text:
Talk:Ethical Debates in Connected Culture 2019/Freedom of Information

Welcome to your essay discussion page. Please log all discussion for the essay here, as instructed in the workshops and assessment briefs.
 * GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 15:37, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Discussion Notes
Hi dude, it seems that we need to record all the discussion details on this page, hope we are not too late :) XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 23:25, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Definition from Wikipedia entry: Freedom of Information

1. is an extension of freedom of speech

2. is an extension of the right of privacy

3. includes the opposition to patents, opposition to copyrights, or oppositions to intellectual in general.

XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 23:18, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I find a source link which might be useful for our topic. https://cyber.harvard.edu/ilaw/Speech/ XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 14:53, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Another available reference link about the definition of offensive content: https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/primers/free-expression-on-social-media/XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 15:20, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Reference: Richard A.Spinello Cyberethics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 17:11, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Hey! Loving those references you've included. I think they would be fantastic to include in the article. I think the parts on the definition of freedom of information would be really good to open with main body with or to include in the introduction. What do you think? Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 14:21, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Also I'm going to extend my section with some more academic references and a couple of case studies. I will send you links to any articles which I think will be useful. Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 14:27, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

hi guys some really interesting work so far. Your draft work on the essay page in particular, shows a lot of potential. One thing I would note right here is that you are using the notion of offence to talk through freedom of information. This is very interesting on two counts: firstly because it is quite an original take on the topic and also that it has the potential to cross over quite substantially with the subject matter of one of the other chapters. Your emphasis will be different (a good thing) but this offers the potential to engage in discussion with the other teams. GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

I've just found this in the university's library catalogue (available as an online resource!) Misunderstanding the Internet - James Curran, Natalie Fenton And Des Freedman. the chapter (ch 4 I think) written by Des Freedman on online regulation and governance addresses a bunch of things that you've already started to read about here! ALSO... that chapter has an extensive reading list at the end of it, addressing lots of aspects of freedom of information and how the flow of information is governed. Happy reading! GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 15:06, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Great! Thank u for your kind suggestions and recommended reading materials. That would be extremely helpful!XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 15:15, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Cheers for the feedback Greg. Thought it would be useful to include given the issues it raises. How do we define what information we are free to post and where do we draw the line? How do you govern a massively global audience effectively etc. Will make sure to liaise with the other group to compare ideas. Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Thanks Xiaolin! That looks really useful, I'll go check it out now! Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Just remembered! Don't forget we need to reference all of our articles we mention in the essay. I would do it as you go along so there isn't a massive panic to find articles again at the end and so we don't miss any when we publish the final article. I'm going to do mine now. Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 15:27, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

also, in relation to this ^^^^ I would suggest that you follow the other team's discussion page strategy and include a section for annotated bibliographies - this will help build contribs, but will also force you to have to think about why certain sources are useful and in hat way they enable you to build a coherent and robust argument. GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 15:42, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

This one []

Hi guys, I noticed you are focusing on copyright as part of your essay. There is a chapter in Zizi Papacharissi's book 'A Networked Self' called 'Copyright, Fair Use, and Social Networks' which might be of use.

Nicolasmall (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Thanks Nicola, That's really helpful!XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 16:47, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Hi Ruaruidh, I have searched a lot about the definition of media intrusion but there is no specific explanation. May I just try to illustrate it from my understanding in terms of politics area and individuals' life? Will it work? XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 16:47, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Hey! Definitely mention that, that would be a really good angle to look at. I'm about to stick some of my references and additional articles in. Love what you've written so far it's fantastic and really interesting too! Ruaraidh98 (discuss • contribs) 02:15, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

XD This is a pretty enjoyable experience. Thank u for your effort! Well done! I'm going to list all my references. XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 02:23, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

Reference
For Media Intrusion Part:

[1] Privacy V.S. Media Introsion https://thephagroup.com/insights/privacy-vs-media-intrusion/ XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 13:37, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[2] Politicians, Privacy and Media Intrusion in Britain David Deacon Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 57, Issue 1, 1 January 2004, Pages 9–23, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsh002 XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 13:40, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[3] Media Intrusion and Human Rights: Striking the Balance Mary Arden DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198728573.003.0016 XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 13:46, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[4] https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2019/03/15/biggest-threat-to-personal-data/ XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 14:25, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[5] Media Takeover or Media Intrusion? Modernisation, The Media and Political Communications in New Zealand Chris Rudd &Janine Hayward Pages 7-16 | Published online: 02 May 2017 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1177/003231870505700202 XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 16:32, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[6] ‘See, for example, R. M. Entman, Democracy without Citizens (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); T. E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Knopf, 1993). XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 16:39, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[7] http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1204/c1003-28922830.html XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 22:11, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

For Offensive Information Part:

[1] Example case: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/may/11/elon-musk-faces-trial-after-calling-british-diver-a-paedophile XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 14:06, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

[2] https://cyber.harvard.edu/ilaw/Speech/ XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 02:27, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

[3] https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/primers/free-expression-on-social-media/ XiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 02:28, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

[4] Richard A.Spinello Cyberethics: Morality and Law in CyberspaceXiaolinSun (discuss • contribs) 02:28, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

For Copyright Part:

INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK: COLLABORATIVE ESSAY
Grade Description for Collaborative Essay:

Collaborative Essays of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

 * Distinction-Excellent. Among other things, this work demonstrates a complex, critical understanding of the themes of the module. Excellent range and depth of attainment of the module’s intended learning outcomes, secured by discriminating command of a comprehensive range of relevant materials and analyses, and by deployment of considered judgement relating to key issues, concepts or procedures. It will communicate very effectively, making excellent and creative use of the possibilities of the form (including links, as well as perhaps copyright-free videos and images, linked to from Wiki Commons), and will be written with some skill and flair. It will make insightful connections between original examples and relevant concepts. It will be informed by serious reading and reflection, is likely to demonstrate originality of thought, and will be rewarding and informative for the reader. The wiki markup formatting will be impeccable.

General: In addition to the common marking scheme, there are three broad criteria widely employed in the Division, which are used to help assessors evaluate your work in a more general sense:

Quality of research: is there evidence of critical engagement with set materials?; is there evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit

Originality of thought: Is argument well-articulated and well-supported?; is there evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position)?; is there evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections)?; is there evidence of independent critical ability? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Excellent

Clarity of expression: academic writing style and structure, and organisational skills For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Excellent

Specific Feedback:

 * You have submitted a very well written response to the brief. Here you outline a number of arguments that specifically address the theme of freedom of information, outlining the argument as one related to notions of offence, privacy, copyright and other salient issues. Your discussion of the research evidences a familiarity and good working knowledge of a range of scholarship on your chosen topic. The example that you have chosen to discuss your theme is fairly well-chosen because of its public visibility and relevance. I would have liked a little more research - although you have been given this grade, it is at the lower end of the grade band, and could have been improved significantly through widening your independent research.

 * The essay is written in a fluid, mature and accessible style, and your argument is very well structured generally, is critically engaged, and you have demonstrated some awareness of the contradictions inherent in the theme itself. This is very good work.

'''N.B.: Feedback for your individual Essay Discussion Page contribs elements for the assessment will be given on your individual User Discussion Pages. That individual feedback should be considered in relation to the feedback here, because of the fundamentally connected nature of the two tasks. Grades for all work will communicated confidentially via Canvas.'''

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:07, 19 December 2019 (UTC)


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Talk:Ethical Debates in Connected Culture 2019/Sensitive Topics 1: Violence

Welcome to your essay discussion page. Please log all discussion for the essay here, as instructed in the workshops and assessment briefs.
 * GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 15:39, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:09, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Our group has determined that the theme is cyber violence. Do you agree? Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:13, 15 November 2019 (UTC) I agree with you. Because the phenomenon of Internet violence is very common, for example, a few months ago, the Korean star suicide, Internet violence is flowing, so this is a good topic

Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Cyber violence is a form of violence with serious harm and bad influence. It is a kind of slander, defamation, defamation and inflammatory speech published on the Internet. Using words, pictures, videos and other forms to attack others on the Internet, people are used to call it "cyber violence". Network violence can cause reputation damage to the parties, and it has broken the moral bottom line, often accompanied by violations and criminal acts, which need to be standardized by means of education, moral restraint, law and other means. Network violence is the violence of Internet users on the network, and the extension of social violence on the network. If Internet users want to obtain the right of free expression, they should also take on the mission of maintaining network civilization and morality, at least, they should maintain the necessary rationality and objectivity. TA said Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:31, 15 November 2019 (UTC) Internet violence, including the virtual space of others to abuse, insult to achieve the attack behavior, also including the dissemination of all kinds of bloody, killing, knife fights and other vicious fighting scenes video, audio, pictures and other ACTS. These violent information not only satisfies some people's abreact behavior through the virtual space, but also becomes the object of teenagers' imitation in reality. Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 15 November 2019 (UTC) What research methods do we use to study this topic? Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:37, 15 November 2019 (UTC) Use questionnaire or interview? Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:37, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Which group do we choose? Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:38, 15 November 2019 (UTC) The stars, or the teenagers, do you agree Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:40, 15 November 2019 (UTC) Stars may not be easy to achieve Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:40, 15 November 2019 (UTC) We can refer to star's previous interview programs about Internet violence Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:41, 15 November 2019 (UTC) That's a good idea Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:44, 15 November 2019 (UTC) So, which age group do we choose to interview? Baizihao123 (discuss • contribs) 23:45, 15 November 2019 (UTC) I found a very useful article that you can refer to, it ishttps://info.sice.indiana.edu/~herring/violence.html Baizihao123 (discuss • contribs) 23:47, 15 November 2019 (UTC) I think the online violence of stars can only be taken as a case study Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:48, 15 November 2019 (UTC) Not only teenagers, but also adults, such as office workers, married people. They also have a lot of time to contact the network. Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:50, 15 November 2019 (UTC) There are too many people in that group, which is not conducive to the statistics Baizihao123 (discuss • contribs) 23:50, 15 November 2019 (UTC) The content of violence I think can be divided into the definition of violence, the phenomenon of violence, the category of violence, the impact of violence Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 23:52, 15 November 2019 (UTC) In my opinion, a large number of respondents will be more convincing and more specific. If the group is too small, it is not representative. Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 23:53, 15 November 2019 (UTC) I agree with you, but I'm sure we'll see more in our writing Baizihao123 (discuss • contribs) 00:00, 16 November 2019 (UTC) yes,We can also discuss cyber violence with different groups of people, such as children, old people and young people. It is a common phenomenon that violence against women accounts for a large proportion of Internet violence Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 00:04, 16 November 2019 (UTC) Then, our follow-up paper will mainly study the definition, classification and influence of cyber violence, and the survey scope will be teenagers and adults, and the questionnaire survey or interview method will be used to conduct the research.

hey guys, some excellent discussion do far. You have raised a number of relevant points and EACH of these could be developed in rich and productive ways. What I would advise at this stage is to look at the way this discussion has been formatted so far. Because of the number of ideas and contributions, it might be useful for you to copy the above two paragraphs and paste into a new section below, with each point on a separate line. This will help you to untangle the issues and start to follow the thread of each point in turn. From there, you can then more easily decide which are the more important points to focus on, and which are less important (but worth mentioning in the course of your essay). GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 14:22, 16 November 2019 (UTC) ～～～～ @GregXenon01，Do you have any good articles to recommend us.

Chen's collection Dark Web Exploring and Data Mining the Dark Side of the Web which is available in the library online catalogue and has a number of case studies that relate quite closely to the areas you discuss particularly around extremism etc. These are sensitive topics, but as I say, you only need to conduct secondary research for the purposes of this essay. Also: Hacking: the art of exploitation by Jon Erickson is a very different perspective, but has a short introduction which is useful for rethinking the function of hacking from an historical point of view, as not only cybercriminality and violent acts, but also from ethical procedural angles too. Finally, if you type "violence" into the library online catalogue, it will display a number of key texts from philosophical and theoretical perspectives that might be useful in your discussion. Happy reading! GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 15:36, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 11:20, 29 November 2019 (UTC) Nicole just uploaded our group's paper. The introduction of the paper, the definition, nature and classification of cyber violence are completed by me. You check that your parts are intact. Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 11:23, 29 November 2019 (UTC) Manifestations of Cyber Violence and having of Cyber Violence written by me, is already written and upload. Nicole0000119 (discuss • contribs) 11:27, 29 November 2019 (UTC) The rest is done by bai

INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK: COLLABORATIVE ESSAY
Grade Description for Collaborative Essay:

Collaborative Essays of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

 * Merit. Among other things, work of this standard will make a clear point in a clear way. It will relate concepts to original examples in a straightforward fashion. It will make effective use of the possibilities of the form (including links, as well as perhaps copyright-free videos and images, linked to from Wiki Commons). This work will demonstrate attainment of virtually all intended learning outcomes, clearly grounded on close familiarity with a wide range of supporting evidence, constructively utilised to reveal appreciable depth of understanding. The wiki markup formatting will be very clear.

General: In addition to the common marking scheme, there are three broad criteria widely employed in the Division, which are used to help assessors evaluate your work in a more general sense:

Quality of research: is there evidence of critical engagement with set materials?; is there evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit

Originality of thought: Is argument well-articulated and well-supported?; is there evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position)?; is there evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections)?; is there evidence of independent critical ability? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit

Clarity of expression: academic writing style and structure, and organisational skills For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit

Specific Feedback:

 * You have submitted a fairly well written response to the brief. Here you outline a number of arguments that specifically address the theme of violence in relation to different kinds of cyberbullying. Your discussion of the research evidences a familiarity and good working knowledge of a range of scholarship on your chosen topic. The example that you have chosen to discuss your theme is fairly well-chosen because of its public visibility and relevance. It is really well read and researched, and there is a sense of flow between sections here which is difficult to achieve in collaborative writing, so well done.

 * The essay is written in a fairly fluid and accessible style, and your argument is very well structured generally, is critically engaged, and you have demonstrated some awareness of the contradictions inherent in the theme itself. This is good work. I would have liked to have seen a little more creativity with the wiki markup and formatting to make more of the platform's affordances. As this stands, it is a little chunky, and text-heavy, and therefore would have been lightened through a little further formatting such as embedded images and video.

'''N.B.: Feedback for your individual Essay Discussion Page contribs elements for the assessment will be given on your individual User Discussion Pages. That individual feedback should be considered in relation to the feedback here, because of the fundamentally connected nature of the two tasks. Grades for all work will communicated confidentially via Canvas.'''

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:15, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Rohit das ag

ROHIT DAS AGRICULTURE STUDENT

NAME ROHIT DAS FATHESR NAME MR. RAVIN DAS MOTHERS NAME SUSHMA DAS SISTERS NAME KAMANA DAS

title: User:Rohit das ag


text:
Lentis/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values

While the highest prevalence of vegetarianism remains in countries where the motivations are primarily culturally or religiously based, both veganism and vegetarianism are rising in popularity in the US. From 2014 to 2017, US consumers identifying as vegan grew from 1% to 6%. An increase in vegan options in restaurants and grocery stores has made going vegan or vegetarian more feasible than in the past. Pop-culture, with many public figures adopting vegan or vegetarian diets, the rise of veganism and vegetarianism in the media, and the abundance of published scientific research on nutrition have attributed to an increase veganism and vegetarianism in the US.

Vegetarian Diet
A vegetarian is a person who does not consume meat, including poultry, red meat, fish, or the flesh of any other animal. There are many types, or levels, of vegetarianism.

 * Lacto-vegetarian: excludes meat, fish, poultry, and eggs, but includes dairy.

 * Ovo-vegetarian: excludes meat, fish, poultry, and dairy, but includes eggs.
 * Ovo-lacto vegetarian: excludes meat, fish, and poultry, but includes dairy and eggs.
 * Pescatarian: excludes meat, poultry, dairy, and eggs, but includes fish.
 * Fruitarian: predominantly consists of raw fruit; about 75% of diet.
 * Pollotarian: excludes meat from mammals and fish, but includes poultry.
 * Pollo-pescetarian: excludes meat from mammals, but includes poultry and fish.
 * Semi-vegetarian: primarily plant-based but includes meat, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs on occasion or in small quantities. Semi-vegetarians may also be called flexitarians.
 * Plant-based: animal products do not form a large proportion of the diet.

Vegan Diet
A vegan is a person who does not consume or use animal products, including meat, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs, as well as any by-product of animals or product tested on animals.

Historical Background
The term "Vegetarianism" was first mentioned in 500 BCE by a famous mathematician, Pythagoras. He believes that humans should be benevolent toward animals and saw that this type of diet can produce health advantages. This idea spread out the entire Roman Empire from the 3th to 6th centuries. Later on, many religious groups such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism practice and adapt this diet to their lifestyle. In November 1944, the term "Vegan" was then introduced by Donald Watson (the founder of the Vegan Society), which is a diet derived from vegetarianism, to differentiate people that follow the same diet as Vegetarian but do not eat dairy and eggs.

Vegetarianism vs. Veganism
The more commonly known difference between vegetarianism and veganism regards food choices. The base of vegetarianism is the exclusion of meat consumption, and there are different levels of vegetarianism with varying degrees of restriction. Veganism prohibits the consumption of any food produced by animals, including honey, lard, and gelatin. A less commonly known difference regards lifestyle choices. In addition to not consuming any food produced by animals, vegans do not consume or use any by-product, including honey, lard, gelatin, and certain fabrics, or product tested on animals, including certain cosmetics. Vegans often advocate for animal rights, the environment, and certified vegan products, companies, and organizations.

Fad Diet
A fad diet is a diet that is popular for a time, without being a standard dietary recommendation, often promising unreasonably fast weight loss or nonsensical health improvements. Many people adopt these diets for reasons not backed by facts, as a dieting tactic, or because of social perceptions. Pop culture and social media has greatly influenced this, as many celebrities endorse various diets and products and put vegetarianism and veganism in an appealing light. However, it is not likely that those pursuing vegetarianism or veganism for these reasons will maintain it long term. It has been shown than 69% of fad diets fail and 65% of people who lose weight on a fad diet gain it all back. Other fad diets include the Paleolithic, Whole30, gluten-free, and diets.

Vegetarian and Vegan diets are always healthier
Though it is true that vegetarian and vegan diets are beneficial to the human body and may potentially help prevent many medical issues such as diabetes, high cholesterol, cancer, etc, many believe that such diets are always healthier than regular diets. However, experts explain that this may be a misconception. One of the examples is that if one eats excessive amounts of potato chip, they are still classified as vegan/vegetarians, but this can still cause serious health problems to consumers as potato chip consists of a large amount of sodium. Another study had been conducted to look at vegetarian black bean burgers and the typical McDonald's burger, which came to discover that the fast food burger had less sodium at 0.75 g in comparison to the vegetarian burger, which had an average of 0.89 g of sodium.

Lack of essential nutrition

Many believe that vegetarian and vegan diets are not sustainable and inappropriate for pregnancy, childhood, and athletics. It is believed to have a lesser amount of protein, B12, iron, calcium, etc compared to the regular diet. Therefore, it does not provide enough nutrients and energy to the human body. However, many experts have studied that there are still many protein sources with good amount of nutrients for vegan and vegetarian diets such as tofu, seitan, lentils, beans, green peas, quinoa, etc. Another source of protein, B12, and necessary nutrients can be replace by supplements, like free free Omega 3s.

Stereotypes
Vegetarians and vegans are often stereotyped as ascetics, faddists, sentimentalists, or hostile extremists.

 * pursues a restrictive diet to practice self-discipline and abstention in order to have more control of their life and lifestyle choices.
 * Faddist: follows current trends and fads because they are what is new, popular, or “cool” at the time.
 * base actions and reactions on emotions, rather than logic or reason.
 * Hostile : hold extreme or fanatical beliefs, particularly regarding political or religious views, and typically participate in protests or rallies. This stereotype could also be seen as a “hippie”.

Personal Preference
Sensory Food Aversion: dislike for taste, texture, appearance, smell, or temperature of a food. The food aversion for vegetarianism and veganism is against meat or other food from animals.

Environment
One motivation for veganism/vegetarianism is to optimize natural resource use and prevent negative environmental impacts through the direct consumption of resources, rather than using the resources for animal agriculture.

Producing animal products consumes a large number of natural resources (food, land, and freshwater) without much efficiency. Meat and dairy production provides just 18% of calories and 37% of the protein in agricultural products. However, 60% of the world’s grain is fed to farmed animals, and it can take 10 pounds of grain to produce 1 pound of meat. Meanwhile, the same amount of grain can meet the daily caloric needs of up to 6 people. It takes 75% less land to feed someone on a plant-based diet than it does to feed a meat-eater since the crops are consumed directly instead of being used to feed animals. Producing 1 pound of beef requires more than 2400 gallons of water, while 1 pound of tofu requires 244 gallons and 1 pound of wheat requires 155 gallons.

In addition, producing animal products emits significant greenhouse gasses and pollution. Meat and dairy production produces 56-58% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. A major of human-caused methane emissions come from animal agriculture, with 32% from livestock digestion and waste. In a year, a single cow can belch out 220 pounds of methane, and 500 million tons of manure is produced by animals on US farms. Animal waste is most often stored in waste lagoons and then sprayed on fields, which pollutes nearby air with toxins and pathogens. In addition, runoff from factory farms and livestock grazing is one of the leading causes of pollution in our rivers and lakes, with an estimated 80% of marine pollution coming from land. A research study published in PLOS climate found that if animal agriculture were phased out over 15 years, greenhouse gas emissions could stabilize for 30 years and offset 68% of carbon dioxide emissions through the remainder of this century. This reduction in methane and nitrous oxide, along with slower carbon dioxide accumulation, would provide half of the net emission reductions necessary to limit warming to 2°C.

However, some plant-based foodstuffs have a bigger environmental footprint than others. Dr. Joseph Poore, who studies agricultural sustainability at Oxford, states: “Nothing really compares to beef, lamb, pork, and dairy—these products are in a league of their own in the level of damage they typically do to the environment…but it’s essential to be mindful about everything we consume." For instance, an Italian study found two vegans who exclusively ate fruit had a considerably higher environmental impact than many meat-eaters. They particularly ate watermelons and cantaloupes. Their case illustrates that certain fruits and vegetables can have a larger environmental impact than others due to water and land usage, agricultural practices, or the transport and packing process.

Avocados take large amounts of water to produce. A single tree in the summer needs up to 46 gallons daily in the summer—which can be as much as a cow. Commercial avocados crops are grown in areas with dry summer months, such as California, Chile, Mexico, and southern Spain. The large amounts of water required put huge pressure on the local environment. Their highly delicate flesh and rapid ripening also mean that much of the fruit imported to Europe and the US are flown there by air, producing 2.2 kg of CO2 for 1 kg of avocados imported, which is the same as the emissions of tuna.

Mushrooms are commonly used as meat substitutes. However, they have a surprising impact of  3 kg of CO2 emissions per kg of mushroom. Most of the emissions come from the energy needed to keep rooms where mushrooms are cultivated at a warm temperature. Compared to farmed meat, mushroom emissions are less than the “greenest” farmed meat (chicken, which emits 4.1 kg of CO2/kg). However, mushroom emissions are the same as saltwater fish (3 kg of CO2/kg) and more than tuna (2.2kg of CO2/kg).

Tree nut milk is a common alternative to traditional dairy milk. However, cashew nuts, almonds, and walnuts are some of the most water-intensive large-scale crops and consume 412 gallons of fresh water for every pound of shelled nuts that we purchase. Almonds in particular need large amounts of water, pesticide, and fertilizer, which makes their environmental impact disproportionately large. The average almond grown in the US state requires 1230 gallons of water per pound which is 5 times more than tofu and more than half required for a pound of beef. In addition, almonds emit about 2.3 kg of CO2 for 1 kg, which is more than the emissions of tuna.

Without carefully considering all the factors involved in producing food, such as transportation and agricultural practices, a vegan/vegetarian diet can have unintended consequences. To reap the environmental benefits of veganism/vegetarianism, individuals need to be conscious of what they choose to replace meat with, and how it was grown.

Ethics
Many choose these diets because of their passion for preventing animal cruelty, not wanting animals to be harmed or killed. These people often belong to organized groups such as PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, the largest animal rights organization in the world.

A vast majority of the animals in the food supply chain are concentrated in animal feeding operations (CAFO), colloquially known as factory farms. Animals are treated without regard for their physical or mental wellbeing. Animals are routinely subjected to tight confinement, mutilations, and inhumane treatment. As consumers demand cheap animal products on larger and larger scales, factory farming emerged as a way to cut costs and increase output. Although invented in America, factory farming has become increasingly popular across the world. 90 percent of meat worldwide is produced by factory farms, and 99% of meat in America. Some species are more likely to be in factory farms than others, about 70 percent of cows are in factory farms, but almost all chickens (over 99.9%) are grown and slaughtered in factory farms.

Common procedures that are administered without the requirement of Anesthesia or Pain Relief include:

 * Tail Docking
 * Dehorning
 * Hot-Iron Branding
 * Castration
 * Debeaking

Selective breeding over generations and unnatural physical activity (i.e. standing in a restrictive cage) lead to muscle damage or discomfort. Some animals are slaughtered developmentally early because they’ve grown most of their full capacity. A chicken can be slaughtered as young as 6 weeks old. Larger animals are allowed to live longer, pigs are slaughtered as early as 6 months, although pigs are not considered “adults” until 6 years, and have a life expectancy of 15-20 years. A pig’s loss of life is especially tragic considering their intelligence and capacity for emotion. Pigs are considered the fifth-most intelligent animals, with an intelligence comparable to a 3 year old child, making pigs about as intelligent as elephants and dolphins and more intelligent than dogs.

The overall health of the animals is often much worse in factory farms, including the accelerated spread of diseases due to crowded conditions. Poor health of the animals poses a greater possibility of foodborne illness and cross-species transmission. The low-level dosing of antibiotics given to the animals can be transferred to humans, increasing the likelihood of developing more antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The unnatural food, stress, synthetic hormones, and general poor health of the animals also carries additional risks to the health of the humans consuming those animals. According to the World Health Organization processed meat is classified as a Group 1 carcinogenic, a classification based on epidemiological studies showing processed meat increasing the risk of colorectal (colon) cancer. An increased risk for some diseases has also been observed in the farmers and veterinarians that care for animals in the factory farms.

Animal testing for products raise similar concerns about the safety and comfort of animals. Antiquated animal tests don’t guarantee similar effects on humans, yet a lack of funding and interest means ethical methods are disadvantaged compared to standard practice. Animal testing continues because companies are often required to test safety and efficacy with minimal risk to humans. Regulatory agencies are unwilling to give legitimacy to alternatives as there isn’t a precedent like with animal testing, creating a vicious cycle where no new tests are given approval, so tests have no history, so they aren’t given approval.

Culture
Vegetarianism and veganism are deeply rooted in some cultures. Countries such as India, Israel, and Taiwan have the highest prevalence of cultures that promote a well-balanced vegetarian diet. Cultures promoting these diets believe they encourage development of the intellect, increase capacity for mental labor, promote longevity, and align with their objection to animal cruelty.

Religion
Religious values surrounding vegetarianism and veganism:

 * Respect for animal life.
 * Giving back to the land.
 * Nonviolence (: “do no harm”).
 * Anna Kingsford’s Theory: the strongest animals were not carnivorous.

Religions that actively promote vegetarianism:
 * follow dietary customs of self-control and purity of mind and spirit.
 * avoid harm to animals and their life cycles.
 * support the concept of ahimsa, however some do eat fish or meat.
 * Monks: consider meat to be a luxury, and giving into luxury items conflicts with their motto of simple living.

Allergies

 * Alpha-gal Syndrome / Mammalian Meat Allergy (MMA): allergy to the galactose-α-1,3-galactose (Alpha-gal) sugar molecule that is found in most mammals. Alpha-gal is not found in fish, reptiles, or birds, but can be found in some products made from mammals. Acquiring Alpha-gal syndrome is associated with tick bites and Lyme Disease.
 * the body triggers an immune reaction upon consumption of poultry.

Psychological Analyses

 * one's negative expectations of a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect. This is the inverse of the Placebo Effect.
 * Garcia Effect / Conditioned Taste Aversion: associating a consumed food with gastrointestinal discomfort or illness, whether the food consumed was the actual cause or not.
 * as the rate of a trend increases the more people participate in it.

Health Perception
A key element of dieting is the effect on your body. Social benefits of dieting may be outweighed by personal requirements if a diet is perceived as unsatisfactory and therefore detrimental for one’s health.

Vegan and vegetarian diets vary widely, but empirical evidence supports satisfactory nutritional content and health benefits of the average diet in a study limited to well-educated vegetarians living in Western countries. The health of Western vegetarians is similar to that of comparable non-vegetarians.

Challenges to healthy vegan diets include switching dieting patterns and protein sufficiency. New diet patterns take time to adjust to to ensure you are satisfying your needs. Participants in a study lost an average of 19 pounds over a 3-month trial. This may be a result of improved dieting, but should be considered on an individual level for potentials of unsatisfactory dieting, especially when given new limitations. Protein deficiency is a debated topic of plant-based diets. Amino acids may be obtained from plants at a similar level of breast milk. The best strategy to meet protein requirements is by mixing proteins, namely rice protein and pea protein. Plant milk was also shown to be satisfactory for infant nutrition.

Biochemical advantages are also reported of vegan and vegetarian diets. A vegan diet is shown to have lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as a higher ratio of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protein to LDL. LDL is considered the “bad” cholesterol as high levels will build plaque on the walls of blood vessels, while HDL is considered the “good” cholesterol because it will absorb other cholesterol in the blood stream, lowering risk of heart disease and stroke. Foods included in the vegetarian and vegan diet typically have a lower proportion of calories from fat, fewer overall calories, and more fiber, potassium, and vitamins. The health benefits of eating such foods include reduced risk of obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure.

Food processing is any alteration made to food before consumption, such as increasing a product’s shelf life. On one hand, this may have benefit for plant heavy diets because processing will break down fibrous cell walls to expose calories for easy digestion. However, criticism of processed foods and the amount at which they are consumed include unhealthy additives and stripped natural nutrients. In a study of omnivore, vegetarian, and vegan diets, it was observed that the plant-based diets feature more ultra-processed foods. This is a result of the vegan and vegetarian dieters consuming a mix of healthy and unhealthy plant-based products. The presence of unhealthy plant-based foods might not be expected by all individuals, but some of the processed foods may include as much fat and sugars as processed meats.

Unsurprisingly, trends in dieting behavior range from beneficial improvements to harmful practices. U.S. News reports on the trend of juice cleanses, calling them “hocus pocus”. Practices like these restrict nutritional intake, which inadvertently impacts long-term health. Vegan and vegetarian diets typically do not follow this pattern. They are rather a category of dieting behavior that can be sustained over time without impacting the individual. This is critical for the arguments of environmental benefits, as without a sustainable diet, support for veganism and vegetarianism will be impacted.

Opinion of vegan and vegetarian diets is swayed by health media. In one instance, a baby was hospitalized due to malnutrition when being raised on a vegan diet. The extent to which a vegan diet is a culprit in this case is debatable, but a constant of dieting is the ability of the dieter to recognize individual needs and accommodate for any needs they might have.

Weight Loss
People believe that more conscious eating will help with weight loss goals, although 65% of people who lose weight on a fad diet gain it all back after quitting the diet. Most vegan food options contain lesser amount of cholesterol in comparison to animal-based foods. For example, eggs are high in cholesterol and saturated fats while most plant-based eggs are cholesterol free. Similarly, plant-based mock meats are low-fat alternatives for the animal meat.

Certification

 * Vegan Action: a registered trademark for products that do not contain animal products or byproducts, by an application.
 * The Vegan Society Trademark: third-party certification based on the society's international standards for vegan products.
 * Vegecert: a non-profit organization that offers third-party certification for vegetarian and vegan products.
 * American Vegetarian Association: certification categorized by vegetarian, vegan, or plant-based, with plant-based being synonymous with vegan.

Menu Options
Restaurants are beginning to add vegetarian and vegan options to their menus. Vegan options are often denoted with a small "V" next to the item, similar to the "GF" used in gluten-free labeling.

"Dedicated" Restaurants
Dedicated restaurants are dedicated to serving vegan cuisine. In 1993, approximately 55 restaurants were certified vegan in the US. In 2019, there are over 485 vegan restaurants in the US. This does not include restaurants that have begun offering vegan options in addition to traditional menu options. Happy Cow was created to connect vegan consumers with the best dedicated vegan restaurants in their area.

Affected Groups
Many social groups are affected by the vegetarian and vegan movement.

 * has attempted to adjust to a shift in food consumption in the US, with meat suppliers such as Tyson and Perdue beginning to offer vegetarian and vegan alternatives to compete with the popular vegan vendor, Beyond Meat.
 * Consumers: are choosing to change to a vegetarian or vegan diet, affecting the food choices they make.
 * Environmental Activists: are in favor of adopting a vegetarian and vegan diet because of the negative effects the meat industry has on the environment.
 * : is responsible for regulating new vegetarian and vegan foods and products put on the market.
 * Livestock Farmers: is concerned with the rise of vegan and vegetarian diets because their career heavily relies on the meat industry. As a result, many farmers are switching their business models to be animal-free, focusing on animal-free, and growing vegetables.

The Role of the Media
The media is a significant contributor to the rise of vegetarianism and veganism in the US.

Beginnings
As early as 1817, there were already prominence of media impact on vegetarianism and veganism. The first vegetarianism church, the American branch of Bible Christian Church, was founded this year. A pamphlet of a sermon was published and was called the Abstinence from the Flesh of Animals, which was the first instance of the tie between this new concept and religion, a powerful presence.

One of the first skepticisms of meat consumption was in Upton Sinclair's early 1900's novel, . The book was intended to expose the immigrant labor abuses and unjust working conditions of the meatpacking industry, but a latent effect of the work was disgust surrounding meat production, leading many to consider eradicating meat from their diets entirely.

Present Day
Vegetarianism and veganism are growing in popularity in the present day. The 2008 documentary Food Inc. revealed many of the environmental implications of the meat industry, prompting viewers to consider a vegetarian or vegan diet. There are many popular vegan and vegetarian Instagram accounts, one being Ella Woodward, a British food writer, who currently has 1.6 million followers and her own line of vegan products. There are many books on going vegetarian or vegan, many continuing clinical research on the benefits of a meat-free diet such as Neil Barnard's The Vegan Starter Kit. Another example who has a great impact on social media with 19.4 million followers on Twitter is Leonardo DiCaprio; he promoted veganism by convincing people to replace beef with plant-based Beyond Burger.

Limitations

Even though the role of media has been a huge advancement for the movement, one of the downsides is misinformation. An example is the aforementioned Ella Woodward had a controversy with the information that she was writing about. Bias in choice of information shared is another limitation. With tailored ads and social media circles, only what is familiar would be accessible and thus consumers would not be exposed to new information.

Gender
Study found that almost 80% of vegans in the United States are female and it can be due to several reasons such as :

 * Females typically care more about their appearances and focus on self-improvement compared to men.
 * According to Trista Best, females are easier to store fat compared to men
 * They also pursue vegan/vegetarian diets not only for their physical health, but also their mental health as females are usually more in charge of their mental wellbeing and lifestyle.

Income
It is known that vegan and vegetarian diets can be expensive and sometimes more costly compared to regular diet. However, the statistic surpassingly shows that there are more lower income people pursuing vegan diet compared to the higher income one. For example, according to data reported from Huffington Post, 7% of people making under $50,000 are vegan. In contrast, only 2% of higher income people making more than $100,000 actually pursue veganism.

Age
According to the data shown in the article, most become vegan in the age range from 16 to 34 with more than 78%. The second place (< 15 years old) has 17% and the third place is from 35 to 44 with 6% going vegans. Although younger people tend to make less money compared to older adults, it seems to have a larger concentration, which is aligned with the data reported previously from the above "income" section. A reason for this drastic statistic can be mostly attributed to social media as the information is more accessible this way.

Conclusion
Future research regarding the nutritional and social values of vegetarianism and veganism should investigate the demographics, including gender, race, and household income, of those pursuing vegetarian and vegan diets. Socioeconomic implications of vegetarianism and veganism are of particular interest as these diets tend to be of higher cost. Trends across different countries, and the reasons why those trends may differ, should be evaluated to determine if this phenomenon can be generalized. This chapter has examined criticisms of vegetarians and vegans, but future researchers should consider criticisms of those who do eat meat, how meat producers deter people from vegetarianism and veganism, and if play a role. Although the health implications of veganism and vegetarianism have been deemed to be limited, more research should be done in other areas rather than just nutrient amount. There has been already research on the effects on bone strength and fracture rates, but other risks of the body should be studied further.


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Lentis/Abortion As a Sociotechnical Controversy

Introduction
Abortion will be explored as an American socio-technical controversy from the 19th century up until present day. Key influential figures leading up to the abortion ban in 1873 will be analyzed; abortion technologies in the 20th century and current controversies will be addressed.

Menstruation, Fertilization, and Pregnancy
Pregnancy begins with the menstrual cycle, a 28 day process that is divided into the menstrual, follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. The lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual stage. During the follicular phase, the uterine lining thickens and the egg matures. Two weeks into the cycle, the egg is released from the ovary during ovulation to be fertilized, surviving for 24 hours; this is the only time when a woman can conceive. Pregnancy requires the buildup of a uterine lining, so “doctors date pregnancy from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, which is typically 2 weeks before fertilization”.

Trimester I (Week 1 to Week 13)
Fertilization begins Week 3 of a pregnancy. The fertilized egg travels towards the uterus, undergoing cell division and implantation. The embryo is formed from the inner layer of the cells. At Week 11, the embryo is considered a fetus and measures 2 inches in length.

Trimester II (Week 13 to Week 27) & III (Week 27 to Week 40)
By 24 weeks of pregnancy, a fetus can survive outside of pregnancy with the help of a neonatal unit.

The fetus’ skeleton, neural network, and senses continue developing through the last trimester. A baby is considered full term by the end of Week 36 but most women give birth between 38 and 42 weeks.

Abortion in the Modern Era
As of 2015, 65.4% of abortions were performed at or before Week 8 of pregnancy, 91.1% were performed at or before 13 weeks of pregnancy and 98.7% of abortions were performed before Week 21.

Early Abortion
Up until the late 19th century, abortion prior to quickening was considered legal. Quickening is when pregnant women are able to feel and/or perceive fetal movements, usually around the 13 to 25 week mark during pregnancy. It was largely believed that the fetus was not alive until quickening was felt, thus making it acceptable to terminate a pregnancy up until this point. Leading up to and around the 19th century, abortions were commonly performed with abortifacients, or drugs which cause an abortion. Advertisements in newspapers would advertise these drugs, oftentimes by the name "female monthly pills." Madame Restell was a leading figure whose advertisements to women were often found in newspapers. One such advertisement read:"Female monthly pills prepared by Madame Costello...the very best medicine that ladies laboring under a suppression of their natural illness can take, and they very seldom fail to relieve when taken according to the directions."

Dr. Horatio Storer

Dr. Horatio Storer was a Boston Surgeon who started practicing medicine in 1855. He was a strong leader in the 'physicians crusade against abortion,' and an individual with prominent anti-feminist sentiments. In his book ''Why Not? A Book for Every Woman'', published in 1868, he declared abortions to be "proof of actual insanity" and that women's influence to do so came from the extravagance of living, fashion, or lust. It was commonly believed in the 19th century that physical and psychological problems were rooted in a woman's womb. Storer stated: "Woman's mind is prone to depression, and, indeed, to temporary actual derangement, under the stimulus of uterine excitation." Storer was influential among the physician profession, and declared: "Physicians have now arrived at the unanimous opinion, that the [fetus] if alive from the very moment of conception." Despite many women believing that a child was not alive prior to quickening, Storer stated quickening was merely a sensation, and one that some women never felt. Thus, he concluded, it could not be an indication of the existence of a child during pregnancy.

American Medical Association (AMA)
Established in 1847, the American Medical Association (AMA) was an organization of medical professions that in its early years largely condemned abortion. In May 1857, a Committee was appointed by the American Medical Association in order to investigate criminal abortion, of which Dr. Horatio Storer was made Chairman. In the Report on Criminal Abortion submitted by the Committee, it stated that guilt of criminal abortion was acknowledged by medical men everywhere and proceeded to conclude: "As a profession we are unanimous in our condemnation of the crime." It was advised by the Committee that all physicians express abhorrence to the crime of abortion. Later in 1860, in the Address of Henry Miller, M.D., President of the Association, Miller stated that the resolutions from the Report on Criminal Abortion would be brought before Congress in order for laws punishing abortion to be revised and further legal action be provided.

Hippocratic Oath
The Hippocratic Oath, taken by all new physicians entering the medical field, establishes the professional conduct for medical personnel to uphold when practicing medicine. In particular, the oath requires physicians to swear to do no harm and thus can be attributed to the beliefs by many physicians at the time believing abortion to be ethically immoral and going directly against this sworn oath.

Comstock Act of 1873
A Statute passed by the Forty Second Congress, Session III on March 3, 1873, titled as An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, obscene Literature and Articles of immoral Use, banned the possession of articles which could be used to either prevent conception or cause an abortion. The consequence of doing so included imprisonment for hard labor and a fine of up to two thousand dollars. This Statute later became known as the Comstock Act of 1873.

Vacuum Aspiration
Vacuum aspiration abortions were first investigated in 1957 in China and were developed throughout the 1970s. By the late 1970s, vacuum aspiration had become the most common first-trimester method and it is still used today. During vacuum aspiration, the cervical canal is dilated and a small tube is placed inside to suck the tissue out of the uterus. Vacuum aspiration has an extremely low complication rate and a lower risk of death than carrying a pregnancy to term, with the risk decreasing the earlier an abortion is performed. This proved to be a key factor in the Roe v. Wade (1973) decision: “Because early induced abortion was much safer than a continued pregnancy, the Court recognized the right of a woman and her physician to choose to terminate a pregnancy during the first trimester”. Increasing safety of abortions resulting from new technologies led to an increase in abortions between 1973 and the 1980s. This pattern is consistent with Jevon’s Paradox and was one of the supporting points of abortion opponents who were concerned that safer, faster, and cheaper procedures would result in abortions becoming routine and frequent. Note that abortions did level out in the 1980s around 1.5 million per year.

Medication Abortion
In 1982, the French company Roussel Uclaf announced that mifepristone (RU-486) could abort a pregnancy. Mifepristone causes the zygote to detach from the uterine lining. This medication is followed up with misoprostol, which induces contractions to get rid of the tissues. Once it was approved for use in France, American feminist groups like the Feminist Majority Foundation tried and failed to bring the drug to the U.S. Political pressure from oppositional groups was strong; in 1989, the FDA banned the importation of mifepristone. The AMA announced their support of mifepristone on the grounds that it was less invasive but still as effective than surgical abortions. The tide turned with the Clinton administration, which succeeded in overturning the ban. The FDA issued a tentative approval for the drug in 1996; however, it was not approved for public use until 2000. More recently, oppositional groups like Americans United for Life have tried to push for stricter medical supervision during medication abortions, arguing that they are dangerous.

Fetal Pain
Fetal pain has been a social issue since 1984 when the National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) produced The Silent Scream, a film depicting a first-trimester abortion where the fetus is seen opening its mouth as though it were in pain. There is significant debate whether a fetus can feel pain associated with abortion, particularly regarding late-term abortion methods. Determining if a fetus can feel pain is challenging since pain involves physical, psychological, and emotional responses. Therefore, researchers must take developmental and neurological factors from the fetus into consideration. The American Medical Association has denied a fetus can feel pain at 20 weeks while many conflicting studies have been published on the issue. Various members of the United States legislature have proposed the Unborn Child Safety Awareness Act since 2004 and as recently as 2013. This bill mandates abortion providers to give information to abortion-seeking women about the possibility of their fetus to feel pain. The state of Utah also passed the “Administration of Anesthetic or Analgesic to an Unborn Child” law which mandates that a fetus be anesthetized prior to abortion with few exceptions. These laws have primarily been presented by Republican congressmen and women as the Republican party has opposed abortions since Roe v. Wade.

Late-Term Abortions
A fetus is considered viable between 24 and 28 weeks as defined in the opinion of the court in Roe v. Wade. As of 2019, 43 states have bans on abortion at some point during pregnancy, including 20 at viability and one at the beginning of the third trimester (25 weeks). Reasons for late-term abortions are most commonly due to the risk of death of the fetus or the mother due to abnormalities only detectable at later stages of pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) places importance on a physician-patient relationship and believes political interference disrupts this.

Fetal Heartbeats
In 2019, six states passed “heartbeat bills,” those being Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi and Ohio. A heartbeat bill prevents abortions after six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the typical timepoint at which an embryonic heartbeat can first be detected. The heartbeat at six weeks is "a little flutter in the area that will become the future heart of the baby," said Dr. Saima Aftab, medical director of the Fetal Care Center at Nicklaus Children's Hospital. These states based their bills after a model bill drafted by Faith2Action founder and president Janet Porter. Faith2Action is a religious non-profit whose mission is to “win the cultural war for life, liberty, and the family”. Many groups and individuals have vocalized their opposition to these bills. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Planned Parenthood, the largest provider of reproductive health services in the U.S., have filed lawsuits in each state to block the laws from being enacted. They have been successful in each case. Their defense rests on the claim that “women have a categorical right to a pre-viability abortion” as established in Roe v. Wade. Planned Parenthood also implemented an Abortion Care Finder tool on the homepage of their website to alleviate the confusion surrounding the effects of the bills and their blockage.

Conclusion
Throughout the past three centuries, each technological advancement in abortion has inflamed American abortion opponents, giving rise to new controversies. Safer abortion methods have pushed the debate away from medical hazards and further into the realm of religion and philosophy. Accordingly, the role of religion in abortion controversies remains open to investigation as well as other abortion technologies, a more detailed analysis of Roe v. Wade, and related court decisions.


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Lentis/Dakota Access Pipeline

The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), also known as the Bakken Pipeline, is a crude oil pipeline constructed between 2014 and 2017 by Energy Transfer Partners (ETP). It runs between the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota and an oil depot in Illinois, from which oil is distributed to users or further storage locations. The project cost was $3.78 billion for an 1,172-mile, 30 inch diameter pipeline including six intermediate tanks sites, 85 valves, and six gauges. , As described by ETP,  the pipeline reduced oil prices, provided thousands of temporary jobs, and reduced taxes on oil in the United States. It transports 570,000 barrels of oil daily and is more efficient relative to other forms of oil transport, but received criticism for its potential of negative environmental and cultural impacts on the local land, part of which is sacred tribal land.

History and Future Prospects
A compilation of the history of the pipeline was made by the Harvard Law School. ETP announced the DAPL on June 24, 2014 and applied for a federal construction permit in December, 2015. The (USACE) approved construction of the pipeline in July, 2016, which caused the  to file a lawsuit the same year, claiming that the Corps did not adequately consider the environmental impacts on tribal lands. This lawsuit was denied on the bases that the Corps complied with the National Historic Preservation Act and that the tribe could not prove injuries preventable by the Court. After a pipeline easement through Lake Oahe was denied by the Obama Administration in 2016, the Corps began an environmental impact assessment of the easement for alternative routes. However, after the Trump Administration signed an executive order to usher along construction of the pipeline, the Corps forwent the assessment and approved the original easement on February 7, 2017. On February 9, 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe asked the U.S. District Court to issue a restraining order to block construction of the pipeline at Lake Oahe, but judge James Boasberg denied it. Protests against the pipeline sparked nationwide, but work on the pipeline continued and it is fully operational since 2017. The capacity of the pipeline will be optimized by installation of four new pumping stations.

United States Army Corps of Engineers
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted an environmental assessment of the pipeline, in which it was concluded that the pipeline is “not injurious to the public interest.” This was made on the bases that ETP has sufficient emergency technology for leakage control and had consulted with enough tribal representatives. The Corps also decided against drafting an official environmental impact statement, as it was deemed unnecessary. This decision may have been in response to executive pressure to continue construction. Thus, the agenda of the USACE in regards to the pipeline included the ideas and values of environmental protection and an interest associated with following orders from a higher tier of government.

Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted an environmental assessment on the impacts of the DAPL to further its agenda of environmental preservation. The agency had concerns regarding the pipeline, such as seepage of chemicals into the soil and water around the pipeline, particularly in the case of a leak or spill. The Missouri River water system was of specific concern due to the widespread travel of pollutants that could impact drinking and irrigation water. This concern was exacerbated as the pipeline crosses the river twice and other bodies of water protected by the Clean Water Act 209 times. The EPA also had concerns about the impacts of the pipeline on environmental justice. It claimed that the pipeline could negatively impact the environment of cultural lands belonging to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, as well as the properties of low income people and minorities. ,

Department of the Interior
The Department of the Interior agreed with concerns of the EPA regarding environmental hazards and environmental injustice, which are relevant to the department’s agenda of environmental preservation and justice. The department suggested in its environmental assessment that the USACE release an official environmental impact statement, including additional information about rupture risks, alternative routes, and socioeconomic impacts of the pipeline. This assessment was to be conducted with engagement from the tribes and the public. The department also suggested that the Corps “engage in government-to-government consultation with the Tribes,” to evaluate impact.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation criticized the USACE assessment of the environmental impacts of the pipeline. It claimed that the scope considered by the Corps was too limited in terms of the impact on cultural tribal lands. The Council also stated in its analysis that the tribes claimed that the Corps did not consult them to identify Traditional Cultural Properties. These criticisms are consistent with the Council’s agenda of “promoting the preservation and enhancement of [the] nation's diverse historic resources.”

Energy Industries
Energy Transfer Partners (ETP) is the parent company of Dakota Access, LLC, the latter of which was in charge of pipeline construction. The pipeline transports over $30 million per day of crude oil, which profits ETP. Therefore, ETP has strived to portray the pipeline as environmentally safe and to discredit opponents. ETP claims that “The pipeline does not encroach or cross any land owned by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe” and that “The Dakota Access Pipeline does not encroach on water supply.” The company negotiated with tribal representatives of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, hosted tribal consultations, and offered the tribe funding for surveys regarding the pipeline. The company accused protesters of costing North Dakota $38 million in police enforcement, while generating 21 million pounds of waste during the Lake Oahe protests. Three primary energy companies have financial stakes in the DAPL: Energy Transfer Partners (38%), MarEn Bakken (37%), and Phillips 66 (25%). These companies have financially motivations to promote operation of the pipeline to ensure that they receive profits on their investments.

Midwest Alliance for Infrastructure Now
The Midwest Alliance for Infrastructure Now (MAIN), a partnership between the business, agriculture, and labor sectors, supports the DAPL for its job opportunities, local revenue, and contributions to energy independence of the U.S. MAIN’s spokesman issued a statement after the Obama administration halted construction of the Lake Oahe easement. MAIN criticized the decision as “fly[ing] in the face of common sense and the rule of law,” and claimed that “there is no reasonable logical, factual, environmental, or scientific reason for [the easement] not to be issued.” Based on its agenda, MAIN continues to support the pipeline and similar energy projects.

Environmental Justice
The DAPL runs through a half-mile of the Standing Rock Reservation (SRR) and crosses under Lake Oahe, which is the tribe’s main source of water. The tribe claimed that the government consulted with them only after beginning construction and that this consultation was meaningless. This land is the sixth-largest Native American reservation in the United States. The Standing Rock Sioux began protesting at the SRR in April, 2016 and were joined by various tribes countrywide. The Sacred Stone Camp was created in response to the pipeline location and served as “a center for cultural preservation and spiritual resistance to the DAPL”.

Opposition of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe to the DAPL
On July 25, 2016, The USACE approved the portion of the DAPL that passes through the SRR, which is considered USACE-controlled land. On August 15, 2016, after the Standing Rock Sioux lawsuit, Dakota Access, LLC countersued the leaders of the Standing Rock Sioux, alleging that the protesters near Lake Oahe had disrupted construction that was to begin five days earlier. On September 6, 2016, U.S. district judge James Boasberg agreed to delay construction based on the National Historic Preservation Act. The Justice Department, Department of the Army, and Interior Department requested further analysis of the hazards of building near Lake Oahe before proceeding construction. In October 2016, ETP proceeded with construction despite these requests.

The NODAPL Movement
Protesters refer to themselves as “protectors” and claim that they are “being waged war upon for protecting the water.” The No Dakota Access Pipeline (NODAPL) movement began when the pipeline was announced in 2014. This group, created by indigenous youth, uses social media to promote awareness of the hazards of the pipeline. Many credit fourteen-year-old Tokata Iron Eyes and her friends for starting the movement. Because of the widespread use of social media with this movement, the NODAPL movement is commonly referred to as the hashtag #NODAPL.

=Environmental Impacts of the DAPL= The pipeline passes through communities, farmland, sensitive wildlife habitats, water sources, and tribal lands. Farmers are especially concerned about the disturbance of drain tiles, though ETP claims to repair any damages that may occur. Environmentalists are concerned about possible pipeline spillage contaminating the Missouri River. To minimize the potential of spills and leaks, the DAPL follows operational standards. On cropland, the pipeline traverses two feet below minimum guidelines to prevent damage to the drainage tile. This fact does not mitigate soil damages upon installment, which mix sediment gradients formed over generations. Installment also compacts soil, reduces porosity, changes drainage patterns and acidity, and stumps crop productivity. Trace amounts of oil contamination inhibits germination, respiration, and photosynthesis.

=Allusion to U.S. Settler Colonialism= The DAPL fits into a recurring story of U.S. settler colonialism. The non-consensual forfeiture of ecologically and culturally significant land was aided through military force, apparent in the events at Standing Rock. Colonial maneuvers were made through technological means: mining operations, indigenous adoption of cultivation techniques, and resource misallocation such as damming. These technologies disturbed the balance between indigenous peoples and their ecosystem, which their self-efficacy is dependent upon, through altering soil hydraulics and compositions, watershed patterns, and habitation. Colonial industries have further laid legacies of destruction: global warming, greenhouse gases, droughts, freshwater warming, and endangerment of food sources. Based upon their ecological dependency, indigenous people are especially sensitive to these effects. By uprooting this relationship, the colonizers compromise the cultural unity and political self-governance of the indigenous people, and establish a new dependency. When indigenous people no longer possess their self-efficacy, they must adopt the ways of their colonizers. Provided the historical context, the events at Standing Rock allude to the social forces that have displaced indigenous people into the steads they now occupy. In its potential to taint sacred lands with crude oil, a resource that has contributed to ecological devastation, the pipeline is viewed as an insult to many indigenous people.

= Conclusions of The Natives land Act= When considering the sociotechnical impact of the DAPL, the disadvantages and benefits of the pipeline must be considered. Although the DAPL causes environmental hazards and settler-colonialism based environmental justice issues, it is the safest mode of transportation for oil, provides easier access to fuel, has lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to other modes of transport, and supplies employment opportunities. These often contrasting considerations need to be analyzed to ensure the success of present and future governmental projects.

= References =

title: Lentis/Dakota Access Pipeline


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Talk:Shelf:Japanese language

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We could make this more interested 🌹🌹🥀 Latoya Rowe (discuss • contribs) 00:59, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shelf:Japanese language


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Pro Engineer/Create Features/Revolve

Revolve is a command which revolves an entity about an axis to form a 3D object or model. Model can either be surface model or solid model. For example - If you revolve a line around an axis parallel to it at some distance apart(say x) it will form a cylinder of radius 'x'.

title: Pro Engineer/Create Features/Revolve


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Power/Colonialism and Science

= Colonialism and Science =

Scientific discoveries in 19th century Britain
Although most might like to consider the main motivation behind scientific progress in Great Britain as the quest for knowledge, the country's colonial past offered also a strong incentive for scientists to continue their works in order to "preserve the Empire". For instance, as the British doctor Sir Ronald Ross stated, “in the coming century, the success of imperialism will depend largely upon success with the microscope.” This would allow troops posted overseas to improve their health and medical care, which would enable them to continue exercising their hold in British colonies. Another example is cartography, which benefits the military and explorers in conquering new territories and establishing trade routes. Therefore, scientific prowess was encouraged as a means to an end, which was ultimately to continue the legacy of imperialism and demonstrating how power imbalance has weaved its way into the discipline of science.

A lack of acknowledgment
In the past, many scientific findings were wrongfully associated with privileged male scientists, who were highly regarded and respected, rather than the oppressed and disadvantaged people who were the rightful discoverers. For example, in a Jamaican plantation in the 1900's, a slave had been discovered with a plant regarded as poisonous at the time. Accused of sowing discord and rebellion in the plant, the latter was rapidly punished and sentenced to death. However, following the incident, European scientists then took interest into the said plant, which then proved to be Apocynum erectum, capable of curing many ailments such as worms and cold swellings. This is a typical representation of how European colonialism led to scientists exploiting their power and dominance to falsly attribute themselves to important advances in a discipline.

The remnants of colonialism today
Although many global empires have now disappeared, their colonial footprints still leave traces in today's world. Scientific research papers and journals from the Western countries are inherently considered with more respect than their counterparts from "third world countries". The former empires have left most of the world in a disadvantaged state, forcing them to have to "keep up" with the progress of developed countries, even as their own growth has been stunted by years of occupation. Consequently, they lack the necessary funding and resources necessary to undergo thorough scientific research and experiments, once again placing the "privileged countries" in a position of power as they hold the majority of the world's best infrastructures. Nowadays, prominent researchers all flock to the latter to be able to continue their work in the best possible conditions. Thus, the most reputable universities, journals and papers are all located in the West, and published by the West, creating a self-contained sphere of scientific knowledge with little opportunity for the rest of the world to take part in.


text:
ICT4 Elderly/E-banking

Contents of the module
 * Understanding homepage and navigation through the bank site;
 * E-banking in national country of the participant;
 * Monitoring personal financial accounts;
 * Money transfer;
 * Safety tips (passwords, scams).

Learning objectives
 * To teach about the most suitable E-bank provider;
 * To raise awareness of safety risks while using E-banking and to be able to avoid those risks;
 * To teach understand the advantages of online banking (from the comfort of their home, 24/7);
 * To encourage feelings of confidence and self-efficiency while using E-banking services among the participants.

Learning outcomes
 * Participants are able to access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device;
 * To be able to use online banking facilities 24 hours a day;
 * Participants are able to transfer money to other accounts;
 * Participants are able to print the receipt of their transaction.

Learning scenario
 * Videos;
 * Interactive demonstrations of homepage and navigation through the bank site;
 * Lecture on advantages of E-banking and safety tips while using it.

Evaluation
 * Every participant has to successfully log in to the bank site and make an online transaction of their money to another bank account;
 * Every participant has to check and print account balance.

Following this module learners will:
 * Be able choose the most suitable E-bank provider for them;
 * Be aware of safety risks while using E-banking and to be able to avoid those risks;
 * Understand the advantages of online banking;
 * Be able to access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device.

Introduction
Electronic banking is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals rather than through an exchange of cash, checks, or other types of paper documents. Transfers of funds occur between financial institutions such as banks and credit unions. They also occur between financial institutions and commercial institutions such as stores. Whenever someone withdraws cash from an automated teller machine (ATM) or pays for groceries using a debit card (which draws the amount owed to the store from a savings or checking account), the funds are transferred via electronic banking.

Electronic banking relies on intricate computer systems that communicate using telephone lines. These computer systems record transfers and ownership of funds, and they control the methods customers and commercial institutions use to access funds. A common method of access (or identification) is by access code, such as a personal identification number (PIN) that one might use to withdraw cash from an ATM machine.

There are various electronic banking systems, and they range in size. An example of a small system is an ATM network, a set of interconnected automated teller machines that are linked to a centralized financial institution and its computer system. An example of a large electronic banking system is the Federal Reserve Wire Network, called Fedwire.

This system allows participants to handle large, time-sensitive payments, such as those required to settle real estate transactions.

Electronic banking laid the groundwork for speed and convenience in individual and commercial (business) banking. The spread of personal computer use has added another layer of convenience and speed to the process. Electronic banking allows customers of most banks to do their banking at any hour of the day, regardless of the bank’s operating hours. If customers choose to do such things as transfer funds or pay bills, they can usually do so from anywhere Internet access is available.

Online banking typically offers bank statements, electronic bill payment, funds transfers between a customer’s checking and savings accounts (or to another customer’s account), loan applications and transactions, and purchasing or sales of investments, all of which allow customers to maintain their accounts without making a trip to the bank itself.

As online banking has become more sophisticated, banks have been formed that operate exclusively as electronic banks and have no physical storefront for customers to use. Without the costs of purchasing and maintaining physical “bricks-and-mortar” structures like traditional banks do, online banks are able to offer higher interest rates on savings accounts (interest payments are fees that customers collect for keeping their money in the bank). Customers at online banks can use the Internet to conduct all the standard banking transactions (including paying bills online, viewing images of cancelled checks, and transferring money to accounts at other banks and brokerages).

8 tips for safer online banking
Try to get a bank account that offers some form of two factor authentication for online banking.
 * Choose an account with two factor authentication

Many, but not all, banks offer a small device that can be used to generate a unique code each time you log in. This code is only valid for a very short period of time and is required in addition to your login credentials in order to gain access to your online account.

If your bank requires a user-generated password in order to access online accounts make sure you choose one that is strong. The best way to achieve this is by making it long and a mix of upper and lower-case letters, numbers, and special characters.
 * Create a strong password

Always avoid using any common words or phrases and never create a password that contain your name, initials, or your date of birth. If your bank allows it, change your password every few months.

When setting up online banking, if your bank asks you to provide answers to some standard security questions remember that the answer you give doesn’t have to be the real one.

Security software is essential these days, regardless of what you use your computer for.
 * Secure your computer and keep it up-to-date

As a minimum, make sure you have a firewall turned on and are running antivirus software. This will ensure you are protected from Trojans, keyloggers and other forms of malware that could be used to gain access to your financial data.

You’ll also want to keep your operating system and other software up-to-date to ensure that there are no security holes present.

If you receive an email that appears to be from your bank that asks for such details then treat it with suspicion as it may well be a phishing attempt to trick you into handing your credentials over.
 * Avoid clicking through emails

Be aware of links in emails that appear to be from your bank – this is a trick often employed by the bad guys to get you onto a website that looks like your bank. When you log in to ‘your account’ they will steal your username and password and, ultimately, your cash.

It is always safer to access your online bank account by typing the address into your browser directly.

Also, be aware of unsolicited phone calls that purport to be from your bank. While your financial institution may require you to answer a security question, they should never ask for passwords or PINs (they may ask for certain letters or numbers from them, but never the whole thing).

If in doubt, do not be afraid to hang up and then call your bank back via a telephone number that you have independently confirmed as being valid.

It’s always best practice to connect to your bank using computers and networks you know and trust.
 * Access your accounts from a secure location

But if you need to access your bank online from remote locations you might want to set up a VPN (Virtual Private Network) so that you can establish an encrypted connection to your home or work network and access your bank from there.

Look for a small padlock icon somewhere on your browser and check the address bar – the URL of the site you are on should begin with ‘https’. Both act as confirmation that you are accessing your account over an encrypted connection.

It is good practice to always log out of your online banking session when you have finished your business. This will lessen the chances of falling prey to session hijacking and cross-site scripting exploits.
 * Always log out when you are done

You may also want to set up the extra precaution of private browsing on your computer or smart phone, and set your browser to clear its cache at the end of each session.

Some banks offer a facility for customers to set up text or email notifications to alert them to certain activities on their account. For example, if a withdrawal matches or exceeds a specified amount or the account balance dips below a certain point then a message will be sent.
 * Set up account notifications (if available)

Such alerts could give quick notice of suspicious activity on your account.

It should go without saying that monitoring the your bank statement each month is good practice as any unauthorised transactions will be sure to appear there.
 * Monitor your accounts regularly

With online banking, you have an 24/7 so take advantage of that and check your account on a regular basis. Look at every transaction since you last logged in and, if you spot any anomalies, contact your bank immediately.

(SOURCE: https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/10/03/8-tips-for-safer-online-banking/ )

Learning objectives

 * Choose the most suitable E-bank provider
 * Be aware of safety risks while using E-banking and to be able to avoid those risks
 * Understand the advantages of online banking (from the comfort of their home, 24/7)
 * Regain feelings of confidence and self-efficiency while using E-banking services

Context

 * Teach about the most suitable E-bank provider
 * Raise awareness of safety risks while using E-banking and to be able to avoid those risks
 * Teach understand the advantages of online banking (from the comfort of their home, 24/7)
 * Encourage feelings of confidence and self-efficiency while using E-banking services among the participants

Material  required

 * Personal computer
 * Internet connection
 * Beamer

Keywords
E-banking, Online banking, Safety.

Learning subjet
Trainer will start discussion with participants about their usage of regular bank services and any possible experiences with online banking. It is important to address these two issues initially in order to establish an understanding between the operation of normal banks and the benefits of online banking.

The lecturer will describe the operation of the online bank, the possibilities of access to the online bank, the security methods used by the various online banks. The advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of interfaces used by banks will be presented. This will give the participants as much insight as possible into the user experience options.

In the next part, participants will be involved in designing the content of the lecture. Each participant will compile a list of services that they frequently use at the bank and compare all these services in a second step with online banking providers. This will allow participants to share the benefits of online banking in more detail.

Assignment
Each participant will choose one online bank provider, make demo account and try to make transaction. This is important for participants to see what interface is most suitable to them. After that, every participant will also have to check and print account balance.

In the last part of the lecture there will be a group discussion on the usefulness of online banking and brief comparisons of selected online banking services.

The purpose of the session will be:

 * to provide an introduction to e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device
 * to facilitate to print the receipt of their transaction
 * to discover online banking facilities 24 hours a day
 * to motivate to transfer money to other accounts

Step 1
Trainer will start discussions with participants about using regular bank services and about any experience with online banking. It is important to address these two issues initially in order to establish an understanding between the operation of normal banks and the benefits of online banking.

Step 2
The lecturer will describe the operation of the online bank, the possibilities of access to the online bank, the security methods used by the various online banks. The advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of interfaces used by banks will be presented. This will give the participants as much insight as possible into the user experience options.

Step 3
In the next part, participants will be involved in designing the content of the lecture. Each participant will compile a list of services that they frequently use at the bank and compare all these services in a second step with online banking providers. This will allow participants to share the benefits of online banking in more detail.

Each participant will choose one online bank provider, make demo account and try to make transaction. This is important for participants to see what interface is most suitable to them. Every participant will also have to check and print account balance.

Step 4
In the last part of the lecture there will be a group discussion on the usefulness of online banking and brief comparisons of selected online banking services.

Homework
Watch video and comment about choosing online bank provider.

What is online banking?

Debriefing
To wrap up the session, the trainer will facilitate a debriefing moment where participants are encouraged to express their questions, doubts, ideas and feelings toward the topics discussed.

Evaluation
Participants will answer a small questionnaire to evaluate the session.

Overall duration of the session
2 hours

title: ICT4 Elderly/E-banking