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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in Nazi Germany

Social Constructivism
In social constructivism 'knowledge is a human product that is socially and culturally constructed in an active manner and not something that can be discovered.' Truth in Nazi Germany can be analysed from a constructivist approach since the manipulation of information, through propaganda, altered people's understanding of the truth.

Propaganda
Propaganda is 'any information, ideas, doctrines, or special appeals disseminated to influence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behaviour of any specified group in order to benefit the sponsor either directly or indirectly.' Nazi propaganda constructed a society with national priorities and values by targeting four major themes: 1) prioritising national unity; 2) racial purity; 3) hatred of common enemies, particularly the Jews, and 4) charismatic leadership. Hitler argued propaganda's 'task is not to make an objective study of the truth, in so far as it favours the enemy, and then set it before the masses with academic fairness; its task is to serve our own right, always and unflinchingly' —essentially promoting the construction of societal truth. Hitler aimed to create a narrative that painted himself as Germany's saviour and created the image of a united front that could blame a common enemy for their misery.

Creating their own truth was clearly of critical importance to the Nazi regime as on the 14th March 1933, a few months after Hitler's seizure of power, he established the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. This ministry ensured propaganda infiltrated most aspects of everyday German life: Nazi values were successfully communicated through art, music, theatre, books, radio, educational materials and the press.

Education
Through the political strategy of altering the education system, Hitler ingrained core Nazi values, which he viewed as intrinsically German. He hoped 'these young people will learn nothing else but how to think German and act German... And they will never again be free.' Education now focused on sports, history and racial science, emphasised through 'Aryan biology,' 'German mathematics' and 'Nordic physics.' These values were further promoted through youth programs.

Promotion of Anti-semitism
Anti-semitic messages were constantly repeated in Nazi propaganda. For example, the slogan printed on the bottom of the anti-semitic newspaper Der Stümer was "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" (The Jews are our misfortune!)

Psychological Tactics
Nazi policies not only altered the information accessible to the public, but they also psychologically influenced the attitudes and behaviours of citizens.

Illusory Truth Effect
"If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it." — Joseph Goebbels

Goebbels' quote alludes to a phenomenon recognised in cognitive psychology as the 'illusory truth effect,' which explains that repetition of statements makes them seem more plausible, thus blurring the distinction between truth and misinformation. Previously, researchers believed that limitations to the illusory truth effect included an individual's knowledge — the more informed an individual was on a subject, the less they could be convinced by contradictory statements. Nonetheless, a 2015 and a 2019 study both concluded that this effect 'occurs across all levels of plausibility.' In other words: 'illusory truth effects occurred even when participants knew better.'

Why this effect works is explained by psychologist Tom Stafford: rather than 'being rigidly logical about every piece of information you hear,' our brain uses heuristics — shortcuts, such as 'relying on how often you've heard something to judge how truthful something feels' — to determine the plausibility of a piece of information.

Goebbels' obvious understanding of the illusory truth effect explains why the Nazi party developed its political strategies (including indoctrination through education and propaganda) based around the concept of repetition. Furthermore, no matter how extreme the claims and ideologies spread by the Nazi party may seem now, the findings from the 2015 and 2019 studies help to explain why fascist Nazi ideologies and Hitler's constructivist truth were able to spread so effectively.

Manipulation of Historical and Economic Truths
Nazi propaganda capitalised on the low morale caused by the bleak economic conditions and German disillusionment following their defeat in World War I. Hitler exploited and even altered historical truths to further his own cause.

Economic Chaos
After World War 1, the economic instability in Germany increased dramatically. The German government struggled to pay reparations and so printed large amounts of money, leading to hyperinflation. The German mark collapsed, and the middle classes lost their incomes and savings. The Great Depression of 1929 further crippled Germany, as the Americans recalled the loans which had been keeping the economy afloat, and unemployment levels skyrocketed. Hitler exploited this economic misery to increase support for the Nazis, especially amongst the middle and upper classes who were afraid of potential austerity measures under the Weimar government. In economics, rational choice theory emphasises the importance of logic and self-interest in decision-making. Indeed, many Germans voted for the Nazis simply because they made a 'pro-active calculation of the benefits they would derive from the Nazi program' and concluded it was the rational choice to maximise their economic utility. Hitler was aware of this truth and used it to his advantage, gaining support by promising to abolish unemployment and raise living standards. Furthermore, Hitler even manipulated official statistics, examples of empirical truth, to prove the economic success of his policies.

Stab-in-the-back Myth
Another way in which Hitler manipulated the truth was through the use of 'scapegoats' — groups of society which he blamed for Germany's political and economic problems. Hostilities towards these groups grew heavily during World War 1. Hitler blamed Germany's defeat on the democratic Weimar government, portraying them as the 'November criminals' who stabbed Germany in the back by signing the armistice. In reality, this was not objectively true as Germany had suffered huge losses and could not feasibly continue fighting. Hitler also used the war to further promote anti-semitism by claiming that the Jews had evaded their duty to fight. The Judenzählung census of 1916 was an attempt to prove this lack of Jewish military involvement as an objective truth. Crucially, the true findings were kept classified by the War Ministry as they 'failed to uncover any evidence of Jewish wrongdoing.' However, the mere existence of the census still succeeded in validating the Nazi's anti-semitic ideology. Furthermore, the Jews were used as scapegoats for Germany's economic problems due to their relative wealth and business success. Hitler concealed and distorted the empirical truth regarding the Jewish population, consequently gaining acceptance of his anti-semitic beliefs and facilitating the Nazi's rise to power.

Evaluating Truth in Nazi Germany
The Nazi party’s ability to gain and maintain power was largely a result of the reality they constructed for the German people through the manipulation and destruction of empirical truths. They successfully utilised their understanding of psychology, history and the economic conditions of the time to enhance the effectiveness of their political strategies in altering German perception of truth. Despite these disciplines traditionally having different methods of determining truth, whether that be a constructivist, empirical or other approach, combining the individual analyses arising from these methods enriches our understanding of how truth was constructed in Nazi Germany. This interdisciplinary approach to how truth is fabricated is crucial to understanding and combating the effects of global misinformation.


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User:Tiphaine Lst/sandbox

= Evidence in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia =

 * 1) The scientific diagnosis
 * 2) The anthropological explanation
 * 3) The theological perspective
 * 4) The phenomenological aspect

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tiphaine Lst/sandbox


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Evidence in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

Introduction
The ever-increasing influence of neuroscience within the mental health field has brought to light both the shortcomings of psychology's past as well as the obstacles facing psychology as it moves forward. Methodologically speaking, these obstacles are frequently presented as a dichotomy between quantitative and qualitative forms of evidence gathering, the implications of which being their opposition or incompatibility. As a result, it is not uncommon for the so-called competing sides to clash with one another. However, it is the contention of a growing number of holistic practitioners that this forced mutual exclusivity proves not only a mistake, but an impossibility; due partly to the nature of the social sciences, wherein overlapping biological, social, and psychological  influences are the topic of much debate.

This particular matter takes the forefront of nosographic considerations in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, which must attempt to reconcile “objective knowledge of brain functioning with the subjective experiences of schizophrenia.”

The following article outlines and critiques the most prominent evidence-gathering approaches for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, before presenting an interdisciplinary framework as a promising means to bridge the division between quantitative and qualitative inquiry.

Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder marked by distortions in reality, changes in language patterns and behaviour, and is often accompanied by auditory or visual hallucinations, along with delusional or paranoid thinking. While the mechanisms of schizophrenia are unknown, mental health professionals, alongside neurologists and geneticists, speculate that the primary causes of schizophrenia are genetic and environmental.

Genetics
The microscopic quantitative approach seeks to define a relationship between the genomic loci and the disorder. Different experimental methods have been used, e.g. the linkage analysis (Ng et al. in 2009) and the candidate gene approach. These methods have identified specific genes linked to the illness such as DISC1. These experiments lack reliability because of the many alleles that are associated with the disease and other mental disorders. The solution was to conduct a Genome-wide association study whose findings were replicable and achieving a Genome-wide significance. However, they could not be specific to schizophrenia.

Anatomy
The macroscopic quantitative approach is to identify brain's structure abnormalities using MRI and CT scans (Whitford et al. in 2006). With these imaging methods researchers discovered that mental illness frequently correlated with ventricular enlargement and a decreased volume of grey and white matter. These anatomical variants mostly affect the patient’s language processing functions which are a symptom of many mental disorders.

However, the ventricular enlargement is usually only noticeable in the latter stages of schizophrenia and therefore of limited usefulness in early diagnosis.

Socio-Anthropological Evidence
Social sciences are needed to conceptualise and analyse "subjective" data, a central part of schizophrenia research.

Culture and Environment
Anthropology primarily provides qualitative evidence. Human beings, within their cultural context, tend to take into account various less tangible components of diagnosis.

Schizophrenia is pathoplastic in nature; hallucinations are shaped by the individual’s environmental influences. For example, ancestry-worship is a common theme in hallucinations amongst rural Africans.

Ethnographic studies have estimated that black people are six times more probable to be diagnosed as schizophrenic than average in the UK. Cognitive explanations suggest that British-African and Afro-Caribbeans express their thoughts differently from Caucasians. Psychiatric clinicians fail to identify cultural idioms and are more likely to diagnose patients from ethnic minorities with mental disorders. This elicits the question of what behaviour is considered abnormal and whether the criterion is fully dependent on the socio-cultural norms that surround the individual. Moreover, 'ethnic density’, associated with the social isolation of Afro-Caribbean communities in Western culture due to migration, has proven to be more of an influence than their socioeconomic status. Further variables to consider:
 * Differences between genders.
 * Age, especially in findings indicating men to be prone to schizophrenia earlier than women, leading to their earlier hospitalisation. The earlier diagnosis of men may also indicate a delay in diagnosing women, though they have generally shown better response towards the treatment.
 * The release of oestrogen as a possible explanation for the abovementioned, although further research will be necessary for its consideration as a form of therapy.
 * Marital status, as studies like that of Denmark and Mayhem's Case Registers appear to indicate that single young men are more likely to suffer schizophrenia. It is important to note, however, that no evidence supports marriage as a preventative method to schizophrenia.

Contemporary Psychology
As behavioural psychology has gained steady prominence through its adherence to more recognisable  scientific research and evidence gathering practices, an inverse correlation may be seen in the utilisation of subjective phenomenal experience as a nosographic tool in much of “mainstream psychology.” Increasingly, however, it is becoming evident that the complex nature of the human experience cannot be satisfactorily reduced to mere numerical data.

One criticism of neurobiological perspectives holds that they leave out the “person”. This presents a particular point of tension for those who conceptualise schizophrenia as an alteration of the experience of self or of ipseity (ipse being the Latin "self"), with ipseity defined as the experience of “basic self” through the awareness that 'I am the subject of this thought and I am the cause of the thought'.

Several alterations in ipseity may occur. One aspect is hyper-reflexivity, wherein the self-consciousness of oneself is exaggerated. In this state, previously unnoticed subconscious thoughts are experienced akin to external objects. Another facet is diminished self-affection, wherein the subject experiences decreased consciousness of themselves as the subject of their thoughts/actions. This leads to a passivity feeling described by patients as “I don't feel myself”; “I am half awake.” In schizophrenia, the above are accompanied by loss of contact with reality. Those with 'healthy' psychology view the world through articulation and context, defined as “common sense”; but for those with schizophrenia, the world appears decontextualised.

Future Research
Neglect of the first-person perspective in empirically-based approaches to the diagnosis of schizophrenia has reinvigorated interest in phenomenological diagnostic approaches, as popularised by Jaspers, Minkowski, Binswanger, Blankenburg, and Conrad. These approaches argue that neglecting the first-person perspective on alterations in ipseity—as the DSM-IV is disposed to do— "poses a serious threat for the validity of contemporary research: merely subjective phenomena are generally subjected to strict [third-person perspective] operationalizations and thereby dissected from their rich first-personal experiential qualities – however central those may be for the schizophrenic condition.”

Given that first-person experiential qualities may include qualitative data about both a patient’s attitude towards their illness as well as information about their surroundings, the interdisciplinary relevance of this line of inquiry is made readily evident.

Looking toward the future of research in schizophrenia, studies on the potentiality of phenomenologically inspired interventions and models, like those conducted by Nischk, Dölker, Rusch, and Merz, as well as those focused on person-centred psychopathology, show great promise as complementary methodologies to supplement current practices which find difficulty bridging the qualitative-quantitative evidence gap. Ultimately, more research will be necessary to determine the contribution of these efforts conclusively; however, these models presently appear to hold the most promise for expressing the validity, repeatability, and reliability of qualitative accounts of schizophrenia, such as those from introspection.


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Evidence in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

15/11/2019 During the ATK Wikibook session we formed our group and discussed the issue we would like to talk about: evidence and a topic related to mental disorders.

19/11/2019 During the seminar, we discussed the mental disorders we would like to do some research on. We decided to do some reading on schizophrenia, autism and depression. Then, through the week we sent to each other some of the articles we had read and found useful on these topics.

26/11/19 The entire group held a meeting to refine our subject to only schizophrenia and its treatment and diagnosis. We also discussed the disciplines we could write about. We therefore decided that Daniela would search the anthropology and culture side, Naomi would look at the theological and history impact, Aja would explain the phenomenology of the disease diagnosis and Tiphaine search the hard scientific approach to this topic. (Later changed to Naomi and Daniela both doing anthropology and culture, but each specifying on a topic: Naomi on ethnography and Daniela on gender differences).

03/12/19 We had another meeting, where we shared what we uploaded and our thoughts. It was agreed that we would have to upload images/diagrams/visual content, refine and be critical with each other's work (grammar, vocabulary, the structure of our sentences...) and choose a specific citing style (Harvard).

Most of our discussion about the specifics of the wikibook (the readings shared, the rephrasing approval, the problems we had) were done in a group chat

06/12/19

Naomi and Daniela during the seminar identified that we are not properly addressing the issue through the different discipline's evidence gathering methods and how they 'conflict' with each other. Scientific perspective should provide this topic with more depth: a biologist's point of view does not question the reliability of scientific and evidential methods, but 'argue' for it. The anthropological approach fails to touch on how evidence is gathered (open-ended questionnaires, participant observation and ethnography...). In the introduction we offer phenomenology as a solution but fail to discuss it in the conclusion.

10/12/19

The whole group met together and decided it would be more effective to structure the wikibook in qualitative and quantitative sections, to further highlight the conflict in different forms of evidence. Naomi was willing to get rid of her cultural paragraph and take on an important aspect we were missing - the behavioural psychological approach. Daniela volunteered to incorporate some of the cultural aspects into her paragraph on gender, condensing them to make space for our new paragraph. Tiphaine agreed to change her 'scientific approach' paragraph to focus more on biology and genetics.


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Pinyin/USA

The USA is the short form of the United States of America.

USA shih United States of America de suoxiee.

title: Pinyin/USA


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Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Akhzivland

Akhzivland is a micronation between Nahariya and the Lebanese border on the Israeli west coast, founded by Eli Avivi in 1971. The micronation is promoted by the Israel Ministry of Tourism even though its legal status remains ambiguous.

History
The micronation is located near the ruins of Achziv, an ancient settlement on the Mediterranean coast in the Western Galilee, about 5 kilometers north of Nahariya. A national park, field school, and the ruins of the Palestinian village of Az-Zeeb, which was captured by the Carmeli Brigade during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, are located nearby.

The current site of Akhzivland is situated near the ancient port city of Achziv. Based on archeological findings and the numerous burial sites located in the region, it is thought that Achziv was already an important commercial center during the Iron Age. In the Book of Joshua, Achziv is mentioned as one of the nine cities of the Kingdom of Judah. A thriving city was also located on the site during the time of the Mishnah. During the Crusader period, the city was given as a gift to a knight. During the Mamluk period, it was conquered by the Mamluk general Baibars, who established a fishing village at the site called Az-Zeeb. Its residents fled Az-Zeeb during Operation Ben-Ami in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1952, Iranian-born sailor and Palmach veteran Eli Avivi moved into buildings in the villages. According to former residents of Az Zeeb, Avivi was hired by a family of fishermen, and later moved into the family's house in 1955.

In 1961, the Israeli government granted the French resort company Club Med a fifty-year lease over part of the area's coastline.

In 1970, the Israeli government sent bulldozers to demolish the home in which Avivi had been living. In protest, Eli founded Akhzivland in 1971, setting up a hostel and a museum inside the former home of the mukhtar of Az-Zeeb. The micronation became a tourist site—described by Haaretz as a "hippy micro state"—attracting artists, models, writers, politicians, and countercultural figures, including Shimon Peres, Bar Refaeli, Sophia Loren, and Paul Newman.

The micronation elected Avivi to be President (according to the constitution "The president is democratically elected by his own vote"), established a flag and national anthem, and even issued passports. For a certain time, visitors’ passports received a special stamp. Following the founding of Akhzivland, Avivi was arrested and detained, but was released 10 days later after a judge ruled that the charge of "Creation of a Country Without Permission" did not exist. After Avivi sued the Israeli government, a court ruled to lease the area to Avivi for 99 years, but did not rule on the legal status of the state.

In 1971, six Palestinian gunmen infiltrated Israel by sea from Lebanon, landing on the beach of Achziv. One of the gunmen entered the house but was stopped at gunpoint by Avivi's wife, Rina, dropping his weapon and a bag of grenades. Two more gunmen were caught by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at the boat, while the other three were captured inland.

Akhzivland now contains a guest house, beachfront campground, and a museum of local findings from the sea and seashore.

Eli Avivi died of pneumonia on May 16, 2018.

Flag
The flag of Akhzivland has two white images with blue lines. One of them depicts a house which is the main building in Akhzivland. The other image depicts a mermaid resembling the one in the flag of Eemsmond, a Dutch municipality.


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Micronations/List of past micronations/Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles

The Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles was a micronation based in Britain. It was created in 2005 by school teacher Louis Robert Harold Stephens ("Grand Duke Louis", born 1985) as a class project, and claims as its territory Baffins Pond, in Portsmouth, along with the three tiny islands located within the pond. However, the Grand Duchy does not have a physical presence in, or exercise any authority over the area, and its operations are largely limited to the size. He quit the project and it was re-claimed by the current leaders on November 8th 2019. The land has been renamed to "Nation of Unclean" based after their small youtube channel TVUncleanLogan.(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPLjPipnD3W3DyxOhShNFAA) The three tiny islands are ruled by an oligarchy of 3 people. The official flag is a purple base with a black and white cross.

History
Records of Baffins Farm (including the pond) date back to 1194. Since then it has changed hands several times. In the 19th century it was used by local farmers, and in 1912 it became a public park. In 1938 it was saved from demolition, and sold to the City of Portsmouth. Stephens established the Grand Duchy's putative claim to the pond islands on August 16, 2005, after noticing that they were not specifically mentioned in the 1938 land sale contract. He subsequently sent a letter announcing his claim to Portsmouth council, and released a series of banknotes with an ornithological theme. He then quit the project years later. It was then claimed by 3 friends renaming it to "Nation Of Unclean"


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Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Nova Roma

Nova Roma is an international Roman revivalist and reconstructionist organization created in 1998 by Joseph Bloch and William Bradford, (Marcus Cassius Iulianus and Flavius Vedius Germanicus the "Patres Patriae") later incorporated in Maine as a non-profit organization with an educational and religious mission. Nova Roma claims to promote "the restoration of classical Roman religion, culture, and virtues" and "shared Roman ideals".

Reported to provide online resources about Roman culture, Latin, ancient Roman costuming and reenactment guidelines, Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history study group. Strimska, Davy, Adler, Gallagher-Ashcraft, and recently Chryssides refer to it as a polytheistic reconstructionist community. Because it has a structure based on the ancient Roman Republic, with a senate, magistrates and laws enacted by vote of the comitia, and with its own coinage, and because the Nova Roma Wiki states that the group self-identifies as a "sovereign nation", some outside observers classify it as a micronation.

Roman religion
Nova Roma has adopted the ancient Roman religion as its state cult, but also maintains the freedom of religion of its citizens. As a polytheistic reconstructionist practice, the religio Romana or cultus deorum Romanorum (Latin designations used by Nova Roma adherents when referring to their religion) reportedly attracts people especially of military background. Religious Studies scholar Michael York noted that traditional Roman way of thinking, Roman philosophy provides the moral code for Nova Romans in their New Roman belief system.

Both the domestic religious traditions and the so-called state religion (sacra publica) are represented in the practices of Nova Roma, including the restoration of the ancient priestly collegia, including the offices of pontifex and Vestal Virgin, and the honoring of the full cycle of Roman holidays throughout the year. According to the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, at the time of Christmas, Nova Romans celebrate the Roman holiday Saturnalia.

In 2006 Margot Adler noted the organization's plan to restore a Magna Mater shrine in Rome.

Live events, conventions and reenactments

Nova Roma holds its own local and international conventions and regularly participates with its affiliated reenactment groups in such history festivals and public events as the Festival of Ancient Heritage in Svishtov, Bulgaria, the Roman Market Day  in Wells Harbor Park, Maine and Forum Fulvii in Italy, Ludi Savarienses Historical Carnival, the Aquincum Floralia Spring Festival   in Hungary, or the Natale di Roma (the historical festival of the birthday of Rome) in Rome, Italy, where Nova Roma celebrated its twentieth anniversary.

Cultural competitions and games
Among the cultural activities of Nova Roma, competitions and games associated with various Roman festivals have an important place. They can include a wide range of various programs from humorous online games up to serious art-competitions like the Certamen Petronianum, a literary contest of historical novel writing, where the jury was composed of notables including Colleen McCullough, author of many Roman-themed best-selling novels, and T. P. Wiseman, university professor of Roman history and former vice-president of the British Academy, or the second edition of the same competition, where the jury was Jo Walton, World Fantasy Award-winning novelist and poet.

Historical contexts
Revival of things Roman and their co-option for symbolic importance have a long history. Nova Roma (in Latin, literally "New Rome") in its deliberate revival of grandiose remnants of the past thus parallels and echoes other New Romes such as:

 * the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire as a surviving embodiment of Roman ideals based on Constantinople (sometimes chartacterised as "New Rome" or the "Second Rome") after the decline of the Roman imperium in the West.
 * the doctrine of the Third Rome as justification for imperial Muscovite and Russian ambitions from the 15th century onwards
 * Mussolini's attempted construction of a Mediterranean-based New Roman Empire (compare Imperial Italy) in the early 20th century


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LMIs in Control/Applications

 * LMI for Attitude Control of Nonrotating Missiles, Pitch Channel
 * LMI for Attitude Control of Nonrotating Missiles, Yaw/Roll Channel
 * LMI for H2/Hinf Polytopic Controller for Robot Arm on a Quadrotor
 * An LMI for the Kalman Filter
 * Hinf Optimal Model Reduction
 * An LMI for Multi-Robot Systems
 * Helicopter Inner Loop LMI
 * Hinf LMI Satellite Attitude Control
 * H2 LMI Satellite Attitude Control
 * Mixed H2-H∞ LMI Satellite Attitude Control
 * Mixed H2/Hinf LMI Satellite Attitude Control
 * Problem of Space Rendezvous and LMI Approaches
 * LMI for Attitude Control of BTT Missiles, Roll Channel
 * LMI for Attitude Control of BTT Missiles, Pitch/Yaw Channel

title: LMIs in Control/Applications


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LMIs in Control/pages/LMI for Eigenvalue Minimization

The System

\begin{align} A(x) = A_{0}+A_{1}x_{1}+ ... + A_{n}x_{n} \end{align}$$

Note that $$ \begin{align} A_{i}, \quad i=1, 2, ..., n \end{align}$$ are symmetric matrices.

The Data

\begin{align} A_{0}, A_{1}, ..., A_{n} \quad \text{are given matrices.} \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem
Find

$$\begin{align} x = [x_{1} \quad x_{2} ... x_{n}] \end{align}$$

to minimize,

$$\begin{align} J(x) = \lambda_{max}(A(x)) \end{align}$$

According to Lemma 1.1 in [1] page 10, the following statements are equivalent

$$\begin{align} \lambda_{max}(A(x)) \leq t \iff A(x)-tI \leq 0 \end{align}$$

The LMI: LMI for eigenvalue minimization
Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.

\begin{align} \text{min} \; \quad t:&\\ \text{s.t.} \quad \begin{bmatrix} A(x)-tI \end{bmatrix}& \leq 0 \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
$$\begin{align} x_{i}, \quad i =1, 2, ... , n \quad \text{and} \quad t > 0 \end{align}$$ are parameters to be optimized

Implementation
A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/asalimil/LMI-for-Minimizing-the-Maximum-Eigenvalue-of-Matrix/blob/master/README.md

Related LMIs
LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

LMI for Schur Stabilization


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LMIs in Control/pages/LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

The System

\begin{align} A(x) = A_{0}+A_{1}x_{1}+ ... + A_{n}x_{n} \end{align}$$

Note that $$ \begin{align} A_{i}, \quad i=1, 2, ..., n \end{align}$$ are symmetric matrices.

The Data

\begin{align} A_{0}, A_{1}, ..., A_{n} \quad \text{are given matrices.} \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem
Find

$$\begin{align} x = [x_{1} \quad x_{2} ... x_{n}] \end{align}$$

to minimize,

$$\begin{align} J(x) = ||A(x)||_{2} \end{align}$$

According to Lemma 1.2 in [1] page 11, the following statements are equivalent

$$\begin{align} A^{T}A - t^{2}I \leq 0 \iff \begin{bmatrix} -tI & A \\ A^{T} & -tI\end{bmatrix} \leq 0\\ \end{align}$$

The LMI: Minimization of Maximum Eigenvalue of a Matrix
Mathematical description of the LMI formulation:

\begin{align} \text{min} \; \quad t:&\\ \text{s.t.} \quad \begin{bmatrix} -tI & A(x) \\ A(x)^{T} & -tI\end{bmatrix} \leq 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
This problem is a slight generalization of the eigenvalue minimization problem for a matrix.

$$\begin{align} x_{i}, \quad i =1, 2, ... , n \quad \text{and} \quad t > 0 \end{align}$$ are parameters to be optimized

Implementation
A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/asalimil/LMI-for-Matrix-Norm-Minimization

Related LMIs
LMI for Matrix Norm Minimization

LMI for Schur Stabilization


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LMIs in Control/pages/LMI for Schur Stabilization

The System
We consider the following system:

$$ \begin{align} x(k+1) = Ax(k) + Bu(k) \end{align}$$

where $$ \begin{align} x \in \mathbb{R}^{n} \text{and} u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} \end{align} $$, are the state vector and the input vector, respectively. Moreover, the state feedback control law is defined as follows:

$$ \begin{align} u(k) = Kx(k) \end{align}$$

Thus, the closed-loop system is given by:

$$ \begin{align} x(k+1) = (A + BK)x(k) \end{align}$$

The Data

\begin{align} \text{Given matrices} \quad A \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\text{,} \quad B \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times r} \quad \text{, and the scalar} \quad 0 < \gamma \leq 1. \end{align}$$

The Optimization Problem
Find a matrix $$\begin{align} K \in \mathbb{R}^{r\times n} \end{align}$$ such that,

$$\begin{align} ||A + BK||_{2} < \gamma \end{align}$$

According to the definition of the spectral norms of matrices, this condition becomes equivalent to:

$$\begin{align} (A + BK)^{T}(A + BK) < \gamma^{2}I \end{align}$$

One can use the Lemma 1.2 in [1] page 14, the aforementioned inequality can be converted into:

$$\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} -\gamma I & (A + BK) \\ (A + BK)^{T} & -\gamma I\end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

The LMI: LMI for Schur stabilization
Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.

\begin{align} \text{min} \; \quad \gamma:&\\ \text{s.t.} \quad \begin{bmatrix} -\gamma I & (A + BK) \\ (A + BK)^{T} & -\gamma I\end{bmatrix} < 0\\ \end{align}$$

Conclusion:
This problem is a special case of Intensive Disk Region Design (page 230 in [1]). This problem may not have a solution even when the system is stabilizable. In other words, once there exists a solution, the solution is robust in the sense that when there are parameter perturbations, the closed-loop system's eigenvalues are not easy to go outside of a circle region within the unit circle [1].

Implementation
A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

https://github.com/asalimil/LMI-for-Schur-Stability

Related LMIs
LMI for Hurwitz stability


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Evidence: Is private school really better than public school?

Introduction
It is a common, universal belief that private school provides a higher quality of education than public school; this assertion serves as one of the main justifications for parents choosing a private education for their children. This chapter aims to discuss the validity of this claim, by presenting conflicting evidence and examining its veracity from multiple disciplinary perspectives closely linked to education studies, in order to bring attention to potential issues encountered when conducting interdisciplinary research in this field.

Ancient and modern philosophers have identified varying purposes of education. While a functionalist view suggests education equips students with the right qualities and skills to function in prevailing socio-economic conditions, the traditional platonic view theorizes education's broader goal to help one's soul ascent from the cave of ignorance. Dissimilar education philosophies and ideologies contribute to differences in operations and subsequent educational outcomes in private and public schooling.

The origin of private education lies in religion, taking heavy influence from Catholic schooling. Gradually, private schools evolved from the classic curriculum to provide an alternative to government-run public schools. However, the claim that private education is superior to that of public school was not backed by empirical evidence until 1981 when Coleman published a pioneering study that started the public-private debate. Through quantitative research, he reached the controversial conclusion that private schools provided a more effective education and experienced less racial segregation than public schools. This led to numerous follow-up studies; some criticized Coleman's methods and conclusions, while others asserted his findings. Currently, there is still a notable lack of consistency in scientific research regarding this topic.

Disciplinary Approaches
In economics, the most common measure of effectiveness in education is academic achievement, particularly in key disciplines such as mathematics and English. Attendance and failure to complete high school, progress into further education, and performance at university and in the labour market are also indicators of quality of education.

Research is conducted through quantitative methods, analyzing cross-sectional data to compare performance across schools. A standard method of comparison involves calculating predicted scores an average public school student would attain at private school and comparing them to actual past results at public school. Ways of controlling external factors in econometric models include grouping students into socioeconomic status (SES) levels through surveying parents' income, level of education and available educational resources at home, and considering elements such as race/ethnicity and disabilities.

Although results are mixed, there is a general consensus that private schools achieve better results overall, but it cannot be presumed that this implies direct causation. One study suggests that the selective enrolment of high-level SES students at private school results in a higher proportion of students better suited to conventional education methods, thus possessing a naturally higher potential for academic achievement. This highlights the uncertainty regarding the degree to which schools influence the performance of their students. Some criticisms blame the lack of research examining progress over time; however, the inability to arrive at a universal conclusion using econometric evidence can be traced to several larger issues, such as the complexity of individual school systems, the influence of non-quantifiable factors and widely differing research methods.

Sociology examines the interaction between socio-economic factors, such as  family background, and academic performance in schools. The evidence is congregated upon both external and internal issues of social class, gender, and ethnicity. Social scholars highlight that the benefits of private schools are recognized through the inherited experience and funding of families. They argue that disparities in educational performance were not affected by the type of school children attended or school differences between social classes, but rather by the students’ background, individual aptitudes, and gender.

Quantitative research is conducted to determine the number of people who share the same views on the question being asked. This research incorporates an interview method that investigates the issues affecting the performance of students. There is compelling evidence that students from low-income families with African or Caribbean ethnicity perform worse than students from other backgrounds. Family income also influences educational success, as evidenced by a statistical analysis of examination results. While working-class girls perform better than working-class boys, they still lack behind middle school children. Sociologists conclude that scholastic accomplishments depend on students’ levels of physical and cultural capital.

The studies reveal some limitations. Sociologists cannot state confidently on what is the particular causal effect of students attending private schools due to the high entry-level of students going to private schools compared to public schools. Even where substantial evidence is evaluated, the omission of unobserved differences can still be biased in estimating the effects.

Educational psychology investigates how academic performance is affected by factors such as well-being. Psychologists gather empirical evidence from quantitative questionnaires, they also devise tests and criteria to measure components of well-being. The strength of evidence is checked by its statistical significance, with measurements such as p-value and standard deviation.

Whether students in private schools have better or poorer well-being is contested. A study on the mental health of Chinese private high school students found that they face significantly higher levels of negative emotions such as compulsion, depression, hostility, and paranoid ideation than their counterparts in public schools. Another study, however, found that anxiety and fear levels of Chinese high school students did not differ between private and public schools. The impact of private school is less significant than that of gender, family, and culture that sociology tries to tackle. Moreover, the relationship between well-being and academic performance is also complex. The positive relationship between well-being and academic is supported by a wealth of studies. But scholars also noticed a trade-off between education performance and well-being in many private schools, which can, in turn, impede academic achievements.

The contradicting results show that psychologists use varied methods to study mismatched aspects of well-being and measure discrepant forms of academic performance, thus they are supported by divergent evidence. Some evidence is weak due to the unreliability of self-completed questionnaires and the relativity of self-reported emotions - respondents may be dishonest and they can have vastly different interpretations to the same number when asked to rank emotions. As Richard Popp argues, emotion is a socio-cultural product; thus, sociology can help explain the larger forces that contribute to inconsistent understandings and presentations of well-being. Meanwhile, unclear causal and correlation mechanisms require econometric thinking to elucidate how well-being affects and is affected by academic performance.

Conclusion
After exploring the topic of public versus private school from several disciplinary viewpoints, it becomes clear that current monodisciplinary approaches are not sufficiently able to deal with problems encountered in research. The complexity of education systems requires a comprehensive approach beyond linear analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods across multiple fields within Education Studies to overcome their individual limits.

However, current research shows a lack of coherency even within their own disciplines, largely due to varying research methods. The resulting inconsistent and contradicting conclusions create difficulties when applying interdisciplinary methods, which highlights the need for standardisation and further research into key elements of education to reach a valid, reliable and accurate conclusion regarding the long-standing debate of private versus public schooling and beyond.


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Salute, Jonathan!/Grammar (adverbs)

Note: the content below references scenes from the story Salute, Jonathan! and thus contains spoilers.

Adverbs
Adverbs can be created from adjectives using the suffix -men, which is similar to the suffix -ly in English.

Adding -men

 * Avan Jonathan es li via, e sol men li via. - Before Jonathan es the road, and on ly the road. (sol = sole, alone)
 * Li altri cochero prende li bagage con su fort manus, e tre rapid men li cose es finit. - The other coachman takes the baggage with his strong hands, and very quickly the affair is finished. (rapid = fast, rapid)
 * Li cavallos ver men ne ama que li lupos ulula. - The horses truly do not like that the wolves are howling. (ver = true)

Adding -men does not change the stress of a word:

 * rapid = rapíd
 * rapidmen = rapídmen (not rapidmén)

Implied -men
The suffix -men is often dropped when an adjective alone suffices to make the meaning clear. This generally occurs with short adjectives like bon, mal, rapid, etc., but the addition of -men is always permitted.
 * Jonathan ha bon dormit, e it es pos midí. Il avigila se, lava se, e intra li chambre in quel il e li Comto manjat. - Jonathan has slept well (= good), and it is afternoon. He wakes himself, washes up, and enters the room in which he and the Count ate.

Words that are adverbs by nature
Many words by themselves are adverbs: tre, sempre, strax, etc.
 * Nu il pensa que anc su lette es tre bell. - Now he thinks that his bed is very nice too.
 * Dunc quande il vide Dracula, il es sempre calm. Quande Dracula questiona le: “Qualmen vu standa?” il di sempre “Yo standa bon, mersí. E vu?” e ili fa mult parladas. - Thus, when he sees Dracula, he is always calm. When Dracula asks him: "How are you doing?" he always says "I'm doing well, thank you. And you?" and they talk a lot.
 * Dracula: “Ah! Li matine va strax arivar. Vu es fatigat e li témpor ha venit por dormir. A revidentie!” - Dracula: "Ah! The morning will soon come. You are tired and the time has come to sleep. Until later!

title: Salute, Jonathan!/Grammar (adverbs)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 2/History/History of Geography/

I just added another part about the future of the history of Geography. --Anna Oustry


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User talk:Mohammad Safwan 7

HI I'M MOHAMMAD SAFWAN,A WIKIBOOK USER =--Mohammad Safwan 7 (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mohammad Safwan 7


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Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in the treatment of hysteria at the end of the 19th century

Introduction
Nowadays hysteria is defined as a psychological disorder characterized by conversion of psychological stress into physical symptoms or a change in self-awareness.

The treatment of hysteria has been the object of multiple experimentation. It has always been known throughout history by doctors and researchers under different names and under different forms. What led to such a confusion within the scientific community is the lack of knowledge about the cause of such mental disorder.

Ever since the ancient Egyptian and Greek societies, diverse truths within multiple disciplines, were enlightened with the objective of coming up with the definitive cure.

Historical approach of hysteria
The first officially submitted explanation of hysteria goes back to the 4th Century B.C, in Ancient Greece; they believed that its cause was the instability of the uterus, which was applying pressure on other organs. The first form of treatment was to place “good smells” near women’s vagina. Multiple theories quickly emerged, linking the hysteria with the retention of menstrual blood, which led to the emergence of marriage as a cure for hysteria. Later on they started to believe that sex was the cure since semen was thought to have healing and purification properties. These treatments are an example of a social truth determined by ancient history.

Religious perspective influenced by misogyny
The medieval most common approach to hysteria was highly influenced by religion; it was considered from a demonological perspective. Women were considered inferior to men, a popular assertion was the statement of Thomas Aquinas, “the woman is a failed man”. Physicians could not find a physical cause of the disease, then they assumed it was related demonological causes for the association of women to the sin. Thus these women were tortured or directly sentenced to death. This approach to the mental disorder within women evinces a misogynistic truth in the medieval society.

Feminist reading on hysteria cases
Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O) was diagnosed with hysteria in 1880 when she was twenty one years old. Pappenheim could speak Italian, French and English in addition to her mother language. During her hysterical crisis she was unable to speak German but was spontaneously fluent in foreign languages. During childhood the capacity to formulate sentences coincides with the realization of the patriarchal structure within the family. From a psychoanalytic feminist perspective of the aphasia of Pappenheim it is possible to read her rejection of a cultural identity; her inferior position in a patriarchal society represented by the structure of her orthodox family. She was an intelligent educated woman assigned to the monotonous activity of nursing her father for her gender condition while her younger brother was studying in university, restricted to women at that time. Later on, she became an important activist feminist and grew apart from the patriarchal values of her orthodox family.

The case study of Anna O is an example of the relegation of feminine subjectivity. If we take a feminist analysis on hysteria cases we can find an overlooked truth of patriarchal societies; the body of a hysteric might be signifying social untoward feelings in some cases. The expression “hysteric” is used in the popular culture to discredit feminine anger or frustration. Although feminist are plenty conscious of what is frustrating them they are often associated with hysterics.

In the identification of the causes
The Ancient explanation reached consensus during more than a millennium, until Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893), a French neurologist, decided to tackle conflicting theories about hysteria’s causes. First of all, he refuted the dogma that hysteria was an exclusively feminine disorder. Nevertheless, he conceived a classification which went against the Ancient truth of hysteria, since he discovered that it could take numerous forms, hence it could not be treated as one unique disease. Thanks to his experiments, Charcot reached a truth closer to reality than it was before. He maintained the idea that causes of hysteria were organic and physical but added that a psychological approach had to be taken in account.

In the treatment method
He mentioned a “psychogenetic origin”. Using hypnosis, he managed to prove his statement, making his patients forget their trauma and noting that the hysteria had disappeared. However, hypnosis, even though it worked, could not be considered as a proper treatment since it was only temporary. Hence, hypnosis drew the path to prove that there were psychological implications of hysteria, and not only physical ones. In this case, the treatment method has been used as a tool to reach truth, and not as a way to heal patients.

A psychological perspective on Hysteria: the creation of psychoanalysis.
From October 1885 until February 1886, Freud was the pupil of Charcot. He was immensely impressed by the work of his mentor, but later on he started think critically about the medical approach of his time and began to develop his own ideas. The case study of Anna O, whose real name was Bertha Pappenheim, published in Studies on Hysteria, inspired him. Dr Breuer, while treating Pappenheim, established the psychoanalytical strategy of the “talking cure”. Freud started to see a common pattern in the patient’s backgrounds and symptoms. He explained that the cure for hysteria was about uncovering the traumatic incident which had supposedly given rise to the symptoms. Freud transformed Breuer’s strategies into a discipline which goal was to reconstruct repressed memories through interpretation and free-association. He developed a ‘pressure technique’, a system of free-association. Freud considered this technic very effective and completed it with the ‘mental pressure’ technique when he started to analyze the hysteria case of Elisabeth von R.

His patients were healing thank to his therapy which was very shocking at that time. It was reasonable for him to believe in the effectivity of his technique. Freud explained that ‘we can guess the ways in which things are connected up and tell the patient before we have uncovered it’.

With this new definition and treatment of the hysteria, Freud created a new truth, which we defined later as psychoanalysis; a treatment of mental harms governed by what we define as psychology: the scientific study of how the human mind works and the way it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behavior. Freud didn’t create the psychoanalysis in opposition to the work of Charcot on hysteria, but as a complement of his approach. Indeed, the failure of the medical community at diagnosing correctly hysteria is also one of the main events that led to the development of this new truth.

Conclusion
The multiple truths relative to the treatment of hysteria create a case study in which disciplines clash. The social truth on the treatment of hysteria is, in its construction, the result of a conflict between a feminist, a theological and a historical point of view. Furthermore, this sociological truth isn’t compatible with a scientific approach, that was, later, completed by a psychological truth. Recent neurological studies have proved, in 2007, that hysteria has psychological causes, checking the thesis of Freud and Charcot.


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User:Dirk Hünniger/common.js

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title: User:Dirk Hünniger/common.js


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User:MacrinaHanganu/sandbox

- use bold text to highlight the subject of the page in the intro Macrina:

Some thoughts: - The female body as a reproduction resource. Has been both the subject and the object of power. - The examples of women's fertility being used as an object of power is much rarer than those when it has been used as a vehicle and had power exerted over it. - In its essential form, the female body as the centre of reproduction of the human race is in a powerful position. However, there have been

title: User:MacrinaHanganu/sandbox


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User:Mrjulesd/common.js

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title: User:Mrjulesd/common.js


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Wikibooks:Power in Guilt

Introduction
Guilt can be defined as doing something which breaks legal or moral laws. However, the feeling of guilt does not always overlap with factual guilt. The study of guilt is difficult, insofar as there are power conflicts between the social construction of guilt and its biological basis. This WikiBook will focus on the perception of guilt through the perspective of sociology of religion, law, evolutionary psychology and biology.

Socio-theological Perspective
The Catholic Church gained prominent political power in the Middle Ages (5-15th century), which led to it having a profound influence on both legal and social conceptions of what actions an individual should feel guilty about and repent for; an analogous argument may be made for the Eastern Orthodox Church. This power persists today, and Christian notions such as guilt, sin, penance, and repentance remain socially powerful not just for believers, but also for non-believers.

Religious guilt and social powerː homosexuality

Christianity remains a prominent religion today, with its 2 billion followers projected to rise to nearly 3 billion by 2050. Despite some data showing, for example, lack of religious guilt in teenagers, there does exist contrary evidence that religion does contribute to feelings of guilt , and one may look at homosexuality as an example of Christian notions of sin affecting people on a great scale. While a lot of denominations of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church do not consider being homosexual a sin, committing homosexual acts is still viewed as such. This has led to complications for the legalisation of gay marriage. Religious homosexuals also have to seek ways to reconcile two core parts of their identity, and if they have very internalised religious principles, they can "feel extremely guilty and fear eternal condemnation".

Religious guilt and social powerː non-theological doctrine motivation

The church has historically had to tailor its doctrines to economic and political factors to retain its power. This can be seen in the notions of what constitutes penance or pardoning of sin. Normally, would be expected to undergo "...some penalty as an expression of sorrow for sin or wrongdoing". The introduction of indulgences (giving money to the Catholic Church to receive partial pardon of sins), however, was encouraged by Pope Innocent III in order to finance his Crusade projects. A similar, more recent case may be found in late 20th-century Russia in the building of the church Our Lady of Kazan - an entrepreneur was convinced by a priest to contribute heavily to the construction process through being told this would constitute penance.

Overview

Religion is a powerful factor that influences people's perceptions of guilt, but it is itself influenced by other key factors, like politics and economics. Its definitions of guilt impact both believers and non-believers. It seemingly gives power to the individual through their acts to repent, but it also disempowers them in that it enforces what they should be guilty about.

Legal Perspective
Legally speaking, there is a distinction between legal guilt and factual guilt. Factual guilt is concerned with the plain fact whether the suspect committed a crime, i.e. broken the law, or not. However, in order to convict someone of a crime, it needs to be proven. Therefore, someone can be factually guilty, but without proper evidence, they would be considered legally innocent.

The Case of the Norfolk Four
On July 7, 1997, in Norfolk, Virginia, eighteen-year-old Michelle Bosko was raped and murdered in her apartment. Her body was found by her husband the next day. The first suspect, Danial Williams, confessed after eight hours of interrogation and threats of the death penalty. However, his DNA did not match the crime scene’s and police turned to Joseph Dick, Jr. He confessed under similar circumstances, but his DNA was not a match either. The pattern continued until, eventually, seven men were accused of the crime, four of which confessed to the police. Even after the actual killer, Omar Ballard, confessed to having committed the crime alone, the four suspects were still charged and the last ones only exonerated in 2016.

Surprisingly, ¼ of wrongful convictions involve false confessions. This has mostly to do with the psychological tactics police officers use to get confessions via the power imbalance between suspect and interrogator. Often, police officers are over-confident in their ability to tell apart those who are lying or not. Together with long interrogations, threats of harsher punishments, or even promises of leniency, coupled with the provision of false evidence, they are able to get confessions out of innocent victims, either because they feel like they will get convicted either way, or they might have become convinced of their own guilt. This conviction can go as far as apologising to the victim's family for a crime one did not commit, as was the case with Joseph Dick.

The suspect's changed perspective on their own guilt makes it even more difficult to study. Confessions are not reliable, in or outside the court of law, if the suspects themselves are not sure of the facts anymore. The determination of truth, therefore, needs to rely more on biological evidence than the malleable memory of the suspects.

Biology / Evolutionary Psychology
The neurological root of guilt as a withdrawal emotion remains somewhat ambiguous. However, studies comparing the brain circuitry of individuals with psychiatric disorders against those without such conditions furthered research on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and its interactions with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as the determinant in guilt-specific emotion. A correlation could be drawn between the increased frequency of antisocial behaviour, seemingly void of such mediating emotions as guilt, and the dysfunction of the OFC and vmPFC regions of the brain. With such dysfunctions arising from both injury and developmental abnormalities, it could be argued that the influence of social pressure on guilt as a withdrawal emotion is lesser than the constraints set by an individual’s physical anatomy. Even so, any external, social influence must be mediated via such structures and so is susceptible to their, albeit ambiguous, biological influence.

We can also study the role of guilt from an evolutionary perspective, to determine how its development provides not only for the guilt-prone individual but also their wider community. Crucially, guilt can be seen as an indicator of altruism whereby an individual feels shame for an action that is deemed to be selfish. The individual’s decision to display their shame to others in the form of guilt suggests a priority for the well-being of the group as a collective whole, rather than themself as an individual. Therefore, it could be argued that guilt promotes social cohesion by apparently condemning individualistic actions that do not serve to benefit the group. However, such a socially driven perspective ignores the individualistic benefits that are fundamental in allowing the evolution of guilt via natural selection. Almost hypocritically, guilt appearing to favour altruistic social cohesion is, in fact, fundamentally rooted in its benefits for the guilt-prone individual as an evolutionarily stable-strategy. The most frequent conclusion is that guilt serves to mediate the behaviour of an individual against transgressive actions, to establish a stable role within their social structures and so optimizes their likelihood of surviving to reproduce.

title: Wikibooks:Power in Guilt


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/ Group 2/Evidence/Historical evidence

One of the main role of an historian is to rebuild history for helping us to understand the past history. In order to establish or reestablish the historical truth, the historian needs to analyse the past events with critical thinking as well as neutrality and objectivity.

Which tools an historian is using for establishing the historical truth?
It is possible to divide the sources into two categorizes: the primary sources ( archives, letters, pictures…) which are the most valuable sources and the secondary sources ( books, magazines…). Via these sources, the historian needs to distinguish the fiction and the real facts as well as verifying the reliability of the documents. An article from the BBC History website also divides the sources into four types of evidence; “the printed sources”, “the archives”, “the oral testimony” and “the physical evidence”. Specifically for the oral testimony, it is important to underline that this type of evidence is subjective, the witness expresses a point of view, non-neutral. This is why, the historian needs to confront the different testimonies and cross the different sources.


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Lentis/Content Moderation

Introduction
This chapter goes into depth about how content is moderated. Content moderation is the practice of monitoring and applying a predetermined set of guidelines to user-generated submissions to determine if the content (a post, in particular) is permissible or not.

Laws and Morality
Content moderation can serve to maintain a clean network environment. Web search engines like Google and Bing implicitly conduct content moderation. Websites with illegal content such as slave auctions, smuggling, and drug trading are removed from public view, leading to the term "Dark Web". Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act dictates the legality of certain instances of content moderation. For example, it states that "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." This means that a social media platform or the host of a website cannot be held legally responsible for the content posted by the users of that platform or website. It states "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of . . . any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected." This means that online hosts can not be held legally responsible for illegal or unwanted content that is posted to their platform, nor can they be prosecuted for removing such content.

Platforms are not protected by Section 230 if they edit or curate illegal content. Federal criminal violations, intellectual property violations, and violations of electronic communications privacy laws are also exempt from protection by Section 230.

There are many techniques used to moderate explicit content. One example is language filtering. In many chat rooms, there is usually a feature called "chat filter" which replaces socially offensive words with asterisks or other symbols. Even though it might not be able to completely stop verbal abuse, it tries to maintain a clean environment. Another example is video censorship. Besides age-restriction, video products are usually modified to remove certain content from an audience. For example, in Japanese anime, if the episode contains blood or nudity, those scenes will be covered by mosaic tiling or dots.

National Security
Information on classified military secrets are prohibited from being exposed to the public. If a picture of a US military base is made public, the FBI will quickly remove it and arrest the person responsible. Facetious posts might be exempted but will still be watched. For example, there were rumors that Area 51 contained alien technology. However, there was never any proof. Detailed discussion of sensitive technology such as quantum encryption, gene-targeting viruses, and nuclear reaction control are also being monitored.

Lawmakers are worried about a lack of moderation on TikTok, as the platform does little to combat misinformation that spread quickly, especially among younger users. Per TikTok's privacy agreement, the app collects "information when [users] create an account and use the Platform" and "information you share with [TikTok] from third-party social network providers, and technical and behavioral information about [users'] use of the Platform." The Chinese company's lack of moderation and widespread collection of data has caused concerns for U.S. National Security.

Political Purpose
Content moderation can be regulated by the government. It is possible to direct the public opinion by controlling the information received by the public, along with self-efficacy campaigns.

In the 2017 case of Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald found that it was unconstitutional for President Donald Trump to block Twitter accounts with opposing political beliefs from his personal account, @realDonaldTrump. This decision was upheld after being appealed by the government in 2018. Another lawsuit featuring the same issue was launched in 2020 by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and is still ongoing in the United States Supreme Court.

Pre-Moderation
Pre-moderation is a style of content moderation that is employed by companies whom care about their image above all else. Every piece of content released is curated and reviewed to make sure that it doesn't hurt their brand in any way or cause any legal issues. Although pre-moderation isn't feasible for any platform that experiences a large influx of data, such as a social media platform, it can be helpful for company blogs or similar sites.

Post-Moderation
Post-moderation refers to a type of content-moderation in which content, once it's submitted to a platform, can be reviewed and taken down at any time if it's found that the post violates a site policy. Post-moderation specifically is a form of blanket policy that applies to most platforms currently in use. Most companies will always reserve the right to remove content from their platforms if they find it to have violated any of their terms or conditions.

Reactive Moderation
Reactive moderation is a type of moderation in which a platform relies on their community in order to review and screen posts. The individuals viewing the content become responsible for determining whether or not the content is appropriate. If the content isn't appropriate, they are tasked with reporting it so that a moderator can view and delete if necessary. This type of moderation is used on most social media sites, as it allows the site to leverage their large community as a solution to the influx of content.

Distributed Moderation
Distributed moderation is similar to reactive moderation in that it entrusts the community with moderating content, but rather than reporting only inappropriate content, the users vote on every piece of content submitted. This most often leads to a form of group-think, in which the masses become able to determine when a form of content is not permissible.

Automated Moderation
Automated moderation is a type of moderation that specifically relies on automated tools to filter content. This may include word filters, algorithms using text/word analysis, and more. Many believe that the expansion of this form of moderation will end up becoming the future of content moderation. Most sites currently use some form of automated moderation in their suite of content moderation tools, although in some cases the field hasn't progressed enough to be suitable by itself.

Status Quo & Social Media
Regarding the status quo, there are several large social media companies that are similar in size and scope but employ different forms of content moderation to moderate their expansive communities. We will focus on Facebook/Instagram, Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, Twitch, TikTok, and Snapchat.

Facebook & Instagram
Facebook and Instagram are under the same parent company and have similar moderation policies. They mainly employ a type of reactive moderation, in which the community is responsible for flagging and reporting any explicit content. Not only this, the company also uses a lot of automated moderation, not so much for removing content as for detecting duplicate accounts. Facebook is also the company that puts forth the highest investment into content moderation, and as such they're objectively the platform that is most successful at removing explicit content. However, the moderators tasked with cleaning up the posts end up suffering. Every day, just coming to work, they're exposed to the "worst of humanity". Many end up developing PTSD or depression, and can't continue working as a result. According to Facebook Inc's Transparency Report Q3 2019, Instagram removed 2 million posts compared to Facebook's 35 million.

Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, both Facebook and Instagram severely mitigated the user appeal process in favor of purely automated moderation. This has caused Instagram's user appeals (where Instagram reuploads a photo it has taken down at user request) to fall from 8,100 in Q1 2020 to zero in Q2 2020. Though it is still unknown if the shift to entirely automated systems is temporary or permanent, the policies on both platforms have become much stricter. Misinformation regarding politics is also typically allowed on both platforms, although they do ban certain widespread disinformation campaigns and they label potentially misleading posts as such.

Twitter
Beginning in 2018, Twitter has slowly become the spotlight for content moderation due to the prevalence of politics on the site. The company uses mainly automated moderation, but with less of a focus on the removal of content and more on the discovery and amplification of content. Recently, Twitter has become more aggressive when flagging and fact-checking misleading posts, and they do not hesitate to flag posts made by influential figures including President Donald Trump. Twitter also proactively surfaces potential content violations for human review rather than waiting for users to report them. This is part of a push to help manage toxic content and harassment as well as suspend accounts related to conspiracy groups.

Reddit
Reddit uses a style of content moderation they dubbed as "layered moderation". At its core, this is a combination of distributed moderation and reactive moderation. Users are responsible for "up-voting" and "down-voting" posts, acting as a form of moderator in which they curate high-quality information for other users to see. While this is generally seen as a good way to manage content, it can also lead to a sort of "hivemind" mentality, where everyone on Reddit sees content that the majority has curated. Users can also report posts for "subreddit" moderators to manually review and escalate/remove if necessary. Besides this, Reddit also employs a few tools for automated moderation, including the "AutoModerator", a bot that helps to automate a lot of the manual tasks that "subreddit" moderators must undergo.

Reddit has previously been one of the few places on the internet where "true" free-speech has been allowed. However, more recently, they have starting banning subreddits that represent hate-groups and misinformation. This targeted groups representing racism, homophobia, or misogyny. But in June 2020, they took it a step further when they banned /r/The_Donald, a subreddit that talks about and supports President Donald Trump. They also banned /r/NoMask, a subreddit that is against the wearing of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.

YouTube
YouTube is unique in that they employ the most automated tools of any of the platforms mentioned. Not only are their algorithms used for recommending videos, but also for content moderation. YouTube is also the one company mentioned where people can actually make a living by uploading content. As such, one of YouTube's main forms of moderation is "demonetization". For offending accounts, YouTube also has a "three-strike" system in place. After their first warning, they undergo a series of progressive punishments until, if nothing changes, their account becomes banned.

Twitch
The video game livestreaming platform Twitch, owned by Amazon, employs distributed moderation and automated moderation. Individual channels have moderators who are responsible for moderating Twitch's chat feature and deleting inappropriate messages in real-time. They also use automated systems when it comes to copyrighted content, often temporarily banning streamers who use copyrighted audio in their streams.

Twitch has recently faced backlash from large streamers on the platform due to very strict moderation policies. The DMCA, which manages copyrighted content, has retroactively banned streamers who have used copyrighted music in past streams, even before the new policy was implemented. This caused big streamers to delete all of the past broadcasts to avoid a ban. Streamers also get banned when they accidentally view inappropriate content through no fault of their own, even if they instantly click away from it. This disconnect between Twitch and their most profitable streamers has caused some to move to other Livestreaming platforms.

TikTok
A relatively new social media where people share short videos is TikTok, owned by the China-based company ByteDance. TikTok primarily engages in automated moderation, and states that less that 1% of the content it removes is related to hate speech and disinformation. However, TikTok has been accused of removing content based on sensitivities to China and suppressing content on their "For You Page" from users it deems as "ugly" so it can attract more people to the app. The company has denied both of these accusations.

Snapchat
Snapchat, a social media app where users share disappearing photos, primarily focuses on post-moderation and distributed moderation. This focus on human-centered content moderation is unique for such a large social media platform. They can afford fewer automated systems because most content on the app is only there for up to 24 hours before it is deleted. Most interactions between users is private on the app with the exception of their "Discover" page, where companies and influencers post bite-sized content. Snapchat has also taken a strong stance on racial justice by removing controversial figures, such as Donald Trump, entirely from the Discover page.

The Communications Decency Act
Both Republicans and Democrats have expressed concerns regarding Section 230 of the Communications Act. Democrats believe that Section 230 limits the censoring of hate speech and illegal content and that repealing or amending it will force tech companies to dispel inappropriate content. Republicans believe that Section 230 allows tech companies to suppress conservative opinions and influence public thought. In May of 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order to end online censorship, stating that "[The United States] cannot allow a limited number of online platforms to hand pick the speech that Americans may access and convey on the internet." No changes to Section 230 have yet been made.

Freedom of Speech
The use of content moderation by social media platforms has led to concerns about the implications on freedom of speech on these platforms. One reason for these concerns is the lack of transparency regarding rules governing content moderation. David Kaye, UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression, called the murkiness of the rules governing content moderation, "One of the greatest threats to online free speech today" adding that "companies impose rules they have developed without public input and enforced with little clarity". The different expectations of what content should be removed among users has only increased these concerns. An example of this is the reaction to Facebook's decision to not remove a doctored video of Nancy Pelosi, slowed down to make Pelosi appear inebriated. While some were frustrated by Facebook's inaction to contain the spread of misinformation, others applauded the company for protecting the freedom of speech on the platform.

2016 U.S. Presidential Election
The 2016 U.S. Presidential election sparked initial talks of political content moderation after it was discovered Russia leveraged social media to influence the results of the election. Misinformation campaigns spearheaded by Russia’s Internet Research Agency (IRA) emphasized the need for greater controls on user content.

2020 U.S. Presidential Election
The 2020 U.S. Presidential election spurred discussion regarding content moderation as social media sites gained greater influence leading up to election day. While social media may have increased civic engagement, especially in youths, misinformation and disinformation were also spread. Since President Trump’s fraudulent election claims on Twitter were unsubstantiated, Twitter flagged the posts as potential misinformation. Despite these flags, misinformation gets viewed millions of times blurring the lines of facts and false narratives. Another issue is the opaque decision-making process of removing or modifying content. As when Facebook removed "Stop the Steal", a group with over 300,000 members that was used to organize protests against election results. Decisions like these culminated in the CEOs of Twitter and Facebook defending their content moderation practices during a congressional hearing after both platforms decided to curb the spread of claims about the son Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden.

Contract Labor
Tech companies predominately use outsourced contract labor for moderation work. This allows companies to scale their operations globally at the expense of the workers, who are paid much less than salaried employees. At Cognizant, a contractor in Arizona supplying content moderation for Facebook, moderators made $15 and hour which is dwarfed by the median Facebook employee salary of $240,000 annually.

Psychological toll
Moderators manually review the most disturbing content on the internet, often without proper resiliency training and other services necessary to prepare them. Moderators are also held to high standards when moderating content, with Facebook setting a target of 95% accuracy on moderator decisions, creating a chaotic environment with high turnover as many moderators are unable to maintain this accuracy. Companies try to help moderators cope with "wellness time", meant to allow traumatized workers to take a break. At Cognizant, employees were only allotted nine minutes of wellness time per day and this time was monitored to make sure workers were using this time correctly. The long term effects of the exposure to disturbing content have led to former moderators developing PTSD-like symptoms. One example is Selena Scola, a former moderator for Facebook, who is suing the company after getting PTSD, arguing that the company does not have proper mental health services and monitoring in place for its content moderators.

Causes
As a content moderator, exposure to various forms of mentally abusive content, oftentimes illegal and inappropriate, are a part of their daily tasks. Viewing, filtering and removing published content on social media platforms is a sacrifice of time and health that content moderators are burdened with. Common subjects of harmful content exist in the form of (child) pornography, abuse, self-harm, and violence of all forms. Content moderators work to monitor such content and consequently make the decision of whether they are appropriate for other users. Due to the complications of the job description, moderators are told of the risk they face, ranging from emotional disarray to even deeper, psychological effects due to prolonged exposure or the severity of the content. While most may be capable of bypassing shallow controversies with emotional impulses - anger, sadness, sympathy/empathy, or conflict, others may be scarred to a point where developmental disorders lead to complex recoveries.

Symptoms
Most traumatic cases involve stress-related symptoms. Common symptoms of mediators include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as various forms of recurring sleep conditions such as insomnia and nightmare disorders. While the majority is due to inappropriate content subjection, some cases are noted to be due to the accumulation of stress as a result of professional secrecy. A large reason that cases are prolonged is due to the hesitancy of seeking help - especially through therapy - and the nondisclosure contracts that come with the occupation. After evaluation, patients have been noted to describe themselves as being continuously bothered by the content they are subjected to watch. Further indicating that mental therapy alone and unnecessary dosage of medicine are insufficient to provide the necessary 'cure' for content mediation-based trauma.

Treatment
Current treatments for disorders caused by content moderation include various form of mental therapies, such and cognitive behavioral (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). CBT has become one of the most common psychotherapies, as studies have shown that CBT is more effective than supportive techniques when it comes to the treatment of PTSD. EMDR is a more rare psychotherapy, where patients are shown disturbing materials in time intervals while simultaneously having them focus on external stimuli such as audio stimulation. Some studies argue that the effects of EMDR are limited and that eye movements may not be necessary for recovery from psychological disorders. On the other hand, the US Department of Veterans Affairs argue that CBT and EMDR are the most effective treatment for PTSD. Another form of treatment is medication, such as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRI), which block neurotransmitter re-uptake of serotonin - thereby increasing serotonin levels in individuals with depression and PTSD. The negative symptoms from using SSRIs include agitation, anxiousness, indigestion, and dizziness.

With developing research, there has been a rise in promising treatments offered, such as MDMA assisted therapy, ketamine infusion, and SDG injections. These treatments are still limited due to resources, and therefore more information on effectiveness and side effects would be needed to establish these as new treatments.

Case Study: Meta
Since the 2016 US presidential election, there has been pressure on Meta, a technology and social media company, to improve content moderation due to the high volume of "fake news" circulating its platforms, such as Instagram and Facebook. With this came an increase in Meta content moderation, subsequently increasing the physiological toll on both Meta employees and outsourced employees. In 2018, former Facebook employee, Selena Scola, sued Meta after developing PTSD due to the disturbing content she moderated. Meta settled in court for a total of $52 million for current and past content moderators. Due to this settlement, Meta has agreed to increase and improve therapy sessions and roll out new content moderation tools, such as audio muting and black/white screens. Among these new tools, Meta has also agreed to inform employees on how to report violations in accordance with several changes in workplace standards. Now, Meta requires its moderators to undergo initial screening for emotional resiliency, advertises their offered support services to increase employee awareness, and provides a safe workplace environment where reports of any violation of Meta workplace standards by vendors are encouraged. Even after these settlement agreements, Meta content moderators still believe that the company lacks sufficient mental health support and resources, which is why Meta is currently under pressure as it enters another lawsuit in 2022.

Case Study: TikTok
Following the $52 million Meta settlement in 2020, the social media company TikTok also came under pressure for similar problems surrounding their content moderation policies. In March 2022, Ashley Velez and Reece Young, two contractors who previously worked for TikTok as content moderators, filed a class-action lawsuit against TikTok and its parent company, ByteDance. Velez and Young alleged that they were subjected to graphic and objectionable content on a daily basis, and suffered immense stress and psychological harm as a result. They also claimed that TikTok exacerbated these problems by imposing harsh productivity standards and quotas, and was negligent in equipping moderators with the appropriate tools to cope with the burdens of their work. In their lawsuit, Velez and Young sought financial compensation, as well as the creation of a medical monitoring fund to help diagnose and treat moderators’ mental health conditions. Aside from the mental toll on moderators, other criticisms have also been levied at TikTok. For example, the validity of TikTok’s moderator training process has also been brought into question. In interviews with Forbes, several former moderators stated that as part of their training, they were given access to a shared spreadsheet called the “Daily Required Reading” (DRR), which contained hundreds of images of nude children. They argued that the availability of the document to many employees at TikTok and Teleperformance, their contracting company, was alarming, and that the sensitive data was being grossly mishandled. Interviewed moderators said that the use of real-life examples during training was inappropriate, and should be removed in favor of other teaching tools. Both TikTok and Teleperformance declined to comment on the existence of the DRR, but moderators who left as recently as July 2022 claimed that it was still in use. As it has been established as fact that repeated exposure to graphic imagery can cause debilitating psychological trauma, it is crucial that TikTok and other social media companies provide better support to their content moderators, who toil long hours to make sure the average user experience remains unsoiled.

Case Study: Hong Kong
Initially, the 2019 Hong Kong Protest were just citizens peacefully marching against an extradition bill. It has since become violent. The protest was reported and interpreted with huge discrepancy in different places, leading to different reactions to the event. Content moderation has been confirmed to play a significant role in this case.

In mainland China, it was reported as a “rebellion” and “insurgence with conspiracy", while in the United States, ABC refers to it as "pro-democracy" protests and a fight for freedom. CNN reported that some NBA fans are also supporting the protest , which looks like a social norm campaign. There were reports on HK police abuse . Some people in America have called for action to help the protesters.

However, it was found that certain viewpoints are being hidden from the United States public. Facebook and Twitter were reported to be manipulating the story through content moderation, and have deleted nearly a thousand Chinese accounts. All the removed Chinese accounts simply stated anti-protest opinions, but the sites claimed that those accounts were associated with the Chinese government. Even though content moderation is not the primary reason some American people strongly favor the protest, it definitely affects public opinion.

Automated Versus Human Moderation
While companies make known their basic moderation principles, rarely is the balance between automated and human moderation discussed. Algorithmic decisions are driven largely by commercial incentives causing transparency and accountability issues. These issues are a symptom of not having a global standard for all companies where political discourse may happen between users. Some argue for an open and political debate to help determine the norms for acceptable online political communication.

Future
The future of content moderation will include an increased focus on using AI and Machine Learning to automate moderation processes. The use of artificial neural networks and deep-learning technology have already helped automate tasks such as speech recognition, image classification, and natural language processing, lessening the burden on human moderators. These applications of AI can make more precise moderation decisions than human moderators, but are only as effective as the extensiveness of their training. Currently there is an insufficient amount of examples of content to train AI models. This lack of data leads to AI models being easily confused when content is presented in ways different than in training. Current AI solutions are also unable to comprehend context and intent that may be crucial to determining whether to remove a post. This can be seen in the discrepancy between Facebook's automated tools detection of nudity and hate speech, which are accurately detected 96% and 38% of the time respectively. Because of these limitations with AI, a mix of automated moderation and human moderation will likely be the norm for some time.

If Section 230 of the Communications Act is repealed, tech platforms could be held responsible for the content posted by users, and therefore will need to censor anything that could lead to legal issues. This will require intensive moderation techniques and may lead to many websites getting rid of user content altogether.

Psychological Toll: Improvements in Content Moderation
As social media continues to grow as a large part of global media, the psychological toll on moderators is a rising topic of concern with the consequent rise in inappropriate content exposure. Increased viewing of disturbing content as content moderators has led to to an increasing amount of employees to develop PTSD and other psychological disorders. Increased viewing of disturbing content as content moderators has led to an increasing amount of employees to develop PTSD and other psychological disorders. With limited treatment options that only diminish symptoms and a lack of mental health resources from employers, content moderators are at high risk of developing these disorders. Social media companies, such as Meta and TikTok, have been under pressure and sued for their poor working conditions for content moderators. These settlements led to more progress in improving mental health resources, but this is only a start in the right direction.

These issues accentuate the immediate need for a working step towards a solution. Possible tools proposed to combat this issue include increasing awareness of the serious risks and implications associated with the occupational position (via improved nondisclosure agreements and recruitment screening) or by decreasing the exhaustive loads imposed upon the moderators. Where the latter option can be addressed by implementing more efficient detection algorithms that can flag inappropriate content. By utilizing improved content filtration algorithms, this could reduce the concentration and load of content to be filtered by moderators. Ideally, severe and traumatic content is filtered out by the system software due to certain indicators like tags, text, audio and images in the media, leaving moderators with unobtrusive items flagged by other users as mildly inappropriate or of a debatable degree that requires human management.

Conclusions
There are some generalizable lessons that can be taken from the case of Content Moderation. One of these lessons is how transparency can affect user trust. The lack of transparency in moderation guidelines and enforcement is incredibly frustrating for users and lead to users reaching their own conclusions about why their posts are taken down, such as bias or believing it to be a false positive. Transparency would alleviate this problem which is why many are calling on tech companies to adopt guidelines such as The Santa Clara Principles to make the moderation process more transparent. Others can also learn from tech companies use of contract labor. For a dangerous job such as content moderation, low wages and insufficient benefits puts a large financial burden on workers who develop mental health conditions from their time as moderators.

Chapter Extension
Extensions to the casebook chapter could explore in more detail the current AI and Machine Learning technologies used today, the presence of bias in the moderation process, and how the phenomena of fake news will change the moderation process.

title: Lentis/Content Moderation


text:
User talk:109.131.35.76

I was supposed to write the introduction which is a condensed version of the previous background and introduction but I did it in a word document so I will now add it into the sandbox and take out this one which does not expose the problem in the way we discussed it. Also I do not think it is the best thing to reveal our roadmap so early, makes the article quite predictable and sounds quite mechanic.

title: User talk:109.131.35.76


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools

 * Basic Matrix Theory
 * Notion of Matrix Positivity
 * /Matrix Inequalities and LMIs/
 * /KYP Lemmas/
 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/
 * Deduced LMI Conditions for H-infinity Index
 * Deduced LMI Conditions for H2 Index
 * Dissipativity of Systems
 * D-Stabilization
 * H-Stabilization
 * H-2 Norm of the System
 * Algebraic Riccati Equation
 * System Zeros without feedthrough
 * System zeros with feedthrough
 * Negative Imaginary Lemma
 * Small Gain Theorem
 * Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation
 * Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation with Scaling
 * Generalized $ H_{2} $ Norm
 * /Passivity and Positive Realness/
 * /Non-expansivity and Bounded Realness/
 * /Change of Subject/
 * /Congruence Transformation/
 * /Finsler's Lemma/
 * /Young’s Relation (Completion of the Squares)/
 * /Young’s Relation-Based Properties/
 * /Schur Stabilizability/
 * /Variable Reduction Lemma/
 * /Ellipsoidal inequality/
 * /Dilation/
 * /Quadratic Schur Stability/
 * /D-Stability Rise Time Poles /
 * /D-Stability Settling Time Poles /
 * /D-Stability Max Percent Overshoot Poles/
 * /Iterative Convex Overbounding/
 * /Strict Projection Lemma/
 * /Non Strict Projection Lemma/
 * /Concatenation Of Matrices/
 * Dicrete-time Algebraic Riccati Equation
 * /Frobenius Norm/
 * /Dualization Lemma/
 * /Negative Imaginary System DC Constraint/


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/KYP Lemmas

 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/


text:
LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis

 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/
 * /Design For Insensitive Region/
 * /Takagi Sugeno Models for Polytopic Controller Design/

title: LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis


text:
LMIs in Control/Observer Synthesis

 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/

title: LMIs in Control/Observer Synthesis


text:
LMIs in Control/Robustness

 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/
 * Robust H inf State Feedback Control

title: LMIs in Control/Robustness


text:
LMIs in Control/Time-Delay Systems

 * /Continuous Time/
 * /Discrete Time/

title: LMIs in Control/Time-Delay Systems


text:
LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time

 * /State Feedback/
 * /D-Stability/
 * /Optimal State Feedback/
 * /Output Feedback/
 * /Static Output Feedback/
 * /Optimal Output Feedback/
 * /Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback/
 * /Decentralized Feedback/
 * Stabilizability LMI
 * LMI for the Controllability Grammian
 * LMI for Decentralized Feedback Control
 * LMI for Mixed $H_{2}/H_{\infty}$ Output Feedback Controller
 * /Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /H-inf Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * /Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty/
 * $H_\infty$ Optimal Output Controllability for Systems With Transients
 * Quadratic Polytopic Stabilization
 * Quadratic D-Stabilization
 * Quadratic Polytopic Full State Feedback Optimal $H_{\infty}$ Control
 * Quadratic Polytopic Full State Feedback Optimal $H_2$ Control
 * Continuous-Time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability
 * Multi-Criterion LQG
 * Inverse Problem of Optimal Control
 * Nonconvex Multi-Criterion Quadratic Problems
 * Static-State Feedback Problem
 * Mixed H2 Hinf with desired pole location control
 * Mixed H2 Hinf with desired pole location control for perturbed systems
 * /Robust H2 State Feedback Control/
 * /LQ Regulation via H2 control/