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Mirad Grammar/Determiners

 * Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context.  In English, demonstrative pronouns/adjectives/adverbs, possessive pronouns/adjectives, quantifiers like more and very, and numeric expressions like both fall under this category.

Types of Determiners

 * Determiners in Mirad fall into the following categories:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! TYPE !! ALSO KNOWN AS !! ENGLISH EXAMPLES !row=1| Deictic !row=1| Pronominal !row=1| Quantitative !row=1| Numerical
 * + Types of Determiners
 * Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs || the, this, some, every, which?, when
 * Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives
 * my, anybody's, one's own
 * Quantifiers || more, less, very
 * Numerals/Fractions/Ordinals/Dates, etc. || one, half, first
 * }

 * Furthermore, as for part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify.  As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things.  As adverbs, they can specify circumstance, i.e. time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth.

Deictic Determiners

 * Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words as to their context, including what grammarians often call demonstratives. All deictic determiners in Mirad begin with the letter h. The letters following the h indicate the grammatical and semantic category.

 * Deictic determiners include the following traditional grammatical categories:

 * Demonstrative adjectives  like this, that, those, that one
 * The definite article the   (which is really a demonstrative adjective like those above.)
 * Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, those, that one
 * Interrogative and relative pronouns like who, which, that
 * Indefinite adjectives like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
 * Indefinite pronouns like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
 * Pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs of quantity like so much, that many, how many?, very, etc.
 * Adverbs of circumstance:
 * time like when, now, ever
 * place like there, here, somewhere
 * manner like how, thus, somehow
 * kind like so, age this year old
 * direction like that way, any which way
 * reason why?, for that reason, for no reason
 * degree this (well), so (good), how (bad)
 * frequency like how often, so often, never
 * age like this old, how old?, of any age

Deictic Prefixes

 * There is a whole set of correlative deictic prefixes, which are joined to circumstantial stub category suffixes to derive pronoun, adjective, and adverb determiners. In some grammars, these words are called wh-question words and their pointed answers.  For example, QUESTION: Who is your wife? ANSWER: This is my wife. (or) QUESTION: Where is your house? ANSWER: My house is here .  These word forms are called correlative because they relate to one another in way that can be mapped to a table.
 * Here are the Mirad deictic classification prefixes:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CLASSIFICATION !! DEICTIC PREFIX ! scope="row" | Interrogative ! scope="row" | Relative ! scope="row" | Exclamatory ! scope="row" | Definite ! scope="row: | Indefinite ! scope="row" | Proximal ! scope="row" | Immediate ! scope="row" | Distal ! scope="row" | Intensive ! scope="row" | Distributive ! scope="row" | Indeterminate ! scope="row" | Negative ! scope="row | Identical ! scope="row" | Non-identical
 * + Deictic Prefixes
 * duho-...?....what?, which?
 * ho-....which, that
 * hoo-....how...!
 * ha-....the
 * he-....some, a certain
 * hi-....this, these
 * hii-....the following
 * hu-....that, those
 * huu-....such, so, what a...!
 * hya-....every, all, each
 * hye-....any, whatever
 * hyo-....no, not any
 * hyi-....the same, the very
 * hyu-....the other, another, else
 * }
 * Note: The Identical (hyi-) and Non-identical prefixes (hyu-) can optionally be substituted with ge- (same) and oge- (different), respectively.

Circumstantial Category Suffixes

 * The table below shows word stub suffixes that indicate the circumstantial category of deictic expressions. They are called stubs, because they are reduced word forms.  The combination of deictic prefixes and circumstantial stub suffixes produce a matrix of deictic correlatives, seen later in this chapter.  Use of the stub instead of the long form is a matter of optional economy.  A few categories do not have stubs.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CATEGORY !! STUB !! LONG FORM !! QUESTION WORD EXAMPLE ! row=1| Person ! row=1| Thing ! row=1| Place ! row=1| Time ! row=1| Manner ! row=1| Kind ! row=1| Degree ! row=1| Quantity ! row=1| Mass ! row=1| Frequency ! row=1| Reason ! row=1| Age
 * + Category Stubs
 * -t ||  t ob...person || duhot?....who?
 * -s || s un...thing || duhos?....what?
 * -m ||ne m ...place || duhom?....where?
 * -j ||job...time || duhoj?....when?
 * -yen ||b yen ...manner || duhoyen?....how?
 * -yena ||sy ena ...of a style || duhoyena?....what kind of?
 * -gla ||nog...degree || duhogla fi?....how well?
 * -gla ||sag...number || duhogla pati?....how many birds?
 * -gla ||glan...amount || duhogla mil?....how much water?
 * -xag ||xag...frequency|| duhoxag?....how often?
 * -sav || sav || duhosav?....why?
 * -jag ||jag...age || duhojag?....how old?
 * }
 * There can be other circumstantial categories other than those listed above, such as "direction", "order", etc. eg. Duhomep wit pa?....Which way did he go?.

Charts of Correlative Deictic Determiners

 * Here is are three tables showing the matrix of correlative deictic determiners. Note that the determiners belong to three parts of speech, 1) adjectives, 2) pronouns, and 3) adverbs:
 * {| class="wikitable" font-size:smaller style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! PART OF SPEECH !! ENDING
 * Adjective || -a
 * Pronoun || -t(i), -s(i)
 * Adverb || (no ending)
 * }
 * Adverb || (no ending)
 * }
 * }

Deictic Determiner Adjectives

 * All deictic determiner adjectives in in -a and are used to modify nouns.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Correlative Deictic Determiner Adjectives

! !! SELECTIVE -a!! POSSESSIVE -ta !! KIND/MANNER -yena !! QUANTITY -gla !! AGE -jaga !! FREQUENCY -xaga ! Interrogative ! Relative ! Exclamatory ! Definite ! Indefinite ! Proximal ! Immdediate ! Distal ! Intensive ! Negative ! Distributive ! Indeterminate ! Identical ! Non-identical
 * - valign=top
 * duhoa? which?||duhota? whose?|| duhoyena? what kind of?||duhogla? how much/many? ||duhojaga? how old?||duhoxaga? how frequent?
 * - valign=top
 * hoa which||hota whose|| hoyena what kind of||hogla how much/many ||hojaga how old||hoxaga how frequent
 * - valign=top
 * hooa what a...!|| || ||hoogla look how much/many...! ||hoojaga how old a...!||
 * - valign=top
 * ha1 the||hatas the person’s|| hayena of the kind||hagla of the amount ||hajaga of the age||haxaga of the frequency
 * - valign=top
 * hea some/a certain||heta someone's|| heyena some kind of||hegla some ||hejaga somewhat old||hexaga sometimes
 * - valign=top
 * hia this||hita this person’s|| hiyena this kind of||higla this much ||hijaga this old||hixaga this often
 * - valign=top
 * hiia the following||hiita the follow person’s|| hiiyena the following kind of || hiigla to the following degree ||hiijaga of the following age||hiixaga of the following frequency
 * - valign=top
 * hua that||huta that person’s|| huyena that kind of ||hugla that much/many ||hujaga of that age||huxaga that often
 * - valign=top
 * huua such a||huuta such a person’s|| huuyena such kind of ||huugla so much/many ||huujaga of such an age||huuxaga so often
 * - valign=top
 * hyoa no||hyota nobody’s|| hyoyena no kind of ||hyogla no amount/number of ||hyojaga of no age||hyoxaga of zero frequency
 * - valign=top
 * hya1 every||hyata everybody’s|| hyayena every kind of ||hyagla all ||hyajaga of every age||hyaxaga always
 * - valign=top
 * hyea whichever/any2||hyeta whosever|| hyeyena whatever/any kind of ||hyegla however much/many ||hyejaga however old||hyexaga however frequent
 * - valign=top
 * hyia the same||hyita the same person’s|| hyiyena the same kind of ||hyigla just as ||hyijaga just as old||hyixaga just as often
 * - valign=top
 * hyua the other||hyuta someone else's|| hyuyena another kind of ||hyugla not as much/many ||hyujaga of another age||hyuxaga not as often
 * }
 * Note 1: The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa. Also, ha is commonly called a "definite article".
 * While hya means every or all, the word hyawa is used for each.
 * The possessive adjective forms in the above table ending in -ta such as hyeta....whosever cannot be pluralized by the ending -tia. To say other people's, use the expression bi hyuti (Lit. of others).
 * The ho- words are relative, meaning that they can serve to form relative clauses like the following:
 * Ha toyb, hota twad se Bill,....The woman, whose husband is Bill,
 * At voy te hos et tepfe.....I don't know what you mean.
 * At teste hogla et fie iyt.....I understand how much you love her.
 * The hoo- words are exclamatory and are used in expressions like the following:
 *  Hoogla iva se at van et upa!.... How glad I am that you came!
 *  Hooa jub his saye!.... What a day this has been! (Hoogla is pronounced ho-O-a as three syllables.)
 * Note 2: The indeterminant determiners can also be translated with no matter what, no matter where, etc.

Deictic Determiner Pronouns

 * All deictic determiner pronouns end either in -t for persons or -s for things. They can be singular or plural (-i).
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! !! THING -s THINGS -si !! PERSON -t PERSONS -ti !! KIND OF THING -yenas KINDS OF THINGS -yenasi !! AMOUNT -glas NUMBER OF THINGS -glasi !! NUMBER OF PEOPLE -glati ! Interrogative ! Relative ! Exclamatory ! Definite ! Indefinite ! Proximal ! Immediate ! Distal ! Intensive ! Negative ! Distributive ! Indeterminate ! Identical ! Non-identical
 * + Correlative Deictic Determiner Pronouns
 * - valign=top
 * - valign=center
 * duhos? what? duhosi?  what (things)?|| duhot?  who? duhoti?  who (pl.)|| duhoyenas?  what kind of thing? duhoyenasi?  what kinds of things?|| duhoglas  how much? duhoglasi?  how many things?|| duhoglati?  how many people?
 * - valign=center
 * hos what hosi  what|| hot  who hoti  who|| hoyenas  what kind of thing hoyenasi|| hoglas  how much hoglasi  how many|| hoglati  how many
 * hoos what a thing! hoosi  what things!|| hoot  what a person! hooti  what people!|| || hooglas  what an amount! hooglasi  what a number!|| hoglati  what a number of people!
 * - valign=center
 * has it hasi  they/them|| hat  he/she/him/her hati  they/them|| hayenas  the king of thing hayenasi  the kind of things|| haglas  the amount haglasi  the number of things|| haglati  the number of people
 * - valign=center
 * hes something hesi  some things|| het  someone heti  some|| heyenas  some kind of thing heyenasi  some kinds of thing|| heglas  some heglasi  some things|| heglati  some people
 * - valign=center
 * his this hisi  these|| hit  this person hiti  these people|| hiyenas  this kind of thing hiyenasi  these kinds of things|| higlas  this much higlasi  this many|| higlati  this many people
 * - valign=center
 * hiis the following thing hiisi  the following things|| hiit  the following person hiiti  the following people|| hiiyenas  the following kind of thing hiiyenasi  the following kinds of things|| hiiglas  the following amount hiiglasi  this following number of things|| hiiglati  the following number of people
 * - valign=center
 * hus that husi  those|| hut  that person huti  those people|| huyenas  that kind of thing huyenasi  those kinds of things|| huglas  that much huglasi  that many|| huglati  that many people
 * - valign=center
 * huus such a thing huusi  such things|| huut  such a person huuti  such people|| huuyenas  such a kind of thing huuyenasi  such kinds of things|| huuglas  so much huuglasi  so many|| huuglati  so many people
 * - valign=center
 * hyos nothing hyosi  none of them|| hyot  nobody hyoti  none of them|| hyoyenas  no kind of thing hyoyenasi  no kinds of things|| hyoglas  none hyoglasi  none|| hyoglati  none
 * - valign=center
 * hyas everything hyasi  all of them|| hyat  everybody hyati  all of them|| hyayenas  every kind of hyayenasi  all kinds of things|| hyaglas  all of it hyaglasi  all of them|| hyaglati  all of them
 * - valign=center
 * hyes anything hyesi  any|| hyet  anybody hyeti  any of them|| hyeyenas  any kind of hyeyenasi  whatever things|| hyeglas  any of it hyeglasi  any of them|| hyeglati  whoever
 * - valign=center
 * hyis the same thing hyisi  the same things|| hyit  the same person hyiti  the same people|| hyiyenas  the same kind of hyiyenasi  the same kinds of things|| hyiglas  as much hyiglasi  as many|| hyiglati  as many people
 * - valign=center
 * hyus something else hyusi  other things|| hyut  someone else hyuti  other people|| hyuyenas  another kind hyuyenasi  other kinds|| hyuglas  another amount hyuglasi  another number of things|| hyuglati  another number of people
 * }

 * Concerning the above chart, note the following:
 * The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place....  The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.  I will go where you go.
 * Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg.  Duhos se eta dyun?  What is your name?
 * Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg.  Hia aga jaga tam...  This big old house....
 * Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Duhot? means Who?, while Duhoat? means Which one (of several persons)?

Deictic Determiner Adverbs

 * All deictic determiner adverbs refer to a circumstance.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CIRCUMSTANCE--> !! PLACE -m !! TIME -j !! MANNER -yen!! DEGREE -gla !! FREQUENCY -xag !! REASON -sav ! Interrogative ! Relative ! Exclamatory ! Definite ! Indefinite ! Proximal ! Immediate ! Distal ! Intensive ! Negative ! Distributive ! Indeterminate ! Indentical ! Non-identical
 * + Correlative Deictic Determiner Adverbs
 * - valign=top
 * - valign=center
 * duhom? where? || duhoj? when? || duhoyen? how? || dugla? how (very)? || duxag? how often?|| duhosav? why?
 * - valign=center
 * hom where || hoj when || hoyen how || hogla how (very) || hoxag how often || hosav because
 * - valign=center
 * || || hooyen and how! || hoogla how very...! || ||
 * - valign=center
 * ham the place || haj the time || hayen the manner || hagla just as || haxag as frequently|| hasav the reason
 * - valign=center
 * hem somewhere || hej sometime || heyen somehow || hegla somewhat || hexag somewhat often||hesav for some reason
 * - valign=center
 * him here || hij now || hiyen this way || higla this || hixag this often||hisav for this reason
 * - valign=center
 * hiim the following place || hiij the following time || hiiyen the following way || hiigla to the following degree || hiixag at the following frequency||hiisav for the following reason
 * - valign=center
 * hum there || huj then || huyen that way || hugla to that degree || huxag that often|| husav therefore
 * - valign=center
 * huum such a place || huuj at such a time || huuyen in such a way || huugla so (very) || huuxag so often|| huusav for such a reason
 * - valign=center
 * hyom nowhere || hyoj never || hyoyen in no way || hyogla not at all || hyoxag not once|| hyosav for no reason
 * - valign=center
 * hyam everywhere || hyaj always || hyayen in every way || hyagla fully || hyaxag always||hyasav for every reason
 * - valign=center
 * hyem anywhere || hyej whenever || hyeyen however || hyegla however || hyexag however often || hyesav for whatever reason
 * - valign=center
 * hyim at the same place || hyij at the same time || hyiyen in the same way || hyigla as || hyixag as often|| hyisav for the same reason
 * - valign=center
 * hyum somewhere else || hyuj some other time || hyuyen otherwise || hyugla not as || hyuxag not as often||hyusav for some other reason
 * }

 * Concerning the above chart, note the following:
 * The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa.
 * The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place....  The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.....I will go where you go.
 * There are is a category not shown in the table:
 * hoo-, used to form exlamatory determiners like  Hoogla flia!.... How marvelous! or  Hooa via jub!.... What a beautiful day!.
 * Person determiners can be specified for gender. A determiner is made female by inserting a y after the ordinal, or male by inserting a w before the ordinal, eg. Huyti....those females or Hwit....this guy.
 * Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg.  Duhos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
 * Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg.  Hia aga jaga tam....... This big old house....
 * Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Duot? means Who?, while Duhoat? means Which one (of several persons)?
 * Duhoas?'....Which one? (things), Hias....This one, etc.
 * Duhoati?....Which ones? (people), Huati....Those, etc.
 * Duhoyat?....Which of us?, Hyeyat....Any of us, etc.
 * Duhoyet?....Which of you?, Hyayet....All of you, etc.
 * Duhoyit?....Which of them?, Hyoyit....None of them, etc.

 * Also not included in the above chart is a related interrogative, which is a complementizer.
 * Duven...?.... (Question introducer) Is it true that...?, Say whether...
 *  Duven et se tadxwa?....Are you married? (= Say whether you are married.)
 * The adverbs of degree in the above chart (duhogla?, etc.) are interchangeable with adverbs ending in -nog....degree (duhonog?....to what degree?, how...?, henog....somewhat)

 * Other deictic determiner adverbs of circumstance exist and are not on the above chart:
 * duhomep?....which way?
 * humep....that way
 * duhobyun?....to what end?
 * hyobyun....for no purpose
 * duhoizon?....in which direction?
 * 'hyaizon....in every direction
 * duhosauna....what kind of
 * hyesauna....any kind of

Examples of Deictic Determiner Usage

 *  Duhos se eta dyun?.... What is your name? (Duhos is pronounced du-HOS)
 *  Duhot se iyta twad?.... Who is her husband?
 *  Duhwoat se iyta twad?.... Which one of the guys is her husband? (selective)
 *  Duhoti fe eker?.... Who (pl.) want to play?
 *  Hyas se fia..... Everything is fine.
 *  Hyat tre et..... Everyone knows you.
 *  Hyot tre at..... Nobody knows me.
 *  Hyati ekeye fi..... All of them are playing well.
 *  Hyoti ekeye fi..... None of them are playing well.
 *  Hyet yafe eker..... Anyone can play.
 *  Hyes yafwe..... Anything is possible.
 * At fe hyuyenat be ata ekutyan.....I want someone else on my team.
 *  Huuyenati fyuxe yata oj..... Such people harm our future.
 * Et yefe tepier hiisi .....You must bear in mind the following things .
 *  Duhoyen et xa hus...... How did you do that?
 *  Duhosav iyt pia huugla jwa?.... Why did she leave so early?
 *  Wita tam se ga aga..... This guy's house is bigger.
 * At voy ayse huytia dyuni.....I don't have those women's names.
 *  Duhoa tam se etas?.... Which house is yours?
 *  Huua tej et ayse!.... What a life you have!
 *  Duhoyena dyezuni ifxe et?.... What kind of movies do you like?
 *  Duhota tef okwa?.... Whose hat was lost?
 *  Hota tef okwa bese otwas..... Whose hat was host remains a mystery.
 *  Ha tob ta yata dyuni..... The man knew our names.
 *  Hoyena dini at ife, et ufe..... The kind of stories I love, you hate.
 *  Hea mepi gawdyunxwo..... Certain streets will be renamed.
 *  Heyena fukyes uxaye purnyan..... Some kind of accident has caused a traffic jam.
 *  Heta abtaf kaxwa be ha zatem...... Someone's coat was found in the foyer.
 *  Hia dyes se ata gwafwas..... This book is my favorite.
 *  Hiia duni se yofwa..... The following words are prohibited.
 *  Hiiyena xeyen voy afwu..... The following sort of behavior would not be allowed.
 *  Hiyena xeyen voy vayafwo..... This type of behavior will not be tolerated.
 *  Hita tim so yovolza..... This person's room will be blue.
 *  Hua mas efwe gawvozilbwer..... That wall needs to be repainted.
 *  Huua dini yufxe tudi..... Such stories scare children.
 *  Huyena duni voy yeyfwe yixwer za at..... Such words should not be used in front of me.
 *  Hwuta tam magseye..... That guy's house is on fire.
 *  Hyoa din se ga kyitesa..... No story more important.
 *  Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe..... No such meaning can be inferred.
 *  Hyota jatexdras sa ga fia..... Nobody's plan is better.
 *  Hyos oboxe huyt..... Nothing bothers that gal.
 *  Hya mepi izpe Roma..... All roads lead to Rome.
 *  Hya ha mepi se ebwa..... All the roads are blocked.
 *  Hya tob yefe xer ita gon..... Every man must do his part.
 *  Hyayena telami ese be hia domep..... All manner of restaurants exist on this street.
 *  Hyata tej se uka bi yaobi..... Everyone's life is full of ups and downs.
 *  Hyaewa domi agsaye..... Both cities have grown.
 *  Hyea voz so fia..... Any color will be fine.
 *  Hyeyena til se aysyafwa..... Any kind of drink is available.
 *  Hyeta ved se ge ifa vyel atas..... Anyone's guess is as good as mine.
 *  Hyea tim et fe et yafe ayser..... Whatever room you want, you can have.
 *  Hyia /(Ha gea) fukyesi kyese glaxag..... The same accidents occur frequently.
 *  Hyiyena /(Ha geyena) dyezuni teaxuwa zajub..... The same kind of films were shown yesterday.
 *  Hyita /(Ha geta) dyun yixwa gajod..... The same person's name was used again.
 *  Hyua dyezun sa ifuyea..... The other movie was more entertaining.
 *  Hyuyena /(Ogeyena) som teasu ga fia..... Another kind of furniture would look better.
 *  Hyuta /(ogeta) texyen se ge fyia..... Someone else's opinion is equally valid.
 *  Hiytia dyuni voy dodrawe..... These women's names have not be make public.
 *  Hwiitia dyuni voy dodrowe..... The following males' names will not be publicized.
 *  Hijaga tobweti voy afwo him.....Boys of this age will not be allowed here.
 *  Duhom et tambese?.... Where do you live?
 * At tambese hum .....I live there .
 * Et tambese hom ha mep uje.....You live where the road ends.
 *  Duhom weti peye?.... Where are you guys going?
 * Et yafe per hyem et fu.....You can go anywhere you want.
 *  Duhom et byise?.... Where are you from? (Lit: Where do you originate.
 *  Duhoj et taja?.... When were you born?
 * At voy tajaya huj .....I had not been born then .
 * Et yeyfe duder hiiyen .....You should respond in the following way .
 * Ot voy yefe daler huuyen .....One must not talk in such a manner .
 * Et pia hesav .....He left for some reason .
 *  Duhoyen et iyfe hia vifil?.... How do like this wine?
 * Voy se fia axler hiyen .....It is not good to act this way .
 *  Duhosav et tadsa huugla jwa?.... Why did you marry so late?
 * Ha twob pia hyosav .....The man left for no reason .
 * Hwat pia hosav it efa per hem.....The guy left because he needed to go somewhere.
 *  Hyeta texyen so fia..... Anyone 's opinion will be fine.
 *  Duhota dyes se his?....Whose book is this?
 *  Duhotasi se hia dyesi?....Whose are these books?
 *  Hyata tili yebexe yom..... Everyone's drinks contain ice.
 *  Hyatasi ?.... Everyone 's?
 * Et se gaj geyenat ( ~ hyiyenat ).....You are still the same kind of person .'

 * The semantic reverser o- can be prefixed to some of the above deictic determiners:
 *  Ohyat tiste Platon..... Not everyone understands Plato.
 *  Ohut! '....Not that person!
 * At iyfe gwa apovili, oy ohuas !....I like most beers, but not that one !

 * If the definite article or any other deictic determiner is omitted before a noun, then it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun. For example:

 * Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the glass of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank a glass of wine.

 * Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank (some) glasses of wine.

 * Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank one glass of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the one glass of wine.

 * Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the two glasses of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia hya ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank both glasses of wine.

 * Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine.

 * Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the second glass of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank second glasses of wine., vs.
 * Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the second glasses of wine.

 * If an indefinite article sense is needed for clarity, the words awa (one) or hea (some, a certain) can be used, eg.:

 * At igteata awa tob yiztyoper.....I glimpsed a man walk by.
 * Wit zoyupo hea juab.....He will come back on a / a certain / some Monday.

Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms

 * The deictic interrogative determiner pronoun duhot? means who(m) and contrasts with its selective counterpart duhoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons.

 * The following sentences illustrate the use of the above determiner pronouns:

 *  Duhot aka zajuba ek?.... Who won yesterday's game?
 *  Duhoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?.... Which one of the winners was the best?
 *  Duhota tam se hus?.... Whose house is that?
 *  Duhotas se hus?.... Whose is that?
 *  Duhotia deuzi et gaife?.... Whose songs do you prefer?
 *  Duhotias et gaife?.... Whose do you prefer?
 *  Duhos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
 *  Duhosi se eta gaifuni?.... What are your preferences?
 *  Duhoa deuzi se eta gwa fiasi?.... Which songs are your best?
 *  Duhoasi se eta gwa fiasi?.... Which ones are your best?
 * Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gaife?....Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer?
 *  Hiiti yaneko hijub..... The following people will compete today.
 *  Duhoati se gwa fia?.... Which ones are best?
 *  Duhoti et teexe gwa jodi?.... Who (all) do you listen to the most often?
 *  Hoat at teexe gwaxag draye ejna deuz..... The one I listen to the most has written a new song.
 * Ejna deuz? At voy teste hoas et tede.....New song? I don't understand which one you mean.
 *  Hias ..... This one .
 * Vo. Huasi se ga fia.....No.  Those are better.
 *  His se jub av ivxelen..... This is a day for celebration.
 * Va. Hia jub. At tese hi jub.....Yes. This day.  I mean To- day.
 *  Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat!.... Those were the days, my friend!
 *  Duhos se eta dyun?.... What is your name?
 *  Duhot aka ha igpek?.... Who won the race?
 *  Hyas uja fi..... Everything ended well.
 *  Hyasi uje..... All things come to an end.
 *  Hyayenasi vey kyesu..... All sorts of things might happen.
 *  Hyos yokxa at..... Nothing surprised me.
 *  Hyot ta hot ako..... Nobody knew who would win.
 *  Hoayti fu pier yefe..... Those females who would like to leave may.
 *  Hyet yefe eker hia ifek..... Anyone can play this game.
 *  Huyenasi voy afwo..... Such things will not be permitted.
 *  Hua twob voy taxe hia toyb..... That man does not remember this woman.
 *  Hwuti yanyexe fi..... Those guys work well together.
 *  Huuyti hyaj yubixe tepzex..... Such females always attract attention.
 * At jay teataye hiyenasi .....I've seen such things before.
 *  Huyenwat voy vabiwu..... A guy like that would not be accepted.
 *  Duhoyenasi weti iyfe xer je ha maj..... What kinds of things do you guys like to do during the day?

Numerical Deictic Determiners

 * Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! INANIMATE PRONOUN !! ANIMATE PRONOUN !! PRONOMINAL DETERMINER !! POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
 * + Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners
 * - valign=top
 * hawa1 the only || hawas the only thing hawasi the only things || hawat the only one (person) hawati the only ones|| hawata the only person's || hawatas the only one's hawatasi the only one's (things)
 * hyawa* each || hyawas each one || hyawat each person|| hyawata each person's || hyawatas each one's hyawatasi each one's (things)
 * hyaewa both || hyaewasi both ( things ) || hyaewati both ( people )|| bi hyaewati both person's || has bi hyaewati both person's hasi bi hyaewati both persone's (things)
 * hyaiwa all three || hyaiwasi all three ( things ) || hyaiwati all three ( people )|| hyaiwata all three person's || has bi hyaiwati all three person's hasi bi hyaiwati all three person's (things)
 * ohyawa not every || ohyawas not everything || ohyawat not everyone|| ohyawata not every person's || ohyawatas not everyone's ohyawatasi not everyone's (things)
 * hyoawa not a single || hyoawas not a single thing || hyoawat not a single person|| hyowata not a single person's || hyowatas not a single person's hyowatasi not a single person's (things)
 * hyeawa either || hyeawas either one || hyeawat either one ( person )|| hyeawata either one's || hyeawatas either one's hyeawatasi either one's (things)
 * hyeewa any two || hyeewasi any two things || hyeewati any two people|| bi hyeewati any two person's || has bi hyeewati any two persons' hasi bi hyeewati any two persons' (things)
 * hyeowa neither || hyeowas neither one || hyeowat neither person|| hyeawata neither person's || hyeowatas neither one's hyeowatasi neither one's (things)
 * hyuawa another || hyuawas another one || hyuawat another|| hyuawata another's || hyuawatas another's hyuawatasi another's (things)
 * hyuowa no other || hyuowas nothing else || hyuowat nobody else|| hyuowata no other's || hyuowatas no other's hyuowatasi no other's (things)
 * gawa2 another || gawas another one || gawat another (person)|| gawata another's || gawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)
 * }
 * hyeawa either || hyeawas either one || hyeawat either one ( person )|| hyeawata either one's || hyeawatas either one's hyeawatasi either one's (things)
 * hyeewa any two || hyeewasi any two things || hyeewati any two people|| bi hyeewati any two person's || has bi hyeewati any two persons' hasi bi hyeewati any two persons' (things)
 * hyeowa neither || hyeowas neither one || hyeowat neither person|| hyeawata neither person's || hyeowatas neither one's hyeowatasi neither one's (things)
 * hyuawa another || hyuawas another one || hyuawat another|| hyuawata another's || hyuawatas another's hyuawatasi another's (things)
 * hyuowa no other || hyuowas nothing else || hyuowat nobody else|| hyuowata no other's || hyuowatas no other's hyuowatasi no other's (things)
 * gawa2 another || gawas another one || gawat another (person)|| gawata another's || gawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)
 * }
 * hyuowa no other || hyuowas nothing else || hyuowat nobody else|| hyuowata no other's || hyuowatas no other's hyuowatasi no other's (things)
 * gawa2 another || gawas another one || gawat another (person)|| gawata another's || gawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)
 * }
 * gawa2 another || gawas another one || gawat another (person)|| gawata another's || gawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)
 * }

 * 1 Hawa and hyawa are short for haawa and hyaawa, respectively.
 * 2 Gawa is short for ga awa, yet one.

Notes on Numerical Deictic Determiners

 * Examples using the above number-incorporating deictic determiners:

 *  Ohyawat se iva bay eta vaod..... Not everyone is happy with your decision.
 *  Hyaewasi yafwe uxer yata efi..... Both (things) can serve our needs.
 *  Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at..... Either room will satisfy me.
 *  Hyeowas oivlaxo at..... Neither one will dissatisfy me.

 * Note:
 * hyua means another (an alternative). Ex. At fu hyua til.....I would like another (a different) drink.
 * hyuawa means another (an additional). Ex. At fu hyuawa til.....I would like another (an additional) drink.
 * ha hyua means the other (the alternative). Ex. At fu ha hyua til.....I would like the other drink.

 * Similarly, hya means every, all, while hyawa means each, and hyaha....all the, ex:
 *  Hya dom ayse tebixea suni teaxer..... Every city has interesting things to see.
 *  Hya domi ayse tebixusi..... All cities have things of interest.
 *  Hyaha domi ayse tebixusi..... All the cities have things of interest.
 *  Hyawa dom ayse tebixun..... Each city has something of interest.

 * Also, ha means the, while hawa means the only, eg.:

 *  Ha twob hu at gwa ife se et..... The man I most love is you.
 *  Hawa toyb nazea ata tepzex se et..... The only woman worth my attention is you.

 * By appending y to hawa, we get the adverb haway....only, solely, eg;

 *  Haway et nize ata tepzex..... Only you deserve my attention..

 * The singular person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into pronominal determiners by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.:

 *  Hyawata tej se ge glatesa vyel hyutas..... Each one's life is as important as another's.
 *  Hyeowata dyun se vyama..... Neither person's name is real.

 * However, the plural person pronouns in the above chart use the preposition bi (of) to form possessives, eg.:

 * Ha teji bi hyaiwati se kyebukuwa.....The lives of all three are in danger.

 * The above singular pronominal determiners can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s.

 *  Hyawatas se glatesa..... Each one's is important.
 *  Hyeowatas se vyama..... Neither's is real.

 * The plural pronominal determiners can be nominalized with the use of bi, eg:

 *  Hyaiwasi bi huti se kyebukuwa..... All three  of theirs' are in danger.

 * Correlative Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners are handled as follows:

 * Hyeawa A ey B....either A or B
 * Hyeowa A oy B....neither A nor B
 * Hyaewa A ay B....both A and B
 * Hawa A, voy B....only A, not B

elsewhere.

 * The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here:

 *  Duhoyen wit xa hus?.... How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be duha byen...?....In what way...?) (ADVERB OF MANNER)
 *  Duhoyen et xeye?.... How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (ADVERB OF MANNER)
 *  Duhoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.)
 *  Duhonog (= Duhogla) aga it se?.... How big is he?.... (ADVERB OF DEGREE)
 *  Huunog (= Huugla) iyfla et se!.... How nice you are!.... (ADVERB OF EMPHATIC DEGREE)

 * The conjunction as is expressed most often using relative pro-adverbs of manner:

 * Xu hoyen at de.....Do as I say. = (in) the way that...
 * Xu hyiyen  (~ geyen) at xe.....Do as I do. ( = (in) the same way that...)
 * Xu hiiyen :....Do as follows . ( = (in) this hereby manner...)

 * However, the preposition/conjunction gel (like, as) can be substituted:

 * Xu gel at de.....Do as I say.

 * Many of the determiner adverbs in the above chart can be used in relative clauses, eg:

 * At teato et hoj et puo him.....I will see you when you get here.
 * It xa has hosav tosa yefa.....He did it because (for the reason that) he felt compelled.
 *  Hyehom et po, et so ga iva..... Wherever you go, you'll be happier.
 *  Hyet te ha did, pyaxu eta tuyab..... Whoever knows the answer, raise your hand.
 * At te hoyen et xa has.....I know how you did it.

 * See more about this in the section on relative clauses under Syntax.

Pronominal Deictic Determiners

 * Some words in Mirad incorporate deictic prefixes with pronouns and pronominal adjectives, as shown in the following chart:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size;smaller;"

! colspan=3 | Pronoun ! 1st Person Plural !! 2nd Person Plural !! 3rd Person Plural ! colspan=3 | Pronominal Adjective ! 1st Person Plural !! 2nd Person Plural !! 3rd Person Plural ! colspan=3 | Singular/(Plural) Possessive Pronoun ! 1st Person Plural !! 2nd Person Plural !! 3rd Person Plural
 * + Pronominal Deictic Determiners
 * - valign=top
 * duhoyat which of us || duhoyet which of you || duhoyit which of them
 * heyat some of us || heyet some of you || heyit which of them
 * hyayat each of us || hyayet each of you || hyayit each of them
 * hyeyat any of us || hyeyet any of you || hyeyit any of them
 * hyoyat none of us || hyoyet none of you || hyoyit none of them
 * hyayat each of us || hyayet each of you || hyayit each of them
 * hyeyat any of us || hyeyet any of you || hyeyit any of them
 * hyoyat none of us || hyoyet none of you || hyoyit none of them
 * hyoyat none of us || hyoyet none of you || hyoyit none of them
 * hyoyat none of us || hyoyet none of you || hyoyit none of them
 * duhoyata which of our || duhoyet which of your || duhoyita which of their
 * heyata some of our || heyeta some of your || heyita which of their
 * hyayata each of our || hyayeta each of your || hyayita each of their
 * hyeyata any of our || hyeyeta any of your || hyeyita any of their
 * hyayata each of our || hyayeta each of your || hyayita each of their
 * hyeyata any of our || hyeyeta any of your || hyeyita any of their
 * hyeyata any of our || hyeyeta any of your || hyeyita any of their
 * hyeyata any of our || hyeyeta any of your || hyeyita any of their
 * duhoyatas(i) which of ours || duhoyetas(i) which of yours || duhoyitas(i) which of theirs
 * heyatas(i) some of ours || heyetas(i) some of yours || heyitas(i) which of theirs
 * hyayatas(i) each of ours || hyayetas(i) each of yours || hyayitas(i) each of theirs
 * hyeyatas(i) any of ours || hyeyetas(i) any of yours || hyeyitas(i) any of theirs
 * hyoyatas(i) none of ours || hyoyetas(i) none of yours || hyoyitas(i) none of theirs
 * }
 * hyeyatas(i) any of ours || hyeyetas(i) any of yours || hyeyitas(i) any of theirs
 * hyoyatas(i) none of ours || hyoyetas(i) none of yours || hyoyitas(i) none of theirs
 * }
 * hyoyatas(i) none of ours || hyoyetas(i) none of yours || hyoyitas(i) none of theirs
 * }

 * The above possessive pronouns refer to things. If you replace the final -s or -si, to -t or -ti, then they become animate and refer to people, eg.:

 * Ese ewa tudi him. Duhoyitas se his?....There are two children here.  Which one of theirs is this?

 * All of the forms in the above chart can also be expressed as separate words, eg.:

 * Duhoyet? ~  Duhoat bi yet?....Which one of you?
 * Hyayat ~  Hyaglati bi yet....All of us.
 * Hyoyatasi ~  Hyogla yatasi....All of ours (things)

Note:

 * Awayat ~  Awat bi yat....one of us
 * Hyaewayet ~  Hyaewat bi yet....both of you
 * Hyaiwayit ~  Hyaiwat bi yit....all three of them

Quantitative Deictic Determiners

 * The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people):

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size;smaller;"

! !! ADVERBIAL / ADJECTIVAL DETERMINER !! INANIMATE SINGULAR PRONOUN !! INANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN !! ANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN !row=1|Interrogative !row=1|Relative !row=1|Definite !row=1|Indefinite !row=1|Proximal !row=1|Distal !row=1|Intensive !row=1|Negative !row=1|Distributive !row=1|Indeterminate !row=1|Identical !row=1|Non-identical
 * + Quantitative Deictic Determiners
 * - valign=top
 * duhogla? how?/how much?/how many? || duhoglas? how much? || duhoglasi? how many || duhoglati? how many (people)?
 * hogla as many/much || hoglas how much || duhoglasi how many || duhoglati how many (as)
 * hagla how/as much/as many || haglas as much || haglasi as many || haglati as many (people)
 * hegla somewhat/some/some || heglas some || heglasi some || heglati some (people)
 * higla this/this much/this many || higlas this much || higlasi this many || higlati this many (people)
 * hugla that/that much/that many || huglas that much || huglasi that many || huglati that many (people)
 * huugla so very, so much, so many || huuglas so much || huuglasi so many || huuglati so many (people)
 * hyogla none, not very || hyoglas none of it || hyoglasi none of them  || hyoglati none
 * hyagla totally/all/all || hyaglas all of it || hyaglasi all of them || hyaglati all
 * hyegla however/any/any || hyeglas any of it || hyeglasi any of them || hyeglati any number of them
 * hyigla as/as much/as many, equally || hyiglas the same amount || hyiglasi the same number || hyiglati as many (people)
 * hyugla not as much/not as much/not as many || hyuglas a different amount || hyuglasi a different number of things || hyuglati a different number of people
 * }

 * Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used:

 * Et deuze huugla fi.....You sing so well.
 * At se hegla booka.....I am somewhat tired.
 *  Duhogla pati et teata hijub?.... How many birds did you see today?
 * At teata vyavay hugla tami.....I saw exactly that many houses.
 * Iyt fe hyiglas vyel et.....She wants the same amount as you.
 *  Duhoglati yantexe yet?.... How many (people) agree with you?
 *  Hyoglati yantexe..... None agree.
 * Yit fu heglasi .....They would like some (of them) .
 * Et yafe bier hyehoglasi et fe.....You can take however many you want.
 * Besu bay at hogla job et fe.....Stay as long with me as you want.
 * At se huugla booka.....I am so tired.

 * NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable:

 * hegla = gle = henog (somewhat, to some degree)
 * hyigla = ge = hyinog (as, equally, to the same degree)

 * The determiner huugla' can be used as an exclamatory adverb, eg.:

 *  Huugla et agsaye!.... How you have grown!
 * Hua twob jagsaye huugla !....That man has aged so much !
 * Hia jotul se huugla fiteluza!....This dessert is sooo delicious!

Pronominal Determiners

 * Pronominal Determiners are what are more often called possessive adjectives such as my or your and are discussed in a subsection of Pronouns.

Quantitative Determiners

 * Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they:
 * specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work
 * specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places
 * specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much.
 * From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived.
 * Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING
 * Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS
 * Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS.

 * The following table presents most of these word forms (Note that the determiners are in a plus (+), equal (=), or minus (-) row.):

 * Examples Using Graded Quantitative Determiners
 * Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:
 * At se gla iva.....I am very happy.
 * Et sa gra uga.....You were too slow.
 * Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb:
 * Twobi dale ge igay vyel toybi.....Men talk as fast as women.
 * Yat yexe ga igay vyel yet.....We work faster (= more quickly ) than you.
 * Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun:
 *  Ga nas efwo..... More money will be needed.
 *  Gra nas noxwa..... Too much money was spent.
 * Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun (= things or people):
 * At ayse gro sari.....I've got too few tools.
 *  Gla tami osexwa..... Many houses were destroyed.
 * Yat efe gla ga valkdibuti.....We need many more policemen.
 * Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something (= stuff):
 *  Gas ilokeye..... More (stuff) is leaking.
 * Et dileye gras .....You are asking for too much (stuff) .
 * Yat kexo gwas .....We will seek as much (stuff) as possible .
 * At iba gwes .....I received just the right amount.
 * Pronouns referring to a countable number of things:
 * Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi .....These (items) are good but we want more (items) .
 * At teate drilari oy grosi .....I see pens, but too few .
 * Pronouns referring to a countable number of people:
 *  Grati xaye vyoki be hia yexem..... Too many (people) have made mistakes at this work site.
 *  Glati dyunwe oy gloti kebiwe..... Many are called but few are chosen.

Numerical Determiners

 * This category of determiners, which includes cardinal, ordinal and other number words like two, a tenth, and first, is such a vast topic that it is treated in its own chapter Mirad_Grammar/Numbers

title: Mirad Grammar/Determiners


text:
Mirad Grammar/Pronouns

Pronoun Categories

 * Pronouns are words that substitute for explicit nouns. For example, the pronoun I stands for the person standing at this place.  The pronoun this stands for the thing or person nearest.  The pronoun big one stands for a person or thing of some stature.

 * In this grammar, pronouns are divided into three categories:
 * personal pronouns
 * deictic determiners
 * deadjectival pronouns

 * Deictic determiners like who?, this, that, such a, all, anything are discussed in a later chapter called Determiners.

 * Deadjectival pronouns are discussed in the chapter on Adjectives, because they are basically pronouns built from an adjective or adjective stem, such as:
 * fia....good
 * fiat....a good guy
 * fias....a good thing
 * ha gwa fiasi....the best ones

 * This chapter discusses personal pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

 * In Mirad, personal pronouns can be classified by the following features:

 * person
 * 1st
 * 2nd
 * 1st & 2nd hybrid
 * 3rd
 * specificity
 * person-specific
 * generic
 * reciprocal
 * reflexive
 * gender
 * gender-neutral
 * masculine
 * feminine
 * case
 * subject
 * direct object
 * indirect object
 * animacy
 * animate
 * inanimate
 * other
 * emphatic
 * possessive

 * The chart below shows the principal personal pronouns, but does not include hybrid, reciprocal, emphatic, and possessive forms.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! PERSON ! TYPE ! ANIMACY ! GENDER ! SINGULAR ! PLURAL ! 1st ! rowspan=6|Specific ! rowspan=5|Animate ! rowspan=3|Neutral | at....I, me | yat....we, us ! 2nd | et....you | yet....you, you all ! rowspan=6|3rd | it....he, she, him, her | yit....they, them ! Masculine | wit....he, him |    ! Feminine | iyt....she, her |    ! Inanimate ! rowspan=3|Neutral | is....it | yis....they, them ! Generic ! rowspan=2|Animate | ot....one, they | yot....people ! Reflexive | ut....self | yut....selves
 * + Personal Pronouns
 * }

Animacy

 * If a Mirad pronoun ends in -t, the pronoun is animate. If the pronoun ends in -s, the pronoun is inanimate.

 * The Mirad 3rd person specific animate pronouns it (he/she), iyt (she), wit (he), and yit can refer to any animate or pseudo-animate creatures such as animals, babies, dolls, angels, gods, or monsters. However, Mirad it cannot refer to non-animate things such as tables, ideas, abstractions, plants, etc.  Instead, the 3rd person inanimate pronoun is (singular) or yis (plural) is used.  A deictic determiner (this/that, these/those) can also be used in such cases, as discussed in the chapter on Determiners, eg.:
 * Eta dom se via. At iyfe is .....You house is beautiful.  I like it .
 * Ata dyun se Pierre. Is se Feroda.....My name is Pierre.  It 's French.
 * Tej se vira, oy is uje gra ig.....Life is wonderful, but it ends too soon.
 * Teaxu hua amaryop. Has se via.....Look at that sunset.  It (=the thing) is beautiful. In this case, is and the determiner has are synonymous.

 * If the English word they or them refers to inanimate objects, concepts, or abstractions, then the Mirad 3rd person inanimate plural pronoun isi is used, eg.:
 * At ujba dyeer ha dyesi. Isi sa gla fia.....I finished reading the books.  They were very good.

 * Note that the endings -t and -s alternate regularly in the language for things and persons.

Gender

 * Personal pronouns are gender-neutral, except that the 3rd singular animate pronoun it (he/she) can be made to express gender by prefixing w for masculine or inserting y before the final t for feminine. This is optional and only used where needed to differentiate referents.
 * it....he/she/him/her
 * iyt....she/her
 * wit....he/him
 * ita....his/her
 * iyta....her
 * wita....his
 * iut....himself/herself
 * iuyt....herself
 * wiut....himself
 * iuta....his/her own
 * iuyta....her own
 * wiuta....his own

 * In rare cases, distinguishing other personal pronouns for gender might be possible:
 * wat....I/me, as a male
 * eyt....you, a female

Number

 * All plural personal pronouns begin with y:
 * yat....we, us
 * yet....you (all)
 * yit....they, them (m. or f.)
 * yot....people
 * yut....themselves

 * Plural personal pronouns do not express gender.

Case

 * Personal pronouns in Mirad do not express case with inflected forms such as he vs. him or she vs. her, or they vs. them in English. Rather, the position in the sentence or prepositions do the job.
 * Et teate at..... You see me. (subject)
 * At teate et .....I see you. (direct object)
 *  Yat teate yit.....We see them. (subject)
 * Yit teaate yat .....They see us. (direct object)
 * Du at din.....Tell me a story. (indirect object)
 * Buu is bu at .....Give it to me . (indirect object)

 * Tell me a story. can also be expressed in Mirad as Du din bu at. (Tell a story to me.). Some verbs in Mirad like der (to tell), buer (to give), and uper (to come) have a built-in dative notion and do not require the preposition bu (to) if the object pronoun immediately follows the verb.

Expressing Pronouns with Quantitative Elements

 * Here are some possible personal pronouns with quantitative elements:
 * awat bi yat....one of us
 * ewat bi yet....two of you
 * Hyaewat bi yit....both of them
 * hya yat....we/us all
 * anay wet....only you (m.)
 * duhot bi yet?....who of you?
 * Hyawas se fia.....Each one is good.

 * The above terms involve deictic determiners, which are discussed in the chapter on Determiners, as well as numbers, discussed in Numbers.

Generic Pronouns

 * The third person generic pronouns ot and yot are used as in English one and they, people (meaning unspecifed persons), as in the following examples:
 *  Ot yefe xer ha yakwas..... One must do what is expected.
 *  Yot de van et vyode hyoj..... They/People say you never lie.

Hybrid Pronouns

 * Mirad offers two special hybrid 1st & 2nd person pronouns, aet and ayet, which mean, respectively, I and you (dual) and I and you (plural). These are used only where the situation calls for it, eg.:
 *  Aet yeyfe tadser..... You and I should get married.
 *  Ayet efe yanbeser..... You people and I need to stick together.

Reflexive Personal Pronouns

 * Reflexive personal pronouns like English myself, yourself, etc. are formed by postfixing a u just before the final t. Reflexive personal pronouns are invariable for gender.  Translating iut as herself depends on the context.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! PERSON !! SINGULAR !! PLURAL !row=1| 1st specific animate !row=1| 2nd specific animate !row=1| 3d specific animate !row=1| 3d specific inanimate !row=1| 3d generic animate
 * + Reflexive Pronouns
 * aut....myself || yaut....ourselves
 * eut....yourself || yeut....yourselves
 * iut....himself/herself || yiut....themselves
 * ius....itself || yius....themselves
 * out....oneself || yout....people themselves
 * }
 * Reflexive pronouns do not have gendered forms, because they hearken back to personal pronouns which can be gendered.

 * The above reflexive pronouns can be adjectivized, as in the following:
 *  auta tam.... my own house
 *  yiuta byen.... their own way
 *  iusa volz.... its own color

 * These in turn can be pronominalized, as in the following:
 * At bese yub bi autati .....I stay nearby my own (people) .
 *  Eutas se ga fia..... You own is better.
 * Iyt bexe iutasi .....She has her own things .
 * Examples of personal pronoun usage:
 * At yafe teater aut be ha sinzyef.....I can see myself in the mirror.
 * Iyt yubteaxa iut .....She examined herself .
 * Tru eut !....Know thyself .
 *  Yat yeyfe tadser..... We should get married.
 * Iyt vey tojbo iut .....She may kill herself .
 * Ot yefe ifer out .....One must love oneself .
 * Yot glaxag voy ife yout .....People often don't love themselves .
 * Yet ufe yeut .....You (people) hate yourselves .
 * Yet yeyfe yovser yeut .....You people should be ashamed of yourselves .
 *  Yat ufe yet..... We hate you.
 * Upu eker bay yat .....Come play with us .
 * At aut voy movie.....I myself do not smoke.

 * The reflexive pronoun ut....self can sometimes be prefixed (with no variation in gender or number) to a verb to form a reflexive version of that verb, or it can be prefixed to other parts of speech to mean auto-, or self-, eg.:

 * tojber....kill → uttojber....commit suicide
 * vyixer....clean → utvyixer....wash up, clean oneself, self-clean
 * exer....function → utexer....function automatically, self-run
 * izber....pilot → utizber....auto-pilot, self-drive
 * exut....operator → utexut....automaton
 * deber....rule → utdebea....autocratic, self-ruling
 * tejdin....biography → uttejdin....autobiography
 * fider....praise → utfider....boast  (= self-praise)

Emphatic Personal Pronouns

 * Emphatic personal pronouns can be formed by following the personal pronoun with the reflexive correspondent, eg.:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! PERSON !! GENDER !! SINGULAR!! PLURAL ! 1st !! rowspan=3| neutral ! 2nd !rowspan=3| 3rd ! masculine ! feminine
 * + Emphatic Personal Pronouns
 * at aut....I myself, me myself || yat yaut....we ourselves, us ourselves
 * et eut....you yourself || yet yeut....you yourselves
 * it iut....the person him or herself|| yit yiut....they themselves
 * wit iut....he himself|| wit wiut....they themselves
 * iyt iut....she herself || yit yiut....they themselves
 * }

Note: Gender is not expressed in personal reflexive pronouns. Only the personal specific pronouns express gender, and then only optionally.

 * Examples:

 *  At aut voy vatexe Tot..... I myself don't believe in God.
 * At jateate yet yeut be hua dezyem.....I foresee you yourselves on that stage.
 *  Iyt iut voy sa hum..... She herself was not there.

Reciprocal Personal Pronouns

 * The animate reciprocal personal pronoun....one another, each other is translated with hyuit, which is a melding of hyut (the other person) and hyit (the same person). This is an invariable pronoun and does not express gender or number, but refers to sentient beings.
 * Yat yefe ifer hyuit .....We must love one another .
 * This reciprocal pronoun can be converted to a pronominal determiner by suffixing a, as in hyuita....one another's, mutual, reciprocal:
 * Yat tobweti yefe fiyzaxer hyuita fwasi.....We guys must respect one another's wishes.

 * The inanimate reciprocal personal pronoun....one another, each other is translated with hyuis, which is a hybridization of hyus (the other thing) and hyis (the same thing. This is an invariable pronoun and does not express gender or number, but refers to inanimate objects, concepts, and abstractions.
 * Meri glexag yanpyexe hyuis .....Planets sometimes crash into each other .
 * Syaagiri dale bay hyuis hyaj.....Computers talk with one another all the time.

 * This reciprocal pronouns can sometimes be used as a prefix, eg.:
 * Yat yefe hyuitifer .....We must love one another .
 * Hyuitfiyz....mutual respect
 * Hyuisloyexen....mutual destruction.

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

 * Possessive adjectives are derived from pronouns by adding the adjectival ending a to the end of the pronoun, as follows:

 * at....I, me   → ata....my
 * aut....myself   → auta....my own
 * yat....we, us   → yata....our
 * yaut....ourselves   → yauta....our own
 * iut....himself/herself   → iuta....his/her own
 * hyuit....one another   → hyuita....one another's
 * In turn, these possessive adjectives can be pronominalized with singular and plural forms referring to things. The following chart shows these forms:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! rowspan=2|Adjective ! colspan=4|Pronoun ! Singular (thing) ! Plural (things) |ata....my |atas....mine |atasi....mine |auta....my own |autas....your own |autasi....your own |aeuta....your and my own, our own |aeutas....your and my own, our own |aeutasi....your and mine, our own |eta....your |etas....yours |etasi....yours |euta....your own |eutas....your own |eutasi....your own |ita....his/her |itas....his/hers |itasi....his/hers |iuta....his/her own |iutas....his/hers own |iutasi....his/hers own |wita....his |witas....his |witasi....his |wiuta....his own |wiutas....his own |wiutasi....his own |iyta....her |iytas....hers |iytasi....hers |iuyta....her own |iuytas....her own |iuytasi....her own |hyuita....one another's |hyuitas....one another's |hyuitasi....one another's |isa....its |isas....its |isasi....its |iusa....its own |iusas....its own |iusasi....its own |ota....one's |otas....one's |otasi....one's |outa....one's own |outas....one's own |outasi....one's own |yata....our |yatas....ours |yatasi....ours |yauta....our own |yautas....our own |yautasi....our own |yaeta....your and ours |yaetas....yours and ours |yaetasi....yours and ours |yaeuta....your and our own |yaeutas....yours and our own |yaeutasi....yours and our own |yeta....your |yetas....yours |yetasi....yours |yeuta....your own |yeutas....your own |yeutasi....your own |yita....their |yitas....theirs |yitasi....theirs |yiuta....their own |yiutas....their own |yiutasi....their own |yisa....their |yisas....theirs |yisasi....theirs |yiusa....their own |yiusas....their own |yiusasi....their own |yota....people's |yotas....people's |yotasi....people's |youta....people's own |youtas....people's own |youtasi....people's own
 * + Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
 * }

 * Examples of possessive adjectives and pronouns in use.

 *  Ata tej se fia..... My life is good.
 *  Yata twed....... Our father...
 *  Ota fyadili yeyfe ser dola..... One's prayers should be silent.
 * At voy teata ita dyes.....I did not see his/her book.
 * At tre wita twed.....I know his father.
 * Yat yefe ovmasber yatasi .....We must protect our own [pl. things] .
 *  Etasi naze ga vyel atasi ..... Yours are worth more than mine .
 * Biku yeutasi .....You guys, mind your own business (= things).
 * Yat toybeti fe ayser yauta nig.....We gals want to have our own space.
 * Hia vafil bayse iusa toleuz.....This wine has its own taste.

 * In rare cases, inanimate possessive pronouns like, say, yatasi (our own [things]) can be animated by changing the s to a t, yielding yata t i (our own [people]), as in Ha Feromati ife vafil. Yatati gey.....The French people love wine. Ours do too.

Translating various uses of it in English

 * When translating English it referring to animate creatures such as babies, animals, dolls, angels, ghosts, and monsters, the Mirad third person animate personal pronouns it he/she/it, iyt she, or wit he is used, eg:
 * At eke bay ha epet hosav at iyfe it / iyt / wit .....I play with the dog because I like it / her / him .
 * When translating English it referring to an inanimate object or abstraction, the inanimate personal pronoun is can be used.
 * At teasa ha dyezun ay at iyfa is gla.....I saw the movie and I liked it a lot.
 * Ha mes sa yija oy at voy ta is .....The door was open but I didn't know it .
 * Deictic determiners like this and that can also be used. Read more about that in the chapter on Determiners.
 * If it introduces a non-previously-mentioned abstraction in English or has no antecedent, then the it is left unexpressed in the Mirad equivalent sentence. For example:
 * Mamilo..... It will rain. ( = Will rain.)
 * Se fia van et upa..... It is good that you came. ( = Is good that you came.)
 * Sa via jub bay et..... It was a beautiful day with you. ( = Was a beautiful day...)
 * Voy se yuka yaprer hia yazmel..... It is not easy to climb this mountain. ( = Is not easy...)

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title: Mirad Grammar/Pronouns