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Kitchen Remodel/Cabinet assembly and installation

In this chapter, I would like to give some impressions of our Ikea kitchen assembly and installation, and to share some of the experiences that we made. If I am mentioning possible mistakes and hazards, you can be assured: we experienced every single one of those, first hand, by our own fault, so I know what I am talking about.

By the way, this chapter is not meant to replace a thorough study of the printed instructions that come with every product. Those are very clever, and they can even be found online.

Cabinet frame assembly
I'll begin with a health advice. The flat packs are heavy, namely those that contain high cabinets. Early on, we decided not to lift them, let alone to carry them from our storage place in the garage into the kitchen space. Instead we unpacked the content in the garage, as needed, and lifted or carried only single panels. By the way, the packs need to lie flat for unpacking; if you open one while it is standing upright, you may build yourself a booby trap.

Base cabinet frames consist of two side panels and a bottom panel; high cabinet and wall cabinet frames include a fourth panel at the top. The material is particle board with melamine foil and plastic edging. Like many other Ikea furniture, the Sektion frames are being assembled with cam lock nuts and screws, and with wooden dowels. The back panel is made of fiber board, with a plastic foil face on the side that shows. It is thinner than the frame panels and sits in routed channels where it is firmly secured by a large number of small nails.

Make sure that you set up your assembly space on a soft surface, like a large rug, to prevent the panels from being scratched up. Every cabinet frame pack includes a bag of small parts; I found it very helpful never to empty those on the floor, but strictly into a designated bowl where they would not get lost. While a small cabinet frame can probably be assembled by one person alone (especially after they gathered some experience), I would not attempt to do this with a medium or large one. The parts are heavy and you won't have enough hands to hold everything in place while you also operate your tools. Talking about heavy: the need will arise to move assembled cabinet frames, too. We used a small wooden moving dolly, and at one point, where a very low ceiling height impeded the use of it, we cut a stick of round timber into three 2-foot pieces and put those under our load, in turns, while we gradually pushed the cabinet frame towards its destination. That felt like the ancient Egyptians moving building blocks of a pyramid, only they allegedly didn't know that technique yet.

The greatest mistake that can be made during assembly, is to mount a frame askew. This can be easily avoided by setting up the work space on a (floor) surface that is absolutely flat. Equally important is it to be really meticulous about the installation of the back panel. Before it is being nailed in, the frame needs to be straightened, with perfect right angles. Better than using a carpenter's square (which is never big enough) we found it to compare the two diagonals. If they are equal, down to a small fraction of an inch, the frame is standing straight, and those little nails should be hammered in without further ado. Even a slight accidental blow from any side can change the geometry and you may have to start the straightening procedure all over.

Legs
The default way to install Ikea's base and high cabinets is to put them on legs. The great advantage of those legs is that they are adjustable in height which allows it to very conveniently straighten every cabinet so that its top is perfectly level and all sides are perfectly vertical. With a conventional base you would have to use shims which I imagine to be a pain, namely at the cabinet's rear end. The legs are made of plastic and very easy to assemble and to attach to the cabinet frame, there is not even a screwdriver needed. They will be quite robust once the cabinet stands in its place, but they can break while the cabinet is still being moved between places, especially if this is being done in a rough or clumsy way. An even more dangerous moment is probably the one when a cabinet frame that has been lying down for assembly is brought up to its upright position. We never had any leg breakage; but Ikea wouldn't point that hazard out in their instruction material, if it didn't exist.

When island support brackets (see next section) are being used, hazard can be avoided if you first lift the cabinet frame onto the installed brackets, and only then attach the leg bases and the legs.

Wherever there are two adjacent cabinets, Ikea give you the choice to either allot to both of them their own four legs, or to install a shared pair of legs in the center where the two frames touch. An advantage of the latter may be that the height adjustment will be much simpler and quicker. A disadvantage may be that those two legs will bear a load that you as well could distribute over four legs. By the way: if you don't fully trust those legs, you can always install island support brackets in addition, under any cabinet and in virtually any number.

Brackets for island support
As I will point out in the next section, all Ikea cabinets (wall, base, and high cabinets) are designed to be wall-hung cabinets. So even base and high cabinets do not just stand on feet, but designed to be hung to a wall, too, for additional support. Well, this won't work for every cabinet, namely in the context of a peninsula or island. To create compensation for an omitted wall support, Ikea market brackets for island support, which go also under the name "Sektion". Those are basically blocks of solid pine wood, roughly in the dimensions of a two-by-four. They come with L-shaped steel brackets which have to be screwed into the floor (this may require a hammer drill, depending on the type of floor). After the cabinet frame is in place and level and straightened, the wooden log, which is at first mounted in the lowest possible position, can be brought all the way up and screwed tightly.

There is no rule that says that support brackets are only for islands. If you want to, you can mount those under any base or high cabinet. The best spot is probably under the cabinet's side panels, because this is where the load attacks. Make sure that neither the log nor the metal brackets stick out beyond the front legs, or else they may interfere with the toe kick. Once the cabinet is in place and well aligned to its neighbors, its bottom piece should be screwed to the wooden log from above.

Using the suspension rail
We began our kitchen installation with the sink row, for a number of reasons. One was that the water connections very much determined where to place the sink cabinet (while we were more flexible with the two peninsulas), another was our desire to study and to understand the use of Ikea's suspension rails. The latter serve two purposes: The installation of the rail itself may be quite cumbersome, because many kitchen walls are not as straight as they appear to be. In our case, it took us two full days to get that piece of metal in its final position. It is imperative that the rail is 1. screwed into studs (not just into drywall), and that it sits 2. at the correct height, 3. perfectly horizontal, and 4. perfectly straight. You may need to use shims to avoid bending.
 * The rails bear part of the weight of the cabinets.
 * They also help to align the cabinets straight and level. We found that this was extremely helpful: Once the rail is properly installed, the cabinet installation will be a breeze.

To install and to align the cabinets, they need to be hung into the rail while adjusting the height of the individual legs. Once two adjacent cabinets are in their final positions and well aligned, they need to be screwed together (screws for that are included, too). When you do this, make sure that you don't occupy any of the predrilled holes that you may need later for drawers or shelves.

Back-to-back base cabinets
When cabinets cannot be hung into a rail, because they are standing back-to-back to each other in an island or peninsula, they can be mounted back to back with a special "assembly kit for kitchen island". This sounds grand, but is mostly a piece of softish particle board that can be cut to size. This product is probably most useful if the cabinets that stand back-to-back are of equal width. If the brackets that would be screwed to it don't align at all, you may as well return the kit to the store and rely on other methods to attach those two rows of cabinets to each other.

Back-to-back high cabinets
Yes, high cabinets can be installed back-to-back, too! We did this with our oven/refrigerator row, which is standing back-to-back to our main pantry row. Omitting a wall between those saved us some precious and actually badly needed space. But still, we had to leave a little gap for the electrical and water connections. Instead of Ikea's assembly kit, we used a 2-by-4 beam to hold the upper ends of the high cabinets and to support the "wall" cabinet that hovers above the fridge.

High cabinets without a suspension rail
Another factor that may make it impossible to use the suspension rail is the ceiling. If it is very low, it may be difficult to coax a high cabinet in its position. We had such a situation in the case of our "extra", two narrow high pantry cabinets which were supposed to go into a custom-built recess. Since those would not be difficult to align in any case, we omitted the rail and simply screwed them to the adjacent walls, to the ceiling and to each other for stability.

Preliminary remark
Exact planning of the use of cover/filler panels requires an inspection and measuring of the material that has been delivered. At least in my case, the panels came in slightly inconsistent thickness although they were all announced as 5/8 ". In some cases, we had to modify our original designs and to add some underlayers.

Installing a 47" corner cabinet
The installation of a 47" corner cabinet requires some sort of a filler. Without it, there would be interference of the corner cabinet's door and the drawers/door of the adjacent cabinet. Ikea don't give instructions how to do it, probably because there are multiple possible ways to do it and because the requirements may not always be the same. Our own preference was to make it simple and space-saving, so we came up with this solution:

Annotation: We didn't align the rear end of the left cabinet and the left side of the 47" corner cabinet (4th image), but remove the corner cabinet a little from the wall; therefore the asymmetry in the filler scheme (3rd+5th image). The reason why we did this is that the 47" cabinet is part of a peninsula; its row (47" cabinet + dishwasher + a 18" cabinet) had to match the length of the cabinet row on the rear side of the peninsula (6th image).

Installing two base cabinets in a right angle
Most people would probably not position two standard cabinets in a right angle but rather use a corner cabinet instead. But we did (because we found a way to access the – otherwise "dead" – corner space from the other side of the peninsula) and therefore needed another filler panel scheme. Without fillers, we might not have been able to open those drawers. This is what we did to prevent any interference and to make the corner look pretty:

Covering cabinet frame sides
I am not sure what you would do if the color of your cabinet front matches the color of the front elements (drawer fronts and doors). In my case, it did not match, and we had to cover a small number of cabinet frame sides that otherwise would have shown a white surface while everything else is dark grey. Covering those is very straightforward, you just cut pieces of filler panel to size and screw those on from the inside of the cabinet frame so that the screw heads aren't visible. Make sure to not only cover the cabinet frames, but the sides of your drawer fronts and doors, too. When the decision is made to extend a cover panel all the way down to the floor, the question may arise if this should be done before or after floor installation. We found it much easier to do the flooring first and the panel installation later.

Covering a simple gap
If a gap between a cabinet and a wall is only a fraction of an inch (a few millimeters) wide, it can mostly be left as it is. But we had one that was almost 2 inches (5 cm) wide and wanted it to be covered. Although it may be easier to do this right after the installation of the cabinet frame, while it is still fully accessible with no countertop in the way, we found that it still wasn't a problem to do this later.

When a gap between a cabinet and a wall is to be covered, there is fundamentally the question if you want to extend the cover all the way to the floor or whether you want to leave the toe kick space open. We decided for the latter and simply extended the toe kick panel to the wall (4th image).

Covering a complex gap
More need for custom use of filler panels came up in our kitchen project in the area above the refrigerator. Ikea don't offer a cabinet frame of the dimensions that would have filled that space, so we had to compromise and buy a frame that was a bit too high and a bit too narrow. The height problem was easy to fix, we just cut off a bit from the side pieces, from the back piece, and from the door. A more daring problem was the gap. In order to fill it, we built a custom box. The challenge was to design something with only "good" sides of filler panel pieces showing, no raw particle board. So we designed the following:

Shelves, drawers and pull-outs
Shelves, drawers and pull-outs can be installed as soon as a cabinet frame is in its final position and properly attached to all elements (adjacent cabinet frames, wall, ceiling, island support, etc.) to which it needs to be attached. Corner cabinet shelves and carousels even have to be installed early, namely as long as the interior of the cabinet is still accessible from the top.

Shelves
Utrusta shelves are being mounted with pins that are included in the package. Make sure you open the bags which contain the pegs carefully, the pegs are small and have a tendency to escape at least my hands and to get lost, especially in the mess of a construction site. I lost at least half a dozen, some of them never to be found again, and there is no good substitute for them. I ended up ordering extras from Ikea, the product number is 101532. Ikea give them out without charge, in the store and by online order, but it may take a while until you get them.

Utrusta shelves are the standard shelves which have to be ordered in addition to the cabinet frames. Apart from those, there is also one support shelf included in every high cabinet frame. Those Sektion shelves come with special pins which are not only pushed into the predrilled holes, but also screwed for additional tightness. There are also additional little plastic braces in the shelves where the pin locks in (3rd image). You can mount a Sektion support shelf at any height you want, although they are obviously designed to sit not too far from the center for best structural support. Since the cut-out in the shelf that holds the pin is a bit deeper than in an Utrusta shelf, a Sektion support shelf will sit a fraction of an inch lower than an Utrusta shelf. This is important to know if you experiment with custom positioning of elements; so if a Sektion shelf gets into your way by just a tiny bit, you can try an Utrusta shelf instead.

Drawers
Drawer assembly and installation was one of my favorite parts of installing an Ikea kitchen, although there is a cornucopia of stupid mistakes that can be made. On any account, I will be a good idea to both scrupulously follow Ikea's instructions and be well rested and fully focused when you tackle this task. The good news: unless you really break anything (which is unlikely), any mistake that is being made can be reverted and fixed.

Drawer base assembly
The assembly of a Maximera drawer begins with the rear piece, the two trapezoid side pieces, and the bottom plate. (The front piece is a different product and comes one step later.) It may be helpful to understand how the side pieces lock into the rear piece – although you will possibly push them in successfully a dozen times before you figure you want to understand the mechanism –, this is why I included the following pictures. It is a simple plastic clasp, comparable to a sprung clothespin, at the end of the side piece that locks onto a little bar in the rear piece. If you believe you made a mistake pushing a side piece in, you can pull it back out, using moderate strength (and possibly giving the clasp a little straddle), without causing any damage.

Drawer front assembly
Maximera drawers come without a drawer front and need to be complemented with one: either a regular front element product like for example Voxtorp, or – in the case of a nested drawer or a drawer behind a door – an Utrusta front. Utrusta drawer fronts match the color of the cabinet frame. Both come with detailed instructions which should be followed carefully to avoid unpleasant surprises when you are ready to install the drawer in a cabinet frame. The most common mistake that can be made is not to consider the fact that bottom drawers need to have a slightly different front piece mounting than drawers which sit in higher positions. When we assembled multiple drawers in one session before installing them into a cabinet frame, we found it very helpful, too, to earmark the bottom drawers so that we wouldn't mix them up with other drawers.

Interference with hinge cut-outs
Ikea don't offer elements which are specifically for doors and specifically for drawer fronts. Every front element can fundamentally be used for both purposes. But all larger elements come with round cut-outs in their rear sides which are designed to hold door hinges. If they are not used for hinge installation, they can be covered with a plastic cap. But if such a front element is used as a drawer front, chances are that the bottom hinge cut-outs will interfere with the drawer assembly. Ikea therefore offer a special kit (Utrusta "Fixture for mounting door on drawer"; product # 002.807.55) which does not only include support for an otherwise wobbly high drawer front, but also a set of plastic plugs that can be inserted and mounted into the cut-outs and holes and thereby make it possible to properly attach brackets even in this awkward position.

Flipping or modifying an Utrusta drawer front
There is a default mount for Utrusta drawer fronts which is described in Ikea's instructions. In some cases, it may be advisable to deviate from that and to either turn the front upside-down (images) or to drill custom holes. This applies in particular when you work with custom configurations, when a normally mounted front piece would get in the way of another element or wouldn't leave enough space for your fingers to open the drawer. In such cases it may even become necessary to cut a front piece to a lower height (I simply turned the piece with the cut/ugly edge to the bottom where it wouldn't be seen).

Drawer installation
Drawer installation is a rather straightforward process. The most important thing about it is to meticulously follow the instructions that Ikea give in their manual, namely to use the indicated screw holes both in the slide and in the interior of the cabinet frame. Any improvisation may lead to a situation where the drawer will either not close or leave a gap.

Using custom holes rather than the predrilled cabinet frame holes is fundamentally possible, but the only application for this is custom-positioning of interior drawers (nested drawers, drawers behind a door). If you feel the default holes don't work for your regular drawer, it is most likely you who made a mistake.

When the drawer slide is properly installed and positioned and the drawer, too, is properly assembled, it should be easy to bring them together. Pull the slides out (it doesn't even need to be all the way, but do it symmetrically), set the drawer on top (make sure it is well centered and roughly horizontal) and then carefully push it forward into the cabinet. It should easily lock in, and then run smoothly, both ways, and close completely without a problem, even if you don't manually push it all the way in. If it doesn't, take it out and try again. Over time, you have a good chance to foster a sure instinct how to do this. Both locking a Maximera drawer into the slides and removing it from there is not a matter of strength or of tricks but of experience and of sensitive fingertips.

It is certainly a good idea to start learning with the smallest drawer that you have until you got the hang of it. You may even discover that one specific member of your household has a genius for these operations while others don't.

After installation the drawer fronts can be adjusted through the mechanism in the side pieces. We never had to.

The images above show drawer slides for 15" deep cabinets (2nd thru 5th image) and for 24" deep cabinets (1st, 6th and 7th image).

Pull-outs
The most important thing to know about Ikea's pull-out fittings for 12" cabinets is that they can be custom-assembled. The two drawers (one is high, the other medium) can be swapped, and both can be mounted at any height, depending of the height of what you want to store in this cabinet. If you want, you can even omit the side bars. The mechanism that links both drawers together at their rear ends consists of two parts which are designed to be joined in different ways so that the length is variable. But since those variations are not continuous but in defined increments, it makes a lot of sense to first put everything together, as a test – the two drawers and the joined link mechanism –, and only then to finally decide on the exact position of the upper drawer (the lower drawer should always sit in its default position, that is: as low as possible).

I naively did it the other way around and ended up joining the link mechanism with a custom hole, bolt, and nut, rather than the much more elegant default way.

On any account, the custom-assembly of a pullout is one of the trickiest and most complex operations in the installation of an Ikea kitchen; it requires a lot of very careful measuring and thinking and full concentration, and is probably best done in a team. But it is absolutely worth it.

Doors and hinges
Hinge installation starts with the hinges being mounted to the door. This part doesn't require tools, the hinge is simply being plunged into the round cut-out (1st image; make sure you get it all the way in), and then press the flap down (2nd image) to tighten it. I don't have too much finger strength and found it helpful to cover the flap with a piece of cardboard or soft wood while pressing it down, that made it easier for me to make that reluctant thing budge. In case you need to open it again: that is no problem either, but you will need some strength and possibly a metal spatula or wide screwdriver, too.

The next step is the installation of the hinge bases in the cabinet frame. Make sure you know where the front of the little thing is (it is where the two little grippers are). The last step is to attach the hinges (which are already mounted to the door) to their bases. This is best done by two people: one holding the door in the right position and the other (preferably the stronger person) clicking the hinge tips into place, one by one. They should latch easily, with a little pressure and a characteristic click sound. If you, for any reason, need to remove them again, that is possible, too, just apply a little strength. No tool needed. But better don't revert the assembly without necessity, at least I managed to maltreat one hinge so badly that it became unusable.

Theoretically, the door installation can also be done the other way around: First the hinge bases and hinges installed to the cabinet frame, and only then the door attached to the hinges. We tried both variations and found the first described method much easier to perform than the latter.

Toe kicks
The toe kick panels can only be installed after all flooring work is finished. I found it useful to map all my cabinets out in a drawing, together with the delivered toe kick panels (1st image). When this is been done on a computer screen or on paper ahead of time, before the toe kick installation begins for real, you will have more time to make good decisions about the use of your material. If piecing on is unavoidable, the seams should be at positions where they will only get a minimum of attention. In our case, the map also revealed that our kitchen designer had supplied us with more material than we needed. We could return it to the store without a problem.

We used a miter saw to cut the toe kick panels, with masking tape over the cutting lines to preserve clean edges. If you don't have a miter saw, a hand saw will certainly do just as well.

Our biggest challenge were the toe kicks in the refrigerator/oven row and in the pantry where the ceiling is so low that we had to cut the cabinet legs to custom length. Consequently, we had to trim the toe kick panels, too, which is fundamentally not a problem; only if you cut off too much, this will destroy the channel which has to hold the clasp that embraces the cabinet leg.


text: Wikibooks:Sandbox

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikibooks:Sandbox


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Wikijunior:Languages/Sylheti

What writing system(s) does this language use?
Sylheti uses its own script, encoded in Unicode as Syloti Nagri, developed specifically for writing the language. The script consists of 5 vowels, 5 vowel diacritics, and 28 consonants. Additionally, individuals studying other languages may employ scripts containing an excess of vowels and consonants not essential for Sylheti. This contrast highlights the language's efficiency in phonetic expression compared to systems designed for languages with more extensive phonetic requirements.

How many people speak this language?
Approximately 11-14 million people speak Sylheti as their native language. Due to its cultural significance, there's also interest in learning the language, contributing to a broader community of speakers.

Where is this language spoken?
Sylheti is primarily spoken in the Sylhet region of India and Bangladesh. However, due to migration and diaspora communities, Sylheti is also spoken in various parts of the United Kingdom and the Middle East.

What is the history of this language?
Sylheti has ancient roots, evolving from the Prakrit, a precursor to the Eastern Indo-Arian languages. Over the years, it has developed its unique linguistic features. The language has ties to the historical region of Sylhet and has loanwords from Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit.

Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
While Sylheti literature has a rich oral tradition and vernacular manuscripts, notable historical figures like Radha Raman, Hasan Raja, Sadik Ali, and Sundari Mohan Das have significantly contributed to Sylheti literature, preserving its cultural essence.

Noya Daman
Noya Daman is a Sylheti folk song celebrating the reception of a new groom by bridesmaids. With expressive lyrics and vibrant melodies, it can be freely accessed, offering a glimpse into the festive and heartwarming atmosphere of Sylheti wedding traditions.

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Sylheti


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User talk:VTommyV

--ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ (discuss • contribs) 07:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:VTommyV


text: User:Wikidonez/sandbox

title: User:Wikidonez/sandbox


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Visual physics and mathematics/Pythagoras and the origin of harmony

The waves propagate but the sphere and the air around it oscillate around their equilibrium position and do not propagate. A vibration, or oscillation, is a periodic movement, a movement that returns to its starting point and starts again. The period $$T$$ is the duration of the repeating movement, the duration of a round trip. The frequency $$f$$ is the number of periods per unit of time, therefore the inverse of the period:

$$f = 1/T$$

If the unit of time is the second (s) then the unit of frequency is the Herz (Hz).

The movement above has a period equal to 3 s and a frequency equal to 1/3 Hz.

Even circular motion is an oscillation:

The human ear perceives as sounds vibrations whose frequency is higher than a few tens of Herz (the lowest sounds) and lower than approximately 20,000 Hz (the highest pitched sounds).

The fundamental mode of vibration of a string is the widest and the slowest: a single belly and no node. Its period is proportional to the length of the string:

Pythagoras discovered that musical chords appear when the lengths of the vibrating strings are in simple ratios (for strings that are equally taut and have the same mass per unit length). The octave is the chord between two strings whose lengths are in the ratio of 2 to 1, as in the animation above. The perfect fifth is caused by a ratio of 3 to 2:

The perfect fourth, 4/3:

The major sixth, 5/3:

The major third, 5/4:

Numbers are the cause of music which is the cause of everything that is, since all beings dance and sing. Numbers are therefore the cause of everything that is. “Everything is number” is the principle of the Pythagoreans.


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Visual physics and mathematics/Gravitation

The force that causes the balls to fall to the ground is the same as the force that keeps the Moon in its orbit. Satellites and projectiles all obey the same law, the law of universal gravitation.

The orbits of the planets

Gravitation holds the planets in their orbits around the sun.

The trajectory of a mobile in free fall depends on its initial velocity vector:

But masses subjected to gravitation which have the same velocity vector and which pass through the same point always have the same trajectory:

This is why Saturn has rings:

The law of universal gravitation
''Two masses exert a gravitational force on each other proportional to the product of their masses divided by the square of their distance. The two forces, that exerted by A on B and that exerted by B on A, are in the direction of the line which connects the centers of the two masses A and B and they are always attractive.''

Gravitation between two balls

Two balls attracted to each other by gravity bounce off each other.

The gravitational field
A field is a physical quantity that can vary at every point in space at every instant. For example, temperature is a field. The law of universal gravitation says that a mass $$m$$ continuously produces a gravitational force field $$\mathbf{g}$$ throughout space:

$$\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r}) = -G \frac{m}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}$$

where $$\mathbf{r}$$ is the vector which goes from the mass $$m$$ to the point considered, $$r$$ is its length, $$\mathbf {\hat r} = \mathbf{r}/r$$ is the unit length vector in the direction of $$\mathbf{r}$$ and $$G$$ is a constant which depends on the choice of units of measurement.

The force $$\mathbf{F}$$ exerted by a gravitational field $$\mathbf{g}$$ on a mass $$m'$$ is $$\mathbf{ F} = m' \mathbf{g}$$

So the force exerted by a mass $$m$$ on a mass $$m'$$ is $$-G \frac{mm'}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}$$

On Earth, the weight of a body is the gravitational force that the Earth exerts on it.

The $$\mathbf{g}$$ field is like a mathematical intermediary to calculate the force exerted by one mass on another.

The gravitational force exerted by two masses on a third is the sum of the forces exerted separately by each of them.

Two stars revolve around each other.

According to Newton's theory, the force of gravitation is everywhere. It is a force field that fills all space. This field can be derived from a scalar field, the gravitational potential field, here represented by a gradation of colors. The white lines are the lines of force, the lines that always follow the direction of the gravitational force.

The equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass
According to the theory of relativity, there is no instantaneous interaction at a distance. One mass cannot therefore instantly exert the force of gravitation on another. The force propagation time must be taken into account. This is why the law of universal gravitation is only a first approximation. To calculate the effects of gravitation more precisely, we need the theory of general relativity.

Einstein's big idea in 1908: if an elevator falls in free fall, its passenger is weightless for the duration of the fall, until the elevator crashes to the ground.

Stephen Hawking in a plane that simulates a free fall

To understand this big idea, one needs to know the following theorem:

If a body is subject only to gravitation, its acceleration does not depend on its mass.

Proof: according to the law of gravitation, the force $$\mathbf{F}$$ exerted by a gravitational field $$\mathbf{g}$$ on a mass $$m$$ is $$\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{g}$$. According to the fundamental law of dynamics, this force $$\mathbf{F}$$ produces an acceleration $$\mathbf{a}$$ such that $$\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a}$$. So $$\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{g}$$, whatever the mass $$m$$.

In $$\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a}$$, $$m$$ is the inertial mass, or coefficient of inertia. It is the inverse of the acceleration produced by a unit force. In $$\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{g}$$, $$m$$ is the gravitational mass, or gravitational charge. It is equal to the force exerted by a unit gravitational field.

Newtonian physics does not impose the equality of inertial mass and heavy mass. They could be different. As with the electric field, the gravitational field could cause different accelerations on different bodies at the same point, if the gravitational mass (the gravitational equivalent of the electric charge) was different from the inertial mass.

The equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass means that the acceleration of an elevator in free fall caused by gravitation is always equal to that of its passenger. This is why the passenger cannot observe the effect of gravity in a free-falling elevator. Everything happens as if it were not subject to any force, as if it were weightless.

We feel our own weight, because we feel the force that the ground exerts on our feet. We feel the weight of a body that we carry, because we feel the force it exerts on our hands, or on our back. But these forces of repulsion between the ground and our feet, or between our hands and a heavy body that they carry, are not forces of gravity, but electric forces produced at the contact surface between bodies which repel each other.

According to general relativity, we cannot feel the force of gravity because it is not a force. The force of gravitation does not exist. There is no force, as Newton believed, that pulls us downward. There is only the force of the ground that pushes us upwards.

The floor of a free-falling elevator exerts no force on the passenger's feet, who is therefore not subject to any force, as in weightlessness.

The choice of reference frame
According to Newton, the passenger in a free-falling elevator is subject to the force of gravity. According to Einstein, it is not subject to any force. The difference comes from the choice of frame of reference.

A reference frame is a rock, or any solid body, in relation to which we can locate ourselves and make distance measurements. By placing three perpendicular planes on the rock, we can identify all the points in space with the three numbers x, y, z which measure their distances from these three planes. It is assumed that an event occurs once on the rock. This event defines the time t = 0. We can then identify the instants t of all the events with the duration which separates them from the instant t = 0. A frame of reference therefore makes it possible to identify all the events in space-time with four numbers, t, x, y, z.

The measurement of speeds and accelerations depends on the choice of reference frame. If we measure the accelerations on a moving merry-go-round, the result is not the same whether the reference frame is the ground or the merry-go-round.

There are some reference frames better than others. The ground reference frame is better than that of the merry-go-round for studying forces. A rock that does not rotate in relation to the stars is better than a rock that rotates. We can tell the difference between a rock that rotates on itself and another that does not rotate on itself without looking at the stars. All we need to do is place two masses linked by a spring. If the rock rotates on itself and if its axis of rotation is not parallel to the spring, the two masses are separated by the rotation.

Good reference frames for measuring forces are all rocks which do not rotate on themselves and which are not subject to any force. They are called inertial frames.

Moving masses which are not subject to any force:

According to Newtonian physics, inertial frames are all at rest or in uniform rectilinear motion relative to each other, because gravitation is considered a force. A movement is uniform rectilinear if its trajectory is a straight line and its speed is constant.

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, inertial frames are all rocks that do not rotate on themselves and are in free fall relative to each other, because gravitation is not considered as a force.

The movement of the Moon around the Earth is a free fall. More generally, all bodies that exert no force on each other are in free fall relative to each other, because gravitation is not considered a force. Falls in air are not free falls because of air friction. Falls in the void are free falls.

The difference between Newtonian physics and general relativity comes from the choice of the inertial frames.

According to general relativity the reference frame of the ground is not inertial, because it is not in free fall. It is equivalent to the reference frame of an accelerating rocket:

We feel gravity because we are accelerated relative to a free-falling frame of reference.

A rock that does not rotate on itself, free falling in a tunnel that passes through the center of the Earth, is a good reference frame for measuring the forces inside the Earth.


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Visual physics and mathematics/Fluid dynamics

The Venturi Effect

The gradation from white to blue represents an increase in pressure. The pressure is lowest where the pipe is narrowest. This isn't very intuitive, especially if we think of a crowd passing through a narrow door. But we explain it by reasoning about the forces experienced by an element of the fluid. To pass through the constriction, it is first accelerated, as if pushed from behind. The pressure behind it is therefore higher than the pressure in front of it. After passing through the constriction, it is braked. The pressure in front of it is therefore higher than the pressure behind it. The place of constriction is therefore a minimum of pressure.

(In general, we carry out the Venturi effect in a pipe. Here, the flow is in two dimensions and it is calculated with the Joukovski transformation. We must imagine a fluid which flows between two parallel plates. The place of the constriction is like a valley on each of the plates.)

Why do planes have wings?

The angle of attack (the inclination of the wing relative to the horizontal, here greatly exaggerated compared to a realistic situation) requires the air to flow more quickly above the wing than below. As with the Venturi effect, the acceleration of the air imposes a reduction in pressure. The pressure below the wing is therefore higher than the pressure above it. This is why planes are carried by their wings.

Perfect flow around a cylinder

Just in front of the cylinder, the fluid is almost still. So it was slowed down. The pressure on the front of the cylinder is therefore higher than the pressure upstream, as expected. Just behind the cylinder, the fluid is also almost still. It is therefore accelerated to join the flow downstream. The pressure on the rear of the cylinder is therefore higher than the pressure downstream, as one would not expect. If the fluid is without viscosity, the pressures on the rear and on the front of the cylinder compensate each other exactly and the cylinder is therefore not dragged by the flow, as if one could put one's legs in a torrent without being dragged towards downstream, or if a projectile could pass through the air without being slowed down. To explain the drag force, viscosity (the force of fluid friction) and turbulence must be taken into account.

A Karman vortex street

Half a million hard disks bounce off each other and an obstacle to their flow.

The Magnus effect

How to surprise an opponent? By sending him a spinning ball.

Demixing

A million hard disks bounce off each other. There are no forces of attraction, only repulsion. The two colors represent molecules of two species. Between two molecules of different species, the rebound distance is greater than between two molecules of the same species. This is enough to cause molecules of the same species to come nearer, the two fluids to separate and a line tension to appear between the two phases. The line tension in this two-dimensional fluid is the equivalent of the surface tension (the tension that makes drops, bubbles, and flat liquid surfaces) in three-dimensional fluids. Intermolecular forces of attraction are therefore not necessary to cause surface tension to appear.

Pressure and altitude

A 2D gas of hard disks bouncing on each other, initially at rest, collapses under the effect of gravity and reaches an equilibrium situation where the pressure decreases with altitude.

Archimedes' thrust

Hard disks subject to gravity bounce on each other. The large yellow disk experiences greater pressure at its base than at its top. This is why it is carried by the fluid like a hot air balloon.

Archimedes' thrust is the sum of the pressure forces exerted on a solid immersed in a fluid. In a fluid in equilibrium under the effect of gravity, it is directed upwards. If the solid is also in equilibrium, the Archimedes' thrust is exactly equal to its weight, which is also the weight of the volume of fluid occupied by the solid.


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Visual physics and mathematics/Relativity

The paradox of the race after the light
Light travels away from us at 300,000 km/s. If a rocket goes at 200,000 km/s to chase the light, the light still moves away from the rocket at the speed of 300,000 km/s, and not at 100,000 km/s as one might expect. We can never catch up with light or change its escape speed. The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant: it is the same for all observers, whether they are on Earth or in a rocket.

The contraction of lengths, the slowing down of clocks and the relativity of simultaneity are enough to show that the paradox of the race after light does not lead to a contradiction.

Relativistic wheels
All moving solids are contracted in the direction of their movement. This effect is appreciable when their speed approaches that of light. This is the contraction of Fitzgerald. It is a consequence of the geometry of space-time, discovered by Einstein with his theory of relativity.

A hoop which rotates on itself so quickly that the speed of its circumference approaches that of light therefore has a smaller diameter than the same hoop at rest. The same goes for a wheel, if its spokes are much softer than its circumference. If the wheel turns on itself, its spokes do not undergo Fitzgerald contraction, because their movement is perpendicular to their length, but they can be compressed by the pressure of the circumference.

If a wheel rolls on the ground with a speed close to light, the base of the wheel is not contracted, because its speed is zero relative to the ground. On the other hand, the top of the wheel is strongly contracted:

Remark: Light is not the only way to form images. The imprint of a foot on wet sand is an image of the foot. A printing house produces images daily by contact. In the animation above, it has been assumed that the images of the wheels are obtained by contact (for example by projecting their shadow on a wall of photodetectors in contact with them), not through an eye or another optical system.

Spatio-temporal measurement devices
A rigid ruler, or a compass, makes it possible to measure the distance between its extremities by comparing it to other distances. A rigid ruler is therefore a device for measuring a length, or a spatial interval. The important point is that the ruler is rigid, so that the measured distance is always the same. Spatio-temporal measurement devices can be designed on the same model. A simple clock is such a device. It allows to point two events which are always separated by the same duration. One can also use two clocks fixed to the same rigid support, each being used to point a certain event. If the device that triggers the two clocks is regular, the spatio-temporal interval between the two pointed events can always be the same. Such devices make it possible to measure spacetime in the same way that rigid rulers make it possible to measure space.

An interval is timelike if it is on the path of a massive material point. It is lightlike if it is on the path of a ray of light in vacuum. All other intervals are spacelike. When an interval is spacelike, there is always an inertial frame for which its extremities are simultaneous events. Spatio-temporal measurement devices measure the three kinds of intervals. A single clock is sufficient to measure timelike intervals. Two clocks fixed on a rigid ruler and suitably synchronized make it possible to measure spacelike or lightlike intervals.

All lightlike intervals are equal
The theory makes it possible to assign a real number to all spatio-temporal intervals, timelike, lightlike and spacelike, or more precisely to their square. Timelike intervals in particular are all equal to zero and therefore all equal to each other. This is a priori surprising. This means, for example, that the spatio-temporal interval between the emission of a photon and its reception three meters away is equal to the interval between its emission and its reception three light-years away, as if the advancing photon never departed from its starting point. Isn't it wonderland?

Spatio-temporal measurement devices and the slowing down of clocks allow to understand this counterintuitive result. Imagine a rocket launched towards a star three light-years from Earth. A photon is emitted at the rear of the rocket and received at the front, three meters away, from the point of view of the rocket, so a tiny fraction of a second later. But because of the slowing down of clocks, what lasts a tiny fraction of a second from the point of view of the rocket can last three years from the point of view of the Earth, provided that the rocket is fast enough. The same spatio-temporal device measures both a lightlike interval of three light-years and a lightlike interval of three meters. It thus establishes their equality.

The paradox of double contraction of lengths
Can a long moving beam enter a barn shorter than it, since its length is contracted in the direction of its movement ?

But the barn is also contracted in the direction of its movement :

If Y is in motion relative to X, it is contracted in the direction of its motion from X's point of view. But if Y is in motion relative to X, X is also in motion relative to Y, and it is also contracted in the direction of its motion from the Y's point of of view. If for example AB and CD are two rigid rules of the same length when they are at rest and which slide over each other, CD is shorter than AB from AB's point of view:

A---B

C--D

and AB is shorter than CD from CD's point of view:

A--B

C---D

This is the paradox of the double contraction of lengths. To understand why this paradox does not lead to a contradiction, we must take into account the relativity of simultaneity:

Let E, F and G be three immobile points, such that F is the midpoint between E and G and EF = 3 m. Let P, Q and R be three points with the speed v with respect to EFG. We assume that at time t= 0, P, Q and R coincide with E, F and G respectively:

E---F---G

P---Q---R

Suppose that a light flash is emitted at F at time t= 0. At time t = 10-8 s, it arrives simultaneously at E and G, from the point of view of EFG, because EF = FG. At this instant P, Q and R have moved:

E---F---G

-P---Q---R

From the point of view of PQR, the flash emitted at Q at time t = 0 arrives simultaneously at P and R, because PQ = QR, but it does not arrive simultaneously at E and G, because at the instant when it arrives at G, QE is larger than QG, and the flash has therefore not yet arrived at E. The simultaneity of two events therefore depends on the point of view. What is simultaneous from the point of view of an observer is not necessarily so from the point of view of another moving observer. Simultaneity is not absolute but relative. This is why this theory is called the theory of relativity.

Let AB and CD be two rigid rules of the same length when they are at rest and which slide over each other. From the point of view of AB, at the instant when C passes through A, D has not yet arrived at B. This is why CD is contracted with respect to AB from AB's point of view:

A---B

C--D

From CD's point of view, at the instant C passes through A, D has already passed through B. This is why AB is contracted with respect to CD from CD's point of view:

A--B

C---D

The relativity of simultaneity therefore resolves the paradox of the double contraction of lengths :

390px

The paradox of the double slowing down of clocks is similar to the previous one: a clock I moving in relation to a clock H is slowed down from the point of view of H. But from the point of view of I, it is the clock H which is slowed down with respect to I. The relativity of simultaneity is sufficient to show that this paradox does not lead to a contradiction.

If b is a clock is at the periphery of a rotating disk, it is slowed down compared to a clock a which remains at the center:

But the situation is not symmetrical between a and b, because there is an inertial reference frame where a is always at rest, but there is none for b. This is why an astronaut who makes a long, very fast trip could return to Earth several centuries after her twin has died.

The same goes for relativistic hoops and wheels. There is no inertial frame of reference where their periphery is always at rest. The situation is not symmetrical between an observer at rest in relation to the center of the hoop and who does not rotate on himself, and an observer who rotates on himself with the hoop, because the frame of reference of the second is not not inertial. This is why a hoop that rotates on itself is really contracted compared to the same hoop that does not rotate on itself.

The contraction of lengths, the slowing down of clocks and the relativity of simultaneity are enough to show that the paradox of the race after light does not lead to a contradiction, because the measurement of the speed of light depends on the measurement of lengths, durations and simultaneity. The measuring instruments on board the rocket are contracted and slowed down as the rocket accelerates, and the measurement of simultaneity is modified. This is why light can always maintain the same speed relative to the rocket:

All the lights on a single train flash simultaneously from the perspective of an observer resting on the train, but they do not flash simultaneously to an observer watching the train pass.

The propagation of light is represented by the movement of the orange lines. If the length of a train is the unit of length and the period of the flashing light, the unit of time, then the speed of light c = 1.

One can see that moving trains are contracted, that moving clocks are slowed down, and that light always has the same speed equal to one, regardless of the observer's point of view, at rest, or in a moving train.

Space-time diagrams of an encounter between two trains of flashing lights

On these space-time diagrams, space is represented by the horizontal direction, time by the vertical direction. Points on the same vertical are events that occur at the same location. Time flows upwards. Points on the same horizontal are events that occur at the same time. If c = 1, the propagation of light is represented by lines inclined at 45° (here the orange lines).

All these diagrams can be obtained from just one of them by a Lorentz transformation:

$$x'=\gamma(x- v t)$$

$$t'=\gamma(t- v x / c ^ 2)$$

where $$\gamma = 1 / (1 - v ^2 / c ^2) ^{1/2}$$ is the coefficient of expansion of durations. $$1/\gamma$$ is the coefficient of contraction of lengths. $$v$$ is the relative speed of the two frames of reference which determine a Lorentz transformation.

The addition of speeds
If B is going at speed u relative to A and if C is going in the same direction at speed v relative to B, then C is going at speed u+v relative to A.

This theorem of addition of speeds is a theorem of Newtonian physics, which ignores the contraction of lengths, the slowing down of clocks and the relativity of simultaneity. If we take these three relativistic effects into account, the speed addition theorem becomes:

If B goes at speed u with respect to A and if C goes in the same direction at speed v with respect to B, then C goes with speed (u + v)/(1 + uv/c2) relative to A, where c is the speed of light.

If v = c, (u + v)/(1 + uv/c2) = (u + c)/(1 + u/c) = c, the speed of light relative to at A is therefore always equal to the speed of light relative to B, whatever the speed of A relative to B.


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Visual physics and mathematics/Quantum Physics

Quantum physics can be summarized by a single great principle, the principle of superposition of states:

Any physical system which can be in the states $$|1\rangle$$ and $$|2\rangle$$ can also be in a state $$\alpha|1\rangle+\beta|2\rangle$$ where $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ are any complex numbers.

The same principle can be phrased in an equivalent way :

The space of states of any physical system is a complex vector space.

As far as we know the validity of the superposition principle is not restricted : any physical system. There is not any boundary between quantum systems, which obey the superposition principle, and classical systems, which would not. All known systems are fundamentally quantum systems, because they are all made of quantum particles.

The principle of superposition has three immediate consequences:

 * Wave-particle duality. A particle can spread out in space and behave like a wave, because it can be in a state of superposition of states located at different positions.

 * Quantum spin. The rotation of a quantum being on itself obeys rules that are incomprehensible from a classical point of view, because a quantum spinning-top can rotate at the same time in one direction and the other, by superposition.

 * Quantum entanglement. A quantum system can be in a determined state without its parts being so, because the superposition of several conjunctions of states is not necessarily a conjunction of superposed states.

Spin and entanglement are difficult to represent visually. On the other hand, wave-particle duality can be shown easily, because it is enough to show waves:

This animation shows the quantum state (the wave function) of an initially very localized particle. Luminosity represents the probability of presence. The color represents the phase of the wave function.

A particle can propagate like a wave packet by spreading out slowly:

A particle can also be in a state of superposition of two wave packets:

A quantum particle can therefore interfere with itself.

The interference pattern of a particle with itself can be observed:

Or simulated by calculation:

There is something crazy in this universal validity of quantum superposition. Suppose that $$|1\rangle$$ and $$|2\rangle$$ are states of the moon in two different places. If the moon is in the state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}(|1\rangle+|2\rangle$$), it seems to be in two different places at the same time. This should be a general phenomenon. With quantum superposition, any system can be simultaneously in as many places as one wants. Could Don Juan multiply his affairs in a quantum way ?


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Visual physics and mathematics/Chua system

The Chua system is a system of three ordinary differential equations (Differential equations, dynamical systems and an introduction to chaos, Hirsch, Morris William., Smale, Stephen, Devaney, Robert Luke, 2004): For example b=28 and a =15.4
 * dx/dt = a(y - x3/16 + x/6)
 * dy/dt = x - y + z
 * dz/dt = -by

It is a deterministic three-dimensional flow:

All trajectories converge towards an attractor:

It is a strange attractor because it is chaotic. A moving point circulates on the 8 in a way that seems disordered: a few turns on the left part of the 8 then a few turns on the right part and so on, but the number of turns on each part is unpredictable.

A zoom on the Chua attractor:

The attractor varies depending on the parameter a:


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Visual physics and mathematics/Percolation

To model percolation (how a fluid passes through a porous material for example), we can randomly distribute bonds on a square network. p is the proportion of bonds among all possible links. As long as p < 1/2, the bonds do not percolate. A fluid passing through them cannot go very far. The material is not porous. But as soon as p is greater than 1/2, paths as long as desired appear:

When p = 1/2, we obtain a fractal structure. It is a structure which retains its structure when we change scale:


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Visual physics and mathematics/Vibrations

A body can have many modes of vibration.

Vibration modes of a circular drum:

A mode of vibration of a square plate:


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Visual physics and mathematics/Shock waves

A shock wave generally obeys the Lax conditions: the speed of small perturbations behind the wave front is greater than the speed of the wave front which is itself greater than the speed of small perturbations in front of the wave front:

Such shock waves are said to be compressive.

All shock waves are expected to be compressive. Peter D. Lax proposed his conditions as universal conditions for a mathematical theory of all shock waves. If the Lax conditions are not verified, the wave front is expected to gradually spread out and therefore a shock wave can never form. However, we can observe, in exceptional conditions, shock waves which do not obey the Lax conditions:

Such shock waves are said to be undercompressive.


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User talk:Undekagon30

--ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ (discuss • contribs) 11:31, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Hallo User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ Thank you for the welcome. I want to try to improve the Marathi teaching section because I am a Marathi learner myself (low intermediate). I stumbled across the Marathi Wikibook when I started to learn Marathi some years ago. Recently (since last autumn) I started to contribute to Marathi word entries in English Wiktionary. I had my hands on some templates and will in the future develop some Lua Modules to make the conjugation and declination, tricky transcription issues, and things like that more comfortable to use for future editors. I am still in the beginning stage of understanding wiki formatting here and there. I would like to improve the Marathi teaching materials here to give a better and more beginner friendly version to people new to the language and (script). Something neither Wikipedia nor Wiktionary can do because the focus on both is a different one (encyclopedia versus dictionary). I also would like to contribute to translations of classic Marathi texts (e.g. Shri Ramdas Swami's Manache Shlok), but these projects belong to Wikisource and not here if I understood correctly? Undekagon30 (discuss • contribs) 10:43, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Undekagon30


text:
User:Edo999/Collections/Sumerian

Sumerian and cuneiform

 * Sumerian
 * Sumerian/Grammar
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson One - The Plural Marker
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Two - Possessives
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Three - The Genitive
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Four - The Copula
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Five - The Verb Chain
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Six - A Sumerian Sentence
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Seven - Ergativity in Sumerian
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Eight - The Case System
 * Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Nine - Cuneiform

title: User:Edo999/Collections/Sumerian


text:
Talk:Shelf:Wikijunior early reader books

Submissions?
Can anyone submit and contribute to these articles or books? I see a couple books targeted at single letter familiarization, but there seems to be very little contributed overall. IntrepidImpressario (discuss • contribs) 23:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, anyone can contribute! I recommend that you first familiarize yourself with What is Wikijunior as well as other Wikibooks policies. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Partition Zion GD

Nope

Recent edits
—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 03:02, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Partition Zion GD


text: Category:Kenyan recipes

title: Category:Kenyan recipes


text: Category:Zimbabwean recipes

title: Category:Zimbabwean recipes


text: Category:Angolan recipes

title: Category:Angolan recipes


text:
User talk:Philipnelson99

Welcome!
Welcome, Philipnelson99!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 02:51, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Philipnelson99


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...a6

=Bishop's Opening: The Sideline 2...a6?!=

2...a6?! doesn't have a variation name. It can't be considered serious because '''white gains a large advantage after 3. Nc3! (or 3. Nf3)'''. Although it threatens ...b5, this move is timid and not a good option against the Bishop's Opening. 3. a4, though strange, gains space in the queenside and stops 3...b5. While 3. a4 is not as good as 3. Nc3 and 3. Nf3, it also refutes 2...a6?!.


text:
User talk:Hosting Home23

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 07:34, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hosting Home23


text:
Wikijunior:Big Book Of Cities And Towns/Philippines/Antipolo

Antipolo is a highland city in the province of Rizal in the Philippines.

Symbols of Antipolo
 File:Hinulugang Taktak.jpg|Hinulugang Taktak Waterfalls File:Antipolo Cathedral 2023-03-25.jpg|International Shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage


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Wikijunior:Big Book Of Cities And Towns/Philippines/Cainta

Cainta is a town in the province of Rizal in the Philippines that serves as the gateway to the rest of the province.

Symbols of Cainta, Rizal
 File:Cainta Church 05.jpg|Parish of Our Lady of Light


text: Category:Book:Open Scholarship Press

title: Category:Book:Open Scholarship Press


text: User talk:105.112.115.135

title: User talk:105.112.115.135


text:
Talk:Wikibooks Stacks/Departments

adding sections
is it possible to add a fiction section? IntrepidImpressario (discuss • contribs) 23:09, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @IntrepidImpressario! Unfortunately not—Wikibooks does not accept fiction. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 23:50, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

where would this fit?
Built Environment > Infrastructure > Utilities > Water Utilities

Also, shouldn't discussion be centralised at ../? — Arlo Barnes (discuss • contribs) 16:09, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Shelf:Civil engineering - Don Stroud (discuss • contribs) 08:11, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikibooks Stacks/Departments


text:
Unicode/Obsolete blocks

= Block section =

New blocks
Some blocks proposed by Unicode, sometimes never rare:

Rare

 * Hangul, contains some syllables in modern, we added.
 * Hangul supplementaries
 * Hangul Supplementary A, contains some syllables used in Damko, Linu, Habu, Molpa, Kwija, Mujna, and Bigam, we added.
 * Hangul Supplementray B, contains some syllables used in Damko, Linu, Jiak, Habu, Molpa, Kwija, Nahe, and Miolap, we added.
 * Former
 * Tibetan, contains some letters used in the Tibetan script, we added.

Some blocks used by blockquote. By other references, from Java , by qidim from wikilink :

Some different references used by open centre by others , by kim in some results "Markup *wikitext by other"

"renders as"

pao da meja no lais

title: Unicode/Obsolete blocks


text:
Flora of New York/Carex Species Index

Carex species list from 2024 New York Flora Atlas.

Species in bold type are deviations from the New York Flora Atlas.

title: Flora of New York/Carex Species Index


text: Category:Cake mix recipes

title: Category:Cake mix recipes


text:
Category:Hatnote templates with errors

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Hatnote templates with errors


text:
User talk:K6ka

Welcome!
Welcome, K6ka!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 03:16, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:K6ka


text: Category:Calabash nutmeg recipes

title: Category:Calabash nutmeg recipes


text:
Visual physics and mathematics/Crystal structures

A very little grain of salt

Each line represents a bond between two ions in a crystal of NaCl (sodium chloride = ordinary salt). Blue and green distinguish the two kinds of ions. It is a centered cubic crystal. Each Na+ ion is surrounded by 8 close neighbors Cl-. Likewise, each Cl- ion is surrounded by 8 close neighbors Na+. Two nearby ions always have opposite charges, because opposite charges attract each other while charges of the same sign repel each other.

Crystal galaxies
What would we see if we were small enough to be inside a crystal and see its atoms as stars, or if we looked up at the sky in a crystal galaxy?

Cubic galaxy

Diamond sky

A bright line of stars reveals that the line of vision (the line from the center of the eye to the center of the object) is in a plane of stars. These planes are like the faces of a precious stone:

The simple cubic structure
The simple cubic structure is the simplest crystal structure:

The repetition of the same
The simple cubic structure is a stack of cubes in the three directions of space. A crystal structure is obtained by the repetition of the same cell, not necessarily cubic, in one or more directions of space.

A crystal structure can be in two dimensions:

A stack of identical spheres has the structure of a crystal.

A frieze has the structure of a one-dimensional crystal:

The face-centered cubic structure

This structure is obtained by repeating a face-centered cubic cell:

The diamond structure

This structure is obtained by repeating the following cell:

Promenades inside a diamond:


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5/3. e4

Sprite Countergambit
This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!

'''1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5?? 3.e4??'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5/3. e4/3...e5

Fanta Countergambit
This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!

'''1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5?? 3.e4?? e5??'''

Statistics
1683 games. White Win Rate: 32%. Draw Rate: 30%. Black Win Rate: 38%.


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Visual physics and mathematics/Heat

An initially cold bar is heated at one of its ends. It is assumed that its side walls are thermally insulated. The heat diffuses along the length of the bar:

The black line represents the temperature.

title: Visual physics and mathematics/Heat


text:
User talk:Sdiabhon Sdiamhon

Welcome!
Welcome, Sdiabhon Sdiamhon!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sdiabhon Sdiamhon


text:
User:DutchTreat

See w:User:DutchTreat for my main user page.

 * /journal

title: User:DutchTreat


text:
User:DutchTreat/journal

2024 June

 * Started my first book! Pracital Engineering (draft), working title (22 June)
 * Reviewing Wikibooks talk:Artificial Intelligence (24 June)

2024 February

 * Perspectives in Digital Literacy/Introduction fix wikilink (1 February)

2007 September

 * Expert Systems/MYCIN +cat typo

title: User:DutchTreat/journal


text: Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Ne2


text: Category:Calabaza recipes

title: Category:Calabaza recipes


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/Benrattray

(create/edit a page blocked by auto)
Hi, can we please have permission to create and edit the following page? Exercise_as_it_relates_to_Disease/Effects_of_a_swim_program_for_children_with_Autism I vaguely recall having problems in my class with titles that include the word autism.... thx --Benrattray (discuss • contribs) 05:02, 5 September 2022 (UTC)
 * you don't need a permission to make pages. However, an admin may be able make blacklisted pages for you. These pages may then be edited by anyone., can you create it? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:47, 5 September 2022 (UTC)
 * obviously, but that is what the error message says with this type of error. And why would this title be blacklisted, its about health.
 * Please can the following page also be created (because its blacklisted) - Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism
 * It seems to be an issue around blacklisting and the word autism. Whatever the reason for that, I don't think these pages are the cause for concern the blacklisting. Thanks. Benrattray (discuss • contribs) 22:07, 5 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I checked the abuse log and couldn't find a log of you triggering the edit filter. Could you explain what kind of warning you got? I'm not an admin here but I can try and help out to the best of what I can. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 10:30, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I tried it myself. It was a local or global blacklisted page title. It's not an edit filter. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 11:20, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah yes – didn't occur to me that the page would be on the title blacklist. The word "autism" is on the global blacklist which is probably why wouldn't have been able to create that page. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:24, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * ok thanks. I will find another way to get these student projects completed. Benrattray (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a very old request, but FYI, admins can bypass the title blacklist. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 16:24, 29 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/TenWhile6

(autoreview)
Hello. I am active in fighting global vandalism and I speak English, that’s why I am also here patrolling in the recent changes. I also hold the rollback flag in a few wikis. (Hope, I am trusted. CA for my usergroups) --TenWhile6 (discuss • contribs) 21:22, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ – I'm not denying the fact that you are trusted, but your edit count on en.wb is very low and a majority of those edits were made yesterday. You will automatically receive the reviewer right once you pass a certain criteria (which hopefully won't be a long time away). The autoreview right is more so for making mass edits (e.g. mass-fixing typos, etc.). --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 8 June 2023 (UTC)


text: Talk:Structured Query Language/Classic Track Print


text:
Flora of New York/GCG-21

[https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12722 Global Carex Group: Roalson EH, Jiménez-Mejías P, et al (2021) A framework infrageneric classification of Carex (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principles. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59:726–762. Main Article] - Appendix

title: Flora of New York/GCG-21


text:
Wikijunior:Big Book Of Cities And Towns/Philippines/Cebu

Cebu City is the oldest city in the Philippines and is established by the Spaniards who colonized the country.


text:
Flora of New York/FNA-sect

[http://floranorthamerica.org/Carex_sect._. 'Carex'' sect. ' in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico, 25+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23.]

title: Flora of New York/FNA-sect


text:
Haskell/Solutions/Category theory

Which law implies transitivity?
Formally, transitivity of a partial order is defined as: for any $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ if $$a < b$$ and $$b < c$$ then $$a < c$$. In the category defined by a partial order this translates to: for any objects $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ if there exist morphisms $$a \to b$$ and $$b \to c$$ then there exists a morphism $$a \to c$$. This is guaranteed by the second law of categories, i.e., that they are closed under composition. Indeed, the last morphism is a composition of the first two.

Why does adding an arrow break category laws?

Let's consider what must be the result of the compositions $$h \circ g$$ and $$g \circ f$$. Notice that since $$h : B \to A$$ and $$g : A \to B$$ then $$h \circ g : A \to A$$ and given that there is only one morphism from $$A$$ to $$A$$, namely $$\operatorname{id}_A$$, it follows that $$h \circ g = \operatorname{id}_A$$. Using similar reasoning we can show that $$g \circ f = \operatorname{id}_B$$.

Now, let us consider the composition $$(h \circ g) \circ f$$; substituting $$h \circ g = \operatorname{id}_A$$ into it yields $$\operatorname{id}_A \circ f$$, which can be simplified to $$f$$ using the third law of categories. However, the first law of categories states that this composition should be equal to $$h \circ (g \circ f) = h \circ \operatorname{id}_B = h$$, yet $$f \neq h$$.

title: Haskell/Solutions/Category theory


text:
Reddit/Subreddits

Subreddits are individual forums organized around a specific topic. All subreddits begin with a lowercase "r" followed by a slash, then the name of the subreddit. Each subreddit has its own group of moderators and are subject to their own rules.

To join a subreddit, click "join" (or "subscribe" if you are using old Reddit). When you return to your homepage, posts from your subscribed subreddits will be listed. The more subreddits you have joined, the more diverse your front page will appear. Click the "joined" button ( or the "unsubscribe" button if you are using old Reddit) to leave a subreddit.

title: Reddit/Subreddits


text:
User:BigKrow

BigKrow (discuss • contribs) 03:58, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User:BigKrow


text:
User talk:BigKrow

Welcome!
Welcome, BigKrow!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 07:36, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:BigKrow


text: Category:Book:Reddit

title: Category:Book:Reddit


text:
User talk:Alnaling

Welcome!
Welcome, Alnaling!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 07:39, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alnaling


text: Category:Candlenut recipes

title: Category:Candlenut recipes


text: Category:Cane syrup recipes

title: Category:Cane syrup recipes


text: Category:Syrups

title: Category:Syrups


text:
Learn Baybayin

Introduction
Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔), was the pre-colonial Tagalog writing system that is a direct descendant of Kavi, the script used to write Old Javanese. It has seventeen characters where three of them are vowels (a, e/i, o/u).

Note: Baybayin script is an 'Abugida', not an 'Alphabet'. An abugida differs from an alphabet by the fact that in an abugida, any diacritics written above or below a character changes its readings.

Baybayin then and now Baybayin eventually died out as the Latin alphabet introduced by the Spaniards continued to be imposed in the colonial era. Nowadays, that script is used mainly for aesthetic purposes; on the Philippine banknotes, Philippine passport and sometimes in the logos of some Philippine agencies. Many Filipino politicians wanted to make it the national writing system of the Philippines. Many Filipinos are now learning it as a hobby.

Exercise
Learn how to read and write Baybayin script, so you can practice reading and writing Baybayin.

title: Learn Baybayin


text:
Cookbook:Zhug II

Ingredients

 * 2–3 red chile peppers, stems removed
 * 4–5 green chile peppers, stems removed
 * 1 bunch of fresh coriander (cilantro)
 * 2–3 heads of fresh garlic, peeled
 * 1 cup water
 * 1 tbsp salt
 * 1 tsp cumin
 * 1 tsp black pepper
 * Olive oil (dash)

Procedure

 * 1) Grind and blend together the chiles, coriander, and garlic.
 * 2) Add water, salt, cumin, and pepper. Blend all together again.
 * 3) Store in a sealed jar.

title: Cookbook:Zhug II


text:
Cookbook:Zhug III

Ingredients

 * 2 bunches of fresh coriander (cilantro)
 * 4 heads of garlic, peeled
 * 4–5 red or green chile peppers
 * ½ cup olive oil
 * 1 tbsp cumin
 * 2 tbsp sweet red paprika
 * ½ tsp citric acid (lemon salt)
 * 1 tsp salt

Procedure

 * 1) Blend together the garlic, chili peppers, and fresh coriander.
 * 2) After blending, add olive oil and continue to blend together.
 * 3) Place ground mixture into bowl and stir in paprika, cumin, salt, and citric acid. Mix together.
 * 4) Store in refrigerator within plastic or glass jar with a layer of olive oil poured over it.

title: Cookbook:Zhug III


text:
User talk:64.237.203.21

We welcome and appreciate your contributions, but some of your recent edits had to be undone. Please see What is Wikibooks? to learn more about what contributions are beneficial to Wikibooks. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:46, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.237.203.21


text:
Learn Baybayin/Practice

Try to transliterate these Tagalog words from Baybayin scripts into Latin alphabet.

 * 1) ᜊᜑᜄ᜔ᜑᜇᜒ
 * ᜀᜐᜓ
 * 1) ᜑᜅᜒᜈ᜔
 * 2) ᜋᜓᜃ᜔ᜑ
 * 3) ᜉᜎᜌᜏ᜔
 * 4) ᜊᜓᜏᜈ᜔
 * 5) ᜉᜎᜌᜈ᜔
 * 6) ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔
 * 7) ᜋᜄᜈ᜔ᜇ
 * 8) ᜐᜈ᜔ᜎᜒᜊᜓ

Try to transliterate these Tagalog words from Latin alphabet into Baybayin script.

 * 1) bihag
 * 2) dalampasigan
 * 3) ulam
 * 4) labanos
 * 5) sasakyan
 * 6) paaralan
 * 7) upuan
 * 8) gatas
 * 9) manok
 * 10) duyan

Authors and Contributors

 * Karl Basallote — started this book.

title: Learn Baybayin/Practice


text: Category:Book:Learn Baybayin

title: Category:Book:Learn Baybayin


text:
Learn Baybayin/Reading and Writing

Kindly refer to the introduction for the full character chart.

Each letter has a vowel sound. By default, Baybayin letters are consonants with an inherent vowel "a". To produce another vowel sound, a special mark (known as a kudlít) is placed either on the top of the character (for "E" and "I" sounds) or at the bottom (for "O" and "U" sounds). The kudlít does not apply to stand-alone vowels, as they have their own characters.

In the original form, stand-alone consonants (consonants without the vowel sound) could not be formed. This was particularly hard for Spanish friars, who were working on translating books into Tagalog. In 1620, Father Francisco Lopez rectified the problem by inventing his own kudlít in the form of a cross sign ("+") that removed the vowel sound. The kudlít functions exactly the same way the virama functions in the Devanagari script used to write Hindi. This is called TAGALOG SIGN VIRAMA by Unicode.

Exercise
After learning how to read and write the Baybayin script, you can now practice reading and writing Baybayin.

title: Learn Baybayin/Reading and Writing


text:
Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Tagalog

 * EN: Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Tagalog speakers.
 * TL: Sa ibaba ay ang Cocos Malay phrasebook para sa mga mananalita ng Tagalog.

title: Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Tagalog


text:
Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Bikol

 * EN: Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Bikol speakers.
 * BCL: Sa ibaba iyo an Cocos Malay phrasebook para sa mga parataram nin Bikol.

title: Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Bikol


text:
Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Spanish

 * EN: Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Spanish speakers.
 * ES: A continuación se muestra un libro de frases de Cocos Malay para hispanohablantes.

title: Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Spanish


text:
User talk:39.50.199.226

Recent edits
—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:09, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:39.50.199.226


text: Talk:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Learning to Fly


text:
User:Samueleliotr/minerva.css

body { font-family: "Serif", "Baskerville", "Baskerville", "Baskerville", serif }

title: User:Samueleliotr/minerva.css


text:
User:Pminh141/huggle.yaml.js

--- enable: true version: "3.4.12 build: 4100 3.4.11" report-summary: "Reporting $1" confirm-multiple: false confirm-talk: true confirm-self-revert: true confirm-whitelist: true revert-on-multiple-edits: true automatically-resolve-conflicts: true software-rollback: false enforce-months-as-headers: true history-load: true on-next: 1 delete-edits-after-revert: true skip-to-last-edit: false preferred-provider: 2 remove-oldest-queue-edits: false truncate-edits: false talkpage-freshness: 20 remove-after-trusted-edit: true retrieve-founder: false display-title: false check-tp: true manual-warning: false summary-mode: false automatic-reports: false han-html: false han-display-user-talk: true han-display-bots: false han-display-user: true watchlist: "preferences" automatically-group: false queue-id: "Tất cả sửa đổi" page-empty-queue: "" enable-max-score: false max-score: 0 enable-min-score: false min-score: 0 automatic-refresh: true automatically-watchlist-warned-users: false shortcut-hash: "0b4f613d34d264a3ca0909ebc34c1ed0" show-warning-if-not-on-last-revision: true number-dropdown-menu-items: true insert-edits-of-rolled-user-to-queue: true confirm-on-recent-warning: true recent-warning-time-span: 120 confirm-warning-on-very-old-edits: true skip-warning-on-confirm: true queues:
 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be careful
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
 * 1) // Whether edits made by same user should be grouped up together in page
 * 1) // Location of page (wiki page name, for example WP:Huggle) that should be displayed when you hit next and queue is empty. Leave empty for default page.
 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
 * 1) // If warning was sent less than N seconds ago it's considered too recent
 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

title: User:Pminh141/huggle.yaml.js


text:
Category:Sourdough bread recipes

Recipes for different types of sourdough bread.

title: Category:Sourdough bread recipes


text:
User:BASILLABASALLOTE

Hello. I grew up in Bicol Region, Philippines.

title: User:BASILLABASALLOTE


text:
The Wikimedia movement/back cover

In the shadow of the Wikipedia project, and for a little over twenty years now, a social movement has been developing that is virtually unknown to the public, known as the Wikimedia movement. Its vision of the future is of a world in which every human being can freely take part in the sharing of knowledge. Responsible for almost a thousand websites, the best-known of which are the different language versions of Wikipedia, the movement also brings together hundreds of user groups, regional, state or thematic associations, scattered around the world.

Wikimedia is also the only non-profit player in the top 50 most visited sites on the Web. A simple fact that allows us to affirm, to this day and in the Webspace, that this movement has become the most visible expression of the values of freedom and sharing perpetuated during the digital revolution, following the influence of the Counterculture of the 1960s.

After presenting the origins of the movement and its quest for the free sharing of knowledge, this book provides a comprehensive overview of its organization. We discover how hundreds of bodies, mostly made up of volunteers, developed while retaining a large measure of autonomy. A new specificity of the movement, which ultimately inspires the desire to imagine differently, a humanity confronted with the challenges of an ever-changing world.

Lionel holds a doctorate in political and social sciences, is a free-culture activist and is a lecturer in anthropology at UCLouvain University. He holds several administrative positions within the Wikimedia movement, which he has been observing in a participatory way since 2011. Before writing his doctoral thesis on the Wikimedia movement, he was the author of a master's thesis entitled Culture fr Wikipedia, in which he describes the organization of the free encyclopedia in French.

title: The Wikimedia movement/back cover


text: Category:Book:The Wikimedia movement

title: Category:Book:The Wikimedia movement


text:
Chatbots For Social Change/Beliefs/Introduction

 * Purpose and scope of the chapter.
 * The relevance of beliefs in the context of social change and chatbot technology.
 * Overview of key themes: Belief formation, technological influence, cultural variations, and redundant belief systems.

Selected bibliography:

What are beliefs?
 * Albarracin, M., & Pitliya, R. J. (2022). The nature of beliefs and believing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 981925. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981925
 * Schwitzgebel, E. (2022). The Nature of Belief From a Philosophical Perspective, With Theoretical and Methodological Implications for Psychology and Cognitive Science. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 947664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.947664

Motivated reasoning
 * Bayne, T., & Fernández, J. (2009). Delusion and self-deception: Affective and motivational influences on belief formation. Psychology press.
 * Boudon, R. (1994). The Art of Self-Persuasion. Polity Press.
 * Boudon, R. (1999). Local vs general ideologies: A normal ingredient of modern political life. Journal of Political Ideologies, 4(2), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569319908420793
 * Ellis, J. (2022). Motivated reasoning and the ethics of belief. Philosophy Compass, 17(6), e12828. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12828
 * Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2016). The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.133
 * Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
 * Nisbett, R. E., Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment (Nachdr.). Prentice-Hall.
 * Ofsowitz, M. (n.d.). The Psychology of Superstition.

Where do beliefs come from?
 * Mannheim, K. (1936). Ideology and Utopia (1979). Routledge.


text:
Antenna Television/Market Listings/California

Counties

 * Kern
 * Tulare


text: Bikol/Print version

title: Bikol/Print version


text:
User:LotobomyMaster3

HERRRERERRERERERRRERRTErERER

title: User:LotobomyMaster3


text:
User talk:LotobomyMaster3

HJERERRERERER%ER

title: User talk:LotobomyMaster3


text:
Cookbook:Champorado (Chocolate Rice Porridge)

| Cuisine of the Philippines

Champorado is a chocolate porridge and favorite Filipino comfort food, especially during cold weather.

Ingredients

 * ½ kg glutinous rice
 * Water (about 4–6 times the rice volume)
 * ½ kg white granulated sugar
 * 2 spoons cocoa powder
 * 1 can (12 oz) evaporated milk

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the rice twice.
 * 2) Combine the rice and water in a pot. Place the pot over medium heat, cover, and bring to a boil.
 * 3) Uncover the pot and stir in the sugar and cocoa powder until well mixed.
 * 4) Simmer over low heat, stirring regularly, until the rice is cooked and the porridge is thickened as desired.
 * 5) Stir in the evaporated milk and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Sometimes champorado tastes good when eaten with salted fish.


text:
User talk:USSR-Slav

Welcome!
Welcome, USSR-Slav!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. MathXplore (discuss • contribs) 06:15, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:USSR-Slav


text:
User:Bruno-Manfe

Marta Sola nata il 4 novembre 1922 a San Damaso in provincia di Modena, é stata una partigiana italiana.

title: User:Bruno-Manfe


text:
Wikijunior:Bugs/Earthworm

What do they look like?
Earthworms are smooth-skinned worms, with a body made of many small segments. If you look at the body you can see lines that mark the segments. Each segment has stiff little hairs that help the worm move, sometimes the hairs are hard to see.

Where does it live?
The habitat of an earthworm is underground, within the soil. This can take on very different qualities depending on the worm's location; living underground in a tropical rainforest, for example, leads to much more food but also more risks from predators. An earthworm who lives in poorer soil in temperate regions, by contrast, may have to eat more but has less of a chance of being eaten by predators, like birds, mice, and insects. These worms live underground their entire lives except for during heavy rainfall. Worms cannot survive very wet soil and must rise to the surface to breath when there is excessive rain. Only a few species of worm actually go deeper into the soil in very wet conditions.

What does it eat?
Earthworms eat soil. Their nutrition comes from things in soil, such as decaying roots and leaves. Animal manures are an important food source for earthworms. They eat living organisms such as nematodes, protozoans, rotifers, bacteria, fungi in soil.

How does it defend itself?
What earthworms can do is burrow. They have small bristles, known as setae, which are both sensing devices that can identify any soil vibrations and digging aids. The setae stick to dirt and the worm then contracts its body to force itself through soil. The worm also secretes a mucus that helps it slide through dirt more quickly. In fact, to escape the cold of winter or an eager predator, the earthworm can burrow dozens of feet below the surface. Earthworms also are aware of when it's safest to come out of hiding: at night. The only other time you're likely to see earthworms is after a rain. This is not necessarily because of what you may have heard, that the worm is trying to avoid drowning. In fact, an earthworm gets its oxygen through its skin, and can survive several weeks if it is submerged. The more likely reason is that the rain keeps the worm from becoming too dry, as it normally would in sunshine, and allows it a chance to find a mate. The earthworm might also be coming to the surface to move more quickly to colonize new ground or to forage for food during weather when predators are less likely to be out.

What stages of metamorphosis does it go through?
In earthworms, development of adult is direct. Bugs that have larval stage during development show metamorphosis. Metamorphosis includes larva and pupa stage during development of egg into adult. Earthworms do not show larval and pupa stage during their development

What special behavior does it exhibit?
During the day earthworms mostly stay in their burrows underground. At night they come up near or on to the surface to feed. If the air it is too cold or too dry, they stay down in the soil. Some species also come on to the surface during the day if it is raining.

How does this bug affect people?
Earthworms are good for plants and good for people because we eat plants. Earthworms are good for all plants and animals because they keep the soil healthy. They harmless to us on our skin but do not like to crawl on us because our skin is too warm for them.

title: Wikijunior:Bugs/Earthworm


text:
Cookbook:Calamansi

Calamansi, also called Philippine lime, is a small green citrus fruit native to the Philippines.

Characteristics
The fruits are a hybrid of the mandarin and kumquat, and they look a little like mandarins. They are quite small, with thin green skin that eventually ripens to yellow or orange; however, they are frequently used when green. They are very sour and aromatic, with a slight sweetness.

Selection and storage
If you have access to fresh calamansi, select unblemished fruits that are neither overly soft or dried out. They can be kept at room temperature for a short period, but it is best to store them in a dry environment in the fridge.

Use
Calamansi are primarily used for their juice, which is prominent in Filipino cuisine. It adds an acidic and aromatic character to dips, beverages, and more. The peel can also be dried and used for its aromatic flavor.

Substitution
If you have no access to whole fresh calamansi, the juice can sometimes be purchased frozen or chilled. If you have no way to access any calamansi products, Meyer lemons can be used as an aromatic citrus substitute, though the flavor will be different.

title: Cookbook:Calamansi


text: Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/Western Sahara/Image


text: Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/Kosovo/Image

title: Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/Kosovo/Image


text:
Windows Vista/Special Folders

Several places on your hard drive are called special folders. These folders appear with different icons (a blue file-folder instead of a beige one, usually) and have special meaning to the operating system. You, the user, are supposed to store files within one of these folders according to their type (photos and other picture files in Pictures, movie files in Videos, and so on). However, nothing stops you from keeping these files in your Documents folder if you choose to do so.

To see all the special folders, go to Computer, double-click the C: drive, double-click Users, and then find and double-click the subfolder with your name. (If you are the only person who uses this computer, there will be only two directories: yours and Public.) This is called your user profile folder, and it is a special folder in and of itself.

Here are the different special folders and their purposes:

 * Contacts: This folder contains contacts and not files. Inside this folder (but nowhere else) you can create contacts and supply details for them (a person’s full name and email address are the two basic ones). Once you do that, Windows Mail will look in this folder to match full names to email addresses. Supposedly, other programs can use this folder too, but none ever did. (In Windows 7 and later, this folder still exists, but it is vestigial. You can still create contacts in it if you manually travel there, but there is no point in doing so.)
 * Desktop: Self-explanatory. Anything in here will appear on your desktop and vice versa. (However, certain icons that appear on the Desktop that point to specific folders, the most common being the Recycle Bin, will not appear here.)
 * Documents: Called My Documents on Windows XP. The standard Windows save dialog will display the contents of this folder whenever you go to save a document for the first time.
 * Downloads: New in Windows Vista (and still in use today), this folder is used by Web browsers to store all of the files you have downloaded from the Internet. Just about every Web browser on the planet will save downloads here (and nowhere else).
 * Favorites: This folder contains your bookmark list in Internet Explorer. Since Windows Vista’s version of Internet Explorer is so old that no website will work with it, there is not much use for this folder today.
 * Links: This folder contains shortcuts that correspond to the Favorite Links area in the navigation pane. Any shortcuts placed here will appear in to the left in any Explorer window. (Note that only shortcuts to folders will be honored here; you can make shortcuts to documents all you want, but they will never appear in the navigation pane.)
 * Music: Called My Music in Windows XP. If you rip an audio CD, the MP3 files will end up here.
 * Pictures: Called My Pictures in Windows XP. If you place picture files or folders containing them here, they will appear in the Windows Photo Gallery and the Import Pictures and Videos wizard.
 * Saved Games: Introduced as part of Windows Vista’s new gaming features, this folder is intended to be used by Windows Vista-compatible video games to store their save files. However, the only games that ever did this were the inbox games shipped as part of Windows Vista itself.
 * Searches: New in Windows Vista. This folder contains saved search folders.
 * Videos: Called My Videos in Windows XP. If you were to copy home movies onto your hard drive, this folder is where the video files would end up. Video-editing tools, such as Windows Movie Maker or Windows DVD Maker, will look here to find video files. (Unlike Windows XP, this folder always exists. You previously had to run Windows Movie Maker at least once for this folder to appear.) As with Windows XP, you cannot create a link to this folder on the right side of the Start menu for some weird reason.

title: Windows Vista/Special Folders


text: User talk:JMDGamotia

title: User talk:JMDGamotia


text:
Cherokee/Vowels

The Cherokee language includes six vowel sounds.

 * [ɑ] is pronounced “ah” as in “father” or “water” (ex. ᎠᎹ (ama), meaning “water”).
 * [e] is pronounced “eh” or “ay” as in “egg” or “lane” (ex. ᏎᎷ (selu), meaning “corn”).
 * [i] is pronounced “ee” as in “tree” (ex. ᏏᏲ (siyo), meaning “hello”).
 * [o] is pronounced “oh” as in “hello” (ex. ᎣᎩᎾᎵᎢ (oginaliʔi), roughly meaning “my friends”); very little rounding occurs when pronouncing this vowel in Cherokee
 * [u] is pronounced “oo” as in “blue” (ex. ᎤᏔᎾ (utana), meaning “big”); very little rounding this vowel in Cherokee and is often pronounced more like [ɯ ~ ʉ]
 * [ə͂ ~ ʌ̃] is pronounced like “uh” as in “butter”, but nasalized, similar to the French sound un (ex. ᎥᏝ (vtla), meaning “no”)

In the beginning and middle of a word, only one of the vowels is nasalized. The last vowel of the word is always nasal. These vowels cannot be combined to form diphthongs.

title: Cherokee/Vowels