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User:I am very blind/sandbox

Sociology asserts that intelligence, like many other parts of reality, is a sociocultural construction. and heavily reject that it is purely a biological or psychological cognitive attribute. It is a subjective concept wherein its meaning diverges amongst different groups and times. Sociological perspectives draw upon many psychological theories of intelligence in order to form conclusions on intelligence measurement, hence the combining of the disciplines.

It is believed that intelligence only exists when it is perceived and is strongly tied to social factors. One theory proposes that when individual learns they are seen as 'intelligent', it becomes part of their identity and hence they further pursue and exhibit behaviours and symbols that conform with their self-perception. This is based in Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self theory, which proposes we adjust ourselves accordingly to our beliefs of the expectations placed on us. The Production of Reality: Essays and Readings on Social Interaction Similarly, individuals part of groups socially perceived as unintelligent can experience a 'stereotype threat', which is the anxiousness arising from confirming or reinforcing a negative stereotype ascribed to a group they are a member of. This social pressure ultimately leads to underperformance and fulfillment of the stereotype. (ADD RITHU'S SOURCES)

These disciplines claim that standardised intelligence tests are heavily biased towards the sub-cultural beliefs and ideas of its creator, empowering them to construct the idea of intelligence. It is argued that IQ tests fail in their purpose of convincingly estimating innate intelligence as its ingrained biases are an unquantifiable random factor and could only produce meaningful results if testees experienced the exact same conditions of development. Furthermore, due to intelligence as used in academic literature today largely being an "invention" of middle class Europeans and Americans, its measurements of human intelligence are essentially “meaningless” in the face of cultural divergences. .

However, aforementioned theories have received criticism for being incomplete as they ignore self-categorization theory analysis of social influence.

title: User:I am very blind/sandbox


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Production and Consumption of the Palm Oil Boom

Discussion
Well done everyone!!! We're finished!AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 11:59, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

I just added a small sentence introducing disciplinary evidence in the palm oil sector to the introduction. Tell me what you guys think. Liveramasaff (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I like it, looks great! Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 10:53, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Good news! I managed to change our title on the actual wikibook page!! Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 10:40, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yay! That's great - I am glad that we were able to figure that out :) Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 11:46, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for changing it! We did good work today and we managed to cut enough words!AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 11:44, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Hi! I just got the word count down to below 1200, and I think at this point we have a bit more flexibility with words than we did before. I think that we should add a more obvious type of evidence for the second economics paragraph, and also maybe some kind of part in the conclusion where we try to integrate the evidence to suggest a policy solution (?). I'm not sure if we have the word allowance for that but I think it would be a really good way to show how interdisciplinary research comes together and how you can overcome tensions? Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 21:26, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
 * In relation to our discussion in the WhatsApp groupchat, I added the sentence at the end, and deleted a few more words. Please let me know what you think Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 21:51, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes I would agree! I like what you guys did with the new intro, much much better!Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 10:43, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

I think I have just spotted a typo in the introduction paragraph: adopted as opposed to adapted. Liveramasaff (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for correcting it! AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 10:55, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Hola! Didn't want to cut stuff without everyone else agreeing so I just put a line through bits I think can be cut out. We can discuss in the call tomorrow if you agree. I've also suggested different versions for the last paragraph to make it shorter. Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 21:21, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Hey guys. Just added another point to the tensions section about irrational v. rational behaviour in economics and sociology. Could you guys maybe have a read through to see if it makes sense? Also I noticed that some of the disciplines don't mention the actual findings of the separate disciplines and I think it might be useful to have just a sentence in each to briefly explain the findings. Let me know what you think. Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 19:01, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Also, as we have only just realised that we need to utilise the discussions feature to show how we organised our work and keep track of our individual contributions, I would suggest that we add the notes that we took on the OneNote to this page under each of the different sub-sections. Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi! I am going to look at the OneNote now and add what was said on there so our progress is represented. AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 19:05, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay great - I saw that you added the notes from the OneNote so I just reformatted mine and added the notes that I took in my notebook and uploaded them to the OneNote, hopefully this should be fine for evidence of our work leading up to our contributions on the page :) Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 21:45, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Hey guys. I know we said we would cut down each others work rather than our own. I wanted to suggest that for my section (ecology) two delete the last paragraph because it isn't as detailed as the first one. What do you think? Bfevidal (discuss •contribs) 11:06, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi - I agree that it might be a good way of reducing the word-count, especially considering that your first paragraph does get across a lot of the evidence which is used in the discipline of ecology, so should be sufficient to give an idea of how evidence in the discipline is collected and how it related to the issue. I suggest that you should do it.

Also, we need to contact someone about the fact that we are unable to change the name of the page, although we have decided to change the title of our Wikibook page Verysmallroom (discuss • contribs) 13:05, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I've emailed James but I'm not sure if he will reply over the weekend. Should we maybe email Nikola as well? Bfevidal (discuss • contribs) 19:01, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I will email Nikola just to be sure and I will you keep you updated if she answers. AmelieZ (discuss • contribs) 20:08, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

14/12/2020
Final meeting before handing the chapter
 * we still need to cut a few words out
 * rereading all of it for grammar and spelling mistakes
 * discussing how we have to turn it in / how to download as a pdf

13/12/2020

 * looking at how we can reduce the wordcount
 * suggest cutting down second paragraph of nutrition as it discusses the findings of the discipline rather than the evidence itself
 * trying to rephrase tensions to cut down on words
 * made citations more cohesive, putting them at the end of a word
 * working on linking the the paragraphs together more
 * scheduled one more meeting for tomorrow morning
 * in the interim, all will look over the page, try and reduce the number of words and make sure we're happy with the page as it is

11/12/2020

 * goal: reduce words and expand on tensions
 * Liveramasaff made additions to the OneNote to the tensions part - with regards to the economic tensions, which we then added
 * Verysmallroom suggested to modify the title changing the word 'crisis' to 'boom' > focus the issue as impacts of the increasing dependency on palm oil for nutritional, economic... etc reasons over the past few decades
 * agreed to meet again at 12 on Sunday - on Zoom, to go over details and make sure that we are within the word count for when we turn it in

9/12/2020

 * Bfevidal and AmelieZ presented comments from the meeting with Nicola
 * Nikola's comments: Consider changing the title as evidence from nutrition doesn't claim that palm oil issue is a crisis, for tensions focus more on the methodology of different disciplines make sure to focus on evidence, try to tie the paragraphs describing evidence in different disciplines together
 * Brainstormed more tensions between the disciplines that we could discuss
 * Agreed to meet again on Friday at 14:00 over zoom

8/12/2020

 * Meeting with Nikola, attended by Bfevidal and AmelieZ during office hours

7/12/2020

 * Brainstorming idea for the tensions aspect of the course
 * Struggling to find tensions due the nature of the research and evidence in each of the disciplines
 * We agree that each of the disciplines looks at very different aspects of the issue of the Oil Palm Boom, and therefore it is difficult to compare or find tensions within the evidence
 * Deciding to contact seminar leader Nicola to ask for her advice regarding how we present the tensions
 * Bfevidal will email Nikola to arrange a meeting during her Office Hours

3/12/2020

 * deciding we will all finish our parts by Monday so we can then decide on the tensions we will address

26/11/2020

 * Working together in our seminar
 * Deciding on the disciplines which we think are most closely related to the issue of the Palm Oil boom
 * We think that the connection to Economics and Economics is most obvious and very important to address, but also need to come up with other ideas
 * Suggest that we should also look at the nutritional impact of the Palm Oil Boom - whether the consumption of palm oil is healthy/nutritionally sustainable
 * Decide to split Economics into two subsections, which will each be investigated by one group member, and then the other two group members chose between ecology and nutritional science
 * Verysmallroom finds an academic paper which mentions evidence collection for the social aspect of Palm Oil Production - suggests instead of having a great economic section, looking at four disciplines - sociology, economics, nutritional science and ecology
 * Agree as a group that each group member will do some research and find sources to support their sub-section, as well as starting draft some ideas
 * Liveramasaff will work on Economics, Verysmallroom will research sociology, AmelieZ Nutrition and Bfevidal will cover ecology

20/11/2020
Wiki-workshop!

 * Went over our thoughts on history, evidence, truth and power we quickly agreed that evidence is the issue we mutually found most pertinent
 * Then began discussions on current global issues to deduce a subject.
 * Inadvertently focused on environmental sustainability/ the different ways in which humans are posing threats to the longevity of the natural environment, eventually coming to the palm oil industry
 * Decided the way in which the different disciplines, relevant to the current oil palm boom, collect and present their evidence has significant implications as to how the palm oil problem is tackled.
 * Hence, evidence in the production and consumption of the palm oil boom became our chosen title

Economics

 * Economic evidence is both qualitative and quantitive, when analysing product markets (eg palm oil industry) evidence tends to be more quantitative.
 * Conduct empirical research to build models which acts as basis of evidence within the discipline
 * Distinguish between the different models employed in micro and macro
 * Potential macroeconomic indicators to go into more depth about: international trade, domestic consumption, investment (both from abroad and domestic). Most evidence/ importance placed on imports and exports of the palm oil so focus here.
 * Microeconomics look at how impact on different stakeholders is quantified/ how they are grouped. Perhaps mention how the economic evidence of these individual groups have broader social implications
 * Look at spott.org and their methodology for compiling evidence in the palm oil sector

Tensions between Economics and other disciplines:
 * Stark differences between methodology in economics compared with nutrition and ecology: economic modelling vs collection of raw data. How these different ways of forming evidence determines the truth the disciplines convey respectively i.e. constructivist vs positivist
 * Reductive model of human nature (rational economic man) conflicts directly with evidence in sociology.
 * Economists assume rational decision making/ this is underpinning of models yet sociologists appreciate that we rarely ever act purely to maximise our own individual utility

Ecology
Possible evidence in research findings in ecology to discuss:
 * soil degradation
 * long-term study
 * analysis of soil samples in representative areas
 * soil analysis in different land areas are compared e.g. palm oil plantations v. natural forest
 * uses statistical analysis to work out the means and distribution soil chemical properties
 * loss of biodiversity
 * field survey to calculate population density of various species in different land areas
 * random sample sites are chosen within each land area
 * species count in each sample site
 * models and ecological tests are used to calculate species richness
 * deforestation
 * satellite imaging is used, images are collected from various sources
 * analysed using different computational sources to identify land used for palm oil plantations
 * compares images from different time periods

Ecology largely relies on quantitative research methods to understand the relationship between living organisms and the environment6. Deforestation, a major concern of the high demand for palm oil, has been observed and recorded by ecologists through the use of satellite imaging3. High-resolution images captured from satellites such as Landsat are used to collect data on land use and understand environmental change12 as a result of palm oil plantations. Tools such as unsupervised classification, visual classification, and observation of spectral characteristics are used to quantify the area on which oil palm is grown345. This identification process is repeated on datasets of satellite images from different time periods in order to compare changes of land use over time. Statistical models and formulas are then used to calculate the rate of deforestation4. Through this methodology, ecologists are able to gather evidence on the statistically significant rates of deforestation as a result of the spatial expansion of palm oil plantations. However, a limitation of this methodology is its reliance on computer algorithms and machine learning that may mistakenly identify other vegetation as oil palm or unable to detect oil palm due to its age or larger spacing between trees.

Ecologists have found that the clearing of land for palm oil plantations have resulted in a loss of biodiversity7. Typically field surveys are conducted to measure the population density of various fauna in an area. Palm oil plantations and natural forests are used as study sites and are then divided into quadrants781011. Researchers will then count the number of specific species found in randomly selected quadrants. Statistical analysis tools such as EstimateS, Generalised Linear Mixed Models, and chi-squared tests to assess species richness and abundance in an area910. This data has demonstrates that converting natural forests to oil palm plantations can lead to significant biodiversity loss in these areas from fauna such as orangutans, tigers, and bird species.

Nutrition
Nutrition is the process of assimilating food which directly linked to palm oil and how it is impacting the consumer. Methods used in nutrition to obtain evidence on the impact of palm oil on someone’s health and nutrition include scientific research, experiments and clinical trials. (Cite here) They are usually used as one process, analyzing palm oil itself and then experimenting and observing its effects on subjects. The goal is to understand the influence of palm oil on the lipids in the blood compared to other oils. To gather evidence, different types of trials were led with different parameters varying, the participants characteristics, the sample size, the intervention characteristics; their reliability can be assessed on the Jadad scoring used for clinical trials. (Cite here) The method in that case is observing impact on the body through regular intake of palm oil and integrating it into the subject’s diet. Researchers analyzed the principal fatty acids in palm oil respectively oleic acid (about 40%) and palmitic acid (about 44%) cite here and how they impacted functions of the body such as body weight, metabolic rate, blood pressure... And as opposed to what could have been expected, fresh palm oil has benefits such as vitamin A and E intake, reducing lipids distributed in the body (cholesterol, triglycerides). These clinical trials show that palm oil is not fundamentally dangerous and that it has various benefits but when not consummated fresh it can present some dangers. Moreover, the recommended intake of saturated fat a day does should not be over 10% (cite here) of total calories, which means that unless a large amount is consumed, palm oil cannot be linked to non-communicable diseases. According to the evidence found, the problem with palm oil consumption is not palm oil itself but rather the quantity consumed and how it is consumed (fresh or not).

Sociology
Sociologists utilize methods such as interviews, ethnography, surveys, systematic observation to collect evidence on and study the structure and relationships within human societies. The sociological study of palm oil looks at the social impacts of palm oil production on indigenous households and communities. Sociologists methods Studies on the social impact of palm oil production have heavily relied on (interviews) > forming structured questionnaires > multistage random sampling procedures > probability sampling techniques which have known probabilities of occurance
 * Interviews
 * Ethnography
 * Surveys
 * Systemic observation

Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia
Citation: Obidzinski, Krystof; Andriani, Rubeta; Komarudin, Heru; Andrianto, Agus (2012). "Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia". Ecology and Society 17 (1). doi:10.5751/es-04775-170125. ISSN 1708-3087. Methods:
 * Selected sites which represent    a wide range of business models and the large range of potential social     and environmental issues which may vary according to region
 * Three main types of data:    household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews
 * Five stakeholder groups    indentified - employees, former landowners, customary users, investing     households, affected neighbours
 * Household surveys used generic    questionnaires to determine each respondents individual experiences
 * Used a snowball sampling method    to identify respondents to the household survey
 * Purposive sampling applied to    select member for focus group discussions, asking open-ended question, to     then verify information collected by the household survey
 * Informant interviews was a    source of secondary data collected through the use of semistructured     interviews with government officials to provide a wider view
 * Suggested economic benefits    were unevenly distributed - some stakeholders greatly benefits, while     others struggled
 * contrast with economic evidence     - by interviewed a wide range of households instead of only applying      modelling, is able to see inconsistencies

Does Actor Perspective Matter? A Case Study of Designing Intervention for Small‐Scale Palm Oil Production Enterprises in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana
Citation: Osei-Amponsah C, Visser L. Does Actor Perspective Matter? A Case Study of Designing Intervention for Small-Scale Palm Oil Production Enterprises in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana. Rural Sociology [Internet]. 2015 [cited 8 December 2020];81. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291012205_Does_Actor_Perspective_Matter_A_Case_Study_of_Designing_Intervention_for_Small-Scale_Palm_Oil_Production_Enterprises_in_Kwaebibirem_District_of_Ghana
 * Used an ethnographic method    to elucidate stakeholders experiences
 * Studied power relationships    within the plantation context
 * Actor-employed ethnographic    approach, following different actors
 * Processor, mill owner,     caretaker, farmers
 * Defined the mill,    or Kramer as a social field, following Bourdieu's notion of the field:     "locus of relations of force", possessing its own rules, logic regularities
 * Interviewed and followed    actors over an extended period
 * Conclusion: Power dynamics in    the Kramer result in mistrust between actors, preventing improvements in     the quality of small-scale palm oil production.
 * Author emphasises empirical     methods ((similar to economic research)

Social implications of palm oil production through social life cycle perspectives in Johor, Malaysia
Citation: Muhammad, Khairul Izzuddin; Sharaai, Amir Hamzah; Ismail, Mohd Mansor; Harun, Rosta; Yien, Wong Siew (2018-10-18). "Social implications of palm oil production through social life cycle perspectives in Johor, Malaysia". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 24 (5): 935–944. doi:10.1007/s11367-018-1540-y. ISSN 0948-3349.

 * Social Life Cycle Assessment = S-LCA
 * Adapts the Life Cycle    Assessment to incorporate the study of the social and socioeconomic     impacts of a products production.
 * Identified two stakeholders,    workers and communities, and looked at the results on a five-point Likert     Scale of the expected versus perceived quality of each criterion
 * Workers = job satisfaction,     salary, discrimination, health and safety, and social benefits
 * Communities = safe living     conditions, cultural heritage, community engagement, and local employment
 * Found that overall effects    were positive, only the criteria of discrimination and social heritage had     mediocre results

Oil Palm Boom and Farm Household Diets in the Tropics
Citation : Sibhatu, Kibrom T. (2019). "Oil Palm Boom and Farm Household Diets in the Tropics" (in English). Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00075. ISSN 2571-581X.
 * Looks at the    impact on diet based on palm oil adoption      due to the rapidly increasing palm oil monocultures
 * Collected data using a Panel    Household Survey - presented households with a structured questionnaire -     interviews
 * 40 villages in total
 * Used carefully trained     enumerators from Bahasa Indonesia
 * Information collected in this    survey resulted in a wide data set; survey identified food and non-food     consumption, farm activities, socioeconomic characteristics and     demographics.
 * From this data,    descriptive statistics were formed and researchers then analysed dietary     outcomes - studied indicators such as calorie consumption, fruit and     vegetable intake, annual food expenditure and household dietary     diversity (HDDS) as primary outcome variables
 * Use panel logit regression to    determine the impact of palm oil adoption in farms as a dichotomous     variable of household's diets
 * Positive effects were    observed

First Draft  The nutritional impact of palm oil is also investigated by sociologists who study structure and relationships within societies, however using different methods. [1] Interviews, ethnography, survey research, and systematic observation are typically collected by sociologists, to analyse the social impact of palm oil production on indigenous households and communities. [2] Many complete household surveys, presenting structured questionnaires to households chosen by multistage random sampling procedures with known probabilities of occurrence.[3] Data collected is then analyzed to form descriptive and inferential statistics, much of which demonstrates the industry positively impacts producing communities. Researchers investigated Farm house hold diets using Household studies, however unlike nutritionists collecting to qualitative evidence, researched formed a structured questionnaire investigated through face-to-face interviews, to estimate and investigate calorific consumption and dietary composition of workers. To analyse evidence from these surveys, researchers may employ the S-LCA – Social Life Cycle Assessment, which examines the social/socioeconomic impacts of a product’s production. [4]In Malaysia, researchers identified two key stakeholders, palm oil plantation workers and local communities, conducting a set questionnaire interview regarding topics like discrimination, health and safety, social benefit, cultural heritage. [5] Questions were structured on a five-point Likert scale to examine the difference between expected and perceived quality of each social criterion. Once descriptively analysed, the data supported the expected outcomes of the study, suggesting production has positive impacts on stakeholders, with positive outcomes in all sub-categories apart from discrimination and cultural heritage. [6] Ethnography can elucidate the experiences of key stakeholders. Researchers in Ghana employed an actor-oriented ethnographic approach to study power relationships within the plantation context. [7]By defining the mill, or “Kramer” as a social field, sociologists followed palm oil processors over an extended period, to collect detailed information. This study highlighted that power dynamics in the Kramer result in mistrust between actors, preventing improvements in the quality of small-scale palm oil production.

[1] What do Sociologists Study? | Sociology [Internet]. Uncg.edu. 2018 [cited 2020 Dec 8]. Available from: https://soc.uncg.edu/about-us/what-do-sociologists-study/ [2] Qaim M, Sibhatu KT, Siregar H, Grass I. Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences of the Oil Palm Boom. Annual Review of Resource Economics. 2020 May 19;12(1). [3] Obidzinski K, Andriani R, Komarudin H, Andrianto A. Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Plantations and their Implications for Biofuel Production in Indonesia. Ecology and Society [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Dec 8];17(1). Available from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss1/art25/ [4] Colloque « Science, Innovation et Société » de l’ANRT [Internet]. Lifecycleinitiative.org. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 8]. Available from: https://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/starting-life-cycle-thinking/life-cycle-approaches/social-lca/ [5] Muhammad KI, Sharaai AH, Ismail MM, Harun R, Yien WS. Social implications of palm oil production through social life cycle perspectives in Johor, Malaysia. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment [Internet]. 2018 Oct 18 [cited 2020 Dec 8];24(5):935–44. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-018-1540-y#article-info [6]Muhammad KI, Sharaai AH, Ismail MM, Harun R, Yien WS. Social implications of palm oil production through social life cycle perspectives in Johor, Malaysia. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment [Internet]. 2018 Oct 18 [cited 2020 Dec 8];24(5):935–44. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-018-1540-y#article-info [7] Osei-Amponsah C, Visser L. Does Actor Perspective Matter? A Case Study of Designing Intervention for Small-Scale Palm Oil Production Enterprises in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana. Rural Sociology [Internet]. 2015 Dec 21 [cited 2020 Dec 8];81(2):224–48. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ruso.12093

Tensions draft
-Evidence collected in each respective discipline looks at different aspects of the palm oil industry eg ecology – damaging environmental effects, econ & sociology – effects on inequality/living standards -Nutrition & sociology: Palm oil benefiting well being -Sociology & nutrition: ○ Nutritional benefits of palm oil in indigenous communities > both through sociological study (calories etc) and biological intake whatever .. Smallholders • Supporting them : helps environment, social and economic benefits -Different nature of the evidence: qualitative v. quantitative -Econ vs ecological sciences (and nutrition as well?) Simplified models vs. real raw data acting as evidential basis.

Disciplinary Tensions Finding cohesion in the evidence presented by individual disciplines is the biggest challenge to understanding the impact of the rising consumption of palm oil with an interdisciplinary approach. This is due to the varying nature of the disciplines themselves: Economics focuses on human behaviour and decision-making in terms of markets, organisations, and countries; sociology analyses human social behaviour; ecology studies the relationship between living organisms and the surrounding ecosystem; and nutrition looks at nutrients in relation to the functioning of an organism. The result being that each discipline examines divergent aspects of the palm oil industry. Consequently, the evidence collected and it's methodology in each discipline are often not complementary. This makes it difficult to integrate the evidence in economics, sociology, ecology, and nutrition to form a cohesive conclusion regarding the impact of increasing production and consumption of palm oil.

Often the type and collection of evidence conflict. For example, both nutritionists and sociologists look at the dietary implications of palm oil, however while nutritionists uses quantitative methods such as clinical trials to study the biological impact, sociologists use qualitative research like interviews to examine different indicators, such as calorie and fruit and vegetable intake, of producing households. Having different types of evidence and different focuses makes it difficult to integrate the findings of each discipline.

Tensions also arise between disciplines that use different methods to represent information. The economic perspective uses models that simplify reality, limiting the number of variables considered and the externalities accounted for in the modelling. Applying a simplified model such as GDP, as in the analysis of the palm oil sector, contrasts with research in the natural sciences, specifically ecology, where raw data is collected making the evidence presented ((somewhat more objective)). It is challenging to combine both of these data due to the inherent methodological differences between disciplines.

Conflicting assumptions between disciplines is also problematic. For example, economics is based on the core assumption that human beings are rational agents. Sociologists reject this idea, instead explaining human behaviour as a product of social behaviour and thus not always rational. In this case, the social forces involved in influencing the diet of palm oil farmers. The problem that arises is, is it possible to integrate two disciplines whose findings don't necessarily conflict yet have opposing fundamental beliefs?

Taking an interdisciplinary approach for this issue allows a more complete view of what is at stake, however, it is difficult to compare the outcome of the research due to the nature of the evidence itself.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in Medical Cannabis

Work before the 11th of December
The group has worked and communicated collaboratively on WhatsApp, Zoom and Google Docs. From the 11th of December and forward we will add the work we have done to the Wikibooks page and explain the process on this discussion page.

Edits done on the 11th of December
The group collaboratively created the headline and outlined the structure of the chapter, Emma simply added the work to the page.

Emma added her work under the "Evidence in Pharmacology" headline.

Emma also added a draft to the introduction. However, the group will collaboratively add references and adapt the introduction during a zoom-meeting on the 12th of December.


text:
User talk:Freeshsalmon

It's looking fantastic; great work. I'll have a think about it. In general I think you clarify your various points so well throughout the article, that perhaps, if you're struggling to fit within the word count for example, it would be okay to omit a conclusive sentence at the end of your section. Zenzenya (discuss • contribs) 17:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Freeshsalmon


text:
Talk:Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis

Work before the 11th of December
The group has worked and communicated collaboratively on WhatsApp, Zoom and Google Docs. From the 11th of December and forward we will add the work we have done to the Wikibooks page and explain the process on this discussion page.

Edits done on the 11th of December

 * The group collaboratively created the headline and outlined the structure of the chapter, Emma simply added the work to the page.
 * Daniel added his work under the "Evidence for Psychology" headline.
 * Daniel created a table of contents.
 * Emma added her work under the "Evidence in Pharmacology" headline.
 * Emma also added a draft to the introduction. However, the group will collaboratively add references and adapt the introduction during a zoom-meeting on the 12th of December.
 * Pierre added his work under the "Evidence in Law" headline on the 12th of December


text:
User talk:Jan Myšák

Hi.

I am wondering why you deleted my work on the Wikibook of Medicinal Use of Cannabis? We are working on a university project on that Wikibook and it is a working process where our professors should be able to follow our working process.

Thank you. OwlUwl (discuss • contribs) 22:55, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm sorry. I saw the beginning which looked a bit funny to me, so I reverted. I later saw you putting it back and I realized my mistake. Best, --Jan Myšák (discuss • contribs) 07:55, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Fuck u
Why na are u like this u low life scrap dog u think u could put my page on this deletion thing I will beat u up take it down Simangele Mgaga (discuss • contribs) 14:33, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Fuck u
So u say sorry to everyone na and u all way find it funny so u find our work funny Simangele Mgaga (discuss • contribs) 15:19, 6 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't find your work funny, I just saw you write gibberish in here so I nominated if for deletion. Simple… --Jan Myšák (discuss • contribs) 15:31, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Thank u for saying sorry
I am sorry if I got mad it just because I don't like pupils to just throw out my work I am really sorry to everyone Simangele Mgaga (discuss • contribs) 13:54, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Not entirely sure what you mean by pupil but ok I guess. --Jan Myšák (discuss • contribs) 13:56, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I am sorry about my English I speak Spanish Simangele Mgaga (discuss • contribs) 13:57, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Then I think you meant people. A pupil is like a student :) or a part of the eye --Jan Myšák (discuss • contribs) 14:14, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jan Myšák


text:
User talk:Penguin555

Your New Pages
Hello Penguin555, and welcome to Wikibooks! I see your two new pages, Evidence in the medicinal use of marijuana and Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis. I have also seen the latter's discussion page - do these pages belong to a class? If so, which class? I'm asking because both of these pages are "lonely" (not part of a book) and your page will be more reachable if it is under a book/topic. Kind regards, —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 00:55, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Hi Atcovi, Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis is the page assigned to a class. This is the link : https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Issues_in_Interdisciplinarity_2020-21. Evidence in the medicinal use of marijuana is the old name; when I changed the name, it was replaced by Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis
 * Alright, so should we move the new page under the "Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21" class then (so the page will look like Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis - the similar format your peers also have in their pages, ex: Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in Pain)) ? And as for the "old name" page, I say that we should delete it as it is redundant. Do you agree on these changes? —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * EDIT: Oh wait, I see that there is already an existing page for that. So I'm proposing we delete Evidence in the medicinal use of marijuana and Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis and you and your peers should continue editing the Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis page since the former 2 pages are a duplicate of the latter. Agreed? —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 17:01, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Yes, that works. Thank you.

title: User talk:Penguin555


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User talk:2601:549:C101:7AA0:20F4:BBF3:2439:73B0

Kidpolis
Hello and Welcome to Wikibooks. Unfortunately, your new page is not welcomed on Wikibooks. This is because original research is not permitted here: "Original research refers to any facts, theories, ideas, data, opinions, or claims that have not yet been subject to peer review by experts and/or have not yet been included elsewhere by a reliable publication. In principle, Wikibooks discourages original research". So you being the "president" of Kidpolis is not a reliable source.

If you'd like to move your content over to Wikiversity, then please do so. WV:Original Research - unlike here, WV allows original research. Thanks. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 01:02, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 16:57, 12 December 2020 (UTC)


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Lists/Wireless Systems

The following is a list (likely incomplete) of the systems of wireless telegraphy transmission that were considered for use in the Australian Coastal Wireless Network or saw use in Australian shipping of the era

Australian System
Invented by Australian engineer John Graeme Balsillie ca 1911, or rather reverse engineered by Balsillie from the Marconi System with sufficient modifications to be successfully awarded an Australian Patent. Often referred to as the Commonwealth System as Balsillie gifted his patent to the Commonwealth of Australia. Excepting for the two high power stations at Sydney and Perth (which used the Telefunken System), exclusively utilised for the deployment of Australia's Coastal Wireless Network. Do not confuse with his original Balsillie System.

Balsillie System
Invented by Australian John Graeme Balsillie and marketed by his Radio-Telegraph Co., considered to infringe the Marconi Patents in the famous Parker Judgement. Do not confuse with the Australian System, also invented by Balsillie and deployed by the Commonwealth from 1911 for its Coastal Wireless Network

Commonwealth System
Alternative name for the Australian System

De Forrest System
Invented by American Lee de Forest, self-described "Father of Radio", widely used by the USA Navy

Lodge-Muirhead System
Invented by the Englishmen Oliver Joseph Lodge and Alexander Muirhead

Marconi System
Invented by Italian Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, and developed mainly in England with the support of the British Government. Drew heavily upon the work of several earlier experimenters. Many other wireless systems were essentially variants of this system.

Massie System
Invented by American Walter W. Massie and utilised by the Mutual Telephone Company, an American firm carrying on business at Honolulu ca 1910

Poulsen System
Invented by the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen in 1903, and generally known as the Poulsen arc transmitter. It was one of the first transmitters that could generate continuous sinusoidal waves and one of the first technologies used to transmit sound by amplitude modulation.

Telefunken System
Invented by engineers of the German Telefunken Company, a joint venture between Siemens & Halske AG and Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG, distinctive "singing" sound when received, much loved by wireless telegraphists. Utilised solely for the two high power coastal wireless stations POS-VIS Sydney (Pennant Hills) and MNS-POP-VIP Perth (Fremantle). Widely deployed by the Australasian Wireless Co (effectively a subsidary of Telefunken) for ship wireless in coastal Australia in competition to the Marconi System. Also for the two wireless stations of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-1914 at Macquarie Island (MQI) and Adelie Land (MAL).

Shaw System
Claimed invented by Father Archibald Shaw (but almost certainly invented by business associate Edward Hope Kirkby), who manufactured the Australian Wireless System equipment for Balsillie and the Commonwealth. Shaw subsequently litigated against the Australian System as a Patent infringement, but the litigation ceased upon his passing.

Shoemaker System
Invented by American Harry Shoemaker - widely used by the American Navy for a time.

Sutton System
Invented by the Australian Henry Sutton (Ballarat/Melbourne), offered to the Australian Navy gratis but not accepted.


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User:Milanand

Hi! I'm primarily interested in CS and Econ.

I'm currently working on User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming

title: User:Milanand


text:
User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming

This is a copy of the Book Python Programming, which describes Python, an open-source general-purpose interpreted programming language available for the most popular operating systems. The current versions are 3.x while 2.x is no longer supported, since 2020. This book is part of my effort to update Python Programming to Python 3.x.

There are a few implementations for Python 3 (and older): the standard implementation written in C, and PyPy, a JIT-compiled version written in RPython - a subset of Python.

Basics
Variables and Strings

Strings

Conditional Statements

Loops

Input and Output

title: User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis

= Introduction =

The use of herbal substances to relieve pain and treat disorders is an ancient medicinal method. In modern society, this idea has been extended to include debate surrounding the medicinal use of illegal substances like cannabis. There has been much controversy on a disciplinary level due to the different research methods employed in approaching this issue, and subsequently, the different modes of evidence procured. This has resulted in tension between academic disciplines. How could these approaches be mediated? And can they result in a beneficial interdisciplinary perspective which may provide a broader and more informed scope regarding Medical Cannabis?

= Evidence in Psychology =

Psychology uses qualitative research methods－ including open-ended questionnaires/interviews－ and quantitative－ clinically-focused reviews and more statistical, positivist surveying methods, for example－ to acquire evidence. These are equally as fruitful in observation of the topic in question.

Regarding systematic reviews, one clinically-focused review was undertaken in 2020, with researchers observing plant formulations, clinical prescriptions of subjects, and their occupational and health elements. Although overall findings of each study were described as ‘nascent’ in relation to each other, isolated studies suggested advocacy for the use of CBD for sufferers of anxiety and schizophrenia. This mode of research presents some benefits: it provides a holistic glance into the efficacy of cannabis on treating mental health issues, with acknowledgement of variables in subjects’ health conditions and occupations. However, there are shortcomings within this. One could argue that the positivist nature of the findings ignores the nuances of the human condition as it does not incorporate direct testimonies of those afflicted with mental health issues.

Furthermore, evidence can be gleaned through the utilisation of qualitative methods including online forums. A forum was hosted by AZDHS in 2013 about the use of cannabis to treat PTSD, with comments being indexed online. General observations found that there was overwhelming advocacy of this from sufferers of the disorder, with claims that it lessens “the brain's sensitivity to outside triggers that can exacerbate PTSD symptoms”. While this mode of evidence provides a more contextualised, humane exploration of this topic, it is limited in the sense that logically, the forum would be dominated by those who are advocates of the cause as opposed to detractors, opening up the possibility of bias within the responses gleaned and consequently narrows the validity of the evidence.

= Evidence in Pharmacology =

One of the early pharmaceutical randomised controlled trials regarding cannabis in relation to anorexia nervosa was published in 1983. One method used was a qualitative questionnaire answered by the participants. The results showed that the subjects who received the active substances in cannabis, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, improved sleep and experienced less anxiety than those who received placebo. This information was however later presented in quantitative form through tables and diagrams. The trial also conducted quantitative research by measuring weight of the participants but the used dose of THC did not provide a significant effect.

Additionally, a randomised controlled trial in 2017 showed quantitative evidence that THC in form of Dronabinol© can be used to treat Anorexia Nervosa by showing a larger increase in weight of patients who received THC in comparison to those who received placebo. An aspect of the study was that patients with depression or other psychiatric disorders were excluded from the trial This made the study more focused on the weight gain and thus the quantitative evidence available.

In opposition to the two trials previously discussed, a study from Oxford University in 2008 aimed to examine the side effects of medical cannabis. The study provided preliminary evidence from Magnetic Resonance Imaging that long term use of cannabis damages Corpus Callosum. The MRI scan was analysed by separating it into voxels, calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors and lastly the values were normalised. The images were also qualitatively analysed and visually compared to placebo. These methods show that the MRI scan provided both qualitative and quantitative evidence.

Furthermore, physiological side effects connected to failure in the digestive and cardiovascular systems reoccur in control trials. Several studies on both model organisms and humans provide empirical evidence that the side effects depend on the relation between THC and the endocannabinoid system in the brain.

= Evidence in Law =

In contrast to analysing the issue of medical cannabis from the psychological and pharmacological aspects, a legal perspective provides contradictory evidence. In the United Kingdom, questions about the medical use of cannabis has been regarded since 1998. The House of Lords had selected the Science and Technology Committee to investigate on the possibility of using cannabis for medical reasons. They concluded that there was enough convincing evidence that cannabis had medical capacities to treat many forms of pain. They also recommended starting trials of cannabis to treat medical problems. However, the UK government did not accept the committee’s recommendation. This was partially changed in November 2018 as the government changed the law after the Home Secretary acknowledged raised concerns of parents of children with illnesses such as epilepsy. The current law allows specialist doctors to take the decision to prescribe unlicensed medicines in form of cannabis. However, the law makes it clear that the use of cannabis for recreational purposes is still illegal and that penalties concerning unauthorised use will remain as it was. In April 2019, Emma Appleby, mother of a nine-year-old girl with severe epilepsy and a rare chromosomal disorder, saw her £4.500 of cannabis oil confiscated by officials after entering the UK from a trip to Holland. Appleby was devastated to not be allowed to use the cannabis oil on her daughter as it was the only solution she found to relieve her daughter’s pain. She also stated that she tried several pharmaceutical “drugs and diets", but all failed to remove her daughter’s pain and symptoms. Appleby added that some treatments made the case worse as they caused side effects. As mentioned, the law was changed in November 2018, however it seems like parents have struggled to get prescriptions.

= Conclusion =

Through integrating elements of a psychological approach with phamacological evidence, academics can acquire a holistic understanding of the issue of medical cannabis. Not only by observing evidence within the two separate disciplines to gain understanding regarding the psychological and physiological effects of medical cannabis, but also through the utilisation of both quantitative and qualitative research methods in both disciplines. As demonstrated, these research methods garner evidence of both a positivist and interpretive nature, mediating both for a deeper enquiry in determining medical cannabis’ capacity to treat mental health issues. These methods account for external factors that may have implications on this topic, and that may otherwise be difficult to observe empirically. Moreover, from a legal perspective, this evidence can be put into practice through updating of the regulations in place, which makes prescription of the drug contingent on a doctor's opinion, making it very difficult to access for some people. An interdisciplinary approach would be beneficial in developing those regulations, through the incorporation of evidence from psychology, pharmacology and law to craft a path towards more modernised and evidence-based forms of medication.

= References =


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Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Medicinal usage of Cannabis

Work before the 11th of December
The group has worked and communicated collaboratively on WhatsApp, Zoom and Google Docs. From the 11th of December and forward we will add the work we have done to the Wikibooks page and explain the process on this discussion page.

Edits done on the 11th of December

 * The group collaboratively created the headline and outlined the structure of the chapter, Emma simply added the work to the page.
 * Daniel added his work under the "Evidence for Psychology" headline.
 * Daniel created a table of contents.
 * Emma added her work under the "Evidence in Pharmacology" headline.
 * Pierre added his work under the "Evidence in law" headline.
 * Emma also added a draft to the introduction. However, the group will collaboratively add references and adapt the introduction during a zoom-meeting on the 12th of December.
 * Emma had to repost her information due to it being removed by a foregin user.

Edits done on the 12th of December

 * The group collaboratively moved the chapter to be a part of the main wikibook.
 * Daniel proposed another draft to the introduction. The group collaboratively integrated that into the previous introduciton and created the final version.
 * The group collaboratively created the first and general part of the conclusion.
 * Emma added some sources and added some of her work under the "Evidence in Pharmacology" headline

Edits done on the 13th of December
Daniel, I saw what you added to the conclusion and it was great! I agree with many of the aspects you mentioned, from the aspect of pharmacology as well, so I decided to integrate my conclusions with yours. I also did some edits in the conclusion we wrote yesterday and moved it to the bottom of the conclusion to get a better flow in the ending. I hope you think it turned out well. I did however save what you had written at the top of the concluion within brackets, so if you dont like what I did we could reverse it. // Emma
 * Emma deleted some work from the Pharmacology headline to get within the word count. She also worked a bit on the conclusion.
 * Pierre has added the part of the conclusion that concerns the discipline of law, following some guidance from Emma

+ We have not used the exact same format on our references, we need to sort that out on zoom tonight. //Emma

 * The group had a zoom meeting where we together integrated the conclusion. We also cut some text to get within the word limit (please note that some word couting programs see the brackets for references (e.g [1]) as words, but we have not included the numbers in our word count).
 * Each of the members proof read the chapter
 * Emma were assigned to make sure all references followed the same format

Edits done on the 14th of December
Added some sources and proof reading

Descriptive summary of the work process
When the assignment were intoduced, the group started brainstorming ideas. Daniel came up with the initial idea of medicinal use of recreational drugs. The disciplines we used to show the interdisciplinarity of the issue was collaboratively decided by the group. The group communicated regularly on WhatsApp and Zoom meetings. A collaborative Google Document was also used by the group to write down notes from sources and start building a structure for the chapter. Initially, the group collaboratively brainstormed and gathered sources from all three disciplines to gain an interdisciplinary understanding of the issue. When the writing work began, we assigned one of the group members to focus on one discipline each. Daniel then focused on Psychology, Emma on Pharmacology and Pierre on Law. The sources gathered in each of the disciplines and the primary additions to the chapter are therefore done according to this. However, hence the regular communication on WhatsApp and Zoom, the group has given each other feedback on changing sources, structure and grammar.

The introduction and conclusion consist of both individual drafts and have written by the group while discussing on zoom, and different people have been assigned to write it down in the document.


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User:Mbrickn/Development

Books I started
Please help contribute!
 * Civic Technology
 * 3D Printing
 * The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)
 * Stardew Valley
 * Natural Disasters

Continuous Improvement
Content complete at time of editing. I doubt these will ever be finished.
 * How To Assemble A Desktop PC - Modernization
 * History of video games - Major contributions
 * US History - Sourcing and Improving

Developing

 * College Survival Guide - Modernizing
 * Art History - Expanding
 * Home Remedies - Primarily fact checking and rewriting.
 * Linux Basics
 * Pokémon Crystal

Books I want to work on later

 * File:InfinitiPlanet-Console.png
 * amazon fire tv cube? File:AFTG.jpg

 * Disaster and WMD Defence Guide
 * Symptoms of Radiation poisoning.
 * Colonizing Outer Space
 * Human Geography
 * When It Hits the Fan
 * Energy Efficiency Reference
 * GUI Design Principles
 * Taxi Language
 * Using DepEd Baguio CCApp
 * Video Game Design/Archetypes
 * French History
 * Hawaiian Monarchs
 * User Manual for OpenClinica - TOC
 * Critique of the 1776 Commission Report
 * Programming for the consultant
 * Evolution of Operating Systems Designs
 * Python book of magic
 * Python Imaging Library
 * Television Manufacture and Repair - Split and style.
 * Understanding Multitouch - Content expansion
 * Web Development - Content
 * Carpentry
 * Coordinate Reference Systems and Positioning - Split and TOC
 * Contradancer's Guide to Successfully Beginning Scottish Country Dance - Split and TOC
 * Understanding Home Finances
 * Dendrochronology - Split and expand by citing EL Moseley studies and other early work.

Technical
These are my personal ideas, and don't always represent the views of the community or official Wikibooks policy.

 * Automatic credit tool for pictures in printable versions to comply with licensing. Ideally it would just be something like
 * Optional automatic tool to take inline citations, and do traditional style references. This gives the advantages of inline citations for review, while preserving the readability of book style references.
 * Add Template:Inflation from Wikipedia. Would be useful for history books, and aid maintainability of texts.

Philosophical

 * As a reader, it's annoying to have underdeveloped books rated at a higher completion status then they actually are. However I find it more annoying when books that are complete, or are nearly so are rated as barely started. This does the reader a disservice because finding quality material is harder, and it does the editor a disservice, became it makes finding easily developed topics harder. Overall it harms Wikibooks to be overly cautious here. Of course, the inverse would be just as bad if it were as widespread.

 * Recentism is an interesting issue.
 * Indeed A Wikibook should be more than a collection of links to news articles. Yet the process of quality writing on a platform where anyone can edit, and really any serious academic writing, involves citing sources so claims can verified. Building a scaffolding of factual claims to later grow into a cohesive narrative is a good strategy, and withholding text from others until it is fully developed seems to defeat the purpose of a collaborative platform.
 * Ongoing news and events should certainly be added with care, but if it is obviously in the readers interest and factual it ought to be added. The ability to keep content up to date is one of the major advantages of electronic books over physical books. It comes down to if an incomplete or underdeveloped section is more desirable than nothing at all. I would dare say most readers have the intelligence to value what information is available, and understand that ongoing stories may be unfinished.

title: User:Mbrickn/Development


text:
User:11er467va

Hi

title: User:11er467va


text:
User talk:11er467va

Wonderful changes ! thank you for this enlightening contribution ! Uclqmtr (discuss • contribs) 15:06, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:11er467va


text:
Albanian/Time

 * what time is it?
 * sa është ora?
 * It's eight o'clock
 * është tetë
 * It's five past eight
 * është tetë e pesë
 * It's quarter past eight
 * është tetë e cerek
 * It's half past eight
 * është tetë e gjysëm
 * It's twenty five to nine
 * nëntë pa njëzetë e pesë

title: Albanian/Time


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User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming/Input and Output

Input
Python includes the function, which accepts data directly from the user. There are also very simple ways of reading a file and, for stricter control over input, reading from stdin if necessary.

input
asks the user for a string of data (ended with a newline), and simply returns the string. It can also take an argument, which is displayed as a prompt before the user enters the data. E.g. prints out What is your name? Example: in order to assign the user's name, i.e. string data, to a variable "x" you would type Once the user inputs their name, e.g. Delilah, you can call it as x. prints out Your name is Delilah

To evaluate a given string returned by  as if it were a Python programme, you can use. So entering would return a list containing those numbers, just as if it were assigned directly in the Python script. More complicated expressions are possible. For example, if a script says: it is possible for a user to input: which yields the correct answer in list form. Note that no inputted statement can span more than one line. should not be used for anything but the most trivial programme. Turning the strings returned from   into python types using an idiom such as: is preferable, as the literal is turned into a python type. This will allow a malicious person to run arbitrary code from inside your program trivially.

File Objects
In Python, files can be opened by using the built-in  function: This means f is open for reading. The first argument is the filename and the second parameter is the mode, which can be 'r', 'w', or 'x', among some others. The most common way to read from a file is simply to iterate over the lines of the file: This will print the first character of each line. Note that a newline is attached to the end of each line read this way. The newer and better way to read from a file: Here, the opened file will close itself after having read each line. Because files are automatically closed when the file object goes out of scope, there is no real need to close them explicitly. So, the loop in the previous code can also be written as: A file object contains a marker to represent the current position. If the file marker should be moved back to the beginning, one can either close the file object and reopen it or just move the marker back to the beginning with:

Standard File Objects
Like many other languages, there are built-in file objects representing standard input, output, and error. These are in the  module and are called ,  , and. There are also immutable copies of these in,  , and. This is for IDLE and other tools in which the standard files have been changed. You must import the sys module to use the special stdin, stdout, stderr I/O handles. For finer control over input, use. In order to implement the UNIX 'cat' program in Python, you could do something like this: Note that  will read from standard input until EOF. (which is usually Ctrl+D.)

Parsing command line
Command-line arguments passed to a Python program are stored in  list. The first item in the list is the name of the Python program, which may or may not contain the full path depending on the manner of invocation. list is modifiable. Printing all passed arguments except for the program name itself: Parsing passed arguments for flags: In the above code, the arguments at which options are found are removed so that  can be looped for all remaining arguments. Parsing of command-line arguments is further supported by library modules  and   (which can be used in a similar fashion to the C   function) Links for further reference:

 * Python 3 Documentation - sys
 * Python 3 Documentation - argparse
 * Python 3 Documentation - getopt

Output
The basic way to do output is the  function. To print multiple things on the same line separated by spaces, use commas between them, like this: This will print out the following: Hello, World! While neither string contained a space, a space was added by  because of the comma between the two objects. Arbitrary data types can be printed this way: This will output the following: 1 2 255 511 (10+5j) -0.999   Objects can be printed on the same line without needing to be on the same line if one uses the  keyword: This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To end the printed line with a newline, add an empty  call. This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 If the empty function call to  were not present, the above output would look like: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 You can use similar syntax when writing to a file instead of to standard output, like this: This will print to any object that implements, which includes file objects.

File Output
Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, one per line: With 'w', the file is opened for writing. The keyword  specifies that   should send its output to a file rather than standard output. Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, separated with a dash: Opening a file for appending rather than overwriting:

Formatting
Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the format string method: Formatting numbers and other values as strings using literal string interpolation: Links for further reference:

 * Python 3 Documentation - -style String Formatting
 * Python 3 Documentation - Built-in  function
 * Python 3 Documentation - Custom String Formatting
 * Python 3 Documentation - Format Specification Mini Language
 * Python 3 Documentation - Template Strings
 * PEP 3101 - Advanced String Formatting
 * PEP 498 - Literal String Interpolation


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Media and Politics in the Dreyfus Affair

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 13:49, 14 December 2020 I am really struggling to export the front cover of "La Libre Parole" that we put on the drive can someone please help?

Log Book: -- --Bascrzm (discuss • contribs)

This is a brief summary of our the conduction of our Project:

We met every Friday to make sure we were all heading in the same direction and initially to choose our topic. We worked on google drive and made our modifications there: (we used 3 docs for practicality reasons when we made major changes with the links displayed as follows in chronological order)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1I75E20Fhfr46kXzHHDCzJ_Iy2YUrjZnNNUXagPN2giU/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Zsc9YE8XzjNQKY07zdZ5vvXMVmgoksgKQ2RfDPTcDng/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ia500vsrzuUTKdYlfmiM53IMxgAho5sJpyZPdmdewhk/edit?usp=sharing

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC)(see editing history inside the google docs)

Juliette and Roxane called on Saturday December 12th to talk about the structure and create a to-do list for the weekend:

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Ok I ended up rewriting the dreyfus summary... a lot less words for the word count; I think we'll have to edit from each paragraph some words to make it more succinct

Victoire and Juliette called Saturday night to talk about the politics part and to discuss about what was left to do: the referencing.

____________________________________

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 11:00, 12 December 2020 (UTC)I think we should emphasize more the role of each discipline and their clash rather than having a large part of our project narrating the historical facts that are not self sufficient to analyze the tension between Media and Politics. If you guys are ok with it maybe we could summarize a bit the part of the dreyfus affair and put it in the Introduction and develop more the parts on each discipline?

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC)I cut the dreyfus affair as much as possible, but maybe for the word count Im going to have to make it into a four sentence summary...

I also added an "ouverture" on the movie J'accuse which would be interesting to have a look at if you have time! --Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC) I like that --Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 23:28, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Hi Roxanne, I dont think we can keep the movie part, so maybe we can put a picture? were 300 words over word count...without the movie bit were at 268 words over.

please add your references! :) --Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Yes! doing it today and tomorrow, I put my references so far on the google doc but i'll add them onto here.

I think we should think about the interdisciplinary approach together. i think its something that has to be all three of us on it, what do you think? I wrote something but Im not sure how I feel about it.

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 12 December 2020 (UTC) I orginally wrote this but I deleted most of it on the doc... "This friction between politics and media requires an interdisciplinary view as this conflict requires a binary approach to history. This historical conflict englobes many issues because of the struggle between falsity from the government’s part with the media’s strive for truth challenges the notion of power in France at the time. The struggle between false accusations and evidence versus a man’s innocence challenged France as a whole, historically defining the rest of the republic’s trajectory. However, even though this historical event involves conflicts on truth, evidence, and power, the main issue remains history because its effect was the cause of the dispute between media and politics. The antisemetic history of France was the root of the problem and discord between public opinion and political power."

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Ok were 335 words above now. taking out the movie part will make it 289.

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Vic tell me when youre ready for politics.

--Hermes2012 (discuss • contribs) ok juliette i just finished the pokitics part so i'm just trying to finish finding all our references so if any of you had one she didn't put on the google doc send it to me

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 12 December 2020 (UTC) I think we got all the ones we used, just need to add this one I found tonights ill send it on google sounds good

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 12 December 2020 (UTC) hello hello, I really like this sentence victoire wrote and i think we should include it; roxanne maybe in your part? "media undertook its role as the 4th power, significantly influencing people and forcing change."

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC) HI guys! good job for the politics part really like it :) I was thinking it could be a bit more symmetrical to what i did for media; by this I mean more about the ROLE of politics rather than its clash because we already tackle this in the last paragraph? try and keep it more focused on just politics for now. I suggest looking at speeches or responses of the former President or the Parliement Deputy Jean Jaures who had an important role in dealing politically with the affair... tell me what you think!

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC) Hi, I just finished the politics. I took in account what you said, and I think its more political than before. Let me know what you think :). I was not able to find a speech... it seems like most of the sources are very media centered, and regarding politics, they spoke more about the political impact rather than the political action taken...

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs)19:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC) that is perfect thank you! I read it and I think it adds a really good input on what we are trying to express concerning politics! thanks again for taking the time to look.

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 21:19, 13 December 2020 (UTC) Victoire, it has come to my attention that you have displayed only 1 source, is it because the others are somewhere else on the google drive? could you also put it in Vancouver like we both did thank you!

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 17:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC) Hello, I have reduced the word count because that is the criteria. I have done my best for us to meet all of the requirements. I know that I may have taken out some things that you wouldv'e liked to include. Should you feel that there are better words to use without increasing the word count, please let the rest of us know. I have attempted to keep the spirit of what everyone has said while meeting this requirements. The goal of this assignement is to be succinct and synthesize, so we can not afford to be overly verbose. Let me know what you think.

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 13 December 2020 i have been working on this too, Victoire would you mind telling us your opinion and finalizing your referencing as we are close to submitting the paper now??

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 13:49, 14 December 2020: If everyone is happy as the page as it is we can submit it!

--Bascrzm (discuss • contribs) 14:09, 14 December 2020: Victoire, we did last touch ups with Juliette and added the 2 pictures, we are tuning it in now if you are happy with it.

--Uclqjh0 (discuss • contribs) 21:46, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Google doc history:
Doc: The Dreyfus Affair: A historical clash between media and politics

December 12, 11:34 PM Victoire Moisset

December 12, 10:45 PM Victoire Moisset

December 12, 8:01 PM Juliette Hart

December 12, 7:23 PM Victoire Moisset

December 12, 6:34 PM Juliette Hart

Mar Rox December 12, 4:51 PM

Mar Rox December 11, 7:05 PM

Victoire Moisset December 11, 3:17 PM

Juliette Hart December 11, 12:23 PM

Victoire Moisset December 11, 10:20 AM

THURSDAY December 10, 7:24 PM Juliette Hart

Mar Rox December 10, 3:51 PM

Juliette Hart December 10, 2:48 PM

Juliette Hart December 10, 2:47 PM

Victoire Moisset December 10, 11:11 AM

Doc: political part dreyfus

December 12, 10:06 PM Victoire Moisset

December 12, 8:34 PM Juliette Hart

Victoire Moisset December 12, 6:34 PM

Juliette Hart December 12, 6:34 PM

Doc: The Dreyfus Affair: A Historical Clash Between Media and Politics 1

YESTERDAY December 11, 12:22 PM Victoire Moisset

TUESDAY December 8, 2:32 PM Juliette Hart

December 7, 7:25 PM Victoire Moisset Juliette Hart

December 7, 4:39 PM Juliette Hart

December 7, 3:59 PM Juliette Hart

December 7, 2:08 PM Mar Rox

SUNDAY December 6, 7:42 PM

Victoire Moisset December 6, 10:53 AM

Juliette Hart December 5, 5:50 PM

Juliette Hart December 4, 11:39 PM

Mar Rox December 4, 5:13 PM

Juliette Hart Victoire Moisset December 4, 12:44 PM

Mar Rox November 30, 5:25 PM

Victoire Moisset November 30, 4:54 PM

Juliette Hart November 30, 4:04 PM

Juliette Hart November 30, 4:04 PM

First draft: History and Evidence: Media and politics in Dreyfus Affair

December 12, 11:30 PM Juliette Hart

THURSDAY

December 10, 7:06 PM Roxane MARTINON

LAST WEEK

December 4, 12:24 PM Roxane MARTINON

NOVEMBER

November 28, 12:48 AM Roxane MARTINON

November 27, 7:40 PM Juliette Hart

November 27, 1:50 PM Roxane MARTINON Juliette Hart Victoire Moisset

November 27, 12:30 PM Roxane MARTINON Juliette Hart

November 24, 6:12 PM Juliette Hart

November 24, 4:53 PM Juliette Hart

November 23, 9:03 PM Juliette Hart

November 23, 8:58 PM Juliette Hart


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the Research and Diagnosis of Depression

Introduction
Depression is a mental illness that causes a constant feeling of dejection and low mood, which will strongly influence the daily lives of those affected. Nearly 1 in 10 people suffer from it, and the number of people touched increased considerably during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, it is an important societal issue that requires research to understand its causes and prescribe an effective treatment. To achieve this, one must understand the development of this disease: it can be triggered by many factors of different origins which vary from one person to another. Thus, studying these evidences in the diagnosis of depression through the lens of different disciplines will allow us to obtain explanations on the implementation of the multiple treatments for this illness and to recognize how these evidences, while united, could result in a more accurate diagnosis.

Biology
Biology as a discipline is concerned with the study of living organisms. From this perspective, evidence relating to depression is collected at different levels: the molecular level, as well as the circuitry in neural systems.

The study of depression concerning the circuity of neural systems often focus on the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus which are considered to be responsible for maintaining emotional stability. Malfunctions within these areas are seen to be key to understanding the neurochemistry of depression. Quantitative evidence is collected with neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and functional fMRI. These techniques provide visualisations both anatomically and functionally, allowing for the connection of the aforementioned brain sections factors towards depression.

In regards to the study of molecular mechanisms, most have focused upon neurotransmitters, which act as chemical messengers. Depression has often been connected towards imbalances concerning these neurotransmitters. Evidence for their study is largely quantitative, with methods ranging from the measurement of levels to advanced imaging techniques involving radiolabelling.

In regards to treatment, techniques are not yet sophisticated enough to diagnose on an individual case basis. However, the study of neural interconnections has allowed for the creation of medical depression treatments. For example, antidepressant medications to treat depression are known to act upon neurotransmitters to alleviate depression.

Psychology
Psychology is the study of the human mind and how it influences the behaviour of a person. One of the approaches to collect evidences is through interviews based on open questions between a patient and a psychiatrist. These qualitative evidences can then be used to build a coherent list of the depressive symptoms patients frequently exhibit. This list is found in the DSM-5, a renowned classification used for current diagnosis and future research. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be created from these evidences and the theory of cognitive distortion. It is a questionnaire of 21 questions that will measure the severity of a patient’s depression.

To validate newly observed symptoms, studies are conducted comparing patients diagnosed with depression to a control group. The information generated from such studies can then be statistically analysed in order to provide quantitative evidence on the prevalence of particular symptoms but also psychological causes of depression, such as stress. This quantitative analysis is next combined with findings from the aforementioned forms of qualitative evidence. Connections are then made between the different forms of evidence. In turn, this enables the diagnosis of future patients to be done in a more accurate manner.

These studies have also proven that the etiology of depression is largely defined by the diathesis–stress model. Some people are thereby more susceptible than others to depression.

Sociology

Sociology is a discipline which studies the interactions between individuals and their environment. According to the sociologist George Brown "depression is essentially a social phenomenon in the sense of being usually the result of a person's thoughts about his or her world". Thus, sociology is concerned with depression as a disease that can be explained with aspects of social life. There are two types of sociological studies that are relevant to depression. The first examines the social elements that cause or enhances the probability of developing a mental illness, and the second looks at how society responds to these illnesses. In the course of their studies, sociologists use several methods. To obtain quantitative evidence, in order to better understand the social conditions that favor the appearance of these diseases, they will identify specific groups of individuals and question them through interviews or surveys. In addition, sociologists can also go into the field to obtain qualitative evidence through observations or by interacting with the group studied. By analyzing the results, this will allow them to target social factors that are highly correlated with incidents of depression, and to know the responses of the population to depression, how they define the disease and whether they choose to be cured and in which ways, thereby, to be able to guide the search for treatments. According to the evidence gathered, the best way to fight depression for sociologists would be to put in place social policies to reduce the pressure on the individuals concerned and to provide more support.

Evaluation of Evidences
Given how severe depression is, the issue of its diagnosis extends beyond simply accurately diagnosing depression in a patient, due to the wide range of symptoms between patients and factors for the disorder. However, despite major studies being conducted on this subject, the diagnosis of depression is often misunderstood, with the need for more communication between related disciplines.

Biological evidence is crucial for diagnosis as well as the development of treatments. However this approach to depression includes several limits. Firstly, the existence of certain anomalies within the brain do not necessarily imply they were involved in the development of depression within patients. Therefore, it can be difficult to draw causal relationships between particular brain structures and incidents of depression. Moreover, there are multiple types of depression and levels of severity which are not distinguishable at the biological scale. The distinction between them can only result from a psychological approach. Nevertheless, the psychological studies are based on the patient’s word which can not be completely reliable and objective. Some people tend to self-diagnose, resulting in their responses to questionnaires being biased by their own interpretation of their condition. Concerning quantitative evidences in psychology or sociology, an issue also lies in how they tend to result in wide spread generalisations which do not take account  the specificity of individual experiences within the area of mental health which can be a hindrance to the progress of research and diagnosis.

With each discipline having difficulties in tackling the diagnosis of depression, it is important for interdisciplinary dialogue to be conducted by combining the different forms of evidence within each discipline in order to build complex models to group biological and demographic parameters which can create diagnosis subjects and connect them to different treatments. For example, evidence of biological predispositions and demographic correlations are helpful in determining subtypes within depression. However, while these models have been attempted, there have been inadequate or unsuccessful replication studies. This can potentially be attributed to the different areas of focus within each discipline, making it hard to integrate all forms of evidence into one cohesive model.


text:
Albanian/Unchangeable

 * above : sipër
 * Under : nën
 * In front of : përpara
 * Behind : prapa
 * Away : larg
 * Then : atëherë
 * A lot of : shumë
 * Far from : larg prej
 * Near : pranë
 * From : nga
 * With : me
 * Without : pa
 * in : në
 * And : dhe
 * But : por
 * However : megjithatë
 * If : nëse
 * Or : ose
 * Because : sepse
 * About : për
 * Inside : brenda
 * Outside : përjashta
 * Between : midis
 * For : për
 * To : te, tek
 * Don't : nuk
 * Don't : s'
 * Don't : mos

title: Albanian/Unchangeable


text:
User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming/Variables and Strings

In this section, you will be introduced to two different kinds of data in Python: variables and strings. Please follow along by running the included programmes and examining their output.

Variables
A variable is something that holds a value that may change. In simplest terms, a variable is just a box that you can put stuff in. You can use variables to store all kinds of stuff, but for now, we are just going to look at storing numbers in variables. This code creates a variable called, and assigns to it the integer number. When we ask Python to tell us what is stored in the variable, it returns that number again. We can also change what is inside a variable. For example: We declare a variable called, put the integer   in it, and verify that the assignment was properly done. Then, we assign the integer  to , and ask again what is stored in. Python has thrown away the, and has replaced it with. Next, we create a second variable, which we call, and put   in it. Now we have two independent variables,  and , that hold different information, i.e., assigning a new value to one of them is not affecting the other. You can also assign the value of a variable to be the value of another variable. For example: To understand this code, keep in mind that the name of the variable is always on the left side of the equals sign (the assignment operator), and the value of the variable on the right side of the equals sign. First the name, then the value. We start out declaring that  is , and   is. As you can see, you can pass several arguments to  to tell it to print multiple items on one line, separating them by spaces. As expected, Python reports that  stores , and   holds. Now we create a third variable, called. To set its value, we tell Python that we want  to be whatever   is. (Remember: name to the left, value to the right.) Python knows that  is , so it also sets   to be. Now we're going to take the  variable, and set it to the value of the   variable. Don't get confused — name on the left, value on the right. Python looks up the value of, and finds that it is. So, Python throws away 's old value, and replaces it with. After this assignment Python reports that  is ,   is  , and   is. But didn't we say that  should be whatever value   is? The reason that  is still   when   is , is because we only said that   should be whatever   is at the moment of the assignment. After Python has figured out what   is and assigned that value to  ,   doesn't care about   any more. has a value now, and that value is going to stay the same no matter what happens to.

A 'string' is simply a list of characters in order. A character is anything you can type on the keyboard in one keystroke, like a letter, a number, or a backslash. For example,  is a string. It is five characters long —,  ,  ,  ,. Strings can also have spaces:  contains 13 characters: 10 letters, 2 punctuation marks, and the space between   and. There are no limits to the number of characters you can have in a string — you can have anywhere from one to a million or more. You can even have a string that has 0 characters, which is usually called an "empty string."

There are three ways you can declare a string in Python: single quotes ('), double quotes ("), and triple quotes ("""). In all cases, you start and end the string with your chosen string declaration. For example: You can use quotation marks within strings by placing a backslash directly before them, so that Python knows you want to include the quotation marks in the string, instead of ending the string there. Placing a backslash directly before another symbol like this is known as escaping the symbol. If you want to include a backslash in a string, you have to escape said backslash. This tells Python that you want to include the backslash in the string, instead of using it as an escape character. For example: As you can see from the above examples, only the specific character used to quote the string needs to be escaped. This makes for more readable code. To see how to use strings, let's go back for a moment to an old, familiar programme: Look at that! You've been using strings since the very beginning! You can add two strings together using the  operator: this is called concatenating them. Notice that there is a space at the end of the first string. If you don't put that in, the two words will run together, and you'll end up with You can also repeat strings by using the  operator, like so: The string  gets repeated 5 times in the 1st example and 10 times in the 2nd. If you want to find out how long a string is, you use the  function, which simply takes a string and counts the number of characters in it. ( stands for "length.") Just put the string that you want to find the length of inside the parentheses of the function. For example:

Strings and Variables
Now that you've learned about variables and strings separately, let's see how they work together. Variables can store much more than just numbers. You can also use them to store strings! Here's how: In this programme, we are creating a variable called, and storing the string   in it. Then, we just tell Python to print out whatever is inside the  variable. Notice that when we tell Python to print out, there are no quotation marks around the word  : this tells Python that we are using a variable, not a string. If we put in quotation marks around, Python would treat it as a string, as shown below: Let's try something different. Sure, it's all fine and dandy to ask the user what they had for lunch, but it doesn't make much difference if they can't respond! Let's edit this programme so that the user can type in what they ate. To ask the user to write something, we used a function called, which waits until the user writes something and presses enter, and then returns what the user wrote. Don't forget the parentheses! Even though there's nothing inside of them, they're still important, and Python will give you an error if you don't put them in. In this programme, we created a variable called, and put whatever the user wrote into it. Then, we print out a new string, which contains whatever the user wrote. Notice the extra space at the end of the  string, and the exclamation mark at the start of the  " string. They help format the output and make it look nice, so that the strings don't all run together.

Combining Numbers and Strings
Take a look at this program, and see if you can figure out what it's supposed to do. This program should take a number from the user, add 10 to it, and print out the result. But if you try running it, it won't work! You'll get an error that looks like this: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in    plusTen = number + 10 TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str What's going on here? Python is telling us that there is a, which means there is a problem with the types of information being used. Specifically, Python can't figure out how to reconcile the two types of data that are being used simultaneously: integers and strings. For example, Python thinks that the  variable is holding a string, instead of a number. If the user enters, then   will contain a string that is two characters long: a  , followed by a. So how can we tell Python that  should be a number, instead of a string? Also, when printing out the answer, we are telling Python to concatenate together a string and a number. Python doesn't know how to do that -- it can only concatenate strings together. How do we tell Python to treat a number as a string, so that we can print it out with another string? Luckily, there are two functions that are perfect solutions for these problems. The  function will take a string and turn it into an integer, while the   function will take an integer and turn it into a string. In both cases, we put what we want to change inside the parentheses. Therefore, our modified program will look like this:

That's all you need to know about strings and variables! We'll learn more about types later.

List of Learned Functions

 * : prints the output information to the user.
 * : asks the user for a response, and returns that response.
 * : returns the length of a string (number of characters).
 * : returns the string representation of an object.
 * : given a string or number, returns an integer.

Exercise
Write a programme that does the following in order:

1. Ask the user for their last name.

2. Ask the user for their first name.

3. Print out the user's first and last names in that order.

Solution


text: User:Milanand/Python 3 Programming/Variables and Strings/Solution


text:
Cookbook talk:Microwave Chocolate Cake I

What does "Microwave on high" mean? Some ovens are 600 W, others 850 W, etc. kwhitefoot (discuss • contribs) 19:10, 12 December 2020 (UTC)


text:
Albanian/Adjectives

Singular

 *  Masculine
 * Right :  i drejtë
 * Easy :  i lehtë
 * Intelligent : inteligjent
 * Brave : trim
 *  Feminine
 * Right :  e drejtë
 * Easy :  e lehtë
 * Intelligent : inteligjent e
 * Brave : trim e

Plural

 *  Masculine
 * Sweet :  të ëmbla
 * Clean :  të pastra
 * Intelligent : inteligjen të
 * Brave : trim a
 *  Feminine
 * Sweet :  të ëmbël
 * Clean :  të pastër
 * Intelligent : inteligjen tee
 * Brave : '''trim e

title: Albanian/Adjectives