text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Stravinsky, Igor

Compositions for piano solo by Igor Stravinsky

 * Apollon musagète [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Berceuses du chat, IV "U kota, kota" [YouTube]
 * Boris Godunov, I Prologue [YouTube]
 * Chorale [YouTube]
 * Chorus from the Prologue to Boris Godunov [YouTube]
 * Circus Polka: For a Young Elephant [YouTube]
 * Easy Pieces 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Etudes 1 - 4, op. 7 [YouTube]
 * Fragment [YouTube]
 * Grande suite de l'Histoire du soldat [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Jeu de cartes [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Le Baiser de la fée [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Le Chant du rossignol [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Les cinq doigts [YouTube]
 * L'Oiseau de feu [YouTube]
 * Mavra, I Overture [YouTube]
 * Piano-Rag-Music [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata in F-sharp minor [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata [YouTube]
 * Polka [YouTube]
 * Praeludium [YouTube]
 * Pulcinella [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Rag Time [YouTube]
 * Renard, I March [YouTube]
 * Scherzo [YouTube]
 * Serenade in A major [YouTube]
 * Sketches for a Sonata 1 - 2 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Souvenir d'une marche boche [YouTube]
 * Symphonies d'instruments à vent [YouTube]
 * Tango [YouTube]
 * Tarantella for Piano [YouTube]
 * Three Movements from Petrouchka [YouTube]
 * Valse [YouTube]
 * Valse pour les enfants [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Szymanowski, Karol

Compositions for piano solo by Karol Szymanowski

 * Etudes 1 - 4, op. 4 [YouTube]
 * Etudes 1 - 12, op. 33 [YouTube]
 * Fantasy, op. 14 [YouTube]
 * Masques 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Mazurkas 1 - 20, op. 50 [YouTube]
 * Mazurkas 1 - 2, op. 62 [YouTube]
 * Métopes 1 - 3, op. 29 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 8 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 21 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 36 [YouTube]
 * Polish Dances 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 9, op. 1 [YouTube]
 * Valse romantique [YouTube]
 * Variations in B-flat minor, op. 3 [YouTube]
 * Variations on a Polish folk theme, op. 10 [YouTube]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich

Compositions for piano solo by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

 * Album for the Young, op. 39 [YouTube]
 * Capriccio, op. 8 [YouTube]
 * Dumka in C minor, op. 59 [YouTube]
 * Grand Sonata in G major, op. 37 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 2, op. 1 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 3, op. 9 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 2, op. 10 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 6, op. 19 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 6, op. 21 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 12, op. 40 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 6, op. 51 [YouTube]
 * Morceaux 1 - 18, op. 72 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata in C sharp minor, op. posth. 80 [YouTube]
 * Romance in F minor, op. 5 [YouTube]
 * Souvenir de Hapsal, op. 2 [YouTube]
 * The Seasons 1- 12, op. 37a [YouTube]
 * Valse-Caprice, op. 4 [YouTube]
 * Valse-Scherzo, op. 7 [YouTube]


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Vierne, Louis


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Heitor, Villa-Lobos

Compositions for piano solo by Heitor Villa-Lobos

 * A fiandeira [Youtube]
 * A lenda do caboclo [YouTube]
 * A próle do bebê 1 - 17 [YouTube]
 * As três Marias [YouTube]
 * Bachianas brasileiras no. 4 [YouTube]
 * Caixinha de música quebrada [YouTube]
 * Carnaval das crianças [YouTube]
 * Ciclo brasileiro 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Cirandas 1 - 16 [YouTube]
 * Cirandinhas 1 - 12 [YouTube]
 * Danzas características africanas [YouTube]
 * Francette et Pià [YouTube]
 * Guia Prático [YouTube]
 * Historias da Carochinha [YouTube]
 * Hommage à Chopin [YouTube]
 * Ibericarabe [YouTube]
 * New York sky line [YouTube]
 * Ondulando [YouTube]
 * Poema singelo [YouTube]
 * Rudepoêma [YouTube]
 * Saudades das selvas brasileiras [YouTube]
 * Simples coletânea [YouTube]
 * Sul América [YouTube]
 * Suite floral [YouTube]
 * Tristorosa [YouTube]
 * Valsa da dor [YouTube]


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Wagner, Richard


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Webern, Anton

Compositions for piano solo by Anton Webern

 * Kinderstück [YouTube]
 * Klavierstück, im Tempo eines Menuetts [YouTube]
 * Satz für Klavier [YouTube]
 * Sonatensatz (Rondo) für Klavier [YouTube]
 * Variations, op. 27 [YouTube]


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Williams, Alberto


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Barber, Samuel

Compositions for piano solo by Samuel Barber

 * Ballade, op. 46 [YouTube]
 * Excursions, op. 20 [YouTube]
 * Fresh from West Chester [YouTube]
 * Interlude no. 1 "Adagio for Jeanne" [YouTube]
 * Interlude no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Nocturne "Homage to John Field", op. 33 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata, op. 26 [YouTube]
 * Prelude to a Tragic Drama [YouTube]
 * Sketches 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Souvenirs, op. 28 [YouTube]


text:
Wikijunior:Languages/Dagbani

Dagbani (Dagomba)
Dagbani is member of the Gur branch of Niger-Congo languages. It is spoken mainly in northern Ghana by 800,000 Dagomba people. It is closely related to, and mutually intelligible with, Mossi, which is spoken mainly in Burkina-Faso. Dagbani is also known as Dagbamba, Dagbane and Dagomba.

Dagbani is taught in primary and secondary schools, and there are radio programmes in the language.

Dagbani Words
Here are some words for family members I found. Hope it is useful

Grandfather - Yɛb’doo

Grandmother - Yɛb’paɣa

Father - M’ba

Mom - M’ma

Brother - Tizodoo

Sister - Tizopaɣa

Father’s elder brother(uncle) - Bakpema

Father’s junior brother(uncle) - Bapira

Father’s sister (aunt) - Piriba

Mother’s elder sister(aunt) - Mapkema

Mother’s junior sister(aunt) - Mapira

Mother’s brother(uncle) - ŋahiba

Son - Dapala

Daughter - Bipuhinga

Cousins - Dachiya

Grandchild - Yaanga

Great grandchild - Yaantib’che

Inlaws - Deenima

Nephew /Niece-ŋahiŋga

Ancestor - Siɣli lana

Bachelor - Dakↄli

Children - Bihi

Descendant - Zuliya

Ex husband - Yidan kuro

Ex wife - Pa kuro

Family - Daŋa

Fiancée - Mam

Heir - Zuu

Heiress - Pakpang

Husband - Yidana

Infancy - Bilimni

Inheritance - Fali

Marriage - Paɣ’ kpuɤbo

Orphan - Kpibga

Parent - Laamba

Stepfather - Mba

Stepmother - Mma yintah

Spinster - Paɤ’ zinli

Twin - Jabila

Sample text
Sal' la sala. Bɛhig' be sokam sanimi, din pa la amii. Suhizɔbo be sokam sani; ka nambɔxu beni. Suhubɔhibo mi bi lan kɔŋ yigunaadam kam sani. Dinzuxu dimbɔŋɔ zaa wuhiya ka dama di tu kamaata ka ti zaa yu tab' hali ni ti puuni.

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Past Perfect: Pun, Daa, Daa Pun:

N daa bi tum tumaa maa                      > I had not done the work.

A daa na bi tum tumaa maa                > you had not yet done the work.

O daa na bi tum tumaa maa              > he had not yet done the work.

Ti daa na bi tum tumaa maa                > we had not yet done the work.

Yi daa na bi tum tumaa maa. You have not yet done the work.

Be daa na bi tum tumaa maa                 > they had not yet done the work.

Poems (Yetogatalmalsi):

Jilma (Respect):

bia timi a ba naa ama jilma,      > child, respect your father and mother.

naawuni ni bori sheli m-bala,    > that is what God wants.

yumi a ba naa ama. > love your father and mother.

dama be nyela a laamba. > Because they are your parents.

Fara (Poverty):

fara deei zaa. > Poverty is now rampant.

bihi kuhirila fara. > Children are crying out of poverty.

ninkura kuhirila fara. > Elders are crying out of poverty.

ban tumdi kuhirila fara. > Those working are crying.

ban bi tumdi kuhirila fara. > Those who don’t work are even waste off.

ligiri mi zo n-nye fara. > Riches is the friend of poverty.

ligiri yi bi chag fara ku chag. > If money doesn’t go, poverty will surely not go.

din zugu, bagmi ligiri dibu. > Therefore let’s spend money wisely.

Assignment:

Dimi di zaa

Dimi sagam maa zaa

Yi daa na bi tum tumaa maa

Be daa na bi tum tumaa maa

N daa bi tum tumaa maa

A daa na bi tum tumaa maa

O daa na bi tum tumaa maa

Lam; wuhi Farouk.

Di lar maa.

Lam’ ka sokam wum

ANSWERS PROVIDERED BY ISABELLA: Part 3:

Dimi di zaa- Eat it all.

Dimi sagam maa zaa – Eat all the TZ (?)

Yi daa na bi tum tumaa maa – You have not yet done the work.

Be daa na bi tum tumaa maa – They have not yet done the work.

N daa bi tum tumaa maa -I have not yet done the work.

A daa na bi tum tumaa maa -You have not yet done the work.

O daa na bi tum tumaa maa -He/she has not yet done the work.

Lam; wuhi Farouk – Laugh; for Farouk to see.

Di lar maa. – Don’t laugh at me

Lam’ ka sokam wum -Laugh so loud that everyone can hear!

title: Wikijunior:Languages/Dagbani


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Boulez, Pierre

Compositions for piano solo by Pierre Boulez

 * Notations 1 - 12 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 (1946) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 (1947-48) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Une page d'éphéméride (2005) [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Britten, Benjamin

Compositions for piano solo by Benjamin Britten

 * Character Pieces 1 - 3 (1930) [YouTube]
 * Holiday Diary, op. 5 (1934) [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Night Piece "Notturno" [YouTube]
 * Sonata romantica "Moderato and Nocturne" [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Variations 1 - 12 (1931) [YouTube]
 * Variations for Piano (1965) [YouTube]
 * Waltzes 1 - 5, op. 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Carter, Elliott

Compositions for piano solo by Elliott Carter

 * 90+ [YouTube]
 * Diversions 1 - 2 (1999) [YouTube]
 * Night Fantasies (1980) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata (1945-46, rev. 1982) [YouTube]
 * Retrouvailles [YouTube]
 * Tri-Tribute [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Two Thoughts About the Piano [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Damase, Jean-Michel

Compositions for piano solo by Jean-Michel Damase

 * Apparition [YouTube]
 * Etudes 1 - 8 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Introduction et Allegro [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata, op. 24 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonatine [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Thème et Variations (1957)
 * Andante [YouTube]
 * Allegro moderato [YouTube]
 * Poco più mosso (I) [YouTube]
 * Plus calme [YouTube]
 * Tempo du thème [YouTube ]
 * Allegro [YouTube]
 * (Allegro) [YouTube]
 * Moderato (I) [YouTube]
 * Poco più lento [YouTube]
 * Allegretto tranquillo [YouTube]
 * A tempo poco piu mosso [YouTube]
 * Moderato (II) [YouTube]
 * Poco più mosso (II) [YouTube]
 * Allegro ma non troppo [YouTube]
 * Molto moderato [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Dutilleux, Henri

Compositions for piano solo by Henri Dutilleux

 * Au gré des ondes (1946) [YouTube]
 * Bergerie [YouTube]
 * Blackbird [YouTube]
 * Mini prélude en éventail [YouTube]
 * Petit air à dormir debout (1981) [YouTube]
 * Préludes 1 - 3 [YouTube]
 * D'ombre et de silence
 * Sur un même accord
 * Le Jeu des contraires
 * Résonances [YouTube]
 * Sonate pour piano (1958) [YouTube]
 * Tous les chemins... mènent à Rome (1947) [YouTube]


text:
Afrikaans/Vocabulary/Conjunctions

This page will act as a sort of guide to the individual uses of the Afrikaans conjunctions in correspondance to their English counterparts. This page does not cover 'Conjunctive Adverbs', strictly remaining to pure conjunctions.

General Definitions
For easier searching, a general list of English conjunctions with their possible translations is provided within the table below.
 * Dependent Clause → A dependent clause is a clause that cannot exist without an independent clause, otherwise it remains grammatically incorrect.
 * I love her. = No further change or addition to the sentence is required.
 * Independent Clause → An independent clause is a clause that can exist as a sole entity, no conjunction required.
 * While I love her... = An independent clause is required to finish the sentence's meaning.
 * Coordinating Conjunction → A conjunction that links together two clauses of the same grammatical value. Conjunctions with such properties generally form SVO and VSO structures. Concerning punctuation, these conjunctions are preceded by a comma. Represented here with a superscript, C.
 * Subordinate Conjunction → A conjunction that links together a dependent clause to an independent clause. Conjunctions with such properties generally form SOV structures. Concerning punctuation, these conjunctions never receive any sort of punctuation mark (with exception to al), unless it is also composed of non-conjunctional elements (such as an adverb or verb) in which a comma does precede it. Represented here with a superscript, S.
 * Correlative Conjunction → A conjunction that links together phrases of the same grammatical value. Conjunctions with such properties generally form SVO and VSO structures. Concerning punctuation, and like coordinating conjunctions, they are preceded by a comma when required to be. Represented here with a superscript, R.

title: Afrikaans/Vocabulary/Conjunctions


text:
Hobo tourism/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk

The Afghan expedition — conditional name of the project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk; the route included seven Asian countries, where the visit to Afghanistan was the dominant.

General information

 * Duration: 2 months.
 * Period: 25.09. 2008 — 25. 11. 2008
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Samarkand
 * Number of countries visited: 7 (seven).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: air transport, land transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: collect material, photography.
 * Purpose: information about Asian countries, prepare press material and a new book.
 * Format: hobo tour.

Visited places

 * Uzbekistan: Samarkand, Bukhara, Termez (transit).
 * Afghanistan: Hairatan (transit), Mazar-i-Sharif, Ariyona, Kabul, Bamyan, Chardi (transit).
 * Iran: Mashhad, Tehran, Kashan, Isfahan, Shiraz, Yazd, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Tabriz, Bazargan (transit).
 * Syria: Aleppo, Darat Azza, Homs, Safita, Tartus, Tadmor (Palmyra), Damascus.
 * Turkey: Urfa (transit), Gaziantep (transit), Antakya, Istanbul.
 * Jordan: Amman, Wadi Musa (Pétra), Jerash (city and ruins of the same name), Aqaba.
 * Georgia: Tbilisi, Poti (transit).

Мap of the route

The methods applied
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In low-budget locations designed to accommodate local poor: in Samarkand and Bukhara (railway-station rest rooms); in Iran and Syria (multiple times); in Istanbul, Amman, Aqaba, Tbilisi; in mehmunsarai (Afghanistan).
 * At the house of local people: in a small village of Ariyona on the outskirts of Mazar-i-Sharif (Afghanistan).
 * Under the open sky: in the Syrian town of Safita on a hill using a corrugated sheet of cardboard (former package of refrigerator).
 * In the hostel: Yazd (Iran).
 * At the unknown facility belonging to the police: in the border town of Hairatan (Afghanistan).
 * On the floor of the office, provided to random street acquaintances: in Isfahan (Iran).

Outcomes and results
Written and published in the press 25 articles (in Russian):
 * «Один день в Афганской тюрьме» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 11.12.2008. — № 137 (2669);
 * «По дорогам Сирии» — 19.02.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 17 (2694);
 * «Узбегим дурдонаси» — 5.03.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 23 (2700);
 * «Бродяга в Хашимитском королевстве» — 9.04.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 38 (2715);
 * «Седьмая страна, или грузинский ночлег» — 30.04.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 46 (2723);
 * «Ни слова по-турецки!» — 4.06.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 59 (2736);
 * «Страна сэндвичей» — 18.06.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 64 (2741);
 * «Эхо афганской войны» — 3.09.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 95 (2772);
 * «В городе пальм» — 1.10.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 103 (2780);
 * «Незабываемая Петра» — 5.11.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 113 (2790);
 * «Три койко-дня в Грузии» — 24.12.2009. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 27 (2804);
 * «Посылка из Кабула» — 4.02.2010. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 9 (2814);
 * «Немного "секса" для дехкан» — 24.06.2010. — Crimean time: newspaper. — № 44 (2849);
 * «Афганский пленник» (ч. 1) — Magazine PROX: журнал. —2009 — №1 (21);
 * «Афганский пленник» (ч. 2) — Мagazine PROX: magazine. — 2010 — №1 (23);
 * «Такую Сирию турфирмы вам не покажут» — Мagazine PROX: magazine. — 2010 — №2 (24).
 * «Сон афганского узника» — 6. 08. 2009. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 27 (843);
 * «С рюкзаком по Сирии» — 10. 09. 2009. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 32 (848);
 * «Гульгула» в Бамиане» — 8. 10. 2009. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 34 (850);
 * «Ман тахи дастам…» — 21. 01. 2010. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 2 (863);
 * «Грузинский транзит» — 26. 08. 2010. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 29 (890);
 * «На пути к Али-Шадр» — 7. 10. 2010. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 34 (895);
 * «Исфахан и дырявый карман» — 20. 01. 2011. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 2 (908);
 * «Джераш — "королевство" в королевстве» — 2. 06. 2011. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 17 (923);
 * «Мечети Самарканда» — 23. 06. 2011. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 19 (925).

 * In 2018 the book "Afghan prisoner" was published, which describes the route and adventures of the expedition participant.
 * One issue in the series of TV stories "Around the world with empty pockets" (with the assistance of the Crimean TV and Radio Company) was dedicated to the Afghan expedition of the Russian traveler.

Problems, difficult moments

 * Living in one of the many mehmunsarai of the poorest district of Kote Sangi, located on the outskirts of Kabul, on October 15, 2012, at about 19:00 local time, was detained by police at a checkpoint and sent to prison until the circumstances.
 * In a tiny settlement of the poor, located among the mountains outside the resort town of Aqaba (Jordan), local teenagers, for the purpose of entertainment, tried to arrange a kind of lapidation for the Russian traveler. Having hit a stone in the head, the attackers fled; the victim was assisted by one of the local people.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "One day in Afghan prison"
 * Виктор Пинчук — Бродяга в Хашимитском королевстве (in ru)
 * Виктор Пинчук — Эхо афганской войны (in ru)
 * Виктор Пинчук — Немного «секса» для дехкан (in ru)

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Afghan prisoner". — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 144 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-3-1

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Phosphorus

Error 404
What information do you crave from this article? That can be a stepping stone in removing STUB status? ThatOneEli (discuss • contribs) 19:45, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:The Elements/Phosphorus


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Nixon, A Patricia., Orenstein, M David., Kelsey, F Sheryl., Doershuk, F Carl. (1992) The Prognostic Value of Exercise Testing in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. The New England Journal of Medicine. Pages 1785 – 1788.

1. What is the background to this research?
The Prognosis value of exercise testing in patients with cystic fibrosis (Nixon, 1992) is a journal article focusing on the link between aerobic fitness and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients. This study was an extremely important medical breakthrough showing there is a significant relationship between aerobic fitness and enhanced health outcomes in individuals with cystic fibrosis, and has been supported by many recent studies.

Prior to the release of this study in 1992, there was limited research looking into impacts of cystic fibrosis. The only other related study was one conducted on cystic fibrosis patients over 3 years with a 26 month follow up period to investigate differences between mortality and respiratory function in individuals using the humidified oxygen or air concentrators overnight. This study concluded there were no difference in the groups in terms of mortality, progression of the disease and/or hospitalization.

Following these studies there has been many related studies conducted and released since.

2.      Where is the research from?
This study was published in The New England Journal of Medicine and was conducted in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. This is a peer reviewed journal that is a highly reputable and reliable source of scientific articles, including 2,167 articles on cystic fibrosis.

All the authors of this article are well respected with many of them working at universities and/ or being doctors in fields related to cystic fibrosis (e.g., pediatrics pulmonary).

There are no organizations or sponsorships that may influence or bias the results.

3.      What kind of research was this?
This study was a longitudinal study that was conducted in the late 1970s as individuals were followed over 8-years to assess how their condition/ health developed over this period. The calculation of survival rates was done with the standard life-table methods, and then Chi-square analysis was used to establish whether there was a significant trend in the participants that died in the 8-year follow up.

A similar level of evidence has been shown through the benefits of aerobic fitness on lung functions and reduced mortality in many other studies. As demonstrated by one published in 2020 showing exercise is used with patients with cystic fibrosis to act as an airways clearance technique that enhances the elimination of mucosal cilia. Another study claimed enhanced exercise capacity is related to a greater quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis.

4.      What did the research involve?
This study included 109 participants, aged 7-35 years with cystic fibrosis. These participants performed pulmonary function and progressive exercise testing on electronically braked cycle ergometers. These tests consisted of starting at 0 watts then increase by 10-20 watts each minute until the participants physically could not continue (VO2max test).

The method used was innovative to obtain baseline values and their relationship to mortality over the following 8 years as this type of testing had not been done before in relation to cystic fibrosis. The participants were put into groups depending on their VO2 peak and examined survival rates for the different aerobic groups.

5.      What were the basic results?
One of the most important findings from this study was that in the 8 years follow up period the individuals characterized as having the greatest aerobic fitness had at least an 82% chance of survival while the individuals characterized as having the lowest aerobic fitness only had a 28% chance of survival. There was a greater risk of mortality with lower aerobic fitness, lower SAO2, lower pulmonary function and high-end tidal volume according to the univariate analysis. Individuals were more than 3 times as likely to die if they were categorized as the lowest fitness group compared to the highest.

The researchers concluded that there is a significant relationship between survival in patients with cystic fibrosis and aerobic fitness (VO2peak).

6.      What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study has demonstrated the importance of aerobic fitness which is both an environmental and genetic (30%) factor. This study shows there is a strong correlation between enhanced aerobic fitness and increased lifespan with individuals with cystic fibrosis, although more research is needed to further look into this conclusion.

More recent research has supported the findings of this study as they also showed that there is a strong relationship between aerobic fitness and respiratory health of individuals with cystic fibrosis.

This study could have been further enhanced by placing individuals into different exercise groups for an extended period and see what effect this had on their aerobic fitness and overall mortality. The analysis presented in the article could have been strengthened by conducting multivariate analysis to test whether there was a significant relationship between mortality, aerobic fitness, and age, given that older patients (those over 25 years of age) are are at increased risk of mortality than younger patients. Further, the article should also have defined the expected VO2peak value and the percentage VO2peak, to enable the results to be compared to other studies that have examined the same issues.

7.      Practical advice
The real-world implication of this research is that aerobic exercise should be prescribed to all individuals with cystic fibrosis to help manage this chronic and deadly disease. This study showed that there is a relationship between aerobic fitness, ventilatory muscle endurance, and cardiovascular efficiency in people with cystic fibrosis. The enhancement of ventilatory muscle endurance can help delay the occurrence of respiratory failure and muscle fatigue. This study showed an association between aerobic exercise training and slowing the progression of this disease, as respiratory failure is the main cause of deaths from cystic fibrosis.

It is important to undertake exercise testing before the commencement of an exercise program. The Godfrey Cycle Ergometer Protocol with ventilatory gas exchange and oxygen saturation monitoring is advised for those undertaking exercise testing over the age of 10. For children with cystic fibrosis it is important that there is ongoing support and encouragement from their health care team and family. It is attainable for relatively healthy cystic fibrosis patients to achieve 30 minutes per day of moderate-vigorous physical activity, although increased amounts are associated with enhanced outcomes over 1 year.

8.      Further information/resources
The diagnosis and treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

Why exercise is used as a intervention for Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Cystic Fibrosis information and support groups for patients and their families

About Cystic Fibrosis: What it is, life with CF, how to get involved and connect with others suffering from this disease and their families.


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User talk:Ming Ke Ming

Welcome, Ming Ke Ming!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 01:17, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ming Ke Ming


text:
Category:Book:Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia

Pages belonging to Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia:


text:
Hobo tourism/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa

The third creative trip to Africa — a project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk. The three-month route, included six African countries, not without adventure...

General information

 * Duration: 3 months.
 * Period: 3.12. 2010 — 7. 03. 2011
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Cairo
 * Transit through: Moscow.
 * Number of countries visited: 6 (six).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: air transport, land transport, water transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip.
 * Objects of interest: ethnic tribes, ancient architecture, natural attractions.
 * Purpose: collecting material about the countries and peoples of Africa, preparing a photo exhibition.
 * Format: standard hobo tour.

Places visited

 * Egypt: Cairo, Luxor, Aswan, Alexandria.
 * Sudan: Wadi Halfa, Dongola, Meroë, Atbara, Khartoum, El-Obeid.
 * Zambia: Nakonde (Tanzania border), Lusaka, Mongu, Lialui, Katoya, Livingstone, Sesheke (Namibia border), Mpulungu (port).
 * Burundi: Bujumbura, Muyinga.
 * Namibia: Katima Mulilo (border of Zambia), Oshakati, Oshikango, Opuwo, Epupa, Windhoek, Grünau.
 * Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Tunduma (Zambia border), Arusha, Moshi, Marangu, Dodoma, Kwa Mtoro, tiny village of Barabeig people.

Мap of the route

The methods applied
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * On objects under construction: in Cairo (Egypt), near ruins of Kerma and in Khartoum (Sudan).
 * At the police station: Lusaka (Zambia), Windhoek (Namibia)
 * In the territory of local residents: in Opuwo (Namibia), near Epupa Falls.
 * Under the open sky: near Epupa Falls, on the porch of the building of the central street in Oshakati (Namibia).
 * In places for the accommodation for the local poor: in all the countries listed.
 * In the cabin of the bus leaving in the morning: Nakonde (border of Tanzania and Zambia), Dodoma (Tanzania).
 * In a small booth (or shed), where two local guards also slept on the trash floor: Katima Mulilo (Namibia).
 * In a stone building without a facade wall: at the entrance to the Fish River Canyon (Namibia).

Outcomes and results
Author’s articles published in periodicals: (in Russian):
 * «Дорога в Судан» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 7. 04. 2011. — № 10 (916);
 * «Сияха в Судане» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 21. 04. 2011. — № 12 (918);
 * «Судан – 3: автостопом по стране» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 12. 05. 2011. — № 14 (920);
 * «Судан – 4: прохладный уют пирамиды» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. —2 6. 05. 2011. — № 16 (922);
 * «Судан – 5: околовизовые мытарства» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 9. 06. 2011. — № 18 (924);
 * «Судан – 6: беспробудное занудство» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 17. 11. 2011. — № 22 (928);
 * «Судан – 7: предвыездные мытарства» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 24. 11. 2011. — № 23 (929);
 * «Третья афровылазка продолжается» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. —23. 02. 2012. — № 7 (940);
 * «Вперёд, в африканские дебри!» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 25. 10. 2012. — № 33 (966);
 * «Что было дальше?» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 8. 11. 2012. — № 34 (967);
 * «Седьмое чудо света» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 15. 11. 2012. — № 35 (968);
 * «Намибия. Первое знакомство» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 6. 12. 2012. — № 37 (970);
 * «В гостях у смерти или Эпатажный фотохудожник и его Африка» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 17. 01. 2013. — № 1 (973);
 * «Робинзон нелепого «круиза» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 24. 01. 2013. — № 2 (974);
 * «Мой адрес — не дом и не улица…» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 31. 01. 2013. — № 3 (975);
 * «В каньоне "рыбной" реки» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 7. 02. 2013. — № 4 (976);
 * «Через Замбию в Бурунди» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 14. 02. 2013. — № 5 (977);
 * «Две страны за двое суток» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 21. 02. 2013. — № 6 (978);
 * «Снег на экваторе» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 7. 03. 2013. — № 7 (979);
 * «Всё имеет свойство заканчиваться…» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 14. 03. 2013. — № 8 (980).
 * «Африканский водопад оставил меня без штанов и чуть не убил» — Republic: newspaper. — 22.05.2014. — № 18 (153).

In addition:
 * In 2018, the book "Third African trip" was published, which describes the route of the trip and the adventures of the author.
 * In September 2012, the traveler organized a personal photo exhibition "Egypt and Egyptians III" (third on the topic of Egypt); the opening took place in the exhibition hall of the Russian Cultural Center (Simferopol)
 * Exhibition "Hitchhiking in the Sudan", held in July 2014, introduced visitors to the Simferopol History Museum with the author’s photographic works depicting the state of Africa rarely visited by foreigners.
 * Two issues in the series of author’s TV project "Around the world with empty pockets" (with the assistance of the Crimea TV and Radio company) were dedicated to Egypt and Zambia (see section. "links").

Problems, difficult moments

 * The first day of stay in Africa was marked by an injury that was received while descending the stairs of a house under construction, where the night was spent.
 * Moving hitchhiking to southern Sudan, Kaduqli town, on 25 December 2010, on the eve of political events, was detained by local State security authorities and deported to the capital.
 * A bag of personal belongings left in the custody of the owner of a night-shelter in Cairo disappeared upon the return of traveller. The owner of "apartments" tried to shift the blame on unknown intruders who entered the premises during the unrest in the country related to the change of power.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Visiting Death"
 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Ridiculous "cruise" of Robinson"
 * Viktor Pinchuk "In search of the Lost Tribes"

Links
TV stories in conversation format — prepared with the assistance of the Crimea TV and Radio company (in ru):

authors: Виктор Пинчук


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Mathematical Proof/Introduction to Set Theory

Objects known as sets are often used in mathematics, and there exists which studies them. Although set theory can be discussed formally, it is not necessary for us to have such a formal discussion in this book, and we may not be interested in and understand the formal discussion in this stage.

Even if we do not discuss set theory formally, it is important for us to understand some basic concepts about sets, which will be covered in this chapter.

What is a set?
A may be viewed as a collection of well-defined, distinct objects (the objects can also be sets). Because of the vagueness of the term "well-defined", we do not regard this as the definition of set. Instead, we regard set as a primitive notion (i.e., concepts not defined in terms of previously-defined concepts). Other examples of primitive notions in mathematics include and.

We have mentioned that a set is a collection of well-defined, distinct objects. Objects in a set are called of the set. We write $$a\in A$$ to mean that the element $$a$$ belongs to the set $$A$$. If $$a$$ does not belong to $$A$$, we write $$a\notin A$$.

Ways of describing a set
There are multiple ways to describe a set precisely (in the sense that element(s) belonging to the set is (are) known precisely).

If a set consists of a small number of elements, then the may be quite efficient. In the listing method, elements of a set are listed within a pair of braces ({}). In particular, just changing the listing of elements does change the set represented. For example, $$\{1,2\}$$ and $$\{2,1\}$$ are both representing the same set whose elements are 1 and 2. If the elements listed in the pair of braces are the same, the notations created by the listing method with different listing orders refer to the set. Also, repeatedly listing a specific element in a set does change the set represented. For example, $$\{1,1,2,2,2\}$$ and $$\{1,2\}$$ are both representing the same set whose elements are 1 and 2. In particular, if a set contains no elements, it can be denoted by $$\{\}$$ based on the listing method or $$\varnothing$$. This kind of set is called an empty set.

Another way to describe a set is using. For example, consider the set $$S$$ of prime numbers less than 10. If we use the listing method instead, the set $$S$$ is represented by $$\{2,3,5,7\}$$.

The third way to describe a set is advantageous when a set contains many elements. This method is called. There are parts within a pair of braces in this notation. They are illustrated below with descriptions: $$\underbrace{\{}_{\text{The set of}}\underbrace{x}_{\text{all elements }x}\underbrace{:}_{\text{such that}}\underbrace{P(x)}_{\text{the property }P(x)\text{ is satisfied}}\}$$

As one may expect, two sets are if and only if they contain the same elements. Equivalently, two sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ are equal if and only if each element of $$A$$ is also an element of $$B$$ and each element of $$B$$ is also an element of $$A$$. This can be regarded as an axiom or a definition. If two sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ are equal, we write $$A=B$$. If not, we write $$A\ne B$$.

In this book, when we are solving an equation, we are only considering its solution(s) unless stated otherwise.

{{colored exercise| Assume $$a$$ and $$b$$ are different elements. Is each of the following statements true or false? {The set $$\big\{\{\}\big\}$$ contains no elements. - True. + False.
 * type=""}
 * This set contains one element, namely the empty set $$\{\}$$.

{$$\{\}=\varnothing.$$ + True. - False.
 * type=""}
 * These two sets have no elements, thus containing the "same" elements.

{$$\{1,1,2,3\}$$ is a set. + True. - False.
 * type=""}
 * Even if the element "1" is listed two times, it still represents a set (which can also be denoted by $$\{1,2,3\}$$).

{$$\{x:0<x<2\text{ and }x^2=4\}=\{2\}$$. - True. + False. }
 * type=""}
 * Solving $$x^2=4$$, we get $$x=\pm 2$$, but both of them are not between 0 and 2 exclusively, so no $$x$$ satisfies the given property. As a result, the set on the RHS should be empty.

{$$\{a,b,b\}\in\{\{a,b\},a,b,b\}$$. + True. - False.
 * type=""}
 * First, $$\{a,b,b\}=\{a,b\}$$. Since the set $$\{a,b\}$$ is an element of the set on RHS, this is true.

{$$\{\{a\},\{a\}\}\in\{\varnothing,\{a\},\{b\},\{a,b\}\}$$. - True. + False. }}
 * type=""}
 * First, $$\{\{a\},\{a\}\}=\{\{a\}\}$$. But set $$\{\varnothing,\{a\},\{b\},\{a,b\}\}$$ doesn't contains $$\{\{a\}\}$$, it only contains $$\{a\}$$, which is not the same.

Set cardinality
If a set contains number of elements, it is called a  set, and it is called an  set otherwise. If a set is finite, then its cardinality is its number of elements. For infinite sets, it is harder and more complicated to define their cardinalities, and so we will do this in the later chapter about set cardinalities. For each set $$S$$, its cardinality is denoted by $$|S|$$.

There are some special infinite sets for which notations are given, as follows: In particular, we can use set-builder notation to express $$\mathbb Q$$, as follows: $$\mathbb Q=\{p/q:p,q\in\mathbb Z\text{ and }q\ne 0\}$$.
 * $$\mathbb N$$ is the set of all natural numbers (0 is regarded as a natural number in this book).
 * $$\mathbb Z$$ is the set of all integers.
 * $$\mathbb Q$$ is the set of all rational numbers.
 * (nonstandard notation) $$\mathbb I$$ is the set of all irrational numbers.
 * $$\mathbb R$$ is the set of all real numbers.
 * $$\mathbb C$$ is the set of all complex numbers.

Subsets
We call some commonly encountered subsets of $$\mathbb R$$. For each real number $$a,b$$ such that $$a<b$$, There are also some intervals: Note: $$\{x\in S:P(x)\}$$ is a shorthand of $$\{x:x\in S\text{ and }P(x)\}$$ ($$S$$ is a set).
 * $$(a,b)\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a<x<b\}$$ (open intervals)
 * $$(a,b]\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a<x\le b\}$$ (half-open (or half-closed) intervals)
 * $$[a,b)\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a\le x< b\}$$ (half-open (or half-closed) intervals)
 * $$[a,b]\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a\le x\le b\}$$ (closed intervals)
 * $$(-\infty,a)\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:x<a\}$$
 * $$(-\infty,a]\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:x\le a\}$$
 * $$(a,\infty)\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a<x\}$$
 * $$[a,\infty)\overset{\text{ def }}=\{x\in\mathbb R:a\le x\}$$
 * $$(-\infty,\infty)\overset{\text{ def }}=\mathbb R$$

Universal set and Venn diagram
A is a diagram showing all possible logical relationships between a finite number of sets. The universal set is usually represented by a region enclosed by a rectangle, while the sets are usually represents by regions enclosed by circles. The following is a Venn diagram. In this diagram, if the white region represents set $$A$$ and the region enclosed by the rectangle represents the universal set, then the red region is the set $$A^c$$.

However, the following is a Venn diagram. This is because there are not regions in which only the yellow and blue region intersect, and only the red and green region intersect, respectively. So, not logical relationships between the sets are shown.

To show all logical relationships between four sets, the following Venn diagram can be used.

Set operations
Similar to the arithmetic operations for real numbers which combine two numbers into one, the set operations combine two sets into one.

Cartesian product
Similarly, we can define the Cartesian product of three or more sets.


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Françaix, Jean

Compositions for piano solo by Jean Françaix

 * "Bis" 1 - 5 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Danse des trois arlequins [YouTube]
 * De la musique avant toute chose 1 - 10 [YouTube]
 * Éloge de la danse 1 - 6 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Esquisses sur les touches blanches 1 - 3 [YouTube]
 * Grandes marches dans le style du Premier Empire 1 - 6
 * La Promenade d'un musicologue éclectique 1 - 6 [YouTube]
 * Nocturne [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata [YouTube]
 * Portraits de jeunes filles 1 - 5 [YouTube]
 * Scherzo [YouTube]
 * Si Versailles m'était conté [YouTube]
 * Variations sur le nom de Johannes Gutenberg 1 - 8 [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Górecki, Henryk

Compositions for piano solo by Henryk Górecki

 * Intermezzo (1990) [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 6 (1956) [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 4, op. 1 [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Gubaidulina, Sofia

Compositions for piano solo by Sofia Gudaidulina

 * Chaconne [YouTube]
 * Invention [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata [YouTube]
 * Musical Toys [YouTube]
 * Toccata-Troncata [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Gulda, Friedrich

Compositions for piano solo by Friedrich Gulda

 * Aria [YouTube]
 * Epitaph für eine Liebe [YouTube]
 * Für Paul [YouTube]
 * Für Rico [YouTube]
 * Introduction and Scherzo [YouTube]
 * Play Piano Play [YouTube]
 * Shuffle [YouTube]
 * Sonatine [YouTube]
 * Variationen über "Light my Fire" (von Jim Morrison) [YouTube]
 * Variations [YouTube]
 * Wintermeditation [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Hesketh, Kenneth

Compositions for piano solo by Kenneth Hesketh

 * Heu, heu, heu... [YouTube]
 * Horae (Pro Clara) 1 - 12 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Japanese Miniatures 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Notte oscura [YouTube]
 * Poetic Conceits
 * Through Magic Casements [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Jolivet, André

Compositions for piano solo by André Jolivet

 * Algeria-Tango [YouTube]
 * Berceuse dans un Hamac [YouTube]
 * Chansons naïves 1 - 6 [YouTube]
 * Cosmogony [YouTube]
 * Danse caraibe [YouTube]
 * Danse roumaine [YouTube]
 * Danses pour Zizou [YouTube]
 * Danses rituelles 1 - 5 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * El Viejo Camello [YouTube]
 * Etudes sur des modes antiques [YouTube]
 * Fom Bom Bo [YouTube]
 * Madia [YouTube]
 * Mana 1 - 6 [YouTube]
 * Mouvements 1 - 2 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Romance barbare [YouTube]
 * Sarabande sur le nom d'Eric Satie [YouTube]
 * Sidi Ya-ya [YouTube]
 * Tango [YouTube]
 * Trois Temps 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Kabalevsky, Dmitry

Compositions for piano solo by Dmitry Kabalevsky

 * Children's Dreams 1 - 6, op. 88 [YouTube]
 * Easy Pieces 1 - 35, op. 89 [YouTube]
 * Easy Rondos 1 - 4, op. 60 [YouTube]
 * Easy Variations on Folk Themes, op. 51 [YouTube]
 * In the Pioneer Camp, op. 86 [YouTube]
 * Lyric Tunes 1 - 4, op. 91 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 6 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 45 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 46 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonatina no. 1, op. 13 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonatina no. 2, op. 13 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Pieces 1 - 4, op. 14 [YouTube]
 * Pieces for Children 1 - 30, op. 27 [YouTube]
 * Pieces for Children 1 - 24, op. 39 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 3, op. 1 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 4, op. 5 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 4, op. 20 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 24, op. 38 [YouTube]
 * Preludes and Fugues 1 - 6, op. 61 [YouTube]
 * Recitative and Rondo, op. 84 [YouTube]
 * Rondo, op. 59 [YouTube]
 * Rondos from Colas Breugnon 1 - 3, op. 30 [YouTube]
 * Spring Games and Dances, op. 81 [YouTube]
 * Tableaux de l'Enfance 1 - 15, op. 3
 * Variations 1 - 2, op. 40 [YouTube]
 * Variations on Folk Themes, op. 87 [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Kapustin, Nikolai

Compositions for piano solo by Nikolai Kapustin

 * A Pianist in Jeopardy, op. 152 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelles 1 - 10, op. 59 [YouTube]
 * Berceuse, op. 65 [YouTube]
 * Big Band Sounds, op. 46 [YouTube]
 * Concert Etudes 1 - 8, op. 40 [YouTube]
 * Contemplation, op. 47 [YouTube]
 * Countermove, op. 130 [YouTube]
 * Curiosity, op. 157 [YouTube]
 * Daybreak (Sunrise), op. 26 [YouTube]
 * Dialogue, op. 148 [YouTube]
 * End of the Rainbow, op. 112 [YouTube]
 * Etude courte mais transcendante, op. 149 [YouTube]
 * Etude-like Trinkets 1 - 2, op. 122 [YouTube]
 * Etudes 1 - 3, op. 67 [YouTube]
 * Etudes in Different Intervals 1 - 5, op. 68 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia, op. 115 [YouTube]
 * Freeway, op. 140 [YouTube]
 * Gingerbread Man, op. 111 [YouTube]
 * Humoresque, op. 75 [YouTube]
 * Impromptu, op 83 [YouTube]
 * Impromptus 1 - 3, op. 66 [Youtube]
 * Inventions 1 - 10, op. 73 [YouTube]
 * Little Pieces 1 - 6, op. 133 [YouTube]
 * Moon Rainbow, op. 161 [YouTube]
 * Motive Force, op. 45 [YouTube]
 * Nobody Is Perfect, op. 151 [YouTube ]
 * No Stop Signs, op. 114 [YouTube]
 * Paraphrase on "Aquarela do Brasil", op. 118 [YouTube]
 * Paraphrase on a Theme by Paul Dvoyrin, op. 108 [YouTube]
 * Paraphrase on "Blue Bossa", op. 123 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 "Sonata-Fantasy", op. 39 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 54 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 55 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4, op. 60 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5, op. 61 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 6, op. 62 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 7, op. 64 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 8, op. 77 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 9, op. 78 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 10, op. 81 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 11 "Twickenham", op. 101 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 12, op. 102 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 13, op. 110 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 14, op. 120 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 15 "Fantasia quasi sonata", op. 127 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 16, op. 131 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 17, op. 134
 * Piano sonata no. 18, op. 135 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 19, op. 143 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 20, op. 144 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Preludes in Jazz Style 1 - 24, op. 53 [YouTube]
 * Rainy Weather, op. 159 [YouTube]
 * Scherzo, op. 95 [YouTube]
 * Something Else, op. 160 [YouTube]
 * Sonatina, op. 100 [YouTube]
 * Spice Island, op. 117 [YouTube]
 * Suite in the OId Style, op. 28 [YouTube]
 * Theme and Variations, op. 80 [YouTube]
 * There Is Something Behind That, op. 109 [YouTube]
 * Toccatina, op. 36 [YouTube]
 * Vanity of Vanities, op. 121 [YouTube]
 * Variations, op. 41 [YouTube]
 * Wandering, op. 153 [YouTube]
 * Wheel of Fortune, op. 113 [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Krenek, Ernst

Compositions for piano solo by Ernst Krenek

 * Doppelfuge, op. 1a [YouTube]
 * Echoes from Austria, op. 166 [YouTube]
 * George Washington Variations, op. 120 [YouTube]
 * Klavierstücke 1 - 5, op. 39 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Klavierstücke 1 - 8, op. 110 [YouTube]
 * Klavierstücke 1 - 11, op. 197 [YouTube]
 * Kleine Suite, op. 13a [YouTube]
 * Miniatures 1 - 20, op. 139 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 59 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 92 no. 4 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4, op. 114 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5, op. 121 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 6, op. 128 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 7, op. 240 [YouTube]
 * Prelude, WoO87 [YouTube]
 * Sechs Vermessene, op. 168 [YouTube]
 * Short Pieces 1 - 12, op. 83 [YouTube]
 * Sonatina, op. 5 [YouTube]
 * Suites 1 - 2, op. 26 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Tanzstudie, op. 1 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Toccata and Chaconne, op. 13 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Variations in 3 Movements 1 - 12, op. 79 [YouTube]


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Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Kurtág, György

Compositions for piano solo by György Kurtág

 * ... feuilles mortes ... [YouTube]
 * Játékok (Games) [YouTube]
 * Pieces 1 - 8, op. 3 [YouTube]
 * Szálkák (Splinters), op. 6d [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Ligeti, György

Compositions for piano solo by György Ligeti

 * Bagatelles 1 - 3 [YouTube]
 * Capriccio 1 - 2 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Chromatische Phantasie [YouTube]
 * Early Piano Pieces 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Invention [YouTube]
 * L'Arrache-cœur [YouTube]
 * Musica ricercata [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Lutosławski, Witold

Compositions for piano solo by Witold Lutosławski

 * Album for the Young [YouTube]
 * Bukoliki [YouTube]
 * Folk Melodies [YouTube]
 * Invention [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata [YouTube]
 * Pieces for the Young 1 - 3 [YouTube]
 * Studies 1 - 2 [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Messiaen, Olivier

Compositions for piano solo by Olivier Messiaen

 * Cantéyodjayâ [YouTube]
 * Catalogue d'oiseaux [YouTube]
 * Etudes de rythme 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Fantaisie burlesque [YouTube]
 * La Fauvette des Jardins [YouTube]
 * Petites esquisses d'oiseaux [YouTube]
 * Pièce pour le tombeau de Paul Dukas [YouTube]
 * Prélude [YouTube]
 * Préludes 1 - 8 [YouTube]
 * Rondeau [YouTube]
 * Vingt regards sur l'Enfant Jésus [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Montalbetti, Éric

Compositions for piano solo by Éric Montalbetti

 * Etudes après Kandinsky 1 - 3 [YouTube]
 * Ludes, et autres pièces brèves pour les jeunes pianistes (1988-1999)


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Murail, Tristan

Compositions for piano solo by Tristan Murail

 * Cailloux dans l'eau [YouTube]
 * Cloches d'adieu, et un sourire (in memoriam Olivier Messiaen) [YouTube]
 * Comme un œil suspendu et poli par le songe [YouTube]
 * Estuaire [YouTube]
 * La Mandragore [YouTube]
 * Le Rossignol en amour [YouTube]
 * Les Travaux et les Jours [YouTube]
 * Mémorial [YouTube]
 * Résurgence La Sorgue à Fontaine-de-Vaucluse [YouTube]
 * Territoires de l'oubli [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Pärt, Arvo

Compositions for piano solo by Arvo Pärt

 * Für Alina [YouTube]
 * Für Alina no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Für Alina no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Für Alina no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Für Anna Maria no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Für Anna Maria no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Hymn to a Great City [YouTube]
 * Leichte Tanzstücke 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Pari intervallo [YouTube]
 * Partita, op. 2 [YouTube]
 * Sonatinas 1 - 2, op. 1 [YouTube]
 * Spiegel im Spiegel [YouTube]
 * Ukuaru valss [YouTube]
 * Variationen zur Gesundung von Arinuschka [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Pelēcis, Georgs

Compositions for piano solo by Georgs Pelēcis

 * Autumn Music [YouTube]
 * Marche funèbre [YouTube]
 * New Year Music for Piano [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata [YouTube]
 * Slow Snow [YouTube]
 * Suite pour piano no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Suite pour piano no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Suite pour piano no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Suite pour piano no. 4 [YouTube]
 * Winter Music [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Pesson, Gérard

Compositions for piano solo by Gérard Pesson

 * Butterfly's Notebook [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Dispositions furtives [YouTube]
 * Excuse My Dust [YouTube]
 * Folies d'Espagne [YouTube]
 * La lumière n'a pas de bras pour nous porter [YouTube]
 * Musica Ficta [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Petites Études mélancoliques 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Pièces pour piano 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Vexierbilder, Rom [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Vexierbilder II [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Peyko, Nikolay

Compositions for piano solo by Nikolay Peyko

 * Ballada [YouTube]
 * Bylina [YouTube]
 * Concert Etude [YouTube]
 * Concert Triptych 1 - 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concert Variations [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonatina no. 1 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonatina no. 2 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Sonata for the left hand [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Sonatina in D minor "Skazka" [YouTube]
 * Variations [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Piazzolla, Astor

Compositions for piano solo by Astor Piazzolla

 * Adios Nonino [YouTube]
 * Ausencias [YouTube]
 * Contrabajeando [YouTube]
 * La muerte del ángel [YouTube]
 * Libertango [YouTube]
 * Milonga del ángel [YouTube]
 * Oblivion [YouTube]
 * Picasso: Tango [YouTube]
 * Primavera porteña [YouTube]
 * Rio Sena [YouTube]
 * The Four Seasons of Buenos Aires (transcription for piano solo) [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Rzewski, Frederic

Compositions for piano solo by Frederic Rzewski

 * Ages [YouTube]
 * A Life [YouTube]
 * America: A Poem [YouTube]
 * Amoramaro [YouTube]
 * Andante con moto [YouTube]
 * Bumps
 * Chain of Thought
 * Coming Together [YouTube]
 * Dear Diary [YouTube]
 * De Profundis [YouTube]
 * Dream [YouTube]
 * Dreams 1 - 2 [YouTube]
 * Dust [YouTube]
 * Eggs
 * Etude [YouTube]
 * Falling Music [YouTube]
 * Fantasia [YouTube]
 * Flowers [YouTube]
 * Fougues [YouTube]
 * Hard
 * It Makes a Long Time Man Feel Bad [YouTube]
 * Johnny Has Gone for a Soldier [YouTube]
 * Ludes [YouTube]
 * Mayn Yingele [YouTube]
 * Mikhail Bakunin, Rentier [YouTube]
 * Movements 1 - 6 [YouTube]
 * Nanosonatas [YouTube]
 * Nocturnes 1 - 8 [YouTube]
 * No Place to Go but Around [YouTube]
 * North American Ballads 1 - 4 [YouTube]
 * Piano Pieces 1 - 4 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano Sonata [YouTube]
 * Poem
 * Preludes
 * Rubinstein in Berlin [YouTube]
 * Saints and Sinners [YouTube]
 * Salouette [YouTube]
 * Second Hand [YouTube]
 * Songs of Insurrection [YouTube]
 * Spells (Thinking of Jelly Roll Morton) [YouTube]
 * Squares 1 - 4 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Steptangle [YouTube]
 * Study I
 * Study II [YouTube]
 * Tabakrauch
 * That's That! [YouTube]
 * The Housewife's Lament [YouTube]
 * The Naked Truth [YouTube]
 * The People United Will Never Be Defeated! - 36 variations [YouTube]
 * The Road [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * The Revelator [YouTube]
 * The Turtle and the Crane [YouTube]
 * To His Coy Mistress [YouTube]
 * War Songs 1- 10 [YouTube]
 * Winter Nights [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Schnittke, Alfred

Compositions for piano solo by Alfred Schnittke

 * Aphorisms 1 - 5 [YouTube]
 * Improvisation and Fugue for piano [YouTube]
 * Little piano pieces 1 - 9
 * Piano sonata no. 1 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Pieces 1 - 8 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Prelude & Fugue [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 6 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Variations
 * Variations on a chord [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Shostakovich, Dmitri

Compositions for piano solo by Dmitri Shostakovich

 * Aphorisms [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Children's Notebook [YouTube]
 * Dance of the Dolls [YouTube]
 * Minuit, Prelude, and Intermezzo [YouTube]
 * Murzilka [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 12 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 61 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 5 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 24, op. 34 [YouTube]
 * Preludes and Fugues 1 - 24, op. 87 [YouTube]
 * Three Fantastic Dances, op. 5 [YouTube]
 * Variations on a theme by Glinka [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Ustvolskaya, Galina

Compositions for piano solo by Galina Ustvolskaya

 * Piano sonata no. 1 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 6 [YouTube]
 * Preludes 1 - 12 [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Weinberg, Mieczysław

Compositions for piano solo by Mieczysław Weinberg

 * Berceuse, op. 1 [YouTube]
 * Children's Notebook, Book 1, op. 16 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Children's Notebook, Book 2, op. 19 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Children's Notebook, Book 3, op. 23 [YouTube ] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Mazurkas 1 - 2 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 5 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 8 [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Wustin, Alexander

Compositions for piano solo by Alexander Wustin

 * Lamento [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Xenakis, Iannis

Compositions for piano solo by Iannis Xenakis

 * à R. (Hommage à Ravel) [YouTube]
 * Chansons pour piano 1 - 6 [YouTube]
 * Evryali [YouTube]
 * Herma [YouTube]
 * Mists [YouTube]


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Yun, Isang


text:
User:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad

User:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad

title: User:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad


text:
User:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad/sandbox

sandbox


text:
User talk:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad

--Xania   talk 01:22, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Idientitynetworknet.god.dad


text:
Hobo tourism/Bum tour of winter Japan

Bum tour of winter Japan — a project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, conceived and implemented spontaneously.

General information

 * Duration: 2 weeks.
 * Period: 15.01. 2012 — 29. 01. 2012
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Tokyo
 * Transit through: Kyiv.
 * Number of Islands visited: 3 (three).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: railway transport, bus, pedestrian routes.
 * Method: kiseru.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip.
 * Objects of interest: temples.
 * Purpose: collection of material for the book, articles and photo exhibition.
 * Format: bum tour, winter hard option.

Places visited

 * Islands: Honshu, Shikoku, Enoshima.
 * Cities & villages: Narita (airport), Hakuba, Oboke, Okayama, Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Kamakura, Tokyo.

Мap of the route

The methods applied
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In the station hall (Hakuba, Oboke).
 * In a rented apartment of Japanese TV journalist, due to a spontaneous midnight acquaintance (Okayama)
 * In halls and stairwells (Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Tokyo)
 * At the cemetery (Kamakura)
 * At the Police station (Tokyo)

Outcomes and results
Written and published in the press (in Russian):
 * Япония для нищих — 15. 03. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 8 (941);
 * «Гуманоид» в гостях у самураев — 22. 03. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 9 (942);
 * Продолжение бомжеключений — 23. 03. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 10 (943);
 * Ватащи-ва бимбо хито дэсу — 5. 04. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 11 (944);
 * Сказки и быль о Японии — 12. 04. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 12 (945);
 * Двадцатая страна — 24. 04. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 13 (946);
 * Заметки «японского» бомжа — 24. 05. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 15 (948);
 * Остров размером с деревню — 7. 06. 2012. — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — № 16 (949);
 * Вот и всё: вокзал и аэропорт… — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 7. 06. 2012. — № 17 (950);
 * Вечерний город Токио — Evening city: newspaper. — 14.08.2012. — № 50 (585).

 * On October 7, 2013 in the Central Museum of Tavrida (Simferopol) the opening of personal photo exhibition "January in Japan" was held, where 45 works were presented.
 * One issue in the series of TV stories of the author’s project "Around the world with empty pockets" was dedicated to the "Japanese" trip of the Russian traveler.

Gallery
Illustrations from the book "Japan for Free"

Articles in Wikisource mentioning this trip

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "Notes of an international tramp"
 * Viktor Pinchuk "In bullpen – voluntarily"

Literature

 * Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Japan for free". — Simferopol: Btovko, 2013. — 31 p. — ISBN 978-5-9908234-1-9

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Bum tour of winter Japan


text:
User talk:Wilson Mohammed

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 00:59, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wilson Mohammed


text:
User talk:202.62.102.163

--Xania   talk 01:39, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.62.102.163


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD

This WikiBook is a critique of the article: Zwerkin M, Palen J, Valk P, Brusse-Keizer M, Effing T. Relationship between daily physical activity and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Respiratory medicine. October 22, 2012; Volume 107, issue 2: p242-248.

What is the background to this research?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition that targets the lungs and is one of the of the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. It is described as "chronic airflow obstruction that is progressive and only partly reversible". Potential risk factors linked with COPD include tobacco smoking, age, and environmental and occupational exposure. Treatments and or managements to prevent the casual decline in health associated with COPD involve pharmacological interventions, oxygen therapy, and life-style interventions such as exercise.

The chosen study was conducted for the main purpose "to investigate the relation between daily physical activity levels and exercise capacity in patients with COPD". 159 patients were involved in the study and had a clinical diagnosis of COPD by the definition of GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease).

This research is critical as COPD is one of the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Stated in a 2015 study, by Hillas et al., "The World Health Organisation estimates that COPD will be the third most common worldwide cause of death and disability by 2030". COPD is also linked with other chronic illnesses and patients with COPD have a high chance of obtaining them.

Where is the research from?
The experiment was conducted in the Netherlands at the Medisch Spectrum Twente, the hospital of the city Enschede. The corresponding author of the study is Marlies Zwerink, who works at the Medisch Spectrum Twente alongside three out of the four remaining authors of the article. The article had been published by the Respiratory Medicine Journal in 2012, an internationally reputable source, and was funded by the Netherlands Asthma Foundation.

What kind of research was this?
The study conducted a randomised controlled trial throughout the experiment, therefore patients were randomly assigned into a control group or a community-based physiotherapeutic exercise program (COPE-active). This is a strength to the study as randomised controlled trials are an essential way to collect data and to remove selection bias. As stated by a 2003 article, by Brighton et al., "randomisation is the only method for controlling for known and unknown prognostic factors between two comparison groups".

What did the research involve?
159 patients, with a mean age of 63.6 +/- 7.9 years, clinically diagnosed of COPD were included in the study. 80 of those patients being randomised to the COPE-active group and 79 being randomised to the control group. All patients attended four self-management sessions with the main aim of changing their behaviour towards exercise by providing information about the disease. The COPE-active program was split into two different periods, the first one being a compulsory 6-month period where patients trained three times per week. The second period being an optional but recommended 5-month period where patients were encouraged to train two times per week. The training sessions consisted of cycling, walking, stair climbing, and resistance training.

Prior to starting, exercise intensity levels for each patient were determined by obtaining baseline results of the incremental maximal cycle ergometer test and the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT). Between 7 and 12 months the ISWT and the endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) were performed to see the relation between daily physical activity and exercise capacity. Daily physical activity was measured by the use of pedometers and patients were instructed to "note the number of steps in a daily diary, at baseline, 7, and 12 months".

The methodology implemented shows both strengths and limitations throughout the study. The sample sizing used showed benefits as a large sample size can provide more accurate results. A systematic review, by Bravata M et al., stated that pedometer use has been shown to have benefits. But whether these benefits progress long term after the experiment is over is yet to be determined. However, a limitation was found with patients having to note their number of steps daily as self-reporting can result in bias or human error.

What were the basic results?
Within the first 7 months the results expressed that ISWT distance, ESWT distance, and ESWT time were shown to be moderately associated with improvements between daily physical activity and exercise capacity (p <0.01 for all). After 12 months the ISWT distance and change in steps per day were the only two variables that showed any statistical significance for improvements between daily physical activity and exercise capacity. Change physical activity and change exercise capacity in the control group was deemed "negligible and not significant".

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Although there were associations found between daily physical activity and exercise capacity, they were only moderate. These results show daily physical activity can increase exercise capacity in patients with COPD, although future research is needed into what tools are best suited for this relationship. The study design has benefits considering the use of randomisation, a large sample size, and pedometers. A limitation has been stated due to the use of self-reporting throughout the study.

Practical advice
Prior to participation in exercise a pre-screening form should completed and overseen by a health professional. A pre-screening form is used to rule out individuals with any known diseases or disease like symptoms to ensure their safety.

Patients diagnosed with COPD should attend self-management sessions with the aim to increase knowledge about consequences of bad behaviour, benefits of good behaviour, and providing skills to manage different issues with the disease.

Further information/resources
Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) Screening Tool and APSS User Guide can be found here.

Journal article providing information about exercise and COPD can be found here.

Journal article providing practical recommendations for exercise in patients with COPD can be found here.


text:
Basic Book Design/Spine

For example if your are designing a 120 pages book plus cover on 100# gloss book for inside pages and 100# gloss cover for cover, the spine size of the cover of this perfect bound book is: 120 Pages / 2 = 60 sheets, 60x0. 005"= 0.3".

title: Basic Book Design/Spine


text:
User:Akennedey38

Life

title: User:Akennedey38


text:
Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to Papua New Guinea

Expedition to Papua New Guinea — conditional name of the project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk.

The semi-annual route was included nine countries: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, Hong Kong, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.

General information

 * Duration: 6 months.
 * Period: 13.12. 2012 — 5. 06. 2013
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Kuala Lumpur.
 * Number of countries visited: nine (including 9 Islands).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: air transport, land transport, water transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: research, photography.
 * Purpose: collection of material on countries and continents.
 * Format: lengthy hobo tour, bum tour.

Places visited

 * Malaysia (West Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, Labuan). Localities: Kuala Lumpur, Raub, Ulu Dong, Jeram Besu, Kota Kinabalu, Menumbok, Bandar Labuan, Miri, Sandakan, Sukau, Keningau (transit), Malacca City.
 * Brunei (both parts). Localities: Muara (transit), Bandar Seri Begawan, Tutong.
 * Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, Sulawesi, Western New Guinea). Localities: Dumai, Kota Pinang (transit), Parapat, Tuk-tuk and Tomok villages (Samosir), Bukittinggi, Maninjau (village on the shore of lake the same name), Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Borobudur (village near the temple), Surabaya, Probolinggo (transit), Cemoro Lawang, Denpasar (transit), Mataram,Sumbawa Besar, Putopedu, Bima, Sape, Tolokalo, Makassar, Wamena, Kurima, Lonsor, Harapan, Napua, Kurulu, Pasir putih, Jayapura.
 * Papua New Guinea. Localities: Vanimo, Varaston, Aitape, Wewak, Madang, Mount Hagen, Amaral, Tukusunda, Lae, Port Moresby.
 * Hong Kong (main island and Lantau Island). Localities: Tai O (fishing town).
 * China. Localities: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Huangshan, Hongcun (traditional village), Shanghai, Suzhou, Tongli (village on the water), Zhouzhuang (village on the water), Beijing, Pingyao, Xi'an, Guilin, Yangshuo County, Kunming (transit).
 * Laos. Localities: Luang Prabang, Xam Neua, Vang Vieng, Vientiane, Pakse, Champasak.
 * Cambodia. Localities: Phnom Penh, Kampong Thom, Siem Reap.
 * Thailand. Localities: Bangkok, Ayutthaya, Chiang Mai, Sukhothai, Buriram, Nakhon Ratchasima.

Мap of the route

The methods applied
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * At the hostels — in Malaysia and China (many times).
 * In the houses of local people — in Tutong (Brunei), in Tolokalo village (Sumbawa, Indonesia), in Jayapura (Western New Guinea), in Papua New Guinea (during the route in different localities)
 * On the staircases of houses — in Shenzhen (China), Hong Kong.
 * On the shore of the lakes, seas and oceans — in the village of Putopedu (Sumbawa Island, Indonesia), on the island of Labuan (Malaysia), on the shore of Snake lake (Brunei).
 * In the communes and companies of homeless people — in Jakarta and Surabaya (Indonesia), in Guangzhou (China).
 * At the police station — in Lae (Papua New Guinea), in Guangzhou (China).
 * On objects under construction — in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
 * In low-cost accommodation — in Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
 * In abandoned, dilapidated houses — in Kuala Lumpur; near Lambir Hills Nature Reserve, in Sarawak (Malaysia).

Outcomes and results
Author’s articles published in "Republic of Crimea" (newspaper): (in Russian):
 * Полгода по островам… — 4. 07. 2013. — № 18 (990);
 * На Борнео через Калимантан — 18. 07. 2013. — № 19 (991);
 * Брунейские приключения начинаются… — 1. 08. 2013. — № 20 (992);
 * Новый год на Змеином озере — 22. 08. 2013. — № 21 (992);
 * Назад в Малайзию: туда, где ещё не бывал — 5. 09. 2013. — № 22 (994);
 * Две лестницы и 100 долларов за подъём — 19. 09. 2013. — № 23 (995);
 * Фауна малайского Борнео — 3. 10. 2013. — № 24 (996);
 * Два Сусанина для одного иностранца — 24. 10. 2013. — № 25 (997);
 * Медицина по-малазийски — 14. 10. 2013. — № 26 (998);
 * Крымский гуру на Суматре — 13. 12. 2013. — № 28 (1000);
 * Печальная школа автостопа — 16. 01. 2014. — № 1 (1002);
 * Жемчужина Западной Суматры — 30. 01. 2014. — № 2 (1003);
 * Наяву на Яву прибыл… — 13. 02. 2014. — № 3 (1004);
 * Череззаборный «тур» на Боробудур — 19. 03. 2014. — № 5 (1006);
 * В джунглях культурной столицы — 27. 03. 2014. — № 6 (1007);
 * Остров действующих вулканов — 19. 04. 2014. — № 7 (1008);
 * Через три острова… автобусом — 24. 04. 2014. — № 8 (1009).

Author’s articles in other periodicals (in Russian):
 * «Гость – на кровати, хозяин – на коврике» — Republic: newspaper. — 14.11.2013. — № 44 (129);
 * «От дуриана до мангостина» — Republic: newspaper. — 29.05.2014. — № 19 (154);
 * «Заметки международного БОМЖа» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 4.09.2014. — № 35 (3390);
 * «Очень вкусный... паучок!» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 25.09.2014. — № 38 (3393).

In addition
 * Extensive photographic material has been shot, ethnographic, historical-archaeological and geographical information collected.
 * Three TV stories from the cycle "Around the world with empty pockets" (author’s project with the assistance of Crimea TV and Radio company) were dedicated to: Papua New Guinea, Sumatra Island and West Malaysia.
 * In 2016 the book "Six months by islands... and countries" was published, where the route and adventures of participant this expedition are described.

Problems, difficult moments

 * On the night of 12 to 13 January 2013, while in the city of Kota Kinabalu (Kalimantan Island, Malaysia), while sleeping in the suburban jungle, after being bitten by an infected mosquito, traveller was infected with dengue fever..

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User:Etudierplus

about me:

 * i do stuff and things

 * i got a 5 on the ap french language and culture exam in 2021

 * i mostly copyedit but then get bored like halfway through the article ngl
 * i've also been trying to clean up pages that have been translated from french
 * i do some stuff on the french wikipedia, too

title: User:Etudierplus


text:
Talk:Visual Basic for Applications/Bubble Sort on One Key

Bug?
When the code line

is executed, the input array ( in the below test routine) gets corrupted, thus "in-place, with the source array changed" does not work.

Testroutine:

178.38.172.50 (discuss) 21:47, 2 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
User:Kenny Au 914/sandbox

What is the background of this research?

Obesity and overweight are medical conditions in which excess body fat accumulates to the extent that affects health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese. Since obesity is associated with many health issues, effective fat loss strategies are needed. Aerobic exercise programs have been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and maintain lean body mass. Most aerobic exercise interventions consist of stationary, moderate-intensity exercise lasting about 30 to 40 minutes, 3 to 4 days a week, for 4 to 6 months. Disappointingly, these types of training programs result in minimal fat loss.

Therefore, high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) or other forms, such as High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve fat loss in all age groups. According to the research, there are two groups that have done exercises, one following a 20-minute HIIE program, which consisted of an 8 seconds sprint followed by 12 seconds of low-intensity cycling, and the other group carrying out an aerobic cycling protocol for 40 min each session. Results have shown a 0.5 kg increase in fat-free mass (FFM) after HIIE exercise. However, the results of the aerobic cycling protocol were changeless. Hence, this study focus on HIIE intervention on the total body, abdominal, trunk, and fat-free mass of overweight young males.

Where is the research from? This research is organized in 2012 at the University of New South Whales in Sydney Australia.

What kind of research was this? The study method was a randomized controlled parallel-group study (n=25), and the control group (n=21). Both groups were similar in terms of age (24.7 ± 4.8 and 25.1 ± 3.9 years) and body mass index (BMI: 28.4 ± 0.5 and 29 ± 0.9 kg m−2). Specifically, all participants were recruited from the UNSW university population and randomly allocated to either exercise.

The research hypothesis was "that HIIE would result in significant reductions in the total abdominal, trunk, and visceral fat and a significant increase in fat-free mass and aerobic power."

Strength Randomization helps to minimize bias in studies by providing a fair and accurate way to investigate relationships between interventions and outcomes. Additionally, the Procedures of this research. Subjects were advised to avoid strenuous activity and caffeine consumption for 24 hours prior to testing and to enter the laboratory after a 10-hour fast. Testing for all subjects in the control and exercise groups was done at the same time of day. Moreover, subjects were asked to fill out The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, the questionnaire is to identify whether the subjects have a higher risk for a disease. Specifically, subjects used TrueMax 2400 Metabolic Cart and Monark 869, an electronically braked cycle ergometer to assess aerobic power and V˙O2max.

What did the research involve? This research aimed to examine the effects of 20 minutes of HIIE, repeated three times a week for 12 weeks, on the body composition of overweight males. To make the research results valid, procedures are required, it delivers a systematic and scientific, and orderly work plan to complete the research. All procedures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), diet, body composition, work output, and assays. Subjects in the exercise group performed continuously monitored exercises (8-second sprint, 12-second recovery) during each 20-minute session. The HIIE workload was set at 80-90% of each subject's maximum heart rate (HR), with a cadence between 120 and 130 rpm, and recovery was set at the same resistance, but with a cadence of 40 rpm. Instruct subjects to maintain exercise intensity at the level required to achieve between 80% and 90% of peak HR.

It is important to knwo that the research statistical analysis was considered significant while the probability level less than 0.05.

What were the basic results?

Furthermore, the research pointed out that HIIE have taken place within the first 1 month as reduction in waist circumference was significantly correlated.

What conclusions can we take from this research?

The main findings of this study was that HIIE significantly increased V˙O2peak and significantly decreased total fat, abdominal fat, trunk fat, and visceral fat in young obese men. Additionally, lean torso and leg mass increased significantly after HIIE.

Moreover, HIIE resulting in enhanced eaerobic fitness and developing in cardiorespiratory fitness is an important factot to counter Obesity or other Heart disease.

Practical advice Further information/resources References

title: User:Kenny Au 914/sandbox


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance training versus fitness training for chronic neck muscle pain relief in women

This is a critique of the research article, Effect of Two Contrasting Types of Physical Exercise on Chronic Neck Muscle Pain (Andersen L, KjÆr M, SØgaard K, Hansen L, Kryger A, SjØgaard G 2007)

What is the background to this research?
[https://www.premierspineinstitute.com/blog/why-chronic-neck-pain-should-never-be-ignored#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20causes%20of,one%20side%20of%20your%20neck. Chronic neck muscle pain] (CNP), is a prevalent and steadily increasing health issue, negatively influencing the day-to-day lives specifically of individuals in the workforce. Common neck stress injuries are caused by misuse, underuse or overuse of all the neck muscles but the descending aspect of the trapezius muscle is most commonly aligned with muscle pain. Resistance training and fitness training are methods with proven benefits in limiting CNP. Physical fitness when applied from week-to-week shows an increase in blood circulation in the affected area indicating significant evidence in reduction of neck pain, however this study focuses on non-direct fitness work (no intense upper body fitness). Supervised resistance training is commonly associated with reductions in muscle pain (more commonly than endurance or high intensity fitness exercise) however it is understood that training of injured muscles may result in further injury or increased severity when one study investigated lower back pain and physiological distress.

Researchers have developed this article to assess resistance training and indirect fitness training (leg cycling) and its influence on the neck pain in women clinically diagnosed with [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Trapezius_Myalgia#:~:text=Trapezius%20myalgia%20(TM)%20is%20the,a%20few%20days%20or%20longer. trapezius myalgia](a symptom of severe neck pain). An ageing and computer orientated population has caused for an increase in studies regarding chronic neck pain and many different methods including massage therapy, customised desk and chair arrangements, altercations of life at home, cryotherapy and heat therapy amongst many others but one of the most researched areas is different or collative exercise formats such as strength training and endurance training, and its overall benefit short-term and long term.

Where is the research from?
The study took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was published by the American College of Rheumatology (2008) in July 2007. Supported by the Danish Medical Research Council and the Danish Rheumatism Association.

The lead author Lars L. Andersen, is a reputable Professor of Musculoskeletal Disorders with a PhD (Faculty of Health Sciences) from University of Copenhagen: Copenhagen, DK. with many credible publications. With over 450 publications, from work with COVID-19 survivors and chest muscle thickness, to pain sensitivity post-amputation. Andersen was the source of all data and study design within this paper.

What kind of research was this?
This article was a Randomised controlled trial; comparing the two controlled groups (SST & GFT), to the reference group (REF), as well as comparing both controlled groups to each other in determining the effectiveness of both. The researchers would use the data to identify the significance from similar experiments and studies.

Inclusion criterion of women:

 * 30-60 years old
 * More than 30 days of neck pain in the year
 * Frequent neck pain or discomfort
 * Higher than 2/9 on a pain scale (0- no pain, 9-worst pain imaginable)

Exclusion criterion of women:

 * Previous neck trauma or injuries
 * Other health implications (cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, life threatening diseases)
 * Patient described own neck pain as in high levels of current neck pain (self-directed on a scale of 1-5, >3 resulted in exclusion)

What did the research involve?
Participants from 7 workplaces were sent a questionnaire on the recruitment for the experiment of individuals with CNP whom worked repetitive and monotonous jobs (banks, post offices and industrial production units). 48 women (aged 45±9) were eligible by criterion to be placed into one of 3 intervention groups (SST, GFT & REF) in 2005-2006. The participants of the strength training and fitness groups participating in the study were allocated 20 minutes of high-intensity training, 3 times weekly for a period spanning 10 weeks. The strength training intervention group was locally to the neck and shoulder with a direct emphasis on dumbbell exercises (abduction, elevation, row and flies) using progressive overload (Exercises-5, Sets-3, 12RM-8RM) in line with American College of Sports Medicine guidelines in 2005. The fitness intervention group used a Monark bicycle ergometer at 50-70% (steady increase throughout 10 weeks) of their VO2max. Participants were asked to complete the [https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/1999/12000/the_pain_visual_analog_scale__is_it_linear_or.38.aspx#:~:text=potency%20and%20efficacy.-,The%20visual%20analog%20scale%20(VAS)%20is%20a%20tool%20widely%20used,left%20edge%20(%3DVAS%20score). VAS scale for pain] as a measuring system in the two control groups. The REF group received health education but no physical training was offered.

Study Limitations

 * The variability of participants is limited as only women with similar workloads and working style were the focus point of this randomised controlled trial, this potentially affecting the external validity of the research affecting how generalisable resistance training and fitness training are in reductions of CNP.
 * The title of the experiment doesn't properly identify the population, mention of women in high-to-moderate sedentary, computer-based jobs may provide further insight into the aim of the research.
 * The results table listed results pre-intervention, post-intervention and 10-weeks post-intervention. The study however often underlines the benefits of certain reported pain altercations from the first 5 weeks and the second 5 weeks (in-training) from pre-intervention to post-intervention, a larger results table with more VAS reports may have assisted in supporting these statements.

Study Strengths

 * The study used previously significant articles, to shape the methodology in both fitness and strength training. For example, the experiment used training frequencies of 3 times per week with 10 weeks duration where supportive studies in resistance training likewise indicated that 3–5times per week with durations of 8–15 weeks were adequate in providing resistance development and pain minimising in areas of the trapezius.
 * Randomised control trial removed performance bias and other self-directed bias in the trial which assisted in producing a higher significance of results.
 * Compliance of participants in supervised workouts had documentation to account for compliance level resulting in an overall high appliance level across both training intervention groups.

The experiment intervention groups:

SST- specific strength training

GFT- general fitness training performed as leg bicycling

REF- Reference group

What were the basic results?
General Fitness (leg bicycling): Specific Strength Exercise: Other: SD = Standard Deviation
 * GFT saw an acute decrease in pain but the effect was of minor clinical relevance and only lasted 2 hours post activity. (p<0.001)
 * VO2max was increased 21% in the GFT group (p< 0.0001)
 * Isometric muscle strength increased significantly in the SST (p<0.001)
 * 10 weeks following intervention saw no change with SST at a level much lower than the other groups
 * 17/18 participants in the SST group saw a significant reduction in pain over time
 * Scaling of the REF group stayed the same

The authors showed a decrease on the VAS scale in both interventions (GFT and SST) but a much higher % change from pre-to-post intervention. The REF group remained unchanged. A 10-week intervention in strength exercise was found to be of high clinical importance and general fitness had acute benefits in reduction of pain of the descending trapezius muscle. The authors suggested that the increased VO2max and the decrease in rating of pain for the GFT group are both due to increase in core temperature, and increase in trapezius muscle oxygenation.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
A very interesting study that found clear benefits in resistance training and indirect fitness in decreasing Trapezius myalgia, however studies that investigate the benefits of both training type collectively from week to week have found results that could improve and assist further research. In this study, it is clear that in the battle of the two exercise interventions, neck specific resistance training is clearly the dominant and suggested training type in limiting pain in women whom work under repetitive and monotonous jobs and this is supported further in other studies, especially when considering over a long time span.

The amount, specificity and intensity of exercise is progressively better understood on ways to benefit the individual whom suffers from CNP and the usage of repetitions, sets and duration of the program align with a lot of current studies. The best alternative guidelines have been outlined by the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines which also align adequately in regards to this study.

It would be suggested that further studies look at a wider audience of potentially men and woman in a wider range of occupations to more accurately support educated claims created by many other articles including this one. Despite limitations to this study, overall a well informed piece that provides significant information and evidence that can be implemented by health professionals for individuals suffering from CNP of any form.

Practical advice
If you are currently suffering from chronic neck muscle pain and you work a monotonous and repetitive job, there are many professional support systems and online educational resources that you can implement into your daily life to reduce this pain. some strategies include 1-3 resistance sessions per week for 10-20 weeks with a focus of 8-12 reps, which is proven to be an effective pain relief in women with chronic neck muscle pain. Both dynamic resistance training and fitness training in your schedule collectively will see long term and short term benefits, with assistance from the ACSM guidelines.

Some examples of resistance exercises that assist in alleviation of pain over time include:

 * Dumbbell 1-arm row
 * Dumbbell shoulder abduction and shoulder elevation
 * Reverse flies
 * Barbell upright row

Consult with a specialist or medical practitioner if symptoms of neck trauma escalate, or get in contact with the following accredited professionals:

 * Orthopedist
 * Sports Scientist (Personal trainer)
 * Physiotherapist

Further information/resources

 * https://www.health.gov.au/
 * https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/neck-pain
 * https://painspecialistsaustralia.com.au/neck-pain
 * https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/managing-neck-pain-home
 * https://health.clevelandclinic.org/do-you-have-a-stiff-neck-try-these-simple-remedies/


text: Hallo, Jonathan!/Printable version

title: Hallo, Jonathan!/Printable version