text:
Talk:Yoruba/Numbers

Yoruba count numbers using two pattern or under two contexts: i) according to position (oòñkà ipò) first, second, third... ii) according to count (oòñkà iye) one, two, three...

First - Eni Second - Eji....

One - Ookan Two - Meji Three- Meta...

Write 1000 to 2000 in Yoruba
W 102.88.68.78 (discuss) 18:08, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoruba/Numbers


text:
User:Fizz fam/huggle.yaml.js

--- enable: true version: "3.4.10 build: 3880 3.4.10" report-summary: "Reporting $1" confirm-multiple: false confirm-talk: true confirm-self-revert: true confirm-whitelist: true revert-on-multiple-edits: true automatically-resolve-conflicts: true software-rollback: false enforce-months-as-headers: true history-load: true on-next: 1 delete-edits-after-revert: true skip-to-last-edit: false preferred-provider: 2 remove-oldest-queue-edits: false truncate-edits: false talkpage-freshness: 20 remove-after-trusted-edit: true retrieve-founder: false display-title: false check-tp: true manual-warning: false summary-mode: false automatic-reports: false han-html: false han-display-user-talk: true han-display-bots: false han-display-user: true watchlist: "watch" automatically-group: false queue-id: "default" page-empty-queue: "" enable-max-score: false max-score: 0 enable-min-score: false min-score: 0 automatic-refresh: true automatically-watchlist-warned-users: false shortcut-hash: "0b4f613d34d264a3ca0909ebc34c1ed0" show-warning-if-not-on-last-revision: true number-dropdown-menu-items: true insert-edits-of-rolled-user-to-queue: true confirm-on-recent-warning: true recent-warning-time-span: 120 confirm-warning-on-very-old-edits: true skip-warning-on-confirm: true queues:
 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be carefull
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
 * 1) // Whether edits made by same user should be grouped up together in page
 * 1) // Location of page (wiki page name, for example WP:Huggle) that should be displayed when you hit next and queue is empty. Leave empty for default page.
 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
 * 1) // If warning was sent less than N seconds ago it's considered too recent
 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Fizz fam/huggle.yaml.js


text: User talk:118.148.80.202

title: User talk:118.148.80.202


text:
Talk:QEMU/Installing QEMU

I found that for Ubuntu 20.04 LTE you will need gcc, make and these two to compile QEMU from source:

 * sudo apt install libglib2.0-dev
 * sudo apt install libpixman-1-dev

85.76.117.122 (discuss) 04:59, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:QEMU/Installing QEMU


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/20.1-20.2 - Designated Foreign Nationals

IRPA Sections 20.1-20.2
Sections 20.1-20.2 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read: Designation — human smuggling or other irregular arrival 20.1 (1) The Minister may, by order, having regard to the public interest, designate as an irregular arrival the arrival in Canada of a group of persons if he or she (a) is of the opinion that examinations of the persons in the group, particularly for the purpose of establishing identity or determining inadmissibility — and any investigations concerning persons in the group — cannot be conducted in a timely manner; or (b) has reasonable grounds to suspect that, in relation to the arrival in Canada of the group, there has been, or will be, a contravention of subsection 117(1) for profit, or for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group.

Effect of designation (2) When a designation is made under subsection (1), a foreign national — other than a foreign national referred to in section 19 — who is part of the group whose arrival is the subject of the designation becomes a designated foreign national unless, on arrival, they hold the visa or other document required under the regulations and, on examination, the officer is satisfied that they are not inadmissible.

Statutory Instruments Act (3) An order made under subsection (1) is not a statutory instrument for the purposes of the Statutory Instruments Act. However, it must be published in the Canada Gazette.

Application for permanent residence — restriction 20.2 (1) A designated foreign national may not apply to become a permanent resident (a) if they have made a claim for refugee protection but have not made an application for protection, until five years after the day on which a final determination in respect of the claim is made; (b) if they have made an application for protection, until five years after the day on which a final determination in respect of the application is made; or (c) in any other case, until five years after the day on which they become a designated foreign national.

Suspension of application for permanent residence (2) The processing of an application for permanent residence of a foreign national who, after the application is made, becomes a designated foreign national is suspended (a) if the foreign national has made a claim for refugee protection but has not made an application for protection, until five years after the day on which a final determination in respect of the claim is made; (b) if the foreign national has made an application for protection, until five years after the day on which a final determination in respect of the application is made; or (c) in any other case, until five years after the day on which the foreign national becomes a designated foreign national.

Refusal to consider application (3) The officer may refuse to consider an application for permanent residence if (a) the designated foreign national fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with any condition imposed on them under subsection 58(4) or section 58.1 or any requirement imposed on them under section 98.1; and (b) less than 12 months have passed since the end of the applicable period referred to in subsection (1) or (2).

"Designated Foreign National" is a term defined in section 2 of the IRPA
Section 2 of the IRPA, the Act's definitions section, provides that "designated foreign national has the meaning assigned by subsection 20.1(2). (étranger désigné)". See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/2-3 - Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA.

An "irregular arrival" is the arrival of a group of persons who meet the conditions specified
Section 20.1(1) of the Act provides that the Minister may, by order, having regard to the public interest, designate as an irregular arrival the arrival in Canada of a "group" of persons. A "group" is left undefined and has generally been considered 2 or more persons. Professor Jennifer Bond writes that "It is significant to note that the Bill does not define the term “group,” meaning that any claimant who does not arrive alone may be susceptible to being declared a designated foreign national."

The Designated Foreign Nationals regime was established pursuant to the Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act in 2012
The PCISA reforms established a regime for what are termed Designated Foreign Nationals. DFNs, as defined in the Act, are groups of two or more refugee claimants suspected by the Minister of Public Safety 'irregular arrival' with the aid of smugglers. The implications of being so designated include that DFNs will be automatically detained until their refugee claim is determined if they are sixteen years of age or older. This built on the way that mandatory detention had already been utilized in Canada after the arrival of Tamil refugees aboard the MV Ocean Lady and MV Sun Sea in 2010. Furthermore, even if their claim is accepted, DFNs are unable to apply for permanent residence status for five years, as well as being unable to obtain a travel document and unable to sponsor family members. Since being implemented in 2013, the DFN policy has been utilized only once. For more context to this legislation, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/History of refugee procedure in Canada.


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Kim F. Hall

= Kim F. Hall (1961-) = Kim Felicia Hall (born 1961) is a leading theorist and expert in black feminist studies, critical race theory, early modern and Renaissance literature, and the intersection of these topics. She is the Lucyle Hook Chair of English and a Professor of Africana Studies at Barnard College, the University of Columbia, New York.

Biography
Hall was born in 1961 in Baltimore, Maryland. She undertook her Bachelor of Arts at Hood College, a private college in Frederick, Maryland, as an undergraduate. She then undertook postgraduate study at the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned her PhD in 16th and 17th century English literature.

Hall taught at the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College (a private liberal arts college in Pennsylvania), and Georgetown University in Washington DC. She then became the Thomas F.X. Mullarkey Chair of Literature at Fordham University in New York, the first chair in the humanities.

Finally, Hall came to direct the African Studies program at Barnard College, also in New York, in 2006, specialising in Africana Studies, English, and Medieval and Renaissance Studies. In 2010, she also assumed the Lucyle Hook Chair of English literature at Barnard.

Works
Hall’s first book, Things of Darkness: Economics of Race and Gender in Early Modern England, was published in 1995/1996 by Cornell University Press. In it, Hall takes a black feminist approach to the topic of race in Renaissance literature, especially in Shakespeare but also in other Renaissance and Early Modern texts. It was named an outstanding academic book by Choice magazine.

Her second book, Othello: Texts and Contexts, was published in 2006 by St. Martin’s Press. The book takes the form of an edition of Shakespeare’s play Othello with additional primary documents and illustrations to describe and contextualize the play for contemporary audiences.

Hall is currently working on two texts.

• The Sweet Taste of Empire: Sugar, Gender and Material Culture in Seventeenth Century England will examine the interplay of gender, race and materialistic culture in the 17th century Anglo-Caribbean sugar trade.

• ‘Othello Was My Grandfather’: Shakespeare and Race in the African Diaspora will expand the work for which she has received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Humanities Center and the Schomburg Center for Research in African-American Culture.

In 2016, Hall spoke at the Folger Library on the above topic as part of the Shakespeare Anniversary Lecture Series around the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death.

List of Works:

 * 'Things of Darkness: Economies of Race and Gender in Early Modern England', 1995
 * 'Othello, the Moor of Venice: texts and contexts', 2007
 * 'I Rather Would Wish to be a Black-moor: Beauty, Race, and Rank in Lady Mary Wroth's "Urania"', 1994
 * 'Object into Object?: Some Thoughts on the Presence of Black Women in Early Modern Culture', 2000
 * 'Reading Black Characters: Staging Literacy, 1604-1855', 2010
 * 'It Feels Like the Universe to Me', 2016
 * 'Black Male Frames: African Americans in a Century of Hollywood Cinema, 1903-2003', 2015

Reputation and Legacy
Hall was awarded several grants and fellowships to enable her research, including a National Humanities Center Fellowship; a Fellowship at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture; an National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) fellowship at the Newberry Library in Chicago; and an American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) fellowship.

Hall is also a past chair of the Shakespeare Division of the Modern Language Association, and a former Trustee of the Shakespeare Association of America. Hall is also a featured member of the African American Intellectual History Society.

In 2014, Barnard Library and Academic Information Services (BLAIS) recognized her as their Inaugural Library Partner of the Year. In 2015 she won a Tow Award for Innovative Pedagogy for The Digital Shange Project and course, which also received a President’s Committee on Online Learning grant and a Mellon-funded “Barnard Teaches: Real Place + Digital Access” grant.

In 2016, Hall was named one of the Top 25 Women Making a Difference in Higher Education and Beyond by Diverse Issues in Education. She also received the Barnard College Presidential Research Award.


text:
Wikimedia/Wikiquote

Wikiquote is a project of Wikimedia with many quotes. Wikiquote runs on the same software as Wikipedia, and is essentially a sister project. It is currently owned by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikiquote is a collection of references or quotations from well-known people, movies, books, etc.

title: Wikimedia/Wikiquote


text:
User talk:Deltadaisy

 * Yes welcome to the project. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:13, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deltadaisy


text:
User talk:Jshen25

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Jshen25!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
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 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
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 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Cheers -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:55, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jshen25


text:
User talk:Frederic.Dabrowski

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Frederic.Dabrowski!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:58, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frederic.Dabrowski


text:
User talk:Hellacioussatyr

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Hellacioussatyr!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:05, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hellacioussatyr


text:
User talk:Boonerquad

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Boonerquad!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 16:06, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boonerquad


text:
German/Grammar/Uninflected adjectives

Uninflected adjectives
It's time to introduce the third and last major category of words in German, adjectives. We'll also be talking about some verbs that go with them.

Adjectives
Adjectives are words used to describe nouns, thus making them a kind of modifier. One way they can be used is as a predicate, when the point of the sentence is to describe something. For example, "You are tall," and "Your smile is pleasant," use the adjectives "tall" and "pleasant" as predicates. Another way is an attribute, which occurs when you want to make clear which person or object you're talking about, or if you're just mentioning the quality as a kind of side note. For example, "The tall man is talking," uses "tall" as an attribute to clarify which man is talking. In the sentence "Her blue eyes peeked out from under her bonnet," we know that "she" (presumably) has only one pair of eyes, so there's no need to clarify which eyes she's peeking with, but speaker wanted to mention that her eyes were blue in passing. This is another use of an adjective, "blue", as an attribute. It may seem like a technical distinction because in English you use the same words, "tall", "pleasant", "blue" in both situations. But you'll have to know the difference because in German the word changes. Specifically, an adjective used as a predicate is not declined, while an adjective used as an attribute is. Since adjective declination really deserves a section of it's own, we'll be covering that later.

Adjectives can also be used as adverbs in German. Recall from the section on adverbs that we're using the word adverb, with no qualification, to mean a word that modifies a verb, and with a qualifier when a word modifies something other than a verb or a noun. German adjectives can, in general, be used modify verbs and some can be used to modify other adjectives. This is done without any ending such as the "-ly" ending used in English. German speakers regard this as a natural extension of the adjective and rarely list the adverb meaning separately in dictionaries. So if you see an adjective used where an adverb ought to go, you can usually just translate it as an adjective and add an "-ly" ending to get the correct translation into English.

Altogether, we've listed three possible uses for adjectives in German: predicate, attribute, adverb (in other words a verb modifier). It's a useful exercise to make up sentences using the adjective in as many different ways as possible when you learn it.

Predicate phrases
Since predicates were mentioned above, we have a new type of phrase which we'll call a predicate phrase. A predicate phrase can be an adjective, as seen above, but it can be other things as well. Another possibility is a noun phrase, for example "I am your father," uses the noun phrase "your father" as a predicate. Also, certain adverbs can serve as predicate phrases, for example "The meeting is today," and "We are here," use "today" and "here" as predicates. Normally anything that can be used as Y in the sentence "X is Y" is said to be a predicate phrase.

Copulative verbs
The examples above used only the verb "to be", but other verbs can use predicates phrases as well, and these are called copulative verbs. (It would perhaps be more apt to call them predicate verbs, but copulative verb seems to be the standard term.) In English, some common verbs which are copulative in at least one sense are "to act" – "Don't act stupid," "to feel" – "I feel tired," "to grow" – "He's growing angry," "to look" – "You look tired," "to turn" – "My hair is turning grey." There are similar verbs in German to be listed below.

The verb sein
The verb for "to be" in German, sein, is the most irregular in the language. This is true of English and many other European languages as well. The inflection table for the present tense is:

The b- forms are not even cognates with sein, being derived from the same Proto-Germanic root that gave rise to "be" in English.

Remember that German does not use sein with another verb in the present tense as does English with "to be". So there is nothing which corresponds directly to "I am sleeping," in German; Ich schlafe, – "I sleep," is as close as you can get.

Examples

 * Mein Bruder ist krank. – "My brother is sick."
 * Ich bin dein Vater. – "I am your father." (Using a noun phrase as a predicate. The noun used in the predicate, dein Vater, is in the nominative case; see the Case matching section below.)
 * Wir sind hier. – "We are here." (Using an adverb as a predicate.)
 * Bist du müde? – "Are you tired?" (Moving the verb to V1 position to ask a yes/no question.)
 * Seid ihr zusammen? – "Are you together?"
 * Du singst gut. – "You sing well." (Using an adjective as an adverb applied to the verb.)

Case matching
If a predicate phrase is a noun then it must have a case, and in German this case matches its case of the noun the predicate is being applied to. For example, if mein Vater is the subject, always in the nominative case, and the predicate is the pronoun er, then the sentence would be: This differs from English where, for most speakers at least, only the subject is in the subject case. This is perhaps the main difference between the German nominative case and the English subject case; the nominative case can be used for nouns other than the subject. Because of flexible word order in German, it's not possible to decide whether mein Vater or er is the subject in this example. With a change in pronouns, the speaker must decide which noun is the subject in order to conjugate the verb. In the following examples ich is preferred as the subject, so bin would be better than any combination with ist.
 * Mein Vater ist er. – "My father is him."
 * Ich bin dein Vater.
 * Dein Vater bin ich.

Substances
As we mentioned in the section on noun phrases, no article is needed when describing substances in German. For example
 * Eisen ist schwer. – "Iron is heavy."
 * Holz ist leicht. – "Wood is light."
 * Schokolade ist lecker. – "Chocolate is tasty."

As with plurals, you can add a definite article if everyone knows which sample of the substance you're talking about.
 * Das Wasser ist hier kalt. – "The water is cold here."
 * Note that predicates usually come after adverbs in German.

With many such nouns, you can put an indefinite article in front of it as well. But this does imply a change of meaning, so you're no longer talking about the substance in general but a quantity or instance of it.
 * Ich nehme einen Kaffee. – "I'll take a (cup or, drink of) coffee."

These rules seem a bit complex, but they correspond very closely to English.

Professions as predicates
This is one of the situations where English and German differ on whether a noun should have a determiner in front of it. When a profession is used as a predicate then German does not require an article, contrary to English expectation. For example
 * Meine Schwester ist Lehrerin. – "My sister is a teacher."

Other copulative verbs
Other copulative verbs usually talk about if or how the state of something is changing, or express an opinion about the state. Some common examples:
 * werden – "to become, to turn"
 * Er wird wütend. – "He's getting angry."
 * Ich werde Arzt. – "I'm becoming a doctor."
 * Meine Haare werden grau. – "My hair is turning grey."
 * Note that werden acts like stem changing verb in the present tense. In the last example, although the singular is allowed, German prefers the plural Haare for the hair on someone's head.
 * bleiben – "to remain"
 * Ich bleibe hier. – "I'm remaining here."
 * riechen – "to smell" (to be something, judging by smell)
 * Das Essen riecht wunderbar. – "The food smells wonderful."
 * klingen – "to sound" (to be something, judging by sound or description)
 * Dein Arbeit klingt schwer. – "Your work sounds hard."

Note that some of these verbs have other, sometimes more important meanings, so you have to pay attention to the way it's used in a sentence to find the actual meaning.

There is one verb in this group that is irregular in the present tense, werden. In addition to acting like a stem changing verb, you may have noticed in the examples that it drops the -et ending in the third person singular. It also drops a -de- in the second person singular. For completeness, the full conjugation table in the present tense is:

Some common adjectives

 * schwarz – "black"
 * weiß – "white"
 * grau – "grey"
 * blau – "blue"
 * rot – "red"
 * gelb – "yellow"
 * grün – "green"
 * schwer – "heavy", also "difficult"
 * leicht – "light", also "easy, not difficult"
 * gut – "good", "well" as an adverb.
 * This usually refers to quality, moral fitness, or being well behaved. To talk about how you're feeling requires some grammar we haven't gotten to yet. In other words, do not say Ich bin gut, for "I'm feeling well," since that's not what it means.
 * schlecht – "bad"
 * groß – "big" or "tall"
 * klein – "little"
 * heiß – "hot"
 * This usually refers to temperature. To say you feel hot, again, requires some grammar we haven't gotten to yet. In other words, do not say Ich bin heiß," for "I feel hot," since that's not what it means.
 * kalt – "cold"
 * The same rule about how you feel applies here as well.
 * fremd – "strange"

Modifiers in general
In the section on adverbs we made a distinction between words which modify verbs, which we're calling adverbs, and other modifiers which are sometimes also called adverbs. We'll use the more descriptive term "adjective modifier" for words which modify adjectives instead of "adverb". This is to avoid confusion because there is less similarity between the two word types in German than there is in English. In general we'll use a similar phrase to describe other types of modifier, for example if a word modifies an adverb then we'll call it an adverb modifier. Verb modifiers, or adverbs, and noun modifiers, also known as adjectives, have unique grammatical features so we'll keep their specific names.

Modifiers other than adjectives and adverbs are not inflected and are usually placed in front of the word they modify.

Some common adjective modifiers
These can modify adverbs as well as adjectives.
 * zu – "too"
 * sehr – "very"
 * höchst – "extremely"

Examples:
 * Du sprichst zu schnell. – "You're speaking too quickly."
 * Du bist sehr groß. – "You are very tall."

 * Notes

title: German/Grammar/Uninflected adjectives


text:
User:MJCollinsAbq

Mathematician and computer scientist interested in combinatorics and cryptography.

title: User:MJCollinsAbq


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Lucy Harington Russell, Countess of Bedford (1580–1627)

= Lucy Harrington Russell, Countess of Bedford = Lucy Harrington Russell, Countess of Bedford, was born in 1580 and died in 1627 at 47 years old. Bedford is known for her patronage, courtier status, horticultural talent and her multiple roles as a commissioner, designer, dedicatee, and performer of literary texts (Hackett 369). In the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, she was known as one of the most powerful influential patronesses of her day (Early Modern Women Research Network).

Career
Bedford was very well educated, speaking four languages; French, Spanish, English and Italian. Her wit was praised by John Florio in his dedication to her in 1598 within his English-Italian dictionary, ‘A World of Wordes’ (Early Modern Women Research Network). Bedford was the primary non-royal performer in contemporary Masques performed at court, including the ‘Masque of Blackness’, in which the ladies came dressed in African attire and black face. During the performance, the women were “cleansed” of their blackness by King James (“Masque of Blackness”). However, this stage direction was impossible to perform in front of an audience, so a sequel was created; ‘The Masque of Beauty’. This sequel involved the women returning cleansed of their black pigment (“The Masque of Beauty”). As well as performing, Bedford also acted as a theatrical producer on two occasions in 1617 (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”).

Anne of Denmark, the Queen of Scotland, made Bedford one of her chief gentlewomen and First Lady of the Bedchamber from 1604 to 1619; providing her with the prestige and sums to act as a patronage broker (Early Modern Women Research Network). Bedford was the patron of an array of significant poets and musicians in her era, including John Donne and John Dowland. As a result of this, Bedford “received more dedications than any other woman” (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”)  in her era. Bedford’s most famous patron-client relationship was with the writer John Donne, with whom Bedford seemed to have shared a close connection, as she was eventually named Donne’s second daughter’s godmother. This friendship seemed to have especially belonged to 1608/1609, with regular correspondence and visits to her home (Brown 67).

Family
Bedford was a member of the Sidney/Essex circle from birth. On the twelfth of December 1594, at the age of thirteen, Bedford married twenty-two-year-old Edward Russel, the third Earl of Bedford (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”). Edwards Father was killed hours before his grandfather; the second Earl of Bedford. This resulted in Edward inheriting the title at fourteen years old. Edward’s Grandfather had died heavily in debt, passing this onto Edward, who also ran up large debt with Bedford in Queen Elizabeth’s court in the early years of their marriage; resultant of their extravagant lifestyle (Early Modern Women Research Network). However, this luxury was soon ripped from them as Edward Russel was found in association with the Essex Rebellion in 1601. The earl was imprisoned in the Tower, disgraced, fined exceedingly (£10,000) (Early Modern Women Research Network), and upon his release, confined to his estate and exiled from the court (Papazian 183). Lucy was henceforth required to make her own way up the social ladder. Her success in this feat, despite her husbands’ predicament, is a testament to her intelligence, resourcefulness, wit and charm (Papazian, 183). From here onward, Bedford largely lead her own life. Her husband had a bad fall from his horse in 1612, which left him partially paralysed and with impaired speech (Root). He remained at the country estate, rather than trifling in the affairs of life at court.

Writing
In 1609, Bedford’s luck in the court began to falter. At Twickenham, Bedford surrounded herself with male and female poets (Lewalski 799). Two of her kinswomen and coterie members; Lady Bridget Markham and Cecilia Bulstrode passed away three months between one another. Bedford is only known to have written a few poems, and only one has survived the years; an epitaph titled “Death be not proud, thy hand gave not this blow,” attributed to Bulstrode and part of a paired elegy written with John Donne. John Donne’s elegies were titled  "Death I recant" and "Death be not proud", which were part of a scribal publication project that included eleven elegies and epitaphs. This Coterie publication event was organised within the literary group, George Gerrard, a close friend of Bulstrode; took on the role of soliciting verses from those within circle (Early Modern Women Research Network). In the 1620s and 30s, these elegies were copied into manuscript miscellanies, the remnants of these suggest that these works were circulated widely (Early Modern Women Research Network). Within these Miscellanies, Bedford’s authorship was completely occluded as her poem was copied directly after Donne’s “Death I recant”, without any indication of it being a separate verse (Early Modern Women Research Network). This poem being attributed to Donne was further influenced by the shared opening line of Bedford’s work and Donne’s “Holy Sonnet X.” Bedford was the recipient of the verse tributes within this publication project and was the primary reader of the elegies (Early Modern Women Research Network). The only two copies of Bedford’s verse that exist both attribute the verse to Lady Markham in the headnote, rather than Bulstrode. The interchangeability of the subject highlights the centrality of Bedford in the writing, the dead being only relevant in relation to her (Early Modern Women Research Network).

Reputation/Legacy
Within Queen Anna’s court, Bedford presided over a circle of female wits that were active in the last years of Elizabeth’s reign and into the formation of Anna’s. Sir John Roe praised her for her wit in a love elegy he dedicated to her (Early Modern Women Research Network). In her later life, Bedford became an activist in support of Princess Elizabeth Stuart to regain her throne as the Queen of Bohemia (Root). She was one of the most influential women at James’ court, however, she had serious financial problems. In 1619, Bedford had debts of £50,000, completely separate from her husband’s massive indebtedness (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”). Theodore de Mayerne, the court physician, recorded treating Bedford for gout, smallpox that deformed her face and blinded one eye and then depression in the 1620s (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”). None of Bedford’s children survived infancy. She died in May 1627 in the same month as her husband and is recorded as dying "having no belongings" (“Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford”). Bedford’s legacy is found in the remnants of her verse, through the words of her clients such as John Donne, and through the music of John Dowland, who dedicated his Second Book of Songs to her (Root).

Further Reading/ Future study
The Private Correspondence of Jane, Lady Cornwallis: 1613-1644 written by Lady Jane Meautys Cornwallis Bacon, 1581-1659; edited by Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke, 1783-1858 (London, England, 1842), 305 page(s). Accessible at ‘Alexander Street: A ProQuest Company’.


text:
Précis of epistemology/ZFC is false

For a theory to be false, it suffices that only one of its axioms is false.

Zermelo's axiom of separation: any well-defined formula determines a part of a set that contains all of its elements for which it is true, and only them.

This axiom is true by definition of a well-defined formula: a formula is well-defined when its truth, or its falsity, is determined in all cases where it is applied.

Zermelo formulated his axiom being careful not to specify which formulas are well defined, because he did not know. To formalize Zermelo's theory, Fraenkel completed it with the following principle, suggested by Skolem: all the formulas of a pure set theory, stated with first-order logic, are well defined. But this principle is false, because these formulas can contain expressions such as "for any set" or "there is a set". However, ZFC does not precisely determine the concept of set. What is a set? What is not a set? The universe of all sets can be defined in many different ways. The truth of a formula which contains "for any set" may depend on the chosen interpretation. These formulas are therefore not always well defined. Hence, Fraenkel's formulation of Zermelo's axiom of separation is false. ZFC is therefore false.

For example, ZFC makes it possible to prove the existence of the set equal to {} if the axiom of constructibility is true and to –  if it is false. Since the truth of the axiom of constructibility depends on the definition of the universe of all sets, this set, which ZFC allows to prove the existence, is not well defined. A set that is not well defined is not a set at all. It does not exist. ZFC allows to prove false theorems, therefore it is false.

To correct Fraenkel's error, it suffices to prohibit unbounded quantifiers in the definition of sets. For the replacement axiom, we need a theory of well-defined functional relations.

ZFC is the standard theory adopted until now, for more than 70 years, by almost all mathematicians in the world, as the foundation of mathematical knowledge.

title: Précis of epistemology/ZFC is false


text:
User talk:ZI Jony

Advice
Hello, please request a bot or autoreview flag before beginning mass edits. Because Wikibooks uses Flagged Revisions (Pending Changes), every one of your edits now needs to be manually reviewed by someone else which can be avoided by flagging your account before you start the edits. Thanks. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 14:17, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

Additionally, there are a couple of problems with your automation. In one case you have applied fixes to text that is actually program code. This should not be amended for either spelling or grammar. Secondly, you adjusted headings to sentence case from title case. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks does not have a single style like this and book editors may choose to use title case. You should not amended "External Links" to "External links" for example. Thanks. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 14:24, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

 * , Thanks for your message, noted your comments. Leaderboard added Autoreviewed user (temporary, until 13:50, 27 May 2021) for me. If you could add Reviewers that will be very helpful. Regards,  ZI Jony  (Talk) 14:29, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

 * There are requirements about adding +Reviewer, and it normally isn't done until people meet a set of minimum requirements (at which point you will be autopromoted). That's to give time to allow reviewers to check edits for new users. If you want to be considered early you'd need to ask at WB:RFP but it is unusual for it to be granted. Thanks - QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 14:33, 27 April 2021 (UTC)
 * , thanks for your response, let it be autopromoted with all the requirements. Regards, ZI Jony  (Talk) 14:39, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:ZI Jony


text:
Talk:Calculus of Variations

Wikisource
Is this not better suited for Wikisource? What I'm seeing is a complete transcription of a book, and not annotation as such. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calculus of Variations


text:
Professionalism/Tom Yardic and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota

The Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) is a large 501(c)(4) public welfare organization formed under the merger of Blue Cross and Blue Shield in 1982 [1]. BCBSA is an entity composed of 35 distinct health insurance companies in the United States. In 2018 Tom Yardic, a cybersecurity engineer at BCBS of Minnesota, raised internal concerns about critical vulnerabilities discovered on company servers. Over 200,000 critical vulnerabilities were detected, which infiltrated over 2000 separate servers. Some of the earliest threats dated back to 2010, and more than half of them existed for more than three years. This ongoing problem heightened the risk for clients at BCBS of Minnesota. While BCBS of Minnesota is only a chapter of the national BCBSA, they still insure an mighty 3.9 million clients. The insured contracts hold a monetary value of approximately 6 billion dollars. New cloud-based healthcare innovations have emerged in the past few years and increased physicians' efficiency, thus allowing more patients to be served per medical practice. However, vulnerabilities in these systems can lead to potential medical fraud and other leaks.

In September of 2019 his team had still ignored his requests to install software patches. Since BCBS had failed to adequately address the detected vulnerabilities, Yardic escalated the issue by emailing the CEO and Board of Trustees explaining how severe the issue was on September 16th. “I am sending this e-mail because I have been unable to impact the situation within the avenues the organization provides,” wrote Yardic. “What has not happened is a serious attempt to remedy the situation.” Yardic ultimately left BCBS to continue his career as a process improvement consultant, but not before he confirmed the issues would be addressed. In December of 2019 BSBS released a statement from its IT security officer highlighting their dedication to cybersecurity only days before their systems' flaws were made public in local news. The company dedicated time in 2020 to repairing and patching these expansive exposures. Yardic's conduct exemplified professionalism, while also highlighting broader cybersecurity issues occurring within other BCBS entities.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
The Blue Cross Blue Shield Association is a federation of United States Health Insurance companies that insure a third of all Americans. Its 35 component companies operate on either a state or regional levels, they also vary in their status as either non-profit or for-profit enterprises. The Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota is classified as a single-state, not-for-profit company.

Vulnerabilities and Patching
A vulnerability in software terms is a weakness which can be exploited by a cyber attacker to gain unauthorized access to or perform unauthorized actions on a computer system. Vulnerabilities can come from a multitude of sources and vary in how difficult and time consuming they are to address. Vulnerabilities are addressed through the patching process.

A patch in programming terms is an update that fixes vulnerabilities and other problems within software. While patching seems straightforward, a company must make some considerations beforehand. It can take hours for a company to implement a patch to their software systems, which translates to lost revenue. So in response many companies patch very infrequently to reduce the impact on normal business operations. Patching less frequently has its risks, in a survey of companies affected by data breaches, 60% of them knew about the vulnerability that would go on to become a data breach before it had occurred, but for whatever reason did not patch it beforehand.

Phishing
Phishing attacks come in the form of fabricated emails meant to trick the receiver into giving up sensitive login information, which bad-actors and hostile organizations use to access private data.

Prior Breaches
There are other examples examples of customer information breaches that happened in the U.S. prior to Tom Yardic's professional incident.

Equifax
In 2017, the credit bureau Equifax back in 2017 had an information breach. The cause of the breach was a third-party software vulnerability that was already patched, however the patch was not implemented on Equifax’s servers, leading to one of the largest cyber-crimes involving identity theft to date, 148 million members were affected. Equifax had been warned 2 months before the breach of the exploit, but still chose not to patch it.

Anthem and Idaho Blue Cross
In 2015, Anthem, another company of the BCBSA from 2015 experienced a breach. The cause of the breach was a phishing attack that allowed hackers to steal a database admin’s login credentials and get access to customer’s private data. The data included name, date of birth, income data and social security numbers, 79 million customers were affected. Similarly, in 2019, at the Idaho Blue Cross, there was a breach also caused by phishing that allowed hackers to gain access to customer data including patient names, account numbers and payment data, 55,000 members were affected.

Related Professionalism Case
was the director of product engineering for Convair jet planes. Applegate was aware of safety threats concerning the cargo door latching system, and expressed his concern for the planes safe operation. After management had failed to fix the problem, Applegate did not expose the company's awful decision. Applegate's failure to alert the public about the company's faulty plane permitted a fully boarded plane to crash outside of Paris, which killed 346 passengers on the flight. While aviation and cybersecurity are two separate industries, both cases demonstrate corporate negligence. An uninvolved professional with unique experience in risk management and control objectives of technology was interviewed to explain the significance of Yardic's case. He explained "Information is the most critical asset in healthcare today, and to keep it on systems that are not up to date and protected is negligent." Yardic's decision to alert executives at BCBSA saved millions of people's sensitive medical data. He exemplified professionalism by putting the safety of others before his career.

Case Results
Major results of this case include a new privacy protection law being proposed in Minnesota to prevent future breaches of sensitive data as well as corporate changes within BCBS to strengthen their system against future attacks. The governor of Minnesota, Tim Walz, has proposed that the Minnesota legislature adopt a uniform law on insurance privacy security. This law was written by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) and has currently been adopted by eight states. The goal is to have all states adopt this legislation so that sensitive patient information is protected uniformly across the nation. This law would enable the state Commerce Department to investigate breaches of patient information at insurance companies as well as require that insurance companies notify the state about breaches they find in their systems. The end result will be better protected patient information systems due to increased accountability. Outside of pending legislation, BCBS has taken voluntary steps to improve their system’s integrity to prevent future embarrassing breaches of patient data. This current breach was a result of failure to take the time needed to patch up the system. Now BCBS is dedicating time and resources to patching up those vulnerabilities in the system to prevent another breach, essentially doing what Yardic advised in the first place. This new corporate strategy of taking system security more seriously should help ensure the integrity of sensitive patient data going forward.

Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be seen that Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota was negligent in refusing to patch up their network. They put profits above patient privacy in not dedicating the time and resources to fix the substantial vulnerabilities in their system as identified by Tom Yardic. Although hackers did illegally break into the BCBS system and unlawfully access privileged patient data, it is clear that insurance companies responsible for holding said patient data should be held accountable for its protection. Thus, the proposed law in Minnesota to ensure accountability of insurance companies through government oversight should be passed by the state legislature to reduce the risk of more sensitive patient data being breached. Also, all insurance companies should follow BCBS’s strategy in voluntarily improving their systems by investing more time in patching than they had previously done. Between the new proposed law and internal corporate changes, the state and private insurance companies will work in tandem to prevent future data breaches, thus protecting the privacy of the patients that the companies insure.

Unfortunately, there are many other instances of data breaches outside of the insurance world, some just as damaging as revealing private medical information. Oftentimes, like in the case of BCBS of Minnesota, warning signs are present and employees within the company blow the whistle to higher-ups about vulnerabilities in their system. All too often, these warnings go on deaf ears. Authors of future ethics cases should study similar whistleblowing cases outside the insurance industry, particularly in relation to data breaches. They should investigate the warning signs of vulnerabilities in the system before breaches actually occur and see if the breach should ultimately be found to have been due to the negligence of management and other responsible parties within the breached organization.


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Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Anne Barbauld (1743–1825)

= Anna Barbauld (1743-1825) =

Biography
Born in England, in 1743, Anne Barbauld (née Aikin) was a prolific female writer whose many publications spanned poetry, essays, literary criticism, and children’s literature. Though for many years unacknowledged, her significance in the literary canon cannot be overstated. From her early years as an outsider, her sudden literary fame, her loyalty in love and education, and her radical political publications, the life of Anne Barbauld is as rich and varied as any of her male author counterparts – and she deserves to be remembered as such.

Early Life
Anne was surrounded by intellectual life from an early age. Her father was a scholar and theologian, through whom she learnt classical subjects like Latin, Greek, French, and Italian (McCarthy, 32).

Anne's precocious desire to learn was often perceived as unfeminine, resulting in a sense of detachment from the ideal image of femininity (McCarthy, 28-29). However, her education also exposed her to central Enlightenment principles such as liberalism and tolerance (Bradshaw, 353).

Literature and Love
Anne published her first poetry collection, Poems, at the age of 30, and soon after Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, a joint collection with her brother John. Both were greatly successful, and Anne quickly gained a reputation as a respected literary figure (Rodgers, 57). We glean inclinations to her complicated relationship to femininity in this poetry early works. For example, the carefully considerate presentation of appropriate femininity in “On a Lady’s Writing,”

“Her even lines her steady temper show,

Neat as her dress, and polished as her brow; (Barbauld, 1825).”

In 1774, she married Rochemont Barbauld, and soon after published Devotional Pieces Compiled from the Psalms and the Book of Job, a collection of psalms which included an introductory essay on religion titled "Thoughts on the Devotional Taste, on Sects and on Establishments.”

Mother of Education
Prompted by the adoption of her first child, Anne wrote two texts for children which were highly successful and cemented Anne as a respected children’s writer: Lessons for Children (1778–79) and Hymns in Prose for Children (1781) (McCarthy, 197).

Lessons for Children has been identified as integral to the early development of the ‘conversational primer’ genre, through its utilisation of the parent-author narrator and domestic conversational style (Wen Hui Lim, 101). The poem’s reference to the child on his mother’s lap: “Come hither, Charles. Come to mamma’s lap” (Lessons I, p.1) can be seen as an early example of the transformation of an iconic romantic image into a marketable literary trope (105).

Political Ire
Amidst the turmoil of the French Revolution, Anne embarked on her most radical political writings, (Guest, 235).

One of her most significant political publications, Epistle to William Wilberforce Esq. On the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade (1791), was prompted by failed attempts to abolish the slave trade, and expresses Anne’s fury at Parliament:

“Cease, Wilberforce, to urge thy generous aim!

Thy Country knows the sin, and stands the shame!”

The Later Years
After a series of violet frenzies towards Anne, Rochemont took his own life in a nearby river (Rogers, 128-129).

Her final publication, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (1812), was not well-received, eliciting condemnation from both the writing community and wider public (Clery, 155). She continued to write up until her death in 1825. She died a celebrated writer with an immense body of work spanning literary, political, and religious discourse.

Feminism: A Complicated Relationship
Despite Anne’s position as a committed political dissent and progressive thinker, her position on feminism has been the subject of ongoing scholarly debate. Some see her as “antifeminist,” noting that she “disliked being lumped with Catharine Macaulay, Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Hays, and the other “viragos” of her age (Taylor, 184 in Chernock, 197),” and was opposed a universal femininity: “There is no bond of union among literary women, any more than among literary men… (Barbauld qtd. in Le Breton 86-88 qtd. in Bordo 186 ).” However, this perception has been challenged by William McCarthy’s biography of Barbauld, who highlights the biographical bias of Barbauld’s daughter who wished to align Anne’s story with her conservative Victorian tastes (McCarthy 142, in Chernock 197).

Recent rereadings of Barbould’s confirms this complex relationship to feminism. Penny Bradshaw’s rereading of Barbauld’s “The Rights of Woman,” examines the homogeneity of interpretations perceiving Barbauld as adverse to a “Wollstonecraftian feminism,” and conversely argues for Barbauld’s perceptive analysis of the “ideological and legal impediments to that cause (Bradshaw, 23).

Natural Rights
Alongside Barbauld’s passion for political, religious, and human rights, scholars have also noted a consistent awareness for the rights of animals and the natural world. In her essay “Anna Barbauld and Natural Rights,” Lisa Vargo notes the extension of her progressive liberalism onto the non-human world, such as in the poem “Inscription for an Ice-House,” in which the fallibility of man is juxtaposed with the relentless and ever-present strength of the natural world (Vargo, 335).

Literary Criticism
Barbauld has been recognised for her contributions to the development of the novel as a form: her collection The British Novelists (1810) was foundational in the construction of the novelistic canon, and the collection’s critical essay, “On the Origin and Progress of Novel-Writing” provides an early example of assessing prose through narration (Toner, 171).

Romanticism
Since her reestablishment in the literary canon, Barbauld has been recognised for her early contributions to the romantic movement. Katherine Ready asserts her as a key transitional figure between neo-classicism and romanticism. Barbauld’s ‘To Mr. Barbauld, with a Map of the Land of Matrimony’ (1825), a poem written in 1775 and presented with a companion map and illustration, reflects Barbauld’s complex relationship to the social mores of Enlightenment femininity through its simultaneously progressive and romantic expressions of love and sexuality (353). Furthermore, its utilisation of interdisciplinary elements signifies her contribution to Romantic debates over the visual and verbal arts (351), a notion supported by other scholars (Wharton, 103).


text:
Minecraft Speedrunning

/Overworld/

 * /Shipwrecks/
 * /Villages/
 * /Ruined Portal/
 * /Buried Treasure/
 * /Structureless/
 * /Other Structures/
 * /Building a Nether Portal/

/Nether/

 * /Classic Bartering/
 * /Bastion Strats/
 * /Nether Fortresses/

/Exiting Nether/

 * /Stronghold/
 * /Ender Dragon Fight/

title: Minecraft Speedrunning


text:
Minecraft Speedrunning/Villages

Villages are an important source of resources in Minecraft speedrunning. They can contain haybales for food and easy access to items such as beds, wood, stone, iron and obsidian for later progression in the game. The village type depends on which biome you are in, and there are 5 of them with some similarities but also some important differences.

Villages can be quite large, so going through every house can be quite slow, especially since some houses aren't useful. Generally the main resources you will want to get from a village is food, some beds and a bucket.The most valuable house in every village is the weaponsmith which is mainly called the blacksmith for historical reasons since its chest has the most valuable loot, can contain iron pickaxes, iron ingots, gold ingots and iron armour and it is marked by a grindstone. Other notable houses are fishermen houses which can have buckets in their chests, marked by buckets.

The main way of obtaining a bucket is killing the iron golem in a village. By hitting the golem and pillaring up three blocks you can easily kill the golem without much risk. However you should be careful as iron golems do a lot of damage and have a large range. Iron golems drop three to five iron, enough to craft a bucket. If you only get 3 it may be awkward to obtain a flint and steel though.

Savanna Villages
Savanna Villages spawn in the savanna biome and have haybales which are very useful since they can be crafted into wheat and then into bread for food. Crafting a hoe can be useful to mine the haybales faster. The blacksmith in this village is quite large and rare. The most notable difference in this village is that normal house chests can contain buckets so it can be worth it to check them.

Plains Villages
Plains Villages spawn in the plains and are ones of the most common villages and are in a biome that is one of the most common too. They have haybales, farms, cartographer, cleric, blacksmith,etc…The blacksmith is quite large, containing two lava sources and has a chance to have diamonds in its chest.

Desert Villages
Desert Villages spawn in the desert biome and have haybales. The blacksmith is quite large containing two lava sources. Make sure to obtain wood logs before heading into a desert since there are no trees in the desert. Otherwise you will need to break dead bushes for sticks and use crafting tables inside houses.

Taiga Villages
Taiga Villages spawn in taiga biomes and they don't have exposed haybales. (they’re under the campfires) One big advantage of these villages is their chests contain logs, however food is awkward to come by, but you can find bread in chests, or trade emeralds in chest with a farmer villager for bread or potentially cook potatoes from chests on campfires in the village. Also there is some haybales underneath some campfires. Also the blacksmiths are more difficult to identify since they are smaller but they are more common. Another note is that iron golems sometimes do not spawn in these villages, so it can be more awkward to obtain some iron.

Snowy Villages
Snowy Villages spawn in snowy tundra biomes and they don't have haybales. One advantage of these villages is they tend to have lots of furnaces which could be used for smelting iron or cooking food. Other than that, these villages tend to be not that useful.

Once you've finished looting a village, you should be ready to build a Nether Portal to enter the nether.

title: Minecraft Speedrunning/Villages


text:
User:Zaslav

Hello. I am a WP editor who has some edits to make on the Wikibooks LaTeX book. Zaslav (discuss • contribs) 04:23, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User:Zaslav


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Elaine Hobby

Biography
Elaine Hobby has an esteemed career in women’s writing, who has a keen interest in focusing particularly on previously forgotten or unknown women writers of the early sixteenth century. Elaine grew up in England but was brought up with a very secure sense of being Welsh. She proceeded to study at the University of Birmingham, receiving her BA in 1978 and PhD in 1984, later achieving her master’s degree from Essex University in 1980. Hobby then went on to be a “lecturer in at the Cambridge College of Arts and Technology (which has since morphed into Anglia Polytechnic University), and before that was based in the USA from 1981-83 as a Harkness Fellow.” Hobby is currently a Professor Emerita at Loughborough University, where she started a career in 1988. Elaine is not known to have any famous relatives, especially not in academic research or women’s writing, interesting she was actually “comes from a family whose members have not usually stayed in education beyond the minimum leaving age” which makes her success in this academic field I believe, even more impressive.

Works
Elaine has a large array of works in which she is responsible for writing and editing, some of her most notable publications include Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing, 1649-1688 (1988), co-editor of Her Own Life: Autobiographical Writings by Seventeenth-Century Women (1989), What Lesbians Do in Books (1991), and The Midwives Book (1999). This selection of publication has contributed largely to the rediscoveries of a plethora of early women writers to which were previously believed to have been lost to history. As a result, Elaine’s works have also contributed largely to the intellectual debates surfacing around what was considered to be ‘literary’ works, her research adding invaluable insight. This research into these early women writers contributed greatly to the progression of women’s writings through dissecting “genres not generally regarded as literary – those women wrote political pamphlets, religious meditations, cookery books and midwifery manuals rather more than they composed poetry, plays, or fiction.” Through her extensive research of such material, Elaine research has “usually been inter-disciplinary” which has allowed her to have a thorough knowledge of domains such as medicine, midwifery, and theology, adding to the value her works have, in capturing the breadth of seventeenth century women’s writing. Through this research she has also captured a greater understanding of key historical moments and figures such as Aphra Behn, which have created a clearer and more accurate depiction of early history, finally recognising the achievements and contributions of the women of that time.

Reputation/Legacy
Elaine’s contributions leave her with a reputation and legacy that go almost unmatched in her advancements of early women’s writings. Elaine’s work is important because she has used her research to allow contemporary audiences with the ability to understand the undoubtable value that women writers contributed both during their time and now. The previous ideology that there were no female writers of notoriety before the 18th century is consistently being debunked through Elaine’s work which aims to highlight and give accurate depictions of these women. Currently she is working on a large project titled Aphra Behn in the Digital Age in which she heads a large team internationally responsible for editing Aphra Behn '' s Complete Works. Behn holds a large amount of significance to both Hobby and woman generally, as Behn was known “not only Britain’s first professional woman playwright, but also a poet, fiction-writer, and translator from French.” Regardless of her age, Elain continues from her strong feminist position from the outset of her first publication in 1988, Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing, onto her most recent and ongoing projects, highlighting her unwavering commitment to research and her status as a life-long learner and advocate for women.

Elaine has made an unparalleled impact on the thousands of students she has taught over her decades as a teacher, in an area which was considered a rather obscure and niche area of research and interest. Moreover, as it was wildly agreed amongst the Loughborough University that Elaine “as Head of the Department of English and Drama from 2006 to 2013, she also took especial delight in encouraging her colleagues to pursue their own intellectual passions, contributing to the rich environment now offered in our English and drama programmes.” I believe people’s opinions of Elaine only deeper in respect as time goes on as she continues to work with and inspire the people around her to pursue their own passions and research, making her reputation and legacy one of immense respect and passion for her dedication to women’s writing.


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Minecraft Speedrunning/Stronghold

Strongholds are structures that generate naturally in the overworld. They spawn in rings.

If you followed the ender eye perfectly you will dig down to the starting staircase of the stronghold. This is a staircase which extends into a room which has five possible rooms extending from it. Mainly you want to just go through rooms looking for the end portal room. Up to four stronghold chests can spawn and they can contain ender pearls, apples and bread mainly. The main principle for finding the end portal room is that it must spawn at least five rooms from the starting staircase, but tends to spawn within seven or eight rooms from it so you shouldn't go too deep into the stronghold looking for it and should return to the starter staircase and choose a different route. There can be quite a lot of variance and randomness with finding the portal.

Once you find the end portal, there will be 12 end portal frames. Each of these frames has a 10% chance to contain an eye pre-filled. This means you will need at most 12 eyes of ender to fill the end portal and because of the way the probabilities work, it is quite unreliable to rely on two or more eyes.

Resources to gather before entering the End:
 * Either a bow with at least 32 arrows, or at least 32 snowballs
 * At least 10 blocks of dirt
 * At least X beds
 * Preferably a bucket of water.

title: Minecraft Speedrunning/Stronghold


text:
Minecraft Speedrunning/Overworld

The overworld is the initial dimension of the game Minecraft. There are a number of important resources you will want to obtain in the overworld before making your way to the next dimension: the Nether.

The main resources you will be looking to obtain are tools that allow you to break blocks quickly and combat mobs, a bucket to build a nether portal and lots of food to regenerate health and keep sprinting. Other useful materials can be blocks to build around and a shield/armour to survive taking hits from hostile mobs but when trying to go fast, these can be lower priority. The fastest way to obtain these resources are generally from overworld structures and which one you decide to go for should depend on the seed you are given:

 * Shipwrecks
 * Villages
 * Ruined Portal
 * Buried Treasure
 * Structureless
 * Other Structures

title: Minecraft Speedrunning/Overworld


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Mildred Cecil (1526–1589)

= Mildred Cecil (1526-1589) = Mildred Cecil, the Lady Burleigh was a noblewoman and scholar born in 1526. She was a keen political influence, devout Protestant and regarded advisor during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Cecil produced in her lifetime a notable library of works on the subjects of medicine, literature and religion, thirty-eight of which remain today. As well as this, she was also an artist, with her works available for viewing in the National Galleries.

Biography
Born in 1526, Mildred Cooke was the child of Sir Anthony Cooke of Essex and Anne Fitzwilliam. She was the eldest of five daughters and four sons. Despite never attending university, Sir Anthony Cooke was self taught. He extended this teaching to all his children, providing them with a thorough education in both the classical and modern languages. Mildred's father was a scholar and a humanist, whose academic focus largely influenced Mildred to later pursued a career in philanthropy and become a historically declared scholar.

In December of 1545, Mildred married William Cecil, becoming his second wife. At the time of their marriage, William was 25 with no political standing. It was not until the reign of King Edward VI that William Cecil first politically emerges as a servant of the Duke of Somerset. The political influence of theCecil's grows as William becomes Principal Secretary, before being appointed the first Baron of Burleigh, the right-hand man to the Queen as her principal advisor. The married couple first lived at Wimbledon Manor before moving into their newly built grand house, located in the Strand in London. Mildred acted as stepmother to Thomas Thistle, William's first child from his previous marriage. While the Cecil's were married for nine years before Mildred gave birth to their first child, they had five children together in total, with only two surviving to adulthood. Mildred was survived by her son Robert Cecil, who grew up to become the first Earl of Salisbury serving as the Secretary of State to both Queen Elizabeth the first and King James the first. Mildred died at the Cecil house located in the Strand in London during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the first, on the fourth of April 1589, at the age of 63.

Works
Sir Anthony Cooke, Mildred's father, largely embraced the reformed faith. He was a scholar and humanist who provided his five daughters with an education equal to his four sons. Mildred grew up to become a philanthropist and scholar, a rare occasion for a woman of her time. Seventeenth century biography scholar David Lloyd, found in his studies of Sir Anthony Cooke, that the main interest and goal in his lifetime was the intellectual achievements of his five daughters, namely Mildred. Lloyd largely draws attention to the quality of the education that his daughters received from their father, emphasising that his goal was to educate them to become 'complete women'; women that successfully acquired academic knowledge in conjunction to developing their traditionalised gender roles. Mildred became a very influential woman in her era, through taking upon higher-class intermediary tasks, interceding between petitioners that wanted to gain the attention of her husband or step son. Mildred personally corresponded with many important people and representatives of nation's, such as Scottish leaders, who interacted with her instead of her husband, when negotiating the Treaty of Edinburgh.

Through her large correspondence activity, Mildred's work amplified a female’s detailed perception and contribution to the issues central to the Elizabethan politics. Mildred's involvement in such activities explicitly highlights the contributions on a woman's part, to shape the narration of mainstream politics during the Elizabethan period. Mildred's diplomatic activities and involvement were largely weighted on dependence and her husband's power and influence. However; it consequently created the misconception of her political correspondence activities as being solely motivated by kin hierarchy advancement, a narrow perception generated by social dominance and misogyny throughout history. Such echoes throughout history of Mildred Cecil have named her alike to an accessory, an attachment to the historic political recount that involved her husband. Many have dismissed the variety of works that Mildred produced in her lifetime outside of her duties as Lady Burleigh.

Mildred was fluent in Greek, French, and Latin, producing a variety of works that amounted to an extensive library toward the end of her lifetime. These works included prestigious texts on subjects such as religion, medicine and literature. Mildred became a philanthropist towards the end of her time and began donating many books and works from her personal, collective library that she had created over her lifetime. There have been thirty-eight books recovered from Mildred’s donations, that are inscribed with Mildred’s name. These books were recovered from educational institutions such as Christ Church Oxford University, Westminster School and St. Johns College – University of Oxford. Historians are left with the thirty-eight books that have survived today. For a full list of her works please see attached the link below (Wiki-Book page includes link to the full library of Mildred Cooke Cecil).

Reputation/Legacy
Mildred left behind a reputation that extends beyond her reputation as woman writer. She is regarded as a woman whose opinion were sought independently from her husband, and respected as a woman that commanded her privacy and maintained financial independence to pursue her own ends. Jane Stevenson remarks that "as a group, the Cookes are among the most politically significant women in Elizabethan England who were not of the royal blood." That they achieved this standing by their own merit is equally revered. The reputation of the intelligence and education of the Cooke sisters was regarded by poet George Buchanan in his poem To Anthony Cook, English Knight, and his very learned daughters, suggesting a widespread appreciation for the contributions of Mildred and her sisters.

Cecil's reputation extended to being regarded as an excellent tutor, with unsubstantiated claims suggesting she assisted her father with the tutelage of the young King Edward VI. Her husband remarked upon how "zealous and excellent a tutor" Cecil was in the education of their son Robert Cecil. Mildred is recounted as the most politically orientated out of her sisters. Stated on record, Mildred and her husband agreed that the importance of staying in power was of such high significance, that it would come with the cost of their religious integrity, to conform under Elizabeth’s first act as the Queen which entailed [http://elizabethanenglandlife.com/elizabethan-era-religion-and-religious-beliefs.html#:~:text=Elizabeth’s%20first%20act%20as%20the%20Queen%20was%20restoring,and%20were%20prepared%20to%20attend%20their%20parish%20churches. restoring Protestantism as the official religion.]

Mildred Cecil née Cooke, Lady of Burleigh, left behind the legacy of her strong connections to the humanists of England during her time. Described as a noblewoman by Phineas Fletcher, he presented Mildred with the first ever Latin pastoral to be composed in England, dedicated in her name. Through this dedication, Mildred Cecil was to be remembered as one of the most receptive and groundbreaking humanist writers of her time. Mildred upholds a reputation as the praiseworthy wife to Lord Burleigh, beloved mother, very noble, well learned, strongly hierarchic, retired court patron and established skilful author. She remains a testament in history as to the lengths of academic accomplishment one woman could achieve during the Elizabethan era of their own merit.

Further reading:
The Cooke Sisters: Education, Piety and Politics in Early Modern England. By Gemma Allen, Peter Lake, Anthony Milton, Jason Peacey, and Alexandra Gajda.

Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing, Chapter 3: Mildred Cecil, Lady Burleigh: Poetry, Politics and Protestantism. By Johnathan Gibson and Victoria E. Burke.

Westminster Abbey. Mildred Cecil Lady Burghley & Anne Countess of Oxford. Accessed 28 April. 2021.

Burghley House Preservation Trust. History of the Family. Accessed 28 April. 2021.

Allen, Gemma, et al.. The Cooke Sisters : Education, Piety and Politics in Early Modern England, Manchester University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/lib/newcastle/detail.action?docID=4706763.

Bowden, Caroline. "The Library of Mildred Cooke Cecil, Lady Burghley." The Library, Oxford Academic, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/library/6.1.3

Elizabethan Era. Elizabethan Era Religion and Religious Beliefs: Politics in the Era. Accessed 28 April. 2021.

Gibson, Jonathan. Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing : Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium, edited by Victoria E. Burke, Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/lib/newcastle/detail.action?docID=4817201.


text:
User talk:Neodimio

Belated welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Neodimio!

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You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
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I know you've been here for quite some time, but have never been welcomed, so here it is. Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:08, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neodimio


text:
User talk:Geure

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Geure!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:09, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geure


text: Category:Book:Minecraft Speedrunning

title: Category:Book:Minecraft Speedrunning


text:
User talk:Charles536

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Charles536!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 09:14, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

Minecraft resource gathering
You worked on Minecraft speedrunning,so...̴̴̃96.18.219.55 (discuss) 23:11, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charles536


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Lady Elizabeth Dowdall (fl. 1640–1642)

= Lady Elizabeth Dowdall = Elizabeth Dowdall was an Irish noblewoman and writer, born in England during the 1590s. Despiter her maternal association with prominent literary circles in Ireland, Dowdall is primarily remembered for her military defence of Kilfinny Castle against rebels during the Irish Rebellion of 1641.

Early Life, Family and Adulthood
Although Elizabeth was the daughter of Sir Thomas Southwell, and his well-acclaimed poet wife, Anne Southwell , little is known about her birth and upbringing. All that is certain is in relation to the movements of her father - Sir Thomas Southwell - was knighted in 1603. After receiving this merit, the family to the county of Cork in Ireland.

Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Southwell, was a poet whose commonplace book held a variety of works including sonnets, verse, political poems and letters. Her poems focused on contemplating theological concepts. One of her manuscripts is kept in Folger Shakespeare Library and another in the British Library.

After her father died in 1626, Elizabeth's mother moved back to England, whilst she stayed in Ireland and wed Sir John Dowdall. Together Elizabeth and John had five daughters: Anne, Elizabeth, Jane, Bridget, and Honora.

Literary Works
Elizabeth is most widely recognised for her recount of her defence of Kilfeney Castle in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. This is the only piece of work she is accredited to. She fought in defence of the castle and it is reputed that throughout this seige, she personally hung several of the opposing rebels.

Lady Elizabeth Dowdall authored two accounts of her castle. Her deposition was written down by a scribe and contained her autograph signature appended. A narration written three days later is in her handwriting and is a first-person account. The two narrations contain contrasting representations of Elizabeth. The first instalment showcased the siege in passive terms, naming those responsible and a list of the losses. The second text, her memoir, reflects its author, herself, as an effective and influential military leader.

It is unknown what happened to Elizabeth after 1642.

Descendants
All of Elizabeth and John’s five daughters were married. None of them continued their mother or grandmother’s footsteps by pursuing written literature.

Anne married John Southwell, and then George Piggott after John died in 1642.

Elizabeth married Sir Hardess Waller in 1629, the Governor of Cork in 1644. They had a son and four daughters, who like their mother, married knighted men. Their daughter Elizabeth Waller, Baroness Shelburne married Sir William Petty. Another daughter, Bridget, had two sons called William Codagan, 1st Earl Codagan and Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan.

William Codagan went into service in the military during the Williamite War in Ireland 1689. He was a diplomat and politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1705-1716.

Lastly, Jane married Redmond Roche, fifth son of Viscount Fermoy; Bridget married Thomas Casey of Rathcannon; Honora married Lawrence Dowdall of Mountown in Meath.

Kilfinny Castle
Kilfinny Castle is located in Limerick county, Ireland. In 1642 the castle was under the command of Lady Dowdall, they resisted a siege of forty weeks by Confederate Irish forces. She organised the defence against four separate rebel attacks. Elizabeth surrendered when a canon entered the battle.

During this time Elizabeth’s husband, Sir John Dowdall died (1641) when he was ambushed on his way to defend Newcastlewest during the rebellion.

Legacy/Reputation
Her work is mostly forgotten and there is nothing known about her whereabouts after 1642. There is no evidence of her being mentioned or talked about in the 20th Century. She is an example of a lost female writer.


text:
Talk:English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic

Someone needs to put the feminine versions of these 24.47.19.146 (discuss) 18:41, 28 April 2021 (UTC)