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Wikijunior:Entrepreneurial learning/Valuable

Acting effectively
One of the most important means to act effectively is to use your own emotions. Anxiety can cause failure because you are cramped, but anxiety can also prevent failure if it makes you extra sharp. The same goes for other emotions. Smart learners use emotions in a way that improves their learning. For example, if something unjust happens, you can follow your anger and fight, or let the other person just show how it can be done honest. Ultimately, if you don't show off with your great achievements and are just proud of yourself, you will make a constructive contribution to a better world. Jealousy, pride, wanting to show, insecurity, the fear of missing something, wanting to be in control, being afraid of making mistakes, wanting to receive appreciation; all these emotions can be used as a motor to score higher.

Other benefits
People with a high emotional intelligence (EQ or emotional quotient) will be able to experience, behave and communicate about his emotions, beliefs and identity in depth and self-consciously. At the same time, he or she will demonstrate critical, flexible and situation-dependent self-insight by reflecting on their own thinking patterns, routines and feelings. From this he or she will understand why certain feedback from others arise, as well as his own choices for a particular strategy.

Skills
An entrepreneur is expected to be able to direct, guide, motivate and develop himself, his company and others. Those are skills of someone with a well-developed EQ. Entrepreneurial learning challenges students to master these skills in a way that suites his authentic personality (no desirable behavior based on social pressure). An entrepreneurial student has learned to argue well because selling / defending / reasoning is also asked of an entrepreneur.
 * Criteria of emotional intelligence
 * Focused on yourself: self-knowledge, self-control, self-motivation
 * Focused on the other: empathy, commitment

Awareness
As a young child you are not aware that you are driven by your emotions; "I'm angry, so I'm angry." When you are slightly older, you are aware that there are other emotions and that these emotions can change; "I am angry now, because I am angry. I am sometimes cheerful and I can be happy again." As a young person you can think about emotions and feel an emotion with that "I am often insecure and that makes me insecure." From this emotional awareness you have more control over those emotions. In entrepreneurial learning you learn to be aware of emotions and that you can choose what to do with those emotions.

Five Areas of Emotional Intelligence:
 * Identifying emotions: Being able to recognize one's own emotions and those of others;
 * Using emotions: Being able to deal with emotions, to use the emotion in determining thoughts and decisions;
 * Understanding emotions: Knowledge of emotions, understanding where an emotion comes from;
 * Managing emotions: Being able to regulate, control and direct emotions;
 * Open to emotions: Wanting to recognize one's own emotions and those of others.

Solidarity
An entrepreneur usually does not have the motivation of a businessman (making money) when he or she starts doing business. The entrepreneur usually wants to add value rather than to get only profit out of society. So an entrepreneur often starts from a sense of solidarity. Hence, one of the most successful educational projects to motivate students for entrepreneurial learning is a project in which students undertake a good idea for a good cause.

Social
So you can very well become an entrepreneur and at the same time a philanthropist. At a entrepreneurial school you will not only learn and live together with others, but also do business together. In entrepreneurial learning, you automatically come across all kinds of fellow students, teachers, entrepreneurs, old and young, people who are different, but also banks, municipalities and other social parties. You will grow from those encounters on a personal and social level.

Benefactor
For a better world it is important that you not only do business for yourself, but also help others. Do you want to be an entrepreneur who drives fast and shiny through a residential area with their big car? Or is that car electric and picks up a number of disabled children on the way to take them to school. Are you willing to put your heart and hands and your company to work for the environment and other people, whether they live next to you or on the other side of the world? People like Tesla who show sustainable and social entrepreneurship. People with the ambition to make the world a better place by doing business. Who want to set up a social enterprise.

Sustainability
In entrepreneurial learning you can choose to apply sustainable solutions for your company and / or projects. Then you will think of ways to use renewable energy sources, save on fuel or raw materials, apply environmentally friendly materials or recycle. Can you explain how these solutions address certain environmental problems such as population and prosperity growth, the ever-increasing demand for energy, raw materials and nutrients, the greenhouse effect, ever-increasing prices, deforestation, desertification, factory farming or pollution? If you are going to do business sustainably, there are some aspects that you will learn to take into account. You can think of energy, substances, water, air, soil, waste, mobility and logistics. It is then always about reducing the pollution by using less of it or using a less polluting alternative. Ways you can also arrange in your private life.

Win-Win
Good cooperation yields something for every participant. Try to search for a win for both parties in a collaboration so that everyone feels satisfied. Some mainly think of their own profit and often you are inclined to "win" from your competitor. Yet you can also work together with a competitor. If you believe enough in your unique strength, working with a competitor is no danger. Remember that by working with a competitor you may eventually achieve more than trying to beat the other. Being able to realize a win-win situation often requires creativity. You then look for the connection between the different interests and wishes of different parties. Usually this connection is not so obvious. Sometimes it seems that only you or only the other person gets better. However, there is often a win-win situation, but that appeals to your ability to think bigger and further ahead than the project itself. Avoid disappointments or reproaches. Try regularly to check with stakeholders or cooperation partners whether they still agree with your approach and idea. If you have spent a lot of time on your own then it can be a disappointment if others want it differently. Of course, as an entrepreneur you also draw up your own plan, but avoid disappointment by being open to constructive feedback from others.

Independent
You may be inclined to want to do everything yourself because you convinced only then it will all go well. The pitfall is that because of this you pull too many things towards you or that you no longer give someone else room to learn. In both cases you don't really work together anymore. Especially those who are not experts can take a fresh look at things and come up with innovative solutions. If you find yourself taking on many tasks because you are afraid that things will not go well otherwise, or because you can do it much faster than the rest, try transferring tasks to someone else. Sometimes it is better to ensure that you are not indispensable so that your company can continue to run without you.

Interest
Sometimes you are not immediately interested in others, so you may miss opportunities. That is why it can be useful to find out how you can arouse your interest in another person: What can the other person offer you? What can good listening to the other person bring you? Try to get to know each other often you will understand the other better if you have been able to communicate informally. It is one of the reasons that Arabs have a habit of drinking tea together before they make a deal.

Listening
If you want to work effectively with another person, you must be able to understand them. We are naturally accustomed to filling in meaning for the other from our own experiences and opinions. "I know exactly what you mean!" “I have also experienced that” Try to listen to the other person without your own judgments and put yourself in the other person's mind. If you are able to empathize with the other person, it is ultimately easier to influence the person to get something done. Try to find out what the other person finds attractive and pauze your own idea or opinion about that. If you listen carefully, the other person will also feel more understood by you and will therefore be more willing to listen to you. If you actively try to understand the other person, you will also be less likely to get misunderstandings. So your ears are an important tool.

Feedback
Giving feedback to each other seems very easy, but if you want to trust each other as a team you should be able to assume that you do not hestitate to give each other feedback when necessary. Collaboration often fails here; because you do not dare to be honest with each other or because you do not take the other person's feelings into account, so you are too "direct" in the feedback you give. Practicing how to give another feedback can help you.

Citizenship
An entrepreneurial student is only truly a citizen if he or she is an active and a loyal member of society and experiences a strong bond with the community ). In entrepreneurial learning, you have every chance of developing into a humane, attentive, open, honest and stable global citizen. At this point, entrepreneurial learning will not leave you completely free. We call this "guided self-discovery".


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Wikijunior:Entrepreneurial learning/Desirable

Learning to learn
Why is "learning to learn" so important in entrepreneurial learning? That's because entrepreneurial learning gives you the freedom to design your own learning. Provided that school or society can be sure that you learn well or rather learn better. And for that you need to learn how to learn succesfull. That success does not only require that you can effectively (achieve the goals) and efficiently (with the least effort) design your learning (create your own curriculum). Because you don't want to completely change this plan every day and present it again and again to a teacher, it should also be able to withstand future disruptions. This requires that you can also organize your learning flexibly and creatively.

Entrepreneurial learning style
Pupils with an entrepreneurial learning style like to give meaning to their learning and would like to translate this into practice through their own ideas. That in itself is very smart, because you rely on very effective ways of learning. However, this is also difficult for schools and teachers to handle, because if every student chooses their own path, how do they know that this also leads to successful learning? For a school or teacher, a learning style in which you imitate exactly what you have learned (the reproductive learning style) is much easier to 'manage'.

Example
An entrepreneurial student is busy making a film about a piece of history. He needs music for that movie. Another enterprising student, who happens to run a music business, likes to cooperate. Her company offers people the opportunity to show their passion for music to the world. Together with two more students she sings the music for the film. She likes it so much that she also plays a role in the film. In this way she learns history in an entrepreneurial manner.

Proposal
In judging a proposal for an alternative entrepreneurial learning route, a subject teacher will mainly take the learning results into account. He will ensure that the entrepreneurial student learns at least the same as the other students. That is why it is important that the entrepreneurial student can show exactly that this is really the case. You do this by describing very precisely what you will learn, how you will do it and how the teacher can see what you have actually learned. We call this the description of a learning objective.

Negotiation
Negotiating is often necessary in the whole process of making a proposal and getting it approved. The entrepreneurial student analyzes how this works and describes how he does it. He starts from questions such as: what do I want, what does the other person want? Who has what kind of interest and how important is that for him / her? What do you want to achieve at least? The entrepreneurial student shows in his proposal and the negotiation to the supervisors how his ideas and approach are in line with and can replace regular education.

Innovation
An entrepreneur is someone who can realize his vision, dreams and ideas by successfully connecting his logic to his passion and creativity. By (increasing) the creative competence, the entrepreneur can create innovations that others value. Creativity is a skill that helps the entrepreneur to be innovative starting from his own unique talents and personality. Entrepreneurs often describe what they make, but forget to mention why they do it. In a world of abundance where everything is already for sale, it is precisely that inspiration that will bind stakeholders. Stakeholders such as partners and customers do not become loyal stakeholders because of you or because of what you do, but because they agree with why you do it.

Self-knowledge
The entrepreneur uses creativity in different situations. He uses creativity to come up with unique products / solutions that attract enthusiastic stakeholders. He also uses creativity for the problems he encounters every day. For all these things it is important that the entrepreneur knows how creativity works for him and how he can stimulate his own creativity. Self-knowledge is therefore a first step in creativity.

Examples
An entrepreneur is someone who can realize his vision and ideas by being creative with the resources he has at his disposal. Many entrepreneurs look up to a Google or an Apple because nowadays they can research and develop everything because they have a lot of (financial) resources. Yet Steve Jobs and Larry Page & Sergey Brin also started out with few resources. Precisely because they stayed close to themselves; what do I have within my reach? they could realize their idea with few resources. They have used their own expertise and paid close attention to what is happening in the world around them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikijunior:Entrepreneurial learning/Presentable

Features
Entrepreneurship is seen as an attitude that is expressed in behavior in which someone takes agile action to stimulate an innovation. This consists of an internally-oriented part where you mainly stimulate yourself or others to get started with their ideas. For example, getting started means collecting and developing information. You prepare possible changes and try to manage them. You are looking for like-minded people for feedback. You can also protect your idea. After that comes the externally-oriented part in which network to bind all kinds of stakeholders to your idea, such as investors, partners and customers.

Appreciation
Often the energy that enterprising people show is valued by their environment, except when it comes from greed, restlessness, envy or the desire for respect, fame or worship. If you notice appreciation be aware! It can lead to attachment to appreciation and ultimately lead to suffering. Therefore, spent the same amount of time to experiencing being normal. By the way, that doesn't mean being lazy, slow or standing still. Harmony means that you venture good, wisely, calmly, sincerely and with pure intentions because you believe that is your calling.

Artist
Developing a vague idea into a strong innovation requires a very conscious and systematic approach. The inventor is therefore not the most important person needed when starting a company, but the entrepreneur, the person who knows how to turn it into a feasible distinctive product. This skill is not equal to what a businessman or manager can do well, running a business for money, but requires the ability to innovate. This demands increasingly from the young entrepreneur the role of artist who patiently refines his artwork into a perfect masterpiece. The entrepreneur knows how to make a design that brings an idea to the market, a so-called entrepreneurial design.

Effectuation
The effectuation method consists of five principles which describe the techniques of a succesfull entrepreneur. Many top entrepreneurs recognize themselves in one or more principles. If you master all principles then the success increases. Entrepreneurial learning would, if properly designed, be based on the principles of effectuation.

Affordable loss
An entrepreneur wants to be able to win. It seems as if they take a lot of risks, but the opposite is true. Entrepreneurs think about what the propability of loss is. They only go for something if the propability of loss is low as is the amount of loss. By choosing precisely this minimum as favorable result, many new proposals are prevented from being shelved forever, because the yields would be too uncertain. Timing is important here, sometimes it is wise to wait until the right time so that the chance of success is greater.

Lemonade
Unexpected events are not a threat, but an opportunity. There are new developments every day. If you stick too tightly to what you have thought up beforehand, you will soon be behind the facts. Many well-known arts and discoveries are the result of a "mistake". Like the tea bag and the post-it. It is precisely through these unexpected events that you arrive at solutions that you would otherwise never have imagined.

Bird in the hand
Entrepreneurs look closely at who they are, what they have at their disposal and therefore know where their opportunities lie. "Start with yourself" and don't wait for outside innovations. Look at what ingredients you have in your possession and make them a new dish.

Crazy Quilt
A good idea works like a magnet. When you bring out your idea as a prototype, it will automatically attract the right stakeholders. The idea of the Crazy Quilt principle of Effectuation is that people want to help you devise / set up your idea (the piece) while they can also work out their own idea. The advantage of this is that you immediately have more ambassadors who tell your idea to others and thus market them. Others may have the resources, knowledge and qualities that you can use to realize your idea. Let partners and collaborations arise based on self-selection. If you have worked out your idea and you make it known in the world by building a website and by talking to others, enthusiastic stakeholders will find you. Wait until they come to you. Give these stakeholders the space to make their own quilt on the blanket to create a win-win situation.

Pilot in the plane
Suppose your idea is an airplane. Then you have come up with a beautiful thing. However, an airplane must be piloted and it is up to the pilot to make the right decisions. A pilot must always ensure that he is in control by remaining alert to what is happening. That is also how it works with entrepreurship. You can have a good idea and even if others can derive their own idea of it, it remains up to you to control things. An entrepreneur does not wait but is proactive, takes the future into his own hands so that he also has that future under control.

5 d's
The following activities ensure that you are effective as an entrepreneur.
 * Dream: If it's all about money, then become a banker or businessman not an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs have a dream, and building that dream is everything they want. The people who join them are passionate about this dream and help make it a success. They are also willing to work hard for a minimal reward. Money is at most a way to go on. If money is your goal, you know what kind of people get around you, and what they want from you.
 * Dare: Dare to put well-intentioned advice aside. Dare to climb a mountain, by trusting that your passion is big enough to take all those small steps. Dare to believe in your creativity to find other ways when you encounter difficulties on your way. Develop confidence by looking back on the road you have already traveled. Failure is also good! Americans understand this much better than Europeans. It's no shame if something doesn't work, it's an opportunity to do it better. It's not a shame to try.
 * Do: Don't hestitate or plan long term business. Start right away! Immediately set early deadlines to launch a part of your big idea. Don't wait until everything is finished. No product is perfect, but any product can be refined over time by using it and being open to feedback. Do not necessarily work with the best people in the field, but with those who are full of passion and entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur ensures in any case that he can replace all the people around him or herself. Otherwise you take too great a risk and dependence.
 * Distribute: Share your idea. You and the people you know, the situation you are in, the resources you have are all unique. If your idea is easy to copy by others, your idea has little value. Not only you, but the people who work with you determine whether your idea will be a success. Choose these people as you would choose a spouse, namely from a perspective that you will work together throughout your business, and that you, as good parents, will take care of the children your business produces. That's why family businesses are more successful on average.
 * Dedicate: Be annoying when you need to. Your passion is more important than the fact that everyone is appreciating how and how much you spend on your passion. In difficult times it does not count how everyone likes you, but how motivated you are to continue. Perseverance is the most important factor for your success. If you are not willing to rise above yourself and others, the chances of success are almost zero. And given the big investments you'll be making to succeed, persevering, even if it means a modified road, is smarter and less strenuous than starting over.

Social
In entrepreneurial education, participants are usually expected to be socially engaged. Just like entrepreneurs, they see opportunities, devise solutions for them, arrange support and resources and take the lead. The social achievement, however, lies in doing this to meet the challenges facing people and the earth. In addition to economic value, the company also creates social value with its own company.

Capital
It is often thought that if you want to launch a good idea as an innovation, you need a lot of capital. However, there are experts who by experience (such as Günter Faltin ) claim this is not necessary. That you especially need a very strong concept that you have thought out well. According to him, it takes a "madman" to take on the ultimate challenge, just like extreme athletes, and to continue where others give up alone. Keep thinking and adjusting your idea instead of giving up as "impossible". The same thing that makes a "genius" differ from others, don't give up and keep puzzling. A good idea only arises after many and many hours of thinking. Some even speak of 10,000 hours to develop an idea in such a way that the concept gets so much quality that you can put it on the market.

Design
A good design of your company has the following characteristics and contains the following elements
 * Simplicity
 * Scalability
 * Risk minimalization
 * clear market benefits that are simply worked out
 * well ahead of copycats
 * prevents falling behind
 * as little required financing as possible
 * marketing is integrated in everything


text:
Wikijunior:Entrepreneurial learning/Favorable

Labor Law
An entrepreneurial student should know the legal conditions regarding child labor and entrepreneurship and, together with his school, find a way to let him or her do business as much as possible as if he has his own company. So with as few restrictions as possible.

Chamber of Commerce
If an entrepreneur wants to start a business, he must register with the Chamber of Commerce. In that case his company can have assets and debts, enter into contracts, file lawsuits or be charged. If you are not yet of age then you will also have to find a solution for this with your parents, for example, with the school.

Establishment Act
The legal provisions regarding the start-up of a business are laid down in the Establishment Act, which prescribes which permits or diplomas entrepreneurs who want to start a certain type of business must have. The entrepreneurial student must also investigate which legal provisions apply to his company.

Innovation
Intellectual property rights protect ideas regardless of your age so that you can share them with others without fear of someone else getting away with them. Please note: the idea itself cannot be protected, but only what can arise from that idea. This legal protection was created to stimulate innovation because the entrepreneur receives compensation for the investments (money, resources, time) he or she has made.

The protection of entrepreneurs with regard to their creative productions is called intellectual property rights:
 * trademark: protects a trademark (one or more words and / or a logo) indefinitely against unauthorized use if it is registered.
 * copyright: protect a work of literature, science or art from being made public or reproduced by others.
 * drawing and design: protects a drawing or design for up to 25 years against industrial infringement.
 * trade name: protected against use by others of the trade name if this leads to confusion.
 * patent: Protects inventions (if deposited) by giving holders a monopoly for twenty years.

Beautiful
Most enterprising students are motivated to add something beautiful to the world. The beauty of entrepreneurial learning is that it also adds something beautiful to yourself. The reasons for that are
 * the personality of an entrepreneur is an important factor in the form and success of his companies
 * becoming aware of yourself is an important step in being aware of the other person and thereby developing a social attitude.
 * an effective learner is characterized by a high emotional intelligence.

Score higher
In entrepreneurial learning, a student can achieve learning objectives from his own company. This is often only allowed if the entrepreneurial student can demonstrate that he learns the same or better with it than when he follows the classes. The entrepreneurial student wants to convince the teacher of this and he does this by scoring higher. Scoring higher is really something for an entrepreneur who wants to be able to determine what the result will be.


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User talk:Mario-WL

Edit filter/False positives
Hi what was the change you wanted to make? I could do it for you if you so wish.

I think you got caught in the filter because your edit count is low. Should be ok after a few edits.

-- Jules (Mrjulesd) 17:49, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mario-WL


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Strawberries


text:
Songbook/Greensleeves

Chords

 * [[Datei:Crd Am.svg|100px]] [[Image:Crd C.svg|100px]] [[Image:Crd G.svg|100px]] [[Image:Crd Em.svg|100px]] [[Image:Crd E.svg|100px]]

=Greensleeves=

Greensleeves is an old English folk song that has been quoted in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602). This quote indicates that the song was very well known before (mid to late 16th century). The name of the Lady Greensleeves probably refers to the green puff sleeves that were fashionable in Northern England at the time.

Greensleeves

 * Strophe1

 * A-las, mylove, youdo mewrong,

 * Tocast me off dis-courteously.

 * ForI haveloved youwell andlong,

 * De-lightingin yourcompany.

 * Chorus:

 * Greensleeves wasall myjoy

 * Greensleeves wasmy delight,

 * Greensleeves was myheart ofgold,

 * Andwho but myladygreensleeves.

 * 2.
 * A-las, mylove, thatyou shouldown

 * Aheart of wantonvanity,

 * Somust Imedi-tate a-lone

 * Up-on yourinsin-cerity.

 * 3.
 * Yourvows you'vebroken,like myheart,

 * Oh,why did you so en-rapture me?

 * NowI re-main in aworld a-part

 * Butmy heart re-mains in cap-tivity.

 * 4.
 * Ifyou in-tend thusto dis-dain,

 * Itdoes the more en-rapture me,

 * Andevenso, Istill re-main

 * Aloverin cap-tivity.

 * 5.
 * I've been  readyat yourhand,

 * Togrant whateveryou would crave;,

 * Ihave bothwageredlife andland,

 * Yourlove andgood-willfor to have.

 * 6.
 * Thoucouldst de-sire noearthlything,

 * Butstill thou hadst itreadily.

 * Thymusicstill toplay andsing;

 * Andyet thouwouldst notlove me.

 * 7.
 * I bought theekerchiefsfor thyhead,

 * Thatwere wrought fine andgallantly;

 * Ikept theeat bothboard andbed,

 * Which cost mypurse well-favoredly.

 * 8.
 * I bought theepetticoatsof thebest,

 * Thecloth so fine asit might be;

 * I gave theejewelsfor thychest,

 * Andall thiscost Ispent on thee.

 * 9.
 * Thysmock ofsilk, bothfair andwhite,

 * Withgold embroideredgorgeously;

 * Thypetti-coat ofsendalright,

 * Andthese Ibought theegladly.

 * 10.
 * Mymen wereclothedall ingreen,

 * Andthey did everwait on thee;

 * Allthis wasgallantto beseen,

 * Andyet thouwouldst notlove me.

 * 11.
 * They set theeup, theytook theedown,

 * Theyserved thee with hu-mility;

 * Thy foot mightnot oncetouch theground,

 * Andyet thouwouldst notlove me.

 * 12.
 * 'Tis I willpray toGod onhigh,

 * Thatthou my constancymayst see,

 * Andthat yetonce be-fore Idie,

 * Thouwilt vouchsafe tolove me.

 * 13.
 * Ah, Greens-leeves, nowfarewell,adieu,

 * ToGod I pray toprosper thee,

 * For I amstill thylovertrue,

 * Comeonce a-gain andlove me.

Transcription
There are many variations of this song, including quite simple ones as a solo piece for the guitar. The chords in this version are based on a simple arrangement for the classical guitar. If the piece is too high (or too low), use a capo in the 5th fret. This would transpose the piece into D minor, and it may be easier to sing. Am = Dm; C = F; D = G; F = Bb; E = A Those who shy away from the Bb major can also transpose the piece to Em. This would correspond to a capo in the 7th fret. Am = Em; C = G; D = A; F = C; E = H7

title: Songbook/Greensleeves


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text:
Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania

| African Cuisines

What the Tanzanian cuisine looks like depends a lot on the region, its available foods and the cultural background of its inhabitants. Most of the foods are basic and simple to cook. The breakfast, called Chai ("tea"), often consists of a hot beverage, mostly tea (hence the name) and less often coffee, and some baked goods like toast, Vitumbua and Mandazi. For persons doing physical labor this can also be a strong food like Ugali. Lunch and dinner are always hot meals that mostly consist of two parts: a main dish and some sort of sauce.

Main dishes
These dishes are common staple foods and many of them are not served without one of the side dishes or sauces below:

 * Ugali
 * Wali (Rice)
 * Tambi (Spaghetti)
 * Pilau
 * Chapati (Flatbread)
 * Chapati za maji (Pancakes)
 * Chipsi (French fries)
 * Cooked Bananas

Side dishes and sauces
Many of the above main dishes are not very appealing without a fitting side dish or a fitting sauce. The following list is a list of frequently served foods from this category:

 * Kabichi (A kind of salad based on cabbage)
 * Maharage (A sauce that mainly consists of beans)
 * Mboga (Vegetables)
 * Mchuzi (Sauce)

Common combinations
Most of the main dishes and most of the side dishes and sauces are not served without one of the other category. For example it is called "Wali na Maharage" when the rice is served with beans. Common combinations include the following:

 * Ugali na Maharage (Beans), Mboga (Vegetables), Nyama (Meat), Mchuzi (Sauce)
 * Wali na Maharage (Beans), Mboga (Vegetables), Nyama (Meat), Mchuzi (Sauce)
 * Tambi na Mchuzi
 * Chapati na Maharage (Beans), Mchuzi (Sauce)

Common street food

 * Chipsi (Mayai)
 * Chapati

Common baked foods

 * Mandazi
 * Vitumbua

Common ingredients
Many foods are made of the following basic ingredients:

 * Rice
 * Beans
 * Flour (Wheat, Maize, Rice)
 * Bananas
 * Potatoes
 * Onions
 * Tomatoes
 * Cabbage
 * Carrots
 * Okra

The rich availability of locally growing fruits often serves as a delicious dessert on its own or more recently blended into a fresh juice:

 * Mango
 * Papaya
 * Bananas (a lot of very different types)
 * Pineapple
 * Jackfruit
 * Passionfruit
 * Avocado

The spicing is rather simple and mostly involves salt and/or garlic.

Tribal cuisines
There is a great variety in foods prepared and eaten by different cultures/tribes.

Maasai
Maasai are a per-se nomadic tribe of which many live in the area of Tanzania. Their kitchen is very basic and focusses on the meat of the animals which they farm and live with; mostly cows, goats and sheep. Their actual food depends strongly on the season, which determines how well the animals are fed. In the dry season, in which it is hard for the animals to find food, the Maasai turn to vegetables and crops.

Chaga
Most of the Chaga live in the Kilimanjaro Area, close to or on the foot of the Mount Kilimanjaro. Their kitchen is strongly influenced by the great varieties of bananas that grow in that area, beans and roots.

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Tanzania


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text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Head cabbage


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Chinese cabbage


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Lettuce


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Scarole


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Spinach


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Beet leaves


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Celery


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Asparagus


text: Agrodatabase/21 - Crop Prontuary - Data/Globe artichokes


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Professionalism/Google Employees and Project Maven

Google
Google is a California based tech company specializing in internet services. They focus on online advertising technologies, a search engine, and cloud computing. Google is considered to be one of the top 4 US based tech companies, often referred to as the Big Four, alongside Apple, Facebook, and Amazon. In 2019 Google earned $120 billion in revenue, an estimated 83% of this came from advertising.

Google Employees
Google software developers earn exceptionally high salaries with college-grads earning an average total compensation of $180,418 according to crowdsourced data. This is almost double the national average salary for college grad software engineers of $99,917. Employees are also incentivized to stay at the company as perks such as stock awards take years to vest. Google employees have been known to protest for what they believe in such as a 2019 protest of unjust firings and the 2018 walkout over sexual harassment.

Government Contracts Before Maven
Google has received $49 million in payments in contracts with federal agencies from 2008-2019. Most of theses contracts involved advertising services such as a $352,200 contract with the Department of Health and Human Services to place HealthCare.gov ads on third-party websites and Google search results. .

The DOD's Problem
The Department of Defense (DOD) collects a large amount of full-motion video data every day. Military and civilian analysts had to manually analyze this data in support of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations, so the DOD needed a way to efficiently convert the data into actionable information. In addition to this data volume issue, the DOD’s recognition technology could only identify simple objects, such as cars and people, but not more complex situations such as those involved in the military.

The Project
Project Maven, formally known as the “Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Function Team”, was launched in April, 2017. This was a project with the DOD exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and object recognition in the battlefield. The project created a surveillance engine that uses wide area motion imagery data captured by government drones to autonomously detect objects of interest, track their motions, and relay results to the DOD. The system uses machine learning to continuously improve analyses and simplifies work for analysts by autonomously flagging objects in footage to be reviewed by analysts, rather than analysts manually examining all of the data themselves. These algorithms do not select targets or order strikes, however many concerns were voiced about the intentions and potential outcomes of the project and Google’s involvement.

Opposition
In April, 2018, one year after Project Maven was launched, over 4,000 Google employees signed a letter to Google's CEO, Sundar Pichai, asking Google to withdraw from Project Maven. The letter included employees’ concerns that the U.S. military could weaponize the AI technology to refine drone strikes and other lethal attacks, suggesting that the project could contribute to drone warfare operations. This did not align with Google’s core values as a company and employees did not expect involvement in this work when joining Google. The contract would also not contribute a significant amount of revenue, only awarding Google $9 million, so many found that the potential damage to Google’s brand and decrease in public trust was not worth the risk. In June, 2018, two months later, Google announced their withdrawal from the project, deciding to not renew the contract when it would end in 2019.

Support
Those in support of Google’s involvement in Project Maven argued that the U.S. needs to keep up with other countries in the AI arms race, as many other countries are developing AI-enabled military operations. Supporters also contended that someone would bring AI to warfare, it was just a matter of who did it. If Google did not, then the DOD would proceed even if it had to rely on lesser experts. As Google is known to have some of the most talented engineers, giving the contract to a less qualified company would lower the quality of the resulting product.

The DOD's Initiatives
The DOD established two initiatives in response to Google’s withdrawal from and public concern with Project Maven.
 * Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC): A Center of Excellence to manage all of the military's AI operations. The center had an initial focus on humanitarian efforts to boost public relations. The first major initiative was to use AI to organize the military's search and rescue response to natural disasters.
 * Defense Innovation Board: An advisory panel of technical experts devoted to review AI ethics and develop principles for military AI use. The panel would hold public meetings with AI experts about how AI should or should not be integrated into weapon programs, then would deliver recommendations to the Secretary of Defense.

Ethical and Professional Considerations
Google employees expressed concern that involvement in Project Maven would hurt future recruitment efforts and paint the company in the same light as companies such as Palantir, Raytheon, and General Dynamics who are speculated to have participated in controversial business.

Employees also acknowledged the argument that companies like Microsoft and Amazon participating in certain projects is reason enough for Google’s participation by stating that Google is set apart by its history, its ability to reach the lives of billions of users, and its motto “Don’t Be Evil” which has since been removed from the Code of Conduct. The employees believe that Google should not be involved in risky projects just because other firms are.

Ethical Considerations
Employees were not too keen on the idea of participating in a project that would aid in military surveillance and voiced concern about the project being used in more offensive situations. Diane Greene, Google Cloud’s CEO, offered reassurance that the technology would not be used to do things such as launch weapons or operate drones. Employees were convinced that since it is military software there is no guarantee that it will not be used to assist in these tasks. Once the product is delivered, the engineers will have no say in its use.

Professional Considerations
Employees were interested in preserving the trust that Google claims to value between itself and users, especially while there is growing fear of biased and weaponized Artificial Intelligence. They believe that Google has a responsibility to never jeopardize the trust that the users have in the company. If it is hard to maintain trust just because people have negative opinions on a subset of what the company does, it does not help to actively participate in things that would directly impact the trust that people have in the company.

Controversial Drone Use
One of the employees’ issues was the potential for the technology to be used to operate or launch weapons and drones. There are many advocates of military drone use and there are also people who believe that it is a step too far. One concern is about the less than ideal accuracy and civilian casualties. While exact numbers of civilian casualties can not be determined, especially since the Trump administration overturned the required release of the US military’s annual report of civilian casualties from airstrikes, some would consider the civilian death ceiling for tolerable drone strikes very low.

Another concern is the potential for drone strikes to cause more of the terrorism that they are supposed to be preventing. Disgruntled family members of victims of the strikes, or even people who are upset that their country has been attacked, may want to retaliate as illustrated with the “Times Square Bomber.” This creates a terrorist where there may not have been, but of course one could never know if that is the case. While some people think that the good outweighs the bad when it comes to drone use in the military, others may see any bad as a reason to not allow drones to be used.

Project Maven Today
Palantir took over Project Maven in 2019 after Google did not renew the contract. Palantir's CEO, Alex Karp, and Palantir as an organization hold the belief that it's big tech's patriotic duty to do whatever the US government tells it. Peter Thiel, Palantir's founder, even states that "Google should be investigate by the FBI and CIA for the company seemingly treasonous decision to work with the Chinese military instead of the U.S. government." Palantir has worked on many government contracts in the past including creating ICE and CBP's surveillance networks and building software for police that circumvents the warrant process.

Government Contracts After Maven
Current government defense contracts operate in an all-or-nothing fashion where companies must provide all services from a contract and cannot split the contract among multiple bidders. In 2018, Google decided to not bid on a $10 billion cloud contract called Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure(JEDI). This decision was made since Google could not be assured that the contract would align with their AI principals and only wished to provide services for part of the contract. A google spokesperson stated "Had the JEDI contract been open to multiple vendors, we would have submitted a compelling solution for portions of it,Google Cloud believes that a multi-cloud approach is in the best interest of government agencies, because it allows them to choose the right cloud for the right workload.”

Google AI Principles
Since 2018, Google has maintained a list of ethical principles for AI projects. These principles serve as a guide for selection and execution of further contracts with Google. This list is divided into 2 categories: Objectives for AI applications and AI applications we will not pursue. More information can be found on Google's website.

 * 1) Objectives for AI applications
 * 2) * Be socially beneficial.
 * 3) * Avoid creating or reinforcing unfair bias.
 * 4) * Be built and tested for safety.
 * 5) * Be accountable to people.
 * 6) * Incorporate privacy design principles.
 * 7) * Uphold high standards of scientific excellence.
 * 8) * Be made available for uses that accord with these principles.
 * 9) AI applications we will not pursue
 * 10) * Technologies that cause or are likely to cause overall harm. Where there is a material risk of harm, we will proceed only where we believe that the benefits substantially outweigh the risks, and will incorporate appropriate safety constraints.
 * 11) * Weapons or other technologies whose principal purpose or implementation is to cause or directly facilitate injury to people.
 * 12) * Technologies that gather or use information for surveillance violating internationally accepted norms.
 * 13) * Technologies whose purpose contravenes widely accepted principles of international law and human rights.

Conclusion
Google employees wanted Google to drop Project Maven for a few reasons that were outlined in their letter, but the general reason is that they felt Google should not be in the business of war. Despite containing signatures from only a small portion of employees, the content of the letter brings forth questions that need to be addressed when attempting to discern the morality of participation in a project for both the individual and the company. For some employees, Project Maven did not align with their ethical or professional values and they took steps to correct it. In this case, the employees provided a strong argument that most likely aided in Google’s decision to opt out of renewing the Project Maven contract.


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Template:Bcode:Example/doc

The bcode templates are designed to be included into pages as templates for specific formatting of code. Bcode is merely a shortening of Basic Code (though no relation to BASIC or Visual Basic) which represents the fact that these are very simple formats. They're paticularly useful for presentation of code segments that lack formatting via the  tags, e.g. TI-BASIC.

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Cookbook:Jahnun (Yemenite Layered Pastry)

Jachnun is a Yemenite pastry made of worked dough (made without the use of yeast) and traditionally eaten hot during the Sabbath morning meal, after being left to bake all throughout the night within a sealed pot in an oven.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg white wheat flour
 * 10 g baking powder (optional)
 * 2–3 tbsp white granulated sugar (or to taste)
 * 1 leveled tbsp salt
 * 2¼ cups of water
 * Canola oil
 * 200 g butter, soft margarine, or shortening
 * 10 hard-boiled eggs

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the flour, baking powder, sugar, and salt. Make a well in the center.
 * 2) Add some of the water to the well, and mix with your hands. Gradually knead in the rest of the water, then continue kneading for 15 minutes. The dough should not be too soft or sticky.
 * 3) Tear off a piece of dough the size of your fist. Flatten and roll it out on your work surface, then shape again into a ball. Repeat this step for the rest of the dough, then brush all the balls with a thin coating of oil.
 * 4) Allow the dough to rest for about 1–2 hours, until they have sunken slightly.
 * 5) Roll and stretch each ball out on a greased surface until it is very thin. Try to make the dough as thin as possible without it tearing.
 * 6) Spread some soft butter over the whole surface of the flattened dough. Make a triangular fold lengthwise, like a shirt fold: fold one-third of the dough toward the middle then fold the other side. Make a small fold up and down, and start rolling (with greased hands) from the bottom to the top, like folding a sleeping bag. You should be left with an elongated, slightly fat rolled jachnun. Repeat this shaping step for all the dough balls.
 * 7) Preheat oven to 212 F. Line a pot with slices of bread or pita so that it does not become overly dry while baking in the oven.
 * 8) Place the unbaked jachnun into a cookie bag, with each bag holding a single layer of jachnun. This prevents loss of moisture. Stack the jachnun in the pot, with 2–3 rows stacked one on top of the other in a criss-crossed fashion (horizontally and vertically).
 * 9) Cover the pot with the lid, and bake in the preheated oven for 6–10 hours.
 * 10) Serve with hard-boiled eggs and tomato salsa, with a little zhug over the paste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The dough cooks best when left to refrigerate for one day prior to baking.
 * Since hard-boiled eggs are served with the jachnun, they can be simultaneously cooked in a separate pot of water within the same heated oven.


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Cookbook:Ka'ak (Savory Ring-Shaped Biscuit)

Ka'ak (Arabic: كعك), is a biscuit traditionally baked while clinging to the wall of a clay oven, or on the floor of a masonry oven. The dough is enriched with oil, sugar, black cumin, and yeast, and flavored with condiments, such as honey or sugar, and it is basted with egg yolks (as desired). It is eaten extensively throughout the Middle East and Persia.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup lukewarm water
 * ½ cup vegetable oil (preferably canola oil)
 * 100 g soft margarine or butter
 * 3 cups wheat flour
 * 1 tbsp baking powder or dried yeast
 * 1 tsp light brown sugar
 * 2 tsp salt
 * 2 tbsp sesame seeds
 * 1 tsp black cumin (Nigella sativa) (optional)
 * 10 g dried marjoram, za'atar or oregano (optional)
 * ¾ tsp ground Mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb) kernels (optional)
 * 2 egg yolks (for basting), beaten

Procedure

 * 1) Combine water, oil and soft margarine (or butter) in bowl.
 * 2) Mix together flour, baking powder (or dried yeast), brown sugar, salt, and spices.
 * 3) Mix dry ingredients with wet ingredients (except egg yolks) until you get a dough.
 * 4) Let dough mixture rest for 30 minutes until it reaches its proper consistency.
 * 5) Cut dough into half. Roll each half into a coil with your hands. You should now have 2 pieces.
 * 6) Cut each coil in half, and again roll out each coil into a smaller coil with one's hands. You should now have 4 pieces.
 * 7) Cut each coil in half, and again roll out each coil into a smaller coil with one's hands. You should now have 8 pieces.
 * 8) Cut each coil at angles into 4 equal pieces. You should now have 32 pieces
 * 9) Pinch together the ends of each coil so that it forms a ring. Place on a baking sheet, and let sit until the dough rises.
 * 10) Brush each dough ring with egg yolk.
 * 11) Bake in a preheated oven at a low heat (212–338°F / 100–170°C) until they begin to emit vapors. Then, remove from the oven.


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User:CrazyBoy826/sandbox

See w:User:CrazyBoy826/sandbox

title: User:CrazyBoy826/sandbox


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User:1.Ayana/sandbox

SRI VARADARAJAPERUMAL TEMPLE RECIPE

(To make 10 idlis)

Ingredients

Raw rice 2kg, Urad dhal kg, Methi 25gm, Pepper 100gm, Jeera 100gm, Dry ginger 100gm,

Asafoetida, Curry leaves, Ghee 800gm, Salt

Method: Soak the rice, urad dhal and methi for an hour. Grind to a rough consistency. Add salt and leave overnight. In the morning, add pepper, jeera, dry ginger, asafoetida (all without tempering), sautéd curry leaves and ghee. Mix well and cook.

It takes about an hour to cook.

At home, in a cooker it may take only 15 minutes. Place pieces of mandharai leaves on the idli tray and then pour the batter.

KANAGA VILAS RECIPE

Ingredients

Idli rice 2.5kg, Urad dhal 1.25kg, Raw rice 600gm, Methi 50gm, Gingelly oil, Jeera, Pepper, Dry ginger powder, Cashew nuts, Curry leaves, Salt, Asafoetida

Method: Soak the rice, dhal and fenugreek seeds for two-three hours and grind to a coarse texture. Keep for 12 hours. Temper pepper, jeera, curry leaves, cashew nuts and add to batter. Steam it.

RAMA’S CAFE RECIPE

Ingredients

Equal portions of raw rice and boiled rice, Urad dhal, Cashew nuts, Jeera, Pepper, Curry leaves, Salt, Dry ginger powder

Method: Soak the rice and urad dhal for four hours and grind. Leave over night. Add salt in the morning. In hot ghee, sauté jeera, cashew nuts, pepper, curry leaves and add to the mixture. Make idlis.

SRI KRISHNA VILAS RECIPE

Ingredients

Raw rice 1/2 kg, Boiled rice 1/2 kg, Urad dhal 1/2 kg, Methi 20gm, Ginger 50gm, Jeera 25gm, Pepper 25gm, Dry ginger powder 1/4 tsp, Salt, Asafoetida

Method: Soak for two hours and grind coarsely. Add salt and ferment overnight. Add ginger, pepper, jeera, dry ginger powder, fried cashews, asafoetida. Mix well and steam.

title: User:1.Ayana/sandbox


text:
Songbook/Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star

Melody
Source: Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star, in: Albert Ernest Wier, The Child's Own Music Book, New York : Mumil Publishing Co., Inc., 1918, p. 116.

Text

TWINKLE, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are! Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky.

When the blazing sun is gone, When he nothing shines upon, Then you show your little light, Twinkle, twinkle, all the night.

Then the trav’ller in the dark, Thanks you for your tiny spark, He could not see which way to go, If you did not twinkle so.

In the dark blue sky you keep, And often thro’ my curtains peep, For you never shut your eye, Till the sun is in the sky.

‘Tis your bright and tiny spark, Lights the trav’ller in the dark, Tho’ I know not what you are, Twinkle, twinkle, little star.

title: Songbook/Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star


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Cookbook:Vitumbua (Coconut Rice Pancakes)

| African cuisines | Vegetarian Cuisine | Vegan Cuisine

Vitumbua are baked goods commonly found in Tanzania. They are often eaten for breakfast and are found sold in the streets in many places. The ingredients may vary based on taste and availability, however the base ingredient is rice. It can be used in plain form or as flour.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups finely-ground rice flour (or plain rice)
 * 1 cup coconut milk (or coconut milk powder)
 * 1 teaspoon yeast
 * ½–1 cup sugar (brown, white, or coconut)
 * Oil for frying

Optional ingredients

 * 8 tablespoons plain wheat flour (possibly whole wheat)
 * 2 egg white
 * 2 teaspoons ground cardamom seeds
 * 2–3 tablespoon coconut flakes
 * ½–1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 teaspoon ground nutmeg
 * ½ teaspoon almond extract
 * About ½ cup water if cooking with rice flour and/or coconut milk powder

If plain rice is used:

 * 1) Soak the rice and let it soften for at least 4 hours, maybe over night.
 * 2) Drain the rice.
 * 3) Blend the rice with the other ingredients to a batter.

If rice flour is used:

 * 1) Mix all ingredients, adding water so that a rather thick batter forms.

Cooking

 * 1) Let the covered batter rise in a warm place until it at least doubled in size and bubbles form on the surface. This may take about 45–60 minutes, and some advise letting rise overnight.
 * 2) Stir the batter.
 * 3) If you have, you should use a vitumbua pan; otherwise, an ordinary pan has to suffice. Oil the pan and heat it.
 * 4) Fill the 'holes' (of the vitumbua pan) about ¾ full with batter. Let it cook for about 2–3 minutes; it should starts to brown. Flip the vitumbua and cook the other side.
 * 5) Let cool slightly.


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User:Fadedglint/sandbox2

Baja California Peninsula Sonoran Desert

=  Biodiversity  =

Dermochelys Coriacea

The leatherback sea turtle is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodiles. It is the only living species in the genus dermochelys and family dermochelyidae. The leatherback sea turtle can be easily differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell, hence the name. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh.

Cultural Significance
The Seri people, a tribe found in Mexico, find the leatherback sea turtle of significant cultural significance because it is one of their five main creators. The Seri people devote ceremonies and fiestas to the turtle when one is caught and then released back into the environment.

Ecological Trouble
Leatherbacks have slightly fewer human-related threats than other sea turtle species. Their flesh contains too much oil and fat to be considered palatable, reducing the demand. However, human activity still endangers leatherback turtles in direct and indirect ways. Directly, a few are caught for their meat by subsistence fisheries. Nests are raided by humans in places such as Southeast Asia. In the state of Florida, there have been 603 leatherback strandings between 1980 and 2014. Almost one-quarter (23.5%) of leatherback strandings are due to vessel-strike injuries, which is the highest cause of strandings.

The Seri people have noticed the drastic decline in turtle populations over the years and created a conservation movement to help this. The group, made up of both youth and elders from the tribe, is called Grupo Tortuguero Comaac. They use both traditional ecological knowledge and Western technology to help manage the turtle populations and protect the turtle's natural environment.

Antilocapra Americana Peninsularis

Antilocapra americana peninsularis, also known as the Baja California pronghorn, is a subspecies of pronghorn endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. Antilocapra americana peninsularis is a critically endangered subspecies according to the IUCN with only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild. This subspecies can stand up to 35 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh in at up to 125 pounds. These animal's coloration ranges from golden brown to tan, with white coloration on the jaws, stomach, rump and lower neck. The Baja California Pronghorn is often called los fantasmas del desierto which translates to, “ghosts of the desert,” because their particular coloration in combination with their fast speeds allows them to disappear in the desert. Furthermore, these animal's white underbellies deflect ground heat, keeping them cool. Females are smaller than males, and if horned, retain their spike-like horns for 2-5 years before shedding them. The larger males are longer horned than females, with darker faces. Males' horns are forward-pointing prongs below backward-facing hooks, and outer sheaths are shed annually. These animals are known to live roughly 9-10 years in the wild but may live longer in captivity.

Range
The Baja California pronghorn now only exists in the El Vizcaíno Desert Biosphere Reserve of Baja California and in the Valle de Los Cirios Reserve of Baja California, Mexico. The animals once roamed largely over central Baja California, including areas like the one east of Guerrero Negro named Llano del Berrendo, or Pronghorn Plains.

Cultural Significance
Baja California pronghorn have long-standing ties as a source of sustenance to people indigenous to Baja California. The animals, once widespread, were hunted with bows and arrows, eaten, and skinned to make women’s clothing. The indigenous people, the Cochimí, referred to them as ammo-gokio or ammogokió.

Additional Information
Antilocapra Americana Peninsularis is the fastest hoofed mammal in the world and the second-fastest land mammal. They possess the ability to run at 40-60 miles per hour for over an hour. With 27 foot strides at their top speeds, the Baja California Pronghorn has padded cloven hooves to absorb the resulting shock. When running these animals open their mouth and leave their tongue hanging to consume more air. Their windpipe can reach up to two inches in diameter, funneling air to their enlarged lungs and heart which aid them in oxygen consumption. This unique animal’s oxygen consumption is three times greater than that of comparably sized animals.

Baja California Pronghorn have remarkable eyesight and have the largest eyes of any hoofed animal in North America their size. They have the ability to see for miles. Their pupils can constrict into horizontal slits, which gives them 300-degree vision, protecting them from predators.

Threats and Conservation
The future for these animals remains uncertain. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists their conservation status as critically endangered. Livestock fencing and cattle ranching threaten their livelihood. These obstructions inhibit the animal’s access to favorable habitats and their ability to conduct natural movement. Urban sprawl, human endeavor, and droughts also all threaten populations.

In 1997, the Mexican Government, in cooperation with ENDESU (Espacios Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable), established the Peninsular Pronghorn Recovery Project. This project, working in conjunction with zoos such as the Los Angeles' Zoo’s animal husbandry program, has grown the population of the Baja California Pronghorn to now exceed 420 animals, both captive and wild, in the areas of the El Vizcaíno Desert Biosphere Reserve and The Valle De Los Cirios Reserve.

Phocoena Sinus

This wonderful aquatic creature named Vaquita is under the Porpoises family which is a long group of marine animals that are mammals that are classified as Phocoenidae. Also the Vaquita, is an endemic animal, that is to say relevant of its location that receives its name “ Vaquita” which in Spanish means “little cow”. This species appears in the Gulf of Baja California and unfortunately is in danger of extinction.

Cultural Significance
The Vaquita is one of the few species of the porpoise endemic which means that it exists only one place in the planet. Because of this it can bring many tourists in the area for ecotourism which is environmental tourism that sees wildlife in its habitat. But because unfortunately the Vaquita is in danger of extinction it can negatively affect the cultural aspect of the areas surrounding the Gulf of Mexico.

Ecological Trouble
Unfortunately, the Vaquita is in danger to extinction. Because of this there will be fewer animals for both prey and predators many sea creatures will be affected by this in which the balance of the food chain in the Gulf of Mexico will have to change and adapt with the disappearance of this wonderful aquatic creature. Vaquitas usually eat around a dozen different type of small and medium-sized fish in which will have one less predator so their numbers can grow and affect the food chain there and also other larger species such as sharks were the Vaquita’s predator in which they will have one less food source again negatively affecting the food chain.

Ctenosaura Hemilopha

This animal is also known as the cape spinytail iguana. They are reptiles that eat mostly plants but they are also able to eat small animals and bugs if they are present. They live in trees, build dens, and sometimes even in cacti. Some people believe that they are in the locations they are today because the Seri Indian people brought them as a source of food. These animals are considered vulnerable because humans are taking over their natural habitat, sometimes they can be hunter to be sold as pets and dogs and cats can pose a threat to them as well. What I think is most surprising about these animals is that they coexist with another type of iguana which is not always common since there may be a limited amount of resources.

Ficus Palmeri

Baja California has two native species of figs from the Moraceae Family: Ficus Palmeri, which grows from the Cape Region to the Tinaja de Yubay region, in Central Baja, many of the islands, and parts of Sonora; whereas, Ficus brandegeei has a smaller range from the Cape to a little north of Loreto, only. They are both pretty similar, with the largest difference being that the Ficus Palmeri does not display its branches and leaves with long ¨hairs¨, meanwhile the Ficus brandegeei does.

Both varieties are called Higuera ("Fig" in Spanish), Zalate or Amate ("you love you" in Spanish), or the Desert Fig in English.

Ecological Significance
The Baja Ficus grows usually on cliffs or in the cracks of rocks. Trees and plants such as the Ficus, help to breakdown or weather stone, creating soil in its wake. Ficus palmeri, as well as three species of cacti in the Baja region (Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocerueus thurberi, and Opuntia cholla) feed on dense layers of microscopic bacteria and fungus that cover the rock surfaces. Then release valuable minerals such as potassium, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and phosphorus during this chemical weathering process. This process provides an indispensable supply of inorganic nutrients for other plants that do grow in the soil.

In Baja, a tea made from the leaves and small branches is used as an antidote for rattlesnake bites in cattle and mules. A wash is used to treat cuts and infections. This is probably due to the fact that the milky white sap of this tree is natural latex that is toxic, a known allergen and is photosensitive. It is also shown to contain anti-inflammatory and antiseptic chemicals as well.

Fouquieria Columnaris

Fouqueria Coumnaris, also often referred to as a Boojum tree or Cirio tree, is a nearly endemic species of stem succulent tree found in the Baja California Peninsula. These trees have a single or branched tapered primary stem. Their primary stems are armored with hundreds of horizontal secondary branches that are not succulents and are armed with spines. When moisture is available to the tree, leaves and secondary branches may grow. However, the trees are usually leafless during arid periods. In relation to moisture received during winter and spring months, the Boojum will elongate its stem. The Boojum is known to bloom in late summer and autumn, bearing clusters of white fragrant flowers or creamy yellow flowers with a honey scent. The tree is a member of the ocotillo family. The Boojum is reported to grow up to 70 feet tall, with its trunk growing up to 24cm thick.

Range
Fouqueria Coumnaris is nearly endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. The tree grows with the help of moist, cool winds from the Pacific Ocean moderating the arid desert climate. The tree can be found in both upper and lower Baja, California. However, it is most commonly found in the subregion of Vizcaíno. Along the Gulf Coast of Sonora, a small population of Boojum exists with help from the cold waters that replicate the influence of the Pacific.

Name
The plant received its English name from the Southwestern naturalist Godfrey Sykes in 1922. When Sykes encountered the foreign-looking plants, he dubbed them “boojums,” a nod to Lewis Carroll’s poem The Hunting of the Snark. The Spanish name of Cirio, meaning candle, originates from the plant's long tapered look, similar to that of candles at nearby missions.

Cultural Significance
An indigenous group of people native to Sonora, the Seri, believe touching the Boojum tree will cause undesirable, strong winds to blow. Furthermore, botanists used to believe mainland patterns of distribution of the plant indicated that the Seri transplanted the boojum further in the interior. However, given the Seri belief about the Boojum, which they call cototaj, this belief has been called into question.

Additional Information
Fouqueria Coumnaris differs from its relatives in the ocotillo family by growing in the winter. Boojum trees were previously believed to only grow inches per year and reach up to 700 years old. Scientists now know that the plants can grow up to as much as 1 to 2 feet during a wet year. Additionally, repeated photography helped discover that the plants only typically live roughly a century. Large individual Boojum are particularly susceptible to direct hurricane events which cause significant destruction to the Boojum population every few decades.

Notable Boojum
The tallest Boojum on record was in Montevideo Canyon near Bahai de Los Angeles. It was recorded by Robert Humphrey in the 1970s and at the time, was 81 feet tall. Hurricane Nora passed directly over the large boojum in 1997, however, the mighty tree survived.

The University of Arizona recently had to remove one of its diseased Boojum trees. The tree was planted in the 1920s or 1930s after a University of Arizona sponsored Baja California trip. The specimen was a noted member of the Krutch Garden and, at 37 feet tall, one of the largest Boojum in the state. Nurserymen plan to attempt to clone the tree using its tips. This process will be documented and is an opportunity for botanists to evaluate opportunities and methods for cloning Boojums. If the precise genotype is successfully saved, it will be reintroduced into Krutch Gardens.

Threats and Conservation
Fouqueria Coumnaris trees are pollinated by many different insects. A study of over 20 years yielded a wide variety of species from the same Fouqueria Coumnaris trees in both Baja California and Sonora. However, many of these species of insects have not been seen again for many years. This may be caused by a temporal niche separation. Diverse types of pollinators have been recorded every year prompted by unknown environmental circumstances in which further study is needed.

Other known threats to boojum include urban sprawl, expansions of agricultural frontiers, climate change, and harvesting for ornamental wood.

The El Vizcaíno Biosphere Region was created in 1988. This protected area is 9,625 sq. miles and is the largest protected wildlife refuge in Mexico. It is home to some boojum, as well as many other protected species. The El Vizcaíno Biosphere Region borders on the Valle de los Cirios.

The Valle de los Cirios, located near Guerrero Negro on the Baja California Peninsula, is the second-largest wildlife protection area in Mexico. This area was deemed a nationally-protected area in 1980 and encompasses over 9,500 sq. miles. The Valle de los Cirios contains a large population of boojum and is home to the highly endangered Desert Pronghorn. It is listed as a tentative site to become a World Heritage Site.

Fouquieria Splendens

This unique plant named the Ocotillo also known as a Fouquieria Splendens is a tall, greyish/greenish spiky plant from the Plantae family. This plant isn't considered a true cactus even though it is covered in thorns and is ingenious to both the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan Desert.

Cultural Significance
The Ocotillo does flower but only when it rains and when the flower dries it can be collected and used for tisanes which is an herbal tea. Also, Native American use to use to cut off the flowers when they blossomed and also cut of parts of the root and collect them for when someone in the tribe use to get cut they would apply either the root or the flower on the open cut which slowed down the bleeding.

Ecological Significance
Both White-Tailed deer and Mule deer have the Ocotillo in their diet, but white-tail deer tends to eat much more Ocotillo than the Mule deer. Because the Ocotillo does flower both hummingbirds and native carpenter bees are able to get nectar from them which also helps the Ocotillo spread its pollen. Also, it can provide some cover or shelter from the hot desert for smaller mammals, birds and reptiles.

Agave shawii

This plant is also known as Shaw's agave or coastal agave. These plants which are part of the genus agave are drought resistant which makes them great for living in the desert. Their roots respond fast to rain which is a good adaptation for life in the desert. These plants were used by Kumeyaay Native Americans as a source of food, tools, and even clothing. They would make many things by beating the leaves which would result in fibers that they would use for rope, clothing, traps, sandals and many other things.

=  Climate & Geology =

= Water & Land Use =

=  Opportunities & Threats = =  Opportunities & Threats =

Climate Change
Climate change looms as the largest ecological threat to the Baja California subregion and the entire Sonoran Desert. Unchecked, the effects of climate change in the Sonoran Desert will be far-reaching and widespread throughout all biomes and ecosystems. The Sonoran Desert already finds itself in a drought with at least a 25 to 40% drop in precipitation over the last 50 years. The region has been identified as being within a projected “global hot spot” resulting from climate change, with models demonstrating warming of 5.4-10.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

Increased temperatures place strains on entire ecosystems by undermining food webs. Warming temperatures, among many other factors, will increase evapotranspiration rates, stressing primary producers and the resulting food webs. Slow-moving species such as desert tortoises will have much harder times reacting to the unpredictable weather patterns produced by climate change. Furthermore, species capable of more rapid reaction and migration may attempt to move out of designated protected wildlife areas, such as the Valle de los Cirios area, only to have their movement blocked by human habitat fragmentation.

Opportunities to address climate change exist at every moment of every person’s day on a global scale. From choosing a profession that champions global climate change causes or conducts research to a persons simple daily choices, there is a way for everyone to get involved. A plethora of information is widely available on making more sustainable choices. Other ways to help address climate change are to research and donate to the most effective organizations battling climate change. Practicing responsible civics by researching and voting for environmentally friendly legislation and candidates and starting grassroots environmental movements or joining current movements are all ways of addressing climate change.

Invasive Species

Sahara mustard weed, a large, hardy fast-growing winter annual, along with a with similar invasive grass, Buffelgrass, threaten many of the endemic flora of Baja California and the Sonoran Desert. Sahara mustard started as a localized population before beginning a massive range expansion. The weed is particularly effective at challenging native cacti and perennial shrubs for resources such as light and soil moisture. Furthermore, the weed possesses the capacity to smother native herbaceous plants.

First recorded in California’s Coachella Valley in 1927, by the 1970s the plant was widespread across the Sonoran Desert and Baja California. Sahara mustard mainly kept to disturbed soil and sandy areas until in the 1990s, when it began invading undisturbed desert. In the twenty-first century, the weed again adapted and began invading the steep desert slopes and rocky soils of the Sonoran. It is now known to cause acres of impenetrable thickets in some places, completely excluding any other annuals.

Currently, research is being conducted on the best ways to combat aggressive invasive species such as Sahara mustard weed. The most effective method to date is hand weeding. Though this method is not considered a tenable long-term solution, it has been shown to be useful while research is being developed. The Bureau of Land Management conducts hand weedings, in which they may be looking for local volunteers. Contacting your local BLM office may be one of the best ways to help fight such invasive species.

Endangered Species

Antilocapra americana peninsularis, also known as the Baja California pronghorn, is a subspecies of pronghorn endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. Antilocapra americana peninsularis is a critically endangered subspecies according to the IUCN with only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild.

Combatting climate change may be one of the best ways to help save the pronghorn. High mortality rates, especially during droughts have contributed to the decline of this species. Currently CONANP (Mexico’s National Commission of Protected Natural Areas) is working with American organizations such as the L.A. Zoo to stabilize the pronghorn through the Peninsular Pronghorn Recovery Program in the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve. Consider donating to or contacting these organizations to ask how you can help these animals. Finally, people can raise awareness about antilocapra americana peninsularis.

Like many other threats in the world, humans have a big part in this. One big issue in the Baja Californina/Gulf of California area is the vaquita. This small porpoise is threatened by gill-nets that are used to fish another endangered species the totoaba. Gill-nets are nets that are nets that are placed in the water and catch anything that tries to swim through. This is the only place that the vaquita lives in and having these nets makes them face some challenges. Although, regulations on the use of gill-nets have been established, there is still people that illegally use these gill-nets to fish and vaquitas are accidentally being caught an most of them die. They are the most endangered marine mammal of the world with less than 30 in the entire planet and none in captivity. Luckily for the vaquita there is a lot of people that are trying to help. Other than banning gill-net fishing, the Mexican government also tried to help fishers use alternatives to gill-nets so that they still have a way to make a living. Other conservation groups are also trying to remove the gill-nets but there is a lot and they keep getting replaced. Some ways that can help the vaquita is enforcing the ban of gill-nets, educating people about the vaquita and people can ask how the fish you are about to buy was fished.

Habitat Fragmentation

Many opportunities are found in Baja California because it is in the middle of both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California. Because of this tourism is in every city that is in the shore to either of the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of California. For example, San Felipe is in the shore of the Gulf of California and because of this many people from both the U.S and other parts of Mexico go there to enjoy the beach. Also because of the tourism the beaches bring San Felipe they also host an off-road racing event named San Felipe 250 which happens yearly bringing more people to this city.

The threats from what the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California suffers from are all done by humans. The principal threats are livestock ranching, salt extraction, and hunting. With ranching many acres of space are taken away in which affected both populations of mule deer and bighorn sheep significantly. With hunting because so much deer type animals are being hunted it has affected the population of Pumas in the area due to they no longer have their main source of food available as much as they were having. And with the salt extraction from the see this has negatively affected the breeding and migration of gray whales.

title: User:Fadedglint/sandbox2


text:
User:Fadedglint/OpportunitiesAndThreats

=  Opportunities & Threats =

Climate Change
Climate change looms as the largest ecological threat to the Baja California subregion and the entire Sonoran Desert. Unchecked, the effects of climate change in the Sonoran Desert will be far-reaching and widespread throughout all biomes and ecosystems. The Sonoran Desert already finds itself in a drought with at least a 25 to 40% drop in precipitation over the last 50 years. The region has been identified as being within a projected “global hot spot” resulting from climate change, with models demonstrating warming of 5.4-10.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

Increased temperatures place strains on entire ecosystems by undermining food webs. Warming temperatures, among many other factors, will increase evapotranspiration rates, stressing primary producers and the resulting food webs. Slow-moving species such as desert tortoises will have much harder times reacting to the unpredictable weather patterns produced by climate change. Furthermore, species capable of more rapid reaction and migration may attempt to move out of designated protected wildlife areas, such as the Valle de los Cirios area, only to have their movement blocked by human habitat fragmentation.

Opportunities to address climate change exist at every moment of every person’s day on a global scale. From choosing a profession that champions global climate change causes or conducts research to a persons simple daily choices, there is a way for everyone to get involved. A plethora of information is widely available on making more sustainable choices. Other ways to help address climate change are to research and donate to the most effective organizations battling climate change. Practicing responsible civics by researching and voting for environmentally friendly legislation and candidates and starting grassroots environmental movements or joining current movements are all ways of addressing climate change.

Invasive Species

Sahara mustard weed, a large, hardy fast-growing winter annual, along with a with similar invasive grass, Buffelgrass, threaten many of the endemic flora of Baja California and the Sonoran Desert. Sahara mustard started as a localized population before beginning a massive range expansion. The weed is particularly effective at challenging native cacti and perennial shrubs for resources such as light and soil moisture. Furthermore, the weed possesses the capacity to smother native herbaceous plants.

First recorded in California’s Coachella Valley in 1927, by the 1970s the plant was widespread across the Sonoran Desert and Baja California. Sahara mustard mainly kept to disturbed soil and sandy areas until in the 1990s, when it began invading undisturbed desert. In the twenty-first century, the weed again adapted and began invading the steep desert slopes and rocky soils of the Sonoran. It is now known to cause acres of impenetrable thickets in some places, completely excluding any other annuals.

Currently, research is being conducted on the best ways to combat aggressive invasive species such as Sahara mustard weed. The most effective method to date is hand weeding. Though this method is not considered a tenable long-term solution, it has been shown to be useful while research is being developed. The Bureau of Land Management conducts hand weedings, in which they may be looking for local volunteers. Contacting your local BLM office may be one of the best ways to help fight such invasive species.

Endangered Species

Antilocapra americana peninsularis, also known as the Baja California pronghorn, is a subspecies of pronghorn endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. Antilocapra americana peninsularis is a critically endangered subspecies according to the IUCN with only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild.

Combatting climate change may be one of the best ways to help save the pronghorn. High mortality rates, especially during droughts have contributed to the decline of this species. Currently CONANP (Mexico’s National Commission of Protected Natural Areas) is working with American organizations such as the L.A. Zoo to stabilize the pronghorn through the Peninsular Pronghorn Recovery Program in the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve. Consider donating to or contacting these organizations to ask how you can help these animals. Finally, people can raise awareness about antilocapra americana peninsularis.

Like many other threats in the world, humans have a big part in this. One big issue in the Baja Californina/Gulf of California area is the vaquita. This small porpoise is threatened by gill-nets that are used to fish another endangered species the totoaba. Gill-nets are nets that are nets that are placed in the water and catch anything that tries to swim through. This is the only place that the vaquita lives in and having these nets makes them face some challenges. Although regulations on the use of gill-nets have been established, there is still people that illegally use these gill-nets to fish and vaquitas are accidentally being caught an most of them die. They are the most endangered marine mammal of the world with less than 30 in the entire planet and none in captivity. Luckily for the vaquita there is a lot of people that are trying to help. Other than banning gill-net fishing, the Mexican government also tried to help fishers use alternatives to gill-nets so that they still have a way to make a living. Other conservation groups are also trying to remove the gill-nets but there is a lot and they keep getting replaced. Some ways that can help the vaquita is enforcing the ban of gill-nets, educating people about the vaquita and people can ask how the fish you are about to buy was fished.

Habitat Fragmentation

Many opportunities are found in Baja California because it is in the middle of both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California. Because of this tourism is in every city that is in the shore to either of the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of California. For example, San Felipe is in the shore of the Gulf of California and because of this many people from both the U.S and other parts of Mexico go there to enjoy the beach. Also because of the tourism the beaches bring San Felipe they also host an off-road racing event named San Felipe 250 which happens yearly bringing more people to this city.

The threats from what the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California suffers from are all done by humans. The principal threats are livestock ranching, salt extraction, and hunting. With ranching many acres of space are taken away in which affected both populations of mule deer and bighorn sheep significantly. With hunting because so much deer type animals are being hunted it has affected the population of Pumas in the area due to they no longer have their main source of food available as much as they were having. And with the salt extraction from the see this has negatively affected the breeding and migration of gray whales.

title: User:Fadedglint/OpportunitiesAndThreats