text:
Lombard/Construction of the sentence

=Active form: affirmative sentences=

Typical sentence structure in the indicative, subjunctive and conditional moods
Strong subject + Weak subject + Predicate + Direct object + Other complements
 * Examples: (in Milanese dialect)
 * El March l' ha mangiad on pom in cà
 * (translated into English: Mark ate an apple at home)

Warning: (translated into English: Mark is dead, Mark has arrived)
 * The strong subject is not mandatory; it can be a noun or a strong subject pronoun
 * The weak subject must agree with the strong subject, it is more or less obligatory depending on the subject and the dialect. In Milanese dialect for the third person singular only when the verb is intransitive and if you want to put the subject after the predicate you can use "ghe" instead of the weak third person singular pronoun, i.e. one can write both "gh' è mort el March", "gh' è rivad el March" and "l' è  ' m ort el March ", "l' ' è  rivad el March .... "
 * The predicate is obviously mandatory;
 * The direct object is used if there is (and in any case only when the predicate is a transitive verb);
 * The complement of term can also be placed before the direct object.

 * The direct object can also be expressed through the direct object pronominal particles before the predicate
 * ( Strong subject ) + Weak subject + Direct object pronominal particle + Predicate + (Other complements)
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Lu el m' ha ajutad
 * (translated into English: He helped me)
 * Warning: the weak subject pronoun mustn’t be placed with the presence of the pronominal particle object of the 3rd person plural ( je, ja, ai, ei …) except for the 2nd person singular, for which it is obligatory.
 * Example: ( in Milanese dialect)
 * Lu ei  ha ajutad
 * (translated into English: He helped them)

 * The other complements are added when needed, most of them are introduced through prepositions, they can also be added before the subject (especially those of time).
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Jer lu el m' ha ajutad
 * (translated into English: Yesterday he helped me)

 * The complement of term (or that of advantage) can also be expressed by  pronominal particles complement of the term (or of advantage) before the predicate
 * ( Strong subject ) + Weak subject + complement of term as a pronomial particle + predicate + ( direct object ) + (other complements)
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Lu el m' ha imprestad un liber
 * (translated into English: He lent me a book)
 * In the Lombard language, the reinforcement of the complement of term (or the one of advantage) is also allowed at the end of the sentence by adding "a + strong subject personal pronoun" when you want to highlight it.
 * Example (in Milanese dialect)
 * Lu el m' ha imprestad un liber a mi

(the complement of term is expressed through the pronominal particle me (→ m’) reinforced by a mi)

Whenever the complement of term is at the beginning of the sentence and it is actually the one who performs the action, the preposition "a" is often omitted (here is an example for the verb "piasé" (to like) for which when translatig from English into Lombard the subject of the sentence in English has to be turned into the complement of term in Lombard and the direct object of the sentence in English plays the role of the subject in the Lombard sentence.)
 * Examples: (in Milanese dialect)
 * (a) Mi me pias...
 * (translated into English: I like …)

 * Both the pronominal particle of complement of term (or that of advantage) and that of the direct object can be present simultaneously. The structure is:
 * ( Strong subject ) + Weak subject + pronominal particle of complement of term + Personal pronoun of direct object + Predicate + ( Direct object ) + (Other complements)
 * In this case, as regards the weak subject pronoun, when it is used, it has always to be the "universal weak subject personal pronoun" except for the 2nd person singular (and it is always obligatory for the 2nd person singular and while for other persons it is obligatory depending on the dialect); moreover, in this case “le” instead of “el” (or its dialectal variants) is used as an object pronoun in the 3rd person singular.
 * Examples: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Lu a me l' ha imprestad
 * (translated into English: He lent it to me) T i te me l' heet imprestad
 * (translated into English: You lent it to me)

 * The complement of place or motion can also be expressed through the pronominal particle "ghe" (or "ga" depending on the dialect) before the predicate;

 * in the case just mentioned above the strong subject can be placed after the predicate while as weak subject, especially in the spoken form you can always use the universal weak subject pronoun "a", with the exception of some dialects including those of southern Lombardy like pavese, lomellino, Oltrepadan, where it is not used (there are also other cases in which you can do this, for example sometimes when talking about the weather by using the verbs "vesser" e "fà" (the verbs used in Lombard to express the weather while English uses only “to be”), contrariwise the verbs "pioeuver" (to rain), "fiocà" (to snow), etc. are treated as if they were personal with the third person singular weak subject pronoun playing the role of the subject (corresponding to English "it").

 * Examples: (in Milanese dialect)
 * De foeura a gh' era el temporal
 * (translated into English: There was a storm outside.) De foeura a fa on gran frecc   (translated into English: It is very cold outside.)

In the other cases, the personal pronoun weak subject typical of the person is used.

 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * L'intenzion la gh' era
 * (translated into English: There was the intention.)

 * Only the weak universal pronoun "a" can be used in impersonal or impersonal passive sentences constructed with the passive/impersonal pronominal particle "se"
 * ►see►►Passive form
 * ►see►►Impersonal form

Consonant conflict caused by pronominal particles or weak subject personal pronouns
When the presence of a pronominal particle or a weak subject personal pronoun produces a conflict between consonants, i.e. an uncomfortable phonetic situation or an uncomfortable pronunciation, it's added an "a" before it.
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * De done n'hèm viste → de done a n'hèm viste
 * (which translated into English: As for women, we have seen some/many of them)
 * In fact, here there is a conflict between the final "n" of done – considering that in the Milanese dialect the final "e" is not pronounced – and the initial one of the particle “ne”, the conflict is resolved by adding an “a”)
 * In this case "a" is also the universal weak pronoun which is introduced for phonetic reasons even if it is not normally obligatory
 * Another example:
 * El mond l'era sporch → El mond a l'era sporch
 * (translated into English: The world was dirty)

Typical structure (sentences infinitive, gerund and imperative moods and 1st and 2nd person as subject)
 Predicate + (complement of term) + ( Direct object ) + Other complements
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Dà a lu un pom de mangià
 * (Translated into English: ”Give him an apple to eat”)
 * The direct object can also be expressed through the pronominal particles of the direct object in the form of a suffix
 * Predicate + Pronominal particle of direct object (suffix) + (Other complements)
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Dà ll a lù de mangià
 * (translated into english: Give it to him to eat)

 * The complement of term (or that of advantage) can also be expressed through the complement of term (or of advantage) as a prononial particle in the form of a suffix
 * Predicate + pronominal particle of complement of term (suffix) + Direct object personal pronoun + (Other complements)
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Dà gh on pom de mangià
 * (translated into English: Give him an apple to eat) However, since in Lombard the complement of term is reinforced, the typical form is the one with the complement of term both in the form extended and in particle form, that is:
 * Dà gh a lu on pom de mangià

 * Both the pronominal particle of complement of term and that of the direct object as a suffix can also be present. The structure is:
 * Predicate + Pronominal particle of complement of term (suffix) + Pronominal particle of direct object (suffix) + (Other complements)
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Da ghe ll (a lu) de mangià
 * (translated into English: Give it to him to eat)

Subject
It is the person or the thing that performs the action. The subject can be reinforced. The weak subject and the strong subject are the same entity, the weak subject only serves to reinforce the strong one. The strong subject is never obligatory. The weak one can be or not depending on the person (1st singular, 2nd singular ...) and on the dialect. For example, in the Milanese dialect, which is highly italianised, it is obligatory only for the 2nd and 3rd person singular. The less Italianized dialects almost always use it instead. It is usually obligatory in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and in the 3rd plural (and also in the 1st plural in Eastern Lombard).

Strong subject
It can be a noun preceded by an article or a strong subject personal pronoun In the module about personal pronouns the strong subject pronouns in the various dialects are shown

Weak subject
It is a personal subject pronoun that agrees with the strong subject The module about personal pronouns shows whether the weak subject pronouns are mandatory depending on the dialect.

Predicate
The predicate can be nominal or verbal

Nominal predicate
The nominal predicate is made up of the verb “vesser” (to be), the linguistic copula, which can be conjugated in all the tenses and which can be joined with some servile verbs or phrasal verbs, and a nominal part, which gives information about the subject. The nominal part can be a noun or an adjective. If the nominal part is a noun, it can be accompanied by one or more adjectives.

Verbal predicate
The verb predicate is made up of one or several verbs that can be conjugated in all tenses, which says something about the subject's action. Unlike the nominal predicate, the verbal predicate consists only of verbs (which can also be the verb "vesser" (to be), the verb "havégh" (to have) as well as any other verb or even compound verbs).

=Imperative sentences= Typical structure (put the subject at the bottom!)

(che)3 + Weak subject3 + Predicate + ( Direct object ) + (Other complements) + (Strong subject) 3 : only in the third person singular or plural.

The imperative can also be expressed in the impersonal form without the subject and with the verb in the infinitive mood.

=Negative sentences= The construction of negative sentences is the same as the affirmative ones, the difference is that the predicate is in the negative form. To make the form negative, you add the negating adverb "minga" (or its local variants miga, menga, mìa, mea, migna) or (only in certain dialects such as Milanese, Lodesan, Brianzoeul and Pavese) no : ►" minga, miga, menga, mea, migna is put " (for all dialects) 1) After the verb whenever it is in a simple tense:
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Affirmative: Lu el canta
 * (translated into English: He sings)
 * Negative: Lu el canta minga
 * (translated into English: He doesn't sing)

2) between the auxiliary and the past participle in the case of compound tenses:
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Affirmative: Lu l' ha cantad
 * (translated into English: He sang)
 * Negative: Lu l' ha minga cantad
 * (translated into English: He didn't sing)

3) Before the verb in the infinitive form after a preposition (except for the gerundial complements)
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Affirmative: per cantà
 * (translated into English: to sing / to singing)
 * Negative: per minga cantà
 * (translated into English: not to sing / for not singing)

4) by applying it to servile verbs, if before the verb there is a servile verb:
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Affirmative: Lu l' ha podud cantà
 * (translated into English: He could sing)
 * Negative: Lu l' ha minga podud cantà
 * (translated into English: He could not sing)

5) after the verb in the gerundial complements, if in the gerundial complement there is a servile verb, after the servile verb:
 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Affirmative: L'è mej  a fàss vedé
 * (translated into English: It's better to be seen)
 * Negative: L'è mej  a fàss minga vedé
 * (translated into English: It's better not to be seen)

In these cases an other form according to which the gerundial complements with the preposition "de" instead of "a" has spread.

►nò is usually placed after the past participle: (it is used only for certain dialects such as Milanese, Pavese, Brianzoeul, Lodesan …) 1) After the verb if it is in a simple tense:
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Affirmative: Lu el canta
 * (translation into English: He sings)
 * Negative: Lu el canta nò
 * (translation into English: He doesn't sing)

2) After the past participle in the case of compound tenses:
 * Example: ( in Milanese dialect)
 * Affirmative: Lu l' ha cantad
 * (translation into English: He sang)
 * Negative: Lu l' ha cantad nò
 * (translation into English: He didn't sang)

We usually use "minga", the choice between " minga" and "no" is also based on phonetic reasons.

►mai Negative sentences are also those that indicate an action or a fact that has never happened or will not happen in the future. In this case the adverb mai is used instead of minga and the construction of the sentence is similar.

►nagot/nient, pu For the other types of negative constructions see: Negation

► see passive form for the passive form

Double Absolute Negative
Double negative is absolute when, in a negative sentence, a negating pronoun like nient /nagot or nissun (or their variants) is present as direct object. A negating adverb like pu, mai (or their variants) can also be present.

( Strong subject ) + no + ( Weak subject ) + Predicate + 2° negative adverbs + Direct object + Other complements Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * In MIlanese dialect when the direct object is in final position after the adverb "pu" (here named 2° negative adverb), the construction of the sentence is:
 * Mi no vedi pu nagot
 * (Translation into English: I don't see anything anymore.)

 * Mi no hoo pu vist nissun
 * (Translation into English: I haven't seen anyone again.)

 * In Milanese dialect, in other cases, i.e. when there is no adverb "pu" it is not necessary to put the adverb "no"

(No) + ( Weak subject ) + Nominal predicate + Negating pronoun as a strong subject + other complements

Examples (Milanese dialect):

 * (No) gh'è nissun
 * (Translation into English: There is no one)

 * Instead in the most conservative dialects such as the Alpine ones, the use of "no" can be more recurrent.

Example (in Lombard Alpine):
 * No l'hoo mai vedud
 * (Translation into English: I 've never seen him)

 * Another use of "no" before the verb is when the subject contains a comparative and is placed after the verb.
 * No gh'è persona pussee vijaca
 * (Translation into English: There is no more cowardly person)

 * Another use of "no" before the verb is when the sentences contains the negating adverb né.
 * (No) gh'è né lee né lu
 * (Translation into English: There is neither her nor him)

Attention: before the verb it is no (IPA /nu/ or /no/), after the verb it is nò (IPA /nɔ/)

Relative astringent negative
...

Example: (in MIlanese dialect)
 * Mi no hoo fad alter che 'l lavorà
 * (Translation into English: I did not do nothing else but work)

=Direct interrogative sentences= The interrogative form in Lombard was originally constructed by inverting the position of the verb and the weak pronoun; now this construction is present only in eastern dialects. In any case for the interrogative form you must add the question mark at the end of the sentence.
 * Example:
 * ► Lu l' è grand (affirmative form; Translation into English: "He is great")
 * ► Lu e 'l grand? (original interrogative form; translation into English: "Is he great?")
 * ► Lu l' è grand? (current interrogative form in western dialects; translation into English: "Is he great?")

Interrogative sentences about things (with interrogative pronouns)
Depending on the dialect, the interrogative pronoun Cossa/'Se can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or Cossè at the end of the sentence;

Cossa/'Se/Cossa l'è che + the rest of the sentence?

The rest of the sentence + cossè?
 * Example:
 * 'Se te see 'dree a fa ?
 * (translation into English: What are you doing?)
 * Cossa te see 'dree a fa ?
 * (translation into English: What are you doing?)
 * Cossa l'è che te see 'dree a fa ?
 * (translation into English: What are you doing?)
 * Te see 'dree a fa cossè?
 * (translation into English: What are you doing?)
 * Cossa l' è ?
 * (translation into English: What is it?)
 * Cossa l'è che l' è ?
 * (translation into English:What is it?)

Interrogative sentences about persons (with interrogative pronouns)
Chi/Chi l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * Example: (in Milanese dialect)
 * Chi te amet ?
 * (Translated into English: Who do you love?)
 * Chi l'è che te amet ?
 * (Translated into English: Who do you love?)
 * Chi te seet ?
 * (Translated into English: Who are you?)
 * Chi l'è che te seet ?
 * (Translated into English: Who are you?)

In addiction, about the identity of both persons and things (with interrogative pronoun)

 * Qual è quell che... + the rest of the sentence? "m" (male)
 * Qual è quella che... + the rest of the sentence? "f" (female)
 * (In English: What is that that...? /Who is that that...?)

Interrogative sentences about things or people with the interrogative adjective "che"

 * Che + noun + the rest of the sentence?
 * Examples (Milanese dialect)
 * Che bagai te voeulet ?
 * (English translation: What boy do you want?)
 * Note

Special cases: time and weather: ►►see►►►How to ask and express the time ►►see►►►How to ask and express the weather

Interrogative sentences about things
...
 * De cossa/De cossa l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: What + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrases about the topic of an action indicated by the verb, usually write or talk or similar)

 * In su cossa/In su cossa l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: What + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrase about the topic of something like a book, a conversation etc.)
 * Sora cossa/In su cossa l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: What + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrase about the topic of something like a book, a conversation etc.)

Interrogative sentences about persons
....
 * De chi/De chi l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: Who + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrases about the topic of an action indicated by the verb, usually write or talk or similar.)

 * In su chi/In su chi l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: Who + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrase about the topic of something like a book, a conversation etc.)
 * Sora chi/In su chi l'è che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: Who + the rest of the sentence + about?
 * (Question phrase about the topic of something like a book, a conversation etc.)

Precise moment

 * Quandè che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: When + the rest of the sentence?
 * Example
 * Quandè che te fee quella roba chì ? /Quandè che te faree quella roba chì ?
 * (translation into English: When are you going to do this?)

Beginning of an action

 * De quandè che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: Since when + the rest of the sentence?
 * Example:
 * De quandè che te spetet ?
 * (translation into English: Since when do you wait?)

End of an action

 * Fina a quandè che + the rest of the sentence?
 * in English: Until when + the rest of the sentence?

Interrogative sentences about the cause
Cossa/'Se + the rest of the sentence + de fà ?
 * In English: Why + the rest of the sentence?

Come mai + the rest of the sentence ?
 * In English: Come mai + the rest of the sentence?

 * Examples (in Milanese dialect):
 * 'Se te pianget de fà?
 * (translation into English: Why are you crying?)
 * Come mai te pianget ?
 * (translation into English: Why are you crying?)

Interrogative sentences about the purpose
Construction similar to the previous Cossa + the rest of de sentence + de fà ?
 * In English: What + the rest of the sentence + for?

 * Example (in Milanese dialect):
 * Cossa / 'Se el serviss de fà?
 * (translation into English: What is it for?)

Interrogative - Negative sentences about the cause
Interrogative adverb + the rest of the sentence + nò ? Interrogative adverb= Perchè / Come mai
 * Examples
 * Perchè te manget nò?
 * (translation into English: Why don't you eat?)
 * Come mai te manget nò?
 * (translation into English: Why don't you eat?)

Interrogative sentences about the way to do something
They can be built like this: Interrogative adverb + the rest of the sentence + ? with Interrogative adverb= Come / Comè che / In che manera

Or, depending on the dialect, the interrogative adverb "come" can also be placed at the end of the sentence, but in this case the accent falls on the final "e" i.e. comè the rest of the sentence + comè?

 * Examples (in Milanese dialect):
 * Comè che t' hee fad ?
 * (English translation: How did you do?)
 * Come t' hee fad ?
 * (English translation: How did you do?)
 * T' hee fad comè?
 * (English translation: How did you do?)

State in place
Depending on the dialect, the interrogative adverb indove is placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. If the interrogative adverb is placed at the beginning, the accent is on the "o" (indóve ), if instead it is at the end, the accent is on the final “e” ( indovè ). Another way is to put " indovè " (with the final accent) at the beginning followed by the conjunction "che". Indove + the rest of the sentence ? (Milanese dialect) the rest of the sentence + indovè? Indovè che + the rest of the sentence ? In English: Where + the rest of the sentence?

 * Examples (in Milanese dialect):
 * Indove te seet ?
 * (translation into English: Where are you?)
 * Te seet indovè?
 * (translation into English: Where are you?)

Motion from place (origin /provenance)
Depending on the dialect, the interrogative pronoun indove (preceeded by the preposition “de” – or its dialectal variants "da") is placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence; If it is at the beginning, it has the accent on the "o": D'indove If it is at the end on the final "e": d'indovè De indove + the rest of the sentence ? (Milanese dialect)
 * in English: Where + the rest of the sentence + from?

Construction similar to affirmative sentence + de indovè?
 * in English: Where + the rest of the sentence + from?

 * Examples (Milanese dialect)
 * De indove el ven ?
 * (translation into English: Where does it come from?)

Interrogative sentences about quantity
1) At the beginning of the sentence the interrogative adjective Quant (masculine singolar)/ Quanta (feminine singolar) /Quanti (masculine plural) /Quante (feminine plural) is used before the noun which would be the direct object.

 * Quant + noun that plays the role of the direct object + the rest of the sentence ?

Quant / quanta correspond to the English "How much" and are used for questions about the quantity of somthing uncountable. Quanti/Quante correspond to the English "How many" and are used for questions about the number of countable entities.

 * Examples (in Milanese dialect)
 * Quanta carna t' hee mangiad ?
 * (translation into English: How much meat did you eat?)

2) At the beginning of the sentence the interrogative pronoun "Cossa" or "Quanto" is used. The construction with "Cossa" is always to be preferred when the question is about value or cost.

 * Cossa + the rest of the sentence ?
 * Quanto + the rest of the sentence ?

 * Examples (in Milanese dialect)
 * Quanto t' hee bevud ?
 * (translation into English: How much did you drink?)
 * Cossa el var ?
 * (translation into English: How much is it worth?)

Interrogative sentences about what time it is
►►see►►►How to ask and express the time

Interrogative sentences about the weather
►►see►►►How to ask and express the weather

Interrogative sentences about the name
Come + (weak pronoun) + reflexive pronominal particle ("se" or "sa" depending on the dialect) + verb “ciamà”?
 * Examples:
 * Come te se ciamet?
 * (English translation: What's your name?)

=Linkage between sentences= When there is a relationship between two sentences, they can be connected:
 * -through a conjunction or a conjunctive locution (followed by a sentence with a verb in a finite mood - (indicative, subjunctive or conditional);
 * -through prepositions or prepositional locutions (followed by a sentence with a verb in the infinitive form);
 * -starting the second sentence with a relative pronoun (relative clause), when the second sentence is a clause included (and subordinate) in the main one which serves to specify a noun or a pronoun of the first main sentence )

► see ► Relative sentences in Lombard

Progressive majority comparison between sentences
► see ► Lombard/Adjective degrees

title: Lombard/Construction of the sentence


text:
Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok

History
TikTok is a social media platform that allows users to share short form video content. TikTok started as Musical.ly, a social media platform focused on lip-syncing to music. In 2017, ByteDance, a Chinese company, acquired Musical.ly. Shortly thereafter the company merged it with Douyin, a China specific release of TikTok, at which point the TikTok app was made available worldwide. ByteDance still maintains Douyin as a separate application for the Chinese market despite an extremely similar set of features and user interface. After international release, both apps quickly grew to global popularity. As of April 2020 the company reported more than one billion downloads of the TikTok app, and the platform has grown to the point where it is often believed to have its own subculture.

Data Use
The app employs a complicated algorithm that uses a user's interaction with a given post to gauge their reaction to that type of content and uses that information to suggest similar content that the user might enjoy. The process by which TikTok obtains, stores, and analyzes this user data is a source of concern for many consumer advocacies and regulating authorities worldwide. Since its parent company, ByteDance, is based in China as opposed to the United States like most other social media platforms, these groups worry about the Chinese government’s access to TikTok user data. The country has different data use policies than other areas of the world where users reside along with a government regime that has a history of interfering with private enterprise by obtaining backdoor access. This has led to TikTok and its regulation being used as a medium for the geopolitical attitudes of several governments.

Geopolitics
In this context, geopolitics can be defined as "a study of the influence of such factors as geography, economics, and demography on the politics and especially the foreign policy of a state" or "a combination of political and geographic factors relating to something (such as a state or particular resources)".

TikTok demonstrates the struggle for geopolitical influence on the international online stage. Examples of such contention include:

 * Does the Chinese government have access to international TikTok user’s data? If so, what do they do or intend to do with this data?
 * How has the app impacted the desire of the government of the United States of America to have its citizens' data stored in the US?
 * Why was former US president Trump outspoken about his desire to ban TikTok while he was in office? What motivated this consideration?
 * To what extent are US-based social media platforms vessels for the United States government as TikTok is for China?
 * How is TikTok treated differently by regulators as a result of its Chinese ownership compared to other social media platforms?

Relationship between TikTok and the United States of America
Until recently, almost all social media platforms popular in the United States, e.g. Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, were owned by US-based companies. Because these companies are based in the United States, they are obliged to follow the US government’s regulations for social media companies. TikTok, which is owned by the Chinese company ByteDance, is subject to different regulations than US-based companies and has sparked fears over its relationship with the Chinese Communist Party and any changes in the app’s content that have arisen from that relationship.

Concerns over Security and Data Privacy
One of the main concerns regarding the use of TikTok by Americans is the fear over the lack of security and privacy. There are claims that the company is “essentially under the control of the Chinese government” and that the app does not hold American’s data securely and out of reach of the Chinese government.

Even though TikTok executives claim that the app is not a security threat and that no information is shared with the Chinese government, leaked audio has shown repeated cases of ByteDance employees in China accessing US-based TikTok users’ nonpublic data. Because of these reports, there have been many attempts to restrict the use of TikTok in the United States. In response to these allegations, TikTok said that, for transparency, their moderation guidelines and their algorithm source code are publicly available. They also said that all US user data is stored in the US and Singapore and that all data is stored outside of China and thus not subject to any Chinese laws.

Concerns over Chinese Influence on Political Content
TikTok’s relationship with the Chinese government has led to speculation about the Chinese Government influencing the content that is on the app. TikTok says that they have never removed content due to “sensitivities related to China” nor has the Chinese government ever tried to influence them to do so. TikTok tries to equate themselves with US-based companies, claiming that their US moderation team is based out of California and that they are not influenced by any foreign government, including China’s.

Trump Ban
Due to the aforementioned concerns over security, data privacy, and the influence on American politics by the Chinese Communist Party, The Donald J. Trump Administration repeatedly threatened to ban TikTok in the United States.

Then-U.S. president Trump released an executive order on August 6, 2020 which banned all transactions involving subsidiaries of ByteDance with any US person or about any property within the United States of America. Violations of the executive order could have resulted in fines up to $1 million and up to 20 years in prison. In the executive order, Trump laid out his reasons for the ban, which include threats to the “national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States”; TikTok’s data collection policy, which “threatens to allow the Chinese Communist Party access to Americans’ personal and proprietary information”; and alleged influence from the Chinese Communist Party, which Trump claimed are censoring content and spreading disinformation. In response to Trump’s executive order, TikTok released a statement saying that the ban was “issued without any due process” and that the Trump Administrations’ allegations are unsubstantiated and unfair.

Several weeks later, The Trump Administration said it would ban TikTok in the United States on November 12, 2020 unless the company could convince the US government that it was not a threat to US security. The ban was highly debated until it was permanently halted by a federal judge in December 2020. The ban was then reversed by the Biden administration.

TikTok in Countries outside of the United States
The geopolitics surrounding the app have become increasingly complex, particularly outside of the United States. Similar to its situation in the US, the app has faced challenges due to concerns over data privacy, national security, and links to the Chinese government in other countries. These challenges have led to calls for stricter regulations on its use and have sparked ongoing investigations and debates in various countries. These developments have also sparked discussions about the geopolitical implications of the app and the role of technology in international relations.

India
In India, TikTok was banned in April 2019 after a court ruled that the app posed a threat to the country’s “sovereignty and integrity.” The ban was later lifted, but the Indian government has continued to scrutinize the app, citing concerns over data privacy and national security. Indian officials have also raised concerns over the app’s links to the Chinese government and have called for stricter regulations on its use.

Australia
In Australia, TikTok has faced criticism for its lack of transparency in regards to how it collects and uses user data. The Australian government has also expressed concern over the app’s links to the Chinese government with some officials calling for it to be banned in the country. This has sparked ongoing debates and investigations into the app’s practices and potential risks to national security.

Japan
In Japan, data privacy concerns have arisen concerning TikTok and other apps developed by China. This response was partly elicited by Trump’s attempt at banning TikTok in the United States. Japanese authorities recommended taking precautions against potential data leaks. This has resulted in groups being scheduled to investigate the risks of Chinese-developed apps.

European Union
In Europe, TikTok has faced scrutiny over its data-sharing practices and links to the Chinese government. The European Union has launched an investigation into the app, with several member states calling for tighter regulations on its use. European officials have raised concerns over the potential for user data to be accessed by the Chinese government and have called for greater transparency and accountability from TikTok.

Canada
In Canada, TikTok has faced criticism for its lack of transparency in regard to how it collects and uses user data. Two class action lawsuits were filed against TikTok in 2019 and 2020 for collecting user data which resulted in a $2 million settlement. These lawsuits have sparked debates over the lack of data privacy regulation and has led to calls for greater oversight and accountability from TikTok.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok


text:
Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance

Early History and the Rise of HBCUs
The first officially recognized HBCU was founded in 1837 as The African Institute, currently known as Cheyney University. More schools were founded after, but these colleges and universities had little public backing. After the civil war, the Morill Act of 1865 provided land grants to states for the formation of new schools and colleges. While this did lead to the formation of some of the first HBCUs in some states, most states, especially southern ones, used these grants to build schools for white students. The second Morill act in 1890 provided additional grants to state specifically for the purpose of founding black colleges. This period during these two acts saw the founding of most HBCUs recognized today between 1965 and 1900. Over 200 HBCU institutions were founded for the education of African Americans. Today 105 are recognized, and while this figure makes up less than 3% of colleges and universities in the United States, 11% of African American students attend HBCUs. HBCUs evolved from giving basic education to African Americans to giving opportunities for students to become engineers, doctors, and lawyers. Institutions like Howard, Morehouse, Spelman, and Tuskegee prepared most of the nations black professionals. Due to segregation HBCUs were the only option African Americans through the beginning of the 20th century.

Richard Humphreys
Richard Humphreys (February 13, 1750 – 1832) was a Quaker philanthropist and silversmith who started the first ever HBCU, originally called the Institute for Colored Youth but later renamed to the Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. He bequeathed around $10,000, which was about one-tenth of his estate, to establish a school for "the descendants of the African race". It stands as the oldest HBCU in the United States of America.

Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was a Baptist minister and activist, and one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1954 to 1968. His graduation from Morehouse College in 1948 was quite notable, and made him one of the most recognized alumni from an HBCU. After his graduation, he came back to several HBCUs to give speeches around the civil rights movement and educational opportunities for African-Americans. A significant example of this was on April 15, 1960, where he addressed a crowd of over 200 students on the campus of Shaw University for a conference of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). This allowed for students attending these colleges to navigate social and political hurdles, and HBCUs ultimately served as institutions of solidarity and breeding grounds for upcoming Black leadership. These institutions became a central part of the movement, with quads becoming rallying centers and dorm rooms as meeting locations.

Elizabeth Evelyn Wright
Elizabeth Evelyn Wright (April 3, 1872 – December 14, 1906) was a humanitarian and educator, who founded Voorhees College, originally called the Denmark Industrial Institute. She sought assistance from New Jersey philanthropist Ralph Voorhees and his wife, who donated $5,000 to buy the 280 acres of land and start the school. It opened in 1902 and Wright became the first principal. The Episcopal Church agreed to support the school, and the school soon became Voorhees School and Junior College in 1947, and in 1962, it was accredited as four-year Voorhees College.

Declining Enrollments a Need for Change
HBCUs have seen declining enrollment in recent years, especially compared to predominately white institutions (PWIs). As more PWIs accepted African Americans, a higher portion of HBCUs students were less prepared for higher education, and graduation rates started to drop. This led to lower investments in HBCUs, and many have been forced to shut down. Today just over 100 HBCUs exist and only three HBCUs have over 10,000 students, while most range between 5000-7000. The 2008 financial crisis led to a decrease in enrollment for HBCUs when tighter regulations on student loans affected thousands of students in HBCUs and institutions lost $150 million in tuition. The possibility of high debt turns prospective students away even when they do qualify for loans. HBCUs have also lost students to online and for profit. HBCUs have also seen under funding, with endowments that are an average of 7 times smaller than PWIs and other institutions.

The Renaissance and Public Support
The black lives matter movement and economic decline that occurred in 2020 sparked an influx of investments in HBCUs from the federal government along with companies and other donors. In 2021, President Biden delivered $5.8 Billion towards HBCUs, increased funding in the 2022 budget from $72 million to $807 million. The HBCU Transformation project was launched in march of 2022, which is focused on increasing retention and graduation rate. Politicians and celebrity have endorsed HBCU and made their revival a priority. In 2015 the Bipartisan HBCU caucus was founded by Alma Adams, driving discussion and awareness on a national level. The caucus founded the HBCU Partnership Challenge in order to increase private support of HBCUs and to strengthen career opportunities for students. Congress includes several HBCU alumni, including Vice President Kamala Harris, who graduated from Howard University in 1986 and worked with Biden to launch HBCUs' increased funding. In 2020, former NFL cornerback and Hall of Famer Deion Sanders moved to HBCU Jackson State as their head coach and brought D1 college athletes with him. Several highly recruited athletes have chosen to play for HBCUs instead of higher ranked PWIs along with competitive academic students who cite the sense of community they did not find in Ivie league schools and other PWIs. From 2018-2021, a selection of HBCUs saw an increase in applications of 30%, and enrollment has increased dramatically in some institutions.

Social Mobility Effects
One of the main appeals of HBCUs and PBIs in the US is to act as a way for students to escape economic struggles. For example, HBCU graduates are 51% more likely to move to a higher income quintile than non-HBCU colleges. This starkly contrasts Ivy League schools, such as Harvard, where approximately 2/3 of their students come from the family's in the top income quintile. Another factor to measure social mobility, average education spending, is also led by HBCUs and PBIs over like colleges. HBCUs have a 27% lower cost of tuition, on average, than PWIs, also contributing to HBCUs being a option with great social mobility for many students.

Personal Connection with Student Body
A factor students in all colleges value is a sense of purpose and value in a career. A study by Gallup found that HBCU graduates were more likely to report a higher purpose, social and community well-being than their non-HBCU peers. This study measured the outcomes of Black students at HBCU colleges and non-HBCU colleges in order to obtain these results and account for any confounding factors. This study also showed that HBCU graduates were more likely to report high physical wellbeing, showing that these effects extend beyond career and into students' personal lives as well. HBCUs offer students opportunities in their community to have an impact, leading to the improved sense of community purpose. 81% of HBCUs are in areas with median income below that of the national median, offering many opportunities for community involvement for students.

Academic Connection with Student Body
One of the common misconceptions with HBCUs is that PWIs are more expensive because they provide a better education, and therefore students may be better off attending a PWI if they have the means. A study by Hardy et. al. showed that, although PWIs outperformed HBCUs when only using raw data, when adjusting for income, test scores, and other confounding factors, HBCUs outperformed PWIs in graduation rate, post-graduation salary, and 1st year retention rate. Furthermore, HBCUs are equipped to supply their student body with an education that will be more relevant. For example, Virginia State University offers courses on the history of HBCUs, and Jackson State University offers a core curriculum that has a more hands-on approach with their student body to assist in discovering a useful career. A deeper analysis into how the curriculum between HBCUs and PWIs differ is beyond the scope of this report.

HBCUs and Economic Equity
Recent political trends have guided towards pushing for economic equity in the US. According to a study by McKinsey, HBCUs and PBIs have assisted in achieving this goal. Black Americans, on average, have incomes 30% lower than that of White Americans. Educational opportunities provided by HBCUs could translate to an increase in $10 billion per year. Also, increased enrollment in HBCUs can create more Black entrepreneurs, who currently only constitute .7% of capital start-up funding in the US. This can also lead to more consumption spending in Black communities, helping to stimulate economic growth in the future. This makes up a small portion of this divide, but the recent investment assists in these political goals.

title: Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance


text:
E-bikes and Personal Mobility

Introduction
One of the first electric bike patents was given to Ogden Bolton Junior in the United States in 1895. This bike housed a battery suspended from the frame with a DC motor attached to the back wheel. In 1897, Hosea W. Libbey patented a bicycle with two electric motors. These initial designs were more similar to scooters or mopeds, as they did not have pedals. From the 1990s and onwards, electric bikes were produced with pedals, called Pedelecs.

Modern e-bikes are equipped with lithium-ion batteries, with some older models using lead-acid batteries. They can be charged with a standard wall outlet, and one charge allows a range of 20-100 miles, varying with factors such as brand and model, average speed, terrain and environmental factors, rider weight, and amount of pedaling. In most American areas, there are no license or insurance requirements to operate an e-bike on roadways.

Growth of the E-Bike Market
Deloitte projected that more than 130 million e-bikes will be sold from 2020 to 2023, outpacing electric vehicle sales. In 2021, 880,000 e-bikes were imported in the U.S. alone, while an estimated 608,000 electric vehicles were sold. According to NPD, in the 12 months before July 2021, e-bike sales grew 240%.

Financial Costs of E-Bikes
The price of purchasing an e-bike can range from $600 to over $8000, with the average price in the range of $1,000 to $3,000. The price is dependent on the essential materials for the battery, power of the battery and motor, and the cost of the traditional parts and the frame. Materials like lithium and cobalt used in making lithium-ion batteries, widespread in e-bikes, can be volatile. Supply-chain issues have resulted in the price of lithium to increase 900% since 2021. As with buying any bike, e-bikes that cost less than $1000 may have low-quality parts and have decreased longevity. E-bikes are still new technology and have time to mature at which their prices may decrease.

Most e-bikes today cost less than half a penny per mile to charge; when considering the average range of 60 miles, this amounts to 30 cents of electricity per charge. Assuming a rider will charge their e-bike every day, this amounts to a mere $109 worth of fuel costs in a year. In comparison, a Tesla Model 3 costs approximately $708 to charge per year, while a 2022 Jeep Cherokee requires approximately $1,986 annually in gasoline costs.

E-Bike Sharing Infrastructure
A public bike-sharing infrastructure is a system that allows consumers to pick up available bikes for use throughout a designated area. This system can be docked, where stations are placed around an area for accessing bikes, or dockless, where the bike can be placed in an arbitrary location within a designated area.

Growth of E-bikes in Bike Sharing
According to NABSA, 298 cities in the U.S. have bikeshare or e-scooter infrastructure. The percentage of e-bikes in bikeshare systems has increased from 30% to 50% from 2019 to 2021. In 2019, Madison BCycle doubled their usage after adding e-bikes to their bikeshare fleet in Madison, Wisconsin. Madion BCycle cited a low fare and speed as the major factors to the increased popularity. In 2021, Chicago's Divvy bikeshare program, partnering with Lyft, introduced the first on-street charging in docks in the U.S. This move will increase the availability of e-bikes in Chicago.

Social Impacts of Bike Share Systems
In a study conducted by the Transportation Research and Education Center, 62% of e-bike trips in North America replaced those that would otherwise be taken by car. According to Bullock et al., greater access to bike-sharing resulted in a 16% increase of retail sales. Time savings yielded productivity gains from using an e-bike. E-bikes are viewed favorably due to their increased accessibility compared to regular bicycles and attract both families and recreational riders. E-bikes therefore attract a new category of riders that are not as advanced and tend to ride in groups.

Environmental Impacts
In a survey conducted in 2019, 30% of respondents cited environmental consideration as a reason for purchasing an e-bike. E-bikes are considered to be a zero emission form of transportation, disregarding the manufacturing process and assuming the e-bike is charged using clean energy. E-bikes are more efficient than electric passenger cars, getting 30 to 100 times more miles per pound of battery. This reduces the soil degradation, damage to ecosystem functions, and human rights violations associated with the mining of necessary battery metals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. E-bikes are also more efficient than traditional gasoline powered cars; e-bikes get a 1000 to over 4000 MPG equivalent, which is an energy content comparison of electricity and gasoline. Because e-bikes are smaller and lighter than their electric and gasoline vehicle counterparts, they cause less road damage and therefore less carbon intensive road repair is needed. Overall, the Climate Action Center found that e-bikes are 20 times more efficient than electric cars at fighting climate change.

Incentive Programs
A big barrier to e-bike adoption is the initial purchase price. To combat this, incentive programs have been developed to lower start up costs through tax rebates, vouchers, or rent-to-buy programs. 41% of these incentive programs are implemented by utility companies striving to meet greenhouse gas reduction requirements. 25% of incentive programs are local government based, and the remaining are state government or private company based. Only 25% of these programs are restricted to low- and mid-income citizens; this has raised debate over whether these incentive programs are actually targeting the right population and aiding those who cannot afford to purchase an e-bike.

Mobility & Accessibility
E-bikes can empower and accommodate the needs of diverse populations. The user-controlled additional source of power encapsulated in an e-bike allows cyclists to adjust their riding experience to meet their individual needs and demands. This autonomy makes biking more accessible for older adults, people with disabilities, and individuals who want to bike but are not able to endure the resistance of conventional biking. The ease of e-bikes also promote a more fit, active, and well balanced lifestyle for multiple populations that conventional biking is an inadequate mode of transportation. E-Bikes allow cyclists to bike farther distances, for longer periods of time, and through difficult terrain. It enhances riding experiences for slower riders, allows riders to commute to work without fatigue and altering their appearance, and permits inexperienced and experienced riders to share the experience by self-determining the amount of power utilized. In 2019, EVELO Electric Bicycles conducted a survey to elucidate the motive for the adoption of e-bikes in North America. Their results indicated older Americans, ages 55 to 74, were the largest group of e-bike owners. The vast majority of these e-bikers indicated they purchased their electric bike for recreation, to stay active, and to get in shape. This survey further emphasizes that e-bikes promote mobility and accommodate the needs of older individuals, contributing to a more fit and active lifestyle.

Limitations of E-Bikes
Amongst the abundance of advantages of e-bikes, there are three large detractors hindering adoption of the technology in America.

Safety

One major limitation of e-bikes is the higher rate of serious injury. The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) reported that e-bike riders are more likely to suffer from internal injuries, e-bike riding injuries are three times more likely to involve a crash with a pedestrian, and e-bike riders are more likely to suffer from concussions. Another study from VeiligheidNL, a Dutch organization, found that e-bike riders are 1.6 times more likely to end up in the emergency room than conventional bicyclists.

Environmental Concerns
The battery production and disposal associated with e-bikes pose environmental concerns due to the indirect pollution of the environment from increased power plant emissions and lead pollution from the heavy batteries.

Inappropriate for the American Roadways
The most prominent limitation is that e-bikes don’t fit on the American roadway. The typical top speed of an e-bike is about 20 mph and with the current infrastructure of American roadways, it may irritate slower conventional bicyclists and the faster car drivers.

Conclusion
E-bikes provide efficient practical and recreational transportation. They are a well established and growing technology beneficial for mid-range travel, combating climate change, and promoting bike accessibility for diverse populations.

Further ideas to continue researching include:

 * What are the sociopolitical implications of e-bike legislation?
 * How can high income individuals be incentivized to adopt e-bike usage over private vehicles?
 * Do e-bikes have appropriate road infrastructure to incentivize increased adoption?

title: E-bikes and Personal Mobility


text:
Talk:Lentis/Risk Compensation

STS 4500 Group Discussion
Discussion for STS 4500 group casebook chapter work Hartzell-Cal-crh3mn (discuss • contribs) 22:39, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Sources I found
 * https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2913
 * https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M20-8251?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
 * https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jia2.25351 Hartzell-Cal-crh3mn (discuss • contribs) 22:41, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lentis/Risk Compensation


text:
Lentis/TikTok

First released in 2016 by the Chinese technology company ByteDance, TikTok is a social media app allowing users to create, watch, and share short videos online.

The app has become globally popular and boasts over 1 billion active monthly users. Anyone is free to create videos and can select from video effects like background music, sound effects, stickers, or filters.

TikTok is known for its addictive nature and high engagement levels, which can be attributed to its AI-based, user-centric algorithm. The app curates infinite, highly personalized content on each user’s “For You” page. In this way, TikTok has distinguished itself from its competition and has had a large impact on society.

Impact of Subcultures
During the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly at its peak in 2020, TikTok became a place of self-expression for its users, leading to the emergence of distinct subcultures that have boosted specific product sales. For example, the "SquishTok" subculture, consisting of Squishmallow fans, caused the plush toys to grow in popularity within recent years. According to Jazwares, the parent company of the toy, Squishmallow sales tripled during the second half of 2020, and over 73 million Squishmallows were sold in March 2021.

TikTok For Business, TikTok’s tool for advertisers on the app, suggests that subcultures should be identified as lasting communities that can be integrated into a brand’s long-term marketing strategy. This approach has been successful within the “SkinTok” subculture. Dermatologists, estheticians, and skincare enthusiasts have gained billions of views and followers by promoting particular products on their accounts. This has in turn persuaded viewers to purchase the products themselves, increasing sales for these brands. After witnessing their influential power, skincare and beauty brands sought to collaborate with these creators to further promote their brand and products, which has proven beneficial for both the TikTokers and external brands.

Trends like “Things TikTok Made Me Buy,” “I Want It, I Got It,” and #TikTokMadeMeBuyIt, showcasing items that became highly demanded or sold out due to viral TikToks, further reinforce the app's influence on consumerism and product culture. Users who watch hauls of creators’ recent purchases become convinced that they need the items and buy them themselves, whether they truly need them or not. Though this has benefited product sales, it has also caused overconsumption, negatively affecting the environment. Millie Kendall, who established the Sustainable Beauty Coalition, proposes that “beauty brands need to think twice about making products every other day” rather than keeping up with TikTok trends and damaging the environment in the process.

Food Industry
Many restaurants and food joints have become famous through viral TikToks. Rahim Mohamed, more commonly known as “General Ock,” saw TikTok as an opportunity for him to promote his family’s bodega in Brooklyn, NY. Since posting his first TikToks in 2020 of his wild sandwich concoctions, such as a breakfast sandwich that substitutes sweet pastries for bread, Mohamed has gathered 3.8 million followers and 63.3 million likes (as of December 2022). He continues to garner attention to his account and business by posting viral videos of himself making crazy sandwiches as per customer request. Other food joints, like East 81st St. Deli in Cleveland, OH, have had similar success stories in which a customer posted a video raving about a particular menu item, the video went viral and inspired other users, even celebrities, to venture out to the restaurant and try it, and the restaurant is now visited by more customers than it has ever seen before.

Music Industry
Many artists, both emerging and more established ones, allow their music to be used by any TikTok creator. In this way, especially when videos go viral, their music reaches a larger audience, thus promoting the artist’s presence in popular culture. Research from MRC Data demonstrates that about 70% of users discover new music and artists through TikTok, and 67% are likely to search for a song they discovered while on TikTok on a music streaming platform later. 72% of users also confirm they associate particular songs with the app.

Conversely, many brands have used the prominence of music and sounds on TikTok to their advantage. According to research from MRC Data, when brands feature songs that are liked by the TikTok community in their videos, 65% of users are better able to remember the brand, and 58% feel more strongly connected to the brand and are more likely to share the brand with others. Given the popularity of the app, these statistics can be promising for both artists and brands looking to become more well-known.

Restrictions on Posts and Hashtags Based on Region
After TikTok’s global expansion in 2018, the platform’s moderation system took a decentralized form by integrating local laws. As a result, a global variety of hashtags and phrases were categorized as having a high risk of violating the community guidelines.

These phrases included:

 * #acab - This acronym stands for “All cops are bastards” and references the political movement against police. This hashtag became popularized as a result of the murder of George Floyd in 2020. (United States of America)
 * #PutinisaThief in Russian - This political slogan is a response to the exposure of Vladmir Putin’s palace worth 1.4 billion dollars. It is located in Gelendzhik on the Black Sea where the city suffers from hot water shortages and poor sewage systems. (Russia)
 * “I am gay” in Russian - In Russia, anti-LGBTQ+ sentiments have risen due to legislation banning propaganda for non-heterosexual relationships to minors and allowing parental rights to be taken from same-sex couples. (Russia)
 * “Why Do We Need A King” in Thai - In 2020, protesters sought to reform the monarchy by reverting the Constitution of Thailand of 2017 to reduce the king’s constitutional powers and repeal the legal punishment for defamation towards the king. (Thailand)
 * “I won’t graduate with the monarchy” in Thai - It is tradition for the king of the Thai monarchy to hand out diplomas during university graduations. In response to the 2020 protests in Thailand, activists urged students to boycott these ceremonies by not attending, therefore not receiving their diploma to graduate. (Thailand)

These phrases were partially or fully restricted from the public in their corresponding country, therefore repressing the virality of their associated social movements. This form of moderation closely matches what officials from TikTok claim about the type of entertainment the platform holds. TikTok’s head of public policy in the Americas, Michael Beckerman, has stated that the platform is “not the go-to place for politics” and rather focuses on entertainment. This apolitical stance has resulted in heavy criticism towards TikTok, with some users attributing banned phrases and videos to a clear directive from the platform to censor and minimize political movements.

Restricted Viewability on the "For You" Page
The moderation of acceptable videos on the public “For You” page according to the community guidelines is another way TikTok enforces its neutral position. In 2019, leaked documents revealed a restriction on videos from groups deemed “susceptible to bullying or harassment based on their physical or mental condition.” This user class contained users with disabilities or those who identify with the LGBTQ+ community. TikTok confirmed these reports and claimed it was a short-term solution to the increased amount of bullying on the app.

Impact on Radical Masculinity
Creators are free to express themselves on the app through a wide range of artistic and visual freedom. The “#femboy” hashtag dons hundreds of videos containing young men wearing nail varnish, twirling in skirts, crop-tops and dresses, etc. Although this is not new, it has been freshly adapted by young men on TikTok, redefining gender norms and masculinity.

For example, TikTok user ‘Moysilk’ “has been wearing skirts and dresses for a few years before seeing the "femboy" trend on TikTok.” Finally seeing other individuals dress like him “gave him a sense of validation” and belief that “dressing more femininely doesn’t deter from his heterosexuality.” However, understanding these articles of adornment as either masculine or feminine is incredibly narrow.

Drawing on the concept of “hybrid masculinity,” TikTok creators both challenge and reinforce traditional gender norms – putting a twist on gender norms while also reinforcing the importance of masculine traits. Content from TikTok users represent a broader shift in mainstream media towards hybrid masculinity – the fusing of feminine and gay aesthetics while keeping a sense of male privilege (e.g., Harry Styles’ Vogue cover of him in a dress, K-pop culture).

Popularity of the "Femboy" Subculture
A study done by analyzing young men in the top 100 most followed accounts on TikTok (as of September 2022) through their content aimed to see if there were any trends in their behavior and physical appearance. Jewelry, piercings and tattoos are frequently seen through most of the famous male TikTokers – 33% of the figures coded have ear or facial piercings and 71% wear at least one article of jewelry. TikTok user Chase Hudson, or “lilhuddy,” frequently stacks rings, necklaces, and bracelets together alongside his earrings and painted nails. Hudson’s presentation online has been praised as widely representative of TikTok’s “femboys.”

While young men who embrace the "femboy" aesthetic sometimes receive praise through TikTok videos for being ‘different,' many receive hate as there is disagreement with the aesthetic as a whole. This praise received by the young men can incentivize this new era of masculinity, allowing further self-expression and overall opposition for traditional masculine ideals.

Effects on Emotions and Eating Disorders
With most social media exposure, false realities have been normalized to highlight the glamorous events in people's lives. By showing only the positive events and qualities of a person's life, authenticity is lost and can foster harmful reactions from other users fawning over a certain lifestyle or qualities from another person.

TikTok is no different as many challenges sparked from the app focus on users' abilities to try and reproduce the same trending task. However, they also lead to the exposure of a growing number of users to problematic content. For example, some of these challenges revolve around ED-related topics such as the “#headphonechallenge,” a popular Chinese TikTok trend in early 2020 where people would measure their waists using headphone wires and the less amount of wire used would show a smaller or more “desirable” waist.

Nevertheless, TikTok also serves as a way to raise awareness and normalize mental health issues. The app serves as a thriving opportunity to create an easily accessible digital space for users to share their own experiences and produce positive content in support of their own issues. Communities such as “#proEDrecovery,” “#raisingEDawareness,” and others have provided advice and support to others in their recovery process, struggles, and personal stories all under a hashtag.

Conclusion
TikTok demonstrates the ability to pose both positive and negative effects on society, depending on how creators choose to use their platforms and on how TikTok itself presents content to its billions of users. More adverse effects may surface as TikTok's popularity continues to increase and its influence maintains a hold on society. We must therefore be cautious in how we use social media and other forms of technology and its long-term effects on the world, and future research should continue to explore other societal aspects that have been impacted by TikTok's legacy.

title: Lentis/TikTok


text: LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/LMI for Physically-Consistent Inertial Parameter Identification With A Statistical Perspective On The Mass Distribution


text:
User talk:Neg2mhs

Welcome, Neg2mhs!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neg2mhs


text:
LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Optimal control systems/H2-optimal Control with Regional Pole Assignment via State Feedback

The System:
Consider a linear time-invariant continuous system in the form of


text: Wikibooks talk:RR

title: Wikibooks talk:RR


text:
User:2006toyotacorrola

i like the wikipedia so i might do something here

title: User:2006toyotacorrola


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User:Labrat21/sandbox

"La conectividad es un derecho humano - Mark Zuckerberg, fundador de Facebook"Mark Zuckerburg, Jack Dorsey, Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger, Evan Spiegel y muchos mas crearon las redes sociales para conectar la gente. Gracias a Facebok, Whatsapp, Twitter, Instagram y muchos otros, personas de differenes estados, paises y continentes pueden pueden informarse de la ultima noticias e interactuar con personas que comparten el mismo interes. Pero, expertos como Neil Postman, Sherry Turkle y Nicholas Carr advierten de los peligros que conlleva esta nueva tecnologia.

¿Como puede usted tomar control del tiempo que le dedica a las redes sociales?

Esta seccion es un articulo que se llama "Take Control Toolkit" del sitio de internet https://www.humanetech.com/ y esta traducido del Ingles al Espanol.

Mantenga las Redes Sociales bajo control
Usted puede seguir estos pasos importantes para poder usar las redes sociales sin ser esclavo de ello. Empiece con sus dispositivos e invite a sus amigos y familiares que lo acompañen. ¡Juntos podemos cambiar el sistema!

Apague las notificaciones
El color rojo nos llama más la atención porque es el color más sobresaliente. Por eso, controle su tiempo al apagar las notificaciones.

Retome el Contol:

Puede ir a Ajustes > Notificaciones > Apagar

Elimine Aplicaciones Toxicas
Elimine aplicaciones que lucran por medio de la adición, distracción, divisiones y información falsa para atraer usarios.

 Retome el Control:

Elimine Facebook → Puede enviar mensajes a sus amigos con Signal

Elimine TikTok → Mande video mensajes directamente o usa MarcoPolo

Elimine Snapchat → Sea creativo en sus mensajes de texto

Elimine Instagram → Retoque sus fotos usando VSCO

Descargue herramientas que realmente le van a ayudar
No podemos solucionar los problemas causados por la tecnología con mas tecnología. Pero, hay herramientas que pueden minimizar el problema.

 Retome el Control

Elimine la luz azul y duerma mejor → Flux

Controle el tiempo de uso de pantalla & cultive buenos hábitos → iOS [https://support.google.com/android/answer/9346420?hl=es-419#:~:text=usas%20las%20apps-,Abre%20la%20app%20de%20Configuraci%C3%B3n%20del%20tel%C3%A9fono.,m%C3%A1s%20informaci%C3%B3n%2C%20presiona%20el%20gr%C3%A1fico. Android]

Reduzca distracciones → News Feed Eradactor

Ayuda para concentrarse en sus metas → Flipd

Bloquee distracciones → Freedom

Reduzca el estrés y la ansiedad → Insight Timer

Elimine contenido que le provoque ira
Al dar Clic, ustd dio su voto. No de su apoyo a sitios que solo contaminan nuestro ambiente digital con ‘clickbaits’ que provocan ira.

 Retome el Control

Dejar de seguir usuarios que procuran resolver los problemas con violencia → Use iUnfollow para limpiar su lista de personas que sigues. Empieza de nuevo, y esta vez escucha las opiniones que intencionalmente quieres exponerte

Pare de seguir grupos de Facebook donde la ira esta reinando → Revise sus Grupos > Ajustes > Siguiendo

Evite noticieros conocidos por crear divisiones → MSNBC y FOXNews

Este dispuesto a escuchar diferentes opiniones
Las redes sociales usualmente se usan para conectar a personas que comparten la misma perspectiva, limitándose la posibilidad de interactuar con alguien que piensa diferente. Expóngase a diferentes puntos de vista.

 Retome el Control

Lea sitios de noticias que tienen un enfoque muy diferente al suyo → Allsides cubre sucesos mundiales de una manera imparcial y sigue el modelo hibrido de ingresos para evitar prejuicios

Sea amable
Rabia y enojo trae muchas ganancias a las redes sociales porque genera más participación entre los usuarios. ¿Porque no vencer el mal con la amabilidad?

 Retome el Control

Pare y piense por un momento → Recuerde que hay una persona con sentimientos detrás de cada pantalla, así que no se apresure a insultar púbicamente un usuario que opine muy diferente a usted

Sea compasivo → Con sincero interés, puede mandarle un mensaje en privado preguntandole porque se siente así y esfuércese por entenderlo

Póngase Limites
Desde que no levantamos en la mañana hasta que nos vamos a dormir, siempre tenemos nuestro celular, hasta lo llevamos al baño.

 Retome Control

Desconéctese por un rato en la mañana y tarde → Propongase un tiempo en concreto en pasarla sin tecnología

Coman sin distracciones → Pueden jugar ‘el primero que agarra su teléfono, lava los trastes”

Crean una estación para cargar los celulares→ Antes de dormir, todos pueden dejar sus celulares en la estación, asegurese que sea lejos de las habitaciones

Compre una alarma → Empieze su día sin tener los ojos pegados a la pantalla

Desconéctese un día a la semana
Desconectarse en línea le dará más tiempo para conectarse consigo mismo y con sus seres queridos. Esta acción resultará en que usted reducirá su tiempo en las redes por un 15%,puede que la compañía pierde alguna ganacia, pero saldra ganado y se sentira mucho mas mejor.

Retome el Control

Escoja un día y avísele a su familia y amigos de sus planes → hasta puede invitarlos a que lo acompañen

Concéntrese en lo Positivo
¿Porque nos mortificamos por un comentario negativo cuando tenemos 99 comentarios positivos? Por supervivencia, nuestro cerebro usualmente se enfoca en lo negativo, aun cuando estamos desconectados digitalmente.

Retome el Control

Tome una foto de los mensajes positivos que ha recibido y guárdelo en una carpeta en su celular → Lo demás se puede borrar. La tecnología ha distorsionado nuestro cerebro a ver la corrección como algo negativo, pero podemos pelear contra esos pensamientos negativos si nos centramos en lo positivo

Apoye a sus periodistas locales
No deje que su periodista local se sienta obligado a jugar ‘clickbait’ como lo hacen las redes sociales. Apóyelos directamente al pagar una membresía. Así, usted seguirá siendo el cliente en vez el producto. La democracia y publicidad de buena calidad van mano a mano.

 Retome el Control

Busque su periódico local y apóyelos → USPNL Directory

Sea miembro de plataformas que proveen información de buena calidad

Center Humane of Technology es una organizacion que se esfuerza por educar a mas personas en los peligros que las redes sociales e internet traen. Tambien, ofrecen consejos en como podemos protergernos del peligro.Para mas informacion, puede visitar el sitio de internet de Center Humane of Technology

title: User:Labrat21/sandbox


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Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in staged photography

Staged photography is a genre of photographic art where the creator of a work, acting as a director, designs and creates a conceived scene, while paying attention to motive and design.

General information
The concept of "staging" came from the theater. Arranged photography, as it is sometimes called, having some resemblance to a theatrical performance, is designed to present the main idea of the work in a certain context and, as a result, evoke an emotional reaction in the viewer. Unlike scientific, documentary and reportage photography, realism is secondary here, the meaning of the depicted is important, where the author appears not as an objective observer, but as a creator trying to display the reality he conceived and created.

Ways of implementation
When planning to practice in this genre, it is useful, as an optional material, to get acquainted with the concept of Performance art, which, although not directly related to photography, will help you to feel the idea of creation.

Initially, you should think about the plot of the future photo work, decide what thoughts (feelings, memories) it will evoke in people. The audience's perception may vary: if there are several opinions about what you have displayed, it's a plus for the author: consequently the plot is not simple. Routine is the enemy of a creative personality.

The second part of the preparatory process will be the technical implementation of the plan. It is important to understand how complex the upcoming stage preparation that will be required to implement the idea. If it becomes technically impossible, you will have to change the subject, choosing (to begin with) something less complicated, not requiring hard labor, material costs and complex scenery. Taking the first steps to create trial works, you can choos the available emprovised means and the existing background, while using yourself or someone you know. Don't try to create a masterpiece with the first press of a camera button.

Experience comes with practice. For clarity, the text is complemented by a gallery of photographic works by the author of this textbook, the creation of most of which did not require special and lengthy training.

Should know
It is sometimes difficult (or even impossible) for the viewer to distinguish a staged photo from a real one: whether the situation is simulated, or whether the photographer caught an interesting moment by being in the “right” place in time.

Here is an example: is not staged, the shoes that had served their due date, probably thrown away by one of the tourists because they were completely unusable, were lying on the grass and were photographed by the author. But, theoretically, the owner of the camera could bring props with him, laying them out on the grass in accordance with the plan. Many such examples could be cited.


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Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in straight (pure) photography

Straight (pure) photography is a photography style, whose supporters adhere to the most accurate, realistic reflection of reality, where the object is always in focus, which allows you to see the details and there are all the qualities that distinguish photography from other forms of fine art.

General information
The movement originated in the West around the 1930s. Landscapes, people, architecture served as the subject of portray; and the distinguishing features are high image sharpness, sometimes maximum contrast and in addition — strict composition, the absence of blurry details, the inadmissibility of any additional transformations (both during shooting and during post-processing), natural richness of tones and lighting specifics.

Ways of implementation
The style is harmoniously combined with genre and street photography, experience in these genres will help you master the art of pure photography.

To create vivid images, you will need to work with lighting, expressive cropping (in order to remove “extra” space, level the horizon line, etc.) and other methods that do not require optical changes in the image.

The concept of direct photography taboos everything that can change the picture, making it less true. You should refuse to use light filters during shooting, and in post-processing — special development and printing processes; do not crop the image, as a result of which the perception of the meaning of what is happening can be changed (distorted).

In other words, the photographic work you create should recreate reality as the human eye sees it, without using staging, blurring or compositing.


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LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Non-Linear Systems/Control of Rational Systems using Linear-fractional Representations and Linear Matrix Inequalities*

Introducation
An optimization-based methodology for the multiobjective control of a large class of nonlinear systems is performed.

The System
Consider a nonlinear, continuous-time system $$\dot{y} = A(x) + B_u(x)u,$$ $$y = C_y(x) +D_{yu}(x)u,$$ where $$x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$$ is the state vector, $$u \in \mathbb{R}^{n_u}$$ is the input and $$y \in \mathbb{R}^{n_y}$$ is the output.

The Data
$$x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$$ is the state vector, $$u \in \mathbb{R}^{n_u}$$ is the input and $$y \in \mathbb{R}^{n_y}$$ is the output. $$A, B_u, C_y, D_{yu}$$ are multivariable functions of x. $$A(0) = 0$$ (that is, 0 is an equilibrium point of the unforced system associated with the system). $$C_y(0) = 0$$ and $$B_u, D_{yu}$$ have no singularities at the origin.

Proof
For a given scalar \sigma > 0, we associate with the Linear differential inclusion, $$\dot{x} = Ax + B_uu + B_pp,$$ $$q = C_qx + D_{qu}u + D_{qp}p,$$ $$y = C_yx + D_{yu}u + D_{yp}p,$$ $$p = \bigtriangleup(t)q, \| \bigtriangleup(t) \| \leq \sigma^-1, \bigtriangleup(t) \in D(r), t \geq 0.$$
 * $$\begin{bmatrix} A(x) & B_u(x) \\ C_y(x) & D_{yu}(x) \end{bmatrix}$$ = $$\begin{bmatrix} A & B_u \\ C_y & D_{yu} \end{bmatrix}$$ +  $$\begin{bmatrix} B_p \\ D_{yp} \end{bmatrix}$$$$\bigtriangleup(x)$$$$\begin{bmatrix} C_q & D_{qu} \end{bmatrix}$$

The LMI: Control of Rational Systems using Linear-fractional Representations and Linear Matrix Inequalities
For given \sigma > 0, the LDI system is quadratically stable if there exists P, S, and G such that the LMIs $$P>0, S>0, G = -G^T, S, G \in B(r),$$

$$\begin{bmatrix} A^TP + PA + C_{q}^TSC_q & PB_p + C{q}^TG + C_{q}^TSD_qp \\ B_{p}^TP - GC_q + D_{qp}^TSC_q & D_{qp}^TSD_{qp}G - \sigma^2S + D_{qp}^TG - GD_qp \end{bmatrix} < 0 $$

hold. Then, for every $$\bigtriangleup \in D(r)$$ such that $$\| \bigtriangleup(t) \| \leq \sigma^-1 ,$$ $$det(I - D_{pq}\bigtriangleup)^{-1} \neq 0, $$

$$\begin{bmatrix} y_{max}^2I & C_y \\ C_y^T & P \end{bmatrix} \geq 0.$$

$$\begin{bmatrix} AQ + QA^T + B_pTB_p^T + B_uY + T^TB_u^T & QC_q^T + Y^TD_{qu}^T + B_pTD_{qp}^T + B_pH \\ C_qQ + D_{qu}Y + D_{qp}TB_p^T - HB_p^T & D_{qp}TD_{qp}^T - \sigma^2T + D_{qp}H - HD_{qp}^T \end{bmatrix}$$ < 0

Conclusion
The above LMIs provide a unified setting, as well as an efficient computational procedure, for answering (possibly conservatively) several control problems pertaining to a quite generic class of nonlinear systems. This method makes an explicit and systematic connection (via LFRs and LMIs) between robust control methods and nonlinear systems.


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LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Non-Linear Systems/LMI

The System
Consider a nonlinear, continuous-time system $$\dot{y} = A(x) + B_u(x)u,$$ $$y = C_y(x) +D_{yu}(x)u,$$ where $$x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$$ is the state vector, $$u \in \mathbb{R}^{n_u}$$ is the input and $$y \in \mathbb{R}^{n_y}$$ is the output.

The Data
$$x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$$ is the state vector, $$u \in \mathbb{R}^{n_u}$$ is the input and $$y \in \mathbb{R}^{n_y}$$ is the output. $$A, B_u, C_y, D_{yu}$$ are multivariable functions of x. $$A(0) = 0$$ (that is, 0 is an equilibrium point of the unforced system associated with the system). $$C_y(0) = 0$$ and $$B_u, D_{yu}$$ have no singularities at the origin.

Proof

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} A(x) & B_u(x) \\ C_y(x) & D_{yu}(x) \end{bmatrix}$$ = $$\begin{bmatrix} A & B_u \\ C_y & D_{yu} \end{bmatrix}$$ +  $$\begin{bmatrix} B_p \\ D_{yp} \end{bmatrix}\bigtriangleup(x)\begin{bmatrix} I - D_{qp}\bigtriangleup(x) \end{bmatrix}6-1$$$$\begin{bmatrix} C_q & D_{qu} \end{bmatrix}$$


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User talk:Jaccobslavin9607

Santatek
We are your trusted team of HVAC contractors In Calgary AB with highly skilled expertise. Our team at Santatek is dedicated and determined to fix all your water heater installation needs in your area. Personally, it could get a little tricky to execute a successful electric furnace installation but you have nothing to worry about because with our skill-set and professionalism there is nothing difficult for us anymore. Feel free to give us a call and get your quote today! Jaccobslavin9607 (discuss • contribs) 21:39, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaccobslavin9607


text:
User:Tote Erbse 27/common.js

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title: User:Tote Erbse 27/common.js


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User:Daniel Mietchen/common.js

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title: User:Daniel Mietchen/common.js


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LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/LMI-based State Feedback Design for Quadcopter Optimal path control and Tracking

Introduction
An LMI-based  state  feedback  approach  that  ensures optimum  path  tracking  and  improved  steady  state performance  of  a  quadrotor  in  both  translational  and rotational movements.

Quadcopter Dynamics
The motion of Quad Copter in 6DOF is controlled by varying the rpm of four rotors individually, thereby changing the vertical, horizontal and rotational forces.

 * ASSUMPTIONS:
 * 1) The structure is symmetric, thus the inertia matrices are diagonal.
 * 2) The center of mass corresponds to the origin of the physical coordinate system.
 * 3) A quadcopter is a rigid body.

State Space Representation

\begin{align} \dot x(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\ y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\\ \end{align}$$

where x(t) is state vector, y(t) is output vector and u(t) is Input or control vector.

$$ \dot x(t)=\frac{d}{dt} x(t) $$
 * A is the system matrix
 * B is the input matrix
 * C is the output matrix
 * D is the feed forward matrix

Quadcopter modelling with 6 degree of freedom

 * REQUIRED 12 STATES:

The state vector x is $$ x^T= $$ $$ \begin{bmatrix} x & y  & z  & x' & y' & z' & \phi & \theta & \psi & \phi' & \theta' & \psi' \end{bmatrix} $$

The Input matrix u is, $$ u^T=$$$$ \begin{bmatrix} U1 & U2 & U3  & U4 \end{bmatrix} $$, where

 * U1 is the Total Upward Force on the quadrotor along z-axis ( T-mg)
 * U2 is the Pitch Torque (about x-axis)
 * U3 is the Roll Torque (about y-axis)
 * U4 is the Yaw Torque (about z-axis)

The Output matrix y is $$ y^T=$$$$ \begin{bmatrix} x & y & z & \phi & \theta & \psi \end{bmatrix} $$

The State differential equations written in matrix form as,

$$ \begin{bmatrix} x'\\ y'\\ z' \\ x''\\ y''\\ z''\\ \phi'\\ \theta'\\ \psi'\\ \phi''\\ \theta''\\ \psi''\\

\end{bmatrix}$$     = $$ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\               0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -g & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & g & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\               0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ \end{bmatrix} $$ $$ \begin{bmatrix} x\\ y\\ z \\ x'\\ y'\\ z'\\ \phi\\ \theta\\ \psi\\ \phi'\\ \theta'\\ \psi'\\

\end{bmatrix}$$ + $$ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \frac{1}{m} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{l_{x}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{l_{y}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{l_{z}} \\ \end{bmatrix} $$$$ \begin{bmatrix} U1\\ U2 \\ U3 \\ U4 \end{bmatrix} $$

The above martices represents the equation $$ x'=Ax+Bu$$

$$ \begin{bmatrix} x\\ y\\ z \\ \phi\\ \theta\\ \psi\\\end{bmatrix} $$=$$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\               0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\                0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ \end{bmatrix} $$$$ \begin{bmatrix} x\\ y\\ z \\ x'\\ y'\\ z'\\ \phi\\ \theta\\ \psi\\ \phi'\\ \theta'\\ \psi'\\

\end{bmatrix}$$+$$ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$$$ \begin{bmatrix} U1\\ U2 \\ U3 \\ U4 \end{bmatrix} $$

The above martices represents the equation $$ y=Cx+Du$$

LMI for stability Analysis
$$ \begin{bmatrix} PA^T-W^TB^T+AP-BW+\mu^2\delta & -PA^T+W^TB^T-DP & I \\ PD^T-AP+BW & D^TP+PD & -P \\ I & -P & -\delta I \\ \end{bmatrix} <0 $$

 * $$K=WP^-1$$

Solving the above LMI yields the unknown coefficients of the feedback control. The system will be then asymptotically stable and path track will be achieved.

LPV Attitude State Feedback Controller Design
To design a $$ H\infty $$ LPV feedback control scheme for the altitude/attitude stabilization of the quadrotor aircraft,

 * Output $$y=\begin{bmatrix} \phi & \theta& \psi&  \Z \end{bmatrix}^T$$ of the system must track r =$$\begin{bmatrix} \phi_{ref} & \theta_{ref}&  \psi_{ref}&  \Z_{ref} \end{bmatrix}^T$$, a reference trajectory.

 * To achieve the objective outputs of the integrator are considered as extra state variables $$x_{e}=\begin{bmatrix}x_{\phi} & x_{\theta}& x_{\psi}&  x_{Z} \end{bmatrix}^T$$ as

$$x_{\phi}=\int_{0}^{t} e_{\phi} (\delta) d\delta \,dx ,e_{\phi}=\phi_{ref}-\phi$$

$$x_{\theta}=\int_{0}^{t} e_{\theta} (\delta) d\delta \,dx ,e_{\theta}=\theta_{ref}-\theta$$

$$x_{\psi}=\int_{0}^{t} e_{\psi} (\delta) d\delta \,dx ,e_{\psi}=\psi_{ref}-\psi$$

$$x_{z}=\int_{0}^{t} e_{z} (\delta) d\delta \,dx ,e_{z}=z_{ref}-z$$

In this case the error signal e=y-r ,for the outputs $$ U_{1},U_{2},U_{3},U_{4}$$,the weight functions $$ W_{ui},i=1,2,3,4 $$are added to the system. The system matrices of weight functions are $$A_{ui},B_{ui},C_{ui}and D_{ui}.$$

The dynamic of all the weight functions $$ W_{u1},W_{u2},W_{u3},W_{u4}$$ can be constituted as,

\begin{align} \dot{x}_{u}=A_{u}x_{u}+B_{u}u\\ y_{u}=C_{u}x_{u}+D_{u}u \end{align}$$

where $$x_{u}=\begin{bmatrix} x_{u1}&x_{u2}&x_{u3}&x_{u4}\end{bmatrix}^T$$ is the state,$$u=\begin{bmatrix}U_{1} & U_{2}&U_{3}&U_{4}\end{bmatrix}^T$$ represents the input $$y_{u}=\begin{bmatrix} Z_{1}&Z_{2}&Z_{3}&Z_{4}\end{bmatrix}^T$$

$$\Delta_{u}=\begin{bmatrix} \Delta_{u1}&0&0&0\\0&\Delta_{u2}&0&0\\0&0&\Delta_{u3}\\0&0&0&\Delta_{u4}\end{bmatrix}$$,$$\Delta\in{A,B,C,D}$$
 * The system matrices of the weight function can be deducted as,

$$w=\begin{bmatrix} r&d\end{bmatrix}^T$$,$$z=\begin{bmatrix} y_{u}&e\end{bmatrix}^T$$,and $$\bar{x}=\begin{bmatrix} x&x_{e}&x_{u}\end{bmatrix}^T$$ are the exogenous input and exogenous output respectively.

 * The system differential equations with augumented ststes and weight functions are,

\begin{align} \dot{\bar x}=\sum_{i=1}^{16} \mu_{i} (\bar A_{i}\bar x+\bar B1_{i}w+\bar B_{2}u)\\ z=C_{\bar x}+D11 w+D12 u \end{align}$$

where,

$$\bar A_{i}=\begin{bmatrix} \bar A_{i} &0&0&0\\ -C&0 &0\\0 &0&A_{u} \end{bmatrix}$$;

$$ \bar B_{1}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \bar E_{i}\\ -I_{4} & 0\\0 &0 \end{bmatrix}$$

$$ \bar B_{2}=\begin{bmatrix} \bar B_{i}\\ 0\\ B_{u}\end{bmatrix}$$

$$ C_{1}=\begin{bmatrix} 0& 0& C_{u}\\ C &0&0\end{bmatrix}$$

$$ D_{11}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 &0\\-I_{4}&0\end{bmatrix}$$

$$ D_{12}=\begin{bmatrix} D_{u}\\0\end{bmatrix}$$

Making the closed loop system,

$$dot{\bar x}=\sum_{i=1}^{16} \mu_{i} ((\bar A_{i}+\bar B_{2}ki)\bar x(t)+\bar B_{1}w)$$

LMI for H∞ optimal state-feedback
$$ X=X^T>0$$

$$\begin{bmatrix} He(\bar A_{i}X+\bar B_{2}Y_{i} &(*)^T &(*)^T\\ \bar B_{1i} ^T & -\gamma I&(*)^T \\ \bar C_{1i}X+D_{12}Y_{i}& \bar D_{11} &-\gamma I \end{bmatrix}<0 $$

$$He(\bar A_{i}X+\bar B_{2}Y_{i}+2\alpha X <0$$ ; i=1 to 16

By solving the LMI,the optimal H\inf state feed-back controller with the smallest attenuation level \gamma >0 for the attitude/altitude subsystem of the mass-varying quadcopter is $$K(\rho)=\sum_{i=1}^{16} \mu_{i} Y_{i} X^-1$$

Conclusion
This LMIs can be used to analyze the state feedback control and path tracking of a quadcopter.

Implementation
This LMI can be used in a problem and can be solved using the solvers like Yalmip,sedumi,gurobi etc,.


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LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Discrete Time/Polytopic Uncertainty/Open-Loop Robust Stability

The System
Consider the set of matrices $$\bold A = \{ \bold A _d ( \alpha ) \in\mathbb R^{n \times n} | \bold A _d ( \alpha ) = \Sigma^{n}_{i=1} \alpha \bold A _{d,i}, \bold A _{d,i}\in\mathbb R^{n \times n}, \alpha _i \in\mathbb R _{\geq 0} \},   \Sigma^{n}_{i=1} \alpha _{i} =1 \}$$,

The Data
The discrete-time LTI system $$\bold x _{k+1} = \bold A _d ( \alpha ) \bold x _{k+1}$$ is asymptotically stable for all $$ \bold A _d ( \alpha ) \in\mathbb  \bold A $$ if there exists $$\bold P \in\mathbb S^n $$ ,$$i = 1, ..., n $$, and $$\bold G \in\mathbb R^{ n \times n} $$ , where $$\bold P _i > 0 , i = 1 , ... , n $$, such that

$$\begin{bmatrix} \bold P _i & \bold P A ^T _{d,i} \bold G ^T \\
 * & \bold G + \bold G ^T - \bold P _i \end{bmatrix} < 0. $$, $$ i = 1 , ... , n $$

Implementation
This is used to get open-loop stability.

Related Links

 * LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Discrete Time/Transient Bound for Discrete-Time Non-Autonomous LTI Systems


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LMIs in Control/A Newton-like method for solving rank constrained linear matrix inequalities

Introduction
The rank constrained LMI problem is a natural as well as important generalization of this problem. It is a non-convex feasibility problem defined by LMI constraints together with an additional matrix rank constraint.

The system
Find x Rm such that F (x) := F0 + m i=1 xiFi 0, (1) G(x) := G0 + mi=1 xiGi 0, (2) rank G(x) ¡= r. Let Sn + = X Sn — X0 and, for each integer s, let Sn +(s) = X Sn — X0, rank(X) = s. De�fine Mr = SnF + × r s=0 SnG + (s) = (X, Y ) SnF × SnG —X0, Y 0, rank(Y )r and L = (X, Y ) SnF × SnG — (X, Y ) = (F (x), G(x)) for some x Rm. Problem 1 can be stated in the following equivalent form.

B(AX + XAT + 2X)BT I 0, CT(Y A + ATY + 2Y )CTT I 0, [ X I I Y ] I 0, rank ([ X I I Y ] I ) n + nc

Theorem 1.1
Sn +(s) is a connected smooth manifold of dimen- sion 1 2 s(2n s + 1). The tangent space of Sn +(s) at an element X is TXSn +(s) = X + XT — Rn×n

Theorem 1.2
Sn +(s) is a connected smooth manifold of dimen- sion 1 2 s(2n s + 1). The tangent space of Sn +(s) at an element X is TXSn +(s) = X + XT — Rn×n

Conclusion
Like all other algorithms that attempt to solve the rank constrained LMI problem, convergence from an arbitrary initial condition is not guaranteed. Though the convergence properties of the algorithm are not yet completely understood, as demonstrated by the experiments, the algorithm can be quite effective.

Reference
K.M. Grigoriadis et al. Low-order control design for LMI problems using alternating projection meth�ods Automatica (1996)


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Basics of fine-art photography/Realism, сreating works

Realism is a creative direction, whose supporters, drawing a parallel between art and reality, strive for maximum accuracy, displaying the surrounding world without idealizing it.

General information
Encyclopedic sources and literature on art history use the term to characterize artistic movements. Based on these data, one can classify realism as an aesthetic position based on mimesis.

Sometimes realism is contrasted to romanticism — a direction in art that preaches a poetic perception of the world, the romanticization of being.

Ways of implementation
If realism is about painting, literature, theater and cinema, why should fine-art photography be an exception? The author proves the truth of this thesis in practice. It is possible that the views of creative people from XXI century differ from the vision of the painters who worked 100 - 150 years ago, but realism, as before, exists.

How do you create a realistic photographic work worthy of adorning the walls of an exhibition hall? The root of the word in the title of this article suggests, that your work should not hide the shortcomings of the chosen object. In addition, it is necessary to remember about expressiveness and artistry, which is the difference between realism in photography and reportage genre, which is also intended to depict reality but serves a different purposes.

It is difficult to give specific advice on the choice of space for action. You should constantly be in a creative search: after creating a certain number of test works, review the material and, analyzing the plots, select the best. Chance plays a decisive role: no preparation of the subject should be carried out, otherwise the result of your work will be a staged photograph — the opposite of the concept of realism

As you carefully and thoughtfully contemplate the photo works made by the author of this textbook in different parts of the world, engage your imagination and try to transport yourself with by the power of thought to distant countries of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, where live a people who differ from us in appearance but are similar in their thoughts, actions, and judgments. These specimens will help you make up your mind by serving as practical material in addition to this educational article.


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Basics of fine-art photography/Photography of exotic (extraordinary) dishes

Photography exotic (extraordinary) food is a hybrid of two genres: food photography and travel photography.

Prerequisites of emergence
Food photography, in the classical sense, serves advertising purposes — a group of specialists, using studio effects (professional equipment, special lighting techniques, etc.), creates pictures of food for subsequent publication in magazines, posters, billboards, etc. In this case, the photographed objects are subjected to pre-processing, then exposure arrangement, which corresponds to the principles of staged photography.

Travel photography is a genre whose theme is the impressions of a traveler or tourist: the objects that he sees while moving along the chosen route, including dishes of traditional cuisine of overseas countries.

What this genre is?
Exotic food photography emerged by taking the theme of the first of the above genres and the methodology of the second.

On long intercontinental travels (however, as well as on standard tourist trips), there is no way to use a photo studio and carry with you bulky equipment. Work (shooting) in this subgenre involves the spontaneous action of a person who has arrived in a distant country, where many things differ from the usual realities, including dishes of Aboriginal, some of which at first can cause a slight shock.

Ways of implementation
Photo works are created in field conditions, spontaneously. Street sellers of exotic food do not always like the manifestation of attention to their product from a foreigner with a camera. For example, in Thailand, on Khaosan Road, where there are no less tourists than locals, vendors of fried scorpions put up a price tag, which indicates the cost of... providing the opportunity to photograph an unusual “product”. The reason is understandable: the number of those wishing to receive a memorable photo significantly outnumbers the number of gourmets.

Taking into account the above, we can conclude, that possibile two options:

 * 1) Act quickly and swiftly. When you spot an object of interest, point the lens, press the button on the move and continue on your way. Forget about manual settings: you will have to use the camera's auto mode.  In this case, the result of your work may lag behind in quality, but will look more realistic, intersecting with a straight (pure) photography.
 * 2) Combining pleasant with the useful, buy a cockroach or a worm for tasting, which will allow you to capture the subject in the right perspective, by choosing the right lighting angle. In addition, in the eyes of the seller, you will acquire the status of a benefactor, increasing (with your symbolic "penny") his daily earnings. As a result, it is possible that he will allow you to take a picture of the cooking process without charging you extra for it. In this case, the photo will be classified as staged.

Carefully consider the photographs of the author of the textbook, in particular, the countries where they were taken.

Wikisource
Viktor Pinchuk "Very tasty... spider!"


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User:Princess Marceline

Hello World!

title: User:Princess Marceline