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Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Archive 6

Development required
Every Tutorial in Unit 2, 3 or 4 with a status/stage short under the 100% has to be taken care of. Unit 1 is very good and Unit 4 has some good sections but also very bad or non-existent sections. The points given below are too outdated to even read.Animajosser (discuss • contribs) 18:26, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

A plea not to use small pages that disadvantage most people
I know it is generally considered that smaller web pages are somehow "better", but this seems to be one of those generally accepted beliefs that goes unquestioned, yet is actually wrong. The idea behind Wikibooks is to make books freely available to everybody, but slicing Wikibooks up into tiny pieces severely disadvantages people who do not have fast, cheap, always-on internet. That is, most of the people in the world.

This is spectacularly evident in the case of Blender 3D: Noob to Pro. This wikibook used to be available as three large pages: "Beginner Tutorials", "Advanced Tutorials", and "Miscellaneous Tutorials". That allowed people to easily download the wikibook for offline use. However, now that the book has been decimated into 254(!) parts it is virtually impossible to use offline.

The Collections service only makes PDF format available for downloading and that seems to be broken. PDF is a terrible format for viewing on computer and is really suitable only for printing on dead trees, which is impossible anyway for those of us who don't have printers -- most of the people in the world. Also, it doesn't display animated GIFs or videos or play sounds (HTML does), and the format is often up to ten times the size of the HTML pages it is created from. Those same people who do have always-on, fast, cheap internet will also have computers with lots of memory, so reading an enormous PDF file will seem to be no problem for them, but for the rest of us (most of the people in the world) PDF is an absolute blight. It can't even be converted back to the original HTML for viewing on screens.

The current version of the book could be easily and naturally divided into 6 big pages:
 * Background
 * Basic Modeling and Shading
 * Broadening Horizons
 * Taking Off
 * FAQ, Glossary, and advice
 * Miscellaneous Tutorials

Blender 3D: Noob to Pro is a truly amazing piece of work. Please let it be available to those of us who must work mostly offline and without printers -- we comprise most of the world's internet users. Please don't exclude us.

Miriam e (discuss • contribs) 00:07, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with Miriam's statement. It's a bit of a hassle to have to manage between so many different webpages when they are all so tiny. A good example that I can think of for combining webpages would be putting the first three sections of 1B ("Overview", "Keystroke, Button, and Menu Notation", and "Non-standard Input Devices") all onto one page. Theonixie (discuss • contribs) 15:31, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

Todo Page
Thought I’d mention the Todo page, though it’s not quite clear why that exists (and has its own discussion page!) separate from this discussion page, which would seem to be the natural place to discuss things needing doing. It doesn’t seem to have been used in a while, anyway.

 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 05:55, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Please Rename This Book!
After spending the past two or three weeks going through several of the pages, discussions, tutorials, always with the attitude that even though they were written for an earlier version of Blender, that the interface changed significantly since then, that even though several commands given no longer apply, there could be something gleaned, something of value learned.

Probably the most lasting thing learned from this experience is that you should not try reading something written 7 or 8 years old appended with (maybe) parenthetical update notes as the frustration from an imposed aging filter does not lend itself for material that's constantly changing and a targeted group of newcomers hoping to learn.

Therefore, it would serve readers new to Blender much service if they were informed straight up that this book is not current by renaming it to:

 Blender 3D, v2.4x: Noob to Pro

along with something like the following:

Kbellis (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

I'm going through the tutorials right now, and I'd like to know if this book still need updating. It's been a year now since you wrote this, have things changed since then?.2A01:E35:8AB6:1930:F454:B7EE:9D:58A9 (discuss) 07:39, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Yes, it still needs updating. The interface has changed significantly (for the better, in my opinion) making some of the tutorial steps unnecessary or able to be achieved in simpler ways. I'm hoping in a month (maybe two) I'll have the time to go through some of the tutorials and add some tips for the new version's interface, which I'm still learning to use properly. --Miriam e (discuss • contribs) 13:02, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Okay, thanks.2A01:E35:8AB6:1930:D052:451C:4C06:201A (discuss) 15:56, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

I should add that I think most, perhaps all, of the tutorials in Noob to Pro still work with the new Blender interface, just that the new interface makes many things easier, while being initially confusing to those used to the old interface (like me :) ). --Miriam e (discuss • contribs) 00:31, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Don't rename it! It has many pages for blender 2.5x, 2.6x and even 2.7x. It has to be completely converted to 2.5x+, not abandoned. Nobody is going to use blender 2.4x or below, when a much further developed blender 2.7x and nearly 2.80 is coming with Cycles, Freestyle and a much better interface and addons for e.g. for Pixar Renderman. Animajosser (discuss • contribs) 18:57, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

Hey Animajosser, should the above still hold for 2.8? There are a lot of interface changes in the new 2.8 release, and as I'm going through the tutorials, I'm wondering if I should be completely replacing the shortcuts/views for the past releases or if I should be adding the new shortcuts off to the side. Brycestevenwilley (discuss • contribs) 01:05, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes. I cannot understate how useless this book is in it's current state. It should be made very clear that it was written for legacy versions. Wolfos123 (discuss • contribs) 14:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Questions about text

 * Q: how can I download the ENTIRE book in PDF-format?
 * A: it can be downloaded here, it is split in 3 parts though.

er... maybe i'm missing the 3D woods for the textured trees, but i don't find the pdf files at the link above.

 * Q: On the page linked above, Blender 3d: Noob to Pro is not listed. Is there another place I should look?
 * A: There are two other ways. The first is to create a collection (under Print/Export, to the left) and then download it as a PDF.  The other is to use User:Sendoshin/Collections/Blender 3D: Noob to Pro, a collection I have already created myself.  The latter method is faster; the first method gives you more control over what is and is not included.  - Sendoshin (discuss • contribs) 07:58, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Update: The collection linked above has been accepted as the official version; it is now a redirect to Wikibooks:Collections/Blender 3D: Noob to Pro. Feel free to use the new location instead. Sendoshin (discuss • contribs) 22:14, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

A*Okay, well what worked for me is to download the Wikibook as ODT and then convert it to a PDF.
 * Q:Cannot open to PDF. It says "The file you are trying to download does not exist: Maybe it has been deleted and needs to be regenerated. " or opens another page and acts like its going to display but, it displays nothing but a blank page. And this book is not listed on the PDF page on Wikibooks. -TheEnder
 * The Collections system for downloading books seems badly broken at the moment. I spent 4 hours adding all 254 pages to a collection then tried to download it as epub format, but failed with an error message, then tried as ODT and failed with the same error. I noticed broken PDF documents in my /tmp directory. It only sends PDF. Miriam e (discuss • contribs) 09:38, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

I updated the PDF Version linked on the main page of this book just now. So you can simply download that and got an up to date copy.--Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Suggestion
I'm wondering if we can add a new page that explains in DETAIL, normals, and animation keys, Bake, etc.... Since frankly, most of the tutorials just let you set the parameters and don't bother explaining what they do in detail. It's just a suggestion though..... 492star (talk) —The preceding undated comment was added 02:14, 25 February 2010.
 * I, too, hate long sequences of steps that don’t shed any light on what effect they’re trying to achieve. Far better to have a short sequence, explain how the result from that falls short of what you’re trying to achieve, then another short sequence to fix part of the problem, and so on. Like I did with my Simple Wood Texture example. Ldo (talk) 03:13, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

I'm not sure if we really need the isometric projection page, as I don't see that Blender actually supports it.

I added info about normals to Blender_3D:_Noob_to_Pro/Simple_Vehicle:_Body, as it is required to deal with the results of one of the methods to make the truck bed. Pearts (talk) 22:52, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Printing?
If anyone would take this book to a publisher, and I can order it in Holland I would definitely order a copy. I really prefer a real book than an e-book.

Mediawiki recently added a feature that lets you order a real book. In the sidebar, click "Create a book" under "Print/export". LeftClicker (talk) 18:21, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Alternately, you can use the collection I've already created to do the same thing - just choose "Order Printed Book" instead of "Download PDF". The link is at the top of this page.  :D  Sendoshin (discuss • contribs) 03:33, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Merging Other Material
There are two books suggested to be merged into this one, and I think it would be a good choice.

I agree! Pearts (talk) 14:11, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

moving sections around
it's silly to show painting in die easy, but show us a finished result in the peguin, I think they should be reversed Pearts (talk) 14:10, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

die easy 2 and die another day need to be reversed in position as die easy 2 is now in sync with the more recient version of blenders Pearts (talk) 14:10, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

gingerbread man need to go to misc as it serves no purpose Pearts (talk) 14:10, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

The Vision of the Book
taken from Talk:Blender_3D:_Noob_to_Pro/Mountains_Out_Of_Molehills

Since you're planning on helping out a bit around here, let me sort of explain what my vision is for the book.

 * Beginner Tutorials focus on learning how to use the tools, hotkeys available in the blender. this is mostly technical documentation

 * Intermediate Tutorials focus on the artistic use of the tools learned in the beginner tutorials. Some people say that you can't teach somebody to be an artist.  I beg to differ.  The ability to become an artist is in the desire.  Artistic modeling, artistic lighting, artistic scene creation, artistic animation.

 * Advanced Tutorials focus on the advanced functions of the Blender, such as python scripting for advanced animation, advanced modeling, etc.

 * If you can see my vision here (and if you can agree with it), then you'll see why I want subsurf edges to be in the Beginner Tutorials. Obviously a lot more tutorials will need to be created in the Beginning Tutorials part to make it comprehensive.  --Spiderworm 21:56, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Problem downloading PDF linked in additional resources
I've tried multiple times to download the PDF copy of Noob to Pro provided under the link in additional resources and each time the download is nearly halfway completed when it suddenly completes and Adobe Reader opens saying that he document is corrupted and is unable to be repaired. Any ideas on how to overcome this issue would be greatly appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nk.warren77 (talk • contribs) 10:51, 23 October 2010
 * In the future, please sign your talk page postings with four tildes like it says in the notice.
 * I tried the link, which led me to http://pdf.letworyinteractive.com/download/category/1-pdf?download=2%3Ablender-manual-20100622, and that downloaded fine. I notice that the file is 1561 pages.  Perhaps your download session timed out at one end or the other. --Stepheng3 (talk) 20:28, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * This isn't Noob to Pro, by the way - it's the Blender Manual. :D  For a PDF of Noob to Pro, see the top of this page. Sendoshin (discuss • contribs) 03:28, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Possible style change
Colleagues:

Thank you all for this book. It is extremely useful in its present form.

I have been working through the book, mostly from front to back, but with some diversions. One thing has struck me as a problem, and I think I can see a path to a solution.

The problem is that it is essential to provide detailed instructions to the Noob, but these detailed instructions become repetitious as the reader gains experience, and in the more advanced and complex examples they can interfere with the flow of the higher-level explanatory text to the extent that a user can lose the thread of the narrative. So when I read a section that says "create a vertex," I want to know exactly how to do it if I do not know or if I have forgotten, and if I am trying to actually follow along in my Blender window, but I am very distracted and irritated if the method is repeated inline and I already know it, or if I am reading to get an overview.

I think the solution is to create a footnote (like a reference on Wikipedia.) The text will still say "create a vertex", but the exact keystrokes will be given in the footnote. For more complex operations, the footnote will also give a link to the earlier location in the book where the technique is explained.

I think this solution has several advantages, one important advantage is that it takes advantage of linking while still remaining viable when the book is printed.

Clearly, In an article that is intended to explain the technique, all of the keystrokes should be inline. They should only go into footnotes when the technique has already been explained in an earlier article and is being used as an element of a more complex technique.

Please comment. I will create a "worked example" of the concept for further discussion unless a preliminary discussion here is negative.-Arch dude (talk) 17:30, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Please contrast the current-style Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Spin a goblet with the proposed User:Arch dude/Spin a goblet. -Arch dude (talk) 01:53, 12 December 2010 (UTC) (See below.)

I see that this book has its template for keystrokes. I just want to note that (for a help page) I imported Template:Key press. – Adrignola talk 22:15, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I use the book's keystroke templates in both the "standard" and "proposed" version. They are inline in the standard version, and in the footnotes in the "proposed" version. If anything, these templates are more distracting inline than Blender's standard conventions. However, I think that they are just fine in the footnotes. B3D:N2P/Do is perhaps preferable to Key press, because it uses a white background for modifier keys and a grey background for execution keys, but the difference is not really important. -Arch dude (talk) 00:27, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Having received no comments on the proposal, I switched the tutorial to the footnoted version. To see the inline version, go to the old version. -Arch dude (talk) 16:21, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

-- this is a great idea! Pearts (discuss • contribs) 00:56, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Print version
I would agree that this page should no longer be used. It nearly crashes my browser trying to load it. The PDFs on demand via the collections can also be printed and I personally believe they should replace all "print versions" entirely. – Adrignola discuss 17:36, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Collective Flow
It has been noted (see above, in the "Possible Style Change" section) that the articles in this WikiBook are not necessarily optimized for compilation into a coherent whole. Each article is designed for web viewing, and is therefore fairly self-contained. This isn't a problem on the web, or even when printed as a stand-alone article, where being self-contained is, after all, A Good Thing™. However, when the same articles are collected into a PDF or print-on-demand book, the various articles frequently don't even reference that the others exist, which is not very good for the flow of a book. In order to address this, I propose going through each article, in the order it appears in the ToC or the Collection (the two are currently synonymous, save for several pages that don't exist), and editing it to:
 * Fix the Navigation templates to point to the actual previous and next articles
 * Acknowledge what has been said in preceding articles
 * Lead into following articles
 * Change redundant (appearing after the first time) instructions so they:
 * Will be collapsed or moved to footnotes by default
 * Will be consistently presented through the whole book
 * Will be omitted when the article is viewed as a Collection (PDF or print-on-demand)

It might also be good to rearrange some articles in the ToC/Collection so the topics themselves will flow naturally from one to the next - I haven't actually read through the whole book as of yet, so I'm not sure how much of this actually needs doing, and how much has already been done. Ultimately, of course, this is a community effort, and therefore a community decision. - Sendoshin (discuss • contribs) 04:30, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

-- you are one of the few who is well versed in written communications, so please do what you can for all the future readers, as most of us find this aspect of book writing quite boring. Pearts (discuss • contribs) 00:53, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

I agree, maybe we should make those into guidelines? I'm not sure about using footnotes to hold unnecessary information though, wouldn't it be better to just give the information required and forget the useless stuff? e.g If you're writing a module on how to make a detailed 747, just leave out the "Switch to Edit Mode" stuff in favor of "Scale the first 5 fuselage loops by 1.2x". --JamesNZ (discuss • contribs) 05:09, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Delete the 2.4x reference?
I think we should delete "Although a fantastic resource, absolute newcomers to Blender will have to install and use version 2.4x...", it seems unnecessary. What do you think? --JamesNZ (discuss • contribs) 05:13, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

probley needs to be reworded to say that most of the tutorials where written with 2.4x in mind. Pearts (discuss • contribs) 03:16, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

That would be better, I'll change it. --JamesNZ (discuss • contribs) 04:59, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

As I make my way through the tutorials, it strikes me that whenever material is updated, it's worth removing most references to archival versions of the software. Anyone learning Blender through the tutorials will of course have downloaded the most recent version, and preserving references to how older versions worked is distracting at best. Those who are seriously invested in older versions of Blender will no longer be reading tutorials. No? Arnoldofcrete (discuss • contribs) 22:36, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

Another 2₡ - I completely agree with Arnoldofcrete's remark. As of v2.65a, much of the interface has changed since the bulk of this wiki book had been started with keyboard shortcuts no longer working and screen captures that no longer apply. The band aid approach of appending a parenthetical note to a section predicated on an earlier release has its place, but also has its limitations.

Though I'm only now beginning to learn this program over the past two weeks with many thanks to all who have contributed to this wiki book with all of their kind and selfless work, it appears that v2.5 was a watershed event. This leads me to think that with each major release, the wiki book should be cloned, renamed to reflect that major release; e.g., Blender 3D v2.5: Noob to Pro, the various sections updated, the inapplicable purged and new bits created.

Kbellis (discuss • contribs) 21:28, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Yet another 2₡ - I totally agree. I'm starting from scratch on version 2.72. Thanks of course to all who have contributed (for free, I understand), but there seems to be too many repetitions of the same issues along with too many defunct bits of info from previous versions. Ideally the tutorials would only cover each issue once and thereby create a lean-and-mean per-edition basic grounding. In comparison with propriety software, Blender seems stunningly creative and community-minded. So a better intro for newbies would go a long way to pushing its presence even further.

Table of Contents
I've found this book a few days ago while searching for beginner tutorials. Having been reading it for a few days, one issue I have right off the bat is the lack of a proper table of contents. Or, to be more specific, a table of contents that links directly to each section using bookmarks (like this: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/37844107/Photos/Contents%20example.jpg). This would make moving back and forth between sections much easier, especially because new users like me will probably be jumping back and forth to remind ourselves of commands, settings, etc. I'm actually kinda curious as to why this wasn't in there to begin with. I realize that with a book of this size, this would require a huge amount of effort, and I'm willing to help if and when I can (i.e. when I don't have homework and I don't want to play games or surf the web). So, does anyone else think this is a good idea and want to help add this? BBlender gGuy (discuss • contribs) 21:17, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Image on the Cover
I feel like there should be something more on the "cover" page (really just page 1). It just seems a bit boring to me as is. I would suggest the Blender logo, and I found a high-res on on Google if you want to use it: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DjogBLK0-DA/TuSK_wb0MoI/AAAAAAAAAjE/0S34nPPFqpw/s1600/blender_logo.png

Actually, I could do this myself. How would I go about adding the image to the PDF? BBlender gGuy (discuss • contribs) 21:18, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Images are uploaded by using the Upload file option which you will see on the toolbox menu to your right. Once the image is uploaded, you can include it on the cover page where it will automatically become part of the PDF QU TalkQu 22:54, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, I uploaded the file, how do I add it to the PDF? BBlender gGuy (discuss • contribs) 22:10, 12 March 2012 (UTC)BBlender gGuy (discuss • contribs) 02:11, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Red Links
I found the follwing red links. Meaning pages that were included but didn't exist:

The following items caused errors:

PDF version problems
Not all of the keystroke images show up in the PDF version. For instance, in section 29.1 the online version says to bring up the Snap menu with Shift + S but the PDF version omits the S. The whole PDF is riddled with these errors and it makes it completely useless. In general it seems to be multiple keystrokes that go wrong so I suspect it's an artifact of converting to PDF format, but whatever it is it needs fixing. Reyk (discuss • contribs) 22:52, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Thank you very much for pointing out this issue. It is resolved with the PDF I uploaded a few minutes ago. Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 06:22, 2 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No problem. Glad to see it was an easy fix. Reyk (discuss • contribs) 22:11, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Another example of missing images is in chapter I, unit 1, par. 16, e.g. after Render Context you have "File:Blender255RenderContextButton.png" instead of the icon. P.gibellini (discuss • contribs) 09:10, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Incomplete Tutorial
The page Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model the Solar system is far from complete and not fit for inclusion in the book in its present form. I am taking it out of the table of contents and saving a link to it here until it is improved. Ldo (discuss • contribs) 02:57, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Obsolete 2.4x Scripting Pages
I have removed links to the following obsolete pages that described scripting in 2.49 and older:

 * 1) Procedural object creation
 * 2) External scripts
 * 3) Creating a GUI for your script
 * 4) Export scripts
 * 5) Import scripts
 * 6) Scripts for modifying meshes [[File:00%.svg]]

I’m not sure whether these should be deleted, or whether any material on, say, import/export can be resurrected/adapted to the current Blender scripting API. Volunteers welcome. :)

 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 03:38, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

To add to the above, I have removed the Overview page, which also had a link to the alternative 2.49 scripting tutorial.

 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 04:19, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Replaced Another Page
I have taken out the page /What is a Mesh?/ and replaced with a new page “Meshes and Edit Mode”. There may still be some stuff worth salvaging from the old page, which is why I’m linking it here.

 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 01:31, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Yafray Is Obsolete
Yafray has been replaced by Yafaray. On top of which, all the references to Yafray seem to date from many years ago, when it looks like it was commonly used to get around limitations in the Blender Internal renderer that have since been (mostly) rectified.

To this end, I am removing the pages discussing Yafray, Yafray Render Options and Realistic Water using Fluid Sim and Yafray, and just leaving links to them here. For the future, I think it is best to stick with the Blender Internal renderer for all lessons apart from the Game Engine, until we get to Advanced Rendering. If anybody wants to add information about Yafaray, put it in that section.

 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 05:32, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Obsolete Curve Stuff
The page Curves In 3d is obsolete. I have included equivalent content in a prior page.
 * Ldo (discuss • contribs) 02:14, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Typographic consistency
Hello everyone

First, I must say I'm very impressed with what I've read so far. The attention to detail and overall level of polish are outstanding.

Being a pedant, I've noticed a couple of typographical inconsistencies. Dashes, for example, are not standardised – I've so far seen spaced em-dashes, spaced en-dashes and spaced hyphens used for the same purpose. For purposes such as parenthesis, the Wikipedia Manual of Style recommends either spaced en-dashes or unspaced em-dashes.

I'd like to tweak copy for this sort of stylistic consistency, if I may. In the case of dashes, I prefer the spaced en-dash to the unspaced em-dash, but I would be happy to go with whatever is agreed upon by the powers that be.

Thoughts?

Hidden Exit (discuss • contribs) 11:08, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Spaced em dashes are far the easiest-to-read convention; as I recall, it was also the most popular convention on en.wp before WP:MOS took its bizarre position. How the WP:MOS folks ended up with that loony convention is beyond me, except that it illustrates the subtle disfunctionality of that system (not that WP:MOS doesn't get some things right, and not that any system doesn't have problems).  --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:45, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

It's certainly a matter of style, but I believe the em-dash is usually used without word spaces. Because there are often no sidebearings around an em-dash, it can get uncomfortably close to surrounding characters, so hair spaces are commonly inserted for padding. In terms of personal preference, I think the spaced em-dash is too jarring a break, and it doesn't offer any significant readability benefits. But that's just my opinion; using a spaced em-dash certainly wouldn't rob me of any sleep. My main intention is to improve consistency. Hidden Exit (discuss • contribs) 13:28, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Video Tutorials
I create video tutorials for Blender Geek and was wondering if I, along with a few others, can create video tutorials for parts of the book that don't have videos. You can view my YouTube channel or website.

All the videos will be in the latest version of Blender, so many will probably be converted along the way.

This will also expose me to parts of Blender that I haven't learnt yet.

Thanks Ivan kahl BLENDER GEEK 41.122.28.108 (discuss) 08:06, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Translations
Hi. I read ur book. Now i know 3d) I want to help to translate this book to Russian language. How to do this? AlexeiKozlov (discuss • contribs) 09:40, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I guess you just start writing it in ru.wikibooks.org. Ldo (discuss • contribs) 05:23, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Merging Lighting Tutorials?
It seems rather superfluous to have two tutorials on basic lighting. Does anyone have any thoughts on merging Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Lighting Suzanne: Introductory one lamp lighting and Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Basic Lighting Rigs? The other option would be to move the Basic Lighting somewhere earlier than the Suzanne tutorial. Anarchistamy (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

The PDF/ Collection generation system is broken
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro is an excellent book. But it's not currently very book-like. Neither can it be made book-like. By which I mean that the WikiBooks render server is broken. Despite trying 3 browsers and 2 operating systems over two different ISP's, the render process always seems to fail after reaching exactly 36.67 %, at which point, instead of collection-specific titles, the render line reads [Parsoid]. Is there a way to render this collection externally? Or collect it in book format some way or other? Salmonlawyer (discuss • contribs) 05:38, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

I rendered the wikibook externally. The PDF version linked on the main page of the book is now up to date again.--Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:08, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Question
Hi, i am looking for tutorial Books or DVD for absolute beginners in Blender 2.72b, literally step by step for Mac. My internet plan does not permit me to use online tuition. Anyone have any advise which & where I get these ? thanks HH
 * Just print the PDF version (may not be up-to-date). Ftiercel (discuss • contribs) 20:12, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

Hi, I was able to generate an updated version of the PDF fileː

unfortunately there are some minor typographic issues that I currently don't have time to fix, so I do not favour using it as a replacement for the one linked on the main page of this book. I hope it is still useful. If someone wants to work on the typographic details I will happily provide him/her with the latex source code of the book. I generated the latex code as well as the provided pdf file with mediawiki2latex using the latest source from the git repository in with I just committed the disabling of threading particularly for this book. The command line was like that mediawiki2latex -u https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Dirk_H%C3%BCnniger/blender -o dirk.pdf -i -c blender +RTS -K2000M Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 19:54, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

I fixed most typographic issues and overwrote the pdf version linked on the main page of this book. So its up to date now. --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:08, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

PDF version update July 2016
Hi, I just updated the pdf version upon anonymous request on my talk page. If you need it to be updated again please contact me. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Hello, in the pdf version there seem to be some small parts missing. Chapters 67-70 (about the Bezier curves) just show up as empty pages to me. Yours Squaraina (discuss • contribs) 08:57, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I will have some free time in two weeks and try to recompile the PDF then. I will to this with mediawiki2latex, which is open source. So if you need results faster you could try yourself. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 19:20, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I just uploaded a new version File:BlenderDocumentation3.pdf Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 17:49, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I just uploaded a new version File:BlenderDocumentation4.pdf. This was necessary due to a missing double closing curly bracket, that was supposed to close a template and confused that parser. The bracket was missing due to vandalism and is now restored. Yours --Dirk Hünniger (discuss • contribs) 15:49, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Archive 6


text:
JavaScript/Exercises/MovingWalls

The example combines some of the shown features:
 * It contains a class  and its sub-class.
 * Some walls with a rectangular shape move from right to left across the scene. They reappear on the right side after reaching the left border.
 * Two smileys populate the scene.
 * One smiley can be moved by using the buttons or the keyboard keys 'ArrowRight', ....
 * Two helper-functions support the detection of rectangles:  and  . The first one detects the collision of a graphical object with a surrounding rectangle, e.g., the canvas. The second one detects a collision of two rectangles.

You can extend the example in various ways:
 * Create walls randomly.
 * Introduce some kind of a 'level' by changing the speed, the number, the size, or the shape of walls.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: JavaScript/Exercises/MovingWalls


text:
Template:Multiply

×

title: Template:Multiply


text:
Template:Divide

÷

title: Template:Divide


text:
Cookbook:Lemon Puddings (Baked)

This recipe is adapted from the public domain cookbook Seventy-Five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats.

Ingredients

 * Zest and juice of 1 large lemon
 * 3 eggs, beaten
 * ½ cup (110 g/3.9 oz) caster sugar, plus extra for dusting
 * 1 stick (125 g) unsalted butter, softened, plus extra for greasing
 * ½ cup (60 ml/2 fl oz) white wine
 * ¼ cup (60 ml) brandy
 * 1 teaspoon rose water
 * 1 sheet (450 g) ready-rolled puff pastry
 * All-purpose flour for dusting

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 180 C.
 * 2) Cream the butter and sugar in a mixing bowl until light and fluffy.
 * 3) Beat in the eggs, then the wine and brandy.
 * 4) Stir in lemon zest and juice.
 * 5) Grease a ovenproof bowl. Unroll the pastry on a floured surface.
 * 6) Cut out a circle just large enough to cover the surface of the bowl, and line the bowl with pastry.
 * 7) Pour in the mixture.
 * 8) Bake for 30 minutes until the top is a light brown in color.
 * 9) Take the pudding out of the oven and leave it to cool.
 * 10) Dust the pudding with a little extra sugar.

title: Cookbook:Lemon Puddings (Baked)


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Cookies IV

Chocolate chip cookies are an all-round dessert. This recipe is adapted from the YouTube channel Tasty.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup (100 g / 3.5 oz) granulated sugar
 * ¾ cup (140 g / 5 oz) light brown sugar, packed
 * 1 teaspoon kosher salt
 * ½ cup (1 stick / 125 g / 4.5 oz) unsalted butter, melted
 * 1 standard egg
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 * 1¼ cups (175 g / 6 oz) all-purpose flour
 * ½ teaspoon baking soda
 * 4 oz (115 g) milk or semi-sweet chocolate chunks
 * 4 oz (115 g) dark chocolate chunks

Procedure

 * 1) Cream the butter, sugars and salt in a mixing bowl until combined.
 * 2) Beat in the eggs and vanilla.
 * 3) Sift the flour and baking soda into the mixture and fold in.
 * 4) Fold in the chocolate.
 * 5) Cover the dough with clingfilm and chill for at least 2 hours.
 * 6) Preheat the oven to 180°C (356°F). Line 2 baking sheets with parchment paper.
 * 7) Scoop the dough onto the baking sheets, making sure the cookies are at least 4 inches (10 cm) apart from each other.
 * 8) Bake for 12 to 15 minutes until the edges are light brown in color.
 * 9) Take the cookies out of the oven and leave them to cool.

title: Cookbook:Chocolate Chip Cookies IV


text:
Wikijunior:Raspberry Pi/Introduction to the Raspberry Pi

What is the Raspberry Pi?
The Raspberry Pi is a low-cost single-board computer designed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a charity based in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

It was designed to educate children about how computers work and to get them interested in programming. Back in 2012, the original Raspberry Pi would cost only $30 US dollars which was its main selling point.

You will need
Most of these can be acquired inexpensively or found lying around the house. The Raspberry Pi Foundation sells a kit that includes a mouse and keyboard.

A few of the tutorials require a speaker or headphones to output sound.

Ports
The Raspberry Pi's ports are spread out across each side to lower manufacturing costs and save the customer money. These are the ports for the Raspberry Pi 4 going clockwise:

 * 1) General Purpose Input-Output (GPIO) pins – 40 pins that can be used to control or power electronic components.
 * 2) Ethernet port Ethernet_Port.svg – a network adapter that can be connected using an Ethernet cable to your home router or a network switch. It can also be used to power your Raspberry Pi using Power over Ethernet (PoE), instead of a USB-C cable.
 * 3) USB-A ports Font Awesome 5 brands usb.svg – 4 standard USB ports that can be used to plug in flash drives or accessories such as a mouse and keyboard.
 * 4) 3.5mm jack Font Awesome 5 solid headphones.svg – an audio jack that can be used to output sound using a speaker or headphones.
 * 5) Micro-HDMI ports High Definition Multimedia Interface Logo.svg – 2 ports that can be used to output the video from the Raspberry Pi to a monitor, television or a projector.
 * 6) USB-C port – used to power the Raspberry Pi.
 * 7) MicroSD slot MicroSD-Logo.svg – a slot for a MicroSD card which stores the operating system and its files.

Wireless networking
The original Raspberry Pi only had an Ethernet and required a cable to connect to the Internet or other Raspberry Pis on the same network. Or a compatible USB dongle to connect to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth®.

Modern Raspberry Pis have Wi-Fi and Bluetooth® chips built-in:

 * Wi-Fi Font_Awesome_5_solid_wifi.svg – a wireless networking standard for connecting to an access point, usually with a password.
 * Bluetooth® Bluetooth.svg – a wireless networking standard for connecting accessories such as a keyboard, mouse or speaker by pairing them.

Operating systems
The Raspberry Pi supports many different operating systems. We recommend purchasing a microSD card (minimum 16GB) and downloading the Raspberry Pi Imager software from the Raspberry Pi website. The New Out-Of-the-Box Software (NOOBS) image includes a friendly interface for setting up the Raspberry Pi.

Remember that these are just some examples of operating systems that can run on the Raspberry Pi and nearly all Linux OSs can run on Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi OS
Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) is a specially adapted version of Debian Linux and is the officially supported operating system for Raspberry Pi. We recommend it for this Wikibook, as all the tutorials have been tested using it.

There is also Raspberry Pi Desktop which supports laptops and desktop computers (with the Intel x64 processor architecture), though some software such as Minecraft: Pi Edition is not included.

The Introduction to Raspberry Pi OS chapter goes into detail for setting up, installing and using Raspberry Pi OS.

Lakka

Lakka is a Linux operating system that runs the popular video game emulation platform Retroarch.

Lakka has a user interface that resembles the XrossMediaBar (XMB) used on the Sony PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and old Sony Bravia TVs which allows you to play old video games from consoles such as:

 * Gameboy/Gameboy Color (GB/GBC)
 * Gameboy Advance (GBA)
 * Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)
 * Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)
 * Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
 * Nintendo 64 (N64)
 * Sony PlayStation (PSX)
 * Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP)

Lakka also supports arcade machine emulators such as MAME and FinalBurn Alpha to play classic arcade games such as Pac-Man, Tetris, Street Fighter and Frogger.

There are also free games that can easily be installed such as the action platformer Cave Story (NXEngine) and puzzle game 2048.

More modern Raspberry Pis are more capable of running more modern game consoles!

Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a Linux operating system which is one of the most popular linux OSs.

Manjaro
Manjaro Linux is a fast, lightweight, and easy-to-use operating system that provides users with a stable and cutting-edge computing experience, all while being built on top of the renowned Arch Linux distribution.


text:
Cookbook:Brown Butter Toffee Chocolate Chip Cookies

Brown butter toffee chocolate chip cookies are flavorful cookies, and it takes 48 hours for the dough to develop the flavors. This recipe is adapted from the YouTube channel Tasty.

Toffee

 * ¾ stick (90 g / 3 oz) unsalted butter
 * ¾ cup (140 g / 5 oz) lightly packed light brown sugar
 * 1 teaspoon kosher salt
 * Water, as needed

Cookie dough

 * 1 cup (2 sticks / 250 g / 9 oz) unsalted butter
 * 4 ice cubes
 * ¾ cup (160 g / 5.5 oz) white granulated sugar
 * 1½ cups (270 g / 9.5 oz) packed light brown sugar
 * 2 teaspoons espresso powder
 * 2 teaspoons kosher salt
 * ½ teaspoon baking soda
 * 2 ea. (100 g) standard eggs
 * 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
 * 2½ cups (350 g / 12.5 oz) all-purpose flour
 * 6 oz (170 g) dark chocolate (50–70% cacao), chopped
 * Flaky sea salt, for sprinkling

Procedure

 * 1) Line a baking sheet with baking parchment.
 * 2) Melt the butter, sugar and salt in a saucepan over medium heat. Add water if necessary to keep fat from separating. Continue to cook until the temperature is 150°C (302°F) and when dropped in water it forms brittle threads.
 * 3) Pour the toffee onto the prepared baking pan. Freeze until ready to use, about 30 minutes.
 * 4) Meanwhile, line another baking sheet with parchment.
 * 5) Melt the butter in a saucepan and cook until it turns dark brown. Remove from the heat.
 * 6) Add an ice cube to the butter and let it melt. Repeat with remaining ice cubes.
 * 7) Combine the sugars, espresso powder, salt, and baking soda in a large bowl.
 * 8) Pour the brown butter into the sugar mixture and beat until combined.
 * 9) Beat in the eggs and vanilla.
 * 10) Fold in the flour until combined.
 * 11) Remove the toffee from the freezer and break into chunks. Put into a zippable bag and break into bits using a rolling pin.
 * 12) Add the toffee and chocolate to the dough and fold in.
 * 13) Scoop the dough onto the baking sheet and let it chill for 48 hours for flavors to develop.
 * 14) When ready to bake, preheat the oven to 163°C (325°F). Line 2 baking sheets with baking parchment.
 * 15) Arrange the cookies on the baking sheets, leaving at least 2 inches (5 cm) of space between each other.
 * 16) Bake for 18–20 minutes until golden brown.
 * 17) Take the cookies out of the oven and sprinkle with a little sea salt before leaving them to cool.


text:
Cookbook:Boiled Lobster

Ingredients

 * 1 live lobster

Procedure

 * 1) Bring 12 cups of water to a boil in a pan that is large enough to accommodate the entire lobster.
 * 2) Stick a sharp knife in the head of the lobster from the top down, and make a quick 'lever' movement downwards with the knife until it is completely through. This kills the lobster almost instantly.
 * 3) Add the lobster to the boiling water and cook until it turns a bright red.
 * 4) Remove and let cool.
 * 5) Carefully slice the tail open along the midsection and remove the cooked tail meat.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Other parts of the lobster can also be eaten, but tail meat is particularly prized for its unique texture.

title: Cookbook:Boiled Lobster


text:
Cookbook:Baking Pan

Baking pans are a class of metal pans used most often for baking foods. They should not be confused with baking dishes which, while sometimes interchangeable in recipes, are not the same. Baking pans can include baking sheets, cake pans, and pie/tart pans.

title: Cookbook:Baking Pan


text:
Cookbook:Baking Dish

Baking dishes are a type of cooking vessel most commonly used for baking foods. They should not be confused with baking pans.

Characteristics
Baking dishes, unlike baking pans, are made of glass, stoneware, or enameled cast iron.

title: Cookbook:Baking Dish


text:
Cookbook:Cranberry Walnut Fudge

 * Dessert | Fudge

Ingredients

 * 2 cups white granulated sugar
 * ½ cup butter
 * ¾ cup sour cream
 * 2 cups white chocolate chips
 * 7 ounces (198 g) marshmallow creme
 * 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 * 2 cups chopped walnuts
 * 1 cup dried cranberries

Procedure

 * 1) Place butter, sour cream, and sugar into a saucepan. Put the saucepan on a stove and cook for 15 minutes over medium heat.
 * 2) Remove from heat and add vanilla extract, marshmallow creme, and white chocolate chips.
 * 3) Using a mixing spoon, stir until the mixture is smooth.
 * 4) Fold in the walnuts and cranberries.
 * 5) Pour the mixture into an 8x8-inch baking pan.
 * 6) Put the pan into the refrigerator to cool for 1 hour.
 * 7) Unmold and cut into 1-inch pieces.

title: Cookbook:Cranberry Walnut Fudge


text:
User:Bolibenj/sandbox

New research suggests that exit interviews can positively affect an exiting employee's perception of the company. Exit interviews could be the last opportunity a company has making a lasting impression on a employee.

title: User:Bolibenj/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Chili with Meat

Ingredients

 * 2 lb ground meat (e.g. beef, pork, turkey)
 * 2 cans (29 ounces) tomato sauce
 * 2 cans (29 ounces) kidney beans (with liquid)
 * 2 cans (29 ounces) black beans (with liquid)
 * 2 cans (29 ounces) pinto beans (with liquid)
 * 2 cans (29 ounces) diced tomatoes
 * 2 cups water
 * 1 medium onion, diced
 * 2 stalks celery, diced
 * 3 tsp cumin powder
 * 3 tbsp chili powder
 * 2 tsp black pepper
 * 2 tsp salt

Procedure

 * 1) Cook the ground meat in a large pot on medium-high heat.
 * 2) Drain off and discard the fat.
 * 3) Add all remaining ingredients in order and bring to a boil.
 * 4) Reduce to low heat and simmer for 2 to 3 hours, stir every 15 minutes.

title: Cookbook:Chili with Meat


text:
User talk:MathXplore

Archives

 * Reverts (rollback)
 * Move log
 * /2023
 * /Archive 1 (latest archive)

title: User talk:MathXplore


text: User talk:SVTCobra

title: User talk:SVTCobra


text:
Cookbook:Chicken Bacon Broccoli Alfredo Spaghetti

This chicken bacon broccoli alfredo spaghetti recipe is adapted from the YouTube channel Tasty.

Ingredients

 * 225 g (8 oz) spaghetti
 * 1 tablespoon oil
 * 2 chicken breasts (400 g / 14 oz), chopped
 * ½ teaspoon salt
 * ½ teaspoons pepper
 * 2 garlic cloves
 * 2 cups (200 g / 7 oz) broccoli florets
 * 2 cups (500 ml / 1.1 pints) milk
 * 1 cup (125 g / 4.5 oz) grated parmesan cheese
 * ¼ cup (25 g / 1 oz) chopped parsley
 * 4 strips of streaky bacon

Procedure

 * 1) Boil the spaghetti in water until al dente.
 * 2) Meanwhile, heat the oil in a pan over a medium heat.
 * 3) Cook the chicken in oil for 4 minutes until cooked.
 * 4) Add in salt, pepper, and garlic, and stir.
 * 5) Stir in broccoli, then add milk and cook for 3 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 6) Stir in cheese, parsley and bacon.
 * 7) Drain the pasta in a colander and stir into the chicken sauce.
 * 8) Divide the pasta between 4 plates and serve.


text:
Cookbook:Garlic Shrimp Scampi Pasta

This garlic shrimp scampi recipe is adapted from the YouTube channel Tasty.

Ingredients

 * 225 g (8 oz) spaghetti
 * 3 tablespoons butter
 * 3 garlic cloves
 * 450 g (1 lb) shrimp
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 1 teaspoon black pepper
 * Juice of ½ lemon
 * 1 teaspoon red chile flakes
 * ¼ cup (25 g / 1 oz) chopped parsley

Procedure

 * 1) Boil the spaghetti in water until al dente.
 * 2) Meanwhile, melt the butter in a pan over medium heat.
 * 3) Add the garlic and stir.
 * 4) Add the shrimp and cook for 6 minutes, stirring occasionally, until they turn pink-red in color.
 * 5) Season with salt and pepper, then stir in lemon juice, chili, and parsley.
 * 6) Drain the pasta in a colander and stir into the pan of shrimp.
 * 7) Divide the pasta between 4 plates and serve.

title: Cookbook:Garlic Shrimp Scampi Pasta


text:
Badminton/Footwork

In badminton, players often avoid running around the court in the traditional sense due to the court being relatively short. Instead, players perform a variation of fast moving steps in order to cover the entire court and all directions fast enough to reach the shuttle before it hits the ground.

There are no official rules for how to perform footwork but over time, players have developed their own guidelines for how to best move around the court.

Footwork is crucial as, if done correctly, it allows your body to be in balance while performing every stroke, which improves the stroke itself. Good footwork also offers you more stroke choices as you’ll often be able to reach the shuttle earlier in its trajectory. That usually leads to more aggressive stroke options and a higher chance of winning the rally.

For example, many skilled players avoid smashing unless their body is balanced and they are placed behind the shuttle as the chance of not executing it perfectly and hitting the net is too high. At the same time, fast footwork can also give you the chance to play an aggressive forehand shot (such as a smash) rather than being forced to use the backhand.

Effective footwork in badminton typically consists of the following items:

 * Lunges
 * Running steps
 * Chasse steps
 * China jump
 * Scissor jump/kick
 * Net jump
 * Split steps

title: Badminton/Footwork


text:
Cookbook:Spaghetti Pie

This Spaghetti Pie recipe is adapted from the YouTube channel Tasty.

Pasta base

 * 115 g (4 oz) spaghetti
 * 2 tablespoons butter, plus extra for greasing
 * 2 garlic cloves
 * 1 egg
 * 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs
 * 1 cup (125 g / 4.5 oz) grated parmesan cheese

Bolognese sauce

 * 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
 * ½ onion, chopped
 * 225 g (8 oz) ground beef
 * 1 can (400 g / 14 oz) chopped tomatoes
 * 3 tablespoons tomato paste
 * 1 tablespoon chopped fresh basil

Topping

 * 1 cup (275 g / 9.5 oz) ricotta
 * 1 egg
 * 1 teaspoon dried oregano
 * 1½ cups (180 g / 6.5 oz) grated mozzarella cheese

Procedure

 * 1) Preheat the oven to 175°C (347°F). Grease a ovenproof dish.
 * 2) Break the spaghetti into 5 cm (2-inch) pieces.
 * 3) Boil the spaghetti in water until al dente.
 * 4) Drain the pasta in a colander and put in a bowl.
 * 5) Add 1 egg, half of the breadcrumbs, and the parmesan cheese to the pasta, and mix until combined.
 * 6) Pour the pasta mixture into the dish and sprinkle with remaining breadcrumbs.
 * 7) Bake for 20 minutes until the top is lightly browned.
 * 8) Meanwhile, heat the oil in a pan over medium heat.
 * 9) Add the onion and cook for 3 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 10) Add the beef and cook, breaking up into pieces, for 7 minutes until browned.
 * 11) Remove the fat from the pan.
 * 12) Add the tomatoes and tomato paste to the beef mixture and stir in.
 * 13) Add the basil and let it simmer over a low heat while you make the topping.
 * 14) Beat together the ricotta, egg and oregano in a bowl until combined.
 * 15) Take the pasta out of the oven and pour the ricotta mixture onto the pasta.
 * 16) Pour the bolognese sauce on top and sprinkle with mozzarella cheese.
 * 17) Bake for 25 minutes until the top is browned.
 * 18) Slice into 8 pieces and serve.

title: Cookbook:Spaghetti Pie


text:
Template:Tocpoint

This template is used to add named jump points to the toc without adding titles.

Example: creates:

(look at the TOC at the top of the page)

It is completly invisible, yet it adds an item to the toc. Useful in some cases.

title: Template:Tocpoint


text:
Bodybuilding and Weight Training/The Muscular System

The purpose of body building is mainly to reinforce the muscular system. When you work out, you tear or wear down your muscles. Your body then uses proteins to build the muscle back stronger so it is harder to tear the muscle again. This is why you must have a proper diet, with plenty of protein, in order to have enough material to build the muscle back stronger.


text:
User:L10nM4st3r/Nobodyasked

I'm on maximum render distance, yet I still can't find who asked.

title: User:L10nM4st3r/Nobodyasked


text: User talk:L10nM4st3r/Editnotice

title: User talk:L10nM4st3r/Editnotice


text:
Cookbook:Masyaura Curry

Ingredients

 * 1 cup oil, divided
 * 1 ½ cups masyaura
 * 1 pinch cumin seeds
 * ½ tsp fenugreek seeds
 * 1–2 serrano pepper or other green chiles, finely chopped
 * Salt to taste
 * ½ tsp turmeric powder
 * 3 medium-sized tomatoes, finely chopped
 * ½ tbsp cumin-coriander powder
 * ½ tbsp red chile powder
 * ½ tbsp ginger-garlic paste
 * ½ tbsp ground black pepper (optional)
 * 3 cups water
 * 2 tbsp finely-chopped cilantro

Procedure

 * 1) Heat ½ cup oil in a pan. Add the masyaura, and fry until it becomes red and crispy. Make sure to stir as you fry because it burns fast. Remove masyaura from oil once finished.
 * 2) In a separate pan heat the remaining ½ cup oil. Add cumin and fenugreek seeds. Once seeds are golden brown, add potato and green chilies. Fry until it becomes golden brown.
 * 3) Add fried masyaura, salt, and turmeric powder, then stir properly. Cover and cook it on a low to medium heat for 5 minutes.
 * 4) Add tomato, cumin-coriander powder, ginger-garlic paste, pepper, and red chili powder. Stir, cover, and cook for another 5 minutes.
 * 5) Add water and stir well. Cook on medium heat and let the mixture boil. Remove from the heat once you get the desired gravy consistency.
 * 6) Sprinkle with cilantro to garnish.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Do not cook on high heat. Be patient and cook on medium heat.

title: Cookbook:Masyaura Curry


text: Category:Book:Forestry

title: Category:Book:Forestry


text:
Talk:Trends and Innovations for K-12 Ed Tech Leaders/Part II

There are a few difficulties in the field of online schooling which must be survived. Without Web access and innovation, understudies can’t concentrate on a computerized learning stage. It requires 40% less investment than the conventional homeroom through web-based instruction as understudies can learn whenever and anyplace as indicated by their speed.

1.10Tips to improve online education

Online instruction has simplified helping and simple as understudies have the opportunity to learn with perfect timing as indicated by themselves, however it is likewise a fact that web based learning requires an understudy to have enthusiasm and inspiration for training.

10 Tips to improve online education

Online training has made helping adaptable as students have the opportunity to learn at the fitting time. It is likewise a fact that web-based instruction is profoundly subject to an individual’s inspiration to learn.


text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023

Streetcars deployed in:
 * /Newfoundland/

 * /Philippine Islands/
 * /Barbados/
 * /Cuba/
 * /Jamaica/
 * /Trinidad/
 * /Saskatchewan/
 * /Panama/
 * /Mexico/
 * /Melbourne/
 * /Glasgow/

Air Transport System: Taxi System:
 * /U.S. Airliners/
 * Civilian freight in China
 * Airlines of Cyprus

 * Sydney taxi

Rail Transit Networks:
 * /London Underground/
 * /Shenzhen Metro/
 * Shanghai Maglev
 * /Shinkansen/
 * Rail Development in Germany (1835 - 1918)
 * Vancouver SkyTrain
 * Tianjin
 * /Manchester Metrolink/
 * /China railway/
 * /Saskatchewan Railway/
 * /TGV/
 * Hong Kong MTR

Road Transportation Network: Ferry Transportation Network:
 * /Jiangsu Province/

 * Hong Kong

Bus Transportation Network:

 * Chengdu

title: Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023


text:
User:Fady1433

{{Infobox Footballeur | nom                = Ayoub | nom de naissance   = Ayoub Hammoudi | taille image       = | légende            = | nationale          = {{ALG-d}} Algerien | date de naissance  = {{Date de naissance|22|01|2008|en football |âge=oui}}

title: User:Fady1433


text:
User:Ema--or/sm/sgnfpbvgfsn

Chemsitry!

title: User:Ema--or/sm/sgnfpbvgfsn


text:
User talk:AngryCalico2

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 07:33, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:AngryCalico2


text: User talk:Thereisnoescapenow

title: User talk:Thereisnoescapenow


text:
Analytic Combinatorics

Introduction
Analytic Combinatorics uses techniques from complex analysis to find estimates for the coefficients of generating functions.

It relates the discrete world of enumerative combinatorics to the continuous world of complex analysis.

It is associated with the work of Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, although its techniques can be traced back to at least the early 20th century to people like Srinivasa Ramanujan and G. H. Hardy.

Prerequisites
This book assumes you already have a reasonable understanding of generating functions.

It assumes little to no understanding of complex analysis. It should explain any complex analysis that you need to know.

The individual chapters will list their own prerequisites.

Chapters

 * Cauchy-Hadamard theorem and Cauchy's inequality
 * Meromorphic Functions
 * Darboux Method
 * Tauberian Theorem
 * Singularity Analysis
 * Saddle-point Method

title: Analytic Combinatorics


text:
Analytic Combinatorics/Meromorphic Functions

Introduction
This article explains how to estimate the coefficients of meromorphic generating functions.

Theorem
Theorem due to Sedgewick.

 * If $$h(z) = \frac{f(z)}{g(z)}$$ is a meromorphic function
 * and $$a$$ is its pole closest to the origin with order $$m$$
 * then you can estimate its $$n$$th coefficient with the formula :
 * $$\frac{(-1)^m m f(a)}{a^m g^{(m)}(a)} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n n^{m-1}$$

Proof
Proof due to Sedgewick and Wilf.

 * $$h(z)$$, being meromorphic, can be Laurent expanded around $$a$$ :
 * $$h(z) = \frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \cdots + \frac{h_{-1}}{z - a} + h_0 + h_1 (z - a) + \cdots$$

 * this Laurent expansion can be estimated by its principle part :
 * $$\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \cdots + \frac{h_{-1}}{z - a}$$

 * $$\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m}$$ contributes the biggest coefficient. Its $$n$$th coefficient can be computed as:
 * $$\frac{(-1)^m h_{-m}}{a^m} \binom{n + m - 1}{n} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n$$

 * $$h_{-m}$$ can be computed as:
 * $$\lim_{z \to a} (z - a)^m h(z) = \frac{m! f(a)}{g^{(m)}(a)}$$

 * $$\binom{n + m - 1}{n} \sim \frac{n^{m-1}}{(m - 1)!}$$ as $$n \to \infty$$ (Proof)
 * Therefore, putting it all together:
 * $$[z^n]h(z) \sim \frac{(-1)^m h_{-m}}{a^m} \binom{n + m - 1}{n} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n \sim \frac{(-1)^m m f(a)}{a^m g^{(m)}(a)} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n n^{m-1}$$ as $$n \to \infty$$.

Asymptotic equality
We will make use of the asymptotic equality

 * $$f(z) \sim g(z)$$ as $$z \to \zeta$$

which means

 * $$\lim_{z \to \zeta} \frac{f(z)}{g(z)} = 1$$

This allows us to use $$g(z)$$ as an estimate of $$f(z)$$ as $$z$$ gets closer to $$\zeta$$.

For example, we often present results of the form

 * $$a_n \sim g(n)$$ as $$n \to \infty$$

which means, for large $$n$$, $$g(n)$$ becomes a good estimate of $$a_n$$.

Meromorphic function
The above theorem only applies to a class of generating functions called meromorphic functions. This includes all rational functions (the ratio of two polynomials) such as $$\frac{1}{(1 - z)^2}$$ and $$\frac{z}{1 - z - z^2}$$.

A meromorphic function is the ratio of two analytic functions. An analytic function is a function whose complex derivative exists.

One property of meromorphic functions is that they can be represented as Laurent series expansions, a fact we will use in the proof.

It is possible to estimate the coefficients of functions which are not meromorphic (e.g. $$ln(z)$$ or $$e^z$$). These will be covered in future chapters.

Laurent series
When we want a series expansion of a function $$f(z)$$ around a singularity $$c$$, we cannot use the Taylor series expansion. Instead, we use the Laurent series expansion :

 * $$\cdots + \frac{a_{-2}}{(z - c)^2} + \frac{a_{-1}}{z - c} + a_0 + a_1(z - c) + a_2(z - c)^2 + \cdots$$

Where $$a_n = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_\gamma \frac{f(z)}{(z - c)^{n+1}} dz$$ and $$\gamma$$ is a contour in the annular region in which $$f(z)$$ is analytic, illustrated below.

Pole
A pole is a type of singularity.

A singularity of $$h(z)$$ is a value of $$z$$ for which $$h(z) = \infty$$

If $$\lim_{z \to a} (z - a)^m h(z) = L \neq 0$$ and $$L$$ is defined then $$a$$ is called a pole of $$h(z)$$ of order $$m$$.

We will make use of this fact when we calculate $h_{-m}$.

For example, $$\frac{1}{(1 - 2z)^2}$$ has the singularity $$\frac{1}{2}$$ because $$\frac{1}{(1 - 2\frac{1}{2})^2} = \frac{1}{(1 - 1)^2} = \frac{1}{0^2} = \frac{1}{0} = \infty$$ and $$\frac{1}{2}$$ is a pole of order 2 because $$\lim_{z \to \frac{1}{2}} (z - \frac{1}{2})^2 \frac{1}{(1 - 2z)^2} = \lim_{z \to \frac{1}{2}} (z - \frac{1}{2})^2 \frac{1}{(-2)^2 (z - \frac{1}{2})^2} = \lim_{z \to \frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{(-2)^2} = \frac{1}{4}$$.

Closest to the origin
We are treating $$h(z)$$ as a complex function where the input $$z$$ is a complex number.

A complex number has two parts, a real part (Re) and an imaginary part (Im). Therefore, if we want to represent a complex number we do so in a two-dimensional graph.

If we want to compare the "size" of two complex numbers, we compare how far they are away from the origin in the two-dimensional plane (i.e. the length of the blue arrow in the above image). This is called the modulus, denoted $$|z|$$.

Principle part
Proof due to Wilf.

The principle part of a Laurent series expansion are the terms with a negative exponent, i.e.

$$\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \cdots + \frac{h_{-1}}{z - a}$$

We will denote the principle part of $$h(z)$$ at $$a$$ by $$PP(h, a)$$.

If $$a$$ is the pole closest to the origin then the radius of convergence $$R = |a|$$ and as a consequence of the Cauchy-Hadamard theorem :
 * $$\left( \frac{1}{|a|} - \epsilon \right)^n \leq [z^n]h(z) \leq \left( \frac{1}{|a|} + \epsilon \right)^n$$ (for some $$\epsilon > 0$$ and for sufficiently large $$n$$).

Where $$[z^n]h(z)$$ is the $$n$$th coefficient of $$h(z)$$.

$$h(z) - PP(z)$$ no longer has a pole at $$a$$ because $$\left(\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \cdots + \frac{h_-1}{z - a} + h_0 + h_1 (z - a) + \cdots\right) - \left(\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \cdots + \frac{h_{-1}}{z - a}\right) = h_0 + h_1 (z - a) + \cdots$$.

If the second closest pole to the origin of $$h(z)$$ is $$a'$$ then $$a'$$ is the largest pole of $$h(z) - PP(z)$$ and, by the above theorem, the coefficients of $$h(z) - PP(h, a) \leq \left( \frac{1}{|a'|} + \epsilon \right)^n$$ (for sufficiently large $$n$$).

Therefore, the coefficients of $$PP(h, a)$$ are at most different from the coefficient of $$h(z)$$ by $$\left( \frac{1}{|a'|} + \epsilon \right)^n$$ (for sufficiently large $$n$$).

Note that if $$a$$ is the only pole, the difference is at most $$\epsilon^n$$ (for sufficiently large $$n$$).

If $$a' < a$$, then we may stop at $$PP(h, a)$$ as a good enough approximation.

However, if $$a' = a$$ then the coefficients of $$PP(h, a)$$ are different from $$h(z)$$ by as much as $$\left( \frac{1}{|a|} + \epsilon \right)^n$$. This difference is as big as the coefficients of $$PP(h, a)$$. This is not a very good approximation. So, if there are other poles at the same distance to the origin it is a good idea to use all of them.

Biggest coefficient
Compare:

$$[z^n]\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} = \frac{h_{-m}}{a^m} \binom{n + m - 1}{n} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n \sim \frac{h_{-m}}{a^m} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n n^{m-1}$$

with:

$$[z^n]\frac{h_{-(m-1)}}{(z - a)^{m-1}} = \frac{h_{-(m-1)}}{a^{m-1}} \binom{n + m - 2}{n} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n \sim \frac{h_{-(m-1)}}{a^{m-1}} \left( \frac{1}{a} \right)^n n^{m-2}$$

The $$n$$th coefficient of the former is only different to the latter by $$O(\frac{n^{m-2}}{a^n})$$.

Computation of coefficient of first term
$$\frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} = \frac{(-1)^m h_{-m}}{a^m (1 - \frac{z}{a})^m}$$ by factoring out $$\left(\frac{-1}{a}\right)^m$$.

$$\frac{(-1)^m h_{-m}}{a^m (1 - \frac{z}{a})^m} = \frac{(-1)^m h_{-m}}{a^m} \sum_{n\geq0} \binom{n + m - 1}{n} \left( \frac{z}{a} \right)^n$$ by the binomial theorem for negative exponents.

Computation of h_-m
$$h(z) = \frac{h_{-m}}{(z - a)^m} + \frac{h_{-(m-1)}}{(z - a)^{m-1}} + \cdots + \frac{h_-1}{z - a} + h_0 + h_1 (z - a) + \cdots$$.

Therefore, $$\lim_{z \to a} (z - a)^m h(z) = \lim_{z \to a} h_{-m} + h_{-(m-1)} (z - a) + \cdots + h_-1 (z - a)^{m-1} + h_0 (z - a)^{m} + h_1 (z - a)^{m+1} + \cdots = h_{-m}$$.

To compute $$\lim_{z \to a} (z - a)^m h(z) = \lim_{z \to a} \frac{(z - a)^m f(z)}{g(z)}$$, because the numerator and denominator are both $$0$$ at $$a$$, we need to use L'Hôpital's rule :

 * $$\lim_{z \to a} \frac{(z - a)^m f(z)}{g(z)} = \lim_{z \to a} \frac{((z - a)^m f(z))'}{g'(z)}$$

Indeed, if $$a$$ is a root of order $$m > 1$$ of $$g(z)$$ and $$(z - a)^m f(z)$$, it is also a root of $$g'(z)$$ and $$((z - a)^m f(z))'$$ and therefore $$\lim_{z \to a} \frac{((z - a)^m f(z))'}{g'(z)}$$ is also indeterminate. Therefore, we need to apply L'Hôpital's rule $$m$$ times:

 * $$\lim_{z \to a} \frac{((z - a)^m f(z))^{(m)}}{g^{(m)}(z)} = \lim_{z \to a} \frac{((z - a)^m f'(z) + m (z - a)^{m-1} f(z))^{(m-1)}}{g^{(m)}(z)} = \lim_{z \to a} \frac{((z - a)^m f''(z) + 2m (z - a)^{m-1} f'(z) + m (m - 1) (z - a)^{m-2} f(z))^{(m-2)}}{g^{(m)}(z)} = \cdots = \frac{m! f(a)}{g^{(m)}(a)}$$

Proof of binomial asymptotics
$$\binom{n + m - 1}{n} = \frac{(n + m - 1)!}{n! (m - 1)!} = \frac{(n + 1)(n + 2)\cdots(n + m - 1)}{(m - 1)!} \sim \frac{n^{m-1}}{(m - 1)!}$$ as $$n \to \infty$$.


text:
Analytic Combinatorics/Singularity Analysis

Introduction
This article explains how to estimate the coefficients of generating functions involving logarithms and roots.

You first may need to familiarise yourself with:
 * Converting between Cartesian and polar coordinates
 * Parameterising a curve

Standard Function Scale
Theorem from Flajolet and Odlyzko.

If:
 * $$f(z) = (1 - z)^\alpha \left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma \left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta$$

where $$\alpha \notin \{0, 1, 2, \cdots\}, \gamma, \delta \notin \{1, 2, \cdots\}$$ then:
 * $$[z^n]f(z) \sim \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty)$$

Singularity Analysis
Theorem from Flajolet and Sedgewick.

If $$f(z)$$ has a singularity at $$\zeta$$ and:

 * $$f(z) \sim \left(1 - \frac{z}{\zeta}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta}}\log\frac{1}{1 - \frac{z}{\zeta}}\right)^\gamma \left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta}}\log\left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta}}\log\frac{1}{1 - \frac{z}{\zeta}}\right)\right)^\delta \quad (\text{as } z \to \zeta)$$

where $$\alpha \notin \{0, 1, 2, \cdots\}, \gamma, \delta \notin \{1, 2, \cdots\}$$ then:

 * $$[z^n]f(z) \sim \zeta^{-n} \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty)$$

The significance of the latter theorem is we only need an approximation of $$f(z)$$.

Branch points
Before going into the proof, I will explain what it is about roots and logarithms that mean we have to treat them differently to meromorphic functions.

Polar coordinates
Complex numbers can be expressed in two forms: Cartesian coordinates ($$x + iy$$) or polar coordinates $$r e^{i\theta}$$, where $$r$$ is the distance from the origin or modulus and $$\theta$$ is the angle relative to the positive $$x$$ axis or argument.

For complex functions $$f(z)$$ of complex variables $$z$$ we can draw a 3-dimensional graph where the $$x$$ and $$y$$ axes are the real and imaginary components respectively of the $$z$$ variable and the $$z$$ axis is either the the modulus or the argument of the function $$f(z)$$.

For roots and logarithms, if we use the argument of the function for the $$z$$ axis, we see a discontinuity that restricts where we can draw the contour when we want to integrate the function.

The gap you can see along the negative $$x$$ axis is the discontinuity.

Root and logarithmic functions do not have poles about which we can do a Laurent expansion. Instead, we need to draw our contours to avoid these gaps or discontinuities. This is why in what follows we use contours with slits or wedges taken out of them.

Proof of standard function scale
Proof due to Sedgewick, Flajolet and Odlyzko

The proof for the estimate of the coefficient of the first term.

By Cauchy's coefficient formula
 * $$[z^n](1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C (1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}}$$

where $$C$$ is a circle centred at the origin.

It is possible to deform $$C$$ without changing the value of the contour integral above.

We will deform $$C$$ by putting a slit through it along the real axis from 1 to $$+\infty$$.

We increase the radius of the circle to $$\infty$$, which reduces its contribution to the integrand to 0.

Therefore, the contour integration around $$C$$ above is equivalent to the contour integration around the contour which starts at $$Re(+\infty)$$, winds around 1 and ends at $$Re(+\infty)$$, which we will call $${H_\frac{1}{n}}$$.

While we don't know much about the behaviour of the integral around the contour $${H_\frac{1}{n}}$$, we do know about a similar contour $$H_1$$ (the Hankel contour) which winds around the origin at a distance of 1.

We can calculate the integral around $${H_\frac{1}{n}}$$ by turning it into an integral around $$H_1$$. Formally:
 * $$\int_{H_\frac{1}{n}} f(z) dz = \int_{\psi^{-1}\circ H_\frac{1}{n}} f(\psi(\zeta))\psi'(\zeta) d\zeta. $$

Such that $$\psi^{-1}\circ H_\frac{1}{n} = H_1$$.

Informally this means we want to find a function $$\psi^{-1}(t)$$ which turns the contour $${H_\frac{1}{n}}$$ into $$H_1$$. Geometrically, we move the contour to the left by 1 and multiply it by $$n$$:
 * $$\psi^{-1}(t) = n (t - 1)$$

But, we still want the integrand around $$H_1$$ to be equivalent to the integrand around $${H_\frac{1}{n}}$$. We do this by dividing the variable by $$n$$ and adding 1:
 * $$\psi(t) = 1 + \frac{t}{n}$$

Therefore, we get the following substitution :
 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{H_\frac{1}{n}} (1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} &= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{\psi^{-1} \circ H_\frac{1}{n}} (1 - (1 + \frac{t}{n}))^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log\frac{1}{1 - (1 + \frac{t}{n})}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log\frac{1}{1 - (1 + \frac{t}{n})}\right)\right)^\delta \frac{1}{n} \frac{dt}{(1 + \frac{t}{n})^{n+1}} \\ &= \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha \left(\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)^\gamma\left(\log\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &= \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha \left(1 - \frac{\log(-t)}{\log n}\right)^\gamma\left(\log\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &\sim \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha\left(\log\left(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}}\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty) \\ &= \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha\left(\log\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n}} + \log\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &\sim \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha\left(\log\log-\frac{n}{t}\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty) \\ &= \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma(\log\log n)^\delta\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha\left(1 - \frac{\log\log (-t)}{\log\log n}\right)^\delta \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &\sim \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma(\log\log n)^\delta\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha \left(1 + \frac{t}{n}\right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty) \end{align}$$

We have:
 * $$\left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} \sim e^{-t}$$ (as $$n \to \infty$$)

and:
 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha e^{-t} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(-\alpha)}$$

Therefore,
 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-1} dt \sim \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha e^{-t} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(-\alpha)}$$

Putting it all together:
 * $$\begin{align}

[z^n](1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta &= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C (1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} \\ &= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{H_\frac{1}{n}} (1 - z)^\alpha\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} \\ &= \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma(\log\log n)^\delta\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha \left( 1 + \frac{t}{n} \right)^{-n-1} dt \\ &\sim \frac{n^{-a-1}}{2\pi i}(\log n)^\gamma(\log\log n)^\delta\int_{H_1} (-t)^\alpha e^{-t} dt \\ &= \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)}(\log n)^\gamma(\log\log n)^\delta \end{align}$$

Singularity Analysis
Explanation and example from Flajolet and Sedgewick.

In the below

 * $$F(z) = (1 - z)^\alpha \left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)^\gamma \left(\frac{1}{z}\log\left(\frac{1}{z}\log\frac{1}{1 - z}\right)\right)^\delta \quad (\alpha \notin \{0, 1, 2, \ldots\}, \gamma, \delta \notin \{1, 2, \ldots\})$$

Little o
We will be making use of the "little o" notation.

 * $$f(z) = o(g(z))$$ as $$z \to \zeta$$

which means

 * $$\lim_{z \to \zeta} \frac{f(z)}{g(z)} = 0$$

It also means for each $$\epsilon > 0$$ there exists $$\delta > 0$$ such that

 * $$|z - \zeta| \leq \delta \implies f(z) \leq \epsilon g(z)$$

a fact we will use in the proof.

It is also useful to note

$$f(z) = g(z) + o(g(z)) \iff f(z) \sim g(z)$$

Summary
For the generating function $$f(z)$$:
 * 1) Find $$f(z)$$'s singularity $$\zeta$$.
 * 2) Construct the $$\Delta$$-domain at $$\zeta$$.
 * 3) Check that $$f(z)$$ is analytic in the $$\Delta$$-domain.
 * 4) Create an approximation of $$f(z)$$ near $$\zeta$$ of the form $$f(z) = F\left(\frac{z}{\zeta}\right) + o\left(F\left(\frac{z}{\zeta}\right)\right)$$.
 * 5) The estimate of $$[(z/\zeta)^n] f(z) \sim \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta$$ or equivalently $$[z^n] f(z) \sim \zeta^{-n} \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta$$.

Details
To find the singularity, find the value of $$z$$ for which the function equals $$\infty$$.

As an example, we will use $$f(z) = \frac{e^{-z/2-z^2/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}}$$.

It has a singularity at $$z = 1$$, because
 * $$\frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt{1 - 1}} = \frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt 0} = \frac{e^{-3/4}}{0} = \infty$$

The $$\Delta$$-domain at 1 is a circle centred at the origin with radius $$R$$ with a triangle cut out of it with one vertex at 1 and edges of angles $$\phi$$ and $$-\phi$$. See image below. We use this domain as it allows us to make a proof later.

For $$f(z)$$ to be analytic in the $$\Delta$$-domain:
 * $$f(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n (z - z_0)^n$$

for all $$z_0$$ in the $$\Delta$$-domain.

Our example is analytic in the $$\Delta$$-domain because
 * $$e^{-z/2-z^2/4}$$ is an entire function (i.e. has no singularities), which means it is analytic everywhere.
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - z}}$$ is analytic except for the slit along the real axis for $$z \geq 1$$.
 * The product of two analytic functions is an analytic function on the same domain . Therefore, $$\frac{e^{-z/2-z^2/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}}$$ is analytic on the entire complex domain, including the $$\Delta$$-domain, except for the real axis $$z \geq 1$$.

We want an approximation of the form $$f(z) = F\left(\frac{z}{\zeta}\right) + o\left(F\left(\frac{z}{\zeta}\right)\right) \quad (z \to \zeta)$$ (where in our example we set $$\gamma, \delta = 0$$ and $$\zeta = 1$$).

Normally, this will be in the form of a Taylor series expansion.

For our example, doing the Taylor Expansion near to 1:
 * $$e^{-z/2-z^2/4} = e^{-3/4} + e^{-3/4} (1 - z) + \frac{e^{-3/4}}{4} (1 - z)^2 + \cdots$$
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - z}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - z}}$$
 * $$\frac{e^{-z/2-z^2/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}} = \frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}} + e^{-3/4} \sqrt{1 - z} + \frac{e^{-3/4}}{4} (1 - z)^{\frac{3}{2}} + \cdots$$

Therefore:
 * $$\frac{e^{-z/2-z^2/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}} = \frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}} + o(\frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}})$$

Then $$[z^n]f(z) \sim \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta$$.

Therefore, in our example:
 * $$[z^n]\frac{e^{-z/2-z^2/4}}{\sqrt{1 - z}} \sim \frac{e^{-3/4}}{\sqrt{\pi n}}$$

The proof of this comes from the fact that:
 * 1) $$[z^n]f(z) = \zeta^{-n} [(z/\zeta^n]f(z)$$
 * 2) $$[(z/\zeta)^n]f(z) = [(z/\zeta)^n]F(z/\zeta) + [(z/\zeta)^n]o(F(z/\zeta))$$
 * 3) the coefficients of the first term $$[(z/\zeta)^n] F(z/\zeta) \sim \frac{n^{-\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(-\alpha)} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta$$, which we get from the standard function scale.
 * 4) and the coefficients of the second term $$[(z/\zeta)^n] o(F(z/\zeta)) = o\left(n^{-\alpha-1} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta\right)$$ which we do in . This is also the reason why we need to use the $$\Delta$$-domain.

Proof of error term
Proof from Flajolet and Odlyzko, Flajolet and Sedgewick and Pemantle and Wilson.

We get the estimate of the coefficient for the second term from Cauchy's coefficient formula:
 * $$[z^n]o(F(z)) = \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_\gamma o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}}$$

where $$\gamma$$ is any closed contour inside the $$\Delta$$-domain. See the red line in the image below.

We split $$\gamma$$ into four parts such that $$\gamma = \gamma_1 \cup \gamma_2 \cup \gamma_3 \cup \gamma_4$$.

 * $$\gamma_1 = \{ z \mid |z - 1| = \frac{1}{n}, |arg(z - 1)| \geq \phi \}$$
 * $$\gamma_2 = \{ z \mid |z - 1| \geq \frac{1}{n}, |z| \leq r, |arg(z - 1)| = \phi \}$$
 * $$\gamma_3 = \{ z \mid |z| = r > 1, |arg(z - 1)| \geq \phi \}$$
 * $$\gamma_4 = \{ z \mid |z - 1| \geq \frac{1}{n}, |z| \leq r, |arg(z - 1)| = -\phi \}$$

 * $$\frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_\gamma o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} = \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_1} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} + \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_2} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} + \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_3} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} + \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_4} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}}$$

Contribution of $$\gamma_1$$:

The maximum of $$F(z)$$ on $$\gamma_1$$ is when $$z = 1 - \frac{1}{n}$$

 * $$o(F(z)) \leq \epsilon n^{-\alpha} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\frac{1}{1 - \frac{1}{n}} + \log\log n)^\delta \frac{1}{(1 - \frac{1}{n})^{\gamma+\delta}} \sim \epsilon n^{-\alpha} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty)$$

The maximum of $$\frac{1}{z^{n+1}}$$ on $$\gamma_1$$ is

 * $$\frac{1}{(1 - \frac{1}{n})^{n+1}} \leq 2e$$

The maximum of $$dz$$ on $$\gamma_1$$ is $$\frac{2\pi}{n}$$

 * $$\frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_1} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} \leq \epsilon 2e n^{-\alpha-1} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta = o(n^{-\alpha-1} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta)$$

Contribution of $$\gamma_2$$ and $$\gamma_4$$:

We parameterise the contour $$\gamma_2$$ by converting $$z$$ to polar form by $$z = 1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}$$, so that $$\gamma_2$$ is a function of $$t$$ from $$1$$ to $$En$$. $$E$$ is the positive solution to the equation $$|1 + Ee^{i\phi}| = r$$, so that the contour joins $$\gamma_3$$:

 * $$\int_{\gamma_2} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} \leq \int_1^{En} |F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})| \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}}$$

But, remember that the little o relation only holds within a particular $$\delta$$ of $$1$$. We know that $$\frac{\log^2 n}{n}$$ tends to zero as $$n$$ increases, and therefore, for any $$\epsilon$$, we choose an $$n$$ big enough so that $$\frac{\log^2 n}{n} \leq \delta$$. We split the integral above into two at $$\log^2 n$$, so that $$\frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi} \leq \delta$$:

 * $$\int_1^{En} |F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})| \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}} = \int_1^{\log^2 n} \epsilon |F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})| \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}} + \int_{\log^2 n}^{En} F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}) \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}}$$

The first term in the sum:

 * $$\begin{align}

\int_1^{\log^2 n} \epsilon |F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})| \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}} &\leq \frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_1^\infty \epsilon |\frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^\alpha |\log\frac{n}{t e^{i\phi}}|^\gamma |\log(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n} e^{i\phi}} \log\frac{n}{t e^{i\phi}})|^\delta |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n} \\ &\leq \frac{1}{2i\pi} \epsilon \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \int_1^\infty |t|^\alpha |\log(\frac{1}{1 + \frac{t}{n} e^{i\phi}} \log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}})|^\delta |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &\sim \frac{1}{2i\pi} \epsilon \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \int_1^\infty |t|^\alpha |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty) \\ \end{align}$$

 * $$|1 + \frac{e^{i\phi}t}{n}| \geq 1 + Re(\frac{e^{i\phi}t}{n}) = 1 + \frac{t\cos\phi}{n}$$ (where $$Re(x)$$ is the real part of x).

 * $$\int_1^{\log^2 n} |t|^\alpha |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \leq \int_1^\infty |t|^\alpha |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \leq \int_1^\infty |t|^\alpha \left(1 + \frac{t \cos \phi}{n}\right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \leq \int_1^\infty t^a e^{-t\cos\phi} dt \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty)$$

This converges to a constant $$L$$. Therefore:

 * $$\frac{1}{2i\pi} \epsilon \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \int_1^\infty |t|^\alpha |1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}|^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt = \frac{L}{2i\pi} \epsilon \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta = o(n^{-\alpha-1} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta) \quad (n \to \infty)$$

The second term in the sum:

 * $$\begin{align}

\int_{\log^2 n}^{En} F(1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi}) \frac{e^{i\phi} dt}{n (1 + \frac{t}{n}e^{i\phi})^{n+1}} &\leq \frac{1}{2i\pi} \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \int_{\log^2 n}^{En} |t|^\alpha \left(1 + \frac{\log^2 n \cos \phi}{n}\right)^{-n-\gamma-\delta-1} dt \\ &\leq \frac{1}{2i\pi} \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \int_{\log^2 n}^{En} |t|^\alpha e^{-\log^2 n \cos \phi} dt \\ &\leq \frac{1}{2i\pi} \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \frac{|En|^\alpha}{n^{\log n \cos \phi}} En \end{align}$$

$$n^{\log n \cos \phi}$$ grows faster with $$n$$ than $$|En|^{\alpha+1}$$, so $$\frac{|En|^{\alpha+1}}{n^{\log n \cos \phi}} \to 0$$ as $$n \to \infty$$. Therefore:

 * $$\frac{1}{2i\pi} \left(\frac{e^{i\phi}}{n}\right)^{\alpha+1} \left(\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\gamma \left(\log\log\frac{n}{e^{i\phi}}\right)^\delta \frac{|En|^{\alpha+1}}{n^{\log n \cos \phi}} = o(n^{-\alpha-1} (\log n)^\gamma (\log\log n)^\delta) \quad (n \to \infty)$$

A similar argument applies to $$\gamma_4$$.

Contribution of $$\gamma_3$$:

By Cauchy's inequality

 * $$\frac{1}{2i\pi} \int_{\gamma_3} o(F(z)) \frac{dz}{z^{n+1}} \leq \frac{\max_{|z| = r} F(z)}{r^n}$$

meaning the contribution of the integral around $$\gamma_3$$ is exponentially small as $$n \to \infty$$ and can be discarded.

Formula for multiple singularities
The above assumes only one singularity $$\zeta$$. But, it can be generalised for functions with multiple singularities.

"In the case of multiple singularities, the separate contributions from each of the singularities, as given by the basic singularity analysis process, are to be added up."

Theorem from Flajolet and Sedgewick.

If $$f(z)$$ is analytic on the disc $$|z| < \rho$$, has a finite number of singularities on the circle $$|z| = \rho$$ and $$f(z)$$ is analytic on the $$\Delta$$-domain with multiple indents at each singularity.

If for each singularity $$\zeta_i$$ (for $$i = 1, 2, \cdots, r$$):

 * $$f(z) \sim \left(1 - \frac{z}{\zeta_i}\right)^{\alpha_i} \left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta_i}}\log\frac{1}{1 - \frac{z}{\zeta_i}}\right)^{\gamma_i} \left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta_i}}\log\left(\frac{1}{\frac{z}{\zeta_i}}\log\frac{1}{1 - \frac{z}{\zeta_i}}\right)\right)^{\delta_i} \quad (\text{as } z \to \zeta_i)$$

then:

 * $$[z^n]f(z) \sim \sum_{i=0}^r \zeta_i^n \frac{n^{-{\alpha_i}-1}}{\Gamma(-{\alpha_i})} (\log n)^{\gamma_i} (\log\log n)^{\delta_i} \quad (\text{as } n \to \infty)$$


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Themes in Literature/Belonging and Exile/About the Authors

Trevor Noah is a South African comedian, writer, producer, and television host. Born on in Johannesburg, South Africa, Noah grew up during the apartheid era and faced numerous challenges as a mixed-race child in a predominantly white country. Despite this, he discovered his talent for comedy at a young age and began performing stand-up comedy. In 2011, he made his television debut in South Africa, before becoming a correspondent on The Daily Show and eventually taking over as host from 2015 to 2022. Noah has written several books, including the memoir Born a Crime, which details his experiences growing up in apartheid South Africa.

Edwidge Danticat is a Haitian American author and professor. Born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, she immigrated to the United States as a teenager. Danticat is best known for her fiction, which explores themes of displacement, immigration, and identity. She has received numerous awards for her writing, including a MacArthur "Genius" Grant and a National Book Critics Circle Award for her collection of stories,'' Krik? Krak! ''Danticat is also active in social and political activism, particularly in regard to Haiti and the Haitian community. She has taught creative writing at several universities and continues to be a prominent voice in contemporary literature.

J.M. Coetzee is a South African-born novelist, essayist, and translator. Born in Cape Town, he has lived in Australia since 2002 and holds dual citizenship in both countries. Coetzee is known for his distinctive writing style and themes of political oppression, personal isolation, and ethical dilemmas. He has won numerous awards for his writing, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003 and two Booker Prizes. Coetzee is regarded as one of the most important writers of his generation and his works have been translated into numerous languages. His novels often explore the complexities of the human experience and challenge readers to question their own values and beliefs.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author and public speaker. Born in 1977 in Enugu, Nigeria, she has lived in the United States since her early 20s. Adichie is known for her fiction and non-fiction works, which explore themes of identity, race, and gender. Her novels include Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun, and Americanah. Adichie's TEDx talk, "The Danger of a Single Story," has been viewed over 15 million times and is widely regarded as a seminal moment in the conversation around diversity in literature. She has received numerous awards for her writing and activism, and is considered one of the most important voices of her generation.

Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian American author and professor. Born in London to Bengali parents, she grew up in the United States and currently resides in Rome, Italy. Lahiri is best known for her fiction, which explores themes of identity, culture, and displacement, often within the context of the Indian American experience. She has received numerous awards for her writing, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies. Lahiri's works have been widely praised for their lyrical prose and insight into the complexities of the human experience.

Alice Munro is a Canadian short story writer and Nobel Prize winner. Born in Wingham, Ontario, she has lived in Canada her entire life. Munro is considered one of the greatest short story writers of the 20th century, and her works often explore the complexities of human relationships and the inner lives of women. She has received numerous awards for her writing, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013, and her collections of stories have been widely praised for their depth and insight. Munro's writing is known for its elegance, emotional power, and psychological nuance.

Alice Walker is an American novelist, poet, and activist. Born in Eatonton, Georgia, she has been a prominent voice in the Civil Rights Movement and the feminist movement. Walker is best known for her novel The Color Purple, which was published in 1982 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983. The novel explores themes of identity, oppression, and self-discovery and has been widely regarded as a literary classic. In addition to her writing, Walker is also known for her activism, particularly in regards to women's rights and environmental issues.


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Tyap/Pronouns

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word use in place of a noun.

Types
Examples:
 * Personal pronoun:e.g nung, nung-wu, N, Zu, gu, Zit.
 * 1) Zi ya chyi-agavang.
 * 2) N chat gu.
 * 3) Yei gu.
 * 4) Agwaza biyang zit.

Examples:
 * Indefinite pronoun: e.g konyan(everybody)
 * 1) Konyan chat chyi-agavang.
 * 2) Zit chat agyang

 * Interrogative pronoun: e.g ihwa(what), aji(where), ajau(there), ana/will.
 * 1) A nat aji?
 * 2) Ihwa nang aya?
 * 3) Ana ya kyak wu?

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Tyap/Prepositions

Prepositions
Prepositions shows relationship between a noun, pronoun or other words in a sentence e.g. tafa ,tazwa

Examples: <>

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Tyap/Conjunctions

Conjunction
Word that join two or more phrases, clauses or sentences together.e.g "mang" ,"a" etc

Examples: <>

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Tyap/Interjections

Interjection
Word that expresses emotion, e.g. Ka̱t!, kaai!, Kwot!

Example:
 * 1) Ka̱t! bredi, ka̱ n na shyia̱.
 * 2) Kaai! N kan bai a̱ji bah.

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Tyap/Phonology

Intonation
Tyap is a tonal language with a high, mid, low, mid low, high-low and low-high ranges, but only one (the high tone indicated by the acute accent) is used for writing. Tyap has no nasal vowel sounds. It, however, has nasal consonants sounds (m /m/, n /n/ and ng /ŋ/) which are also tonal. Tyap also uses the underscore diacritic mark usually placed under vowels "a" and "i"; a̱ denotes the schwa sound /ǝ/ while i̱ denotes the shortened "i" sound /ɨ/.

Vowels
The seven vowels of Tyap can be classified as either  short or long monophthongs sounds. Short Monophthongs : a a̱ e i i̱ o u Long Monophthongs : a a̱a̱ ee ii i̱i̱ oo uu The language has five (or six) diphthongs: /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/.

Consonants
Labialization and palatalization of consonant sounds are responsible for the many consonant sounds in the language unlike in english. The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications.

title: Tyap/Phonology


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Proyects

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Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/About the Authors

Octavia E. Butler was an American science fiction writer and a pioneer in the genre of Afrofuturism. Born in Pasadena, California, she began writing at a young age and went on to publish several critically acclaimed novels and short stories. Butler's works explore themes of identity, power, and social justice, often through the lens of speculative fiction. She was the first science fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship, also known as a "Genius Grant," and is widely regarded as one of the greatest science fiction writers of her generation. Butler's writing continues to be celebrated for its bold vision, powerful storytelling, and its ability to challenge readers to think critically about the world around them.

Carmen Maria Machado is an American writer and memoirist. Born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, she is best known for her critically acclaimed debut short story collection, Her Body and Other Parties. Machado's work blends elements of science fiction, fantasy, and horror to explore themes of gender, sexuality, and identity. She has received numerous awards for her writing, including the Bard Fiction Prize and the National Book Award for Nonfiction for her memoir, In the Dream House. Machado's writing has been praised for its innovative style and powerful storytelling, and she is considered one of the most exciting voices in contemporary American literature.

Emily Dickinson was an American poet known for her unique style and innovative use of language. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1830, she lived most of her life as a recluse, and her work was largely unknown during her lifetime. After her death, her poems were discovered and published, and she is now regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry. Dickinson's writing is characterized by its simplicity, power, and depth, and she is known for her innovative use of punctuation and capitalization, which helped to shape modern American poetry. Her work continues to be widely read and celebrated for its honesty, insight, and beauty, and she is considered one of the greatest poets in the English language.

Langston Hughes was an American poet, playwright, and social activist. Born in Joplin, Missouri in 1902, he was one of the leading figures of the Harlem Renaissance and is widely regarded as one of the most important poets of the 20th century. Hughes was known for his writing that explored the experiences of African Americans and celebrated their culture and heritage. He wrote poetry, plays, and essays that addressed issues of race, justice, and equality, and his work remains an important part of the literary canon. Hughes' writing is known for its musical quality, humor, and insight, and he continues to be celebrated for his contributions to American literature and his legacy as a champion of social justice.

Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, and poet who lived from 1854 to 1900. Born in Dublin, Ireland, he was one of the most prominent figures of the Victorian era and is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the English language. Wilde was known for his wit, flamboyant personality, and his writing, which often explored themes of love, morality, and aesthetics. He wrote several successful plays, including The Importance of Being Earnest and A Woman of No Importance, and his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray remains a classic of English literature. Additionally, Wilde wrote several fairy tales and stories for children, showcasing his versatility as a writer. Wilde's legacy continues to be celebrated for his contributions to the arts and his influence on modern literature, and he is considered one of the most important writers of the 19th century.

Julio Cortázar was an Argentine writer, translator, and teacher, widely considered one of the most innovative writers of the 20th century. Born in Brussels, he spent much of his childhood in Argentina and later lived in Paris for many years. Cortázar was known for his experimental writing style and his use of unconventional narrative techniques, and his works are often characterized by their playfulness, humor, and surrealistic elements. He wrote several short stories, novels, and essays, and is best known for his works Bestiario, Final del Juego, and Rayuela. Cortázar's influence on Latin American literature and the development of the "Boom" literary movement continues to be celebrated, and he remains one of the most important figures in 20th century Latin American literature.

Ken Liu is a Chinese-American science fiction and fantasy writer, translator, and computer programmer. Born in Lanzhou, China, he immigrated to the United States as a child and grew up in the Midwest. Liu has published several award-winning short stories and novellas, and is best known for his works "The Paper Menagerie," "The Wandering Earth," and "The Grace of Kings." He is also a translator of Chinese science fiction and fantasy, and has been recognized for his efforts to bring the works of Chinese authors to a wider audience. Liu's writing often explores themes of culture, identity, and technology, and he is considered one of the leading voices in the science fiction and fantasy genre.

Anton Chekhov was a Russian playwright, short story writer, and physician, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers of short fiction in the history of world literature. Born in 1860 in Taganrog, Russia, Chekhov was the third of six children in a family of struggling merchants. Despite his humble beginnings, Chekhov was a prolific writer and produced many of his most famous works while working as a physician in rural Russia. He is best known for his plays, including The Cherry Orchard, Three Sisters, and The Seagull, and for his short stories, which often explored the lives of ordinary people and the complexities of the human condition. Chekhov's writing continues to be widely read and performed today, and his influence on modern literature is widely recognized.

Ray Bradbury was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, screenwriter, and playwright. Born in Waukegan, Illinois, Bradbury was a prolific writer who published over 27 novels and more than 600 short stories in his lifetime. He is best known for his works The Martian Chronicles, Fahrenheit 451, and The Illustrated Man. Bradbury's writing often explored the dangers of technology, censorship, and the loss of individuality, and his works have been recognized for their poetic style, imaginative storytelling, and their impact on the science fiction genre. Bradbury received numerous awards for his writing, including the National Book Award and the Bram Stoker Award, and his legacy continues to inspire new generations of writers and readers.