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Cookbook:Raspberry Scones

These raspberry scones are adapted from a recipe in page 24 of March 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * 2¼ cups (300 g/11 oz) self-rising flour, plus extra for dusting
 * ¼ cup (55 g) superfine sugar
 * ¼ teaspoon salt
 * ½ cup (125 ml/4.2 US fl oz) plus 2 teaspoons pink lemonade
 * ⅔ cup (160 ml) heavy cream, plus extra to serve (optional)
 * 1¼ cups (100 g) frozen raspberries
 * Whipped cream (optional)
 * Raspberry jam, to serve (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Sift the flour, sugar, and salt into a mixing bowl.
 * 2) Mix ½ cup (125 ml) lemonade and ½ cup (125 ml) heavy cream in a jug.
 * 3) Pour the liquid into the dry ingredients.
 * 4) Mix together using a dull knife to form a soft, crumbly dough.
 * 5) Preheat the oven to 220 C. Dust a baking sheet with flour.
 * 6) Turn the dough onto a floured surface.
 * 7) Scatter the frozen raspberries over the dough, and lightly knead until evenly combined.
 * 8) Using your hand or a rolling pin, roll out or pat the dough to a thickness of 3 cm (1.2 in) thick.
 * 9) Cut out 8 scones using a floured 5 cm round cookie cutter.
 * 10) Transfer the scones to the prepared baking sheet.
 * 11) Mix the remaining cream with remaining lemonade in another bowl to loosen. Brush the scones with this glaze.
 * 12) Bake for 12–14 minutes until lightly browned.
 * 13) Take the scones out of the oven and cool for 5 minutes on the sheet.
 * 14) Serve with the whipped cream and jam, if you like.

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Pokémon Red and Blue/Pokémon Tower

Celadon City
With Team Rocket now gone, you can turn your attention to the Silph Scope you received. This item allows you to see and fight the Ghost Pokémon in Pokémon Tower. That will be our next stop; however, don’t head back down Route 7 just yet. Leave Celadon City from the west instead.

Route 16
A giant Snorlax blocks the road here too, but don’t pay attention to it. Shortly before it you will see a Cut tree. Demolish it and head through the building to the small house at the back. Inside a woman will give you HM 02 (Fly), one of the most useful moves in the game. If you teach it to one of your Pokémon, you will then be able to use it outside of battle to teleport to any city you have already visited on foot. If you don’t have a Pokémon that can use it, you can catch a Doduo in the tall grass nearby. Fly back to Lavender Town.

Lavender Town
Once you arrive, stop by the Poké Mart and pick up a couple of Max Repels if you like. Then head straight for Pokémon Tower.

Pokémon Tower
This circular area has seven floors; the first is merely a lobby. You will need to climb all the way to the top. The ground floor staircase is to the east, at the 3 o’clock position.

Second Floor
As you enter this floor, you will encounter your rival. As usual, he will challenge you to a battle. His team is more varied at this point.

Boss — Rival

If you chose Squirtle at the beginning of the game:

 * Level 25 Pidgeotto
 * Level 23 Gyarados
 * Level 23 Growlithe
 * Level 20 Kadabra
 * Level 25 Ivysaur

If you choose Bulbasaur at the beginning of the game:

 * Level 25 Pidgeotto
 * Level 23 Exeggcute
 * Level 22 Gyarados
 * Level 20 Kadabra
 * Level 25 Charmeleon

If you chose Charmander at the beginning of the game:

 * Level 25 Pidgeotto
 * Level 23 Growlithe
 * Level 22 Exeggcute
 * Level 20 Kadabra
 * Level 20 Wartortle

After you defat your rival, head west then south to reach the stairs to the next floor.

Third Floor
From here on you will start encountering wild Ghost-types. If you tried to climb this tower without the Silph Scope, you would be unable to harm (or even identify) the Pokémon here. First, head east and north past an enemy Trainer to reach an Escape Rope. Head east and south from the stairs, then you have three paths to take. Two of them contain an enemy Trainer. All three paths meet at the stairs to the next floor.

Fourth Floor
The maze gets even more complicated. In the southwest corner of this “room” you will find an Elixir. Take the bottom of the two paths to the west and you will pass an Awakening. If you go due south from there, past an enemy Trainer, you will find an HP Up. Then go northwest to find another enemy Trainer and the stairs. (If you were to take the top of the two paths, you would find a path straight to the stairs without encountering any enemy Trainers or items.)

Fifth Floor
Follow the path to the east. You will see a room to the north; it contains an enemy Trainer and nothing else. Soon you will see a square area containing sixteen small squares. If you step onto this mat, your Pokémon will be fully healed, just as if you visited a Pokémon Center. East of the mat is an enemy Trainer blocking a direct path to the stairs. If you go west from the mat and follow the path, you will pass an enemy Trainer and another side room to the south. Unlike the last one, this room contains a valuable Nugget in addition to an enemy Trainer.

Sixth Floor
You’re almost at the top here. Head south past an enemy Trainer to find an X Accuracy tucked away in a nook. Follow the path north past two enemy Trainers to find an item ball blocking your way; it is a Rare Candy.

If you keep following the path from here you will find a last set of stairs; however, something will be standing in your way. There is a hardcoded encounter with an enemy Level 30 Marowak here. If you came here early (before getting the Silph Scope), you would be unable to defeat this Pokémon and could not proceed to the top floor. Interestingly, this Pokémon is not considered wild because it cannot be caught. You can throw all the Poké Balls you want at it; it will dodge each and every one (even a Master Ball, were you to have any). Just defeat it and move on.

Seventh Floor
Here you will find a straight hall containing three Rockets. Defeat all of them and talk to the man at the end, who turns out to be the missing Mr. Fuji. He will explain the strange Marowak downstairs as the ghost of a mother Pokémon that was apparently killed by Team Rocket. He will then give you the Poké Flute. This item can be used to immediately wake any sleeping Pokémon; you can get rid of those Awakenings now. Even more usefully, this is the only thing that is able to wake those sleeping Snorlax that were blocking your way earlier.

title: Pokémon Red and Blue/Pokémon Tower


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Cherokee/Classification

Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, the sole extant member of the Southern Iroquoian branch. The Northern Iroquoian branch consists of the languages of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee, historically known by the exonym “Iroquois.” These consist of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. Of the Iroquoian languages, Mohawk has the most speakers, at around 3,500. Cherokee has the second highest number of speakers, at around 2,000. The other Iroquoian languages are severely endangered, and Cherokee and Mohawk also unfortunately face a moribund trajectory unless revitalization efforts are successful.

Within Cherokee, there are two extant dialects, the North Carolina (Middle, or Kituwah) and Oklahoma (Overhill, or Western) dialects. There was historically a third dialect, the Lower dialect, spoken near the South Carolina-Georgia border, but it is now extinct.

title: Cherokee/Classification


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Cherokee/History

The Cherokee most likely arrived in present-day Tennessee, the Carolinas, Alabama, and Georgia 3,000 years ago from the Great Lakes region, isolating themselves from the rest of the Haudenosaunee. During the Trail of Tears, most of the Cherokee (16,000) were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) from1836 to 1839, along with their slaves, resulting in around 4,000 (likely more) deaths. Other Native American groups were also relocated during this time. Today, the Cherokee Nation is one of the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee, located on nearly 7,000 square miles of land in northeastern Oklahoma, the capital being Tahlequah. The other two tribes are the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, also headquartered in Tahlequah, and the Eastern band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), located in western North Carolina.

The residential school system in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Canada caused many indigenous children to lose their mother tongue, as teachers discouraged and even punished students for speaking any language but English. The Cherokee were no exception. For example, the Cherokee Boarding School in Cherokee, North Carolina operated from 1890 to 1954. Some elders today (and certainly many in their parents’ generation) were former students at such boarding schools. As the school system instilled a sense of shame for speaking Cherokee, many elders refrained from passing down the language to their children, instead raising them speaking English.

title: Cherokee/History


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Cherokee/Revitalization

Since 2001, the Cherokee Nation has operated the Cherokee Immersion School in Park Hill, Oklahoma, serving grades K-8. The EBCI also runs a K-6 immersion school since 2004, the New Kituwah Academy. Beyond these immersion schools, language classes for adults exist, as well as master-apprentice programs that pair beginning learners with fluent speakers.

Unfortunately, the generation gap—referring to the current parents’ generation who did not grow up speaking Cherokee—makes it difficult for children to use Cherokee on a daily basis outside of school. Adult learners also have significant trouble achieving proficiency in Cherokee due to the lack of good resources in language classes.

title: Cherokee/Revitalization


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Cherokee/Dictionary

=Key=

Lexical Indications

 * [A]: Set A verb.
 * [A-ga]: Set A verb that takes ga- instead of a- for the third person singular subject.
 * A-: Set A noun, a lexical feature commonly used to denote humans. The entry is a noun, listed as its root, with "A-" preceding to indicate that a Set A pronominal prefix always precedes the root. Coincidentally, the 3rd person singular (he/she/it) Set A prefix (for such nouns) is a-. (Thus I thought it was ingenious to use the notation "A-".)
 * [B]: Set B verb.
 * [D]: Verb takes the distributive prefix lexically. For the PRC, INC, and CMP stems, the form deex́- or its variants are used. For DVN, di- or its variants are used. For IMM, deex́- is used for past and future tenses; for commands di- is used instead.
 * [INC, IMM, CMP, DVN]: For verbs, the 4 stems in addition to the present continuous (PRC) stem used as citation form, namely the incompletive, immediate, completive, and deverbal noun stems.
 * s.o.: Someone (animate object).
 * s.th.: Something (inanimate object).

Parts of Speech

 * adj.: Adjective.
 * vi.: Intransitive verb.
 * vt.: Transitive verb.
 * n.: Noun.

Floating Tones and Length

 * -x́: Previous syllable takes high tone. ( is a placeholder.)
 * x́-: Following syllable takes high tone.
 * -xx: Previous syllable gets lengthened.

Miscellaneous

 * NA: Not applicable.

=Dictionary=

A

 * -alisdáayvvhvsg- [-alisdáayvvhvsg-, -alisdàyvvhvga, -alisdáayvvhn-, -alisdàyvhd-]: vi. [A] eat a meal

Ch

 * A-chũja ᎠᏧᏣ: n. boy

D

 * doosvv́dáqli ᏙᏒᏓᎵ: n. ant
 * possibly derived noun

E

 * eeloóhi ᎡᎶᎯ: n. Earth, world

G

 * gaáda ᎦᏓ: n. (1) soil, dirt; (2) land
 * gansda ᎦᎾᏍᏓ: n. stick
 * ganvvnoowa ᎦᏅᏃᏩ: n. pipe
 * -gíqa [-gíisg-, -ga, -g-, -gísd-]: vt. eat s.th. (neutral/solid object)
 * guule ᎫᎴ: n. acorn

H

 * -ha [-h-, -héésti, -h-, NA]: vt. [B] have s.th. (neutral/solid object)
 * 3SG exceptional form: uúha (tone unexpected)

J

 * -xxjayoohíha [-xxjayoohih-, -xxjayoóha, -xxjayoohl-, -xxjayoost-]: vt. [A-ga] (1) prick s.th./s.o.; (2) give s.o. an injection
 * IMM stem ends in -yoóha for inanimate object but -yoqa for animate object. H/Q alternation expected, tone/length change probably linked thereto.
 * joólani ᏦᎳᏂ: n. window

K

 * kamaama ᎧᎹᎹ: n. (1) butterfly; (2) elephant

L

 * -loónéqa [-loónéesg-, -loóna, -loónéq-, -loónéed-]: vt. [A-ga] oil s.th.
 * -lvv́gwóhdi [-lvv́gwóhd-, -lvvgwohda, -lvv́gwóhd-, -lvv́gwóhdohd-]: vt. [B] like s.th./s.o.
 * [D]-lvv́hwísdàneha [-lvv́hwísdàneeh-, see note, lvv́hwísdàneel-, lvv́hwísdànehd-]: vi. [B] work
 * CED cites IMM (with distributive prefix, in command form) as diijálv́v́hwiisdàsi. This is the only IMM stem in any dictionary cited with a long vowel in the di- prefix, i.e. dii-. Should be elicited to confirm.

N

 * nokwsi ᏃᏈᏏ: n. star
 * nuúna ᏄᎾ: n. potato
 * nvvwóoti ᏅᏬᏘ: n. medicine

O

 * -oolihga [-oolihg-, -ooligi, -oolihj-, -oolihísd-]: vt. [A-ga] (1) understand s.th.; (2) recognize s.o.

Q

 * -x́qluhga [-x́qluhg-, -qluhgi, -qlúhj-, -qlúhísd-]: vi. [A-ga] arrive

S

 * seélu ᏎᎷ: n. corn

T

 * tuúya ᏚᏯ: n. bean

U

 * uuwáqni ᎤᏩᏂ: n. wool

V

 * vvdali ᎥᏓᎵ: n. pond, lake

W

 * weésa ᏪᏌ: n. cat

Y

 * -xxyeewisga [-xxyeewisg-, -xxyeéwa, -xxyeewis-, -xxyeewist-]: vt. [A-ga] sew s.th.

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Supplementary mathematics/Spatial geometry

Spatial geometry refers to Euclidean geometry in three-dimensional space. A space where height exists apart from length and width. Spatial geometry requires a lot of imagination. The whole world around us is three-dimensional and spatial. Any volume you know should have its properties calculated in the subject of spatial geometry. Shapes such as spheres, cones and cylinders are of this category. Spatial geometry includes three-dimensional spatial items (length, width, height).

Such as: area, volume, geometric volumes, polyhedra, conic section, three-dimensional space, spherical geometry, spherical coordinates, cylindrical coordinates and...

History
The history of spatial geometry dates back to ancient Greece, the Pythagoreans dealt with regular solids, but the pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus measured them and proved that the pyramid and the cone are one-third the volume of a prism and a cylinder on the same base and the same height. He probably also discovered the proof that the volume enclosed by a sphere is proportional to the cube of its radius.

area and volume
Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object is called volume. The volume unit is equal to the cubic unit. Volume is a quantity of three-dimensional space that is limited by a specific boundary, for example, it is the space occupied by a substance (solid, gas, liquid, plasma) or its shape. Volume is a sub-unit of SI, which is the unit It is meter to the power of 3 (cubic meter). The volume of a container is equal to the volume of the liquid that fills it. To calculate the volume of certain 3D shapes, there are specific relationships that are simple relationships for simple shapes with geometric regularity. For complex shapes that do not have a simple relationship to calculate the volume, the volume can be obtained from integral methods. The volume of one-dimensional shapes, such as a line, or two-dimensional shapes, such as a plane, is zero.

Area: It is a type of quantity that calculates the surface area of three-dimensional objects and the internal value of two-dimensional objects. The area unit is equal to the square unit. Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of an area on a plane or on a curved surface. slow The area of the plane region or "plane area" refers to the area of a planar layer or layer, while "surface area" refers to the area of an open surface or boundary of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material of a given thickness required to form a model of a shape, or the amount of paint required to cover a surface with a layer. This two-dimensional analog is the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).

Geometric volumes and non-geometric volumes
Non-geometric volumes are complex volumes whose volumes are hard to obtain. But their area can be obtained, but it is a bit complicated. To obtain non-geometric volumes, we first pour water in a beaker. After we fill it with water and measure the amount of liters, we drop the non-geometric object into water with this The water rises, then we subtract the amount of water that has risen with a non-geometric volume by the amount of water that was determined before, and then we measure and write its volume.

"Geometric volumes" = geometric volumes are objects for which we can write surface and volume formulas. We can find the volume of those geometric objects by pattern-finding method by analyzing and measuring the volume of the corresponding components. And by summarizing and formulating it, we can get the formula of its volume. To find its area, we first calculate the area of its components by analyzing and drawing the shape in a continuous and discrete way, and write its formula by analysis.

Example = sphere, pyramid, prism, polyhedron, cylinder, cone and cube, tetrahedron, parallelogram

definition of prism, sphere, pyramid, polyhedron
"Definition of Prism": A prism is a volume that has two bases, lateral faces, vertices and edges. The faces of a prism are rectangular and the number of its faces is equal to the number of sides of its base, the number of its vertices is twice as many as the faces and The number of edges is three times the face of the prism. The faces of the pyramid are obtained by the formula n+2, because the number of faces of the prism hub is always two more than the side face, because the other two faces are the base of the prism. In geometry, a prism is a polyhedron with a base of n- side, transferred base polygon (in another plane) and n other faces which are necessarily all parallelograms and connect the corresponding vertices of two n-gons. All cross sections parallel to the base are the same. Prisms are named according to the number of their base sides; So, for example, a prism with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism. The definition of a prism to a pyramid is that a prism is the same as a pyramid, but its apex is at infinity.

Definition of a pyramid: A pyramid is a volume whose faces intersect at a point and whose faces are triangular with a base. The number of edges of the pyramid is twice the number of the sides of the base. In fact, a pyramid is a three-dimensional shape that is formed by connecting a point in space to all closed points on the plane. That point is called the top of the pyramid and that flat shape is called the base of the pyramid. The base of the pyramid is an arbitrary polygon and the other faces are equilateral triangles that connect to each other at the vertex. The vertical line that connects the vertex to the base is called the height of the pyramid. Among the most famous structures in the world in the form of a pyramid, we can mention the Egyptian triple pyramids.

"Definition of a sphere": A sphere is a perfectly round geometric object in three-dimensional space. For example, a ball is a sphere. A sphere, like a circle in two dimensions, is perfectly symmetrical around a point in three-dimensional space. All points on the surface of the sphere are at the same distance from the center of the sphere. The distance of these points from the center of the sphere is called the radius of the sphere and is represented by the letter "r". The longest distance from both sides of the sphere (which passes through the sphere) is called the diameter of the sphere. The diameter of the sphere also passes through its center and therefore its size is twice the radius. A sphere is a set of points in space that has a circular base and radius, which is a regular polyhedron. The sphere is the result of the period of a semicircle and a circle around the diameter, which rotates 180 degrees in a circle and 360 degrees in a semicircle. We divide the faces of the sphere into several degrees based on the division of its area, which is 360 degrees.

Polyhedron Definition: A polyhedron is a solid geometric object in three-dimensional space that has smooth faces (each face in one plane) and sides or edges located on a straight line. So far, no single definition has been provided for it. A tetrahedron is a type of pyramid and a cube is an example of a hexagon. A polyhedron can be convex or non-convex. Polyhedrons such as pyramids and prisms can be made by extruding two-dimensional polygons. There can only be a finite number of convex polyhedra with regular faces and equiangular shapes, including Platonic solids and Archimedean solids. Some Archimedean solids can be made by cutting the top pyramid of Platonic solids. Due to the simplicity of construction, polyhedra are used in most architectural works such as geodesic domes and pyramids. Recently, due to the use of shapes, interest in multifaceted surfaces has increased. Some compact molecules and atoms, especially crystalline structures and Platonic hydrocarbons, as well as some radials have a shape similar to Platonic solids. Platonic solids are also used in making dice. Polyhedra have different characteristics and types and are placed in different symmetry groups. Other polyhedra can be created by operations on any polyhedra. Some of them have relationships with each other. Polyhedra have been of interest since the Stone Age. The sphere is also considered as a family of polyhedra. Cube, tetrahedron, parallelogram are geometric volumes that are also considered polyhedra.

conic section
In mathematics, a conic section (or simply a conic, sometimes called a quadratic curve) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane. Three types of conic sections are hyperbola, parabola and ellipse. The circle is a special case of the ellipse, although historically it is sometimes called the fourth type. Ancient Greek mathematicians studied conic sections, culminating in Apollonius Perga's systematic work on their properties around 200 BC.

3D space
In mathematics, "3D space" is a vector space with three dimensions and a geometric model of the physical world in which we live. The three dimensions are commonly known as length, width, and height (or depth), although this naming is optional.

Spherical geometry
Spherical geometry is the branch of geometry that deals with the two-dimensional surface of a sphere. This is an example of geometry unrelated to Euclidean geometry. The practical application of spherical geometry is in the field of aviation and astronomy. In Euclidean geometry, straight lines and points are the main concepts. In Korea, dots are defined in their usual meaning. In Euclidean geometry, lines do not mean a straight line, but in the concept of the shortest distance between two points, a straight line is proposed, which is called a geodesic. On a sphere, geodesics are great circles. Other geometric concepts are defined on the page, except that a straight line is used instead of a great circle. Therefore, in spherical geometry, angles are defined between great circles, and as a result, spherical trigonometry is different from ordinary trigonometry in many ways. For example: the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is more than 180 degrees. Spherical geometry is not elliptic (Riemannian) geometry, but this feature that a line from a point cannot have a line parallel to it is common to both. In isometrics of spherical geometry with Euclidean geometry, the line from a point has a line parallel to itself, and in isometry with hyperbolic geometry, the line from a point has two lines parallel to itself and infinity. Concepts of spherical geometry may be applied to the spindle sphere, although slight modifications must be made to certain formulas.

spherical coordinates
In mathematics, spherical coordinates are for three-dimensional space, in which the position of a point is determined by three numbers: the "radial distance" of that point from a fixed origin, "its polar angle measured from a direction," the apex fixed, and its orthogonal "orthogonal" angle on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the vertex, is measured from a fixed reference direction in that plane. It can be seen as a three-dimensional version of the polar coordinate system.

The use of symbols and the order of coordinates are different in sources and disciplines. This paper uses the ISO convention often encountered in physics: it shows the radial distance, the polar angle, and the azimuth angle. In many math books, the radial distance shows the azimuthal angle and the polar angle and changes the meanings of "θ" and "φ". Other conventions are used, such as ``r for the radius from the ``z axis, so great care must be taken to check the meaning of the symbols.

According to the conventions of geographic coordinate systems, positions are measured by longitude and latitude and altitude (elevation). There are a number of celestial coordinate systems based on different base planes and with different terminology for different coordinates. Spherical coordinate systems used in mathematics usually use radians instead of degrees and measure the azimuthal angle counterclockwise from the x-axis to the y-axis rather than clockwise from north (0 degrees) to east. (90 degrees) like the horizontal coordinate system. . The polar angle is often replaced by the elevation angle measured from the reference plane, so that the zero elevation angle is at the horizon.

The spherical coordinate system is a generalization of the two-dimensional polar coordinate system. It can also be extended to higher dimensional spaces and then it is called a hyperspherical coordinate system.

cylindrical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinate is a type of orthogonal coordinate in which a point is considered in space on the base of a cylinder. The location of that point is expressed based on the radius and height of the cylinder (r and z) and the angle that the radius of the base passing through that point makes with the x axis (θ). This device, in two-dimensional mode, is converted to polar coordinates by removing z. In physics and especially in the topics of electromagnetics and telecommunications, instead of r, θ, z, the letters ρ, φ, z are used respectively.


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Supplementary mathematics/Differential geometry

Differential geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise called smooth manifolds. It uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multi-linear algebra. This field has its roots in the study of spherical geometry since ancient times. It is also related to astronomy, geodesy of the earth and later the study of hyperbolic geometry by Lobachevsky. The simplest examples of flat spaces are curves and plane surfaces in Euclidean three-dimensional space, and the study of these forms was the basis for the development of modern differential geometry during the 18th and 19th centuries. A triangle immersed in a saddle-shaped plane (a hyperbolic parabola), as well as two divergent hyperparallel lines. Since the late 19th century, differential geometry has evolved into a field generally concerned with geometric constructions on differentiable manifolds. A geometric structure is a structure that defines a concept of size, distance, shape, volume, or other rigid structure. For example, in Riemannian geometry distances and angles are specified, in symplectic geometry volumes may be calculated, in isomorphic geometry only angles are specified, and in gauge theory certain fields are given on space. Differential geometry is closely related to, and sometimes includes, differential topology, which concerns properties of differentiable manifolds that do not rely on any additional geometric structure (see that article for further discussion of the distinction between the two ). Differential geometry is also related to the geometric aspects of the theory of differential equations, which is also called geometric analysis. Differential geometry is used throughout mathematics and the natural sciences. The language of differential geometry was further used by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity and subsequently by physicists in the development of quantum field theory and the Standard Model of particle physics. Outside of physics, differential geometry is used in chemistry, economics, engineering, control theory, computer graphics and computer vision, and more recently in machine learning.


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Supplementary mathematics/Area and volume

Area and volume is a topic of spatial geometry that deals with the properties, characteristics, application and calculation of volume and area of three-dimensional geometric volumes. Three-dimensional volumes are objects that have three dimensions (length, width, height).

Rotation, sections, cuts, three-dimensional drawing, extensive drawing of volumes, enclosure, volume and area are important elements of this topic.

Geometric volumes are divided into two categories:

 * 1) Geometric volumes such as prisms, spheres, pyramids, etc.
 * 2) Non-geometric volumes

Definition of area and volume
Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object is called volume. The volume unit is equal to the cubic unit. Volume is a quantity of three-dimensional space that is limited by a specific boundary, for example, it is the space occupied by a substance (solid, gas, liquid, plasma) or its shape. Volume is a sub-unit of SI, which is the unit It is meter to the power of 3 (cubic meter). The volume of a container is equal to the volume of the liquid that fills it. To calculate the volume of certain 3D shapes, there are specific relationships that are simple relationships for simple shapes with geometric regularity. For complex shapes that do not have a simple relationship to calculate the volume, the volume can be obtained from integral methods. The volume of one-dimensional shapes, such as a line, or two-dimensional shapes, such as a plane, is zero.

Area: It is a type of quantity that calculates the surface value of three-dimensional objects and the internal value of two-dimensional objects. The area unit is equal to the square unit. Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of an area on a plane or on a curved surface. The area of the plane region or "plane area" refers to the area of a planar layer or layer, while "surface area" refers to the area of an open surface or boundary of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material of a given thickness required to form a model of a shape, or the amount of paint required to cover a surface with a layer. This two-dimensional analog is the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).

Definition of geometric and non-geometric volumes
Non-geometric volumes=Non-geometric volumes are complex volumes whose volumes are hard to obtain. But their area can be obtained, but it is a bit complicated. To obtain non-geometric volumes, we first pour water in a beaker. After we fill it with water and measure the amount of liters, we drop the non-geometric object into water with this The water rises, then we subtract the amount of water that has risen with a non-geometric volume by the amount of water that was determined before, and then we measure and write its volume.

Geometric volumes= geometric volumes are objects for which we can write surface and volume formulas. We can find the volume of those geometric objects by pattern-finding method by analyzing and measuring the volume of the corresponding components. And by summarizing and formulating it, we can get the formula of its volume. To find its area, we first calculate the area of its components by analyzing and drawing the shape in a continuous and discrete way, and write its formula by analysis."Examples = sphere, pyramid, prism, polyhedron, cylinder, cone and cube, tetrahedron, parallelogram"

Notes on geometric volumes
Note 1: A regular polyhedron (hexahedral) cube has a square face that has two square bases, so the cube is a regular prism-polyhedron volume.

Note 2: A tetrahedron is a pyramid and a polyhedron with the base and sides of an equilateral triangle. So, a tetrahedron is considered a pyramid-polyhedral volume and a kind of Platonic solid.

Point 3: A parallelogram is a prismatic volume with a lateral face and is a hexagon with parallel faces. Therefore, a parallelogram is a prismatic-polyhedral volume.

Definition of prism, sphere and pyramid
Definition of a prism: A prism is a volume that has two bases, lateral faces, vertices and edges. The faces of the prism are rectangular and the number of faces is equal to the number of sides of the base, the number of vertices is twice as many as the faces and the number of edges is three times the faces of the prism. The faces of the pyramid are obtained by the formula n+2, because the number of faces of the prism hub is always two more than the side faces, because the other two faces are the base of the prism. in another plane) and n other faces that are necessarily all parallelograms and connect the corresponding vertices of two n-gons. All cross sections parallel to the base are the same. Prisms are named according to the number of their base sides; So, for example, a prism with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism. The definition of a prism to a pyramid is that a prism is the same as a pyramid, but its apex is at infinity.

Definition of a pyramid: A pyramid is a volume whose faces intersect at a point, and whose faces are triangular in shape with a base. The number of sides is the base. In fact, a pyramid is a three-dimensional shape that is created by connecting a point in space to all closed shape points on the plane. That point is called the top of the pyramid and that flat shape is called the base of the pyramid. The base of the pyramid is an arbitrary polygon and the other faces are equilateral triangles that connect to each other at the vertex. The vertical line that connects the vertex to the base is called the height of the pyramid. Among the most famous structures in the world in the form of a pyramid, we can mention the Egyptian triple pyramids.

Definition of a sphere: A sphere is a completely round geometric object in three-dimensional space. For example, a ball is a sphere. A sphere, like a circle in two dimensions, is perfectly symmetrical around a point in three-dimensional space. All points on the surface of the sphere are at the same distance from the center of the sphere. The distance of these points from the center of the sphere is called the radius of the sphere and is represented by the letter r. The longest distance from both sides of the sphere (which passes through the sphere) is called the diameter of the sphere. The diameter of the sphere also passes through its center and therefore its size is twice the radius. A sphere is a set of points in space that has a circular base and radius, which is a regular polyhedron. The sphere is the result of the period of a semicircle and a circle around the diameter, which rotates 180 degrees in a circle and 360 degrees in a semicircle. We divide the faces of the sphere into several degrees based on the division of its area, which is 360 degrees.

Definition of cylinder, cone and polyhedron
Definition of a cylinder: A cylinder is a prismatic volume whose base is circular. In geometry, a cylinder is a spatial curved base whose surface is formed by a set of points. The edges of a cylinder are uncertain because its base is circular. is, it can be said that the side face, face, vertex, edge of the cylinder are 3n, 2n, n+2, n in order. The cylinder in differential geometry is drawn as a surface whose generator is a set of parallel lines. The definition of the cylinder in the cone of this The cylinder is the same as the cone, but its apex is at infinity. The cylinder is the result of the rotation of a rectangle around one of its sides (length, width) equal to 360 degrees.

Definition of a cone: A cone is a pyramidal volume whose base is circular, a cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that slowly or quickly (depends on the base surface and height) from its flat base (cone cross-section) to the top. It narrows. More specifically, it is a solid shape bounded by a base plane (cone cross-section), and its lateral surface is the locus of straight lines connecting the tip of the cone to points around the base (cross-section). The word cone is sometimes referred to the top of this solid body and sometimes only to its lateral surface. Cones can be upright or slanted. It is necessary to mention that the volume of an oblique cone with a certain cross-sectional area and a certain height is equal to the volume of a right cone with the same area and a certain height. The cone resulting from the rotation of a right triangle around one of its adjacent sides is 360 degrees.

Definition of Polyhedron: A polyhedron is a solid geometric object in three-dimensional space that has flat faces (each face in one plane) and sides or edges located on a straight line. So far, no single definition has been provided for it. A tetrahedron is a type of pyramid and a cube is an example of a hexagon. A polyhedron can be convex or non-convex. Polyhedrons such as pyramids and prisms can be made by extruding two-dimensional polygons. There can only be a finite number of convex polyhedra with regular faces and equiangular shapes, including Platonic solids and Archimedean solids. Some Archimedean solids can be made by cutting the top pyramid of Platonic solids. Due to the simplicity of construction, polyhedra are used in most architectural works such as geodesic domes and pyramids. Recently, due to the use of shapes, interest in multifaceted surfaces has increased. Some compact molecules and atoms, especially crystalline structures and Platonic hydrocarbons, as well as some radials have a shape similar to Platonic solids. Platonic solids are also used in making dice. Polyhedra have different characteristics and types and are placed in different symmetry groups. Other polyhedra can be created by operations on any polyhedra. Some of them have relationships with each other. Polyhedra have been of interest since the Stone Age. The sphere is also considered as a family of polyhedra. Cube, tetrahedron, parallelogram are geometric volumes that are also considered polyhedra.

area and volume of geometric shapes
Cube volume:$$V=a^3\;$$

Area of the cube:$$V=6a^2\;$$

Tetrahedron volume:$V={\sqrt{2}\over12}a^3 \,$

Tetrahedron Area:$$V={\sqrt{3}a^2 \,}$$

Volume of a regular octahedron:

$$V=\frac{2}{3}a^3$$

Area of a regular octahedron:

$$V={2a^2\sqrt{3} \,}$$

Volume of a rectangular cube: ${V=abc}$

Area of a rectangular cube: $A=2ab+2ac+2cb$

The volume of the prism: $$V=S h$$

The volume of a prism with a polygonal base:$$V = \frac{n}{4}ha^2 \cot\frac{\pi}{n}$$

The Area of a prism with a polygonal base:$$A= \frac{n}{2} a^2 \cot{\frac{\pi}{n}} + n a h$$

cylinder volume: $${\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}h}$$

cylinder Side area: $$A=\ Ph+2S$$

cylinder Area: $$A=2\pi r (r + h)\,\!$$

The volume of the pyramid: $$V={\displaystyle{\frac {1}{3}}Sh}$$

The volume of the cone: $$V=\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h$$

The Area of the pyramid: $$B+\frac{P L}{2}\,\!$$

The Area of the cone: $$\pi r (r + l) \,\!$$

volume of sphere: $$V=\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 $$

Area of sphere: $$4\pi r^2\ \text{or}\ \pi d^2\,\!$$

volume of Spherical: $${4 \over 3} \pi r^2h$$

volume of Ovalcal: $${4 \over 3} \pi abc$$

Area of Spherical=$${A =4 \pi ab}$$

Area of Ovalcal=:$$ A= 2\pi a^2\left(1 + \frac{c}{ae} \arcsin e\right) $$

The volume of the incomplete pyramid:$$V = \tfrac{1}{3} h \left(a^2 + a b +b^2\right).$$

The area of the incomplete pyramid:$$A= \frac{n}{4}\left[\left(a_1^2+a_2^2\right)\cot \frac{\pi}{n} + \sqrt{\left(a_1^2-a_2^2\right)^2\sec^2 \frac{\pi}{n}+4 h^2\left(a_1+a_2\right)^2} \right]$$

The volume of the incomplete cone:$${\displaystyle V={\tfrac {\pi }{3}}h\left(r^{2}+rr'+r'^{2}\right).}$$

Area of incomplete cone:$${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Total surface area}}&=\\&=\pi \left(\left(r_{1}+r_{2}\right){\sqrt {\left(r_{1}-r_{2}\right)^{2}+h^{2}}}+r_{1}^{2}+r_{2}^{2}\right)\end{aligned}}}$$

Torus volume:$$V = 2 \pi^2 R r^2 = \left( \pi r^2 \right) \left( 2\pi R \right). \,$$

Torus area:$$A = 4 \pi^2 R r = \left( 2\pi r \right) \left( 2 \pi R \right) \,$$

The Volume of the parallelogram:$$V=a b c \sqrt{K}$$

The area of the parallelogram:$$2{(ah+bh'+ch'')}$$

Area of a regular polyhedron:

$$A = n(\tfrac14n'a^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{n'})$$

Volume of polyhedral solids:$$ \frac{1}{3} \left| \sum_F (Q_F \cdot N_F) \operatorname{Area}(F) \right|, $$

SA:V ratio of geometric volumes
The ratio of surface area to volume or the ratio of surface to volume, which is indicated by different signs such as sa/vol and SA:V ; It is the amount of surface area per volume unit of an object or a set of objects. In chemical reactions where a solid substance is involved, the surface-to-volume ratio is an important factor that indicates that chemical reactions are taking place. The surface-to-volume ratio or SA:V is a formula that is the ratio of volume to total surface area, and its values are in Geometric volumes are different. The SA:V ratio depends on the size of the radius or the size of the geometric volume.

proportion V/S geometric objects
Ratio of V/Scube:$$\frac{a}{6}$$

Tetrahedral V/S ratio: $$\frac{{\sqrt {2} \over 12}a^{3} }{2a^2\sqrt {3}}$$

V/S ratio: $$\frac{Sh}{Ph+2s}$$

V/S ratio of cylinder: $$\frac{\pi r^2h}{2\pi r^2+2\pi rh}$$

V/S ratio of the pyramid: $$\frac{\frac{1}{3}Sh}{\frac{N}{2}Bh+S}$$

Cone V/S ratio:$$\frac{\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2h}{\pi r^2+\pi rL}$$

The ratio V/S sphere=$$\frac{r}{3}$$

SA:V for regular balls and N next
A ball is a three-dimensional object in the shape of a sphere (in this topic, most of the area (area) on the sphere is desired, not the volume inside it). Balls can exist in as many dimensions as needed and are generally called n-dimensional balls, where n is the number of dimensions of the ball. For a typical three-dimensional ball, SA:V can be calculated using the standard equation for area and volume; where the area $$ is S=4\pi r^2$$ and the volume $$ is V=(4/3)\pi r^3$$. For a ball with unit radius (r=1), the ratio of surface to volume is equal to 3. SA:V has the opposite relationship with the radius, if the radius is doubled, the SA:V is halved.

The above argument can be extended for the n-dimensional ball and the general relationships of volume and surface area can be written as follows:

$$ V=\frac{r^n \pi^\frac{n}{2}}{\Gamma(1+n/2)}$$ Volume;$$ S= \frac{nr^ {n-1}\pi^\frac{n}{2}}{\Gamma(1+n/2)} $$ surface area

The ratio $$ \frac{V}{S}$$ is reduced to $$ nr^{-1}$$ in the next n state; So the same linear relationship holds for area and volume in every dimension: doubling the radius always halves the ratio.

Tip for readers:
"These topics are a partial proof of the list and a reference to the proof of their formulas. To see the full proof, you should read the sections on three-dimensional geometric shapes in the section on geometry in supplementary mathematics."

cube
The volume of a cube acts like the volume of a rectangular cube, but because the sides of the cube are equal, it is placed as a power of three on its side.

$$V=S.H=(a^2).a=a^3$$

The area of the cube is also proven in different ways, as we know that the cube has six square faces that are regular quadrilaterals, and its total area is obtained based on the sum of the six square faces of the cube.The total area of the cube, like the volume of the cube, is used through prism formulation and is proved according to the total area of the prism

$$V=P.H+2S=4a^2+2a^2=6a^2$$

Parallelepiped
The volume of the parallelogram is obtained based on three vectors a, b, c, which are determined in the form of determinants. But first, it should be calculated trigonometrically and then written as a determinant.

$$S = \left|\mathbf a\right| \cdot \left|\mathbf b\right| \cdot \sin \gamma = \left|\mathbf a \times \mathbf b\right|$$

$$h = \left|\mathbf c\right| \cdot \left|\cos \theta\right|$$

After the calculation, we do the work in the form of determinants.

$$V = \left| \det \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\ a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{bmatrix} \right| .$$ The volume of the parallelogram is like this.
 * $$ \vec{a}=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$$
 * $$ \vec{b}=(b_1,b_2,b_3)$$
 * $$ \vec{c}=(c_1,c_2,c_3)$$

$$ V=|(\vec{a}.\vec{b}).\vec{c}|=a_1 b_1 c_1+a_2 b_2 c_2+a_3 b_3c_3$$

prism
The volume of the prism, if s is the area of the base and h is the height, its volume is: $$V=S h$$

If p is the perimeter of the base and h is the height, the lateral area of the prism is written accordingly.

$$S=Ph$$

The total area of the prism can be written based on this formula if s is the area of the base $$S=Ph+2s$$

cylinder
A cylinder is one of the basic curved shapes in geometry, whose outer surface is a set of points that are at the same distance from a straight line. The name of this line is the right axis. The two ends of this spatial shape are blocked by two plates perpendicular to the axis of the closed cylinder. The surface and volume of the cylinder have been known to mathematicians since the distant past.

The volume of the cylinder is calculated based on the volume of the prism

$$V=S.H=\pi R^2 H$$


text:
Cookbook:Chocolate Orange Hot Cross Bun Trifle

Chocolate orange hot cross bun trifle is a recipe adapted from a recipe in page 58 of March 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * ½ cup (150 g/5.3 oz) marmalade
 * 4 cups (1 kg/2.2 lb) fresh custard
 * 6 chocolate and salted caramel hot cross buns, 2 split into halves and 4 torn into pieces
 * 1¼ cups (310 ml/10 fl oz) heavy cream
 * 4 large oranges, zested and split into segments
 * 3 tablespoons superfine sugar
 * ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon
 * 3 tablespoons water
 * 4 tablespoons chocolate-flavored dessert sauce

Procedure

 * 1) Microwave the marmalade for 30–60 seconds to loosen.
 * 2) Leave the marmalade to cool until it is just warm to the touch.
 * 3) Combine the marmalade and custard in a bowl and mix together.
 * 4) Whip the cream with most of the orange zest in another bowl to soft peaks.
 * 5) Heat the sugar, cinnamon ,and water in a pan over a low heat for 4–6 minutes, swirling occasionally.
 * 6) Place the torn buns in a 3 - 4 l trifle dish.
 * 7) Pour the custard mixture into the trifle dish.
 * 8) Add a layer of three-quarters of the orange segments and two-thirds of the whipped cream.
 * 9) Spoon 3 tablespoons of the dessert sauce over the dish.
 * 10) Top with remaining custard and cream.
 * 11) Drizzle the remaining sauce over the trifle.
 * 12) Place the remaining orange segments on top.
 * 13) Brush the bun tops with the cinnamon glaze and place on top of the trifle.
 * 14) To serve, sprinkle with the remaining orange zest.


text:
Talk:Super Mario 64/Controls

марио управление
Я хочу знать, как двигать камеру в марио 64. 170.185.24.19 (discuss) 12:55, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Super Mario 64/Controls


text:
Cookbook:Eton Mess Easter Sharing Eggs

Eton mess Easter sharing eggs is a recipe adapted from a recipe on page 60 of the March 2023 edition of Tesco's magazine.

Ingredients

 * 1 medium-sized hollow dark chocolate Easter egg
 * ⅓ cup (80 ml/2.7 fl oz) heavy cream
 * 4 tablespoons raspberry jam
 * ¾ cup (200 g/7.1 oz) reduced-fat soft cheese
 * 1 meringue nest, crumbled
 * 1 tablespoon strawberry-infused apple pieces or freeze-dried strawberries

Procedure

 * 1) Halve the Easter egg carefully by running a sharp knife under hot water, wiping dry, and pressing into the joint to separate.
 * 2) Whip the cream in a mixing bowl to soft peaks.
 * 3) Fold in 3 tablespoons of jam and the soft cheese.
 * 4) Spoon the mixture into the egg halves.
 * 5) Scatter the crumbled meringue nest and apple pieces over top.
 * 6) Drizzle the egg halves with remaining jam and serve.

title: Cookbook:Eton Mess Easter Sharing Eggs


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User talk:170.185.24.19

Xeverything11 (discuss • contribs) 12:59, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:170.185.24.19


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text: User talk:2409:4052:4E16:9C85:0:0:3989:7809


text:
Pokémon Red and Blue/Soul Badge

Fuchsia City
This large city hosts the Safari Zone and the next Pokémon Gym. However, you will also need to collect two more HMs that you cannot complete the game without. One of them is Strength, which allows you to move certain heavy boulders outside of battle. The other is Surf, which lets you move on water. Both of these HMs require a trip to the very back of the Safari Zone.

The Safari Zone is a series of four interconnected areas connected in a circle; you must traverse the entire area counterclockwise until you reach a dead-end. There you will find Gold Teeth on the ground, and a man inside the nearby house will give you HM 03 (Surf). This is difficult to accomplish in the time given to you when you enter; you may need to go through the Safari Zone twice. Surf lets you take to the oceans and finally travel over water.

What good are the Gold Teeth? In a house in the southeast corner of town you will find a man who cannot speak clearly. Give him the Gold Teeth and he will reward you with HM 04 (Strength). Strength can be used to push large, round boulders out of your way. Why not try it out on the one in this very room? Behind it you will find a Rare Candy.

In the house next to him is a man who will give you the Good Rod. This works like the Old Rod, except that it can catch something other than Magikarp. If you took the east path to Fuchsia, you will already have the Super Rod, which is even better.

Fuchsia City Gym
This Gym is very deceptive. It looks like a number of enemy Trainers spaced out in an empty room. However, you cannot simply walk up and battle them, because there are invisible walls all over the place! The Trainer to your left when you enter is optional. To reach the Gym Leader, go to the Trainer to the right of the entrance, step to the right of him, and go north. You will encounter two more enemy Trainers. When you reach the back wall, walk behind the back of the enemy Trainer all the way to the left-hand wall, then go down. You will quickly run into an obstacle. You can bypass this by moving towards the enemy Trainer. After him, the path is simple. When you reach the end you will be standing next to an enemy Trainer in the center of the room. This is Koga, the Gym Leader.

Boss — Koga (•4950 reward)

 * 1) Level 37 Koffing
 * 2) Level 39 Muk
 * 3) Level 37 Koffing
 * 4) Level 43 Weezing

After you defeat Koga, you will receive the Soul Badge. Now that you have this Badge, the Defense stat of all your Pokémon will be boosted for the rest of the game. You will also be given TM 06 (Toxic). You now need to make your way back out by retracing your steps.

title: Pokémon Red and Blue/Soul Badge


text:
Pokémon Red and Blue/To Fuchsia City

Lavender Town
Now that you have the Poké Flute, you can finally remove the Snorlax that are blocking your way south. There are two paths to take that both end in the same destination (Fuchsia City), going west from Celadon or going south from Lavender Town. The Celadon path is much faster, but there is an important item to be found on the Lavender Town route, as well as many more enemy Trainers to battle against.

West Path to Fuchsia
If you go west from Celadon, close to where you got the Fly HM, you will see that giant Snorlax sitting in the middle of the road. Step up to it, go into your Bag, use the Poké Flute, and get ready to battle; Snorlax is not happy you woke him from his nap. There are only two catchable Snorlax in the game; this one and the one on Route 12. Few players continue to adventure on foot when they can ride a Bike. If you for some reason do not have one, you will need to Fly to Cerulean City and get one now. You cannot pass through the guardhouse on foot.

Past there you will find a skinhead gang lounging around. After defeating the six enemy Trainers that compose this gang, head south.

Route 17
This long, vertical Route is on a steep slope. If you stop moving, you will be dragged downward unless you hold the A or B buttons. However, there really isn’t any reason to spend much time on this Route. There are no interesting Pokémon in the tall grass, and all the items are hidden (use the Itemfinder to locate them). There are, however, ten enemy Trainers. Continue south.

The hidden items

 * There is a Rare Candy hidden in the center of the Route’s only patch of grass.
 * Towards the top of the middle bridge segment (water on both sides) is a Full Restore.
 * If you search south of the point where the center bridge joins with the left bridge, you can find a Max Revive.
 * If you take the east bridge and look around halfway down, you will find a PP Up.
 * A Max Elixir is near the small straight left-right bridge at the bottom of the Route.

Route 18
Once you reach the bottom of the Cycling Road, go right through the gatehouse. There are three enemy Trainers in the patch of grass south of the exit. As with Route 17, there are no Pokémon in the tall grass here that are worth catching. Go east and you will be in Fuchsia City.

East path to Fuchsia
Head south from Lavender Town.

Route 12
Route 12 is made entirely of bridges over the water. There are some maze-like segments here you will have to navigate. You will be able to find TM 39 (Swift) by talking to the people in the northernmost building you pass through on this Route. You might see an item ball on a small segment of bridge that is completely surrounded by water. This is TM 16 (Pay Day), a quite useful move, but you will not be able to get it until you are able to Surf, which requires the next Gym Badge. Be sure to come back here.

You can now do something about the Snorlax that is sleeping at a very inconvenient spot, blocking off two different Routes. If you go up to it and use your Poké Flute, it will awaken and battle you. There are only two Snorlax in the game (this one and the one on Route 16), so be sure to catch it if you want it. If you go west from here, you will be on Route 11, heading back towards Vermilion City. (If you go west, there is a Hyper Potion hidden on the first tree on the bottom that sticks out into the road.)

Continuing south past the Snorlax, you will pass another house. Be sure to enter this house and speak with its owner. He will give you the Super Rod, which is used just like the Old Rod, but can be used to catch Pokémon other than just lousy Magikarp. Past there you will see a Cut tree blocking off an enemy Trainer and an Iron.

Route 13
This Route is a long maze filled with enemy Trainers — no fewer than fifteen! To get to the Route’s patch of tall grass, you will need Cut.

To the left of one of the Trainers closest to the exit (where there is a gap in the fencing), examine that gap and you will find a hidden PP Up. If you go to the east, you will see a similar gap in the fencing at the end of a dead-end passage. Examine this gap and you will find a hidden Calcium.

Route 14
This Route is a short distance south. It is also densely populated by enemy Trainers; looks like another biker gang. You will need Cut to access this route’s patch of tall grass.

Route 15
There are two ways you can go through this Route. If you remove the Cut tree when the path turns west, you will find a long, straight, unremarkable stretch of land that extends all the way down the Route. There is one enemy Trainer about halfway down and TM 20 (Rage) at the end.

If you take the south path, however, you will find more tall grass and ten enemy Trainers all clustered together. To this Route’s western exit is Fuchsia City.

title: Pokémon Red and Blue/To Fuchsia City


text:
Transportation Planning Casebook/Brisbane Airportlink (M7) toll road

Summary
Airport link (M7) is a toll road north of Brisbane designed to accelerate traffic between Brisbane Airport and the Brisbane CBD. It is 6.7 kilometres in length, the vast majority of which is tunneled. It connects Clem7 and Legacy Way Tunnel at the end near the Brisbane CBD, and East-West Arterial Road at the end near the airport, with a branch to Stafford Road in the middle.

Airport link is equipped with world-class safety features include variable speed and message signs, advanced fire safety systems and cameras automatically detecting variations in traffic flow. When drivers choose to pass through Airport link (M7), they will avoid up to 14 sets of traffic lights and reduce their travel time by up to 88%.

Therefore, Airport link (M7) is expected to greatly accelerate the movement of people and goods between Brisbane CBD and the airport, boosting the development of various local industries. However, the project faced significant challenges during construction and operation due to a series of financing issues with the general contractor, BrisConnections.

Funding and Financing
BrisConnections was an Australian infrastructure company that was established to build and operate the Airport Link toll road in Brisbane, Queensland. The company went bankrupt in 2013 due to several financing and funding issues. This includes relying heavily on debt financing to fund the construction of the Airport Link. The company raised AUD 3 billion in funds through the issuance of stapled securities (a combination of shares and units in a trust). Most of the funds raised were in the form of debt, which meant that the company had a significant debt burden that BrisConnections struggled to manage.

Moreover, the construction costs for the Airport Link were higher than initially estimated, which put further strain on BrisConnections' finances. The project was initially estimated to cost AUD 4.8 billion but ended up costing AUD 5.6 billion, of which 70% was accounted for the construction cost while 30% was for the interest during construction. The risks associated with the construction stage were largely allocated to BrisConnections. The construction of the toll road involved significant risks, including cost overruns and delays. The issues encountered during the construction of the toll road had delayed the project completion that resulted in cost overruns.

BrisConnections was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) from 2008 to 2013. The company's performance on the ASX was affected by a range of factors, including the global financial crisis, lower-than-expected traffic volumes, and high construction costs. BrisConnections initially performed well, with its share price rising to a peak of around AUD 1.00 in mid-2009. However, the company's share price began to decline as it became clear that the toll road was not generating the expected revenue. By late 2010, BrisConnections' share price had fallen below 10 cents. In February 2013, BrisConnections entered voluntary administration, and its shares were suspended from trading on the ASX. The company's assets were subsequently sold, and its debt was restructured. BrisConnections' failure was one of the most high-profile corporate collapses in Australia in recent years. The company's failure highlights the challenges associated with large infrastructure projects and the importance of effective risk management and financial planning.

Given the foregoing failure of the BrisConnections, there have been not much of financiers and contractors that invest on PPP toll road projects in Australia. There were policy interventions that the Department of Treasury and Finance Victoria had introduced in 2012 and 2013 to improve the viability of investing on PPP projects. This includes ensuring that the risk associated with the project in terms of the design, demand, construction, financing, among others, are allocated such that the party, who can best control the risk and/or its associated consequences, is appropriately identified. However, these policy interventions varied greatly between states. Thus, there is a need to adopt a uniform PPP guideline to lessen policy fragmentation at regional level. The comparison of risk allocation of toll roads in Queensland can be seen in the image.

Toll Fees and Structure
The toll road was also subject to a range of policy issues related to toll fees and tolling structure. One of the key policy issues related to the tolling of the Brisbane Airport Link Toll Road was the level of toll fees charged. The toll fees were set by the Queensland Government, and there were concerns that the fees may be too high, which could discourage use of the toll road. Another policy issue related to the tolling of the Brisbane Airport Link Toll Road was the tolling structure used. The tolling structure for the toll road was an electronic tolling system, which required users to have an electronic tag installed in their vehicle. There were concerns that this system could be complex and confusing for users, particularly those who were unfamiliar with electronic tolling systems. In connection with the tolling structure issues, there were also concerns about the equity of the tolling system used on the Brisbane Airport Link Toll Road. Some stakeholders argued that the tolls would disproportionately impact low-income users who could not afford to pay the toll fees or purchase an electronic tag. The current toll fees and charges in the Airport Link Toll Road is summarized in the thumbnail.

Traffic Demand Forecast
One of the weaknesses of toll roads implemented under public-private partnership (PPP) is the risk of traffic demand forecasting error during the planning stage of the project. Toll roads that experienced errors in their traffic demand forecasts resulted in financial failure and worst, bankruptcy and the eventual turn-over of the infrastructure to the government to salvage its operation .In the case of the Brisbane Airport link (M7) toll road, the toll road project failed to meet the forecasted traffic in year 4 of its operation that started operation in 2012. As can be seen in the image below, the forecasted traffic by Arup (i.e., the global engineering and design group that built the Sydney Opera House and the consultant for the Airport link toll road) at year 1 of operation was estimated at around 190,000 vehicles. However, the actual traffic recorded at year 1 was around 50,000 vehicles, which was only 26% of the forecasted traffic. The huge gap between the forecasted traffic count and the actual traffic count occurred commencing from the start of operation in 2012 until 2016, as illustrated in the image. Given the wide margins of traffic forecast error, the revenue gained from the airport link toll road was insufficient to service debts incurred for the construction of the project.

This instance of forecasting error in airport link toll road would require a thorough re-evaluation of the financial feasibility of the project. This also pushed the government to make necessary policy changes that would mitigate the demand risk of undertaking PPP toll road projects. Moreover, the government acknowledged that the demand risk associated with implementing toll road projects through PPP should be shared among the government, the private bidders, and other relevant project entities. This is considering that indiscriminately allocating full demand risk to the private bidders is found to be unsustainable.

As a result of the financial failure of the airport link toll road, Arup settled a AUD 2.2 billion lawsuit due to the allegation that the company made an error on the airport link toll road’s traffic forecast. The money will be distributed to the lenders of the project.

Economic Benefits
The policy issues related to the economic benefits of the Brisbane Airport Link Toll Road include the overly optimistic and overstated in the cost-benefit analysis that led to poor investment decisions. In connection with the traffic forecasting error that was made by the Arup Consultant, the toll road project failed to reach the forecasted traffic that led to overestimation of toll revenue and overestimated economic benefits. The economic benefits considered in the toll road project were travel time savings, vehicle operating costs, accident savings, environment and externalities. These benefits used the overestimated traffic demand forecast, specifically as one of the parameters in the computation as input to the cost-benefit analysis.

Cultural Heritage
The construction of the Brisbane airport link generated significant attention and opposition from local communities; regarding the possible disruption to cultural sites through which the project covers. The corridor of the airport link intended to consist of both road and tunnel infrastructure which would require cut and cover construction techniques. The construction activities would likely impact regions including:

 * Southern Connection: Bordered by Campbell Street in Bowen Hills and the corner of Federation Street and Lutwyche Road, Windsor.
 * North-western Connection: Area between the corner of Lutwyche Road and Isedale Street.
 * North-eastern Connection: Area between bored tunnel in Kalinga and the East-west connecting corridor around Sandgate Road.

These areas contain sites of local heritage for the community, including but not limited to  local centres, religious sites, and indigenous grounds.

The Queensland Government were required to abide by both national and state legislation dictating their construction activities. At a national level abiding by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 and the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003. At a state level, Queensland established strong cultural heritage compliances which encompass a provision of the ACH Act, an approved CHMP, native title agreement or another agreement with an Aboriginal party and Duty of Care Guidelines to the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003.

The nature of the impacts presented from the construction of the airport link to cultural heritage were found to be from the vibration and settlement causing ground integrity problems, visual impacts to the cultural aesthetic and the direct impact of any cultural sites’ removal and/or destruction. These impacts would be managed to as much of a degree through governmental cultural heritage management plans and investigations.

From assessments produced by ARCHAEO Cultural Heritage Services, their goal to preserve cultural heritage wasn’t absolute. The airport link’ partial impact is seen on the portion of Lutwyche Road between Norman Avenue and Kedron Brook. To accommodate the corridors into the confined space, loss of built environment including the PCYC Building on the western side of Lutwyche Road between Norman Avenue and Kedron Brook would be deemed “unavoidable”.

Excessive Noise
At the time, the project size was garnered as one of the largest construction projects in Australia. Concerns regarding the noise generated were associated with the construction activities below:

 * Daytime construction near a receptor property near major or minor roads influencing traffic flow.
 * Night-time noise near a receptor property classified as residential as per NIAPSP (Noise Impact Assessment Planning Scheme Policy)

This contributed to necessary measures to meet established noise goals for noise management. The primary concerns for the KWRA (Kalinga Wooloowin Residents Association Inc.) were with the ancillary to and necessarily associated with the Project’s construction work.

Furthermore, specific complaints were submitted by areas of Bowen Hills put emphasis on the operational noise, Galway Street Windsor regarding noise barriers for construction, and Kedron State High School regarding the construction noises’ impact on the student learning environment. The location of ventilation station near the end of alma Road at Kalinga Park with the subsequent traffic generated raised concerns of the operational noise.

The term excessive noise lacked a clear definition from CG (Coordinator-General) accepted prior to the commencement of the project, contributing to difficulty in regulating noise from the construction activities. Therefore, construction activities during night-time surface works may have required longer construction times and greater costs to achieve.

To address and identify noise complaints, reactive monitoring was chosen by DERM (Department of Environment and Resource Management). However, complaints were received that DERM were unable to perform effective reactive monitoring in compliance to the noise goals established. A likely cause could be the procedures in place requiring several parties if the complaint wasn’t made correctly; as detailed by Officer B from DERM in The Airport Link Project Report.

“when a complaint came to DERM that had not been raised with TJH before, he would contact TJH and ask the environmental manager to investigate the matter and report back to him.”

Narrative
This section covers the history, design, construction process, operation, and impact on the surrounding community of Brisbane Airport link toll road.

Project Background
The project was initiated by the Queensland Government in order to relieve traffic pressure around the Brisbane city and airport. Thiess and John Holland Group were responsible for the design and construction collaboration of the project. The main reason for siting the project was to provide a fast, smooth link to the Brisbane CBD and Brisbane Airport, while connecting to other major roads.

Design & Build
AirportlinkM7 is a 6.7km tunnel in Brisbane that connects Clem7 and the Legacy Way tunnel to the Airport. Brisbane's city centre and northern suburbs are characterised by a densely populated environment. The design and construction of this transport solution represents one of Queensland's great projects.

During construction, contractors face challenges with geological, hydrological, and urban infrastructure constraints. Creative engineering techniques and tunnel boring machines from Germany were used to successfully complete the tunnel. Specific construction processes, including but not limited to:

·       November 2008-The Premier participated and announced the start of construction of the project.

·       December 2008-Drilling and blasting excavation work begins in Bowen Hills.

·       March 2009-Roadheader start tunnelling at the Truro Street site which is the midpoint of the tunnel.

·       June 2009-Roadheader starts tunnelling at Kedron.

·       Mid 2010-First TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) starts tunnelling from Toombul.

·       Mid 2010-Second TBM starts tunnelling from Toombul heading west toward Lutwyche

·       Early 2011-TBMs removed from tunnel shaft at Lutwyche.

·       Late 2011-Airport roundabout upgrade programme completed.

·       Mid 2012-Airport link road and toll system scheduled for completion

Safety & Environment
AirportlinkM7 contains world-class safety features including variable speed and message signs, an advanced fire safety system and cameras for automatic traffic detection.

The toll road is monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It is ensured that the equipment and maintenance of the roads are checked in a timely manner. The tunnel also measures the height of vehicles and warns and suggests diversions for over-height vehicles. In terms of the environment, the air quality is checked both inside and outside the M7 tunnel. It is ensured that the air quality of the environment is all up to standard.

Social & Economic
The AirportlinkM7 has a positive social and economic impact on the surrounding communities and the city of Brisbane overall. Firstly, it has improved transport efficiency by reducing travel times from the city to the airport. Secondly, it has created a large number of jobs during construction, which has benefited the local economy. Statistics show that when using the AirportlinkM7, drivers will avoid up to 14 sets of traffic lights and reduce their travel time by up to 88%.

Fee Policy
The AirportlinkM7 uses an electronic toll collection system to collect tolls. The tolls vary according to the type of vehicle and the distance travelled. The tolls can be found on the Linkt website.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects are now very popular in many countries. What is the performance of both parties in this case study? Is this approach effective?
 * 2) With the information you have learnt about the policy issues the Brisbane Airport link faced, if you were the project lead, how would you prioritise the issues and why?
 * 3) According to the Australian Shareholders Association (ASA), they considered the Brisbane Airport Link as the “biggest construction project disaster in recent history”. Do you agree with this statement?
 * 4) Do you believe the intended benefits of the Brisbane Airport Link justified the drawbacks associated with the project?
 * 5) As a policy maker, what would you have done differently with the Brisbane Airport Link?


text: Transportation Planning Casebook/Sydney Airport Link Train (T8)


text:
Transportation Planning Casebook/Transport Asset Holding Entity

Summary
Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE) was formed on 1st July 2020 by the New South Wales Government, as a corporation that holds the ownership portfolio ranging from property, stations, rolling stock, rail infrastructure and retail space. Initial discussions about an asset-holding company started back in 2013, when the NSW Government proposed the idea of transforming the existing RailCorp into a commercial body. This body was to manage assets through agreements with the rail operators. TAHE was created as a State-Owned Corporation (SOC), and it took over from RailCorp, the rail infrastructure owner at the time. RailCorp was reconstituted as TAHE. TAHE exists as a custodian rather than operating body as it is the custodian of Rail Assets while Sydney Trains and NSW Trains operate the rail services. Hence, TAHE does not have any network control functions as well. Hence TAHE does not have any say in the operational aspects such as Route Management, development or daily operational management of the Train network. Instead, it acted as the owner of the Asset the Train operators were using which is essentially the rolling stock, stations and the infrastructure. Hence, the Rail Operators paid a Fee to TAHE for the usage of their Assets for Train operations.

With TAHE, the leaders behind its birth were the NSW Treasury and Transport for NSW (TfNSW). From 2014 till its formation in 2020, both of these Government agencies pursued their vision and objectives for TAHE, objectives which were both different in key ways. Whilst TfNSW envisioned an Asset holding entity that was essentially a non trading ‘Shell’ company that owned the Assets and had a structure that would enable future public transport reforms and strategic directions while ensuring vertical integration of operations between asset owners and the rail operators to maintain rail safety, NSW Treasury sought to expand on this idea to create an entity that could generate a return on investment as this would allow the government investment in transport assets to be shown as an equity investment rather than as an expense in the budget, thus improving NSW Treasury budget for General Government Sector (GGS). Both NSW Treasury and TfNSW worked on different roles during the design and implementation stage of TAHE, albeit driven by their own objectives. In order to assist them during this stage, there were multiple consultancy firms hired for various projects, with 16 different firms working on 36 contracts, and is highlighted as an area that was poorly managed during the design stage of TAHE. Hence, by the time the legislation enabling TAHE arrived in parliament, a clear operating model was still unclear and had not been resolved.

After the establishment of TAHE, there were a number of doubters about the creation of TAHE, and its purpose. Whistleblowers testified and leaked documents related to findings from key research plans. These plans, completed by consultancy firms before the creation of TAHE, pointed to uncertainties and high risks. They suggested that TAHE could have a long-term negative financial impact on the NSW Budget due to its structure. The allegations that these warnings and documents had been allegedly covered by the government increased the mistrust of TAHE. This concern was further underscored when the NSW Auditor General published a report on TAHE in January 2023. The report stated that TAHE's design and implementation were neither effective nor transparent, and it might become a burdensome investment in the future.

Timeline
The timeline examines the development of the New South Wales railway operational system from different entities, which the predecessor and restructuring of Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE). The State Rail Authority of New South Wales (SRA) was established in 1980, which provided the state government with more systematic management over the regulation of passenger and freight rail operating services. A series of changes of governmental institution structure have been implemented for the railway transportation demands of the populace, industry, economics, technology, and society in various times. The goal of establishing the TAHE is to serve as a SOC (state-owned company) to optimize the transport services for New South Wales. In response, the administration decided to deploy TAHE gradually and the details are shown in the following table. The table of the predecessor and restructuring of the Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE).

TAHE’s Governance Arrangements

The Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE) is governed by the Transport Administration Act of 1988 and the State Owned Corporations Act of 1989, which were enacted by the NSW Parliament. As a state-owned corporation, it holds and manages the state's rail assets. The Minister for Transport and Roads oversees TAHE's operations and is politically accountable for its activities. The Minister has the authority to issue policy directives and participates in crucial decisions such as board appointments. Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW) is responsible for the strategic planning of the state's transportation system. TfNSW collaborates closely with TAHE and other transport providers, such as Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink, to deliver dependable and efficient transportation services. It grants these operators operating licenses and monitors their performance. The NSW Treasury also plays a vital role in TAHE's financial administration and budgetary supervision, ensuring the institution's financial viability. The Secretary of TfNSW provides administrative leadership, liaising between TfNSW, TAHE, and transport operators to ensure the efficient operation of the state's transportation system. TAHE manages the assets that rail operators such as Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink, and light railways use to provide transit services under licences issued by TfNSW.

Policy Issues
Ineffective Use of Consultants: The heavy reliance on consultants during TAHE's development proved to be ineffective. Issues could have arisen due to their lack of experience or inadequate knowledge of the specifics of TAHE's operations, leading to subpar guidance and advice.

Different Objectives: The different objectives that underpinned TAHE's establishment caused internal conflicts. The varying visions of the NSW Treasury and Transport for NSW (TfNSW) might have led to inconsistencies in the planning and execution of TAHE's formation and its long-term operational strategy.

Budget Benefits: The budget benefits projected prior to TAHE's establishment tied the agencies to its delivery despite emerging complexities. This commitment might have overlooked the evolving challenges and the resources required to address them effectively.

TAHE Structure: The structure of TAHE required a circular pattern of government investment to function. This means that the funds invested in TAHE by the government are expected to generate returns that can then be reinvested. This cyclical investment pattern could lead to financial risks if the returns are not as expected.

Lack of Transparency and Clarity: There was a lack of transparency during the design and implementation phases of TAHE. Moreover, the roles and responsibilities of the governance structures assigned to design and implement TAHE were not clearly defined. This lack of clarity might have led to confusion and inefficiency, impacting TAHE's overall effectiveness.

TAHE’s Scandal
=== 1.Bogus transportation budget and "near bankrupt" TAHE ===

Content
In July 2021, the New South Wales government was found to have implemented an Enron-style financial scheme to put TAHE's transport infrastructure assets into a government-owned for-profit company to artificially boost its budget bottom line. In addition, the New South Wales government has been trying to cover up the true financial position of the new company, which could end up costing taxpayers billions of dollars.

Background
In 2020, RailCorp was formally restructured into a new state-owned enterprise called the Transport Assets Holding Entity (TAHE). TAHE has its own board of directors and, as a company, it exists to make a profit. Transport assets are no longer owned directly by the state government, but indirectly through TAHE, thus removing them from the government's financial balance sheet. That means the state sees the asset as an equity investment rather than a cost. The return on investment needs to be recouped through tolls on rail infrastructure and rental income from rolling stock, property and equipment. To make a profit and recoup their investment, customers of the new company, which includes Sydney Trains and New South Wales Trains, will now need to pay full commercial rates for the assets.

Media investigations uncovered a secret report by the accounting firm KPMG. The report warns that the costs of tolls for Sydney and New South Wales trains outweigh the benefits. What's more, since TAHE is unlikely to turn a profit, taxpayers could end up footing the bill for a failing company.

Influence
The outbreak of the scandal reflects the following risks:

1. Shows that the New South Wales government has been misleading and concealing in its budget statements on transport infrastructure;

2. More budget approvals mean taxpayers may end up footing the bill for more transport services;

3. The new company will establish a for-profit co-operative responsible for all tracks, trains, stations and other transport assets in New South Wales and transport safety may be put at risk if this is done to boost the profits of the new company.

=== 2.State government’s secret plan to sell off billions of dollars of public land ===

Content
In June 2022, Sydney City Council tabled a motion opposing the government's plan to secretly sell off large chunks of public land along the Sydney Railway. The New South Wales government's plan would allow a Transport Asset Holding entity (TAHE) to become the developer and owner of the assets, enabling the government to sell the proposed $40 billion Sydney Trains rail assets and rezone more than 50 sites around the railway station.

Secret plan
The motion says public land in Redfern, North Eveleigh and Newtown is at risk of being sold by the state government, as outlined in the uncovered plan. And the secret government plan shows that public land in the city of Sydney is being sold off by the scandal-plagued Transport Assets Holding Entity (TAHE) to raise money for future overdevelopment, with plans to sell and rezone public land near train stations in suburban Sydney to make way for high-density development. Within the Sydney metropolitan area, the plan says, a A $11.6 billion development of 24 hectares of government-owned land near Central Station will be advanced, in addition to 10 hectares at Redferns and North Eveleigh.

Influence
With Sydney City Council and local community groups arguing that government trading enterprises such as TAHE save the government money by devouring the future options of the communities around their developments, rezoning and selling rail assets to make money may again trump community outcomes. If the plan goes ahead, heritage and community benefits will be put on hold because of the need to maximise returns to the government.

Narrative
Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE) is a model commonly used in transport-related public infrastructure projects to finance and manage transport assets such as rail, bridges, tunnels, and other infrastructure. TAHEs are often created to provide a dedicated entity that can focus on the management and maintenance of transport assets without additional responsibilities. The advantages of the TAHE model include improved asset management, greater financial sustainability, and enhanced transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.

Establishment of TAHE for NSW
The event that led to the emergence of TAHE for NSW was the reclassification of TAHE's predecessor company, RailCorp, by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) as a General Government Sector (GGS) in 2012. This reclassification would have taken a significant portion of the GGS budget (860 million dollars in depreciation expenses). The funds provided to the Public Non-Financial Corporations (PNFC) are considered equity contributions and are not counted in the budget, thus reducing the drain on the GGS budget. Consequently, following the successful classification of TAHE as a PNFC entity by ABS in 2015, the structure of TAHE was jointly developed by Treasury and TfNSW and approved by the NSW Government on 11 April 2017. This included the change of name from the previous Rail Corporation to the Transport Asset Holding Entity, as officially announced in January 2020 (Transport Management Act 1988). The Transport Management Amendment Act 2018 provides detailed definitions, responsibilities, services, and functions of TAHE. The transition commenced in 2019, and the company officially began operating as a SOC in July 2020.

Governance Arrangements for TAHE
In 2017, TAHE's role, as noted by the Treasury, is the strategic, commercial, and financial management of the NSW rail asset portfolio. Key objectives include conducting activities in a safe and secure manner, being a successful business, and maximising the net value of the State's investment in TAHE. TAHE will have primary responsibility for promoting the NSW rail network in line with the NSW Rail Access Commitment, which includes safety, modal integration, and compliance with the network and asset standards requirements issued by the NSW Department of Transport. The Minister for Transport will be appointed to the TAHE Board to support a coordinated approach to safety across the industry, and the Minister for Investment (Government) will have the power to issue binding directions to the TAHE Board to act in the public interest.

TAHE Returns
TAHE's low rate of return is a very serious issue, as often the definition of a Public Non-Financial Corporation (PNFC) requires that the category of company must have a certain rate of return on investment to be recognised as a PNFC. The Ministry of Finance set a return on investment expectation for TAHE in 2015, indicating that an annual return on equity of 7% would be paid for each of the two years 2016-18, and in 2020 the expected rate of return drops directly to 1.5%. Such a return, even below the long-term inflation rate of 2.5%, clearly does not meet the criteria for considering TAHE's investments as equity contributions, and the forced classification would disrupt the budget structure. Whereas the transition period in 2020 results in a 20.3 billion dollars reduction in TAHE's holdings, it would take until 2046 to recover the loss assuming a 2.5% rate of return. In the 2021 financial report, 80 per cent of this comes from train company access and licence fees, whereas in reality, this is funded by a grant from the NSW GGS budget to the NSW Department of Transport. This means that TAHE's operation to bypass the GGS budget cap is still within the GGS budget cap. The 2022 annual report also shows that total expenditure exceeds total revenue by 413 dollars million, while the NSW government is currently committed to providing 1.1 billion dollars in 2023 and 4.1 billion dollars by the end of the 2031 contract to fund access and licence fees for rail operators. With the ABS now confirming the classification of TAHE as a PNFC, and the budgetary drain on the GGS still increasing, TAHE's role as a major budget space raiser will disappear in the long term.

TAHE External Audit
The NSW Parliamentary Public Accountability Committee released a report of inquiry into TAHE on 8 April 2022, which concluded that TAHE was not created with proper consideration of financial implications, accounting standards, and risk mitigation. It was deemed inappropriate for TAHE to focus on property development as its primary business focus and instead should concentrate on the rail system. The final recommendation of the report was to disband TAHE and to reduce controls over the engagement of consultants where there are conflicts of interest, ensuring that consultants are selected to provide truly independent advice. The report was subsequently rejected by members of the government, and a response was issued in October 2022, accepting in principle the recommendation to engage consultants. In addition, the NSW Audit Office issued uncertainties about TAHE in relation to future access and licensing costs, additional funding provided outside of the forward estimation period, and the fair value of TAHE's non-financial assets. Furthermore, the fair value of TAHE's assets was reduced by 20.3 billion dollars as a result of the transition from RailCorp to TAHE. The financial audit also questioned whether TAHE's return on government investments could reasonably be expected. The report also identified the following risks: TAHE's ability to re-contract access and licence fees with rail operators, the possibility that government funding to TAHE's main customer, the rail operator, may not be consistent with the expectations of the current holding minister, and TAHE's inability to increase its non-government revenues.

Discussion Questions

 * 1) What do you think TAHE main role is in the public transportation sector in New South Wales?
 * 2) TAHE's formation was marked by differing objectives between the NSW Treasury and Transport for NSW (TfNSW). How do you think this might have impacted the effectiveness of the entity?
 * 3) The use of consultants during TAHE's development was criticised for being ineffective. In your opinion, what could have been done differently to ensure more effective use of consultancy services?
 * 4) There were allegations of a lack of transparency and clarity during TAHE's design and implementation stages. What measures do you think could have been implemented to ensure greater transparency and clarity?
 * 5) What are your thoughts on the state transferring transportation assets to a holding entity like TAHE? Can you discuss some potential advantages and disadvantages of this approach, particularly in light of the recent scandals associated with TAHE?

Additional Readings

 * 1) AGY-6326 | Department of Transport and Infrastructure (2009-2010) Transport NSW (2010-2011) Department of Transport [III] (2011- )https://records-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1e5kcq1/ORGANISATIONS1005788
 * 2) AGY-6535 | Transport for NSW https://records-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=61SRA&docid=ORGANISATIONS1005997
 * 3) AGY-7265 | Transport Asset Holding Entity of New South Wales (TAHE) https://search.records.nsw.gov.au/permalink/f/1ebnd1l/ORGANISATIONS1006989