text: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Computer Literacy/Operating system

When we, we said that computers come with some basic functions, for example playing music or viewing photos, and apps just add more. These basic functions of the computer are called operating system. The password prompt and desktop you have seen before are also part of the operating system.

The operating system is the first thing you see on the screen when you turn on the computer. Every operating system looks different. You can tell which operating system is running on the computer just by looking on the screen. Some of the most common operating systems are below.

 * Linux
 * Windows
 * MacOS
 * Android
 * iOS

Look at computers and devices around you. Can you tell which operating systems are they running? Which operating system is running on your computer?

We will first learn about Linux and then get back to other operating systems later. Linux has many flavors or distributions that differ only in small details.

Can you recognize the flavor of Linux running on your computer?

title: Computer Literacy/Operating system


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Computer Literacy/On and off

You have used the computer before when someone else turned it on for you. You will now learn how to turn the computer on and off on your own.

Turn the computer on
To turn the computer on:

 * 1) Find power button on the monitor and press it. This will turn the monitor on.
 * 2) Find power button on the computer case and press it. This will turn the computer itself on.

Various information might appear on the screen for a few seconds before it settles on the password prompt.

What is password?
The computer is checking whether you know the secret password. Why? Because passwords prevent strangers from using your computer. Even after the computer stops working and goes to trash, some people might try to get your photos, notes, and other stuff from it. But if they don't know your password, they wouldn't be able to do that.

Enter the password
Reach for the keyboard, type your password, and press Enter. If you type the wrong password, the computer will just ask again. If you type the right password, the password prompt disappears and desktop appears a few seconds later.

This is called desktop of the operating system. From here we can start apps and do other interesting things, but now we will just learn how to turn the computer off again.

Turn the computer off

 * 1) Move the mouse to the top right corner of the screen and click (with the left button). A popup appear.
 * 2) Move the mouse over the power icon (the one in the bottom right corner of the popup) and click it. The screen will darken.
 * 3) Move the mouse where it says "Power Off" and press the left mouse button again.

The computer should turn itself off in a few seconds. You don't have to press the power button on the computer. You might have to press power button on the monitor though.

title: Computer Literacy/On and off


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Top Tips For Chess Organisers/The Swiss System

The Swiss System in 30 seconds

 * Every competitor plays in every round.
 * A win is worth 1 point and a draw is worth ½ a point.
 * At the start of every round, every competitor is paired with an opponent with the same score, or as close to the same score as possible.
 * You can't play the same person twice. (So you have to keep track of who has played who.)

Floating
Since players should be paired against opponents with the same score, the first thing to do is divide them into score groups. A score group is simply all of the players with the same score. After Round 1, you'll have a 1 score group, (usually) a ½ score group, and a 0 score group.

Start with the 1 score group. If you have an even number of 1s, you can pair every 1 with another 1. If you have an odd number, you have to borrow one player from the ½ score group to make it up to an even number.

The pairing between the 1 and the ½ is a float. The 1 who gets paired with the ½ is a downfloater. The ½ who gets paired with the 1 is an upfloater.

Make a note of who your downfloaters and upfloaters are. If possible, don't float the same player in the same direction twice. So if the 1 beats the ½, and then the 2 score group also ends up with an odd number of players in it, choose a different 2 to be floated down.

Colour Preferences
Chess is a game between White and Black. White wins about 45% of games and Black about 35%, so you should give each player roughly equal numbers of Whites and Blacks over the course of the tournament.

The easiest way to do that is to pair White seekers with Black seekers.

If you had White in the first round, you're a Black seeker in the pairings for the second round. If you had Black, you're a White seeker.

The sequence of Blacks and Whites that you've had so far in the tournament is your colour history. For Round 2, you want to pair people with a colour history of "B" against people with a colour history of "W", so that the B player gets White and the W player gets Black.

This will result in two players reaching Round 3 with colour histories of BW and WB. This is good. Either of those players can now take either colour pieces in Round 3.

If you don't have equal numbers of White seekers and Black seekers, you'll have to pair two White seekers together or two Black seekers together. That means they'll get a colour history of WW or BB. A WW player must be given Black in Round 3. A BB player must be given White. These players have an absolute colour preference.


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User:Moriori

I guess that as I started editing Wikibooks just over 16 years ago, I should create this userpage. It might have prevented my recent edit from being rejected. It shouldn't have I know. Edits should be judged on merit, not by names/tenure of editors. Moriori (discuss • contribs) 22:09, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User:Moriori


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User:Echohan999

Primary Antibody

In the type, antibodies are grouped into three categories: primary antibody, secondary antibody, and isotype control. A primary antibody directly binds to a particular antigen of research interest and can be greatly profitable for the detection of protein expression, location, modification and function.

Applications of our antibodies include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FC), western blot (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Function-grade antibodies also are applicable for blocking (block), inhibition (Inhib), neutralization (Neut, especially for viruses), apoptosis (Apop), stimulation (Stim) and cytotoxicity assay (Cyt).

title: User:Echohan999


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User:Echohan999/sandbox

Secondary Antibody

Antibodies include primary antibody, secondary antibody and isotype control. Particularly, secondary antibody is raised against the host species of primary antibody, which directly binds to the target antigen, and provides signal detection and amplification. Secondary antibody is usually labeled with fluorescent dyes (e.g. FITC, PE) or enzymes (e.g. HRP, AP).

There are many secondary antibody options available for purity level, specificity and label type no matter the application. Our secondary antibodies are used in many biochemical assays including:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Flow Cytometry (FC)

Immunofluorescence (IF)

Western blot (WB)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

Live-cell Imaging Assay

title: User:Echohan999/sandbox


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Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker

Parties are entitled to an independent decision maker. When we speak of independence, we are referring to the ability of the decision-maker to render decisions in an atmosphere that is free from inappropriate influences so that they approach and determine the matters in issue freely and in a sufficiently dispassionate and disinterested way. Key legal issues that have emerged related to this independence follow.

The right to an independent decision-maker
The Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada stipulates that "Members shall not be influenced by extraneous or improper considerations in their decision-making. Members shall make their decisions free from the improper influence of other persons, institutions, interest groups or the political process." There is a presumption that a Member will perform their duties independently and in accordance with their oath and legal obligations.

The requirement that decisions in refugee matters be made (or be reviewable) by an independent decision-maker not only emerges from Canada's domestic law, but also arises from Canada’s international obligations. The independence of tribunals is provided for in article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The UN Human Rights Committee has also found, in Alzery v Sweden, that effective, independent review of the decision to expel prior to expulsion is necessitated by the nature of the non-refoulement obligation under article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as read with the right to effective remedies under article 2 of that instrument.

The following are some of the more specific ways that this right to an independent decision-maker applies to the IRB process.

Decision-makers must be free of any reasonable apprehension of bias
Decision makers must enjoy independence from the parties to the cases before them. Indeed, the court holds that the Immigration and Refugee Board is structured to operate as an administrative tribunal with as much independence from its sponsoring Department as is ever found in the contemporary administrative justice system. The fact that the government or a Minister may have made comments about a case in public or the House of Commons cannot itself be taken to create a reasonable apprehension of bias that the Member will decide the case unfairly.

For a discussion of the doctrine of bias, or a reasonable apprehension thereof, as it relates to any relationship, past or present, between the decision-maker and the parties or those who may benefit from the decision, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker.

See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker.

The IRB may use "soft law" instruments such as policy statements, guidelines, manuals, and handbooks
The Federal Court of Appeal holds that administrative agencies do not require an express grant of statutory authority in order to use “soft law” such as policy statements, guidelines, manuals and handbooks to structure the exercise of their discretion. In any event, the IRPA provides an express grant of authority to the Chairperson to issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides. Members are expected to follow such guidelines unless compelling or exceptional reasons exist to depart from them. See the discussion of this authority at the commentary on section 159 of the IRPA: Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson.

Members should engage in an independent assessment of the case before them
Every application should be considered individually. A decision maker's reasons must make clear that they put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence. For example, when a matter is remitted for redetermination, the new panel should not copy and paste from the prior decision in a way that calls into question whether they genuinely reconsidered the matter.

Similarly, a RAD Member may not dispose of an appeal in a few sentences by simply stating that they had reviewed the record, done an independent assessment, and agreed with the RPD. That said, while the RAD is required to undertake an independent review of the evidence, it need not engage in a repetitive analysis where the RAD is in agreement with both the outcome reached and the reasoning relied upon by the RPD.

See:

 * Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing

 * Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing

 * Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing

The Board may not fetter the discretion of Members through policy statements or guidelines that take on a mandatory character
Fundamental to the right of a fair hearing is that a Board member exercise independent judgment in deciding a case on its merits free from undue influence. Where policy statements, guidelines, or other institutional actions fetter a decision-maker's independence, this can constitute undue influence upon the member and violate the principles of procedural fairness. The fettering of discretion doctrine has been used primarily to assess the validity of policy instruments such as guidelines. The fact that a guideline is intended to establish how discretion will normally be exercised is not enough to make it an unlawful fetter, as long as it does not preclude the possibility that the decision-maker may deviate from normal practice in the light of particular facts. When assessing whether a policy statement or guideline amounts to an unlawful fetter on a decision-maker's discretion, courts have recourse to the factors from Ainsley: (1) the language of the policy; (2) the practical effect of failing to comply with the policy; and (3) the evidence with respect to the expectations of the Commission and staff regarding the implementation of the policy. If a policy statement is actually a set of binding rules, then this will require legislative or regulatory authority. For discussion of this, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents. An example of where a policy in the immigration context was held by the Federal Court of Appeal to have invalidly fettered discretion was a blanket directive issued by Citizenship and Immigration Canada prohibiting lawyers and representatives from attending interviews in the overseas refugee resettlement context. This policy was held by the court in Ha v. Canada to be invalid because it fettered visa officers’ discretion to consider each case on their facts and determine whether to allow lawyers to attend the interview.

Members may not fetter their own discretion
In addition, Members may not fetter their own discretion through excessive deference to policy statements and other extraneous materials. As the court held in Yanasik v. Canada, a decision-maker cannot limit the exercise of the discretion imposed upon them by adopting a policy, and then refusing to consider other factors that are legally relevant. The application of a policy guideline may amount to an unlawful fettering of a panel's discretion if it is applied without due consideration to the evidence and submissions in a particular case. Such a situation may arise where a member decides to apply the guideline without exception and ignores the evidence or submissions of counsel that there is reason to vary the procedure.

A separate, but related, issue can arise where one RPD panel relies upon fact-finding conducted by another panel. Generally speaking, one panel of the RPD can rely on fact-finding conducted by another. This usually occurs uncontroversially in the context of documentary evidence about conditions in a country. That said, the Federal Court cautions that a panel cannot “blindly” or “blithely” adopt another panel’s findings and that “reliance on the findings of another panel must be limited, careful and justified”. In Calandrini v Canada, Justice Mosley explained that “[t]he exercise of discretion by a decision-maker is said to have been fettered if the decision is made in accordance with the views of another without the exercise of independent judgment”. For further discussion of this, see Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing and also see the discussion of the use that a new panel can make of previous reasons where a matter is being heard de novo: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing.

Another example of where Members may be held to have fettered their own discretion is where they refuse to admit evidence on the basis that it is unsworn. There is no requirement that a document be sworn in order to be admitted, as the Refugee Division is not bound by legal or technical rules of evidence. In the words of Siad v. Canada, it is not for the Refugee Division to impose on itself or claimants evidentiary fetters of which Parliament has freed them. Similarly, a panel should not refuse to admit evidence because it is hearsay; however, this may be a valid basis for admitting the evidence and then assigning less weight to it: Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings.

Members are not bound by previous interlocutory decisions on a file
The IRPA distinguishes between interlocutory and non-interlocutory decisions: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions. A member is not technically bound by a past interlocutory decision made on a file, for example the decision of a coordinating member on a preliminary matter. This is so as a result of the tribunal's power to control its own procedure, including its ability to reconsider past interlocutory decisions when new evidence or argument is provided.

That said, section 23 of the IRB Code of Conduct states: “Members, in their decision-making, have a responsibility to support the institutional interest of the IRB in ensuring the consistency of its decisions, while recognizing that no improper influence may be brought to bear upon their adjudicative independence.” For reasons of consistency and judicial comity, previous decisions should generally be respected unless there are reasons to deviate from them (e.g., new evidence is filed, new arguments are raised); see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing.

Furthermore, some RAD and RPD Rules have specific provisions concerning subsequent or multiple applications for the same relief, which need to be applied if a Member is to deviate from a past decision: see, e.g. Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding.

Members are not bound where the Minister concedes a point
A situation can arise where the Minister is a party to a proceeding and concedes a point or makes a recommendation in the claimant's favour; this does not bind the Division and does not relieve a claimant from their obligation to make their case: Fong v Canada. That said, while a joint submission is not binding on the Division, the caselaw establishes that it should be given serious consideration: Nguyen v Canada. See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate.

Members will be seized of a matter in certain circumstances
When a panel which is hearing a case becomes seized of the case, only that panel may complete the case; members become seized once substantive evidence has been adduced. As RAD Member Edward Bosveld noted in X (Re), 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), the tribunal may remain seized of a matter. The fact that the tribunal is seized of a matter means that it remains in consideration of the matter. Once a superior court of record has heard evidence, it is seized of the case and no other judge may decide it. However, this principle does not apply to a tribunal like the IRB, which maintains more flexibility than a court to proceed in an informal and expeditious manner: Manalang v. Canada. For examine, in a case involving another tribunal, the Quebec Court of Appeal concluded that it was not improper for the Senior Chair of the Office of Disciplinary Chairs to remove seized cases from a member due to long delays in rendering decisions.

Informal discussions with colleagues are permissible so long as independence is maintained
A question can arise about the permissible limits of voluntary and informal discussions amongst Members of a tribunal about the issues raised in their files. As Mullan notes in his text, "the case law on the subject is surprisingly far from comprehensive". The Ontario Court of Appeal held that there is no bar on a tribunal member consulting and being influenced by those internal consultations in Khan v. College of Physicians & Surgeons of Ontario:"The volume and complexity of modern decision-making all but necessitates resort to 'outside' sources during the drafting process. Contemporary reason-writing is very much a consultive process during which the writer of the reasons resorts to many sources, including persons not charged with the responsibility of deciding the matter, in formulating his or her reasons. It is inevitable that the author of the reasons will be influenced by some of these sources. To hold that any 'outside' influence vitiates the validity of the proceedings or the decision reached is to insist on a degree of isolation which is not only totally unrealistic, but also destructive of effective reason-writing."This is reinforced in the IRB context by section 13 of the Code of Conduct for Members which provides that "Members have a responsibility to perform their duties in a manner that fosters collegiality among members and with staff and to treat them with courtesy and respect. Members are expected to assist their colleagues through the respectful exchange of views, information and opinions." There is no doubt that the participation of "outsiders" in the decision-making process of an administrative tribunal may sometimes cause problems. The decisions of the tribunal must, indeed, be rendered by those on whom Parliament has conferred power to decide and their decisions must, unless the relevant legislation impliedly or expressly provides otherwise, meet the requirements of natural justice. However, the court has held that "when the practice followed by members of an administrative tribunal does not violate natural justice and does not infringe on their ability to decide according to their opinion, even though it may influence that opinion, it cannot be criticized." As such, there is no issue with the Board, for example, hiring mentors for new members who may work with those new members in order to assist with preparing for hearings and then assist post-hearing with reaching factual findings about the evidence heard. There is indeed a body of literature on such mentoring for adjudicators and its permissibility so long as it is carried out in a way that maintains the mentee's independence. As well, it is permissible for other tribunal members, even a member's superiors such as the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson of the tribunal, to comment on a member's draft reasons as noted by the Federal Court of Appeal: "While the Acting Deputy Chairperson reviewed drafts of the member’s decision, under the IRPA, the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson are also members of the RAD and paragraph 159(1)(h) does not prohibit them from suggesting changes to a draft at a deliberative stage." Furthermore, the use of administrative and proofreading assistance is not prohibited so long as, in every case, the ultimate decision is that of the decision maker.

Internal discussions between tribunal members on process, law, and policy are encouraged
A key issue that arises with respect to independence is the extent of permitted discussions amongst members of the tribunal about a case that is under consideration. The leading case on this subject is the Supreme Court of Canada decision I.W.A. v. Consolidated Bathurst Packaging Ltd. The rules on this subject allow for a broad latitude for internal discussions, within an atmosphere that has been referred to as “assertive collegiality”, provided that the final decision-maker is unencumbered in freely making their own decision. The principles are well captured by this passage from the paper Consistency in Tribunal Decision Making from the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice:"This culture of ongoing discussion can be described as a system of “assertive collegiality”—where there can be vigorous debate internally within the complement of adjudicators, but once the discussion is complete, the person hearing the case is free to make their own decision. Discussions also occur regularly between tribunal Chairs and individual adjudicators at any stage in the hearing process. For example, particular types of cases which raise significant or novel issues may be flagged at the intake stage. Once identified, they are brought to the attention of the Chair who will then choose a particular adjudicator to deal with the case. The Chair may have a discussion with the adjudicator before the assignment is made in order to canvass the procedural, law and policy issues that might be presented in the case. During the course of the hearing, the adjudicator and the Chair may continue the discussion, so that the adjudicator understands the issues in the context of the tribunal’s institutional views. Once the hearing is completed, the Chair and the adjudicator may then continue their discussion throughout the decision writing process."It is entirely permissible, and even desirable for reasons of training and consistency, for members to be encouraged to distribute draft decisions amongst each other for comment: “Most tribunals schedule regular meetings for more formal discussions and it is not unusual where adjudicators are primarily full time and based in one location for there to be weekly or in some cases, daily meetings where drafts are exchanged and where issues of process, law and policy are discussed.” In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the “criteria for independence are not absence of influence but rather the freedom to decide according to one’s own conscience and opinions”

As a general rule, the members of the organization who have not heard the evidence cannot be allowed to re-assess it. Discussions of policy in the context of refugee adjudication may, and indeed should, cover consideration of country conditions. As the Federal Court of Appeal notes when distinguishing the type of factual findings at issue in Consolidated Bathurst, supra, factual issues in refugee adjudication can be of a "special nature to the extent that they go beyond the evidence specific to any particular claimant." As the Federal Court noted in Barrantes v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), “it would not do to have one panel member’s terrorist organization be characterized by another member as a benevolent non-government organization”. As such, in the context of refugee adjudication, discussions between tribunal members on general issues of fact related to a country are not just permissible, but desirable.

Discussions cannot be imposed upon a Member
Consolidated-Bathurst involved discussions by members of an administrative tribunal after hearing cases but before reaching final decisions. In that decision Gonthier J. okayed the practice, but imposed important limitations. In short, discussions could not be coercive and could not delve into the facts of particular cases. The rules for such discussions are enumerated in the eponymous case. The Supreme Court of Canada affirmed this conclusion in Tremblay v. Quebec: “In my view, the mere fact that the president can of his own motion refer a matter for plenary discussion may in itself be a constraint on decision makers. In such circumstances, they may not feel free to refuse to submit a question to the "consensus table" when the president suggests this. Further, the statute clearly provides that it is the decision makers who must decide a matter. Accordingly, it is those decision makers who must retain the right to initiate consultation; imposing it on them amounts to an act of compulsion towards them and a denial of the choice expressly made by the legislature.” As such, where a Member does not wish to consult, either with other members, a supervisor, or legal services, they must be truly free to not do so (aside from during special circumstances such as during an initial probationary training period).

Legal services review of decisions may discuss issues of fact in the reasons but should not attempt to influence factual findings
Gonthier J. of the Supreme Court of Canada made the following comment (in dissent) in Consolidated-Bathurst:"The determination and assessment of facts are delicate tasks which turn on the credibility of the witness and an overall evaluation of the relevancy of all the information presented as evidence. As a general rule, these tasks cannot be properly performed by persons who have not heard all the evidence and the rules of natural justice do not allow such persons to vote on the result. Their participation in discussions dealing with such factual issues is less problematic when there is no participation in the final decision. However, I am of the view that generally such discussions constitute a breach of the rules of natural justice because they allow persons other than the parties to make representations on factual issues when they have not heard the evidence. [emphasis added]"The applicability of this comment to the refugee context was considered by the Federal Court of Appeal in Bovbel v. Canada. Specifically, in that case, the court considered whether having legal advisors have access to the files of refugee claimants when providing legal advice to Members, the above principle could be offended. The court rejected this concern as follows:"A fair reading of the documents on the record shows, in our view, that the legal advisors were not expected to discuss the findings of facts made by the members but merely, if there was a factual inconsistency in the reasons, to look at the file in order to determine, if possible, how the inconsistency could be resolved. True, there was always the possibility that the legal advisors might, since they were in possession of the file, exceed their mandate and try to influence the factual findings of the Board. However, as mentioned by Mahoney J.A. in Weerasinge, any policy is susceptible of abuse."As such, discussions, whether with the Board's legal services team, or otherwise, should not aim to influence the factual findings of Members, but need not eschew all discussion of facts, for example where a Member has made inconsistent factual findings in a decision and that concern should be resolved. Procedural fairness does not demand that Members of the Board never discuss the facts of a file. That said, it is plain that a mandatory policy of legal review in which legal services members attempted to influence or pressure Members to make certain factual findings regarding a hearing that they had never observed would offend principles of independence. Finally, there appears to be a real lack of clarity on exactly how to interpret the statements of Gonthier J. in Consolidated-Bathurst. For example, David Mullan writes in his text Administrative Law that "on the mater of discussion of the evidence, the Court itself is not totally unequivocal even in the context of discussions with colleagues who have not heard the evidence. Where staff have been present at giving of the relevant testimony or where the evidence is written rather than given orally, the constraint on discussion may not have quite the same force."

Discussions between Members of different Divisions must be limited
The IRB Chairperson’s Instructions Governing Communications Between Related Divisions reaffirm the importance of institutional independence so that members are free from improper influence. The Instructions provide that members of a first-level Division must never communicate with members of a related appeal Division, and vice versa, with respect to:

 * particular files, whether before or during deliberations, or after the final decision is rendered; and
 * adjudicative strategies pertaining to their Division.

The fact that IRB Members have limited terms of appointment does not in itself unduly constrain their independence
The IRPA establishes that IRB members have appointments of fixed duration. Generally speaking, independent decision makers should have terms that are sufficiently long to limit the pressure stemming from frequent renewals. This is compatible with having a term of fixed duration. For example, judges of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, and the Court of Justice of the European Union all have terms of six years. Furthermore, while RPD members are granted ‘a high degree of independence’, they lack ‘the judicial independence of courts of law’.

In Sethi v. Canada, the Federal Court concluded that the fact that the government had introduced a bill into Parliament discharging Board members without compensation for the unexpired term of their appointment did not, in itself, create a reasonable apprehension of bias. The Court noted in that case that the introduction of a bill does not create bias as passage of any bill is speculative and public policy dictates the government should be allowed to announce proposed changes without bringing tribunal to a halt.

The tribunal must follow explicit instructions stated in a judgment or direction from a reviewing court
Where a matter is remitted by the Court to an administrative tribunal for redetermination, a tribunal is required to follow explicit instruction stated in the judgment or direction from the reviewing Court. While the decision maker is advised to consider the comments and recommendations in the reviewing Court’s reasons, it is not required to follow them. The fact that a judgment includes the statement that the matter is to be re-determined “in accordance with these reasons” does not mean that everything in the reasons constitutes a direction from the court. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal: "I am of the opinion that only instructions explicitly stated in the judgment bind the subsequent decision-maker; otherwise, the comments and recommendations made by the Court in its reasons would have to be considered mere obiters, and the decision-maker would be advised to consider them but not required to follow them." As such, in Patricks v. Canada, wherein a matter had been returned to the RAD on consent at the Federal Court on the basis that the compelling reasons doctrine had not been adequately considered in the underlying decision, the court held that as the court order did not make any explicit reference to "compelling reasons", the new RAD panel was "[free] to conduct a complete assessment and to reach a different conclusion from the RPD and namely, on the issue of credibility".

See also:

 * Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing
 * Canadian Refugee Procedure/Reopening a Claim or Application

Deliberative Secrecy
The principle of deliberative secrecy prevents disclosure of how and why adjudicative decision-makers make their decisions. The "how and why" of decision-making are kept secret to protect the decision-maker and the decision-making process. In the context of administrative decision-making, the common law principle of deliberative secrecy has two elements: (i) the general rule that the deliberative process is secret, and (ii) that secrecy will be lifted when this is necessary for effective judicial review of the administrative decision. The jurisprudence establishes that, in the administrative context, the principle of deliberative secrecy applies only to administrative tribunals – that is, to bodies that make adjudicative decisions. It does not apply to “administrative decision makers” writ large. Secrecy remains the rule, but it may nonetheless be lifted when the litigant can present valid reasons for believing that the process followed did not comply with the rules of natural justice.

This principle is reflected in s. 156 of the IRPA, which provides that members are not competent or compellable to appear as a witness in any civil proceedings in respect of the exercise or purported exercise of their functions under this Act: Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons.

Access to information rights under the Privacy Act and Access to Information Act apply to files and recordings made of hearings
In general, the IRB may be required to release records related to hearing, including copies of files, audio recordings, and videos of hearing under the Access to Information Act to non-party requestors. This includes third-party subpoenas, media requests, and requests from academics or the general public. Such requests can also be made by a party to the case pursuant to the Privacy Act. For example, in Krasilov v. Canada, the applicants obtained a series of internal emails between the RAD member and an assistant working at the RAD regarding the assistant's review of the member’s draft decision. See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act.

Access to information rights under the Privacy Act do not apply to a Board Member's notes
The issue of how the principle of deliberative secrecy intersects with access to information rights under the federal Privacy Act was considered in Tunian v. Chairman of the Immigration and Refugee Board. The Tunian family were refused refugee status. They applied pursuant to section 41 of the Privacy Act to receive the draft reasons and notes prepared by the member of the Refugee Protection Division of the IRB who made the decision determining that they were not Convention refugees. Section 41 of the Privacy Act gives the Court the jurisdiction to review instances in which an individual has been refused access to personal information. The Privacy Act provides individuals with a right of access to information about them where it is either in a "personal information bank" or under the "control" of a government institution. Access to the Member's notes was refused in this case on the basis that notes made by quasi-judicial decision-makers in the course of carrying out an independent adjudicative function are not in the control of the administrative tribunal but, rather, are in the control of the member themself. In this case, the court affirmed the decision Privacy Commissioner v. Labour Relations Board and held that the principles discussed therein apply to the Immigration and Refugee Board, particularly:"It is the duty and role of courts to ensure that administrative tribunals make their decisions in accordance with the rules of natural justice. ... As such, courts are called upon to warrant the fairness of the process. To do so the Court must ensure that the tribunal possesses the freedom to decide matters independently, as it sees fit, without interference from anyone at any time. In my view, regulated and systematic intrusions by outsiders into the thought process of a decision maker as it stands to be revealed by the hearing notes would impact negatively on the integrity of the decision-making process."

Board Members are neither competent nor compellable witnesses as a result of the principle of deliberative secrecy
The rule protecting deliberative secrecy is an exclusionary rule. The rule operates to prohibit compelled testimony from judges about their deliberations. It also provides that judges are not competent to testify about their deliberations. That is because the purpose of the rule is not to protect judges’ personal interests, but rather “to ensure public confidence in an impartial and independent judicial system”: Kosko c. Bijimine. Gascon J. stated in Laval v. Syndicat de l’enseignement de la région de Laval that “[j]udges cannot of course choose to lift deliberative secrecy to explain the reasoning behind their conclusions whenever it suits them to do so.” Among the broader rationales that have been offered for this rule is to prevent judges themselves from subsequently augmenting or qualifying their reasons, which offends the need for finality in judicial decision-making and undermines public confidence in the administration of justice.

The applicability of this rule to Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board was considered in Ermina v. Canada. In that case, the applicant’s refugee status had been vacated by a panel of the Board. At the hearing before the Board, the applicant had sought to elicit testimony from the chair of the panel that had originally granted her that status. The Board refused to hear such testimony, relying on the rule protecting deliberative secrecy. The applicant then tried to adduce an affidavit sworn by the former chair and containing the same information. The Board refused to receive that as well. On the ensuing application for judicial review, Tremblay-Lamer J. upheld the Board’s decisions in that regard, finding that the former chair was neither a compellable nor a competent witness. In that decision, justice Tremblay-Lamer explained that “[d]ecisions must be final and subject only to review in the ordinary channels.” In reaching that conclusion, she relied heavily on Agnew v. Ontario Association of Architects, in which the Court elaborated on the rationale for extending the rule to administrative decision-makers: The authorities do not make it clear whether this general rule applies equally to members of administrative tribunals. In logic, there is no reason why it should not. The mischief of penetrating the decision process of a tribunal member is exactly the same as the mischief of penetrating the decision process of a judge.

Apart from the practical consideration that tribunal members and judges would spend more time testifying about their decisions than making them, their compellability would be inconsistent with any system of finality of decisions. No decision and a fortiori no record, would be really final until the judge or tribunal member had been cross-examined about his decision. Instead of review by appeal or extraordinary remedy, a system would grow up of review by cross-examination.

In the case of a specialized tribunal representing different interests the mischief would be even greater because the process of discussion and compromise among different points of view would not work if stripped of its confidentiality.

It is not necessary to catalogue all the different forms of mischief that might result from the compellability of judges and tribunal members to testify about their decisions. It is sufficient to say that there is no reason in logic to distinguish between a judge and a member of the statutory tribunal under consideration here. See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons.

This is consistent with international practices regarding human rights and refugee inquiries. For example, the Special Court for Sierra Leone concluded that the High Commissioner for Human Rights was protected by privilege and should not be compelled to provide information considered confidential.

Board management cannot read a Member's emails without good reason
The IRB has stated that it supports the principle that access to an employee's e-mail without consent is justified only in extreme situations, for example in situations involving a criminal or security infraction, and only after proper authorization from senior management. As a result, a Member's emails will ordinarily be private and not readable by managers or others in the organization, absent exceptional circumstances and good reason to do so. The federal Privacy Commissioner chastised the IRB when it departed from this standard in one case.


text:
English-Hanzi/Anger

Anger is a strong emotional state. It can cause a strong discomfort and react to provocations, injuries or threats.

愤怒是一种强烈的情绪状态. 它会引起强烈的不适感，并对挑衅，伤害或威胁做出反应.

title: English-Hanzi/Anger


text:
User talk:Happygrape2

Welcome!
Welcome, Happygrape2!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 12:30, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Happygrape2


text:
Talk:Haskell/Traversable

rejectWithNegatives actually needs just Foldable
"Using Foldable would replace the structure of the original list with that of whatever Monoid we pick for folding, and there is no way of twisting that into giving either the original list or Nothing."

This is incorrect; `rejectWithNegatives` is possible to implement using just Foldable:

rejectWithNegatives :: [Foldable t, Ord a, Num a] => t a -> Maybe (t a) rejectWithNegatives lst = foldr trampoline id lst (Just lst) where trampoline x bounce acc | x <= 0 = Nothing | otherwise = bounce acc

In order to properly motivate Traversable, we would need something where we require more general effect building. I can't think of one off the top of my head though. 209.133.79.5 (discuss) 00:26, 18 January 2020 (UTC) A concerned person at work

 * Well spotted, thank you. It is worth noting that the flaw in the example is specifically that, given the list is returned unchanged in case of success, we don't have to actually rebuild the structure, as we can cheat by slipping in the original list. This can be made explicit by refactoring your  as:

 * I will think about a better example (suggestions, as ever, are welcome). --Duplode (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Why Functor a constraint of Traverse?
Foldable I understand, but wouldn't it still work without the Functor constraint? —76.26.110.79 (discuss) 04:10, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

transpose exercise is too hard
Hi! I think the =transpose= exercise is too hard. There is a whole chapter about /understanding/ the solution in `Data.Traversable`. I do not think it is didactically useful to make readers solve this exercise when learning about `Traversable`.

title: Talk:Haskell/Traversable


text:
User:Tinashelorenzi/Collections/maths

Solving and simplification

 * Algebra
 * Algebra/What is math, exactly?
 * Algebra/Who should read this book
 * Algebra/Arithmetic
 * Algebra/Order of Operations
 * Algebra/Real Numbers

title: User:Tinashelorenzi/Collections/maths


text: User:Nicolito

title: User:Nicolito


text:
User talk:Benprobooks

Welcome, Benprobooks!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 20:36, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benprobooks


text:
User:Harry Goon

I mostly contribute to Commons and Wikidata.

title: User:Harry Goon


text:
User:Brellaumpixel/Collections/Bike Repair

Bike Repair and Maintenance

 * Repair
 * Mods
 * Bicycles
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Cables and Housings
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Chains
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Cranks
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Derailleurs
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Derailleurs/Front Derailleur Adjustment
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Derailleurs/Rear Derailleur Adjustment
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Frames
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Freewheels and Cassettes
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Gear-changing Dimensions
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Handlebars and Stems
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Shifters
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Shifters/Rapidfire Shifter Lubrication
 * Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Glossary


text:
360 Assembly/360 Instructions/CLI

CLI COMPARES LOGICAL IMMEDIATE EG:CLI 2(R5),C'A' THE EXAMPLE COMPARES THE FIRST BYTE AT LOCATION R5+2 WITH CHARACTER VALUE A I.E HED VALUE OF A=C1.

title: 360 Assembly/360 Instructions/CLI


text:
360 Assembly/360 Instructions/MVI

MVI MOVES 1 BYTE SPECIFIED BY THE USER TO 1ST BYTE LOCATION OF THE FIRST FORMAT FORMAT:RI MVI 2(R5),X'C1' THIS INSTRUCTION MOVES X'C1' IE. CHARACTER 'A' TO LOCATION OF FIRST OPERAND WHICH IS R5+2.

title: 360 Assembly/360 Instructions/MVI


text:
Top Tips For Chess Organisers/All-play-all Tournaments and the Berger Tables

Berger Tables
Each team plays each other team in ascending numerical order, alternating colours/venues. When a team would be scheduled to play itself, it instead plays the highest-numbered team. This formula gives you two ways to generate each pairing - once from the point of view of each team.


text: User talk:Oyat tide gn

title: User talk:Oyat tide gn


text: User:Mocking jo/sandbox

title: User:Mocking jo/sandbox


text:
User:Beautiful Pony

I used to edit under the account How come why not, but it is now compromised.

title: User:Beautiful Pony


text:
Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet

Wikijunior Bird Alphabet -- /A/ /B/  /C/  /D/  /E/  /F/  /G/  /H/  /I/  /J/  /K/  /L/  /M/  /N/  /O/  /P/  /Q/  /R/  /S/  /T/  /U/  /V/  /W/  /X/  /Y/  /Z/ --

title: Wikijunior:Bird Alphabet


text:
User talk:Barner20

Vin, Vehicle Identification Numbers for vehicles manufactured in the United States
Hello, I have always had trouble navigating through any search engine to find somewhere that you can have an older vehicle checked through their vin#. These are usually 11 digits and if you are lucky enough to find information on one it will most definitely not be free. I got lucky years ago now and found a site by accident, but have never found it again. If anyone can help, I am listening or reading. Thanks--Barner20 (discuss • contribs) 04:42, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Barner20


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/169 - Decisions and Reasons

IRPA Section 169
The legislative provision reads: Decisions and reasons 169 In the case of a decision of a Division, other than an interlocutory decision: (a) the decision takes effect in accordance with the rules; (b) reasons for the decision must be given; (c) the decision may be rendered orally or in writing, except a decision of the Refugee Appeal Division, which must be rendered in writing; (d) if the Refugee Protection Division rejects a claim, written reasons must be provided to the claimant and the Minister; (e) if the person who is the subject of proceedings before the Board or the Minister requests reasons for a decision within 10 days of notification of the decision, or in circumstances set out in the rules of the Board, the Division must provide written reasons; and (f) the period in which to apply for judicial review with respect to a decision of the Board is calculated from the giving of notice of the decision or from the sending of written reasons, whichever is later.

For commentary, see RPD Rule 67 and RAD Rule 50
See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions and Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals.


text:
User:Bruh bruhmoment

Bruh moment

title: User:Bruh bruhmoment


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Joseph Brown

Joseph Brown
Joseph Brown was a prominent amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, amateur club administrator from the mid 1930s through 1980s. He was a broadcast technician in the Postmaster-General's Department working at 7ZL and later the Hobart ABC TV station. His station callsign was 7BJ (7=Tasmania, B=Brown, J=Joseph) and he operated from Hobart, Tasmania. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Joseph Brown - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Joseph Brown - Nothing uploaded as yet


text: History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Joseph Brown/Notes


text:
Using Firefox/Stylish

Stylish is a Firefox extension that allows you to apply custom Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) style on a per-site basis.

Following privacy issues appearing from January 2017, Stylish was pulled from both the Chrome Web Store and Mozilla Add-ons in July 2018, and was automatically uninstalled for all existing users, as per Wikipedia. A version of Stylish that did not have these privacy issues seems to be Stylish 2.0.7[VERIFY].

Stylus is an extension that is a fork of Stylish 1.5.2.

Stylem is an extension that is a fork of Stylish 2.0.7, designed to work in Pale Moon, a Firefox fork. It also works in SeaMonkey 2.49.5, a Firefox-related suite.

Stylish lets you specify the domains to which the CSS shall apply like this: @-moz-document domain(wikipedia.org), domain(wikibooks.org) { /* Your CSS */ }

One use of Stylish is to remove elements of web sites, for example as follows:

@-moz-document domain(youtube.com) { }
 * 1) player-ads {display: none !important;}

Above, "#player-ads" is the selector, "display: none" ensures the removing of the element, and "!important" ensures the rule has a high priority. In some web browsers, you can find out about the selector for an element by choosing Inspect Element context menu, finding the right element, and then choosing Copy > Selector or the like.

See also Cascading Style Sheets Wikibook, including its Selectors chapter.

title: Using Firefox/Stylish


text:
User:Devetec/common.js

importScript('User:Uziel302/typo.js');

title: User:Devetec/common.js


text:
Talk:General Chemistry/Behaviour of Gases

Evaporation of liquids = Occurs when kinetic energy in a substance is unequal and it is unevenly distributed across a liquid, causing molecules to move faster and slower than each other. Then ultimately leading to evaporation of the liquid into a gas because the atoms are breaking away. Another way evaporation can occur is through temperature. When Liquid faces a large amount of heat pressure it can begin to evaporate into gas, because their vapor from being boiled is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Volatile is a characteristic some liquids have, which means they evaporate more easily.

Motion of gas particles = This is the motion of gas particles, the motion is very random, the particles can even collide with each other. Gas particles move very fast because they have high kinetic energy, plus they are not bonded to a substance like a solid.

diffusion and effusion = effusion is the relationship gas has for escaping from a container if a hole is present. Diffusion is when gasses mix together and or spread.

Dalton's law of partial pressures = is a equation that can be solved to figure out the pressure that's being exerted by said gas. Also the pressure equals its own components.

Colettam (discuss • contribs) 18:00, 24 January 2020 (UTC)


text:
Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Consciousness

Neuroscience of Consciousness
Consciousness can be defined as the state of being aware or awake; of noticing the existence of something . In neuroscience, the definition of consciousness is continually shifting as scientists advance their understand of the phenomena. A prerequisite to the definition of consciousness is the presence of experience. Cognitive science has divided conscious experience into two major aspects: local states and global states. Local states of consciousness involve experiences from perception, such as visual imagery, bodily sensations, affective experiences, and present thoughts. This is also referred to as “conscious content,” as determined by the object’s noticeable features. Alternatively, global states of consciousness are related to broad cognitive, behavioral and physiological features such as alertness, wakefulness, minimally conscious state, or dreaming.

Source of consciousness
At present, the neural source of consciousness remains unclear. However, Harvard scientists are moving closer to finding its biological sources. Notably, an important connection was found in the region of the brainstem involved in arousal. Research into awareness has been correlated with the outer cortex of the brain. However, identifying precise regions with accuracy remains challenging. So far, neuroscientists have identified specific region of the brainstem related to arousal, and two cortex regions that appear to facilitate conscious states. In one study, 36 patients with brainstem lesions were analyzed, 12 of whom were comatose, while the other 14 subjects were conscious. Using fMRI, patient’s brainstems were mapped to better understand why some remained conscious after they sustained injuries, while others languished in comas. The area of the brainstem found to be significantly associated with a comatose state is the rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Of the 12 patients with damaged brainstems, 10 of these were comatose. Conversely, of the 24 conscious patients, only 1 had damage to this area. The researchers found two additional areas in the cortex correlated with regulating conscious states, the left ventral anterior insula and the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. While these results corresponded with previous studies on arousal, it was the first time that conscious states were correlated with the brainstem.

Probing consciousness in the brain stem
While assessing consciousness in unresponsive patients, the principle approach in biomedical models is the analysis of non-reflexive, assumedly intentional behavior. These include testing patients’ reactions to sound and touch, and in some cases nocioceptive stimuli that stimulates pain in nerve cells. Unstandardized assessments that include simple verbal commands such as “stick out your tongue” or “show me four fingers” have error rates as high as 40%. An often used consciousness-assessment measure is the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). The scale measures auditory, visual, motor, communication and arousal responses and orders the data hierarchically to yield an overall score. Depending on the absence or presence of behavioral metrics, scores can range between 0-23. These test have to be repeated and the scores aggregated, as patients’ consciousness often fluctuates throughout. Importantly, the measure of arousal refers to the correlation between sensory stimulation and fiber activation in the reticular activating system (RAS). The RAS is a network of neurons in the brain stem particularly involved in the regulation of arousal, alertness and the sleep-wake cycles.

Biomarkers correlated to consciousness
Biomarkers associated with levels of consciousness are neurophysiological correlates such as brain metabolism, blood flow, and electrical activity. Research indicates that when brain metabolism drops below normal, reports of consciousness also declines. A study of brain metabolism, called position emission tomography (PET), revealed a greater metabolism rate in those who had unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. This syndrome holds no clinical signs of awareness or minimal consciousness to commands while having their eyes open.

An EEG report can be analyzed by breaking down spectral patterns and quantifying their complexity and connectivity. The EEG’s complexity can be assessed by entropy measures. Entropy refers to the degree of order, disorder, or randomness in a system. A 2016 study identified correlations between entropy measures and level of consciousness in subjects.

One method assesses the neurocorrelates of consciousness by using transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS) to activate regions of the parietal cortex. Another EEG measure is called the perturbational complexity index, and allows doctors to estimate the patient’s level of consciousness with better accuracy throughout various states of sleep, anesthesia, and injury. Another sleep study roused subjects during the night using an EEG. It was reported that approximately 30% of the time, the participants who were jolted from their sleep did not experience anything prior to waking up. The participants without memory of conscious experiences tended to have lower frequency activity in the posterior cortical prior to being awakened. Participants who remembered dreaming showed higher frequency activity throughout the night. The researcher suggested that monitoring the “hot zone” in the posterior cortical region during sleep could predict a person’s dreaming and hence conscious states.

Pattern recognition
A recent study analyzed the brain activity of 125 people while they slept or rested. Forty-seven healthy participants had unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Scientists found two different patterns of activity in the brain. The first was a complex pattern that did not follow normal anatomical brain pathways. The second pattern was simple and constrained to standard brain anatomy. Participants who were fully conscious exhibited the complex pattern for a longer time, while those with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome displayed the simpler pattern. Those with minimal consciousness exhibited both patterns interchangeably. Also, when healthy patients were anesthetized, they displayed the simple pattern of brain activity indicates a further relationship with consciousness.

Consciousness and the thalamus
Research has implicated the thalamus as playing a nm important role in consciousness. A recent experiment employed ultrasound to stimulate the thalamus in people with brain damage. The initial test was conducted on a comatose man who had been injured in a vehicle accident. After three days of ultrasound stimulation, he became able to understand language, respond to commands, and make head intentional gestures. After five days he began attempting to walk. This treatment has since been used in persistent coma patients with encouraging results. However, a few weeks after the thalamus was stimulated, many patients reverted to their original state. While evidence supports the view that consciousness is affected by changes in neurological brain states, no single mechanism has yet been found. To date, a full picture of the neurological underpinnings of consciousness remain elusive.


text:
User talk:BrendanCS

Welcome, BrendanCS!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 08:47, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:BrendanCS


text:
User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4

Welcome, 1234qwer1234qwer4!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. The Living love (discuss • contribs) 12:10, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

--Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 08:16, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

Quick note on Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage
Hello, thank you for helping out Wikibooks. Please note that if you intend to make a lot of edits per minutes with the tool I suggest requesting the   to avoid flooding recent changes. Otherwise happy writing! Cheers Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 18:33, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello. Thanks, but I don't think I well be doing a lot of AWB edits here. I just found this typo somewhere on enwiki, decided to fix it in all instances there, and then found there are more here on Wikibooks from the search on enwiki. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 18:36, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

categorizing book main pages
It is helpful to categorize previously uncategorized book main pages, yes; much appreciated. Note, for the main page of a book, instead of BookCat we use Shelves (which, properly, ought to have a shelf as a parameter, but, whatever). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:11, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Were you referring to any specific example of me not using it? I have added the shelf template to some book main pages before, see, for example, Special:Diff/3768545 and Special:Diff/3771437. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 19:14, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thought I'd mention it, in case, as I'd just been cleaning up miscellany (from yonder) and noticed . --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:22, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Editing the Oberon Book
Hello 1234qwer1234qwer4, thanks for editing in the Oberon book. Just now I reviewed the White Paper. Some of the edits are destructive. Sections which were numbered consecutively are now all numbered "1". Several hyperlinks were expired and deliberately deactivated. Your edits activated them so that a reader might expect them to work. I'm fixing these errors. I've been very careful in formatting pages in this book and will review other pages for similar damage. I've also found indentation broken in Oberon/ETH Oberon/faq2.3.6. It's a long page and I don't have time to review it in detail now. Consequently I've reverted the whole page. Consultation prior to extensive editing might be advisable. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to have done damage. I reviewed every genfix AWB did, but maybe I did not have enough context. Why don't you use Dead link to mark links as dead? 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 09:59, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
 * An example of damage: ":" at the beginning of a line begins indentation. The indentation stops at a line break or empty line. Replacing <br /> with a line break seems a simplification but can end an indent. These details require careful attention. Many of the pages you changed were originally published at the ETHZ. Noted in the green box at the top of a page. I have tried to preserve these pages as close to original appearance as possible. That includes details such as indentation. To see the effect of your changes with AWB I'll have to step through each page comparing screen by screen to the copy in the Internet archive. A very time consuming process. Currently I am working on a long bibliography. Many hours of concentrated work required. Digression to checking dozens of previously completed pages for damage is an unwelcome interruption. =8~( Regarding dead links: to me at least, "[expired]" suggests that the target is gone. That is the case for most ETH targets. The dead link template suggests that the link itself is broken while the target may remain at a new URL. In some cases, the link might connect into the Internet Archive. Simply making the link appear live is not acceptable. Considering these factors I make a proposal. (1) Please revert the pages you have changed. (2) Evaluate changes such as "[expired]" to dead link template, one at a time. Mention in my talk page before applying your idea. Or describe your intended change in the talk page of the page you want to change. If we agree that a change is an improvement, then go ahead. This will prevent unintended consequences. There is an important general lesson here. Automation can be very efficient but must be applied with understanding. Automated actions without understanding can produce extensive damage. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:15, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, I will revert my edits where you have not edited after me (that is, all but three pages). I am once again sorry for causing unnecessary damage; I was cleaning up the backlog at Special:UncategorizedPages by adding the BookCat template and thought the genfixes were okay. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 16:32, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, I reviewed all the edits and used my alternate account, User:Эарендил, to revert all the edits that touched any HTML tags. The rest of the edits (apart from adding the BookCat template, of course) only cleaned up links to the left of the pipe |, added nbsps before units, removed trail spaces, or converted some mnemocodes to the Unicode characters (except where this change was in a link, I reverted the edit if that was the case!). Tell me if you want edits like this or this reverted as well; I don't think that is necessary. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 16:56, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for replying. Adding BookCat is helpful. Adjusting a link left of the pipe is fine, thanks. I noticed a nbsps added between two sentences. A nbsp between a number and a unit is appropriate. A nbsp between two sentences will force unusual spacing. Removing a trailing space is probably OK; I wonder whether it has an obscure effect on format in some cases; please check results. Converting character encoding is probably OK. I have a plain American keyboard and can not easily type characters such as umlaut. That is why I use html encoding for accented characters. The changes for which you give two examples should be OK. For pages salvaged from the ETHZ, the final check is to compare the appearance of the page in the Internet Archive with the appearance here. I've made special efforts to preserve the original appearance. One further point: some pages are source code; if you want to edit a source, please notify me first. I welcome all assistance, provided high standards are maintained. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 17:55, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I reviewed the nbsp additions carefully as well and found two of them (as far as I remember) that were wrong and fixed them. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 19:07, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * ... I thought again about the dead link template vs. "[expired]". The distinction between a target ceasing to exist and a link not anchored correctly is realistic. If a former ETH page is gone, nowhere to be found on the 'net, I can live with [dead link]. Most pages gone from the ETHZ but remaining in the Internet Archive can be salvaged here. A few pages are in the Archive but a low priority to salvage. The ETH Oberon home page for example. Those links can point to the Internet Archive until they are salvaged; if salvage ever happens. So if you change [expired] to [dead link], OK. Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 04:36, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for helping out
This is a monster of a task, to the point where bots are needed to aid in their completion. just showing my appreciation. 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 11:30, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Experience in some semi-automated tools certainly helps. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 11:51, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

AWB for FF2: and FF4: to Final Fantasy IV?
Is it ok if you do this? Remember that the first Super NES release of Final Fantasy IV was titled Final Fantasy II, confusingly clashing with the actual Final Fantasy II, which didn't release in North America originally. 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 12:36, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure, that's what I planned to do after FF6. I just wanted to make sure all pages were restored before I would begin with the task. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 12:38, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * @2005-Fan Should be done. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 12:58, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Nice work! 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 13:06, 4 June 2021 (UTC)
 * @2005-Fan You're welcome. Do you need more assistance with the Pokémon categories? 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 19:29, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, thank you 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 21:23, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * @2005-Fan I've done ten example edits; is this the change you want? I can create the categories after on. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 21:57, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes that's it, thank you 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 00:35, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

Yes thanks for all your work on the recent video-game books. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:38, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

For Pokemon pages, there's also
2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 12:57, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Sigh... At this point it might actually be better to use a bot. Did you think about trying to learn how to use AWB yourself? A task like this should not take too much time to figure out. You will need to request an addition to AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage, though. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 13:17, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * That is what I would suggest to do indeed. Actually the AWB checkpage is semi-protected - you can add yourself to it. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 13:45, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I've used it long ago, but I'm alright with doing manual edits (I don't want to go through the process of setting it up for 1-2 operations). 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 13:53, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

Esolangs.org
Hi, I’m curious to know is the account 1234qwer1234qwer4 in esolangs.org owned by you? Because it links to your userpage at meta. -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 14:06, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, it’s listed also in meta so it’s yours. 😅 sorry for asking before looking. -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 14:07, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Automate Minecraft resource gathering/Authors & Contributors
Do you think this process can be automated? It’s a boy annoying to pass through all the subpages to see if any new contributors not mentioned there have contributed. - 📜 GIFNK 📖 DLM💻MMXX🏰 (TALK🎙 | CONTRIBS) 20:45, 18 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This can probably done with a SQL query, but not sure if it is worth the effort. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 18:45, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

editing the license footer
..causes actual monitoring alerts in production. I know it was just punctuation, but I would like you to know that this causes alerts and then the need for code changes to fix the alerts. Additionally I can't link to the bug report because Wikimedia's own bug tracker is triggering a spam alert. Best regards, Mutante (discuss • contribs) 00:03, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

The thing is that the monitoring checks for WMF legal expect one and only one valid footer for all projects. They don't expect that Wikibooks has different footers from Wikipedia and other projects. And this has been alerting for a week now. So I think it would be much easier if you guys just revert it here but there is also an open ticket where it can be discussed in detail with the observability team. They might want to move it to a new monitoring system anyways. https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317169 Cheers. Mutante (discuss • contribs) 21:40, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Right now wikt:MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyright, voy:MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyright, s:MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyright (as an example) are all indeed identical, but different from this wiki's MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyright, and the difference is not the punctuation I changed, so I'm not sure how "one and only one valid footer for all projects" is true (disregarding the fact that non-Englsh wikis use non-English localisations). If it's a big issue that cannot be resolved by a simple change in the strings the monitoring system checks against I can certainly revert it for now. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 22:22, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Languages
I register my opposition to volume adding of Template:WikiProject Languages; it adds clutter with no genuine value that I can discern. --Dan Polansky (discuss • contribs) 20:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It categorises pages into and provides a link to the Wikibooks talk:WikiProject Languages discussion page where one can expect a quicker response (and otherwise one can still use Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:WikiProject Languages to monitor talk page activity). Over 4000 pages had already been tagged by @Adrignola back in 2010, and I had just concluded tagging the pages which had been created in the meantime. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 00:51, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Let the Non-Autoconfirmed Users have another chance of editing for fun.
Let them have another chance of editing so they can have fun, Adding new blocks is a great way for acceptance and they will have a very fun time editing, Unicode/versions will be unprotected tomorrow, There will be so much fun with editing so that the non-autoconfirmed users and autoconfirmed users have fun adding new blocks and extended blocks. Ashtontameirao120 (discuss • contribs) 23:36, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4


text:
User:Soroush Tourism/sandbox

Development Cooperation Handbook

title: User:Soroush Tourism/sandbox


text:
The Story of Rhodesia/Authors and Contributors

Here is the list of users that have contributed to this wikibook: If you have contributed to this wikibook, please add your name to this list.
 * 1) Dino Bronto Rex (discuss • contribs)
 * 2) ElfSnail123 (discuss • contribs)
 * 3) Gifnk dlm 2020 If only Middle English Wikipedia could be saved (talk)


text:
User:Ansissilins18

Ansis Siliņs

title: User:Ansissilins18


text:
User:JimKillock/sandbox

Janua Linguarum Reserata

title: User:JimKillock/sandbox


text:
Jánua Linguárum Reseráta

The Jánua Linguárum Reseráta is a famous and very influential educational text by John Amos Comenius from 1633. It presented Latin and other languages in parallel text to help children learn Latin, particularly by presenting them with a wide vocabulary. Today, it is less well known than Comenius' Orbis Pictus, but contains some similar texts, along with more advanced passages.

This book currently contains the Vestibulum (portal) section. Other digitised versions are available but have not been converted to editable text but rather are unedited scans.

The version presented here includes some very light editing, and a more modern English translation. Modern 's' characters are used, but æ is kept. The Latin marks long vowels with an acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) – these are equivalent to macrons. The original text used a variety of accent markers or none.

Note that some words and spellings may use medieval Latin forms. Where possible, we have tried to ensure that Wiktionary entries are available for any words or spellings that may be unusual to a modern Latin reader more used to Classical forms.

The Vestibulum is now complete. If you have the skills and wish to check the Latin and the translation, this would be very much appreciated.

 * Januæ Latínitátis vestibulum—The Portal to the Gate of Latin
 * Caput I: Dé accidentibus rérum—On the accidence of things
 * Caput II: Dé rérum áctiónibus et passiónibus—Of the actions and passions of things
 * Caput III: Dé rérum circumstantiís—Of the circumstances of things
 * Caput IV: Dé rebus in scholá—Of things in a school
 * Caput V: Dé rebus domí—Of things at home
 * Caput VI Dé rebus in urbe & regióne—Of things in the city and country
 * Caput VII Dé virtútibus—Of virtues

title: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta


text: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum

title: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum


text:
Talk:Jánua Linguárum Reseráta

I am collecting parts of Comenius' book of this title to this slightly modernised version. The intention is to also provide an audio version. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 22:46, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Great work, glad to see this online! On which printed edition is it based? Would be good to add this info in the description. Dr.Viktor.B (discuss • contribs) 21:30, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

Policies

 * Light editing, provide a more modern English translation.
 * Preserve original spellings eg Taler, rather than modifying to Thaler.
 * Use modern s characters
 * Keep ligature æ
 * Mark long vowels with a grave accent á, é, í, ó, ú, ý
 * Time permitting, add words used to Wiktionary where they are missing

title: Talk:Jánua Linguárum Reseráta


text: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum/Caput 1


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2019/December

Please block - inserting nonsense into pages. —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 14:58, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ By Atcovi. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 11:04, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

A lot of vandalism from IP. A block would probably help. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:05, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Blocked. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:31, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Cheers! -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:41, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

User:QuiteAbusual
Please block indef. LTA. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:34, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:38, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks! -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:52, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * It is better to ask for a global lock instead of a local block for a LTA like this. Please report such cases to SRG, thanks! Masumrezarock100 (discuss • contribs) 17:53, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅, evidence of cross-wiki abuse so appropriate. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:05, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Mentioning at both places seems to me worthwhile. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:52, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment: Most of the time it turns out that master accounts of these type of sock accounts are locked. Evading global lock is itself an abuse. As such their socks should be locked even if you found no evidence of crosswiki abuse from the current account. And for your information, the sockmaster is a globally banned user, w:en:User:Projects aka Lujpko Steriv. (GRP). Masumrezarock100 (discuss • contribs) 23:03, 21 December 2019 (UTC)
 * <nods> It's also useful to request local action, since from time to time local action might (by whatever sequence of events) occur sooner and would presumably be useful in the meantime as the local wiki is (we are supposing) one place where damage is actually being done. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 00:18, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. Also I'm not familiar with many cross-wiki LTAs so this is harder to work out. Also blocking on individual projects might make the job easier for the stewards to see the disruption. So both places seems ideal. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:58, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Good point. A block would stop the abuse on this project for a while. But these LTAs tend to go vandalize other projects after they get blocked on one project. So after reporting them locally, I'd check their global contributions/CentralAuth if I were you. And if appropriate, report them to #wikimedia-stewards channel on freenode or SRG. The former option is faster if stewards are online. For more information about these LTAs, I recommend to check out LTA case list on English Wikipedia. For this one though, you'll find no case there because of w:en:WP:DENY and other reasons. Still it is helpful. Masumrezarock100 (discuss • contribs) 18:56, 22 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Anglese

Sort alphabetically for a rapid search.

title: Anglese


text:
Vedic Mathematics/Sutras/Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye

Shunyam shutra explains various methods for getting our answer for the value of "x" in an linear equation.

The shutra simmply says that if there is a common term in the equation and the sum of the equation is 0 then the common term can be equated to 0.

Method:1 Suppose we have an equation givem by 2x+4x-12x+16x=0

Here we can see that we have a common term x in all the terms So we can take out x and equate it to 0. Because according to the shutra it implies that when the sum is same the sum is zero.

Or i.e. that we have to take out the common term out and equate it to zero and we will get our answer in one go.

For another eg.

7(x+1) =8 (x+1) We have to find x so what to do?? If we use standard method it will take time We will expand each side and solve

But from this shutra the common term is (x+1) both side so we can equate (x+1) to 0 and our ans is -1.

We can also solve complex questions by applying the same and save much time.


text: User:Handsomelyian

title: User:Handsomelyian


text: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum/Caput 2


text:
User:Bluetoothless/sandbox

you are cool

you are cool and never ever will you be alone, because god is always with you.

title: User:Bluetoothless/sandbox


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Acute

In medicine, acute refers that something is of rapid and recent onset. Acute conveys no level of urgency, however. Examples of frequently acute conditions include: broken bones, heart attacks, and the stomach flu.


text: What You Should Know About Medicines/Glossary of Pharmacological Abbreviations


text: Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum/Caput 3


text:
The Story of Rhodesia/Kingdom of Mapungubwe

Introduction
The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (or Maphungubgwe) (c.1075–1220) was a medieval state in Southern Africa located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers, south of Great Zimbabwe. The name is derived from either TjiKalanga and Tshivenda. The name might mean "Hill of Jackals". It is nicknamed “Southern Africa’s first state”.

Mapungubwe Plateau
There is little evidence of any state beyond the wealth of the capital. This would suggest a centralised authority which monopolised trade and wealth. It could also command labour to build large stone structures.

The kingdom of Mapungubwe was formed by Bantu-speaking peoples. The heart of the area controlled by the Mapungubwe has at its heart a large sandstone plateau. It was easily defended due to its inaccessibility. Just like other kingdoms in Southern Africa, agriculture brought plenty of food that could be traded for goods.

Government & Society
The chief or king was probably the wealthiest individual. He owned more cattle and precious material than anyone else. There was also a religious association between the king and rainmaking. The king and his court dwelt in a stone building on the highest level of the tribe’s territory. Royal wives likely dwelt separately from the king. The common people lived in mud and thatch houses. The king was buried at the top of the hill, while the commoners were buried at the surrounding valley. The population of Mapungubwe was at peaks at peak in the mid 13th century A.D. At that time, the population was around 5,000 people.

Trade
Archeologists have found a high number of carnivore remains and ivory in the area of the Mapungubwe plateau. This suggests that animal hides and elephant tusks were probably sold to coastal areas. The presence of glass beads from India and fragments of Chinese celadon vessels indicates that there was trade with other states on the coast who traded with merchants traveling from China and Arabia by sea.

Art
Pottery was produced on a large scale in the Kingdom of Mapungubwe. This suggests the presence of professional potters. It’s another indicator of a prosperous society. Forms of pottery include spherical vessels with short necks, beakers, and hemispherical bowls while many are decorated with incisions and comb stamps. There are also ceramic figures, whistles, and one giraffe figurine. In addition, cattle, sheep, and goat figurines, and small figures of people with elongated bodies and short limbs have been often found in a domestic setting. These figures were probably used as offerings for ancestors or gods. However, their precise function is unknown. Other finds include small jewellery items made from copper or ivory.

A particular type of decoration was only found in the Kingdom of Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. It was to beat gold into small rectangular sheets which were then decorated with geometrical patterns. The patterns were made by incision and used to cover wooden objects using small tacks, also made of gold. Evidence for local gold-working is a rhinoceros figurine made from small hammered sheets, fragments of gold bangles, and thousands of small gold beads. These objects were found at the royal burial site. These are the first known indicators that gold had a value of its own (as opposed to just a currency) in Southern Africa.

Decline
The kingdom of Mapungubwe was already in decline by the late 13th century A.D.. This was probably due to overpopulation putting too much stress on local resources. This situation has been brought to a crisis point by a series of droughts. Trade routes may also have shifted northwards and local resources run out. The kingdoms that now prospered were to the North, such as Great Zimbabwe and then the Kingdom of Mutapa.


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/The Most Common Drug Interactions

Alcohol

Alcohol interacts with many medications in a variety of ways. One example is making seizures more likely to occur in conjunction with bupropion (a smoking cessative and antidepressant). Check with a doctor before starting the medication if you drink regularly

Grapefruit

Grapefruit, including it's juice increases the amount of many medications absorbed into the blood. This is most major for blood pressure medications, but affects many others. Before drinking the juice, ask your doctor wether you can drink it, and if so, how much you should have. your dose may need to be adjusted to compensate.


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Anorexia

Being anorectic means having no appetite. This is most often caused by an medication or medical condition. It is a fairly common medication side effect, commonly caused by medications that have side effects of appetite suppressing (such as methylphenidate for ADHD). However, you should never take a medication not prescribed to you to help you lose weight.


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Opioids

Opioid overdoses are common, and can have deadly consequences. Fortunately, there is an medication available to quickly reverse the symptoms. This medication is called /Naxolone/. It is available as an nasal spray, autoinjector, or injectable.


text:
Catholicism/Introduction/Sacraments

Baptism
In the Catholic Church, baptism can be performed by an ordained catholic priest or a catholic person in an emergency situation. Baptism requires; holy water, chrism oil, and catechumens oil.

Penance
Penance (also known as Reconciliation or Confession) is the Sacrament by which a baptized Catholic is absolved of his sins and reconciled to Christ and the Church. The Sacrament has four steps: contrition, confession, absolution and penance. Contrition is deep sorrow and hatred for sin, with a firm resolution to avoid sinning in the future. Confession, specifically to a priest, is required for the Sacrament to absolve the penitent of grave sin. All grave or mortal sins must be confessed in the Sacrament of Penance. Penance is performing acts of amendment, to God and neighbor, which the penitent must do to restore justice in these relationships. Further, because of the disorder caused in the soul of the penitent by his sin, he must "make reparation", "expiate", or "do penance" to restore spiritual health. To obtain absolution, the penitent must confess his sins to a priest with the faculties of absolving. These faculties are received from the Church and allow the priest to forgive sins in the name of Jesus.

Reconciliation with God is the main purpose and effect of this Sacrament. Further, the Sacrament reconciles the Christian to the Church, gives consolation, remits the eternal punishment of sin, and strengthens the Christian for spiritual battle. Father Gabriele Amorth, the Vatican’s top exorcist, stated that confession is more powerful than an exorcism.

Confirmation
The Saint Joseph Confirmation Book by Lawrence Lovasik contains information about the Catholic Holy Sacrament of Confirmation.

Matrimony
Catholic persons who are single must discern whether or not they are called to the priesthood or matrimony. If matrimony is chosen, the catholic is expected to date with the intention of marrying within the Catholic Church. If a person was ever married prior to seeking matrimony in a Catholic Church, they must apply for an annulment for any previous marriage.

The Catholic Church provides a marriage course called Pre-Cana for those seeking matrimony.

title: Catholicism/Introduction/Sacraments


text:
What You Should Know About Medicines/Autoinjector

Autoinjectors are an administration method that is most frequently used to deliver medicine to the body quickly. They are most commonly used for /Epinephrine/ and /Naloxone/, Although they are occasional used for other medicines as well.


text: Category:Book:Jánua Linguárum Reseráta

title: Category:Book:Jánua Linguárum Reseráta


text:
User:D-ynamics

Nothing

title: User:D-ynamics


text:
User:Olavskun

Hello

title: User:Olavskun


text:
The Story of Rhodesia/Important Notes

This is a list of important notes that must be taken into account while reading this book:
 * 1) There are no any written records of the pre-colonial era, so the information about the community at that time is incomplete, and based on archeological finds only. This is also why this book only gives general information about how life was in the pre-colonial era. It does not go into detail about all the events that happened in this era.
 * 2) The Second Matabele War is known by some as The First Chimurenga, with the Rhodesian Bush War being the Second Chimurenga. The First Matabele War is known by those people as simply the Matabele War. (Chimurenga means revolutionary struggle or uprising in Shona.)
 * 3) The Matabele are also known as the Ndebele. Their name for themselves is amaNdebele which is the plural of Ndebele. The name Matabele comes from the word amaNdebele.
 * 4) A laager is a temporary fortification made out of wagons in a circle (or any other shape). They were also used in the old west where they were called corrals. (laager is a word in Afrikaans).

title: The Story of Rhodesia/Important Notes


text:
User:Tylerestes

My name is Tyler

title: User:Tylerestes


text:
English-Hanzi/Denmark

Denmark is a Nordic country with a population of about 6 million.

丹麦是北欧国家，人口约600万.

title: English-Hanzi/Denmark


text:
English-Hanzi/Faroe Islands

Faroe Islands is a part of Denmark in the north of Atlantic, with a population of about 50 thousand.

法罗群岛是丹麦的一部分，在大西洋的北部，人口约5万.

title: English-Hanzi/Faroe Islands


text:
English-Hanzi/Greenland

Greenland is a part of Denmark in the north of Atlantic, with a population of about 50 thousand.

格陵兰岛是丹麦的一部分，在大西洋的北部，人口约5万.

title: English-Hanzi/Greenland


text:
User:Devogon

.

title: User:Devogon


text:
Gnuplot/color

Color specification
 * explicit rgb (red, green, blue) values
 * hex-string (like "#0000ff")
 * rgbvalue (like "256")
 * named colors
 * color values that refer to the current PM3D palette
 * palette cb -45    # whatever color corresponds to -45 in the current cbrange of the palette
 * palette frac 0.3  # fractional value along the palette

title: Gnuplot/color


text:
User talk:Bartdolls

Block
--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:39, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bartdolls


text:
Talk:Four-Player Chess/Common openings/1. h3/1...d6/1...h12/1...l9

Alternate Response: 2.rNe3
I've seen top-level players on Chess.com play rNe3 to guard the f2 square. If blue attacks the red knight with c4, red can maneuver to check blue's king with Nf4-e6-c7. Blue can block the knight's advance with d7, but this partially exposes blue's king. Ne3 may be a weaker move than the simpler d4, because the f2 square is no longer covered after Nf4. Should we add the response 2.rNe3 to this page?--AgentMime (discuss • contribs) 21:04, 31 January 2020 (UTC)


text:
User talk:2600:387:5:805:0:0:0:6F

--Esteban16 (discuss • contribs) 03:48, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:2600:387:5:805:0:0:0:6F