text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?

This Wiki page is a university assignment in which the article: The contribution of sport participation to overall health enhancing physical activity levels in Australia: a population-based study is critiqued as part of the Health, Disease and Exercise unit at the University of Canberra.

What is the background to this research?
Research completed by Christine May for Clearinghouse for Sport, an Australian Sports Commission led information sharing initiative, found that in 2020, 89% of adults over 15 years of age participated in sport and physical activity. Conversely, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare found that in 2017-18, an estimated 67% of Australians are overweight or obese. The paper looked to fill the gaps in knowledge to determine the contribution sport plays to overall health enhancing leisure time in the adult Australian population. A survey of over 21,000 people was used to facilitate their research. They were asked to report any leisure time physical activity in the past 12 months and they then further categorised the data into health enhancing and non-health enhancing.

There has been a systematic review that found that it is likely that the social nature of sport plays a role in social and mental health and in turn results in greater quality of life. Whilst there is some evidence of this relationship, there is little known about the true extent at which sport plays in improving health in Australia. According to the Black Dog Institute, up to 20% of Australians suffer from a mental health condition, when looking at the obesity and mental health figures in Australia it is important that health officials look at ways in which we can make better decisions when it comes to physical activity and how it can best help improve Australians health.

Where is the research from?
This research has been conducted by a team of researchers from the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living at Victoria University and the School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia. The lead author, Rochelle Eime, is a professor of Sport Participation at Victoria University and sees her areas of expertise in sport participation and sport and health. Rochelle has published over 100 papers and has extensively researched different aspects of sports participation, barriers to sports participation and benefits to health. Throughout this research she has looked at community and club-based sports participation in Australia. All of the authors within this paper have a background in sports and exercise or psychology research and have a very broad range of peer reviewed articles in these fields. The authors have declared that they have no competing interests with this research. The basis of the research being to fill in the gaps in the literature around the contribution of sport to overall health-enhancing physical activity in adults in Australia.

What kind of research was this?
This study was conducted using a mixed method approach of 15 years old and up. There are aspects of both quantitative and qualitative data collection. The data for this study was collected using surveys, where a series of questions were asked to participants via telephone. The results from this data was used to identify number of participants that undertook physical activity. The questions asked focussed on whether they had participated in sport and then once this was established the researchers looked to investigate the different types of physical activity the participants participated in.

What did the research involve?
The data was connected from the 2010 Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey which was commissioned by the Australian Sports Commission. Over the course of 2010, quarterly surveys were conducted and samples were selected from all Australians aged 15 years and over and live in an occupied dwelling. Roughly 3400 people were contacted each quarter from each state and territory in Australia and were sampled using computer-assisted telephone interviewing. In the beginning, participants provided their consent and were then asked if they had participated in any Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) in the past 12 months. LTPA included any physical activity that wasn't physical activity related to employment, housework or garden work.

If yes, participants were then required to report what activities they had completed within this timeframe (up to 10), before going on to answer whether or not the reported activity was organised. If the reported activity was organised the participants were then asked to identify what type of organisation had organise the activity. Examples of these organisations included, fitness, leisure or indoor sports centre that required payment for participation; sport or recreation club or association that required payment of membership, fees or registration; work; school; other. The final question of this component asked the participants how many times they participated in their physical activity. Once these questions were recorded, participants were asked one final component to the study. The researchers looked at the participants physical activity in the previous two weeks. The participants had to nominate their three top activities. Of these they again had to identify how many sessions of these activities they had participated in the previous two weeks.

The methodology behind this study was the best for the question they researchers looked to answer. The survey research method allows the research team access to greater numbers of the population, relatively inexpensive, ability to gather large amounts of information and greater number of statistical power. Whilst there are benefits to survey research there are negatives that make survey research inefficient. The biggest issue with survey research is the recall discrepancy that ultimately occurs. Recalling data over the previous 12 months opens up the possibility of the participants over or under reporting and can lead to memory recall issues. Response rates are also an issue when conducting survey research. The methods stated that they contacted roughly 3400 participants each quarter. This does not guarantee that each phone call responded, there is nothing in the paper to suggest that they had a firm number required to meet each quarter or if they phoned other participants if one did not answer or did not wish to partake. Overall, for the purpose of this research question, survey research was the best way to conduct the research. This is because it allowed the researchers the greatest number of participants and a variety of individuals to give the best representation of physical activity in the Australian public.

What were the basic results?
At the base level the research found that Health Enhancing Leisure Time Physical Activity (HELPA) conducted by the participants occurred on a regular basis as opposed to on an occasion. Of all nominated HELPA activities by the respondents, around half was classified as sport. However, when looking at total number of sessions, sport only made up 30% of total HELPA sessions. When investigating the data further the researchers found that roughly 20% of club sport participants partook in aerobics/fitness training or went walking in the previous 12 months. Around 15% had run and just below 3% had done strength training in the same period. The numbers suggest that although the participants participate in organised sport regularly as part of their HELPA, they don't participate in much outside of their organised sport.

When looking at the number of club sport participants who in the previous 12 months participated in 4 selected physical activities which may be associated with club sport participation. The 4 selected activities were, aerobics/fitness training, running, weight training and walking. The significant relationships between club sport participation and these are activities are as followed:

- Aerobics/Fitness training indicated lower numbers of club members than non-club members participating

- Walking indicated lower numbers of club members than non-club members participating

- Running found higher numbers in club participants compared to non-club members

- The numbers around gym training were small and relationships were low.

Overall, the research has found that there is potential for sport to improve health through increased HELPA. Sporting clubs in Australia have the ability to play a key role in the implementation and promotion of this. The researchers viewed the survey results and broke them down into many different sub-categories, highlighting the many different relationships and how the apply to both males and females and people in different age brackets. As the results are based on survey answers, there is relatively only a small amount of ways the results can be interpreted. The only issue is using survey responses from around 21 thousand people as a snapshot of the whole of Australia. The researchers as a result do show the results as they are and do not over-emphasise what the numbers show.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Club based sport participation in Australia has a real place in enhancing leisure time physical activity rates. As nearly all sport is at the health enhancing level, sports clubs play an important role in the setting for most activities and in a wider setting promote health through physical activity. Not only does sport help with the physical side of health enhancement, as briefly touched on in this paper, club based sport participation has the ability to improve mental health through the building and facilitating of relationships and other aspects. The promotion of sport as a health enhancing tool is something that should be implemented in public policy moving forward. Encouraging all Australians to seek out club based sport in one way or another has been shown to contribute significantly towards both physical and mental health and yet is still not a well known area.

A Swedish study on a similar topic has found that sport has a positive impact on preventing or alleviating mental illness as well as the well documented physical benefits. Physical activity, even at moderate levels has been shown to be far greater for you as opposed to being inactive or sedentary. The benefits around club based and organised sport also revolve around members of the community who struggle with the motivation to do physical activity on their own and prefer to do classes or similar. Overall, club based and organised sport in Australia should be pushed further in the public health setting to ensure that all Australians have the knowledge of the role it plays in their health.

Practical advice
Due to the results highlighting that sport contributes significantly to leisure time physical activity and that sport was found to be more often than not at the health enhancing level. There is a strong suggestion that sports clubs play an important role in promoting health through physical activity. The implication that sport plays a key role in health enhancing physical activity means that the promotion of organised sport to improve health should be done. The research does suggest that further research be done to investigate the role different physical activities play and if there is a dose specific response of sport participation. Practical advice found within the research suggests that public policy promotion is the best way to use the results and highlights the aspects that are missing within the current policies. Although the health benefits are well known, consideration around the negatives of sport participation. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare released statistics on 2016-2017 and found that nearly 60 thousand Australians were hospitalised as a result of injuries sustained during sport. Whilst injuries from organised sport should not discourage participation, they should be taken into account when determining what type of organised sport they should choose.

Further information/resources
Further research by Rochelle Eime with relation to sport participation:

 * Are they worth their weight in gold ? Sport for older adults: benefits and barriers of their participation for sporting organisations
 * Sport participation settings: where and ‘how’ do Australians play sport?

Community based health research:

 * Outcomes of a Community-Based Dissemination of the Health Enhancement Program
 * Managing sport for health: An introduction to the special issue

Public Policy to Promote Physical Activity:

 * Public Policy Actions Needed to Promote Physical Activity


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males

This page is a critique of the journal article: Naderi, A et al (2021) 'Six-month table tennis training improves body composition, bone health and physical performance in untrained older men; a randomized controlled trial'. Science & Sports. 36(1) pp 72.e1-72.e9.

What is the background to this research?
It has become well documented that physical activity is a useful tool in promoting healthy aging and creating positive lifestyle among all demographics. However, issue of the older population not meeting physical activity guidelines has become a growing concern.

Exercise training in older people has been associated with health benefits such as decreases in resting and submaximal exercise heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increased stroke volume. There is also evidence that physical activity being conducted within this population group acts as a  primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases such as diabetes and osteoporosis.

Table tennis has also been effectively used as an intervention for physical activity previously and has delivered positive results in improving health and well-being through physical activity, social relations and learning.

It appears the study in which this page is critiquing, has found a gap in the literature as no study was found in regards to using Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for the older population. This trial has been created as a potential intervention for this area of research and looked to better improve the physical health and performance of the participants over a 6-month period.

Where is the research from?
This article and study was created by a number of researchers from around the world. The study was conducted at Shahwood University in Iran, however the study was researched and analysed by others in varying countries. They are based in the following locations:

 * A Naderi: Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
 * S Goli: Shahrood University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
 * R.J Shephard: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * H Degens: Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shahrood University of Medical Sciences and the trial was registered with the Iran Registry of Clinical Trials. Each researcher has conducted multiple studies in the field of Health Science, which makes a strong influence on the validity of this study.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a randomised controlled trial which contained 40 males aged above the age of 65. They were randomly split evenly into two groups (Control and Experimental). The experimental group were the ones who participated in the 6-month intervention.

The purpose of this trial was to assess how the training intervention affected factors that are known to be negatively deteriorated within this population group. The main areas that were assessed were: bone health, muscle and fat mass, and physical performance.

This study is appropriate for this study as it effectively determines the effects of the intervention within the desired population group through comparing the control and experimental groups of individuals. However the main limitation of this method is the inability to generalise the data to this population group as relatively healthy individuals were selected for this study, as participants needed to be fit and healthy enough to participate in the program.

What did the research involve?
The trial began with the group of 40 males being split into two groups, with them all being measured in a variety of scales at the beginning of the study as well as at the end of the 6-month period. Only the experimental group however participated in the Table Tennis intervention.

The following measurements were taken pre and post intervention:

The Table Tennis intervention consisted of three to five 1.5-hour sessions every week for the 6-month period. The instructor who was not involved with the research of the study recorded attendance as well as any circumstances which resulted in participants being forced to withdraw from the study. At the end of the trial, the control and experimental groups were assessed in the measurements above and the results were compared.
 * Self-Reported Dietary Intake
 * International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
 * Maximal heart rate and cardiovascular fitness
 * Body Mass Index
 * Blood Pressure
 * Body Composition
 * Short Physical Performance Battery

This methodology is a satisfactory approach in conducting this trial as it provides a range of measures that can be compared after the study is completed, as well as providing the researchers with the ability to specifically determine what systems are benefited from this study. Some of the limitations however is that the dietary intake measurements and IPAQ is self-reported which can create a bias in some of the answers provided.

What were the basic results?
The following tables below outlines the effectiveness of the training program within the experimental group in comparison to the control individuals. The numbers calculated were the average of each of the groups: The Health Variable Results within the Experimental group post-intervention shows:

 * A decrease in BMI, Blood Pressure and Fat Mass
 * An Increase in Lean Mass and Bone Mineral Density

The Physical Performance Results within the Experimental group post-intervention shows:

 * An improvement in the 5-Chair Stands as well as the 4-metre and 400-metre walk
 * An improved time and score in sustaining a One-Leg Stand and the SPPB

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The findings from this research demonstrate how positively effective a physical activity program is on this demographic of individuals. Through an improvement in results within all of the measurements taken in the experimental group as well as a similar or worsening result in the control group, this study is evidence on how important it is for the older population to partake in physical activity to improve their health and lifestyle. Other research enforce these findings as it has been found that moderate physical activity does correlate to an longer life expectancy and is important in the body maintenance in older individuals.

Practical advice
Physical Activity and Table Tennis is a great way for older individuals to stay active and pick up a sport and has a range of benefits for participants. However, it is important to get cleared by your local GP or physician before taking part in these activities. If this does not occur their may be additional risks associated and they may outweigh the benefits of participating in these programs.

Individuals from this population should also consult the advice and supervision of coaches and physios who may be more aware of your limitations and will prevent any risk of potential injury.

Further information/resources

 * Benefits in playing Table Tennis for Older Adults
 * Health Benefits for Playing Table Tennis
 * Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults
 * Table Tennis Senior Social Group in ACT

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia

This is a critical appraisal of the original research article: Swimming Improves Pain and Functional Capacity of Patients With Fibromyalgia.

What is the background of this research?
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic syndrome characterised by extensive pain, fatigue, memory problems, and sleep disturbances. Nonpharmacological treatment, such as aerobic exercises, both in and out of the water, have been found to provide benefit and control over regular symptoms and functional limitations of patients with FM.

Physical activity (PA) has been linked to increases in self-efficacy affecting their ability to manage pain and undertake beneficial PA. Participants with FM that participated in regular PA had higher social, mental, and physical health than participants with less PA.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of swimming on the functional movement, aerobic capacity, pain management, and quality of life within individuals with FM. Research into cost-effective, easily-administered treatments could increase symptom management and functionalility in individuals with FM and allow for a higher quality of life.

Where is this research from?
Undertaken with the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM). It was conducted at the rheumatology outpatients clinics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo.

The primary investigator of this research study is Giovana Fernandes, Mestranda. Giovana Fernandes works at Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Other investigators, such as Fabio Jennings and Jamil Natour have previous experience researching interventions around PA and/or rheumatology.

Researchers seemed appropriate and non-contradictory to the study.

What kind of research was this?
This research was conducted as a randomised control trial (RCT).

The use of RCTs in interventions involving FM and PA have increased in number and effectiveness within the last few years. However, using RCTs in this genre of research comes with limitations such as ethical and practical concerns, infeasibility, cost inefficiency, and factors such as researcher bias etc.

Participants' were split into two groups, a swimming group (SG) and a walking group (WG) by a computer program. This was safeguarded by a researcher not participating in the study.

There are concerns around the appropriateness of walking as a comparability to swimming. Results may be corrupt and unreliable if compared to PAs largely differing to swimming.

What did the research involve?
The 75 participants involved in this study were all female, aged between 18 - 60 years and were recruited via announcements in newspapers and via radio.

The inclusion criteria:

 * 1) FM classifications based on the American College of Rheumatology.
 * 2) A score between 4 and 8cm on a visual analogue scale (VAS).
 * 3) Ability to swim.
 * 4) Have no change in medication in relation to FM within the last 3 months.

The exclusion criteria:

Participants undertook a spiroergometric test.
 * 1) Uncontrolled cardiorespiratory disease.
 * 2) Contraindications for PA.
 * 3) Serious psychiatric disorders.
 * 4) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
 * 5) Previous participation in regular PA (≥30min 3 times a week) in the last 3 months.
 * 6) Inflammatory rheumatic disease.

Both groups undertook a 5-minute warmup, 40-minutes of exercise and a 5-minute cool down. These sessions were held 3 times a week for 12 weeks.

The SG performed freestyle. Participants' heart rate (HR) was monitored using a waterproof Polar HR monitor.

The WG performed these sessions in the open air whilst being monitored by an HR monitor.

Individuals participated in groups of 4-8 and were supervised by 2 trainers specialised in rheumatology. Trainers had diary cards to record the participants adherence to the program.

Participants were evaluated 3 times during the study, before the exercise programs (t0), at 6 weeks (t6), and 12 weeks into the program (t12).

Another concern is the participant's ability to maintain the intensity (70% VO2peak) for 50 minutes given their potential lack of previous PA due to their FM condition. Participants were likely to have varying physical abilities and be affected by FM differently, making specific, fatiguing PA difficult.

The variables used include:

 * VAS

- Pain levels.

 * Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ)

- Quality-of-life questionnaire (health circumstances).
 * Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)

- Generic quality-of-life questionnaire.

 * Timed Up & Go test (TUG)

- Functional ability.

 * Spiroergometric test

- Aerobic capacity measured (treadmill and ramp protocol).

 * Analgesic log

- Analgesics taken by each participant.

- Paracetamol was prescribed (500mg up to 4 times a day - when required by participant).

What were the basic results?
- For both the SG and WG improvements were seen in most variables.

- There were no statistically significant variables within aerobic capacity aside from absolute Vo2peak between the groups. This is theorised to be due to different physiological requirements between aquatic and land environments.

This aspect further raises the question about the appropriateness of walking as a PA comparative group within the study. Would a closer, more comparable PA yield more reliable results?

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Regular PA decreases symptomatic pain, increases functional movement, and quality-of-life in FM patients. There were no statistically significant differences in results between SG and WG aside from absolute Vo2peak. There are concerns about the reliability of these results due to the lack of comparability of the two groups.

The reliability of these results is threatened by the expected intensity the participants were to perform at a constant rate. No information on further improvement/ adherence to any regular PA by participants was stated in the research article. This implies improvements after the 12-week program were unaccounted for, limiting the results to a 3-month period of regular exercise.

Practical advice
Different exercise intensities could be implemented in research studies.

Modifications throughout the program could be implemented.

Conducted over a larger period.

Could be compared with other PAs or interventions (such as a conventional drug treatment program).

Further information/ resources
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.21693

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/fibromyalgia

https://fibromyalgiaaustralia.org.au/practitioners/pain-management/

https://www.mecfscanberra.org.au/


text:
User:Goelette Cardabela/Sandbox/Add appendix/Global test

Global test

 * Prerequisites:

 * 1) install mkd software
 * 2) execute 'users_install_annex.sh Add_appendix' to update the directories strucure
 * 3)   If not exist programs files in Add_appendix/bin directory copy all source files in src directory and execute compil2bin
 * 4) edit preannex.sh and install soo:
 * 5) install in ~/Add_appendix/tests/0-pre-annex.sh/.
 * test_pre-annex.bash in executable mode: (chmod 755 test_pre-annex.bash)
 * pre-annex.sh in executable mode: (chmod 755 pre-annex.sh)
 * 1) install in ~/Add_appendix/tests/.
 * sitelist.sh
 * sitelist.txt

 * Perform the tests:

 * 1) Install all tests-books from site with test_pre-annex.sh''

 * 1) execute tests_annex.sh from annex.sh#Global_test


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance

The following article is a critique and analysis of the paper: Motor performance in children and adolescents with cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase. Miriam Götte, Sabine V. Kesting, Corinna C. Winter, Dieter Rosenbaum & Joachim Boos

What is the background to this research?
Childhood cancer is the leading cause of disease-related death among 1 to 19 year old’s in the United States, with survival rates varying across various cancer types.Childhood Cancer and Treatment Effects on Motor Performance Many studies have found that childhood cancer has a significant impairment to the motor performance at the end of acute paediatric cancer treatment regarding motor mobility test. This is because the treatments they are receiving can damage healthy cells and keep them from developing normally. The chemotherapy is responsible for survival can produce long-term health-related outcomes that can occur months or even years after completing their cancer treatment. It’s said the long-term health-related outcomes can contribute to 60-90% of chronic health conditions developed from childhood cancer and its treatment. Motor abilities have been proven to be essential for daily life activities of children and adolescents and should therefore be trained individually during and after their treatment. As children's main motor skills are coordination, flexibility, speed, and strength, deficits often occur in cancer patients. They can potentially lead to impaired general mobility and problems coping with daily tasks.

Where is the research from?
The authors in this article work in various departments at the University Hospital of Munster, Germany. Three authors worked in the Department of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, from which this study was conducted. The other three authors worked in the Movement Analysis Lab, Institute for Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, at the same hospital in Germany. This study was funded by the Cora-Lobscheid Foundation and was communicated by David Nadal.

What kind of research was this?
This was a single-center study that was conducted between November 2011 and September 2013. These types of studies are usually set up in a particular hospital, clinic, or general practice. They are generally small-scaled studies and are cheaper, which are easier to obtain funding for. They also provide the flexibility of approach if it's necessary for clinicians and scientists to develop new treatments. For these studies to happen, physicians should apply the findings of these trials after carefully evaluating their methodology, particularly after comparing the context of the trial with their own situation.

What did the research involve?
The study involved oncological treatments with regular in-patient stays and ages between 6 and 17 years. The criteria exclude those unable to understand German and those who have a severe intellectual disability. Patients that gave consent to participate in the study were asked to participate at the end of their treatment, which is said to be ±2 weeks as close in time to their last in-patient cycle of chemotherapy of intensive treatment.

The MOON test was used to assess the motor performance as it has previously been proven feasible for various cancer patients. This includes bone tumor patients, orthopedic restrictions like amputations or endoprosthetic replacements, and reduced general condition and mobility limited by crutches and infusion stands.

MOON test consists of eight subtests:

 * 1) Inserting pins (measures hand-eye coordination under time pressure)
 * 2) Static stand (measures static balance/whole body posture on a wooden bar)
 * 3) Reaction test (measures speed/reaction time on optical stimuli)
 * 4) Throwing at a target (measures coordination with the precision of the upper extremity)
 * 5) Stand and reach (measures the flexibility of ischiocrural musculature and spinal erectors)
 * 6) Medicine ball shot (measures muscular explosive strength of the upper extremity)
 * 7) Sit-to-stand (measures muscular endurance of legs)
 * 8) Hand-held dynamometry (measures isometric maximum handgrip strength)

The overall duration of this test is approximately 20min, age and gender-matched reference values are available for 6 to 17-year-olds. The test items for upper extremity coordination are only limited to patients between 6 and 11 years old. This is due to the availability of reference values in the test.

What were the basic results?
These were the mean results in all eight exercises of the MOON test, which unsurprisingly fell below the age and gender-matched reference values. Impairments were seen in 50 to 91% of the study participants, depending on the test item. There were significant reductions in motor performance identified for hand-eye coordination, flexibility, muscular explosive strength, handgrip strength, static balance, speed, and muscular endurance of the legs.

In some of the patients, single motor test exercises had to be skipped. The static balance was taken out in three patients who were at a high risk of falls. The flexibility test wasn’t assessable in one of the patients who couldn't stand on the wooden device for testing. Muscular endurance of legs test could not be determined in one patient who wasn't permitted to do knee bends and in four patients who were not able to lift from a 90 degree sitting position and was therefore too weak to participate in that test.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Studies have shown that even basic exercises during cancer treatment can significantly improve the patient’s attitude to increase their motor performance, which in turn will have a positive effect on their cognitive health. This is because motor skills play a vital role in carrying out daily tasks such as carrying a backpack, being social with friends, and participating in sporting activities. The test's conclusions indicated that early child-oriented exercise interventions during cancer treatment are essential to improve motor performance. Though it remains unclear if the physical activity during the treatment has led to superior results in two of the tests, if others have been keeping "active," or if some patients have just experienced fewer physical side effects of the treatments.

Practical advice
Many factors should be considered to improve one’s motor performance at the end of cancer treatment. Further research should be conducted with a larger cohort to conclude more confidently the factors associated with coordination of the upper extremities and muscular explosive strength. Additionally, a longer intervention duration at the end of treatment would increase the likelihood of achieving a better outcome.

Further information/resources
Childhood Cancer and Treatment Effects on Motor Performance

Motor Performance in Children Diagnosed with Cancer: A Longitudinal Observational Study

MOTOR PERFORMANCE FOLLOWING CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CHILDHOOD CANCER


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker/Weapons and items

This is a list of weapons and other items in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker.

Sticks and Swords
Link is able to use a variety of melee weapons, including several weapons which are normally used by enemies, but can be picked up after an enemy has been disabled or defeated. With his own swords, the Hero's Sword and the Master Sword, Link can execute a wide variety of attacks, but he can only do a standard slash or spin attack with enemies' weapons.

Permanent Weapons

 * The Hero's Sword is the first sword gained by Link in the Wind Waker. It is obtained after Link trains with Orca and accomplishes his training.
 * The Master Sword is the legendary sword of evil's bane. It has been removed from the Temple of Time and placed in a hidden basement in Hyrule Castle. Though it is more powerful than the Hero's Sword, it is not powerful enough to defeat Ganondorf in its current state. It does not "shine with the power to repel evil" anymore, as the sages who prayed for its power have been killed. When new sages are awakened, the Master sword regains its power.

Temporary Weapons

 * Boko Sticks are mainly found by killing Boko Baba, though they can also be found in vases, and are sometimes wielded by Bokoblins (they are usually on fire). They can be thrown to hit enemies, or to light something on fire.
 * Bokoblin Blades are large machetes only wielded by Bokoblins. They are more powerful than Boko Sticks, and can hit enemies from far away when thrown.
 * The Spears are the main weapon wielded by Moblins. They can be be thrown farther than the Boko Stick and Bokoblin Blade.
 * Darknut Swords are used by Mighty Darknuts. They are one of the most powerful items that can be stolen from an enemy.
 * Stalfos wields the deadly mace. When Link uses it, however, it is less powerful than when a Stalfos wields it.

Arrows and Other Weapons

 * The Hero's Bow is obtained in the Tower of the Gods. It is the best item to use to hit enemies far way. It requires some skill to be accurate but is fairly easy to master.

 * Fire Arrows, or rather, the power to shoot flaming arrows, are given to Link in the grotto in Mother Island by the Great Fairy. They can set things on fire and melt frozen objects, but they use magic.

 * Ice Arrows, like Fire Arrows, are given to Link by the Great Fairy. They can freeze enemies and hot things, but they use magic.

 * Light Arrows are obtained in Ganon's Tower, and is the last item you get. When an enemy is hit with a Light Arrow (except for Ganondorf), the enemy will disappear in a flash of light. They are needed to defeat Puppet Ganon in all three of his forms. Like Fire and Ice Arrows, they use magic, but even more than them.

 * The Grappling Hook was invented by the Rito Tribe before they evolved wings and is givin to Link by Medli. It is not really a weapon, but can extract spoils from enemies when you throw it at them. It also stuns enemies, and when used in the boat, becomes a crane to search for treasure with. It is mainly used, though, for swinging across gaps like a vine.

 * The Boomerang makes another appearance in the Wind Waker. It can destroy only a few enemies, like the Peahats; it just stuns the rest. It is the dungeon item of the Forbidden Woods. It can also be used to slice things off the ceiling, and can target five different things at a time.

 * Bombs are obtained after you complete Nikko's second obstacle course. Use them to blow things up, such as slabs of rock and boats. When used on the boat, they become a cannon. Link should already be familiar with bombs before he actually obtains them; he used bomb plants, effectively the same thing, frequently on Dragon Roost Island.

 * The Hookshot is an item that is used to pull Link to where it latches on to, and, in some cases, pulls things to Link. It does not have a very long range.

 * The Skull Hammer is an item that is used to smash enemies and in some cases destroy obstacles this is found when you go to the Forsaken Fortress the second time

Ammunition

 * The Bomb Bag is used to carry bombs. You can carry up to 99 bombs, but only 30 can be carried until you visit Fairy Fountains. The first upgrade is to a capacity of 60; the second to 99.

 * The Quiver is used to carry arrows. You can carry up to 99 arrows, but only 30 can be carried until you visit Fairy Fountains. The first upgrade is to a capacity of 60; the second to 99.

 * The Spoils Bag lets you collect the items left behind when certain enemies are deafeated. They are: Skull Necklace, Boko Baba Seed, Green, Red, Blue Chu-Chu Jelly, Knight's Crest, Golden Feathers, and Joy Pendant. Received after completing Nikko's first obstacle course.

 * The Bait Bag lets you carry the bait you need coax fish to draw the islands on your Sea Chart . It also lets you carry Hyoi Pears which, when used as bait, allow you to control seagull's flight. Bought from Beetle's Ship Shop on Outset Island.

 * The Delivery Bag lets Link carry letters and decorations. Given to you by the Rito Postman.

Shields

 * The Hero's Shield is your first obtainable shield. Link receives it from his grandma. It was said that this was rumored to have belonged to the Hero of Time himself, but you learn later on from the The King of Red Lions that Link has no relation to the Hero. The shield was also used by Hylian Knights.

 * Mirror Shield functions in the exact same way as the Hero's Shield, except for one thing: the Mirror Shield can reflect light, which allows Link to complete various puzzles. Found in the Earth Temple.

Tunics and Boots

 * The Hero's Clothes are given to Link by his grandma. On Outset Island, when a boy comes of age, they put on the clothes as a tradition. This is why Link is dressed like the Hero of Time.

 * When you beat the game once, and start a new quest, The Hero's New Clothes are given to Link instead of the Hero's Clothes. They are invisible, so Link wears his blue shirt with the crawfish on it and orange pants for the remainder of the game. It is possible that the The Hero's New Clothes is actually an allusion towards the story The Emperors New Clothes this is implied when Link's grandmother states "You have to be honest to see them, can't you see them" (not the exact quote). A better approximation: "They are made of a special fabric that only the honest can see. Why the long face?  You can see them can't you?"

 * Near the beginning of the game, Tetra (the pirate girl) asks about the clothes ("Wow. What's with that get-up?"). It's possible that this is an error in the game (the same dialog is used regardless of the clothes), but it can also be interpreted that Tetra is the only person to notice the clothes (which is somewhat plausible, considering Tetra's later role in the game), other than Zill, the boy with a runny nose. Link's sister also mentions about the clothes, but it is unclear whether she actually sees them ("I guess they're pretty neat, though!").
 * The Deku Tree also comments how Link's appearance reminds him of the Hero of Time, even when Link appears in the crabfish shirt.

 * The Iron Boots (Heavy Boots) are different from the Iron Boots (Heavy Boots) of Ocarina of Time. They are equippable to a button rather than on the equipment screen and they will come off when you go in water. Though they make you unable to walk very fast, they let you activate springs by putting them on and then taking them off while standing on a spring, and they weigh you down so you can't get blown away by wind, which is helpful in the Wind Temple. The Iron Boots are found on Ice Ring Isle.

Dungeon Items

 * Dungeon Maps are used to guide you through the dungeon. They show you what rooms you have and haven't been in, and the room you currently are in flashes. When you have the compass, the treasure chests are shown on the map.

 * The compass shows you where all the treasure chests are, and where the dungeon boss is. It also shows which door you came through to get into the room, and where you are in the room on the map at the bottom-right corner of the screen.

 * A small key unlocks locked doors in the dungeon, but they can only be used in the dungeon you find them in.

 * The big key is needed to open the door to the boss's lair.

Charts

 * Treasure Charts are used to find sunken treasure in the sea. You must be in your boat and when you are almost right above a sunken treasure chest, use the grappling hook to pull it up and open it. There are more than 35.

 * The IN-credible Chart is automatically sent to you by Tingle some time after you have freed him from his jail cell on Windfall Island. It shows the locations of all of the Triforce Charts and later on it shows where the Triforce Shards are located. It has a C.O.D. of 201 rupees.

Quest Charts
Beedle's Chart shows you which sectors Beedle's ship sells at.

The Great Fairy Chart shows where all of the Great Fairies are located.

The Ghost Ship Chart  is obtained in the cavern on Diamond Steppe Island. It shows where the Ghost Ship currently is, which changes according to the moon phase.

The Island Hearts Chart shows which islands have hidden Pieces of Heart, and how many.

The Light Ring Chart shows which islands have mysterious rings of light on the ocean at night. These light rings, in clusters of five, have sunken treasure under them.

The Octo Chart shows where all the big octos are in the sea, and how many eyes they have.

The Platform Chart shows which sectors have skull platforms, tall platforms on the sea with enemies on top, and how many.

The Sea Hearts Chart shows which sectors have sunken Pieces of Heart, and how many.

The Secret Cave Chart shows the locations of all the secret carverns throughout the sea.

The Submarine Chart shows where all seven of the submarines are.

Tingle's Chart, though badly drawn, shows where Tingle Island is and shows you where all the wallet upgrade fairies are.

Miscellaneous

 * Pirate's Charm is actually a chunk of a gossip stone that lets you communicate with another person. Tetra and the King of Red Lions use it to talk to Link.

 * Power Braclets give Link enough strength to lift huge stone heads. Found in Fire Mountain.

 * The Telescope is the first item (beside Hero's Clothes) that you get. You receive it from Aryll as a birthday present. It does not have many uses, as there aren't many times Link has to view things from afar, but spotting clusters of seagulls(the mark of a hidden Big Octo) might be one use.

 * Though the King of Red Lions is a boat, he does not have a Sail. You must buy it from Zunari on Windfall Island for 80 rupees. Use it to sail around the Great Sea.

 * The Tingle-Tuner is given to Link from Tingle as gratitude for freeing him from jail. Hook up a Gameboy Advance to your Gamecube and Tingle will give you advice, and offer to sell you items at exorbitant fees.

 * The Elixir Soup, which is arguably the best item in the entire series, restores all health and magic power, and doubles your attack strength until you take damage. It can be obtained from Link's grandmother after she is cured of illness with a fairy.

 * Get the Picto Box by crawling though the small tunnel in Tingle's cell. It saves up to three black and white pictures at a time. Once you beat the game and start a second quest, you will get the Deluxe Picto Box automatically, which takes color pictures. However, it can be acquired on the first play through by completing tasks for Lenzo, the photographer on Windfall Island.

 * The Skull Hammer (Hammer) is needed to push down giant "plunger" switches. You can either slam it down or swing it around, depending on how you use it. You obtain it after you beat Phantom Ganon in the Forsaken Fortress.

 * On top of the Great Deku Tree is the Deku Leaf. Its primary use is to float on the wind and fly through the air, but is also used to blow gusts of air. It uses magic.

 * The Hero's Charm shows the health level of the enemy you L- Target. You receive it after you give forty joy pendants to the school teacher, Mrs. Marie.

 * The Magic Armor (Magic Shield) is actually Nayru's Love, which was owned by the Hero of Time. It prevents you from losing health, but uses your magic. Obtain it after Zunari's stall stocks 3 items (The Town Flower and any two others).
 * Heart Pieces are found throughout the Great Sea. Once you get four, you get a Heart Container which adds to your Life Energy.

 * Heart Container are obtained after you beat a boss. They raise your Life Energy level by one heart.

 * Bottles can be found throughout the Great Sea. They can hold many things, including water, fairies and potions.

Bottle Locations:

 * From Medli near the entrance to Dragon Roost Cavern

 * Submarine in the center of Bomb Island Sector.

 * Buy from Beedle at Rock Spire Island for 500 rupees

 * Get from Mila on Windfall Island after catching her in the act of stealing from Zunari's shop.

 * The Wind Waker (Takt of Wind) is a musical instrument used by the Hero of the Winds to conduct the winds. In olden times, it was used to conduct people who prayed to the gods.

Wind Waker Songs
The Wind Waker has 6 different songs to conduct:

 * Wind's Requiem (Song of Wind) (Up, Left, Right) Conduct the wind's direction.

 * Ballad of Gales (Song of Gales) (Down, Right, Left, Up) Transport you across the sea.

 * Command Melody (Song of Manipulation) (Left, Neutral, Right, Neutral) Control certain objects/people

 * Earth God's Lyric (Earth God's Song) (Down, Down, Neutral, Right, Left, Neutral) Awaken the blood in Medli to show her she's the Earth Sage & break earth tablets (With Medli).

 * Wind God's Aria (Wind God's Song) (Up, Up, Down, Right, Left, Right) Awaken the blood in Makar to show him he's the Wind Sage and break wind tablets (With Makar).

 * Song of Passing (Song of Day & Night) (Left, Right, Down) Change night into day and vice-versa.


text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Animals

In The Legend of Zelda series, animals often play a large role, providing a fast means of transportation, or helping Link to reach areas he can't access by himself. Animals are more common in later Zelda games. The most common animal, the cucco, which is nearly identical to a chicken, is seen in almost every Zelda game after A Link to The Past.

Ocarina of Time
Link's horse, Epona, first appears in Ocarina of Time, when Link wins her in a race with Ingo. Malon teaches Link Epona's Song, allowing him to call Epona from anywhere in Hyrule Field, Lon Lon Ranch, Lake Hylia, Gerudo Valley or Gerudo Fortress. Link can shoot arrows while on horseback, and take part in various minigames, such as the obstacle course at Lon Lon Ranch or the horseback archery challenge at the Fortress.

Also if Link wins the obstacle course in less than 50 seconds Malon will say that she is going to give Link a present, but since it is too heavy, she delivers it to Link's home. If Link returns to his home as an adult, a cow will be there.

Majora's Mask
Epona makes another appearance in Majora's Mask. Like in Ocarina of Time, Epona can called by Epona's Song from Termina Field and select other locations. She is taken from Link at the beginning of the game by the Skull Kid, but is later returned after Link completes Romani's balloon challenge. Link can also shoot arrows from horseback in this game.

Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons
In Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons, Link meets three animals: Ricky, Dimitri, and Moosh. However, Link only keeps one of them, depending on the flute he has.

 * Ricky is one of the most common animals in Seasons, because nothing special is required to get him; Link just meets him. In Ages you must earn the flute by winning in a mini-game. He can hop over holes and jump onto cliffs. Ricky has a powerful punch; when charged, he can release a hurricane. He is a kangaroo and Link rides in his pouch.
 * Moosh is one of the most common animals in Ages, as nothing special is needed to get him. Moosh is a blue polar bear with wings. He can fly for short periods of time and smash creatures.
 * Dimitri, a Dodongo, is the last animal Link can get. Although Dodongos are usually enemies, Dimitri is good and will let Link ride on his back. He can swim and climb waterfalls. When Link gets the power bracelet, he can pick Dimitri up and throw him. To get him or Moosh in the games, one has to buy or win a Strange Flute from a store or minigame, and depending on which one you get, you'll get Dimitri or Moosh as your "summon." Areas in Holodrum are different, depending on which of the three animals you can call.

In addition, Epona, or a horse similar to Epona, appears in both Opening sequences, but she does not appear in the game.

Twilight Princess
In Twilight Princess, Link can transform into a wolf when he enters the Twilight Realm, and this transformation is integral to the plot and gameplay. As a wolf, Link can attack with his teeth and tail, dig, talk to other animals, and sense out hidden objects and enemies with his natural heightened senses. He can also howl at various points in the game. When Midna is riding on his back, Link can target multiple enemies and warp throughout Hyrule.

Also while in animal form, Link can speak to other animals. This becomes an integral part of retrieving the Ordon Sword and Shield from Ordon village, as the animals will give Link hints and clues as to the whereabouts and retrieval options of the sword and shield.

Link's horse, which is named by the player (default name being Epona) at the beginning of the game, plays a much larger role in Twilight Princess. Horseback combat has been introduced, allowing Link to use his sword, bow, slingshot, clawshot, and boomerang on horseback.

Bulblins can ride and fight on large saddled boars, which Link can ride once its rider(s) are knocked off the boar. Link can ride the boars by going up to it and pressing A, but as soon as a Bulblin spots the boar, Link cannot ride it anymore (the A button command "Get on" disappears as soon as a Bulblin sees the boar which Link is standing next to). While on a boar, Link cannot use weapons, but can charge through barriers.

Using a grasswhistle, Link can call a hawk which he can use to knock down distant objects, or a Kargaroc that carries him as a wolf.

title: Zelda franchise strategy guide/Animals


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap/Items/Kinstone

Kinstones are special artifacts first introduced in The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap which Link can find throughout his quest. They are kept in bags called Kinstone Bag. You receive the bag for free after you completed the first dungeon. Kinstones are generally green, blue or red although they can be gold if they are '"fused" with the wall.

Fusing Kinstones
By pressing L, it allows the player to "fuse Kinstones" with non-player characters (NPCs) in the game. Two kinstones with complementary shapes be combined to form a coin. If the player can find the NPCs who possess a kinstone complementary to his, he can perform Kinstone Fusion, which causes special events to happen. For example, fusing Kinstones can reveal a secret passageway in a different area, or make a treasure chest appear.


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap/Characters/Ezlo

Ezlo is a character from the The Minish Cap He is Primarily a Craftsman of the Minish race but was turned into a Duck like hat by the Wind Mage Vaati. He serves as a Guide throughout the Game and helps Link with Various Tasks.

Storyline
Ezlo is first encountered by Link being attacked by two octorocks inside the Minish Woods. Upon saving him Ezlo decides to accompany Link on his quest. Because he is unable to move very fast, having no legs, throughout the adventure he rides on top of Link's head like a hat.

Later in the game, it is revealed that Ezlo was once a highly skilled Minish Craftsman who created a magical cap with the power to grant wishes. However, his young apprentice (Vaati) stole the cap and used it to turn himself into a powerful sorcerer and transform Ezlo into his hat-like form.

At the end of the Game Ezlo is transformed back to normal and gives Link a new hat as a parting gift.

Abilities
As a Minish he was able to create a magical cap that granted wishes, but he can do very little in his hat form.

Upon finding a Minish portal (A disguised object that allows one to change size) Ezlo is able to transform Link to the size of a Minish to let him explore areas where only someone the size of a bug can. Ezlo is very knowledgeable and is able to aid Link with information on the various places around Hyrule. He can also be used as a parachute when Link Jumps into a Whirlwind.

He is also one of the few Picori that can speak Hylian without use of the Jabber Nut.


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap/Characters/Minish

In The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap, the Minish (known as Picori for the Hylian) are the thumb-sized people living in Hyrule.

They came from another world, through a portal that only opens every 100 years, and they are the ones hiding items in tall grass, under rocks and so on. They do this to make people happy.


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap/Characters

This is a list of fictional characters that appear in the video game The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap.

Link
Link is the recurring hero of The Legend of Zelda series. He is the grandson of Smith and the childhood friend of Princess Zelda. Link goes on an adventure to reawaken the cursed Zelda, and meets Ezlo on the way.

Princess Zelda
Princess Zelda is the recurring princess of Hyrule in The Legend of Zelda series. She contains the mysterious Light Force and early in the game she is turned into stone by Vaati, prompting Link to save her.

Ezlo
Ezlo is a Minish sorcerer who invented a hat that makes the wearer's dreams come true. His apprentice, Vaati, steals the hat and transfigures Ezlo into a beaked hat form himself. After Ezlo sets out to stop Vaati, he meets Link, and spends most of the time sitting on Link's head giving advice. Ezlo can also transform Link into the size of a Minish to help him on his quest, and can be used as a parachute.

Vaati
Vaati is a recurring villain in The Legend of Zelda series, introduced in The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords. The Minish Cap reveals Vaati's backstory, showing that he was originally a Minish who was corrupted by the evil in the hearts of men. Stealing his master Ezlo's magical hat, he transformed into a sorcerer and went on a quest to steal the powerful Light Force.

Minish/Picori
Called Picori by humans, though they refer to themselves as the Minish, are a tiny, gnome-like race of people who traveled from their land to Hyrule. The relative size of a Minish is about that of a human's thumb. Despite this, they possess magical abilities to forge and make magical items, and they purposely tend to leave them where humans can find them. It is said that the Minish will only show themselves to children. Various types of Minish live throughout Hyrule.

Forest Minish
The Forest Minish live outside human towns, they help humans by scattering money, items, and their special "kinstones" across the lands, hiding them in pots, grass, rocks and even the ground under people's feet. They mostly live in forests and dense growth, but sometimes go into town to visit their urban counterparts. They also cultivate "picolyte", which is a type of mystical blossom that, when consumed, changes chances on finding certain things. They will make a home in just about anything. Pots, boots and even barrels are fair game. They also live in hollowed out toadstools. They tend to forests, help plants grow, and also protect the shrine of the "Earth Element". They wear a green poncho-like tunic, red caps, use clovers as umbrellas, and are led by Festari.

Town Minish
The Town Minish are the city folk of the Minish. They live in walls, on book shelves, eves in ceilings, and anywhere a mouse could live. They make walkways, tunnels, and various paths out of the way of humans to get around. They are slightly more "sophisticated" when it comes to living. They use lost toys, broken things and lint for cushioning in their furniture. They also use candles as lighting, and prefer "finer-foods". They build establishments above human shops to "recycle" what humans do not use. They wear various colors on their clothes. Yellow is the most uncommon, while blue is very popular. They host Forest Minish at parties, and are led by Librari.

Mountain Minish
The Mountain Minish dwell within Mount Crenel. They spend their time mining and smithing, and are quite adept at it. They dig out their homes, and usually live in large groups. They wear orange, pale blue, and white zig-zagged clothes and are led by Melari.

King Daltus
Daltus is the king of Hyrule, and the father of Princess Zelda. Halfway through the game he is imprisoned by Vaati, who transforms himself into the king and orders his soldiers to find the Light Force for him.

Blade Brothers
The Blade Brothers are seven brothers who are all expert swordsmen. They teach Link various sword skills, though all but the first one (the Spin Attack), are optional. The brothers consist of Swiftblade, Grayblade, Waveblade, Grimblade, Splitblade, Scarblade and Greatblade. Swiftblade is the strongest of the seven, and teaches Link the most skills. The brothers also have another, older brother named Swiftblade the First, who appears in a ghostly form to teach Link the final skill (Great Spin Attack).

Smith
Smith is Link's Grandfather, and the blacksmith of Hyrule's royal family. He is a friend of King Daltus, and the two were friendly rivals and swordsmen in their youths. Smith gives Link the first sword in the game, known as "Smith's Sword".

Carlov
Carlov is a character introduced in The Wind Waker, where he made figurines from the player's "pictographs". He serves a similar role in The Minish Cap, selling figurines with short explanations of characters and enemies in exchange for Mysterious Shells.

Dampé
Dampé is a gravekeeper that was introduced in Ocarina of Time, and has reappeared in several games since its release. In each game he works as a gravekeeper. In The Minish Cap, Dampé lives in the graveyard in Royal Valley, and gives Link the key needed to access the grave of Gustaf.

Gustaf
Gustaf is an ancient king of Hyrule, who appears as a ghost to give Link a Kinstone needed to enter the Cloud Tops where the Wind Tribe lives.

Wind Tribe
The Wind Tribe is a group of humans who live inside the Tower of the Winds upon the Cloud Tops, guarding the entrance to the Palace of the Winds. They used to reside in what is by The Minish Cap the Wind Ruins, in southwestern Hyrule, where they took care of the Wind Element, but used their powers over the winds to relocate and build a home in the clouds to escape the problems in the surface world. When Link arrives at the fortress, he finds that they have left behind the Ocarina of Wind, which can be used to summon Zeffa, one of their many birds, who can fly Link to the various "Wind Crests" located around Hyrule. They seem to have later been expelled by Vaati, as he is seen dwelling in the Palace of Winds in Four Swords and Four Swords Adventures.

The Wind Tribe knew the Minish, who crafted Armos statues to protect the Wind Ruins surrounding the Fortress of Winds. The tribe also created Mazaal, a large, mechanical construct, resembling a Mayan Bust, which guards the fortress. Besides architecture, they are so skilled at finding Kinstones that they claim to have more than they can deal with. Additionally, they use their power over the winds to support their airborne tower, as well as to travel throughout the sky.

Tingle, Ankle, Knuckle and David Jr.
Tingle is a recurring character in The Legend of Zelda series, introduced in Majora's Mask. His siblings, Ankle and Knuckle, along with an unrelated man named David Jr., were introduced in The Wind Waker. In The Minish Cap, the four characters can be found in various locations of Hyrule, where they tell Link how many Kinstone fusions he has left. Finding and fusing kinstones with all of them earns the player the Magic Boomerang.


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap

This is a Wikibook on the Game Boy Advance game, The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap.

Table of contents

 * /Characters/
 * Ezlo
 * Minish
 * /Weapons and items/
 * Kinstone

title: The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap


text: Category:Book:The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap


text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Vaati

Vaati (グフー), the Wind Mage, is a fictional character and antagonist from The Legend of Zelda series of video games. His most common appearance is a black orb with a single eye, although his original appearance was that of a purple Minish. He is the second-most frequently recurring major villain in the series, after Ganon. In the 210th edition of Nintendo Power, Vaati was listed as number two of the top five Zelda series bosses, surpassed only by Ganon.

The Minish Cap
Vaati's first appearance chronologically is in The Minish Cap, wherein he is a young sorcerer wielding powerful dark magic, who one day unleashes monsters upon Hyrule and turns Princess Zelda to stone. He appears several times throughout the game to taunt the hero Link, and often emits a high-pitched evil laugh upon his entrances.

Later in the game, it is revealed that Vaati was once a Minish who became corrupted by the evil that lay in the hearts of men, and who used the Wishing Cap, created by his former master Ezlo, to transform himself into a Hylian sorcerer. Vaati desires ultimate power, and seeks to obtain the mystical light force—a source of limitless magical power that is hidden within Princess Zelda. When he finally learns of its location, he takes the princess to Hyrule Castle to complete his plan. There, Vaati manages to steal most of the light force from Princess Zelda, using it to transform himself into a god-like being in order to combat Link. He is defeated and is forced to assume the form of a one-eyed demon in a desperate attempt to continue the battle. Despite his newfound power, Vaati is ultimately defeated by Link and is later sealed away by the Four Sword, a reforged Picori Blade with the ability to split its wielder into four separate entities.

Four Swords
Vaati next appeared in Four Swords, which was actually his first appearance in terms of game release dates. In the beginning of the game, Princess Zelda senses a weakening of Vaati's seal and asks Link to accompany her in repairing it. Vaati breaks free at this point and kidnapps her with the intention of forcing her to marry him. Link draws the Four Sword and eventually seals Vaati with it, rescuing Zelda.

Four Swords Adventures
In Four Swords Adventures, Dark Link tricks Link into releasing Vaati. Dark Link ambushes the shrine maidens while they are visiting the enshrined Four Sword and seals them all within magical crystals which he took with him, similarly to events in A Link to the Past. When Link draws the Four Sword to battle Dark Link, Vaati breaks the seal and escapes. It is revealed only at the very end of Four Swords Adventures, in a twist ending, that Vaati was being used by Ganon (though it is hinted at as early as the fifth level). Ganon had used the Dark Mirror to create evil clones of Link whom he ordered to abduct Princess Zelda and the other shrine maidens so that he might siphon their power to himself and take over the world. Before facing Ganon, Link fights and defeats Vaati once more, appearing to finally kill him rather than merely sealing him with the Four Sword. However, when he is "killed", dark waves appear, similar to that of Dark Link going into the Dark World, so whether Vaati died or escaped remains to be seen.


text:
User:Ramesh Bishnoi bangura

Mumtaj mahal

मुमताज़ महल (फ़ारसी: ممتاز محل; अर्थ: महल का प्यारा हिस्सा) अर्जुमंद बानो बेगम का अधिक प्रचलित नाम है। इनका जन्म अप्रैल 1593  में आगरा में हुआ था। इनके पिता अब्दुल हसन असफ़ ख़ान एक फारसी सज्जन थे जो नूरजहाँ के भाई थे। नूरजहाँ बाद में सम्राट जहाँगीर की बेगम बनीं। १९ वर्ष की उम्र में अर्जुमंद का निकाह शाहजहाँ  से 10 मई, 1612 को हुआ। मुमताज महल का जन्म आगरा में अर्जुमंद बानू बेगम के घर फारसी कुलीनता के परिवार में हुआ था। वह अबू-हसन आसफ़ खान की बेटी थी, जो एक अमीर फ़ारसी रईस था, जो मुग़ल साम्राज्य में उच्च पद पर था और सम्राट जहाँगीर की मुख्य पत्नी और महारानी के पीछे की शक्ति महारानी नूर जहाँ की भतीजी थी। [५] उनकी शादी १ ९ साल की उम्र में ३० अप्रैल १६१२ को राजकुमार खुर्रम से हुई, बाद में उनके नाम से पहचाने जाने वाले शाहजहाँ, जिन्होंने उन्हें "मुमताज़ महल" की उपाधि से सम्मानित किया था (फ़ारसी: महल का सबसे प्रसिद्ध एक )। हालांकि १६०, से शाहजहाँ के साथ विश्वासघात किया गया, वह अंततः १६१२ में उनकी दूसरी पत्नी बन गईं। मुमताज़ और उनके पति के चौदह बच्चे थे, जिनमें जहाँआरा बेगम (शाहजहाँ की पसंदीदा बेटी), और क्राउन राजकुमार दारा शिकोह, वारिस-स्पष्ट, उनके पिता द्वारा अभिषिक्त, जिन्होंने मुमताज महल के छठे बच्चे, औरंगज़ेब द्वारा पदच्युत होने तक अस्थायी रूप से उन्हें सफल बनाया, जिन्होंने अंततः 1658 में अपने पिता को छठे मुगल सम्राट के रूप में देखा।

title: User:Ramesh Bishnoi bangura


text: Shelf:Super Smash Bros.

title: Shelf:Super Smash Bros.


text: Shelf:Super Smash Bros./ancestry

title: Shelf:Super Smash Bros./ancestry


text: Category:Shelf:Super Smash Bros.

title: Category:Shelf:Super Smash Bros.


text: Category:Shelf:Super Smash Bros./all books


text: Category:Subject:Super Smash Bros.

title: Category:Subject:Super Smash Bros.


text: Subject:Super Smash Bros.

title: Subject:Super Smash Bros.


text: Category:Subject:Super Smash Bros./all books


text:
Zelda franchise strategy guide/Items/Boomerang

The boomerang is a common weapon in The Legend of Zelda series. It is typically used to stun enemies, retrieve items, and trigger switches. Some weak enemies can be defeated using the boomerang, and in some games the boomerang is capable of cutting down objects. The boomerang has two versions: a normal wooden boomerang and the magical boomerang, which flies farther and faster and can be directed after it is thrown.

The Legend of Zelda
The boomerang first appeared in The Legend of Zelda. It stuns large enemies such as Moblins and kills smaller ones such as Keese. The normal boomerang is found in the first dungeon and the magical boomerang is found in the second.

A Link to the Past
The boomerang returns in The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, found in the basement of Hyrule Castle. Link can toss the boomerang into a fairy fountain to receive the magical boomerang.

Link's Awakening
The boomerang is an optional weapon in The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening and is received late in the game. To get the boomerang, Link must trade one of his weapons to a Moblin-like creature (probably a Goriya). The boomerang is significantly more powerful in the game, capable of defeating many enemies and cutting down bushes.

Ocarina of Time
The boomerang in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time is used by young Link only. The only major difference in the boomerang is that it is now thrown from a first-person perspective.

Oracle of Seasons and Ages
The normal boomerang was the same as in Link's Awakening however, there was also a Level-2 boomerang and could be controlled when thrown. And sometimes could kill a weak enemy, such as a Keese.

The Wind Waker
In The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, the boomerang gains a significant new feature. Before throwing the boomerang, Link can select up to five targets for the boomerang to hit before returning, which is crucial for certain puzzles involving switches that need to be triggered by the boomerang.

The Minish Cap
The wooden and magical boomerangs return in The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap. The wooden boomerang can be bought in town, and the magical boomerang is earned by fusing kinstones with Tingle and his brothers.

Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess has the Gale Boomerang, which has elemental wind power, will appear in this game. It can also target multiple things and can carry objects from one place to another.


text:
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap/Weapons and items

This is a list of weapons and other items for the game The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap.

Description of Items
Many items are needed to perform different tasks and solve puzzles, and can sometimes be used as weapons, in addition to Link's sword, shield, bow, bombs, and boomerang.

Special Items
Following are descriptions of special items found in The Minish Cap. These must be used actively by the player to have any effect. Some of them double as weapons.

 * Gust Jar
 * A magic jar which can suck in air then shoot it out. Link can use it to bring objects closer to him and suck in enemies. The longer you hold the button, the farther it will shoot the air when you release the button.

 * Roc's Cape
 * A cape allowing Link to jump to dodge attacks and avoid traps. He can also learn to thrust down to enemies with his sword while jumping.

 * Mole Mitts
 * Clawed gloves which Link uses to dig through soft ground and walls.

 * Flame Lantern
 * A lantern found in numerous Zelda games, this item is used to illuminate dark locations, as well as to melt ice.

 * Pegasus Boots
 * Magic boots which grant the bearer the ability to run four times the speed of a regular man.

 * Cane of Pacci
 * A magic staff used to flip objects over and to allow Link to jump very high out of some small holes.

 * Ocarina of Winds
 * A magical ocarina that calls a bird called Zeffa, who brings you to any wind crest you have activated.

Item Upgrades
In The Minish Cap, Link can acquire upgraded versions of his weaponry items. Although he uses only two different swords during the game, the second one, The White Sword gains power as Link imbues it with elemental power along his quest (see plot summary below).
 * Magic Boomerang
 * A boomerang that the player can make change direction.

 * Light Arrows
 * Stronger than normal arrows but only when charged up before you use them.

 * Remote Bombs
 * Bombs that explode when the player presses the bombs button. Only one can be out at a time, instead of the 3 normal bombs.

 * Mirror Shield
 * A stronger shield that can reflect projectiles.

 * White Sword
 * The sacred blade reforged, only without the elements to power.

 * Four Sword
 * The white sword powered up by the four elements, link can use its power to split into four at glowing panels.

Bottles
Bottles can be used to store various items and carry them wherever you go. It is required to have at least one bottle to complete the game. Link can find up to 4 bottles in the game. Items stored in bottles:
 * Lon Lon Milk: used twice, heals 5 hearts each time.
 * Water: used either to grow beans.
 * Mt. Crenel Spring Water: used to grow special beans which don't like regular water.
 * Blue Potion: used to heal 10 hearts.
 * Red Potion: used to heal 20 hearts.
 * Fairies: used to heal 4 hearts.
 * Din's Charm: used to double strength for a while.
 * Nayru's Charm : used to double Defense for a while.
 * Farore's Charm: used to raise Strength and Defense for a while.
 * Red Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding hearts.
 * Green Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding Mysterious shells.
 * White Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding Kinstone pieces.
 * Blue Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding items.
 * Yellow Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding rupees.
 * Orange Picolyte: used to increase the chance of finding fairies.

Permanent Items
The following items permanently grant Link abilities he needs to fulfill his quest:
 * Power Bracelet: unlike power bracelets from other Zelda games, the power bracelet gives you strength to move objects too big when you are a minish.
 * Grip Ring: a ring allowing you to climb mountains.
 * Flippers: flippers that are used to swim.

Containers
The following are item holders:
 * Quiver: used to keep arrows.
 * Bomb Bag: used to keep bombs/remote bombs.
 * Kinstone Bags: used to collect kinstones.
 * Wallet: used to carry rupees.

Permanent Upgrade Items

 * Pieces of Hearts: 4 heart containers gives you a full heart container.
 * Tiger Scrolls: describes the technique learnt by the different masters.
 * Red Joy Butterfly: lets you fire your arrows faster with the Bow.
 * Blue Joy Butterfly: lets you swim faster with the Flippers.
 * Green Joy Butterfly: lets you dig faster with the Mole Mitts.

Other Items
The following are other items not described in the previous sections.

 * Mysterious Shells: used to trade for figurines.

Basic Items

 * Smith's Sword: given by Link's grandfather
 * Small Shield: given by Princess Zelda at the festival
 * Bow: found at Castor Wilds
 * Boomerang: bought for 300 rupees at Stockwell's Shop
 * Bombs: given by picori in the minish woods

Special Items

 * Gust Jar: found in Deepwood Shrine
 * Roc's Cape: found in Palace of Winds
 * Mole Mitts: found in Fortress of Winds
 * Flame Lantern: found in Temple of Droplets
 * Pegasus Boots: found in the Shoe Shop
 * Cane of Pacci: found in Cave of Flames
 * Ocarina of Winds: found in Fortress of Winds

Item Upgrades

 * Magic Boomerang: found by fusing stones with all 4 Tingles siblings then going down the ladder that appeared from activating the swithes in the cave below where Vaati's Spear Moblins ambushed you.
 * Light Arrows: given by Gregal (the sick man in the Wind Tribe's house if you suck the ghost making him sick into the gust jar before getting to the wind tribe's house the correct way (without using the portal that appeared from fusing kinstones with the guy from a faraway place in hyruletown).
 * Remote Bombs: after fusing stones with the elder of the Minish Village in Minish Woods talk to the Minish who gave you bombs.
 * Mirror Shield: complete the Goron quest and fuse with one of the Gorons. Then you beat the game (the Biggoron will ask you to do something important). When you return, let Biggoron chew on your shield. Then go buy a new one. Come back to the big guy every once in a while until he gives you the Mirror Shield. If you ever lose it, buy a new shield and let him eat it.
 * White Sword: talk to the Melari in the mining city after the 2nd dungeon.
 * Four Sword: after you have all the elements, go to the Elemental Santuary.

Bottle

 * Bottle 1: bought from business scrub in Trilby highlands for 20 rupees.
 * Bottle 2: found in Stockwell's shop and is kept after feeding his dog
 * Bottle 3: fuse kinstones with your grandfather and a bottle shall appear in Lon Lon Ranch.
 * Bottle 4: after finishing Goron Quest.

Bottled Items

 * Lon Lon Milk: bought for 100 rupees from Malon in Hyrule.
 * Water: anywhere with water.
 * Mt. Crenel Spring Water: Mt. Crenel
 * Potions: sold by the witch in Minish Woods. Red is activated when you fuse with picori in southern Hyrule Field.
 * Fairies: in bushes, dungeons, caves and many other places.
 * Charms: only possible to get 2 out of 3 charms. Given for free after the Nayru, Din or Farore moves into a house.(Get Farors because it raises both your attack and defence, not to mention turns you purple.)
 * Picolytes: bought in Hyrule Town Market if you cleaned the dust off with your Gust Jar.

Permanent Items

 * Power Bracelets: found in mini-dungeon during the book quest
 * Grip Rings: bought for 40 rupees from business scrub on Mt. Crenel
 * Flippers: found in the mini-dungeon after you returned all the overdue library books.

Permanent Upgrade Items

 * Red Joy Butterfly: After kinfusing with Din, catch it in the Wind Ruins.
 * Blue Joy Butterfly: After kinfusing with Nayru, catch it in the Royal Valley Graveyard.
 * Green Joy Butterfly: After kinfusing with Farore, catch it in the Castor Wilds.

Ammunition Holders

 * Quiver: received with bow.
 * Bomb Bag: received with bombs.

Wallet

 * Basic: can carry 100 rupees.
 * Upgrade 1: bought at Hyrule after Festival for 80 rupees. Can carry 300 rupees.
 * Upgrade 2: found at Minish Woods by using the Cane of Pacci in a Hole in at Eastern Hills when you visit the Great Fairy. Can carry 500 rupees.
 * Upgrade 3: after fusing with mayor of Hyrule, go to Lon Lon Ranch. Can carry 999 rupees.

Quiver

 * Basic: can carry 30 arrows.
 * Upgrade 1: bought in Stockwell's Shop for 600 rupees. Can carry 50 arrows.
 * Upgrade 2: found in Royal Valley when you visit the Great Fairy. Can carry 70 arrows.
 * Upgrade 3: kinfuse with Minish in Wind Ruins, and a giant plant will grow. Can carry 99 arrows.

Bomb Bag

 * Basic: can carry 10 bombs.
 * Upgrade 1: found in Mt. Crenel when you visit the Great Fairy. Can carry 30 bombs. To make the fairy appear, throw a bomb into the fountain.
 * Upgrade 2: kinfuse with Beleri and open chest in Wind Ruins. Can carry 50 bombs.
 * Upgrade 3: can't be found in the European version. However, it can be bought at the shop in other versions, also can be found in wind ruins in a chest. Can hold 99 bombs.


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?

This critique is on the article: "Recumbent stepping aerobic exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot study". This is for an assignment with the University of Canberra, as part of the Health, Disease and Exercise unit.

What is the Background to this research?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive motor neuron disease affecting the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing loss of muscle control around the body .There is a range of early symptoms that contribute to the diagnosis of ALS including: slurred speech, difficulty eating/swallowing, twitches in the arms and legs and muscle stiffness. The onset of the disease is most commonly sporadic (random) with about 5-10% of cases being familial (genetic), however, there is not enough research to how each of the causes has come about and why it only affects certain people.

ALS is currently an incurable disease, however there are forms of treatment available that can aid in the patient’s symptom progression, independence and prevent some of the harsher complications of the disease. Light aerobic exercise is increasingly becoming a more popular treatment option among patients as well as caregivers. This can be in the form of stepping, walking, or swimming; all of which have abilities to boost heart health and decrease muscle pains. Improving quality of life for these patients is an important and positive factor, however there is limited research behind whether aerobic exercise contributes to the more physical aspects of the progressions.

Where is the research from?
The authors of this study, Anjali Sivaramakrishnanundefined and Sangeetha Madhavan, are from the Department of Physical Therapy at the College of Applied Health Science, Chicago. Both authors are very accomplished females of their field who both are Physical therapists, specializing in rehabilitation sciences, primarily of neuromuscular events such as, ALS, Parkinson’s, stroke survivors and spinal cord injuries,.

What kind of research was this?
The research was conducted as a randomized single group pre-test post-test experimental study with a one month follow up. The most common method for these types of research studies are with clinical trials or control designs, all of which are individually randomized in some form.

What did the research involve?
Participants for the study were recruited by reviewing the ability for the patients to walk at least 10 meters, aided or not. If the patient could do this, they could still be excluded through other contradictions such as:

 * History of severe cardiac, pulmonary, metabolic, or orthopedic complications (pre study)
 * Significant cognitive or communication impairment
 * Other neurological comorbidities
 * Contraindications to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

At the pre-test, Post-test, and one month follow up, there were outcomes measured to ensure the safety and feasibility of the study. These measurements were: In this intervention, the patients were required to use the ‘NuStep T5 Recumbent Cross trainer’ and maintain a pace of 65-70 steps per minute for 40 minutes. This included a 5-minute warm up, 30 minutes of exercise, and 5-minute cool down. These sessions were completed 3 times a week for 4 weeks.

During the sessions, the participants were encouraged to perform at 50-70% of max heart rate and at a RPE level of 3-5 (using modified Borg’s scale), which were both measured every 5 minutes to maintain the accuracy of the exercise.

To reach the targeted heart rate, the resistance on the cross trainer was gradually increased. If they already have reduced leg strength, then they were encouraged to step faster rather than increasing the resistance.

What were the basic results?
From the measured clinical variables that were examined in the pre, post and 1-month assessments, there was no considerable differences. The only notable measurement found was that there was a total increase of distance by 0.11 miles between the participants however still not significant.

The ALSFRS-R post exercise scores found that the aerobic stepping exercise does not affect ALS disease progression. While the figures showed that there was limited physical benefits, the participant showed great satisfaction in the program as evident via the 100% participation from all individuals. The QoL and BDI surveys were shown to have an increase and showing that the individuals had a greater quality of life post exercise. The results were tabulated into participant characteristics (pre-test), satisfaction scores, change in ALSFRS-R scores, and the comparison of clinical and gait parameters at all stages (including p value).

Safety of the program is supported although there were some measures excluded from the testing which may have proved beneficial to the program. These include the measurement of oxygen consumption and respiratory capacity,

Due to such a short study period and sample size, the results could not provide a conclusive insight on whether it shows extensive benefits to ALS patients, however the program was feasible and safe for ALS patients and showed to have an increase in overall quality of life and mental wellbeing. The authors recognize that there are also several similar articles that provide the same results, however still performed at small study periods.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Overall, the study provided a significant understanding that moderate aerobic exercise can aid in the overall quality of life for ALS patients however no conclusive results showing physical benefits. There are barriers to be faced when providing exercise programs for ALS patients including fatigue, muscle weakness, respiratory problems, limited transportation, and caregiver burden which are all factors that must be considered. Several limitations that come with the disease result in the exercise to be also very altered to suit certain complications.

Practical advice
While aerobic exercise has a benefit on almost anyone, due to the range of complications that can occur with ALS patients, there is criteria that must be assessed before implementing a program. You must consider the patients prior activities, current strength and mobility, balance, rate of symptom progression, respiratory functions, and overall goals.

As ALS affects everyone differently, everything must be taken into consideration. There are different types of exercise that can be incorporated into programs including: aerobic exercise (i.e., treadmill, stepper, elliptical), range of motion/flexibility exercise (i.e., yoga, Pilates, water therapy), and strengthening exercises.

Further information
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS):

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354022#:~:text=Amyotrophic%20lateral%20sclerosis%20(a%2Dmy,who%20was%20diagnosed%20with%20it.

A randomized controlled trial of resistance and endurance exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21678421.2017.1404108

The Role of Exercise as a Non-pharmacological Therapeutic Approach for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Beneficial or Detrimental?:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2019.00783/full

Range of Motion Exercises for ALS Patients:

https://alstreatment.com/range-of-motion-exercises/


text: User talk:70.23.101.96

title: User talk:70.23.101.96


text:
User talk:Cindy the helper

Hello, a couple of things. Pages in books are embedded in the format Book/Chapter/Page. You should not create a page called "spinal nerve" it should be "Book name/Chapter name/Spinal nerve". Secondly, please don't copy from Wikipedia. The site license requires attribution either by an import or providing a backlink. Instructions on how to do this are on WB:RFI. Thanks - QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 12:25, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cindy the helper


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery

This is a critique of the article "High-intensity training following lung cancer surgery: a randomised controlled trial" By Elisabeth Edvardsen, Ole Hanning Sjkonsberg, Ingar Morton Holme, Lars Nordsletten, Finn Borchsenius, Sigmund A Andersen (2014).

What is the background to this research?
Lung cancer significantly affects the cardiorespiratory fitness of the sufferers. Lung cancer accommodates 15% of cancer and 80% of lung cancers are Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Sleeve resection surgery is required in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer that are in the large airways of the lungs. It involves cutting across the airway below and above the tumour, then extracting it. After the resection surgery peak oxygen uptake decreased by 20% from before the surgery. Exercise is extremely important in reducing all-cause mortality by 30-50%. Low peak oxygen uptake prevents a higher risk for mortality when patients have had a lung resection.

This paper looks at the effects of high-intensity training on people, 5-7 weeks after lung cancer surgery. This article provides insight into the positive outcomes of high-intensity training on non-small-cell lung cancer sufferers instead of aerobic and endurance training that is more commonly studied. Only one other study before this study had looked at the peak oxygen uptake after significant lung surgery and it was an uncontrolled study. This research is extremely important as it is very important to look at how the quality of life can be improved for people living with lung cancer.

Where is this research from?
This article was conducted in Oslo Norway in the Oslo University Hospital, pulmonary department. This department is still studying lung cancer with their most current study looking at the consensus for lung cancer transplants. The university has a ranking of 119 for 2022.

The authors have not published any other article together. Elisabeth Edvardsen is the lead author and a postdoctoral fellow specialising in Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Cardiorespiratory fitness, and Cancer. Elisabeth Edvardsen has studied cardiorespiratory fitness in men with lung cancer with relation to incidence and mortality, which is similar to this study. Elizabeth Edvardsen has been cited 747 times from her publications showing good credibility and a valuable source for other research. This article is from the journal Thorax, which is an official journal of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax is one of the worlds leading journals for respiratory medicine. There is no belief to be bias in the British Thoracic Society because it is a well-governed organisation that wants to provide credible sources. Also, there are believed to be no conflicts of interest from previous studies and authors.

What kind of research is this?
This study was a single-blind randomised control trial of strength and high-intensity training. The single-blind randomised means that the participants did not know what group they were in. This method is effective in reducing participant bias.

Other research studies had similarities to the ones assessed in this study. A 6-minute walk test was used in another study and it was found to have shown significant improvements after the intervention. It also reported less breathlessness and a higher quality of life.

What did the research involve?
An external statistician placed the participants randomly into either the exercise or control group. This reduces the risk of selection bias. 30 were assigned to the exercise intervention and 31 to the control group. 25 of the participants in the exercise group completed the intervention. The exercise group trained for 20 weeks, 3 times a week, for 60 minutes. The control group participated in normal postoperative care. The sessions started with a cardio warm-up. The rest of the session incorporates interval training, inspiratory muscle training, and resistance training. The tests are done before and after the intervention include:

Limitations
 * Peak oxygen uptake was assessed through graded exercise on a treadmill
 * Maximum leg strength was the maximum strength lifted by the hip and knee joints in 1 repetition
 * Hand strength was assessed by grip strength dynamometer
 * DEXA was used to measure total muscle mass
 * To evaluate the quality of life the participants completed a 36-question survey

Participant recruitment was only newly diagnosed patients with NCLC. The intervention may not be applicable for people who have had lung cancer for longer periods of time or people who have had a relapse of cancer. Another limitation is that the participants had to speak Norwegian to be a part of the intervention. The results could differ if applied to people of different nationalities. The sample size is small with only 61 people participating in the study. Larger sample size can give the study more credibility and be able to show more differences in results. A limitation of the methodology of the RCT is that experimenter bias can occur. The experimenter can alter the results of the study to look more credible.

What were the basic results?
Peak Oxygen Uptake- exercise group improved significantly, control only slightly improved

1RM in leg press- exercise group improved significantly, control slightly decreased

Hand Grip Maximum- exercise group improved significantly, control slightly improved

Total muscle mass- exercise group improved slightly, control similar to before intervention

Quality of life Physical component- Exercise group improved significantly, control group decreased significantly

The adherence to the exercise intervention in the exercise group was 88±29%. The participants stated that they enjoyed the program and the intensity was well tolerated. Only one injury was reported which the researchers stated was a fractured hip in balance training. The results discussed Muscle mass, QoL, adherence to training, and strength tests were discussed appropriately. Peak oxygen uptake was reinforced many times but it's suitable it was the primary outcome of the research.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study showed statistically significant improvements in daily physical functioning, quality of life, muscle mass, and peak oxygen uptake. This research proves that without exercise the quality of life will significantly drop and the peak oxygen uptake only slightly improves. The adherence from the intervention were high so questions can be asked if the difficulty of the exercise could've been increased. Further research for this study should include a follow-up with the patients 6 months after the intervention to see if they are continuing with the exercise.

This study aligns with another RCT in 2014 that looked at the effects of exercise training for people following lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. It shows similar results to this study with finding statistical significance in quality of life and forced expiratory rate.

Practical Advice
The participants need to be supervised by exercise physiologists or qualified health professionals. It is recommended to check on HR, BP, and other critical measures while exercising to ensure the participant is not over-exerting and putting them-self at risk. For further research comparing high-intensity training to different exercises to see the most effective exercise type, to improve quality of life for lung resection patients. For the exercise 80-95%, MHR is recommended to see the most adaptations. Recommended exercise to start is walking up a hill or on a treadmill. After lung resection surgery all doctors should strongly encourage exercise to help with their recovery.

Further information/ resources
Concerned about lung cancer:

 * https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer

Benefits of exercise for lung cancer sufferers:

 * https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/april/physical-activity-for-people-with-lung-cancer
 * https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/treatment/stay-healthy/physicial-activity-and-lung-cancer


text:
User:Cindy the helper

Hello

title: User:Cindy the helper


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

Review: May 20, 2023
Your chapter on peaceful settlement of disputes in the textbook offers a well-structured, clear, and systematic treatment of various dispute resolution mechanisms. It provides an excellent overview of the central bodies involved in the settlement of disputes. It offers a comprehensive examination of the different methods available, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement. The content is presented in a logical sequence, allowing students to understand the distinct features and advantages of each mechanism.

One commendable aspect of the chapter is the detailed presentation of the central bodies involved in dispute resolution. By providing a comprehensive overview of institutions such as the ICJ, various regional courts, and other specialized tribunals, the chapter facilitates an understanding of the diverse avenues available for resolving international disputes.

The language used in the chapter is clear and accessible, enabling readers to grasp complex concepts without difficulty.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open your chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right menu bar.

Some minor things:

 * Some parts of the chapter are still missing. It would be great if you could finish the chapter by mid-June at the latest. The sooner you finish, the better we can review your chapter and the more time you have to use our comments to improve the chapter. Be prepared to edit your chapter at very short notice if you hand it in late.
 * There are some issues with the formatting of the footnotes, which are not always consistent with the OSCOLA citation style. To ensure the chapter is fully compliant with OSCOLA, you should review the formatting of the footnotes and make necessary corrections.
 * Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, further readings, conclusion
 * You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.
 * Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

Older Reviews
Outline looks good! I am just wondering whether under "Arbitration" you will be addressing even briefly a) the 2019 Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration; and b) the 2001 PCA Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to the Environment and/or Natural Resources.