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Help:Citation Style 1

Citation Style 1 (CS1) is a collection of reference citation templates that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials. Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references on Wikipedia. It includes a series of templates that in turn use Module:Citation/CS1.

The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per WP:CITESTYLE:

"Wikipedia does not have a single house style. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic style guides. However, citations within a given article should follow a consistent style."

WP:CITEVAR additionally states:

"If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page."

CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own Manual of Style) elements of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, with significant adaptations.

Style
There are a number of templates that use a name starting with cite; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source.

To be compliant with CS1, a template must:
 * Use Module:Citation/CS1 or one of the templates listed below.
 * Use a period as a punctuation mark to separate fields and end the citation.
 * Use a semicolon as a punctuation mark to separate authors and editors.
 * Format the title of longer works in italics.
 * Format the title of short works such as chapters in quotes.

General use
The following is a list of templates that implement Citation Style 1 for one or more types of citations but are not restricted to any specific source.

Specific source
There are a number of templates that are CS1 compliant, because they use a CS1 template as a base, but are tied to a specific source; these are listed in Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates.

How the templates work
CS1 uses a series of templates that provide a consistent output. The main difference is in parameters optimized for the subject. For example, cite book has fields for title and chapter, whereas cite journal has fields for journal and title.

This help page uses the names most commonly used across the templates series; see each template's documentation for details.

CS1 templates present a citation generally as:
 * With author:

 * Without author:

(where "n.d." could also be any other valid date formatted per the MOS)

Authors
An author may be cited using separate parameters for the author's surname and given name by using last and first respectively. If a cited source has multiple authors, subsequent authors can be listed in the citation using last2 and first2, last3 and first3, etc. For symmetry with the other numbered parameters, last1 and first1 are available as well, as shown in the following example:

For symmetry with similar parameters for editors and other contributors (discussed further below), longer parameter forms are also available for authors: author-last and author-first, as well as numbered variants like author-lastn and author-firstn or authorn-last and authorn-first (with n referring to this author's number in the list). Because the shorthand parameters might erroneously have been used also for editors and other types of contributors by some Wikipedians in the past, please make sure that the parameters actually refer to authors when expanding last and first parameters to their longer equivalents (equivalent parameters for editors etc. exist as well, see below).

If a cited source has a large number of authors, one can limit the number of authors displayed when the citation is published by using the display-authors parameter as described in detail in the Display options section of this help page.

If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with author-link. If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use author-linkn or authorn-link, etc. This method is used because the last- and first-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, author-link cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly. Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit:

When an author is cited, the date of the cited work is displayed after the author's name, as shown in the example below:

If no author is cited, the date appears after the title, as shown in the example below:

If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use:

 * author

This HTML comment alerts fact-checking and citation-fixing editors, and potentially bots, that the cited source did not name an author—the author was not overlooked. Without this entry editors and bots would waste time researching cited sources for a non-existent author credit.

When using author avoid citations like, unless the article is on a field in which the majority of professional journals covering that field use such a citation style.

Editors should use an author organizational citation when the cited source, such as a committee report, specifically names an official body or a sub-unit of the publisher as the collective author of the work, e.g. Commission on Headphone Safety or Rules Sub-committee. Do not use author to assert what you think was probably the collective author when the source itself does not specifically specify a collective author; doing so is original research and falsification of source verifiability and reliability.

author should never hold the name of more than one author. Separate individual authors into enumerated individual authorn parameters.

Editors
An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use editor-last and editor-first; subsequent editors would use editor2-last and editor2-first, editor3-last and editor3-first, etc.

If an editor has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using editor-link. If a cited work has multiple editors, you may use editor2-link, editor3-link, etc. to wikilink to each editor's Wikipedia article. This method is used because editor-last and editor-first do not allow wikilinking. editor-link cannot be used to link to an external website.

If a cited source has a large number of editors, one can limit the number of editors displayed when the citation is published using the display-editors parameter as described in detail in the Display options section of this help page.

Translators
A translator may be cited using separate parameters for the translator's last and first name. A single or first translator would use translator-last and translator-first; subsequent translators would use translator2-last and translator2-first, translator3-last and translator3-first, etc.

If a translator has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using translator-link. If a cited work has multiple translators, you may use translator2-link, translator3-link, etc. to wikilink to each translator's Wikipedia article. This method is used because translator-last and translator-first do not allow wikilinking. translator-link cannot be used to link to an external website.

Others

 * others: This parameter is used to credit contributors other than an author or an editor, such as an illustrator. You should include both the type of contribution and the name of the contributor, for example Illustrated by John Smith.

Dates
Dates are indicated by these parameters: When a source does not have a publication date, use n.d. or nd
 * date: Full date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
 * or: year: Year of publication edition being referenced. Discouraged in favor of date, except in the rare case that  of the following conditions are met:
 * the publication-date format in the template is YYYY-MM-DD
 * the citation requires a  disambiguator
 * orig-date: Original publication date or year, for display (in square brackets) after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance  or  . This parameter displays only if there is a value for date (or year). Alias: origyear.

Acceptable date formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of the. Further points:
 * Prescriptions about date formats only apply when the date is expressed in terms of Julian or Gregorian dates, or which use one of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn or fall, winter). Sources are at liberty to use other ways of expressing dates, such as "spring/summer" or a date in a religious calendar; editors should report the date as expressed by the source. Although the seasons are not normally capitalized, they are capitalized when used as dates in CS1 templates, and the capitalization of the season stated by the source may be altered to follow this convention. In cases where the date as expressed in the source is not compatible with the template software, the citation should be created without using a template.
 * Do not wikilink.
 * Access and archive dates in references should be in either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.

Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style
CS1 uses (MOS:DATEFORMAT) as the reference for all date format checking performed by Module:Citation/CS1. For various reasons, CS1 is not fully compliant with MOS:DATEFORMAT. This table indicates CS1 compliance with the listed sections of MOS:DATEFORMAT.

Date range, multiple sources in same year
If dates are used, the year range is 100 to present without era indication (AD, BC, CE, BCE). In the case where the same author has written more than one work in the same year, a lower-case letter may be appended to the year in the date parameter (date=July 4, 1997b) or the year parameter (year=1997b).

Auto-formatting citation template dates
Citation Style 1 and 2 templates automatically render dates (date, access-date, archive-date, etc.) in the style specified by the article's or  template. Editors may also choose how CS1/CS2 templates render dates by the use of <keyword> in the article's template. Example: to have the CS1/CS2 templates in an article render their publication dates in the long form (fully spelled-out month names) with access-/archive-dates rendered in short form (abbreviated month names), write:

This documentation page has  at the top of this section so this cs1 template will render with ymd dates:

This global setting may be overridden in individual CS1/CS2 templates by use of df; abbreviated date forms are not supported by df.

Nota bene: CS1/CS2 auto-date formatting does not apply when previewing an article section that does not contain a template.

Titles and chapters

 * title: The title of the cited source. Titles are displayed in italics, except for short works such as a and cited articles in, , , , , and , where the title is shown in quotation marks. Use title case unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either title case or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used. As with trademarks, Wikipedia  attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case, , etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.
 * script-title: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read right-to-left (RTL). To include titles in these languages, use script-title. Titles in script-title are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text.  Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script.  Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language.  The prefix is one of the supported language codes followed by a colon: ar: العربية.  Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.
 * trans-title: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets after the title and will be linked to url if used.
 * chapter: The title of the cited chapter from the source, written in full. Displayed in quotes before the title. For websites arranged in sections the "at" parameter serves a similar function: Featured News
 * script-chapter: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read right-to-left (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use script-chapter. Chapter titles in script-chapter are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script.  Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language.  The prefix is one of the supported language codes followed by a colon: ar: العربية.  Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.
 * trans-chapter: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the cited chapter title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which enclose the chapter field.

Titles containing certain characters will both display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded like this:

|script-< param >= language codes
Language codes known to cs1|2 for languages that do not use a Latin script are:

Type

 * type: Specifies the type of work cited. Appears in parentheses immediately after the title. Some templates use a default that can be overridden; example: cite press release will show "(Press release)" by default. Other useful values are: Review, Systemic review, Report, Abstract, Meta-analysis, Original article, Oral history, Email, Website, Text, Document. Alias: medium, in cite AV media, where typical values are: Motion picture, Moving image, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Blu-ray, Trailer, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast, Sound.

Work and publisher

 * work: Used by some templates such as cite web (where it is aliased to website), cite news (aliased to newspaper), cite magazine (aliased to magazine), cite journal (aliased to journal), and others where the citation is usually to a specific item (given in the "title" parameter) found in a larger work (this "work" parameter), most commonly an article in a website or print periodical, or an episode in a TV series., which is for the publishing company. If the work is notable and has an article in Wikipedia, it should be wiki-linked at first appearance in citations in the article. If the "title" is already linked-to externally, do not externally link to the "work". If the work title as given by the site/publication would be exactly or substantially the same as the name of the publisher, do not use the "publisher" parameter (see below for more detail).
 * On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus Salon, not  ). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".
 * Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. J Am Vet Med for Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.
 * If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, as in a book in a series, a special issue of a periodical, or a sub-site at a domain (e.g., you are citing the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than just that of the entire larger work. Various citation templates provide separate fields for such information, e.g. chaptertitlevolumeseries in . If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the c that closes the citation.

 * publisher: the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. Apple Inc., which otherwise might be confused with Apple Records and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for The International Cat Association, "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. WP:Citing sources, and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples:
 * Amazon.comAmazon Inc.
 * The Aberdeen TimesThe Aberdeen Times
 * The New York TimesThe New York Times Company
 * USA TodayGannett Company
 * NatureNature Research
 * If the work is self-published, this is a very important fact about potential reliability of the source, and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of publisher in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try whois for websites, and WorldCat for books, etc.) fails, use publisher to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.

 * location (alias publication-place): Geographical place of publication ( where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually City, Country, or City, US State. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about Canadian topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where Mumbai is, especially if they are old enough that it was called Bombay for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a City, Country would be ambiguous, e.g. Hanley, Staffordshire, UK, versus Hanley, Worcestershire, UK. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per MOS:POSTABBR. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. The Sydney Morning Herald. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper sometimes called the New York Daily News is actually Daily News and can be entered with Daily News New York, which yields: Daily News. New York. A similar example is The Times of London (contrast The New York Times). Per WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT, provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use London, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., New York / London. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los AngelesCouncil of Science Editors / Loyola Marymount University Press; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do  have separate !mxt=y, !mxt=y, etc., parameters.  For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the  (printing press owner-operator) with the  (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).
 * publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date or year are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
 * via (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in WP:The Wikipedia Library, e.g. WP:Credo accounts/Citations.  See also . Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg, and Google Books; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. PubMed Central, Paperity, and JSTOR; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as Dictionary.com. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see ). Example:

Pages
An editor may use any one of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error message Extra  or   ( help ) will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error, page overrides both pages and at; pages overrides at. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation. If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation, or to provide linked page number citations.
 * page: page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example 52.
 * Note: For a hyphenated page, use 1234. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to 1234 by mistake.
 * pages: pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an en dash: –, for example 236–239. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example 157, 159. The form 461, 466–467 is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. ((1,2341,235)). For multiple hyphenated pages, use the accept-this-as-written markup to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. ((12)), ((34)).
 * Note: CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.
 * at: place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the at parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include Column 2 or Paragraph 5 or Back cover or Act III, Scene 2.
 * quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in quote. Use either quote-page or quote-pages, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in page, pages or at. Displays preceded by p. unless yes. If hyphenated, use hyphen to indicate this is intentional (e.g. 312). Alias: none.
 * OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in quote. Use either quote-page or quote-pages, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in pages or at. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma . Displays preceded by pp. unless yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of quote-pages without processing it, and use hyphen to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: ((31–315)). Alias: none.

Edition identifiers

 * edition: Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example, Revised third displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.
 * series: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series, series should be limited to Original/New Series, First/Second/Third/... Series, or similar.
 * volume: For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an en dash: –, for example I–IV. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example I, III. The form I, III–V is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.
 * issue: When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. 2,  Modern Canadian Literature . Please choose either issue or number depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example 2 #143. Separate ranges with an en dash: –, and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in accept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

Using |format=
When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' extension, it renders the external link with a [//example.com/document.pdf PDF icon] in place of the usual [//example.com/document external-link icon]. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set PDF, though doing so causes no harm. The PDF parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not, so removing PDF here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.

Online sources
Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources.
 * Links should be to full versions of the source.
 * Online sources that require payment or subscription may be included per Verifiability.

Do not link to:
 * Sites that do not have permission to republish the work or which otherwise violate copyright.
 * Commercial sites such as Amazon, unless no alternative exists.
 * Reviews of the work.
 * Very short extracts such as Google Books snippet view where there is not enough context to verify the content, unless the entire work is also freely available there. (See WP:BOOKLINKS)

Link formats
Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for Monty Python and Philosophy would look like:
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

But can be trimmed to:
 * https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

or:
 * https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover

or:
 * https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC (if Google Books does not provide the cover page).

Pages
A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 of Monty Python and Philosophy on Google Books:
 * https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172

like so:

Access date

 * access-date: The full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the article's citations. It is not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but should be used for links to news articles on commercial websites (these can change from time to time, even if they are also published in a physical medium). Note that access-date is the date that the URL was checked to not just be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.

Web archives
The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and archive-url is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. archive-date must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When archive-url is used, url and archive-date are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end:
 * archive-url. Alias: archiveurl.
 * archive-date. Alias: archivedate.
 * url-status: To change the order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end, set live:

When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting unfit or usurped suppresses display of the original URL (but url and archive-url are still required).

Identifiers
A custom identifier can be specified through

Anchors
The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use with shortened footnotes using the Harv- and sfn-family templates. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the format.

ID: Creates a custom ID equivalent to the value ID. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates.

Display options
These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles.

et al.
et al. is the abbreviation of the Latin et alii ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized per MOS:FOREIGN.

Accept-this-as-written markup
There are occasions where Module:Citation/CS1 emits error or maintenance messages because of, or makes changes to, the values assigned to a select set of parameters. Special markup can be used to enforce that a value will nonetheless be accepted as written. The markup for this is, i.e., wrap the entire parameter value in two sets of parentheses. Parameters that support this markup are:

Printing
When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed. External link icons are not printed.

Elements not included
Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included:
 * The total number of pages in a cited source
 * The name of the library that provided access to an electronic copy of a cited source
 * The name of the library that owns a physical copy of a cited work
 * The library record or shelf location of a physical copy of a cited work

Tools
CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:
 * Citoid, a tool built into Visual Editor that attempts to build a full citation based on a URL. See user guide.
 * RefToolbar is part of the editing tool bar. Version 2.0 does not yet support all templates supported by version 1.0.
 * ProveIt provides a graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references. It may be enabled per the documentation.
 * Wikipedia DOI and Google Books Citation Maker
 * Reflinks Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.
 * reFill open source version of Reflinks
 * Zotero can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.
 * Citer – generates shortened footnote or named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. Also supports some major news websites.

Error checking scripts:
 * User:Svick/HarvErrors is a script that may be enabled to display errors when using Shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does not warn when a long citation has been added but not a short one (using sfn or harvnb).
 * User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors is very similar, but also contains additional warnings for potential issues.
 * User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker highlights inconsistent (CS1 vs CS2) citation styles used in the same article. Only works with templated citations.

Reliability scripts:
 * User:Headbomb/unreliable color codes URLs and DOIs in gray/red/pink/yellow depending on their broad reliability

TemplateData
This section documents interactions between WP:TemplateData and tools which use that data to edit Wikipedia such as VisualEditor and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.

User:InternetArchiveBot

 * If an argument is set to "required" the argument will be added to all templates edited by IABot. This including adding empty arguments. For example, when website is "required" IABot makes the following edit:.

Common issues

 * access-date does not show.
 * If url is not supplied, then access-date does not show; by design.

 * The bare URL shows before the title.
 * If the title field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see Web links.

 * The title appears in red.
 * If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.

 * The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.
 * The URL must include the URI scheme in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example:  vs..

 * A field is truncated.
 * A pipe in the value will truncate it. Use  instead.

 * The template markup shows.
 * Double open brackets [[ are used in a field without closing double brackets ]].

 * The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.
 * The use of an URL in author-link will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.

 * Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show
 * The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if last or last1 is not defined, then last2 will not show. By design.

 * page, pages or at do not show.
 * These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.

title: Help:Citation Style 1


text: Template:Skip to top and bottom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Skip to top and bottom


text:
Template:Skip to top and bottom/doc

The template isn't empty, it produces 2 right-bottom corner icons. See?

Usage
Can be placed on administration pages (not-articles) when appropriate. This usually means pages in the "Wikipedia:" and "Help:" namespaces, but sometime also exist on user pages.

This template produces 2 icons on the bottom-right corner. Clicking the rightmost one takes you to the top of the page while clicking on the left one takes you to the bottom of the page. To use this template just put the following anywhere on the page:

Example
shall produce what you see in the bottom-right corner.

Registered users can hide the icons by placing this in :

title: Template:Skip to top and bottom/doc


text:
Template:Skip to top and bottom/styles.css

/* */	position: fixed; bottom: 8px; z-index: 50; }
 * 1) skip-to-top-button,
 * 2) skip-to-bottom-button {

filter: brightness(1.05); }
 * 1) skip-to-top-button:hover,
 * 2) skip-to-bottom-button:hover {

filter: brightness(0.95); }
 * 1) skip-to-top-button:active,
 * 2) skip-to-bottom-button:active {

right: 8px; }
 * 1) skip-to-bottom-button {

right: 64px; }
 * 1) skip-to-top-button {

/* Avoid overlapping with Vector 2022 width toggle */ @media (min-width: 1400px) { body.skin-vector-2022 #skip-to-bottom-button { right: 48px; }	body.skin-vector-2022 #skip-to-top-button { right: 104px; } }


text:
Help:Citation tools

The following tools can help you assemble a citation from limited information, with limited effort. These are tools with a variety of interfaces that provide a complete formatted reference based on a few initial details.

Tools

 * Biomedical citation maker by User:Badgettrg. Converts a PubMed ID (PMID), DOI, PMCID, NCT to cite journal, cite pmid, or simple wikiformatting for all journals indexed by PubMed. Bookmarklet is available. Adds links to ACP Journal Club and Evidence-Based Medicine comments if present.
 * Citation Hunt: A tool for browsing snippets of Wikipedia articles that lack citations.
 * Citer: Converts a DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID, OCLC, or Google Books URL into a citation and shortened footnote. It also can generate citations for certain major news websites (e.g., The New York Times) and the Wayback Machine.
 * Citoid: A tool built into both Visual Editor and source editor that attempts to build a full citation based on a URL. See user guide.
 * Diberri Template builder: Converts URL, DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID or PubChem ID to full citation.
 * MakeRef: A form for creating various cite templates.
 * OABOT, a tool that finds open-access links for citations
 * reFill: Uses Citoid to replace all bare URLs on a Wikipedia page with filled cite web templates.
 * RefScript: A bookmarklet that generates references with a single click. Works with a few news websites (BBC, Daily Mirror, Daily Telegraph, Huffington Post, Huffington Post Canada, New York Times, Washington Post, Boston Globe, Times of India, Financial Times, The Economist, Business Week, Ars Technica, TG Daily) and it can learn any other newspaper or website.
 * WebRef: A bookmarklet automating the filling of the cite web template.
 * Wikipedia AutoReferencer, Microsoft word tool to convert embedded links to wikitext
 * Wikipedia DOI and Google Books Citation Maker: A web tool for generating filled citation templates (e.g., cite book) via DOIs and Google Books URLs and IDs. Works with both new and old (classic) Google Books URLs. Can be added to Wikipedia's left sidebar for quicker access via User:Qwerfjkl/scripts/generatedoi. For another related tool, see the Wikipedia Drugbox and Chembox Maker.
 * Wikipedia-References-Creator: A Firefox addon for creation of references (output changeable).

Templates

 * BibDesk Export Template – An export template for formatting Wikipedia citation templates in BibDesk, which is a free open-source BibTeX-based reference management software application for macOS
 * Citation Bot (more info) – Partial citations must either contain a DOI, PMID, PMC, ISBN, or enough fields to be uniquely found; the bot will also fix formatting errors
 * Cite4Wiki for Mozilla Firefox 3.5+ – Allows you to create various templates including cite web and cite news; get the current version or an old version
 * CiteCompletion for AutoWikiBrowser – A custom module for AWB to complete citations of common English-language news sites
 * citemark (JavaScript) – A bookmarklet to help create cite web templates; see the developer's page for details
 * Find sources – provides links to customized searches for reliable sources in news newspapers books scholar JSTOR free images and the like. Points to a variety of templates for use in talk pages, on the AfD page etc., and for a variety of types of articles and situations.
 * References segregator (JavaScript) – Shows references in a separate edit window for easy editing; can also convert references to list-defined references format
 * refToolbar (JavaScript) – Allows you to format a reference during editing when you already have all the data
 * Scopus search add-on – Find a reference on Scopus, then with one click it's formatted ready for use in an article
 * SnipManager (JavaScript) – Adds a Ribbon menu above the edit form with templates (including citations) and the ability to preview citations
 * refill – Checks an article for working (non-404) references, corrects titles, adds citation templates, and performs other miscellaneous fixes
 * User:CitationTool – Semi-bot for finding citation errors and fixing them
 * WebCite – WebCite archives a copy of an online source, so a citation can link to the archived copy as well as to the original URL (in case the latter changes in future)
 * Zotero (cross-platform) – Allows you to find articles and easily paste their citations into Wikipedia as citation templates, using (on Windows) Ctrl-Alt-C or right-clicking the article and selecting "Export Selected Item..." then "Wikipedia Citation Templates"; see Citing sources with Zotero

Citation tools
Reference markup and citation templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:
 * Citation expander automatically adds missing data to citations using citation templates, and makes corrections to their formatting
 * ProveIt provides a graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references. It may be enabled per the documentation
 * RefToolbar is part of the editing tool bar
 * SnipManager adds a ribbon interface to add citations
 * reFill
 * wikEd

User scripts

 * Folded references collapses the references of a page
 * Footnote popups Displays a small popup box of a footnote when you hover the cursor above a footnote link
 * HarvErrors shows errors when using Harvard templates
 * ListrefErrors shows errors when using listref
 * PleaseStand/References segregator places references into a separate edit box
 * Reference exporter
 * Reference Organizer presents all references in graphical user interface, where you can choose whether the references should be defined in the body of article or in the reference list template(s) (list-defined format). You can also sort the references in various ways (and optionally keep the sort order), and rename the references.
 * RefTooltip sets the tooltip for references to the text of the reference.
 * ReviewSourceCheck (different versions for different preferences) flags 16 types of errors in the references and/or notes, when using Harv templates.
 * Sources Formats names of newspapers within citation templates
 * User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js adds a preview button that will show references when editing a section
 * User:BrandonXLF/Autoref replaces the reference button in the editing toolbar in the 2010 wikitext editor with a button that allows the use of Citoid to insert an auto generated reference
 * User:BrandonXLF/Citoid generates a reference using the Citoid server. Designed for being used inside user scripts.
 * user:js/ajaxPreview adds a preview button that will show references when editing a section
 * User:Salix alba/Citoid Generates citation templates using the Citoid server. Standalone javascript which can be used outside of Visual Editor.

Beta and obsolete
Beta Obsolete:
 * Cite4Wiki Phoenix
 * Ref++ PubMed search (Beta, November 2009)
 * User:Smith609/Cite
 * Cite isbn

Deprecated
The following bot-filled templates are deprecated.
 * Cite doi
 * Cite jstor
 * Cite pmid

Documentation
These templates can be used in documentation:

Typing aids
 * cite *: shortcut for Citation/core
 * cite xxx: shortcut for Citation templates
 * cite.php: shortcut for mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php
 * cs1: shortcut for Help: Citation Style 1
 * cs2: shortcut for Help: Citation Style 2
 * fnote: shortcut for Help:Footnotes
 * ldr: shortcut for List-defined references
 * paren: shortcut for Parenthetical referencing
 * sfnote: shortcut for Help:Shortened footnotes
 * vcite: shortcut for Help:Citation Style Vancouver

Navboxes
 * Citation Style 1: navbox for templates
 * Wikipedia referencing: navbox for referencing help pages

Documentation
 * Citation Style documentation: modular documentation for and
 * Harvard citation documentation: documentation for Harvard citations
 * Markup: show markup and rendered output side by side
 * Refname rules: rules for names for footnotes and groups

Replication
 * Dummy backlink: replicate footnote backlinks
 * Dummy ref: replicate footnote in-text cite
 * Fake heading: replicate headings
 * Fake notes and references: replicate Notes and References headings

title: Help:Citation tools


text: Template:Citation Style 1

title: Template:Citation Style 1


text:
Template:Citation Style 1/doc

This template is a navigation box for templates in the series.

title: Template:Citation Style 1/doc


text:
Help:Cite errors

The Wikipedia footnotes system has the ability to detect errors. This page documents the error messages and provides an understanding of the problem and solutions.

Error messages
The messages will be formatted as an error, and are visible on the rendered page after hitting the "Publish changes" button.

These messages are dependent on the language setting in Special:Preferences— this list applies only to "en — English".

Other problems
Some problems may not show a cite error message, while others may not be obvious.

In ref name use only straight quotation marks
When you cite the same source more than once on a page, use only straight quotation marks " "  to enclose the reference name. Do not use curly quotation marks “ ” , which are treated as simply another character, not as quotation marks. An error message will appear if the original and repeat references use a mix of straight and curly quotation marks. The syntax to define a named reference is:
 * content

To repeat the named reference:

A page shows in the reference error category, but no cite errors show
If  includes a URL with an =, and if the reference is inside a template, then the template will fail. Depending on the placement of the URL, the cite error message may not display, but the page will be included in the error category. Ensure that = are encoded as &#61;

refTools should catch this problem.

For example, an incorrectly nested reference where lower is being used to make the reference smaller:

Reference links show in the body of the article, but do not show in the reference list
This may be caused by a template that is not properly closed with }}.

It can also be caused by multiple footnotes that are defined to use the same name. Links will be generated for both, but only the first will show in the references list: For example:
 * content1
 * content2

Only content1 will show. refTools will catch this problem.

Content on a non-article page is missing
If a footnote does not have a closing, it will "eat" the following text, causing it to not show. This normally shows a cite error, unless it is the last footnote on the page. Normally, this would then suppress the tag, generating an error, but the message for a missing  tag is suppressed on non-article pages. refTools will catch this problem.

Templates
Some templates may include  tags; for example botanist. If a template of this type is included without the tag, then an error is generated, but the problem is not obvious. refTools will not catch this problem.

Several methods are available for solving this problem. Below they are listed in order of preference. Note that only one of these is required, not all of them.

Method 1

If the template has a documentation page, add there.

Method 2

Add the following code to the end of the template:

Method 3

Add the following code to the end of the template: parameter. See Help talk:Cite errors/Testcases1 for an example.

Cons: Creates a separate references section that may not be obvious; does not allow reuse of the references within the body of the article.

Tools
refTools can be enabled via. It includes an error checking tool for common problems.

Messages, namespaces and categories
Internal messages are generated by the Cite.php extension and shown as a MediaWiki message. See the parser hooks section of Special:Version for the installed version of Cite.php. These messages are in the MediaWiki namespace and can be modified only by admins.

The MediaWiki messages use broken ref to control the namespace and category. Messages show only on main (article), user, template, category, help and file pages. Talk pages do not show error messages.

Category default sorting is by for the main namespace and by τ for template, category, help and file namespaces.

title: Help:Cite errors


text: Template:Error-small

title: Template:Error-small


text:
Template:Error-small/doc

Usage
This template, error-small, should be used in templates to display error messages for errors that are less clear-cut or less urgent than those that require error.

Example
After some text

title: Template:Error-small/doc


text: Help:Cite errors/header2

title: Help:Cite errors/header2


text:
Template:Myprefs

Preferences

title: Template:Myprefs


text:
Template:Myprefs/doc

Usage
This template creates a link to Special:Preferences with an optional link to a particular tab, an optional setting name, and an optional value. There are also options to display an unchecked or checked box with user specified text. The output of this template is formatted to set it off from any other text in the sentence.

Parameters

 * 1 (unnamed)
 * The first unnamed optional parameter is for the tab; either the tab name or the corresponding number may be used. The names are not case-sensitive. The numbers may be used, but they no longer represent the current order as displayed in Preferences.
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Input !! Output 0 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 9 || 6 || Beta 11 || 10 ||
 * + Current tabs (in order displayed)
 * User profile
 * User profile
 * Appearance
 * Appearance
 * Editing
 * Editing
 * Recent changes
 * Recent changes
 * Watchlist
 * Watchlist
 * Gadgets
 * Gadgets
 * Banners ||
 * Search
 * Search
 * Search
 * Beta features
 * Beta features
 * Notifications
 * Notifications
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Input !! Output !! Notes 2 || || These settings are now on the "Appearance" tab. 7 12 || || 8 || style="white-space:nowrap" |  || These settings are now on the "Recent changes" tab.
 * + Former tabs
 * Date and time
 * Date and time
 * Misc
 * Misc
 * style="white-space:nowrap" | Pending changes
 * style="white-space:nowrap" | Pending changes
 * }
 * Note: MW1.19 swapped the order of Gadgets and Pending changes.

 * 2 (unnamed)
 * The second unnamed optional parameter adds an arrow followed by the parameter text— this is for the full name of the setting.

 * 3 (unnamed)
 * The third unnamed optional parameter adds an equals followed by the parameter text— this is for the value of the setting.

 * uncheck
 * This optional parameter adds an arrow followed by an unchecked box and the parameter text. It will not be displayed if any value is assigned to the third unnamed parameter.

 * check
 * This optional parameter adds an arrow followed by a checked box and the parameter text. It will not be displayed if any value is assigned to the third unnamed parameter or to the uncheck parameter.

Examples

title: Template:Myprefs/doc


text:
Talk:A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of computer systems/Role of an operating system (OS)

OS
What are the fundamental roles and functions of an operating system, and how do these roles and functions influence the design and implementation of modern operating systems? 49.144.235.198 (discuss) 22:36, 15 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
User:Numbers-Mathworld

This is the alternative mobile account(sockpuppet) of Faster328.

title: User:Numbers-Mathworld


text:
User talk:Numbers-Mathworld

Blocked
You cannot edit indefinitely due to persistent disruptive editing and sockpuppeteering.. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. In addition, your TPA has been revoked. If you want TPA back, appeal this block on m:User talk:SHB2000. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:13, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * This user is a sockpuppet of Faster328... see w:en:WP:Sockpuppet investigations/Faster328. 119.56.97.247 (discuss) 08:25, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Numbers-Mathworld


text:
Pokémon Red and Blue/Rainbow Badge

Route 8
When you’re ready to leave Lavender Town, use the west exit. (The south exit will take you past a lot of water and bridges until you get stuck at that same Snorlax you saw earlier.)

Head due west on Route 8. If you follow the paved road, you will encounter seven enemy Trainers on the way, plus two more in the clearing at the end. There is tall grass here, but you will need to remove Cut trees to access it.

At the west end of Route 8 you find a third entrance to Saffron City — and you can’t get in this way, either! This is getting to be annoying. Thankfully, the smaller house nearby contains another underground tunnel, like the one that you traveled through on your way to get the Thunder Badge. There are two items hidden here as well. The first item, a Nugget, can be found in the bottommost “row” of tiles, thirty-five tiles west of the entrance. The other, an Elixir, can be found in the second row, nineteen tiles east of the west exit.

Route 7
Route 7 is a very small Route on the west side of Saffron City. You’ll find one last entrance to the city here, blocked off as usual. Saffron City is completely inaccessible for some reason. Your only clue as to why are that the guards blocking your way are thirsty. What might that mean?

Pass by the patch of tall grass and head northwest to enter Celadon City.

Celadon City
This large city is home to several tourist attractions: the Celadon City Gym, the Department Store, and the Game Corner (casino). As you enter, go around the back of the Pokémon Center and west after you pass through the tree line. The next gap in the trees that you will see is a back entrance to that building. Head all the way up to the top floor and you will reach a person who will give you an Eevee, the only one in the game. Eevee is notable for having three different evolutions (and even more in later generations), but it does not evolve on its own. To evolve an Eevee, use any evolutionary stone on it except for the Moon Stone, which Eevee does not respond to. Conveniently enough, you can buy these stones at the Department Store.

If you enter through the front door of that building, you will reach Game Freak. This recurring trope in Pokémon games has a man waiting to give you a prize if you can show him a Pokédex with all 151 Pokémon “seen” in it. This is blatantly impossible. Pokémon #151, Mew, is what is called an event legendary. These Pokémon were only released at certain limited-time real-world events back in the 1990s. It is impossible to catch a Mew today, and you will need one to satisfy this man. Just forget about it.

Skip the Game Corner for now. We’ve got a Gym to beat.

Celadon City Gym
This Gym is very small. Erika, the Gym Leader, is standing inside an enclosed area at the top of the room along with three other enemy Trainers. There are four more around the perimeter of this area. You will need to dispose of a Cut tree to get to the Gym Leader. As always, see the Enemy Trainers section of this guide for information on the Pokémon you will encounter in this Gym.

Boss — Erika (•2871 reward)

 * Level 19 Victreebell
 * Level 24 Tangela
 * Level 29 Vileplume

After you defeat Erika, you will receive the Rainbow Badge as well as TM 21 (Mega Drain). Possession of the Rainbow Badge grants you the ability to control traded Pokémon up to level 50.

title: Pokémon Red and Blue/Rainbow Badge


text:
Pokémon Red and Blue/Rocket Hideout

Don’t even think about leaving Celadon. If you try to exit to the west, you will find another extremely inconveniently placed sleeping Snorlax. Instead, let’s look at the town’s other attractions.

There is something fishy going on in this town. Go to the local diner (in the southeast) and chat up the clientele. Something very suspicious indeed, and no one can agree on what. If you try the shipping warehouse next door, you will learn that this depot is shipping over 2,000 Pokémon a month, most to be given as prizes at the Game Corner. One of the men says that any suspicious activity has absolutely nothing to do with the man standing in front of the poster inside the Game Corner. Nothing at all!

The fool. Go to the Game Corner. Talk to the man. He will turn out to be a Rocket. Defeat him and he will flee. Now examine the poster he was standing in front of, and a staircase will magically appear to the east. Welcome to…

The Rocket Hideout
You’ve stumbled upon Team Rocket’s secret base! It is your responsibility as protagonist to thwart whatever evil schemes Team Rocket might be planning. Let’s get to it!

This is a large area, with many branching paths, and many hidden items. Team Rocket must be running some very profitable scams, as virtually every item in their base is rare or valuable.

Rooting out Team Rocket completely will take a lot of time because their base is something of a labyrinth. If you follow this path, you will defeat every Rocket and collect every item in the area, and then defeat the mob boss leading this whole operation.

Go south into the large hallway. To the west is a Rocket, and, in the room behind him, an Escape Rope. To the east there is a room guarded by another Rocket. There is nothing in this room except a strange door that you cannot open. This will be your exit from the hideout once you’re finished here. In between these two rooms you will find an area with many potted plants. Examine the bottommost plant on the right side to find a hidden PP Up. Now go down the stairs to the second level.

You will now see one of the game’s most complex puzzles: directional pads. After you defeat the Rocket standing near the stairs, look at the area between the walls. Directional pads have arrows on them, and if you step on one, you will be launched in that direction, traveling in a straight line until you either hit another directional pad, or a stop pad that looks like four squares.

Here is a path through this maze that will enable you to collect every item within it:

 * 1) Step on the bottom of the two tiles pointing left. You will hit a stop tile in the room’s northwest corner. Backtrack the way you came in on foot, and you will reach a nook containing a Nugget.
 * 2) Step on any of the directional pads to return to where you were before. You might see an item ball hidden in a cranny, and you can get there on foot by going south. This is a Moon Stone.
 * 3) Step on the topmost of the three right-pointing directional pads. You will land near another item ball, containing TM 07 (Horn Drill). Team Rocket is sure involved in some profitable scams for them to have this many valuable items just laying around!
 * 4) Return again to the northwest corner. Of the two right-pointing pads here (not the one that you just stepped on), take the top one. When you land, go straight east. Once you stop, go west. You will now find two left-pointing pads on top of each other. For the fastest path towards clearing out Team Rocket’s hideout, take the top one and skip the next step. If you want to spend a little extra time to get an additional item, choose the top one.
 * 5) Step on the bottom left-pointing pad and you will be flung close to the wall. Go southeast, and you will see two pads; take the right one. This will bounce you near a Super Potion. The only way out of this area will land you all the way back near where TM 07 was. Return to where you were at the end of step 4.
 * 6) Step on the sole right-pointing pad. Follow the path after you stop and you will reach a room with stairs going up.

These stairs will take you to a large room on the entry level. There are two Rockets and a Hyper Potion here. To get out of the maze, step on the pad that leads up and you will be deposited back at the entrance. Now go down to the next floor.

Getting the Lift Key
When you arrive, go south to find a Rocket and TM 10 (Double-Edge) in a dead end. Go to the west, through the small opening… and find another directional pad maze. Fortunately, this one is much simpler.

 * 1) Where there are two pads pointing in opposite directions, go left. Immediately south of there is another pad. Step on that one, then once you land, go south from there and you will land at a nook containing a Rare Candy.
 * 2) Unfortunately, from here you’ll have to restart the maze from the beginning, as that is the way the the only directional pad leading out will take you. Get back on the left-pointing pad, then go south until you reach the next pad.
 * 3) Once you stop, backtrack through the zigzag path and you will find four right-pointing directional pads arranged in a diagonal line. Take the one that is second from the bottom; the other three will dump you back where the Rare Candy was.

As you exit the maze you’ll fight a Rocket. Head south from him through the opening, then go northeast, where you will find another set of stairs. Take them down to the bottommost floor.

In this corridor, go south. You will find a room where there is a table with an HP Up on it. Now go north. Go around the table to the south and you will find TM 02 (Razor Wind).

The next Rocket you fight was instructed to guard a valuable item: the Lift Key. Problem is, where’s the lift to use it on?

Using the Lift Key
Return to the floor where the first giant pad maze was. Traverse the maze as before until you get to the stairs, but don’t take them this time. Continue on instead and you will reach an elevator. This elevator will take you to the first, second, or fourth floors of the hideout. First, let’s make a shortcut. Choose the first floor and go north past the Rocket. Once you defeat him, the large metal door you saw earlier will open, allowing you easy access to the entrance of the base. Now might be a good time to use the Pokémon Center, as we have a boss coming up. Once you are prepared, return to the elevator and choose the fourth floor.

Look at what we have here: a locked door with two Rockets guarding it. Something important must be inside. Before you take them on, check the room to the southwest to find an Iron. Defeat both Rockets and the door will open, allowing you to invade the boss’s office.

Boss — Giovanni (•2871 reward)

 * Level 25 Onix
 * Level 24 Rhyhorn
 * Level 29 Kangaskhan

Once you teach Team Rocket’s leader a lesson, he will give you something called the Silph Scope. Giovanni will then escape, to plot and scheme another day. Before you leave the area, examine the computer Giovanni was standing in front of to find the last item here, a Super Potion.

title: Pokémon Red and Blue/Rocket Hideout


text:
Cookbook:Microwave Lemon Puddings

These microwave lemon puddings are adapted from a recipe in page 98 of April 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * 6 tablespoons homemade or purchased lemon curd
 * 4 teaspoons boiling water
 * ⅓ cup (80 g/2.8 oz) margarine
 * ⅓ cup (75 g) superfine sugar
 * 1 egg
 * 1 lemon, zested
 * ½ lemon, juiced
 * ½ cup (65 g) self-rising flour
 * 1 tablespoon powdered sugar
 * Raspberries (optional)
 * Crème fraîche (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Grease 4 ea. 150 ml microwave-safe ramekins.
 * 2) Mix together the lemon curd and water in a bowl.
 * 3) Spoon the mixture into the ramekins.
 * 4) Beat the margarine and sugar together in another bowl.
 * 5) Beat in the egg and lemon zest.
 * 6) Fold in the flour, then mix in the lemon juice.
 * 7) Divide the mixture between ramekins and smooth the tops.
 * 8) Put the ramekins on a plate and microwave for 4 minutes. Let stand 1 minute.
 * 9) Dust the puddings with powdered sugar and serve, optionally, with raspberries and crème fraîche.

title: Cookbook:Microwave Lemon Puddings


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Cookbook:Coronet Cupcakes

Coronet cupcakes are a recipe adapted from one in page 36 of April 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine. This recipe is to celebrate the King's Coronation in the UK on May 8, 2023.

Cakes

 * ⅔ cup (160 g/5.6 oz) margarine
 * ⅔ cup (150 g) superfine sugar
 * 2 eggs
 * 1 cup (140 g) self-rising flour
 * 3 tablespoons milk
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract

Frosting

 * 1¼ sticks (160 g) butter
 * 2½ cups (310 g) powdered sugar
 * 15 g tube violet extra-strong food coloring gel
 * 60 mini gem candies, 12 yellow reserved
 * Edible gold glitter spray

Cakes

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 180 C. Line an 12-hole cupcake pan with cupcake cases.
 * 2) Beat the butter and sugar in a bowl until creamy.
 * 3) Beat in the eggs, one by one.
 * 4) Fold in the flour. Stir in milk and vanilla.
 * 5) Spoon the mixture into the cupcake cases.
 * 6) Bake for 18–20 minutes until golden.
 * 7) Transfer the cupcakes to a wire rack and leave it to cool.

Frosting

 * 1) Beat the butter in another bowl until light.
 * 2) Beat in the powdered sugar, 1 cup at a time.
 * 3) Beat in the food coloring.

Assembly

 * 1) Using a teaspoon or a serrated knife and starting near the edges, remove the risen top on each cupcake. Be sure to keep the tops intact.
 * 2) Cut each top into 4 quarters and dust with a little edible gold spray.
 * 3) Put 2 tablespoons of the buttercream into a piping bag with a 5 mm hole, and put the rest into another piping bag with a 2 cm hole.
 * 4) Using the bag with the larger hole, pipe a mound of frosting on top of each cupcake, starting near the edge and moving towards the center.
 * 5) Top each cupcake with 4 gold trimmings, standing them upright. Space them evenly around the edges, and press them into the frosting to adhere them. It should look like 4 fans sticking out of the frosting to give the appearance of a crown.
 * 6) Arrange the non-yellow gems on the frosting between the fans, pressing gently to make sure they stick.
 * 7) Using the piping back with the smaller hole, pipe a small blob atop the center of each mound of frosting. Spray with a little gold spray.
 * 8) Dust the yellow gems with glitter, and place one on top of the center blob of each cupcake.
 * 9) Dust each cupcake with a little extra glitter and serve.

title: Cookbook:Coronet Cupcakes


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Talk:The Latin Language/Pronunciation

Ecclesiastical pronunciation
Why do the ecclesiastical samples follow vowel length? If I am not mistaken, is it not supposed to be a stress marker here?

Aurel1510 (discuss • contribs) 08:26, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Latin Language/Pronunciation


text:
Transportation Planning Casebook/Fast(er) Rail in NSW

Summary
The New South Wales (NSW) Faster Rail Program is a significant government initiative to improve regional rail services and reduce travel times between regional centres and Sydney, Australia's largest city. The program, officially announced by the NSW government in November 2020, is part of the government's broader transport infrastructure plan and includes upgrading existing rail infrastructure and introducing new rail lines to provide passengers with faster and more reliable services.

The program includes several key projects, such as upgrading the North Coast Line between Sydney and Brisbane, constructing a new rail line between the Western Sydney Aerotropolis and St Marys, and introducing faster and more frequent services on several regional rail corridors.

The NSW government has committed $2.8 billion towards the program, which will fund planning and design work, construction and upgrade works, and purchasing new rolling stock. The government has also indicated that it will explore other funding options, such as public-private partnerships, to support the delivery of the program.

While the program is still in its early stages, the government has made progress on several fronts, including planning and design work, community engagement, and some early construction and upgrade works. The government has indicated that construction of the upgrades and new rail lines will commence in stages over the coming years, subject to the completion of planning and design work, environmental assessments, and funding arrangements. The program is expected to significantly benefit passengers, regional communities, and the broader NSW economy by improving connectivity, reducing travel times, and supporting economic growth and development.

NSW Faster Rail is expected to provide several benefits to New South Wales upon its completion, including:

 * 1) Improved regional connectivity: The railway will provide faster and more frequent services between regional centres and Sydney, improving regional connectivity and making it easier for people to access education, employment, and other opportunities.
 * 2) Reduced travel times: The upgrades and new rail lines will reduce travel times between regional centres and Sydney, making it easier for people to commute, travel, and conduct business.
 * 3) Economic growth and development: The railway is expected to support economic growth and development in regional centres by improving connectivity and making it easier for businesses to access markets and customers.
 * 4) Environmental benefits: The upgrades and new rail lines will provide a more sustainable mode of transport, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping to address climate change.
 * 5) Improved quality of life: The railway will provide a more comfortable and convenient mode of transport, improving the quality of life for people in regional centres and making it easier for them to access services and amenities.

Overall, the Faster Rail program is expected to provide significant benefits to the people of New South Wales, improving connectivity, reducing travel times, and supporting economic growth and development.

Electrification and express services (~1982)
In 1964, the first High-Speed train - the Shinkansen - was launched in Japan, and it seemed to be economically successful. Several European countries followed and started operating High-Speed Train services such as the French TGV in 1981. Australia also sought the possibility of the speed improvement of trains. As all Shinkansen lines are electrified, electrification is one of the keys to High-Speed Train services. In 1979, researchers revealed that electrification could accelerate the speed of trains in the case of the train line between Sydney and Melbourne. The study showed that improving speed could lead to saving travel time, energy, labour costs and maintenance costs. Therefore, a plan of electrification seemed to be proposed. Indeed, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser supported the proposal, and the possibility of the plan was examined by the Senate Standing Committee on National Resources. However, they rejected the proposal because of economic impacts and the efficiency of energy.

Although the electrification plan was rejected, the New South Wales government started operating express services by developing diesel-engine cars: XPT. The XPT connects major cities such as Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne, and it was launched in 1982. Power cars were placed at both ends of the train, so one power car pushes, and the other one pulls the train. Maximum speed is approximately 160km/h, slower than the British InterCity125 is it based on. The trains are capable of higher speeds, a test run shows the train could run 193km/h in 1992, but they are still limited to the 160km/h track speed.

High-Speed Rail plans to connect major cities of Australia (1982~2018)
Several High-Speed Train plans were proposed and rejected or abandoned in Australia. CSRIO proposed High-Speed Train between Sydney and Canberra, and the line would be operated via trains based on the French TGV. However, the plan seemed to have some financial issues. The initial costs may achieve 2.5 billion dollars, and revenue was estimated to be 120 million dollars while operation costs might be 50 million dollars. Therefore, the plan was rejected due to financial issues.

The Very Fast Train (VFT) is another Australian High-Speed rail proposal. The joint venture for the project was founded in 1986, and this is a private venture. The venture proposed High-Speed Train lines between Sydney and Melbourne via Canberra as with CSRIO’s plan. To analyse the feasibility, some investigations seemed to be conducted. In 1980, the VFT venture was found to be feasible economically and technologically. However, the proposal was not supported by the government so the plan was abandoned. It may be the result of other factors. For instance, environmental impact was a concern, and the partial deregulation of aviation market making air travel more competitive.

Similarly, the High-Speed train proposal from Speedrail Pty. Ltd. and abandoned due to the government’s concerns. Speedrail Pty Ltd proposed the line between Sydney and Canberra in 1993. To seek feasibility, the line was investigated again in 1999. It seemed to have several advantages such as creating job opportunities. Compared to the Very Fast Train, the joint venture showed that it was feasible without any tax reduction. However, the government rejected the plan because huge subsidies seemed to be needed.

The NSW Government government and the ACT government still sought the possibility of High-Speed Train. In 1990, they show the interests toward Swedish high-speed train: the X2000 tilt train. This train is operated at over 200km/h and is manufactured and operates in Sweden. In 1995, the X2000 tilt train was trialled by the NSW government to investigate the feasibility of the train in rural areas. The trial was unsuccessful and the government concluded that the tilt train may not be suitable for the line between Sydney and Canberra.

Other studies of the feasibility of the High-Speed train were conducted by Anthony Albanese, then Federal Minister for Transport and Infrastructure. This study was announced in 2010 and was released in 2013. This study examined construction costs, demand, travel times, speed, estimated distance, and carbon emissions on a proposed line between Sydney and Melbourne via Canberra.

Recent NSW Faster Rail plans to connect major cities (2018~2023)
In contrast to previous attempts to connect state capitals, in recent years, the NSW government's Faster Rail proposal seeks only to connect major cities in NSW and the ACT. In 2018, the New South Wales government released their vision for the next 20 years according to which they plan to create new job opportunities and encourage population growth in regional areas with Faster Rail being a key part of this. In general, transport infrastructure accelerates the economy of countries, enhances social inclusion and well-being, and creates job opportunities. In 2018, the government the plan for Faster Rail to connect major cities and allocate a budget to investigate the feasibility of the project. The investigation is still ongoing in 2023. One route, that between Sydney and Canberra, is very similar to High-Speed Rail plans proposed over the last 50 years.

Map of Locations
Figure 1 shows the proposed routes and stations of Faster Rail. There are 4 potential routes for investigation :

 * Northern Corridor connects Sydney to Port Macquarie via Newcastle. The route's distance is estimated at approximately 350km.
 * Western Corridor is also a potential route. This route is from Orange to Sydney, and the distance of the Corridor is approximately 220km.
 * Southern Inland Corridor is a potential corridor between Canberra and Sydney, and the distance of the route is approximately 260km.
 * Southern Coastal Corridor is the shortest route out of the four routes, and the distance is estimated at approximately 130km. This route connects Sydney to Nowra.

In addition to this, the New South Wales government indicates estimated travel time for the routes. Table 2 shows the travel time comparison between the current time of travel and the time in the case of Faster Rail.

Investment and funding issue
The NSW government has spent $87m on planning for its fast rail strategy since 2019, and has even spent about $100m on the project's feasibility study, while expanding infrastructure investment and the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the state's debt. The future faster railway plan is expected to require significant investment, such as improving infrastructure and purchasing efficient power systems to increase the speed and energy efficiency of trains. The government needs to consider how to raise funds and sources of funds as well as how to ensure the effective utilisation of funds.

Improving transport efficiency and speed
One of the policy issues for NSW faster rail is how to improve the efficiency and speed of rail transport, including updating trains, increasing the number of trains, and improving infrastructure. Some Transport planning experts argued that the focus should be on building a relatively straightforward first section of track rather than the mega project of tunnels required for the Sydney-Newcastle corridor that the government has designated as a priority.

Environmental issues
The environmental impact of the faster rail program is also an important policy issue. The construction of fast rail may bring air pollution and noise pollution to residents living around the line. Policy issues include how to reduce these negative impacts, what environmental protection measures to enact, and how to conduct environmental assessment and monitoring.

Land issues
The faster rail plan will require new rail construction or renovation of existing rail lines in some places. This will involve land acquisition. Land use changes have significant impacts on local communities. As of yet none of the fast rail tracks indicated by McNaughton have had any land acquired by the NSW government. The policy issues include how to coordinate land use for the project while ensuring community participation and an assessment of social impact with appropriate mitigation measures.

Follow-up implementation issues
Faster rail was announced by the New South Wales government at the end of 2018 but there has been little substantial progress since then. The Guardian reported the Perrottet government had abandoned its vision of building its own dedicated faster rail line between Sydney and Newcastle, despite the government's announcement that it will spend $500m on a faster rail service between Sydney and the Central Coast. In mid-December the Rapid Rail project team, which had been developing the final business case for the Newcastle corridor, was told that building new dedicated track was no longer a consideration for the state government. People from the development team were redeployed to smaller projects, adding extra track to short lines of the existing suburban train network. A spokesman for the Greater Cities Commission highlighted that the High Speed Rail Authority (HSRA) was not yet in existence and declined to identify any advancements the organisation had made in its fast rail engagement with the Commonwealth. While the first stage of the Faster Rail plan is underway in the form of the Tuggerah to Wyong upgrade and new Intercity and Regional fleets, future stages remain in doubt.

Motives and Funding
The proposal for faster rail in NSW aligns with the 20-Year Economic Vision for Regional NSW plan, which was released in July 2018 with the aim of improving economic and social connections between the regional areas of NSW. Although intercity trains are currently in operation, their ageing services and infrastructure have prompted the need for faster rail to improve connectivity to regional centres along four major corridors. This proposal would encourage the exploration of more opportunities in those areas, such as alternative housing, employment, and lifestyle choices, without significantly compromising access to major cities and international hubs.

Since the introduction of the plan in 2019, the NSW Government has invested $87.2 million into the planning of faster rail up until the 2021-22 financial year. The government has announced a $500 million investment into faster rail for the 2022-23 financial year, which includes early stages of the Northern Corridor route as well as further planning and development. At this time, the total estimated cost of the project has not been determined.

Routes
The investigation into faster rail in NSW is focused on four potential major corridors: the Northern corridor, Western corridor, Southern inland corridor, and Southern coastal corridor. The Northern corridor connects Sydney to Port Macquarie (350km), bypassing Gosford, Newcastle, and Taree. The Western corridor connects Sydney to Orange (220km), bypassing Bathurst and Lithgow. The Southern inland corridor connects Sydney to Canberra (260km), bypassing Goulburn. The Southern coastal corridor connects Sydney to Nowra (130km), bypassing Wollongong. Among the regional cities mentioned earlier, Newcastle, the Central Coast, and Wollongong are the second, third, and fourth most populated cities in NSW, respectively, after Sydney.

Stages and Service Fleets
Given the large distances of the corridors, the NSW Government has announced a staged approach to delivery. The early stages will involve upgrading and optimising existing routes and fleets, allowing for faster, more reliable, and comfortable journeys. The target speed for this stage is up to 200km/h, which would reduce travel times from Sydney to regional centres by approximately 25%. Later stages will involve dedicated investment in high-speed rails, including new lines, routes, and rolling stock. The rail in this stage aims to reach speeds over 250km/h, which may potentially reduce travel times to regional centres by 75%. It is estimated that journey times from Sydney to Canberra could be reduced from 4 hours to 1 hour, Sydney to Newcastle from 2 hours 35 minutes to 45 minutes, and Sydney to Wollongong from 1 hour 25 minutes to 30 minutes.

Discussion Questions

 * Does Australia need high-speed rail, is this the best place to investment in public transport?
 * Do the costs of the NSW program in particular stack up? Will the program be continued by governments into the future?
 * Was it correct to phase the project the way it was? Should we pursue a gradual approach to improvements like Japan and the UK or a jump straight to HSR like the USA and China?
 * Is our rail system adequate? What areas should we improve?
 * Why does Australia not have railways operating at speeds above 160km/h? Do we need faster lines as this project proposes and what improvements should we prioritise in that case?


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User talk:2409:408C:AD17:B408:DFB:49A6:CEB7:FCB4

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 09:49, 17 April 2023 (UTC)


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Talk:F Sharp Programming/Print version

Lua error: too many expensive function calls
The book isn't there; this error message is. 84.110.50.31 (discuss) 10:08, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is not the book authors fault but a regression: T316858. We have to split the book or remove its limited tags. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 20:47, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:F Sharp Programming/Print version


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Cookbook:Carrot Cake Smoothie

Carrot cake smoothie is a recipe that is adapted from a recipe in page 42 of April 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * 2 carrots
 * 2 teaspoons water
 * ¾ cup (185 ml / 6.3 fl oz) water
 * ½ very ripe banana
 * 1 orange, peeled and chopped
 * 2 cm (0.8 inch) piece ginger, peeled and chopped
 * ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon, plus extra for dusting
 * ½ tablespoon fat-free natural (plain) yogurt
 * Ice cubes to serve

Procedure

 * 1) Microwave the carrots with 2 teaspoons water in a microwave-safe bowl on high for 4–5 minutes.
 * 2) Put the carrot in a blender with remaining ingredients except ice cubes and blend until smooth.
 * 3) Pour into two tall glasses and add some ice cubes.
 * 4) Dust with a little cinnamon and serve.

title: Cookbook:Carrot Cake Smoothie


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Cookbook:Slow Cooker Soda Bread with Spring Herbs

Slow cooker soda bread with spring herbs is a recipe adapted from a recipe in page 52 of April 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Procedure

 * 1) Line the sides and base of a slow cooker pot with baking parchment.
 * 2) Combine the flours in a bowl. Rub in the butter until the mixture resembles breadcrumbs.
 * 3) Stir in the salt, sugar, soda, and herbs.
 * 4) Make a well in the center of the bowl and add the buttermilk and milk.
 * 5) Mix to form a soft dough.
 * 6) Turn the dough onto a floured surface.
 * 7) Knead briefly, then shape into a round shape to fit the slow cooker pot.
 * 8) Transfer to the slow cooker pot. Using a sharp, floured knife, score a cross in the top.
 * 9) Cover the pot with a towel, then cover with the lid.
 * 10) Cook on high for 2 hours. Check that the bread is soft but set at top and crusty on the bottom and sides. If not, cook for 10 more minutes and check.
 * 11) Remove the bread from the slow cooker and let it cool for 20 minutes.
 * 12) Serve warm or at room temperature.


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Riau Malay

Welcome to the Riau Malay Wikibook, a free textbook for learning Riau Malay.

Penghantaran (Introduction)

 * 1) Kandungan Contents
 * 2) Halaman Hadapan Frontpage
 * 3) Kenape kene belajar bahase Melayu Riau Why learn Riau Malay
 * 4) Macam mane care gune pakai kitab Wiki Melayu Riau ni How to use this Riau Malay Wikibook

Bende ajaran (Tools for learning)

 * 1) Ayat-ayat utame dan senang Essential words and easy words
 * 2) Tambah bendehare ayat ngan ayat kumpulan Adding vocabulary with word association - this page may be useful from beginners to advanced stages.
 * 3) Belit cakap Tongue Twister

Bendehare Ayat (Vocabulary)

 * 1) Ayat-ayat utame Important Phrases
 * 2) Angke Numbers
 * 3) Ayat penjumlah Quantification Words (e.g. many, few)
 * 4) Ayat soalan Question Words (e.g. what, where)
 * 5) Ayat sambung Conjunctions (e.g. and, but)

title: Riau Malay


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Riau Malay/Tongue Twister

Like many other languages, Riau Malay has its own tongue twister.

Sentences

 * 1) Campah cahang macam sampah dah bahang buang. Recklessness as if thrown garbage.
 * 2) Masa lalu telah lalu, takyah lalui laluan yang alukan malu The past already passed, no need to go back to the shameful situation.

title: Riau Malay/Tongue Twister


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Riau Malay/Important Phrases

These are some of the most commonly used words and phrases.

Helpful vocabulary for asking about words
When you're trying to find the right word, these can help you ask for suggestions:
 * same → same
 * similar → serupe
 * antonym → ayat lawan

If you forget these, you can fall back on: Sinonim and antonim are not common words, but they are easy to remember, many Indonesians understand them, and they can be helpful in your early stages of trying to communicate.
 * synonym → sinonim
 * antonym → antonim

title: Riau Malay/Important Phrases


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Riau Malay/Question Words

Ayat Soalan (Question Words)
The following is a list of Riau Malay question words with their use.

Ape - What

 * Mike nak ape? - What do you want?

Siape / Sape - Who

 * Die ni siape? - Who is she/he?

Kenape - Why

 * Pening kenape mike? - Why are you confused?

Berape - How much/How many

 * Berape yang mike punye? - How many do you have?

Bile - When

 * Bile mike nak tibe kat rumah saye? - When will you come to my home?

Macam mane - How

 * Macam mane mike gune ni? - How do you use this?

Dekat mane - Where

 * Dekat mane mike jumpe ngan die? - Where do you meet him/her?

Kat mane - To where

 * Kat mane mike pergi? - To where are you going?

Daripade mane - From where

 * Daripade mane die ni tibe? - Where has he/she come from?

Mane satu - Which [one]

 * Mane satu yg mike nak? - Which one do you want?

^ Riau Malay ^

title: Riau Malay/Question Words


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Supplementary mathematics/Mathematics Olympiad

The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a test of the Mathematical Olympiad for pre-university students.

Content ranges from very difficult problems in algebra and pre-calculus to problems in branches of mathematics not typically covered in middle school or high school and often not at the college level, such as pictorial and complex geometry, functional equations, combinations, and ... is somewhat well-contextualized. Number theory, which requires extensive knowledge of theorems, is well placed in this context. Calculus, although allowed in the solutions, is never required because the principle exists that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require much more knowledge. to be Proponents of this principle claim that this allows for greater globalization and creates an incentive to find solutions to seemingly simple but enticing problems that nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity, often a great deal of ingenuity, to solve. Getting all points for a given problem IMO.

The selection process varies by country, but often involves a series of tests that admit fewer students in each progressing test. Prizes will be awarded to approximately 50% of the top scoring participants. Teams are not officially recognized - all points are awarded to individual participants only, but team scores are unofficially compared to individual scores. Participants must be under 20 years of age and must not be in No higher institution to register. According to these conditions, a person can participate in IMO any number of times.


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Cookbook:Rosemary and Citrus Cordial

This recipe for rosemary and citrus cordial is adapted from page 26 of the April 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * 1 red grapefruit, scrubbed
 * 3 lemons, scrubbed
 * ¼ cup (20 g/0.7 oz) rosemary
 * 6 cm piece ginger, sliced thinly
 * ⅔ cup (150 g) superfine sugar
 * 1 cup (250 ml/8.5 fl oz) water
 * Fizzy water (optional)
 * Whiskey (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Using a peeler, remove long strips of peel from grapefruit and 2 of lemons. Be careful not to remove any of white pith.
 * 2) Put the peels into a saucepan. Juice the lemons and grapefruit, and add the juice to the pan.
 * 3) Using a rolling pin, roll over the rosemary sprigs a few times on a chopping board to release the oils.
 * 4) Add the rosemary to the pan with ginger, sugar, and water.
 * 5) Heat for 5 minutes over a low-medium heat, stirring occasionally, to dissolve the sugar.
 * 6) Reduce the heat to low and cook for 15 minutes until you get a slightly thick syrup. Leave it to cool, then use immediately or chill overnight to develop the flavors.
 * 7) Strain the cordial syrup through a sieve into a bowl or jug. Transfer to a bottle.
 * 8) To use, mix 1–2 tablespoons of cordial into ⅔ cup (160 ml) of fizzy water to make a soda, or add to boiling water with 2 tablespoons of whiskey to make a hot toddy.

title: Cookbook:Rosemary and Citrus Cordial


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