text:
User talk:188.39.191.238

--Xania   talk 10:21, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

Final Warning
Please stop your unconstructive edits. The page you keep editing is a Wikijunior page designed to teach young readers the 'j' /dz/ sound. Please don't add tex which doesn't contribute to this end.--Xania   talk 14:04, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:188.39.191.238


text:
User:Ginkos520isthebest

!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ginkos520isthebest


text:
User talk:Eprice20

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Eprice20!

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title: User talk:Eprice20


text:
User talk:Smalikgmu

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Smalikgmu!

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title: User talk:Smalikgmu


text:
User:Mirabelle heavens

LIVE WITH ACHIEVEMENT: Don't just live cause you have a life or because you want to live your life to the fullest.You have to set your goals,aims,and target then you work towards achieving your set goals that's when you have an ahievement.Don't look down on your capacity or maybe drop your courage because of your present situation, it's just a challenge that you must overcome.Don't look down on yourself or hate yourself because of what people might have said about you because they don't know who you truly are and they can never add up to you, because you are you,in all you do no matter what you will still be the unique you they are yet to see. So set those goals,work towards achieving them because it's only you who can live your live with great achievements.

title: User:Mirabelle heavens


text:
Cookbook:Groundnut

The term groundnut may refer to any of the legumes in the Faboideae subfamily, including:

 * Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
 * Bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea)
 * Hausa groundnuts (Macrotyloma geocarpum)

All of these legumes have slightly different flavor profiles, but they can generally be used interchangeably in cooking.

title: Cookbook:Groundnut


text:
User talk:Toys 4 Brats

You cannot edit indefinitely due to vandalism. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:21, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toys 4 Brats


text:
User talk:Mirabelle heavens

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Mirabelle heavens!

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title: User talk:Mirabelle heavens


text:
User talk:173.76.131.179

A page you recently created, The 3-Letter C-Word that Windows Hates, has been deleted. It did not appear to be a book or part of a book.--Xania   talk 02:00, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Popular Music/Taylor Swift/Blank Space
The lyrics you entered on this page have been removed. Printing lyrics to songs without permission would be against copyright law.--Xania   talk 06:40, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Human names/John and Human names/William
You recently created these 2 pages but they are not part of a book. There is no main page called Human names. I think you should read Using Wikibooks before you make further edits to find out how things work at Wikibooks. These 2 pages have been queried and may be deleted after 7 days if changes aren't made.--Xania   talk 01:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I have now added the page Human names. 173.76.131.179 (discuss) 02:11, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Wikihow How to Stop Trying to Control Others: Strategy 3-5
This page has been deleted. Why are you copying material from Wikihow and using it on Wikimedia projects? --Xania   talk 00:19, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Blocked
Brain Quest Grade 6, Page 75 has been deleted because it was not a book. Again, this is Wikibooks not Wikipedia.

You cannot edit for 3 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 04:26, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

You cannot edit for 2 weeks due to creating nonsense pages. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:20, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

June 2022
You cannot edit for 3 months due to repeated bad page creations. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:22, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:173.76.131.179


text:
Transportation Planning Casebook/New South Wales Inland Rail

Summary

Australia's railway system is structured around state capital cities with different track gauges in each state, originating from its history as six separate British colonies. Since federation, these networks have become more integrated. Today, the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) operates a national freight network with over 8,500km of standard- or dual-gauge track, connecting Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Perth. The Inland Rail project, currently under construction and expected to be completed in 2027, will create a 1,700km freight railway between Melbourne and Brisbane through western New South Wales. The project involves upgrading approximately 1,100km of existing tracks and adding 600km of track in new corridors.

Inland Rail will reduce the distance for rail-based freight between Melbourne and Brisbane by 200km compared to the coastal route, bypassing Sydney's congested Metropolitan Freight Network and the North Coast Line's slow, winding alignment. The line will offer a 24-hour transit time, which is about 10 hours faster than the coastal route and competitive with inland road transport. Additionally, the route will connect to the east-west Sydney to Perth freight rail corridor at a large intermodal terminal in Parkes, benefiting ARTC's national freight network. For instance, the distance between Brisbane and Adelaide or Perth will be shortened by 500km, and freight from Queensland will have an alternative route in case of extreme weather or other disruptions. The project aims to shift freight from road to rail, with each 1,800m long double-stacked train able to carry as much freight as 110 B-double trucks at a lower cost due to fuel and labor savings. Producers and freight customers along the route will benefit from reduced freight costs and improved access to Australia's five largest cities and the ports of Melbourne and Brisbane.

Key Characteristics
115km/h design speed (21-tonne axle load)
 * 1,118km of track upgrades, enhancements, or new track construction within existing rail corridors (brownfield)
 * 607km of track in new rail corridors (greenfield)
 * 13 individual projects across 36 local government areas in Victoria (1), New South Wales (7), and Queensland (5)
 * Double-stacked 1,800m long trains supported (future-proofed for 3,600m trains)
 * Delivered by ARTC in partnership with the private sector, with a $14.5 billion equity investment from the Federal Government

Key Benefits

 * Reduces heavy truck volumes on highways and through towns along the route by shifting freight from road to rail – each 1,800m double-stacked train has the equivalent freight volume as 110 B-double trucks
 * Lowers freight cost per tonne due to reduced fuel and labor costs, estimated at $80.77 per tonne
 * Projected to improve GDP by $18 billion over the first 50 years of operation
 * Reduces freight rail distance between Melbourne and Brisbane by 200km, and between Brisbane and Adelaide/Perth by 500km
 * 24-hour transit time between Melbourne and Brisbane, 10 hours faster than the existing route via Sydney and competitive with road transport
 * Up to 21,500 jobs created during the peak of construction
 * Dual-gauge sections of Inland Rail improving travel time and capacity for Queensland’s narrow-gauge freight and passenger networks

Policy Issues

 * Cost of the service
 * Community engagement
 * Local benefits, employment, and business opportunities
 * Freight and supply chain
 * Land access agreements
 * Environmental and flooding concerns
 * Local businesses

Narrative
Inland Rail is a 1,700km freight rail line directly connecting Melbourne and Brisbane via regional Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. It will provide cost-competitive and reliable freight transport with a transit time of under 24 hours. Inland Rail is a key initiative of the Australian Government’s $120 billion infrastructure pipeline that includes major road and rail upgrades that will better connect regional communities to domestic and international markets. There are many reasons to build Inland Rail including the benefits it provides through; economic stimulus, jobs support, enhanced supply chains, reduced emissions and road safety outcomes. Read more on the timeline about how the alignment was identified and why Inland Rail is a critical investment in Australia’s freight future. It is funded by the Australian Government, the project is being delivered by the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC), in partnership with the private sector. It will build on existing regional and rural rail connections that provide access to the ports of Melbourne, Port Kembla, Sydney, Newcastle, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth via Parkes.

Strong regional and national benefits
When completed, Inland Rail will provide a strategic infrastructure corridor for eastern Australia, creating the opportunity to optimise development of local and regional road and rail links by state and local governments. The project will deliver a competitive freight service, increase national productivity, and, importantly, boost the regional economies along the Inland Rail corridor. Regional businesses and farmers will be able to take advantage of new opportunities for export growth and get their produce to market when and where it is required. Supply chain costs are a significant component of the price consumers pay for goods with up to 10% of the final cost coming from transportation costs. Inland Rail has the potential to deliver both short term and long term economic opportunities to regional Australian communities both on and off the alignment.

A service offering backed by industry
As Australia’s population grows so do the demands on our freight network – urban freight alone is set to increase by nearly 60% by 2040. Inland Rail needs to meet the future demands of Australia’s freight challenge and be competitive with road, cost efficient and reliable. The Inland Rail Service Offering was developed by the ARTC in consultation with Australia’s major freight stakeholders to ensure it will deliver the necessary requirements to conduct their business operations. Inland Rail will have 98% reliability, flexibility for faster and slower services, and make sure freight is available when the market needs it most. Data from the CSIRO Supply Chain Mapping Project identified a potential transport cost reduction of $80.77 per payload tonne by switching existing road based supply chains to Inland Rail.

Planning and building
The Inland Rail alignment and design is informed by extensive planning and multiple studies and analysis undertaken over many years. Agreement to construct Inland Rail in the states of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland is facilitated through Intergovernmental Agreements between the Australian Government and the respective state governments and can often stipulate specific requirements for the use of existing corridors or new greenfield construction. Robust state approval processes are applied to Inland Rail’s design and delivery to manage and mitigate social and environmental impacts.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) Is Inland Rail's funding/deliver model of equity investment and PPPs effective? What other methods would be more effective?
 * 2) How  many intermodal terminal should theere be along the proposed route? How the ARTC overpromised on terminal projects?
 * 3) Is there a more environmentally friendly freight alternative to Inland Rail to support Australia's goal of reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050?
 * 4) Does the planned extension of Inland Rail from Toowoomba to Gladstone make sense? Is this proposal politically driven?
 * 5) Should Inland Rail's infrastructure be used for passenger services? What are some potential demand corridors that could be served?

Additional Readings
Inland Rail Route History. Australian Rail Track Corporation (2020).

This document provides a summary of the studies and decisions that have informed the current design and alignment of the project between 2006 and 2021. Key studies include the North-South Rail Corridor Study (2006), the Inland Rail Alignment Study (2010) and the Inland Rail Implementation Group Report (2015).

URL: https://inlandrail.artc.com.au/route-history-of-inland-rail-2006-2021/

Inland Rail: derailed from the start. Senate Standing Committee on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport (2021).

This report is the final outcome of a senate inquiry into the management of the Inland Rail project. It includes scrutiny of the business case, connectivity to ports and intermodal terminals, stakeholder engagement and alignment concerns.

URL: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/InlandRail/Report

Process to refine the route. Australian Rail Track Corporation (2022).

While sections of the route using existing rail corridors has been confirmed, detailed design for sections of new rail track are still ongoing. This document provides a short summary of the process and criteria being used to finalise the project route in these sections.

URL: https://inlandrail.artc.com.au/process-to-refine-the-route/

Inland Rail service offering. Australian Rail Track Corporation (2019).

This document outlines the service offering that the Inland Rail project will provide for freight customers, operators and other key stakeholders. It outlines the expected benefits of the project compared with existing road freight services, including reliability, transit time, price and capacity.

URL: https://inlandrail.artc.com.au/inland-rail-service-offering/

Parkes Special Activation Precinct Master Plan. NSW Department of Planning and Environment (2020).

As the junction between the Brisbane-Melbourne and Sydney-Perth freight rail corridors, Parkes will be the most significant intermodal terminal along the Inland Rail corridor. The Master Plan outlines the special planning rules implemented by the NSW Government to enable a specialised logistics precinct at the junction of the two rail corridors.

URL: https://www.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/Parkes-SAP


text:
User talk:PeteDavis-PDAV3510

Welcome, PeteDavis-PDAV3510!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 13:23, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeteDavis-PDAV3510


text: Talk:Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Command Line


text:
User talk:Gsingh27

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Gsingh27!

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title: User talk:Gsingh27


text:
User talk:Laurent.Claessens

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Laurent.Claessens!

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title: User talk:Laurent.Claessens


text:
User talk:Newb787

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Newb787!

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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:23, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Newb787


text:
User talk:Anna Hankings-Evans

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Anna Hankings-Evans!

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Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:25, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anna Hankings-Evans


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for undeletion/"Deleted works of fiction & game strategies"

Deleted works of fiction & game strategies
Recently, I got into deleted works of fiction. While I understand they are out of scope and don’t request to revive them, I am interested in reading them. Also, while searching in the deletion log, I have found some game strategies that were deleted back when they were not allowed and were still not restored. Works of fiction (please email): Strategy guides (please revive if they are acceptable by the current policy, otherwise email me) Thanks in advance, -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 15:02, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Uniquel Love
 * Statistics proverbs
 * When not to use half as the threshold
 * The Tale of the Headless Postman
 * Quotes By Lucky - My words, Your story!
 * Strict release date
 * Upper and lower bounds for the number of deadly intimate partners
 * Omar bhallil
 * How to move on when you break your attempt record in Candy Crush Saga
 * Dear Mr. Henshaw
 * Riddle Set of the Day/July 13, 2020
 * My life so far essay
 * Brazilian Portuguese/Chapter 5
 * A Fiction Story About Free Fall: The 22 Million Mile Tower
 * The Router That Got Away Lyrics
 * Least Defensive Starter Pokémon
 * September 2020 masculine names disaster
 * Backpack Bear Introduces The Computer
 * Natural science and technology teacher's guide
 * Loving an unpopular Pokémon vs loving an unpopular name
 * How to calculate the HP range for a species of Pokémon
 * Effective stats
 * Pokémon Level 30

 * If the content is adequate (Not nonsense), I might be able to move pages from the strategy guides to relevant wikibooks. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I will email them to you. these can be provided to you too, ask me for which pages you'd like. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 12:16, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * , thank you very much! -Gifnk dlm 2020 From Middle English Wikipedia 📜📖💻 (talk) 12:31, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Just the last 4 on the list. I'm not sure if there's going to be anything worthwhile in them, but It's probably worth a looksee.
 * Loving an unpopular Pokémon vs loving an unpopular name
 * How to calculate the HP range for a species of Pokémon
 * Effective stats
 * Pokémon Level 30
 * Thanks, and welcome back! Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, and welcome back! Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, and welcome back! Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅, check your email. And thanks for the welcome too. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:37, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Just read it, thanks!
 * If restored, I could probably merge How to calculate the HP range for a species of Pokémon into the wikibook on Pokémon. I could probably do the same with Effective stats, but it would require more copyediting to make it work. I'm fine with doing that copyediting to meet the request of User:Gifnk dlm 2020 though. :)
 * Unfortunately Pokémon Level 30, and Loving an unpopular Pokémon vs loving an unpopular name are very specific in nature, and I can't think of existing books books they would fit well in to serve the reader.
 * Thanks again for your help! Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 22:59, 30 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for undeletion/Super Mario 64 DS

Talk:Super Mario 64 DS Request
A user in the talk page for the Wikibook Super Mario 64 DS believes there may be content of value at Super Mario 64 DS/Tall Tall Mountain and Super Mario 64 DS/Bob-omb Battlefield. Is this the case? --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 05:22, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * any comment on this request, since you deleted them? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:13, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It was mostly just spam as far as I can remember. 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 20:02, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * OK thanks for that 2005-Fan. I've emailed you the contents; there is so little that there that restoring seemed a bit pointless. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 22:29, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! They're basically stub style descriptions so while there is technically useful info in them, I agree that it's probably not worth the effort to restore at this point. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 22:44, 30 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for undeletion/Anorgaaniline Keemia

Restoring a deleted page
The following page has been deteled recently without discussion: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anorgaaniline_Keemia/Atmosfääri_osakesed It is not spam. Please help me restore the content and move it to a proper place at Estonian wikibooks. By mistake the author entered "en" instead of "et". Me and my student would be very grateful for your assistance as we are not so proficient with wikibooks.
 * I'm not sure why you can't just recreate it as it was clearly pasted in from another source. Anyway, I have restored it and moved it to your sandbox - here - where it will stay for a maximum of 7 days. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 12:21, 6 December 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tok Pisin

Special:Contributions/Tok_Pisin_Minecrafter
LTA account that has been trying to create tpi related content on incubator, meta and here. Unsure if content is accurate. Unless there's someone who can verify the content's accuracy, the pages should be deleted. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 08:43, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Just curious what you mean. T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 23:03, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Content accuracy is disputed. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 00:05, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree that some level of verification is needed for the content to remain. It would be a mistake to repeat the 2020 Scots Wikipedia fiasco here, and a disservice to our readers relying on accurate information. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 03:48, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * What pages are up for deletion? T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * All pages created by said user. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 15:21, 10 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Mario franchise strategy guide

Mario franchise strategy guide/Enemies/List of non-Kremling Donkey Kong enemies (Old)
Page imported earlier without full history. I fixed that by importing it anew at Mario franchise strategy guide/Enemies/List of non-Kremling Donkey Kong enemies, making the old version redundant. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 02:25, 30 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Hindi Lessons

Hindi Lessons
Reason: Unclear License

According to the introduction of Hindi Lessons. It was written as an entry at hindi.unilang.org, and the author was kind enough to grant permission to copy and freely modify the text under the GFDL.

I asked on Reading room/General and it turns out a GFDL only licence book isn't suitable for Wikibooks.

The talk page at Talk:Hindi Lessons indicates a more permissive agreement requiring just attribution, but I'm unsure if it's suitably documented. If true perhaps the book could remain?

--Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 01:07, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Addition: I should also note that How Language Works has a similar problem, being based on material released under the GFDL 1.2 licence. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 02:38, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

 * the reason these texts are GFDL is that, when they were created, the site was using a single GFDL license. The dual licensing only came later, when it was decided that the the requirement of including a full copy of the license with documents was burdensome for wiki pages. See w:Wikipedia:Comparison of GFDL and CC BY-SA. As such they are likely to be perfectly legal. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:51, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Retracting my deletion requests in that case, glad the material can remain! Thanks for the explanation. Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 21:57, 3 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Windows Vista

Windows Vista/Compatibility Issues
Scholarly discussion of software compatibility with Windows Vista is completely in line with our goals. Unfortunately, this page is not that. It is a random collection of anecdotes that has not been touched since 2010. It also has what I consider a biased title (I would use just “Compatibility”) and its existence would impede development of a page with a neutral name. I would therefore appreciate it if this page were to be deleted. Thanks!

(Please excuse my creation of a subpage for my article out of process. I misunderstood the directions, thinking I would need to create a subpage for my request, instead of having one made for me; I have since blanked it.) SupremeUmanu (discuss • contribs) 22:57, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Agree, the content is mostly gibberish. The fact that the page segregates hardware issues with edition shows lack of basic understanding (because with the exception of, say, a TV tuner, these are the same across Windows editions). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 8 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mostly gibberish.Tgregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 11 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/The implementation of E-Government

The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/Web portal "All Ukraine is residents"
Basically, this is page not about some E-Government portal as it should be but about website with leaked private information, which is blocked in Ukraine (and blacklisted in ukwiki) (more on this issue). I doubt it meets general notability.--Renvoy (discuss • contribs) 23:27, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * P.S. Also text looks like machine translation.--Renvoy (discuss • contribs) 23:28, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Delete, many of the "Ukraine E-government" books seem to be translated and this was addressed by another admin in 2019, but my issue resides in showcasing a blocked website revealing private information - and may fall out of scope as a result. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 18:42, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * P.S. Please note that the corresponding page in ukwikibooks was deleted.--Renvoy (discuss • contribs) 19:24, 10 December 2021 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Super Smash Bros. Melee

Subpages of Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters
Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters states that statistics were copied from external site. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs)
 * I don’t think the statistics are copyrighted as it’s just a list of characters and numbers. Also I don’t think he had a choice other than to copy from an external site. -Gifnk dlm 2020 Happy New Year 🎄❄⛄🎇 (talk) 20:28, 8 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Blades of Avernum Script Reference

Blades of Avernum Script Reference
Per the book introduction

This document is basically the calls section of the Blades of Avernum Editor Appendices put in an online, easily browsable form.

All credit goes to Jeff Vogel, creator of the software and writer of the original documentation. This is just the documentation he wrote in a different format.

Unclear if this is original work, or paraphrased from a different text. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 03:11, 30 September 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Maya Angelou, "Phenomenal Woman"

Portions of Maya Angelou, "Phenomenal Woman"
Contains the entire poem, verbatium in two pages. Almost certainly copyvio due to an original publication date for And Still I Rise of around 1978. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 09:01, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Maya Angelou, "Phenomenal Woman"/The poem in English and Polish - Page should be deleted.
 * Maya Angelou, "Phenomenal Woman"/Analysis and interpretation - Page should not be deleted (The Analysis is the whole point of the wikibook), but Stanzas should be removed.
 * I have notified author to try to get some input on the matter. I feel this is likely a copyvio, and the simplest thing to do would be to delete the book, as just removing likely copyvios would make it pretty pointless. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 12:59, 1 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/The Legend of Zelda

The Legend of Zelda/Story
The Legend of Zelda/Story - Imported page from Strategywiki appears to be almost identical to one of the first pages in the game manual, sans attribution. Some of the words have changed slightly, but a side by side look is telling. Unsure what the policy for something like this, but figured I'd mention it here. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 20:10, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

 * We can simply post-attribute to StrategyWiki (this would involve an import and a history-merge). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That would be good, but my real concern is that this content is almost identical to material from the copyrighted game manual. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Indeed a copyright violation. ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 18:31, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * A bit confused - is the material from StrategyWiki or a game manual? Because if it's from a game manual, then StrategyWiki is also making a mistake... Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:33, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The material was imported from StrategyWiki. The material ultimately appears to originate from the game manual, with a few words changed. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 18:35, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Seems that it's OK in StrategyWiki, but Wikibooks is stricter about this, and hence this will have to go. The source (https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/06/13/the-legend-of-zelda-walkthrough-709539) can be uploaded as a non-free document though. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:38, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Another instance at Super_Mario_Bros._2/Story, seems to be multiple of these. Good reason to not just mass-import things without due diligence. can you please go through and list imports that include content copied from instruction booklets and other copyrighted material? ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 18:45, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Found another probable instance at The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past/Hyrule History (Searching excerpts of this page shows that it's almost certainly from an old official player's guide.). --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 19:24, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Possible instance at Zelda II: The Adventure of Link/Story, which I had earlier moved from the main page of the book. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 22:57, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

I have deleted The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past/Hyrule History as this is very likely a copyvio. But with Zelda II: The Adventure of Link/Story it appears in two other sources, but both appear to have a compatible free license. So I think it is likely to be OK. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:30, 1 February 2022 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Tales of Symphonia

Tales of Symphonia
Tales of Symphonia has a table that appears to be copied directly from the sole reference on the page. Mbrickn
 * Do wikitable lists count as copyvio writing? 2005-Fan (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I am unsure. However I decided to bring it up just in case. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 21:10, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Tales of Symphonia/Items. Still unsure, but I wanted to prep the book for expansion from single page format to standard format. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 18:21, 13 July 2021 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Old School RuneScape

Tree Gnome Village
Old School RuneScape/Quests/Tree Gnome Village Guide copied from external source "with permission", but with unclear license. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 17:18, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * It's a tricky case - I took a look at an archived copy of that site and there is no notice saying that it is inherently free. Some evidence of the permission obtained would be needed. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:51, 29 June 2021 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Paper Mario and Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door

Odd possible copyvio in guide for Paper Mario and Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
This is a bit odd, but I figured I'd ask about it just in case.

Was breaking up a single page book into a multipage format, and noticed that a substantial amount of in game text (Specifically the text is a monologue from a character in the game) is transcribed in the guide for Paper Mario. The text is currently located at Paper Mario/Bestiary, but only consists of one column "Goombario's Tattle" of a table and not the entire page. This was added by an IP user in 2005 but was unviewable by most due to the removal of strategy guides shortly thereafter.

A similar potential issue exists in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door in the column "Description", which is instead transcribed from the in game log instead of an character monologue.

Both columns could be replaced by a writer who just describes what the enemy does in the writer's own words. To be clear, the rest of the content looks fine, it's just a table column in each, so I'm not sure what to do about it.

Thanks for looking this over! --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 01:11, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Part in question has been moved to Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door/Bestiary --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I know its been a while since you've opened this, but where do you think these tables have been copied from? Do they have a compatible license with Wikibooks? w:Help:Adding open license text to Wikipedia give a good overview of open sources licenses if you're interested. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:45, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry I just misread your earlier comments. Do you think instead it would be best just to remove the offending columns? It seems like an easy fix. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:07, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * That works! Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 16:51, 1 February 2022 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/Anerisys

Anerisys (reviewer)
While browsing books, I found pages with constructive edits that are awaiting review for months, including:
 * User-Generated_Content_in_Education/YouTube
 * Template:Super Mario 64 Nav
 * Final Fantasy I
 * South Park: The Stick of Truth/The Bard
 * Super Mario 64/Jolly Roger Bay (also prior to my edits)
 * Subject:Computer_software (page unreviewed for years – "Templates/files updated (unreviewed pages in bold): Subject:Computer software ")

It looks like we have a shortage of reviewers. I thought I would help us to clear the backlog to save other reviewers' time. Anerisys (discuss • contribs) 15:59, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The Reviewer right is granted automatically. Looking at your edit history it will happen soon. The community has generally declined to grant the right in advance of the automatic assignment. I suspect by the time this conversation concludes you'll find the rights have already been assigned! MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 16:49, 25 January 2022 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/Koavf

(Administrator)
This user has a Wikipedia article and has over 1 million en.wiki contributions. Enough said. T. Gregtregretgtr (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm happy to accept responsibilities here if the community thinks that I'm an asset, but to be clear, what is most important is not quantity of edits on a sister project, but quality of edits on this project. So, very much appreciated T, but I encourage anyone who is discussing my suitability as an admin here to focus on edits I have made on this project and to weigh if my competence and judgement as displayed on en.wb in particular are relevant. Were I an admin here, I would probably focus on cleaning up and maintenance. I have admin rights on another small English wiki, en.wq, and I focus on vandalism. I also have advanced rights on some larger wikis like en.wikt, where I do more maintenance and some blocking. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 23:41, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Not yet Edit count too low. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * if you've learned Using Wikibooks. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 09:56, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * per not yet; experienced Wikimedian, but a paucity of contributions to English Wikibooks, especially in recent years. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:30, 30 January 2022 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/Nigos

(autoreview/reviewer)
This would be very helpful when reverting LTAs (ie GRP) so that it would reduce the backlog for reviewers. Thanks, Nigos (discuss • contribs) 15:32, 21 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added autoreview. Adding reviewer is an automatic process and we don't usually do it early except for those in global roles (Stewards, Global Sysops, and Global Rollbackers). QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 18:57, 21 December 2021 (UTC)


text:
User talk:5.169.171.56

A page you recently created, Daniel Pili, has been deleted because 1. it is not a book or part of a book (this is Wikibooks not Wikipedia), and 2. the book is in Italian, not English, and books here must be in English (see Italian Wikipedia if you wish to write an article in Italian]) --Xania   talk 05:49, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:5.169.171.56


text:
Calculus/Approximating Values of Functions

Although many times, a value can and does have an exact representation that is and can be described by some function, it is sometimes useful to get an approximation of those values especially in many real world contexts. For example, a construction worker might need a room to be $$\sqrt{2}$$ feet long. However, this value is not useful because most rulers do not have a measurement for $$\sqrt{2}$$. Instead, workers need an approximation of the length to be able to construct a room that is $$\sqrt{2}$$ feet long.

Some numbers were and still are very hard to approximate, but calculus makes it easier to do so. The subfield of Numerical Analysis studies algorithms used to approximate numbers, including but not limited to the residual (how much the value is off from the true value), the level of decimal precision, and the amount of times the procedure needs to be done to reach a certain level of precision.

While this section will not be a replacement for numerical analysis (not even close), this section will hopefully introduce efficient algorithms to approximate values to surprising levels of accuracy.

Before diving into this section, Section already introduced a method to approximate the solution to a function using calculus as justification behind this approximation algorithm, referred to as the Bisection Method. Using calculus to approximate values should therefore not be very surprising.

Linear Approximation

Recall one of the definitions of the derivative: it is the slope of the tangent line at a point, $$x = \alpha$$, of the function $$f$$. Thinking about the local behavior of the function $$f$$ around $$x = \alpha$$, the tangent line can be a good approximation of the value $$f(c)$$ (refer to Figure 1) if $$c-\alpha$$ is small and $$f(c)-f(\alpha)$$ is small.

Justification: Notice the tangent line at $$x = \alpha$$ for some differentiable function $$f(x)$$ is given by the following equation:

$$

where $$h(x)$$ is the equation of the tangent line.

If we are trying to obtain $$f(c)$$ (the true value) through the tangent line, and the distance $$|f(c) - f(\alpha)| = \epsilon_0$$ for all small $$\epsilon_0 > 0$$, then $$h(c) \approx f(c)$$. Therefore,
 * $$f(c) \approx h(c) = f(\alpha) + f^\prime (\alpha) (c - \alpha) \qquad \square$$

Notice that for this technique to be used, it needs to be the case that If any one of these conditions are false, then this technique will either not work or will not be very useful.
 * 1) $$f(x)$$ is differentiable at $$x = \alpha$$ and continuous in $$\left[\alpha, c\right]$$.
 * $$|c-\alpha|$$ is small and $$|f(c)-f(\alpha)|$$ is small. Otherwise, some very strange possible approximations may appear.
 * 1) $$f(x)$$ is monotonic in $$\left[\alpha, c\right]$$. (You will learn this more comprehensively in Section .)

Let $$f(x) = \sqrt{x}$$. The exact value of $$\sqrt{1.01} = f(1.01)$$.
 * $$f^\prime (x) = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$$

The tangent line equation at $$x = 1$$ is given by
 * $$y - f(1) = f^\prime (1) (x - 1) \Leftrightarrow y = f^\prime (1) (x - 1) + f(1)$$
 * $$y = \frac{1}{2}x + \frac{1}{2}$$

Let $$g(x) = y$$. Suppose $$g(1.01) \approx f(1.01)$$.

Then, $$f(1.01) \approx g(1.01) = \frac{1}{2}(1.01) + \frac{1}{2} = 1.005$$. Therefore, $$\sqrt{1.01} \approx 1.005$$. $$\blacksquare$$

The benefit of linear approximation is that instead of having to use harder to understand functions, we estimate the value of a function using linear functions, arguably the easiest possible calculation we will ever have to use, assuming the value of the derivative is easy to find.

Determining over- or underestimation
Notice that for any approximation we obtain using a tangent line approximation (same as a linear approximation), there exists a remainder term that will make it equal to the true value we can obtain from the function. That is,

$$

where $$R_2$$ is the remainder term. This, unfortunately, does not give us a precise estimate of the residual, especially if we cannot find the exact value of the term. While there is a technique to determine the upper bound of a residual for this type of estimate, it will be done much later in Section.

The best solution we have for now is determining if the estimate we have given is below or above the true value, which can be done with the following technique.

Justification: Suppose $$f(x)$$ is a twice differentiable function in $$\left[\alpha, c\right]$$ and $$\alpha < c$$.
 * Case 1(A): Let $$f^\prime (\alpha) > 0$$ and $$f^{\prime\prime} (x_0) < 0$$ for $$x_0\in\left[\alpha, c\right]$$. Then, the tangent line, $$h(x)$$ at $$(\alpha, f(\alpha))$$ has positive slope and $$h(c)>f(c)$$ (see the bottom function of Figure 1).
 * Case 1(B): Let $$f^\prime (\alpha) > 0$$ and $$f^{\prime\prime} (x_0) > 0$$ for $$x_0\in\left[\alpha, c\right]$$. Then, the tangent line, $$h(x)$$ at $$(\alpha, f(\alpha))$$ has positive slope and $$h(c)f(c)$$.
 * Case 2(B): Let $$f^\prime (\alpha) < 0$$ and $$f^{\prime\prime} (x_0) > 0$$ for $$x_0\in\left[\alpha, c\right]$$. Then, the tangent line, $$h(x)$$ at $$(\alpha, f(\alpha))$$ has negative slope and $$h(c) f(c)$$ no matter the slope of the tangent, and a concave up function has $$h(c) < f(c)$$ no matter the slope of the tangent, we have justified what we wanted to do. $$\square$$

Let $$f(x) = \sqrt{x}$$.
 * $$f^\prime (x) = \frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$$
 * $$f^{\prime\prime} (x) = -\frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{3}{2}}$$

The function is concave down for all $$x \ge 1$$ because
 * $$\begin{align}

f^{\prime\prime} (x) &= -\frac{1}{2} (x)^{-\frac{3}{2}} \\ &= -\frac{1}{2x^{3/2}} \end{align}$$.
 * $$\Rightarrow -\frac{1}{2} \le -\frac{1}{2x^{3/2}} < 0$$ for all $$x \ge 1$$.

The last implication is justified because $$\lim_{x\to\infty} f^{\prime\prime} (x) = 0$$ (as an exercise, show this yourself). If $$f^{\prime\prime} (x)$$ is monotonically decreasing and bounded (which it is – you can show this multiple ways), then we can be certain that the inequality shown is correct.

Because $$f(x)$$ is certainly concave down from $$x = 1$$ to $$x = 1.01$$, $$\sqrt{1.01} \approx 1.005$$ is an overestimate of the true value. $$\blacksquare$$

Issues with Linear Approximation
While linear (or tangent line) approximation is a powerful, easy tool that can be used to approximate functions, it does have its issues. These issues were alluded to when introducing the technique. Each issue will highlight why this tool may not be very useful all the time.

Let $$f(x) = \sqrt[3]{x} = x^{1/3}$$. Since we are approximating $$f(0.01)$$, we may use the tangent line approximation at $$x=0$$ to obtain an approximation at $$f(0.01)$$. Unfortunately, $$f^\prime(0) = \lim_{x\to 0} \dfrac{\sqrt[3]{x}}{x}$$ does not converge to a finite value. This therefore means that the tangent line is either vertical or does not exist. Since the derivative does not exist at $$x = 0$$, it is impossible to obtain an accurate approximation using the linear method. $$\blacksquare$$

Let $$f(x) = x^4 - \frac{3}{2} x^2$$. Since we are approximating $$f(-0.8)$$, and $$-0.8 - (-1) = 0.2$$ is a small difference in $$x$$, we may use the tangent line approximation at $$x=-1$$ to obtain an approximation at $$f(-0.8)$$.
 * $$f(-1) = (-1)^4 - 1.5 (-1)^2 = 1 - 1.5 = -0.5$$
 * $$f^\prime (x) = 4x^3 - 3x$$

The tangent line equation at $$x = -1$$ is given by
 * $$y - f(-1) = f^\prime (-1) (x + 1) \Leftrightarrow y = f^\prime (-1) (x + 1) + f(-1)$$
 * $$y = -x - 1.5$$

Let $$g(x) = y$$. Suppose $$g(-0.8) \approx f(-0.8)$$.

Then, $$f(-0.8) \approx g(-0.8) = -(-0.8) - 1.5 = -0.7$$. Therefore, $$(-0.8)^4 - 1.5 (-0.8)^2 \approx -0.7$$.

However, this approximation is very off from the actual value. It has an error of $$R_2 = 0.1496$$ within the actual value of the function at $$x=-0.8$$. The reason for this large error has to do with something subtle.

While the derivative does exist at $$\alpha = -1$$, the function is not monotonic from $$\left[-1,-0.8\right]$$: the function will both decrease and increase. Recall from your reading that a function is monotonically decreasing if and only if for any $$x_1, x_2 \in \left[a,b\right]$$ and $$x_1 < x_2$$, $$h(x_1) > h(x_2)$$. However, there exists a counterexample for $$f(x)$$ above, which becomes apparent if you graph the function.

Hence, it would be irresponsible to use a tangent line to approximate the value of $$(-0.8)^4 - 1.5 (-0.8)^2$$. $$\blacksquare$$

Because this will be something you will learn more comprehensively in Section, assume that all exercises have a monotonic function. This example is simply meant to illustrate a common pitfall that this method falls to.

Newton-Raphson Method
While tangent line approximations are very helpful, they tend to only be useful when you know a nearby value. However, if there does not exist a nearby value to help estimate its value, then it will be very difficult to obtain a precise estimate of the exact value desired.

The Newton-Raphson method, introduced in Section, is a useful method to determine the zeros of a function, whether polynomial, transcendental, irrational, exponential, etc. However, the Newton-Raphson method can also be used to approximate values of specific functions.

If you read Section, then this equation should be known and already justified to you.

Let $$x = \sqrt{72}$$. We need to manipulate this equation so that we may obtain $$f(\alpha) = 0$$.
 * $$\begin{align}

x &= \sqrt{72} \\ x^2 &= 72 \\ x^2 - 72 &= 0 \\ \end{align}$$ From this, let $$f(x) = x^2 - 72$$. Since $$x=\sqrt{72}$$ is a root of the equation, we can use the Newton-Rhapson method to approximate $$\sqrt{72}$$. First, we choose an initial guess. Since $$f(8) = -8 < 0 < f(9) = 9$$, and $$f(9) > \left| f(8) \right| > 0$$, $$x_0 = 8$$ is a good initial guess. Before we can begin, we need the derivative of the function, which can be easily shown to be $$f^\prime (x) = 2x$$. Now we begin by finding the root.
 * $$\begin{align}

x_1 &= 8 - \frac{-8}{2\cdot 8} &= 8.5 \\ x_2 &= 8.5 - \frac{8.5^2 - 72}{2\cdot 8.5} &= 8.47058823529 \\ x_3 &= 8.47058823529 - \frac{8.47058823529^2 - 72}{2 \cdot 8.47058823529} &= 8.48529411765 \end{align}$$ Out of convenience, we will stop here. However, the value we have obtained is already correct to four decimal places. $$\blacksquare$$

Let $$x = \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}$$. We need to manipulate this equation so that we may obtain $$f(\alpha) = 0$$. Keep in mind to eliminate as many square roots as possible so that our jobs are easier.
 * $$\begin{align}

x &= \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} \\ x^2 &= 2 + 2\sqrt{6} + 3 \\ x^2 - 5 &= 2\sqrt{6} & \\ x^4 - 10x^2 + 25 &= 4 \cdot 6 \\ x^4 - 10x^2 + 1 &= 0 \end{align}$$ Notice this equation has four possible roots, but we only care about one of them. Looking back:
 * $$1 + 1 = 2 < \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} < 4 = 2 + 2 $$

Notice that $$f(3) = -8 < 0 < f(4) = 97$$, so we choose $$x_0 = 3$$.
 * Let $$f(x) = x^4 - 10x^2 + 1$$. Then, $$f^\prime (x) = 4x^3 - 20x$$.

Notice that $$4x(x^2 - 5) = 0 \Rightarrow x=0 \vee x = \pm\sqrt{5}$$ means that $$f^\prime (x) \ne 0$$ for $$x\in\left(\sqrt{5},4\right)$$.

Finally, notice that $$x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{x_n^4 - 10x_n^2 + 1}{4x_n^3 - 20x_n}$$ cannot be simplified. We are going to have to work with these values. (Keep in mind that even without calculators, many people in the past used slide rulers to work with these ugly values. We have the benefit of an electric computer on our fingertips as opposed to an analog one.)

Now we begin by finding the root.
 * $$\begin{align}

x_1 &= 3 - \frac{-8}{48} = \frac{19}{6} &\approx 3.16666666667 \\ x_2 &= \frac{19}{6} - \dfrac{\frac{1657}{1296}}{\frac{3439}{54}} = \frac{86569}{27512} &\approx 3.14659057866 \\ x_3 &= 3.14659057866 - \frac{0.0201173085466}{61.686167862} &\approx 3.14626445516 \end{align}$$ Out of convenience, we will stop here. However, the value we have obtained is already correct to six decimal places. $$\blacksquare$$

Failure Analysis
Of course, as we know from Section, the Newton-Raphson method is not perfect and will fail in some instances. One obvious instance is when the derivative at a particular point is zero. Because that is in the denominator, we cannot find the next possible root once that occurs. However, there are others.

Starting Point Enters a Cycle
For some functions, some starting points may enter an infinite cycle, preventing convergence. Let

 * $$f(x) = x^3 - 2x + 2 \!$$

and take $$0$$ as the starting point. The first iteration produces $$1$$ and the second iteration returns to $$0$$ so the sequence will alternate between the two without converging to a root (see Figure 2). The real solution of this equation is $$-1.76929235\ldots$$. In those instances, one should select another starting point.

Derivative does not exist at root
A simple example of a function where Newton's method diverges is trying to find the cube root of zero. The cube root is continuous and infinitely differentiable, except for $$x = 0$$, where its derivative is undefined:

 * $$f(x) = \sqrt[3]{x}.$$

For any iteration point $$x_n$$, the next iteration point will be:

 * $$x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f^\prime (x_n)} = x_n - \frac{{x_n}^\frac13}{\frac13{x_n}^{-\frac23}} = x_n - 3x_n = -2x_n.$$

The algorithm overshoots the solution and lands on the other side of the $$y$$-axis, farther away than it initially was; applying Newton's method actually doubles the distances from the solution at each iteration.

In fact, the iterations diverge to infinity for every $$f(x) = |x|^\alpha$$, where $$0 < \alpha < \frac{1}{2}$$. In the limiting case of $$\alpha = \frac{1}{2}$$, the iterations will alternate indefinitely between points $$x_0$$ and $$-x_0$$, so they do not converge in this case either.

Discontinuous Derivative
If the derivative is not continuous at the root, then convergence may fail to occur in any neighborhood of the root. Consider the function
 * $$f(x) = \begin{cases}

0 & \text{if } x = 0\\ x + x^2 \sin \left(\dfrac2x\right) & \text{if } x \ne 0 \end{cases}$$
 * $$f^\prime (x) = \begin{cases}

0 & \text{if } x = 0\\ 1 + 2x \sin \left(\dfrac2x\right) - 2\cos\left(\dfrac2x\right) & \text{if } x \ne 0 \end{cases}$$ Within any neighborhood of the root, this derivative keeps changing sign as $$x$$ approaches $$0$$ from the right (or from the left) while $$f(x) \ge x - x^2 > 0$$ for $$0 < x < 1$$.

Thus, $$\dfrac{f(x)}{f^\prime (x)}$$ is unbounded near the root, and Newton's method will diverge almost everywhere in any neighborhood of it, even though:
 * the function is differentiable (and thus continuous) everywhere;
 * the derivative at the root is nonzero;
 * $$f$$ is infinitely differentiable except at the root; and
 * the derivative is bounded in a neighborhood of the root (unlike $$f(x)/f^\prime (x)$$).

Euler's Method
As will be shown in the examples below, Euler's method does not tend to an approximation as quickly as Newton's method. There are a number of reasons for this, but Euler's method does not stop being useful in spite of this issue. The examples will showcase how useful Euler's method can be however.

Let $$y = \sqrt{x}$$. We need to find a differential equation $$y^\prime = f(x,y)$$. Notice that we will do something in the last step which will be important for approximating $$y(6)$$.
 * $$\begin{align}

y(x) &= \sqrt{x} \\ y^\prime (x) &= \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} \\ y &= \frac{1}{2y(x)} \end{align}$$ The last step shown here is very important. We need to approximate $$\sqrt{x}$$. However, if we are trying to approximate $$\sqrt{x}$$, that cannot be done if we need to use the square root to do so. Instead, since $$y = \sqrt{x}$$ and Euler's method gives us new $$y$$-values to work with, we can get an approximation.

We next need to choose an initial point, $$(x_0,y_0)$$. This is the only point in which we use the actual value from the function $$y(x)$$. In this instance, since we want $$\sqrt{6}$$, we will choose $$y(4) = 2$$. From there, we can choose the step size, which can be arbitrary. Here, we will choose $$\Delta x_{\rm step} = 1$$
 * $$\begin{array}{l || c|c || c}

n & x_{n} = x_{n-1} + \Delta x_{\rm step} & y_{n} = y_{n-1} + \Delta x_{\rm step} \cdot f(x_{n-1},y_{n-1}) & f(x_n,y_n) \\ \hline 1 & 4 & 2.00000 & \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2.00} = 0.25000 \\ 2 & 5 & 2.25000 & \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2.25} = 0.22222 \\ 3 & 6 & 2.47222 & \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2.47222} \end{array}$$ As can be seen here, the approximation for $$\sqrt{6}$$ is $$2.47222$$. This has an absolute error of $$0.0227325$$, which is pretty good for most contexts. If this was to design a box for example, then this is an okay margin of error. $$\blacksquare$$

While the margin of error appears to be big compared to the local linear approximation of $$\sqrt{1.01}$$ (with an absolute error of $$0.0000124$$), keep in mind that our step size is considerably larger than the one shown in Example .1. If we have chosen a smaller step size, then the approximation would be more accurate (if only a little more cumbersome). For instance, with a step size of $$\Delta x_{\rm step} = 0.25$$, the absolute error would be approximately $$0.005$$.


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Cookbook:Powdered Milk

Powdered milk, also known as milk powder or dried milk, is a variety of milk where all the water has been evaporated. As a result, it is shelf-stable at room temperature. Because milk fat can turn rancid over time, powdered milk is often sold with little to no fat content.

Uses
Powdered milk can be reconstituted with water to make liquid milk. It can also be used in cooking and baking as a source of protein and flavor.

title: Cookbook:Powdered Milk


text:
User talk:99.228.69.150

--Xania   talk 01:23, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:99.228.69.150


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You cannot edit for 2 weeks due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

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Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Gotthard Base Tunnel

This casebook is a case study on the Gotthard Base Tunnel by Handan Karaman, Maram Ayasou, Abdulrahman Leila, and Zainab Syed as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-004 (Synthesis Seminar for Policy & Government) / CEIE 499-001 (Special Topics in Civil Engineering) Spring 2022 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government and the Volgenau School of Engineering Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering.

DISCLAIMER: The information presented in this wikibook is for academic purposes only and has no goal beyond presenting what has been learned. Any views presented in this wikibook are the views of their respective writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of our professor, Dr. Gifford, or that of our institution, George Mason University.

Summary of the Gotthard Base Tunnel
Gotthard base tunnel (GBT) is the longest and deepest underground railway tunnel in the world. At 57 kilometers long, it runs through the Alps in Switzerland and is connected to the Gotthard railway system which is part of an international railway system connecting northern Europe [2].

The GBT was officially open to public use in 2016, and its main purpose is to shorten the time it takes from southern to northern Switzerland [2].Originally, there was a winding mountain road going over the Alps and the Gotthard tunnel (1882), but due to the road and tunnel reaching their capacity over time, the need for GBT was introduced. The GBT railway can travel up to 250 kilometers per hour, reducing passenger travel time by 1 hour, and can transport up to 3,600 tonnes of cargo, crossing through 16% of the European Union's GDP economic area [18].

Actors

 * AlpTransit Gotthard AG was responsible for construction, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Swiss Federal Railways (SSB CFF FFS) [12]

 * The Gotthard tunnel project was funded by Swiss Taxpayers and fees on trucks. [13]

 * Design Engineer was Louis Favre [14]

 * Alfred Escher was the rail tycoon leading the first mountain route [7]

 * Architect was Mario Botta [12]

Timeline of Events
Gotthard Base Tunnel, Switzerland - Railway Technology

 * Construction(drilling) for the base tunnel begins (1999) [7]

 * Geology and surveying done (26 November 2000) [7]

 * The new railway system that was installed is tested (2005) [7]

 * Base tunnel breakthrough: After 4 years of construction the tunnel boring reaches 13.5 km (2006) [7]

 * 115 km of rail tracks were placed (30 October, 2014) [7]

 * Railways safety tests were conducted (30 September 2015) [7]

 * Gotthard Base Tunnel opens to the public. (1 June 2016) [7]

 * Referendum for a second Gotthard tunnel due to demand. Approved by 57% to 43%. (2016) [4]

Benefits
Four Herrenknecht Gripper TBMs conquered the mountain using mechanized tunneling technology, shattering speed and length records in the process. The Gotthard Base Tunnel, which is 57 kilometers long, connects Erstfeld with Bodio today. The world's longest railway tunnel opened its doors on June 1, 2016. It connects Switzerland and Europe by forming the center of the New Alpine Transversal (NEAT). [11]

The main breakthrough at the Gotthard Base Tunnel, which occurred on March 23, 2011 in the Western tunnel and on October 15, 2010 in the Eastern tunnel, was the most critical step toward completing the world's longest railway tunnel. Switzerland is connecting northern and southern Europe by train via the Alps with the two-times 57-kilometer long epoch-making project. More than 85 kilometers of the major tubes have been excavated and secured using Herrenknecht Gripper tunnel boring machines. [11]

The first high-speed trains will pass through the Gotthard Base Tunnel at speeds of 200 to 250 kilometers per hour by the end of 2016. The journey time from Zurich to Milan will be reduced by one hour to 2 hours and 40 minutes once the NEAT is fully operational. Swiss Railways expects to reduce freight transit times in particular, marking yet another significant improvement in traffic logistics between Germany and Italy. Trans-Alpine rail travel is entering a new era. Setting out from Zurich's Bahnhofstrasse for a morning of leisurely shopping in Milan's beautiful Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, and returning the same afternoon with shopping bags brimming with the best Italian designer apparel. This isn't a dream. This dream is coming to fruitionott. [11]

A one-of-a-kind, historic project - the contraction of the new Gotthard Base Tunnel, as well as the Ceneri and Zimmerberg Base Tunnels - will make this rapid trip between the two commercial areas possible. Two single-lane tunnel tubes will cross the Alpine range from valley floor to valley floor, as it were on an almost level track, with a length of 57 kilometers and a maximum altitude of 55 meters above sea level, i.e. truly at the door of the St.Gotthard mountain. This will put an end to fright train travel that was so sluggish that passengers could virtually pick the flowers along the way, and it would eliminate the need for double locomotives to move freight trains up severe gradients. [11]

Risks
The visionaries of the GBT were well aware of the massive undertaking they were suggesting. Never before had a railway been dug through such depths of a mountain, and definitely not to the extensive length the railway covers. However, perhaps they didn’t anticipate the variety of risks and consequential setbacks the project would face and which led to the construction of the project being completed almost 50 years after its conception.

Safety: The biggest factor of concern for engineers working on the GBT was safety. Throughout the planning of the railway’s design, special attention was given to the safety of the construction workers, as well as of the future passengers of the railway. With the railway design itself, given that one section of the tunnel would have 2,300 feet of mountain on top of it, structural and geotechnical engineers worked together to ensure safety was not compromised [18]. From a structural engineering standpoint, the accessibility limitations of analyzing how much weight would be contributed from the mountain itself, the living and dead loads on the railway, and the speed the train would travel at were initially difficult to determine. For geotechnical engineers, the type of matter the mountain is made up and determining the tunnel’s material, factoring for erosion and settling, and other necessary components were considered. One technique to mitigate the overall safety risks to construction workers was construction of the tunnel system in smaller phases, with the completion of each phase providing guidelines for refinements to design plans of the following sections [6]. The use of boring machines also eliminated much of the risk for construction workers and engineers as they had to spend less time underneath the tunnel during construction [1].

Cost: The initial budget proposed for the GBT section of the project was $10 billion in 1992 [15]. However, as further advancements in safety features and technology emerged, it was quickly realized that an increase to the budget would be needed to ensure the project remained efficient and sustainable. This led to the need for a vote to approve a new total budget of $15.5 billion in 1998, with official construction of the tunnel beginning in 1999 [17]. Initial opponents of the project tried swaying the election in their favor and discourage public approval of further spending on the GBT, but the budget was approved, and construction and planning for the GBT resumed. Cost continued to be a recurring issue for the tunnel throughout the completion of its construction, as additional issues on who, how, and what would be paid for, considering the extensive network the NRLA would pass through. Eventually, the final cost of the GBT upon its completion in 2016 was an estimated $24 billion, well over the original budget [17]. Though cost was an immense factor in the implementation of the project, given its massive scale, the projected economic, social, and sustainability benefits well justify the costs incurred.

The successful completion of the GBT shows that even with such monumental risks, such engineering feats are possible, and now paves the way for similar projects in other regions to expand their intercontinental and regional railways.

Maintenance
Despite the fact that the Gotthard Base Tunnel is designed to endure over a century, the world's largest and most complicated tunnel system requires routine maintenance. Currently, maintenance is scheduled for Saturday and Sunday evenings (closed for eight hours) and Monday nights (closed for six hours).

Cleaning of drainage systems (the tunnel contains 500 kilometers of drainpipes), electro-mechanical installations, tunnel ventilation, cross-passage doors, and railway infrastructure track, contact lines, and safety systems, among other things, are all part of routine maintenance.[8]

308 kilometers of tracks, 153 kilometers of catenary, 7,200 lights, 500 kilometers of drainpipes, and 2,200 electrical cabinets are made up of two 57-kilometer single-track tunnels and 13 kilometers of newly built overground lines. These are only a handful of the figures that show how large and sophisticated the GBT and its facilities are. Maintaining the world's longest railway tunnel is a huge undertaking. There are just two entrances to the 57-kilometer-long subterranean tubes.

Each time maintenance work is performed, a tunnel tube is closed for three nights. Up to eleven workplaces are relocated from the new maintenance and intervention centres (MIC) in Biasca and Erstfeld to the GBT during this time, where they are built up, put into service, then vacated and transferred back. SBB requires tunnel maintenance vehicles, which are made up of several partial trains that split into smaller units after entering the tunnel and are assigned to various workstations.

The first six vehicles are part of a batch of thirteen base maintenance trucks. Each machine can be powered by overhead electricity or a combination of diesel and electricity.

Each 80-tonne vehicle comes with a crane and an air-conditioned people module with a kitchen and a combustion toilet. The base vehicles can be controlled remotely or from the driver's cab. They can be managed from other wagons as well.

Harsco also offers flat wagons that can be joined with an automatic coupler to build maintenance trains that are 300-440 meters long. The wagons include lifting platforms and a "unique moveable sealing gate" that can seal the tunnel to reduce wind turbulence during maintenance work, according to Harsco. The trucks will be stationed in Erstfeld and Biasco, respectively, at new tunnel maintenance centers.

Funding and Financing
A new finance model was developed as a result of the extensive discussion, and it was the subject of a popular vote on November 29th, 1998. The Swiss people approved the FinöV Fund for the funding of public transportation infrastructure (with a budget of 30 billion Swiss Francs) with a 63.5 percent "Yes" vote. 3.8 billion Swiss Francs (45 percent of the FinöV, price level 1998) were set aside to cover the NRLA's construction "à fond perdu" (lost money). Only 25% of the investment had to be financed on the private capital market due to the FinöV contribution, which represented well over 75% of the total necessary credit.

As in previous finance models, the future operator, the Swiss Federal Railways, would be responsible for repaying this portion of the investment. In 2005, however, the repayment of this portion was agreed to be waived. [9] Only 25% of the investment had to be financed on the private capital market because the FinöV contribution represented around 75% of the total necessary credit. As in previous financing models, this portion of the investment would be repaid by the future operator—the SBB-CFF-FFS. The project finance strategy enabled a clear and secure financing of the entire project from the start, regardless of the existing state budget or any political changes, preventing potential construction delays or stoppage owing to a lack of financial resources or political consensus. The Gotthard project's success hinged on the availability of reliable finance. As the constructor, ATG was responsible for two control circuits:

(1) Project and cost management in relation to the project sponsor, the federal government;

(2) Project and cost management in relation to their vendors.

The contract between the Swiss Federal Government and ATG controlled the order placed by the Swiss Federal Government. The cost-management process was set up in general with the goal of achieving the NRLA Controlling Instructions (NCI), which outlined the critical control figures as well as the kind and frequency of reporting (every six months) and how to handle variances.

To guarantee that all project modifications could be handled and recorded in a clear and intelligible manner, a management system for engineering changes had to be updated on a regular basis. The approvals duties were clearly defined so that the essential choices could be taken at the correct time for the proper stage. Variations in performance that impacted costs and timeframes could usually only be applied after the objectives had been adjusted. The Swiss Federal Office of Transportation (FOT) was alerted in an incident report if a performance variation had to be imposed promptly for scheduling considerations.

ATG might seek for a change to the project terms when the Swiss FOT approves a change request. The major issues that led to updates of the cost reference basis were: project upgrading to incorporate new safety measures and state-of-the-art technologies (due to the project's two-decade duration); extra costs related to geology (situations with worse geological and geotechnical conditions than expected were the most impactful here, while other situations had more favorable geological and geotechnical conditions than expected); and cost overruns (due to the project's two-decade duration).

ATG tracked the progress of the likely final costs and any financial hazards on a quarterly basis and reported to the control authority every six months. The rise in credit for the Gotthard Base Tunnel alone—from 6.3 billion CHF to 9.9 billion CHF (half of the above-mentioned 13.8 billion CHF), or 53 percent without inflation—was not predicted, but it was still noteworthy. Variations stemming from orders made by the Swiss FOT, which continually tried to create a tunnel with state-of-the-art safety features and technology, accounted for about half of the additional expenses. Ground dangers, which could not be directly influenced, accounted for just 9% of the entire increase, or a sixth of the whole rise.

Policy
Referendums

 * 1) NRLA Proposal for a budget of 3.8 billion Swiss Francs(53.4% voted “YES”)
 * 2) Alps initiative to protect the Alpine environment (51.9% voted“YES”)
 * 3) Public Transport Funding of 30 billion Swiss Francs (63.5% voted “YES”)
 * 4) Bilateral EU Agreements / 40-tonne Trucks / Heavy Traffic Fee (67.2% voted ‘YES”)
 * 5) Referendum for a second Gotthard tunnel due to demand (57% voted “YES”)

Although Switzerland is often coined as a neutral player in the political arena, the country still took great strides in persuading its own public and neighboring nations of the economic, social, and environmental benefits the Gotthard Base Tunnel would bring to the European continent. The Gotthard Committee was originally set up in 1853, named after the Gotthard mountain range and the shared interest in its development. The committee, which is still active today, was instrumental in persuading stakeholders,, such as cities, transportation associations, companies, and cantons, to promote the first mountain route and eventually the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) seen today. [15]

Regional Politics

At the forefront of the Swiss political strategy is its federalism, or its approach to finding compromises to keep all participants in the Gotthard project satisfied. [15] Switzerland is comprised of 26 cantons, or federal states, each of which has its own cultures and political interests, and has full autonomy over its region's education, healthcare, law enforcement, taxes, and social welfare systems. This separation of power from the Swiss Federal Constitution, and Swiss direct democracy in national elections on public policies, often made it almost impossible for policies to be passed due to strong lobbying committees and public influence driving elections. As such, only 13 of the 26 cantons are part of the Gotthard Committee; However, the tunnel still being approved by the public came from its connection to another long Alpine tunnel, the Lotschberg, which was key to speeding up rail traffic from the western end of the country, along with improving connections in the northeast. The approval also came in part by the nationalization of the country’s 5 biggest railway companies, the last of which was the Gotthard Railway Company in 1909. [16] This shows the power of political lobbying in Swiss federalism and transport policy. [17] Ultimately, in 1998, a majority of the cantons approved the Federal Decree on the Construction and Financing of Public Transport Infrastructure Projects, propelling the massive railway project forward for the next 20 years. [15]

Aside from inter-regional politics, Switzerland also had to deal with neighboring countries of Austria, France, Germany, and Italy. As anticipated by the construction of the railway, increase in transportation of people, as well as goods, sparked the attention of Germany, Austria, and Italy specifically, leading to the 1989 congress for European solutions for rail transport across the Alps. [15] The takeaways of this congress, including the emphasis on environmental policy and high potential for economic development across Europe, led to the 1992 meeting of Switzerland and the European Economic Community (EEC), putting Switzerland as a vital point in European transport policy. The approval of the NRLA by the EEC was before even the Swiss public could approve of it, but again showing the social and economic benefits it would bring, aided in its 64% public approval later that year. [16]

Environmental Policies

Railway is a popular mode of transportation primarily for its relatively environmental friendly usage. As environmental issues became bigger concerns for voters, specifically in the 1970s, finding alternative mass transit options aside from cars and road travel became appealing. This came as perfect timing for the Gotthard Tunnel, as the 1971 passage of a new environmental protection article in the Swiss Constitution with 93% voter approval paved the way for the tunnel’s eventual landslide approval in the 1990s. [15] This article focused on the protection of human beings and the natural environment, with realization of the negative impacts of mass motorization and road traffic on ecological health. Gotthard’s later approval stems back to this early campaign among voters for sustainable transportation preservation of the Alpine environment. Later in 1992, a $10 billion construction project, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, was approved by Swiss voters. [17] Then again in 1994, 52% of voters back the Alps Initiative, which called for the Federal Constitution to protect the Alpine region from the negative impact of traffic and stop further road expansions, along with shifting traffic from road to rail. This led to a expedited development of the NRLA and the transport agreement with the EEC in 1999. [16]

Transportation Policies

Public mass transportation, such as high-speed railway, are often overlooked by governments as emphasis shifts towards modernization and optimization of road networks. This was the case for the Gotthard tunnel, as its ridership in 1980 dropped to 10% of passengers, with the remaining travel through the Alps by road instead. Gotthard’s history of being a popular mode of travel for passenger traffic and disproportionate attention to roads instead rose concerns among the Swiss Federal Railway SBB, prompting reevaluation of the federal government’s transport strategy and creating a state rail company. However, it was not all smooth sailing for the NRLA, for in 1992, Swiss voters rejected joining the European Economic Area, with implications on how goods traffic would be shifted from road to rail. The EEC demanded a renegotiation of the transport policy decisions, with a final bilateral agreement being made in 2000. [15]

Discussion Questions

 * 1) Do you believe that this project was successful/efficient?
 * 2) Do you believe a second tunnel should be added right next to the GBT?