 targeting the upper body (chest press). Balance and gait sessions included semi-tandem foot standing, line walking, walking with small obstacles, and proprioceptive exercises on unstable surfaces. In the evening, participants completed exercises using light loads which targeted knee extension/flexion, hip abduction, walking, and grip strength. The program was concluded for each patient when a change occurred in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test results by at least 1 point, and there was at least a 5 point increase in Barthel Index of independence scores.

Evaluation of the study
The considered methodology, which includes a large sample size, innovative protocol, and low exclusion criteria increases the applicability of the study to other programs and studies created in the future. However, poor condition of some patients precluded assessment of change which means that the outcomes were not applicable to most debilitated patients. Functional and cognitive data was not taken pre-incident, and thus the true value of the developed programs is unclear.

Key Findings
The results show that standard hospitalisation procedures led to an impairment in functional capacity (mean change = -5.0 pts on Barthel Index - Table 2), and that the intervention group showed improvements in all measured areas compared to the control group (Table 2). In short, the results suggest that current rehabilitation programs in hospitals are not adequate in promoting functionality within elderly patients.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Current exercise prescription in hospitals is inadequate. There needs to be a shift towards a more complete intervention which enables patients to return home at baseline or even above pre-accident levels. Specifically, hospital-developed rehabilitation programs need to include exercises which develop strength in functional movements to increase independency, such as getting out of a chair, reaching to a shelf and picking up objects. This view is shared by a plethora of other studies. Ellis et al,. suggest that elderly individuals who undertake appropriate exercise intervention are less likely to suffer death or deterioration (OR: 0.76) while Gill et al., demonstrate that completing no physical activity increased risk of developing moderate or severe disability from having no prior disability (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 2.23-3.02; and HR, 8.03; 95% CI, 5.28-12.21). Evidently, it is critical that elderly individuals complete regular physical activity, and, by extension, that hospitals provide adequate rehabilitation programs for this demographic which are designed with specificity towards maintaining or regenerating independency.

Practical advice
The primary message from this study, as aforementioned, is that hospitals need to increase the thoroughness of exercise prescriptions to all patients and elderly individuals need to undertake regular resistance training which specifically maintains functionality. However, programs developed must enable the participants to have confidence in completing exercise, which can be achieved through increasing efforts to provide education about the vast benefits of exercise and providing proper technique coaching as part of the program. However, before undertaking physical activity, consultation with a trained healthcare professional is crucial. This process will help to inform the participant which exercises may be beneficial and which are likely to cause harm, as well as identifying underlying medical conditions which require consideration.

Further information/resources
Individuals who wish to further their understanding of the need for exercise within the elderly population can visit the World Health Organisation (WHO) page on physical activity in elderly populations, or the WHO report which outlines global recommendations on physical activity.


text: Category:Book:Building Haycocks

title: Category:Book:Building Haycocks


text:
User:Danielaquinomacaraya

heart charm

title: User:Danielaquinomacaraya


text:
User talk:LiquidFox1776

Belated welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, LiquidFox1776!

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title: User talk:LiquidFox1776


text:
User talk:Isabelle Belato

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Isabelle Belato!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

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If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
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-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:23, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isabelle Belato


text:
User talk:Soap

Belated Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Soap!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:27, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soap


text:
User talk:KWhup

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, KWhup!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:33, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:KWhup


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radiosensitivity

 * Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, organisms, or other substances to the injurious action of radiation
 * In general, it has been found that cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the rate of cell division and inversely proportional to the degree of cell differentiation
 * The most radio-sensitive cells:
 * High division rate
 * High metabolic rate
 * Non-specialized type
 * Well nourished

 * Casarett classification:
 * Group I
 * Group II
 * Group III
 * Group IV

 * Michalowski classification (PMID: 7127027):
 * H-type (hierarchical): like hemopoietic tissues
 * F-type (flexible): like liver parenchyma


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Normal Tissue Tolerance

 * Normal tissue radiation tolerance refers to the response of previously unirradiated tissues to a variety of very different exposure scenarios:
 * Early radiation effect: typically, tissues with a high proliferative activity, such as bone marrow, epidermis, or mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract, display early radiation effects
 * Late radiation effect: observed in virtually all tissues and organs, usually irreversible, and potentially progressive over long time periods

Volume effect and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models

 * The probability that a given dose of radiation will cause an organ or structure to experience complications considering the specific biological cells of the organ or structure
 * The NTCP is used in treatment planning as a tool to differentiate among treatment plans
 * A dose-dependent mathematical model to gauge the probability of dose-induced complications in noncancerous tissue

QUANTEC (Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic, PMID: 20171515)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radiation Syndrome

 * Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as radiation toxicity or radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by irradiation of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes)
 * The major cause of this syndrome is depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells in specific tissues
 * Examples of people who suffered from ARS are the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, the firefighters that first responded after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant event in 1986, and some unintentional exposures to sterilization irradiators

The three classic ARS Syndromes:

 * 1) Bone marrow syndrome
 * 2) Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome
 * 3) Cardiovascular (CV) / Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome

The four stages of ARS:

 * 1) Prodromal stage (N-V-D stage)
 * 2) Latent stage
 * 3) Manifest illness stage
 * 4) Recovery or death

After consultation, begin the following (as indicated):

 * 1) Supportive care in a clean environment (if available, the use of a burn unit may be quite effective)
 * 2) Prevention and treatment of infections
 * 3) Stimulation of hematopoiesis by use of growth factors
 * 4) Stem cell transfusions or platelet transfusions (if platelet count is too low)
 * 5) Psychological support
 * 6) Careful observation for erythema (document locations), hair loss, skin injury, mucositis, parotitis, weight loss, or fever
 * 7) Confirmation of initial dose estimate using chromosome aberration cytogenetic bioassay when possible (although resource intensive, this is the best method of dose assessment following acute exposures)
 * 8) Consultation with experts in radiation accident management


text:
User:Victor Zucchi/sandbox

sds

title: User:Victor Zucchi/sandbox


text:
User:RIT RAJARSHI/sandbox

Molecular biology template book
So many authors have done the daunting task of creating article templates that tackle vast loads of information. Here are the templates as a book. RIT RAJARSHI (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

The Wikipedia feature did not worked on Wikibooks
RIT RAJARSHI (discuss • contribs) 13:19, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

title: User:RIT RAJARSHI/sandbox


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radiosensitizer

 * A radiosensitizer is an agent that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. It is sometimes also known as a radiation sensitizer or radio-enhancer

Hypoxic radiosensitizers and hypoxic cytotoxins ( 12871083):

 * Two different types of strategies can be used to overcome the problem of hypoxia-mediated radioresistance:
 * The first strategy encompasses a variety of different methods to improve the tumor oxygenation during radiotherapy
 * The second strategy tries to target hypoxia as a relatively unique feature of tumor tissue by means of drugs, which are activated under hypoxic conditions and act as hypoxic radiosensitizers or hypoxic cytotoxins


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radioprotector

 * Radioprotectors have been known to modify the damage of various radiations by radical scavenging, hydrogen transfer reactions, and mixed disulfide and endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryl mechanisms ( 20413641)

Amifostine

 * Amifostine (ethiofos) is a cytoprotective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents
 * Rasoul Yahyapour et al. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2018. Radiation Protection and Mitigation by Natural Antioxidants and Flavonoids: Implications to Radiotherapy and Radiation Disasters ( 29921213):
 * Amifostine, the first FDA approved radioprotector, has shown some toxicities that limit its usage and efficiency
 * Due to these side effects, scientists have researched for other agents with less toxicity for better radioprotection and possible mitigation of the lethal effects of ionizing radiations after an accidental exposure
 * Flavonoids have shown promising results for radioprotection and can be administered in higher doses with less toxicity
 * Studies for mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced toxicities have concentrated on natural antioxidants
 * Detoxification of free radicals, management of inflammatory responses and attenuation of apoptosis signaling pathways in radiosensitive organs are the main mechanisms for radiation protection and mitigation with flavonoids and natural antioxidants


text:
Bengali/Family relations

In Bengali Muslim culture:

These are the "titles" for family members. With the exception of Father, Mother, and Grandparents (who are called by the title only), all of these titles are added after the name of the person.

 * Father: Baba, Abba, Abbu
 * Mother: Maa, Amma, Ammu
 * Son/Daughter: Address by name
 * Brother (also male cousins): Bhai, Or Bhaiya
 * Brother's Wife: Bhabhi
 * Younger Brother: Bhai or by name
 * Sister (also female cousins) : Apu, or Apa, Affa, Api
 * Older Sister: Didi, Apu, or Apa
 * Younger Sister: boin or by name
 * Sister's Husband: Dulabhai

 * Father's Younger Brother: Kaku, Kaka, Choto Chachu, Or Sasu Or Chacha
 * Father's Younger Brother's Wife: sasima, Kaki, or Choto Chachi

 * Father's Oldest Brother:Boro Chachu or Chacha
 * Father's Oldest Brother's Wife: Boro Chachi, zedi
 * Father's Sister: Fuppi or hufu, fufu
 * Father's Sister's Husband: Fupa, fufa or mama(uncle)
 * Mother's Brother: Mama
 * Mother's Brother's Wife: Mami, mamani

 * Mother's Sister: Khalamoni or Mashi, auntiemoni, mamani ,boro auntie
 * Mother's Sister's Husband: Khalu or Mesho, mama(uncle)

 * Paternal Grandfather: Dada

 * Paternal Grandmother: Dadu

 * Maternal Grandfather: Nana or Dadu
 * Maternal Grandmother: Nanu or Dadi

 * Husband’s or Wife's Father: can be called by the father titles
 * Husband’s or Wife's Mother: can be called by the mother titles

 * Wife's Younger Sister: by name
 * Wife's Younger Brother: by name
 * Wife's Elder Sister: sister titles
 * Wife's Elder Brother: brother titles

 * Husband’s Elder Brother: brother titles
 * Husband’s Elder Brother’s Wife: Bhabi
 * Husband’s Younger Brother: can call by name
 * Husband’s Younger Brother’s wife: calls by name
 * Husband’s Younger Sister:can call by name
 * Husband's Older Sister: any of sister titles with elder prefixes
 * Husband’s Sister’s Husband: Dulabhai, can call by name if younger

 * Brother’s Son: by name
 * Brother’s Daughter: By name
 * Sister’s Son: by name
 * Sister’s Daughter: by name

 * Cousins are considered to be "brother" or "sister".
 * If someone has 6 brothers or sisters then their relation names will be the following respectively: boro, mejo, choto.
 * If your Mum or Dad is the oldest of the siblings they will call the younger siblings by their name and their wives or husbands will. Unless the siblings’ husband is older than your parents Bhai or Bhaiya.

Suto/huro- prefix for people younger Meso- prefix for middle but elder Boro- prefix for eldest Bora- prefix for elderly

title: Bengali/Family relations


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers

This wikibook's page is a critique of the research article “Exercise Among Commercial Truck Drivers” by Lisa M. Turner and Deborah B. Reed (2011)

What is the background to this research?
Physical activity has many benefits including reducing the risk of chronic disease. Due to the sedentary nature of their occupation, truck drivers typically have higher obesity rates, predisposing them to health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for adults (aged between 18-64), states that a total of 150 to 300 minutes of moderate or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous physical activity is to be achieved each week. As a result of the occupational environment and demands, three quarters of Australian truck drivers have been classified as inactive. The present study being critiqued, aims to assess the exercise habits and perceived barriers of exercise among commercial truck drives with the purpose of increasing physical activity among this population.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted at the University of Cincinnati Education and Research Centre and was supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pilot Program. The study was published in the Journal of The American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN) in 2011 by Turner and Reed. The study is likely to be of high-quality with Reed having won many awards for her research into agricultural health and injury prevention and with Turner having previously published studies to do with obesity and physical activity in specific populations.

What kind of research was this?
The present study 'Exercise Among Commercial Truck Drivers' can be classified as having a cross-sectional, non-experimental design. The nature of the study design deems it to be observational with its aim to describe the population. Limitations are presented in that causal inferences cannot be made due to being non-experimental. The quality of the study is likely to be unhindered given that its design is most appropriate for the occupational demands of commercial truck drivers. However, potential biases in the data should be considered as the study only represents the population at a specific point in time.

What did the research involve?
300 participants recruited from six truck shows in the United States were used for the study. Body measurements and a self-administered questionnaire (Obesity Risk Factor Questionnaire) developed for the purpose of this study were collected from the participants who met the inclusion criteria. BMI was calculated from measuring the participants height and body weight. The Obesity Risk Factor Questionnaire consisted of 13 questions aimed to describe the exercise habits and perceived barriers. Questions included: The questionnaire required participants to check all boxes which were perceived as barriers. This could present as a potential bias in the study where participants are influenced with preconceived ideas of there being barriers. Furthermore, additional space was provided for participants to add barriers not listed, however as the questionnaire was self-administered with no incentive to do a good job the reliability of the questionnaire should be taken into consideration.
 * on how many of the past 7 days did truck drivers engage in aerobic, stretching or strengthening exercise for 15 minutes or longer
 * how often did they exercise for 30 minutes continuously in the past week
 * did they exercised on a regular basis

As the occupational environment was not directly observed by the authors, it hinders the validity of the study. Self-report data raises questions as to whether the participants were presenting a more favorable image of themselves. With the research being conducted in the United States where it is reported to have low levels of physical activity with only one in four adults meeting recommended levels of physical activity, the data may not be representative of all commercial truck drivers.

What were the basic results?
The results showed that 20% of participants did not do any physical activity in the last 7 days. Nearly half did not engage in 30 minutes of continuous exercise on any given day. 93.3% of participants where considered to be overweight or obese with a BMI of 25 or above. The most reported barriers to exercise included: a lack of exercise facilities, not having enough time and not using exercise facilities if available. From the results, the authors of the study suggested the need to work with the industry to schedule blocks of exercise, for example 10 to 15 minutes of exercise when drivers are unloading their trucks. Furthermore, they suggested working with the industry to increase the availability of exercise equipment.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study has been instrumental in determining the current physical activity levels and perceived exercise barriers in truck drivers. With the commercial truck driving industry operating 24/7 under tight schedules, it seems unlikely that companies will be willing to invest money, effort, and time away from driving hours. While the recommendation of short bouts of exercise is good in theory, the success of its adherence lies solely on motivation. Furthermore, in a population which reported being too tired and lacking the motivation to exercise as a major barrier towards physical activity, addressing motivation should be considered along with increasing exercise.

Practical advice
Further research into improving participants adherence to physical activity on an individual scale, rather than the industry as a whole, would be worthwhile. Other studies done on commercial truck drivers have shown promising results towards the effectiveness of using mobile health technology. This has been shown to increase driver awareness of their own health, and subsequently being able to monitor their own physical activity levels. Furthermore, using motivational interviewing as an intervention for patients with higher risk factors for cardiovascular disease was shown to be effective in increasing physical activity. Therefore, further research could be conducted to validate motivational interviewing for commercial truck drivers.

Instead of having scheduled exercise as suggested by the authors of the study, it may be more achievable to first implement small changes such as walking at rest stops, performing abdominal exercises while sitting or doing simple stretches. Additionally, drivers may work to increase physical activity habits on their days off which may over time translate to their workplace behaviour.

Further information/resources
Exercise tips for truck drivers

Road trip stretches

Smartphone application


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2020/May

Proposal to release content on GitHub
I think if the content on this website was released to GitHub then the books on here would get a lot more traction. It seems to me that you could convert the books to markdown using Pandoc and host them on GitHub. There are many more users on GitHub than there are on this platform and they are generally open-source minded on the platform. Hosting on GitHub will also provide a lot of free infrastructure. You can manage additions to the text however you want by setting up teams with various permissions. Anyone can contribute. 136.33.252.210 (discuss) 01:40, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Sounds interesting. Go for it. If you do, please ping me with . Thanks. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:53, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * This may be true and there's permission from a legal POV, but some thought about divergence should be considered – are books being developed on both platforms together, or simply forked? If the latter, the advantages aren't so clear. Also GitHub may well be a better place for books relating to technology and programming, but may not be so helpful for language learners, for instance. Essentially I would apply some care and thought about what is cloned / copied / forked and why. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 07:29, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * OP here. My view is that the books may diverge but it shouldn't be too bad to maintain a wiki markup version of the document (converting via pandoc). People that are working on this website can pull from it whenever they want. I reckon pandoc would solve some problems people have been having with converting to formats like epub. This is part of a nonprofit I am working on for test preparation so I am focusing on topics with AP exams or on ACT mathematics. For now the focus is just AP calculus and ACT math. I could imagine extending to all AP exams if we pick up steam. I built some software to help wikibooks crowd source problems as I desired more problems from the calculus book. People can build custom quizzes and share them with their friends. ActuarialAnalyst (discuss • contribs) 12:09, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Some links to these examples would help us understand what you're after doing. Exams and maths sound quite good specific things that might work better on GitHub. The food recipe books on Wikibooks, or the children's books, maybe less so, for instance.
 * I guess the question feels like: do you have some people who want to do some things on GitHub? If so, great, of course you should go ahead. There is a second point about whether Wikis are the right tool for open learning respources; I am of the opinion that Wikimedia should gradually widen its' available formats over time – as it has with Wikidata and Wikisource – providing more consumer / user focused tolls like easy to set up learning games, course structures etc; (keeping to open licencing all the time). Meanwhile some things will be better done elsewhere, and Github could be a place for some of that. But I don't think moving content will move the authors necessarily. I'm unlikely to use GitHub as I only use it for bug reports and development tasks, I don't submit code and revisions. The majority of people don't use Wikis or repositories, even when they want to create content. Far more find Google docs to be the 'right' default solution – but that doesn't mean we should move all the books to Google Docs either.
 * As for epub creation, Wikimedia have good tools for that, (see an example here, they just need implementing here (this is trivial but there is thinking for people to decide how to present links).
 * In the end tho Wikimedia Foundation isn't (I imagine) going to start hosting content on other people's platforms, so moving content to GitHub is a decision for you rather than for the community here per se I would suggest.
 * NB: you don't need permission for what you want to do, as I am sure you know! JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 16:25, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Right, well I suppose I will have to see if I can find help on GitHub. I had hoped somehow I could garner support from administrators on wiki but that is probably too much to hope for. Here is my website to crowd source math problems. I converted the Calculus I and II wiki markup to markdown with pandoc today. Still requires a lot of cleaning. I can't post links in this freaking place ugggh, otherwise I would post my website. edit: I think I'll just not use the wiki content and license the GitHub content under CC0. 136.33.252.210 (discuss) 19:59, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * For external links, see for instance w:Help:Wikitext. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 21:29, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * JimKillock, it's interesting to me to hear you suggesting the Foundation should branch out to non-wiki-markup formats, because I have a kind of diametriclally opposite view: I think the Foundation has been making a staggeringly huge mistake by trying to deprecate wiki markup pretty much since the Foundation went into full operational mode (what, is it 12 years and change ago, now?) and thereby slow-poisoning the sisterhood that they're supposed to be nurturing, because wiki markup is their greatest asset and should be strengthened and used for everything (rather than marginalized while tasks are offloaded into other languages such as Lua and Javascript, the afaict-entity-relationship database model of Wikidata, whatever). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:41, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I hear what you are saying … I think my concern with the wiki format is that it is just a format; and the goal of the foundation ought to be promotion of collaborative production of open knowledge and learning. When I look at how learning is developing on the net in general, I see many innovations like Duolingo and Memrise, that look like this model but are locking up community-produced content into very specific and potentially short run ventures. I conclude therefore that some quite targeted but evolving tools may be needed that aren't a Wiki model, if we want to leverage free and open for learning. An open competitor to Duolingo / Memrise (like an online Anki) would be possible and a good idea; it would need to have user accounts to track progress at a minimum, and easy ways for people to contribute and build courses. Wiki markup or not I am more agnostic on, but ease of creation and use seems to be the issue. WikiMedia got the idea of working together in the open exactly right; the question to me is why the open learning model is missing so much of the user / creator space at this point. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 07:51, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I think a major long-term obstacle to a flourishing wikimedia sisterhood —it was flourishing when the Foundation kicked into high gear, and has been slowly wilting ever since— has been that the Foundation views the 'educational mission' as their mission, for which they get free labor by the volunteer community, rather than the volunteer community's mission that the Foundation should be catalyzing. I remember this was one of the things I noticed in that Wikimania keynote by Lila Tretikov that, at the time, I mentally summarized as 'the Ministry has decided to interfere at Hogwarts'.  (I have never blamed Lila personally, btw; afaict she was set up for it, handpicked and programmed with all the bad ideas that were packed into that keynote; and I don't really think much has changed since then, with the ultimate sources of those bad ideas deeply entrenched.) In fairness, pursuing wiki markup is a tricky thing; for example, the markup would not be improved by indiscriminately piling on features, which would only give it a worse case of featuritis that it already has.  What's needed is some vision on how to add just the right primitives, simple and powerful, to empower and encourage the volunteer community to grow the specific tools needed as part of the wiki, in somewhat the way the volunteer community grows the document-content of the wiki.  I've a notion that dialog tools plus evalx (plus a very few miscellaneous bits like Module:TScope) plus dialog-based semi-automated assistants might do... and it's admittedly a long slog getting there.  (A couple of essays I've cobbled together:  on Wikibooks, User:Pi zero/essays/Wikiness; on Wikinews, n:User:Pi zero/essays/vision/sisters.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 11:55, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

I can't comment on the relationship between WikiMedia foundation and community. I sympathise with the perception that learning Wiki markup is a barrier to entry, but it does open up the composition powers for users of these projects for sure. For me the biggest problem with public interest projects is aligning activity with user needs, as in general their mission has a more abstract purpose, such as codifying knowledge, making it available, etc. This problem is seen through open source models as well as library-like projects; there is a tendency towards completism (all features need to be available) rather than UX (features need to be easy to use and actually used). We have a further problem in the 'open' world, which is that innovation, while permissionless, can sometimes be harder to deliver because of factors like backwards compatibility, lack of investment, or community considerations. I believe in open approaches because they are fairer and spread benefits more widely, but that only works in the open knowledge space if content is used and / or built on. In language learning – my current personal interest, so to speak – much public domain material is used and reused on closed projects; there is little understanding of the benefits of sharing; very few projects take a specifically open approach; there is no sense of a strategy to enable an open learning model to flourish. I am sure this spreads to many other fields, because, after all, why should a strategy exist? So I feel WikiMedia Foundation, Creative Commons and others may want to consider how to build a more strategic approach to specific sectors, and think about what infrastructure, tools, data, ought to be collated, made available, etc, to make the open approach at least as compelling as the closed. That's my broad take on all this. But I've got very off topic! JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 06:56, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Export to Pdf, Epub, Odt, LaTeX
Hi,

I think Wikibooks needs a function to export the the formats Pdf, Epub, Odt and LaTeX.

I suggest to add a new link to the toolbar on the left in the in the section Tools. It shall be labeled Multi format export. I shall link to https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ and fill the form field URL on the page with the current page viewed by the user on the wiki.

You may try this out yourself just now by copying User:Dirk_Hünniger/common.js to common.js in your user namespace.

If this proposal get generally approved I would ask an admin to edit MediaWiki:Common.js accordingly, so that the link will appear for everyone automatically.

I am not sure if the servers on wmflabs will be able to stand the load, if MediaWiki:Common.js get modified, but we will see by then.

Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:28, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it's a bit slow but it could be worth it. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 19:23, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a good thing to list at Community Wishlist Survey 2020/Wikibooks. Note that Community Wishlist Survey 2020/Wikibooks/EPUB generation exists. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 20:32, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

This has been deployed on the German Wikibooks now. See Hauptseite links "Multi Format Export" in the sidebar on the left. Just let me know, if you are interested in deploying it on the English Wikibooks as well. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 06:12, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

This has also been deployed on the German Wikiversity and Wikisource. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 18:15, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I've got no particular view on this being added. But I do have a couple of queries about its usage:
 * Although I've added the code to my common.js, the addition of the "Multi format export" sidebar link seems very inconsistent. For example, I get the link on this very page (i.e. Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals). But if I go to e.g. Algorithms/Print version or Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Print version the link fails to materialize. I don't know if this is an issue with my system at all. Addendum: actually I have got it to come up on Algorithms/Print version now through reloading at least sometimes. But if fails on the other book. So its seems a bit inconsistent for some reason. But perhaps my system. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:06, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I have attempted to use the tool, and I have a continual problem with it: paragraph breaks repeatedly fail to render. I don't know if it is me doing something wrong, but nevertheless it is a repeating problem for me, which is a shame as otherwise the output seems to be of very high quality.
 * Any comments on either of these issues? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:59, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

I think concening issue 1 you got a browser cache problem. Your browser show an old version of the sidebar from your hard drive. In Firefox you may need to click "reload button" while holding down the SHIFT button on the keyboard (second to left of backwards button). You will need to do this once for every page. On 2) Yes paragraph breaks are omitted. I am not sure if I will implement it since it might have unwanted effects on other parts cause "there is no line here to end" errors in LaTeX. You could possibly work around that by inserting br html tags in the wiki code of the page you wish to render. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 22:04, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Hi,

I deployed something to resolve issue 2 on the server I tryed with Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skin and could see that in worked look at section "The Dermis"

Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 23:01, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi Dirk Hünniger thanks for your replies.

 * Yes that did help to bring it up. What's weird though is that I then reloaded the page again and it failed to materialize! But if I do shift reload each time it comes up, but if I just reload it doesn't. But I expect it might be connected with the MediaWiki installation here, I've noticed a few strange things going on here and there, so I wasn't too surprised. Maybe also my browser.
 * Thanks for looking into that, it makes it a far more useful tool if it renders paragraph breaks. I will experiment with it later on and get back to you if I have any further problems.

 * Thanks again, -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 02:12, 7 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd like an .epub export facility for sure. I'm not sure about the paragraph break issue but it seems to work well on Wikisource .en / .la for me. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 22:25, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Using Wikisource, they seem to have a working ePub export, can that be applied here? JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 13:16, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * JimKillock you could use this link: https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ . Remember to fill in the full url of the page (which should be a print version), and change the output format to EPUB. There is more info at Help:Print versions which may be helpful. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:46, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * too late. add export to text file too. it would be tough to handle, say math formulas, but should put less load than a optimized pdf. Retow324 (discuss • contribs) 01:14, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Much runtime is spend on finding the proper list of contributors as well as the authors of the images, this would still be needed even if I did a plain text export and did the images as ascii art. But I doubt many users will be happy with that. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:04, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

So not much has happend here for a month. Is there any process to come to a decision on this point? --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 12:00, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I made some suggestions about how this might be handled below. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

What about trying Extension:Translate?
Hello everybody!

Two years ago I discovered an interesting discussion about the creation of a multilingual version of Wikibooks opened in the 2007 (Requests for new languages/Wikibooks Multilingual). I think that the idea was great, but to be honest I think that they were too in advance with the times and without the needed MediaWiki features, and so I understand how much scaring would be, with the risk of duplicating efforts without too much pratical differentiations between these editions. Anyway there is not enough interest in starting another "multilanguage" version of Wikibooks.

Anyway now we have seen the success stories of sites like the MediaWiki wiki after the adoption of the mw:Extension:Translate.

For those who don't know, the "Mediawiki wiki" hosts a vibrant community of users and developers who aim to provide a well-written documentation about MediaWiki, and MediaWiki-related software, providing this documentation in multiple languages. Without the extension Translate, this purpose would be so much complex. Why? Because MediaWiki is so rich of features and continuously evolving, and its difficult to keep the related documentation in sync with the changes.

Who love software documentation feel the pain of propagating an information in all the languages, without a tool like the Extension:Translate.

"Accessibility" and "internationalization" are somehow not much strictly related to the purpose of "cultural differentiations". I mean: it's great having 120+ Wikibooks editions with their own cultural freedom, but what about having a place where some kind of books can be just written in a language (maybe English?) and then made accessible in 303+ languages (and dialects, who knows?).

Now creating technical books and documentation is difficult and frustrating: Have I to start writing from the en.wikibooks and then translating it manually to it.wikibooks? or vice-versa? and after I will ever end, how to keep them in sync if people improve one or other? or start new translations? Keeping everything in sync is simple with the Extension:Translate, and we can try it here in en.wikibooks for a while.

TD;DR (too long; didn't read):

We have an extension (mw:Extension:Translate) that is activated in some wikis and could be activated here to try to start manuals, documentations, technical references, etc., where every information must be accessible as soon as possible. Try it out in "MediaWiki Wiki" on and see the status of the translations for every page (for example here: mw:Help:Navigation).

Do you have any question? Do you know this extension? Do you want to try this feature here? :) Thank you! --Valerio Bozzolan (discuss • contribs) 07:22, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't think so, no. This is a mono-lingual project - any translation would go on a sister project. There are so few editors here anyway, there's essentially no chance that translations would be produced particularly as translation of a book is significantly more challenging than translating, say, a site notice on Meta, which is the main use case for the tool. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 10:17, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm also confused here. Translate is useful on c:, d:, incubator:, m:, mw:, species:, and s:mul: due to their nature but why would it be here on the English-language Wikibooks? —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 10:56, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * You are completely right, and this why in the 2018 I started a discussion in Requests for new languages/Wikibooks Multilingual 2 without success. During the discussion suggested to first play with this extension here. --Valerio Bozzolan (discuss • contribs) 09:41, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I really don't see any political will to do this or to have a multi-lingual book project, if for no other reason than how small an inactive Wikibooks is generally. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 11:23, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think book content, by its nature, is especially amenable to translation in general, though there may be a very few individual books that could be. (I'm actually, by coincidence, in the process of reading a dead-tree translated textbook, and despite being well-translated it's got pitfalls to watch out for; it's just not the same as a natively written presentation, and in general the notion of just shunting information back and forth between languages doesn't apply to the subtleties of textbooks.)  Wikibooks is, by nature, not so much a single small-ish project as a confederation of thousands of mostly-ultra-tiny micro-projects (individual books) banded together to share a common administrative infrastructure.  Almost none of those thousands of micro-projects would be interested in translation; hence, Wikibooks just isn't a likely place for a translation extension to take root. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I just thought that an activation (even a trial one) of this well-known extension could be useful to someone, even just for one book. But maybe I'm wrong and I was just too enthusiast to have the opportunity to use it for my books. --Valerio Bozzolan (discuss • contribs) 18:31, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm just having a hard time imagining when in principle a handbook, manual, guide, or textbook would be multilingual. Some source texts certainly are, and they are posted at s:mul: but a textbook in two languages...? That's in addition to the reality of how dead of a project this is. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:42, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Can't honestly agree with the "dead" characterization. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:41, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Side-note: en.Wikibooks get about 10 million page-views a month,; in comparison simple.Wikipedia gets about 20 million, and en.wp gets about 8 billion. So death may have been greatly exaggerated :)-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:57, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Getting .125% as much traffic is actually pretty compelling evidence that this project is "dead" in comparison. I realize that there are still edits here and it's obviously not really a closed or deleted project but by comparison to other WMF projects, Wikibooks is very inactive. And this is only discussing English. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:02, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Still disagreeing, here. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 21:42, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * . It can be tried, if no can appear another project to do it. And thtis is not a good idea. Free translated books in a lot of languages. Seems good. In any case, the "Translate tool" would be activated in the Language links in every page. BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 11:56, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Computing viruses
It would be interesting a book dedicated only to computing viruses and virus documentation (to documentate the types, names...). From a computer user's point of view (this also include tablets and phones). BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 11:48, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Angel Inspiration Cards?
Hey WIKIBOOKIANS! Although I seem to have lots of energy, I do not, nor do I have a lot of time because I have already started two new projects: Create Vampires and Create Ghost. Hello, I am new to Wikibooks, and I am baffled yet oddly inspired by the work other people have shared. Part of me wants to work on the "bookless" wikibooks called Create Vampires and Create Ghost, although I now see some problems in creating a "text-book" that can be edited by anyone, with unbound pages. Because I am unsure, I thought outside of the box, or rather, about what goes inside the taro box. Although taro / tarot / and motivational cards are NOT considered academic texts, they can be instructional, dependent on the person, or group of people and illustrators, creating the game. Most taro cards are labeled under "U.S GAMES" FOR CLARIFYING REASONS.

The important aspect: a collection of pages that mimic cards, with Art images and useful information, and inspirational quotes. There are dozens of taro cards, they range from dream-analysis linked with introduction to Psychology / Sai-Co-Lo-Gy to cards that introduce STAR TREK crew as "mental functions." I myself prefer inspiration cards, yet I have noticed a lot of motivational material online.

Ideally, a group of interested people would research various taro cards [within reason, exercising precaution because some cards are associated with active cults], then create a resource-book for people to familiarize themselves with the wide range of card decks that are listed, and known generally as taro / tarot cards.

If people like the information, and guidelines, they can then decide to create a category for known taro cards, or design new taro decks. The structure of taro cards maybe what may work for wikibooks, or, this type of taro structure may work for another project, or may work to help develop fictional plot-lines. I share this because I am uncertain of how to structure bookless "books." Maybe Angel inspirational cards could lead to sacred geometry cards / deck, with useful illustrations, sharing helpful math questions, design to get the student to think about problems using their math knowledge, or think about limits because we represent shapes using 2D [sometimes 3d] drawings. Thanks. Peyton09 (discuss • contribs) 00:03, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

3D Slicer
I suggest a book about 3D Slicer, open and free source, used in medicine.BoldLuis (discuss • contribs) 04:05, 20 May 2020 (UTC)


text:
Radiation Oncology/Radiation Hormesis

 * Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial, stimulating the activation of repair mechanisms that protect against disease, that are not activated in absence of ionizing radiation (similar to vaccinations)
 * The reserve repair mechanisms are hypothesized to be sufficiently effective when stimulated as to not only cancel the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation but also inhibit disease not related to radiation exposure

title: Radiation Oncology/Radiation Hormesis