text:
Professionalism/Microsoft Employees, Project JEDI, and HoloLens

Microsoft Corporation has a complex relationship with the United States Department of Defense. Historically, the two entities have worked together often, but two current projects, HoloLens (IVAS) and Project JEDI, have shed light on divergent opinions within Microsoft. While company leadership supports involvement in the defense sector, employees are less receptive to working with the military. These differing viewpoints are illustrated by statements produced by both Microsoft executives and Microsoft employees. The disagreements within Microsoft demonstrate a common problem in the tech sector, as technology such as augmented reality or cloud computing has begun to play a stronger role in warfare and military operations.

Microsoft Corporation
Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975 by Harvard student Bill Gates and Boston programmer Paul Allen. Its initial purpose was to create microprocessors and software—originally for the Altair 8800, an early personal computer. Presently, the mission statement is “to empower every person and organization on the planet to achieve more.” The current CEO, Satya Nadella, echoes this sentiment and referred to Microsoft as a "do more company" when he succeeded Steve Ballmer in 2014 to become the company's 3rd CEO.

Microsoft Execs vs. Employees
In response to Microsoft's increasingly involved commerce with the United States Government, Microsoft's President, Brad Smith, said in a blog post titled "Technology and the US military" that company leadership has "worked with the U.S. Department of Defense on a longstanding and reliable basis for four decades," and that they "are proud of this relationship, as we are of the many military veterans we employ.” Smith also briefly acknowledged the ethical issues that come with using Microsoft technology such as artificial intelligence and augmented reality in a military context. He and the other executives are aligned in a message that claims to support the people who defend the United States and asserts that engaging the debate about AI usage for the Department of Defense directly allows the company to approach implementation responsibly. It is important to make a distinction between Microsoft Executives and the company's employees, as they have different agendas resulting in conflict between leadership decision making and individual values.

Microsoft's Relationship with the Department of Defense
On Microsoft's Government Defense & Intelligence page, their marketing team posted a statement that said, “helping defense and intelligence agencies foster a safer more secure world.” The relationship between Microsoft and the military is both mutual and long standing. When the army transitioned to Windows 10 in 2016, the Former Secretary of Defense, Ashton B. Carter, said "Microsoft has been a great partner to the DOD." On Microsoft's end, they offer an array of industry specific services including Windows, the operating system that the Army now utilizes, Office 365 (a suite of productivity apps like Outlook, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.), and Azure—their cloud computing service that competes with Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Each of these are catered to industries, such as Defense & Intelligence.

HoloLens
Although the HoloLens was intended for first-line workers, a modified version is used in the Army's Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS). The goal of the IVAS contract is to employ 2,550 IVAS prototypes to the Army and Marine Corps to achieve overmatch against near-peer threats identified in the National Defense Strategy and provide squad synthetic training environments. IVAS will be featured with a variety of imaging sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to provide a fully integrated day/night combat capability at the forward edge of the battlefield. The Office of the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) FY19 Annual Report mentions the term “lethality,” which has sparked conflict between Microsoft executives and employees.

Employee Concerns
Many employees responded negatively to Microsoft’s partnership with the DoD. On February 22, 2019, the “Microsoft Workers 4 Good” tweeted an open letter, “HoloLens for Good, Not War,” to Brad Smith and Satya Nadella. The letter states that “the application of HoloLens within the IVAS system is designed to help people kill” and that Microsoft employees did not sign up to develop weapons and “refuse to create technology for warfare and oppression". The employees further argue that “Microsoft fails to inform its engineers on the intent of the software they are building” and that engineers have now lost their ability to make decisions about what they work on. There exists a lack of transparency between the company and its employees, and as a result there is an imbalance between the external values of the company and those of Microsoft employees. To mitigate this, Microsoft employee demands included the cancellation of the contract, discontinuation of “any and all” development of weapons technologies, organization of a public policy statement on the matter, and creation of a new “independent, external ethics review board” that would oversee compliance with that policy.

Microsoft's Response
Although Microsoft employees do not support the HoloLens project, Microsoft executives such as Satya Nadella plan to continue it. Nadella believes that it is Microsoft’s corporate responsibility to supply technology to the military. In a statement, Nadella said that Microsoft will not "withhold technology" from democratic governments. He states that “it’s not about taking arbitrary action by a single company, it’s not about 50 people or even 100,000 people in a company, it’s really about being a responsible corporate citizen in a democracy. ” Brad Smith endorses this, saying “we believe in the strong defense of the US and we want the people who defend it to have access to the nation’s best technology, including from Microsoft.” While Microsoft executives are aware of the ethical issues that arise from using their technology for weapons and warfare, Smith claims that “we want to use our knowledge and voice as a corporate citizen to address these in a responsible way. ” Therefore, moving onward with the contract, Microsoft will help employees who do not want to work on specific projects to switch to another part of the business.

Project JEDI
In 2018, the Pentagon released a proposal for a 10-year, 10-billion-dollar project to create a unified IT system for the entire Department of Defense (DoD) called Project JEDI, or Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure. The DoD publicly described the project as a way to "employ emerging technologies to meet war-fighter needs and maintain the military’s technological advantage". However, at an industry day for JEDI, the DoD chief management officer clarified that "this program is truly about increasing the lethality of our department”. When the project was announced, Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services (AWS) were seen as front runners to secure the contract. In 2018, Microsoft’s president Brad Smith announced that Microsoft would bid on project JEDI, describing it as "an example of the kind of work we are committed to doing". Other high-profile JEDI bidders included Google, IBM, and Oracle.

Employee Concerns
On October 12, 2018, Microsoft employees drafted a letter in protest of Microsoft's JEDI bid. The letter stated that the project did not align with employee values, and that Microsoft employees decided to work for the company "in the hopes of empowering every person on the planet to achieve more, not with the intent of ending lives and enhancing lethality". The employees also emphasized the need for clear ethical guidelines when working on a project, contending that "if Microsoft is to be accountable for the products and services it makes, we need clear ethical guidelines and meaningful accountability governing how we determine which uses of our technology are acceptable”. In response to an anticipated stance by Microsoft, the employees argued that "for those who say that another company will simply pick up JEDI where Microsoft leaves it, we would ask workers at that company to do the same. A race to the bottom is not an ethical position".

Microsoft's Response
In a blog post from October 26, 2018, Brad Smith defended Microsoft's decision, arguing that “we can’t expect these new developments to be addressed wisely if the people in the tech sector who know the most about technology withdraw from the conversation”. Smith makes it clear that he believes it is Microsoft's responsibility to be involved in defense projects, saying Microsoft will "advocate for policies and laws that will ensure that AI and other new technologies are used responsibly and ethically". Smith contends that "to withdraw from this market is to reduce our opportunity to engage in the public debate about how new technologies can best be used in a responsible way". Smith concluded his letter saying that Microsoft is not going to withdraw from the future, but is instead going to work to shape it.

Contract Award
On October 25, 2019, Microsoft was awarded the contract for Project JEDI. In an email to CNBC, a Microsoft spokesperson said of the award, "we are proud that we are an integral partner in DoD’s overall mission cloud strategy...to satisfy the urgent and critical needs of today’s warfighters”.

However, on November 22, 2019, Amazon sued to challenge the award, citing interference from President Trump. AWS lawyers stated that President Trump "used his power to 'screw Amazon' out of the JEDI Contract as part of his highly public personal vendetta against Mr. Bezos, Amazon and the Washington Post". On March 6, 2020 a judge granted AWS's motion and suspended all contract activities, and on March 24, Amazon rejected the DoD's revised plan for the award,.

Conclusion
Microsoft leadership has developed a strong case for their continued involvement in DoD projects, illustrated in the blog post "Technology and the US Military". In response to controversy surrounding HoloLens and Project JEDI, Smith contended that Microsoft has a duty to be an active participant in defense projects. Only then can the company shape the use of their technology to encourage safe and ethical behavior. According to Microsoft executives, to withdraw from these contracts would mean that the company loses the ability to advocate for how technology is used in the military. This argument provides a foundation for Microsoft to continue lucrative deals with the DoD, and allows the company to legitimize their interests in defense contracting. However, this stance does not reflect the values of the entire company which raises the question of who makes up a company. Is it the executives or is it the employees, and when values conflict, whose should triumph? In the case of Microsoft and their involvement in defense projects, the executives have control, and the company actions reflect their interests above those of the employees.


text:
Cookbook talk:Microwave Cooking

Aluminium foil: Accuracy vs Safety
I don't want to edit this article to say you can use alumninium foil in a microwave provided that you should check the manual of your microwave oven. The manual of my microwave has instructions on where you could place it (x centimeters from the edges, etc...). Here's my dilemma: do we mention there's a safe way to use aluminium or do we just say that it can't be done. Sadly, I'm actually leaning more towards the latter. This is because I lost faith in humanity :). But I was thinking we could maybe attach a footnote to that statement. The footnote will link to another site to explain why it could be bad and how to do it safely. My thinking is that people who can't be bothered to read footnotes or manuals, will read the advice to not do it. While people who actually lookup things, will see there's a way to do this 81.82.102.227 (discuss) 03:47, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbook talk:Microwave Cooking


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/170.2 - No reopening of claim or application

IRPA Section 170.2
The legislative provision reads: No reopening of claim or application 170.2 The Refugee Protection Division does not have jurisdiction to reopen on any ground — including a failure to observe a principle of natural justice — a claim for refugee protection, an application for protection or an application for cessation or vacation, in respect of which the Refugee Appeal Division or the Federal Court, as the case may be, has made a final determination.

Commentary
For a discussion of this legislative provision, see the commentary to RPD Rules 62 and 63: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application.


text:
Arabic/possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, our, their) are used to indicate ownership of something.

In Arabic, as with object pronouns, these take the form of suffixes; they are attached to the noun that's owned

title: Arabic/possessive Pronouns


text:
Talk:A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/External hardware devices/Secondary storage devices

Why is SSD under magnetic media?
Solid state drives have nothing in common with magnetism. I understand wanting to put them in the same category as HDDs though so maybe rename the category to desktop storage? I'm not really sure, but putting it under magnetic media really makes no sense.


text:
Talk:SPARQL/WIKIDATA Precision, Units and Coordinates

numerical example
For both time and coordiante, it would be helpful to have an example how to define numerical values to variables, e.g. for distance calculations. -- Gerd Fahrenhorst (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Time can be defined as Coordinates can be defined as   See the example below.

HenkvD (discuss • contribs) 18:24, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you !! -- Gerd Fahrenhorst (discuss • contribs) 22:55, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Additional info: It is important not to have any blank chars before and after the coordinate values. -- Gerd Fahrenhorst (discuss • contribs) 13:56, 10 February 2020 (UTC)


text:
User:J Noellert/sandbox

This is a process manual for making animations in Blender.

It is specific to the needs of the author, but in this way it is helpful to an audience interested in achieving a similar result.

title: User:J Noellert/sandbox


text:
Practical Electronics/Transistors

Transistor

Transistors are a solid state bi-junction device that can be used to amply voltage or current.Every transistor has three terminals: Base, Emitter, and Collector which form two junctions area namely BE and CE.

It was first invented in 1947 in the United States of America by a three-man team of Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain at Bell's Telephone Lab. The transistor is the wonder device that becomes the most important building block in all types of circuits today and it is responsible for miniaturization of circuits from the previous uses of the large vacuum tubes. Transistor is used mainly as electronic switches to control the flow of currents.

Earlier during the introduction of the transistor, it is used singly inside all types of circuits such as shown on the left picture but in this modern age, even the simplest of IC may consist hundred of thousands of transistors inside the circuits. The CPU chips shown on right are believed to have thousands of billions of transistors squeezed inside the area just larger than the thumb area. There are two kinds of transistors namely:
 * Bipolar Transistors
 * Field Effect Transistors

The bipolar transistor is invented in 1947 first and the unipolar transistor (a later invention) is named as the field-effect transistor (FET).

Bipolar Transistor
Bbipolar transistor have 2 types of transistor namely PNP and NPN types. NPN Transistor: One positively charged semiconductor between two negatively charged semiconductors. PNP Transistor: One negatively charged semiconductor between two positively charged semiconductors. There are 3 leads called base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E)

 * {| class=wikitable align="center" style="text-align:center" width=100%

! Transistor !! Construction !! Circuit's Symbol !! Looks
 * NPN Transistor
 * [[image:NPN BJT.svg|300px]] ||[[Image:BJT symbol NPN.svg|45px]] || [[Image:Electronic_component_transistors.jpg|200px]]
 * PNP Transistor || [[image:PNP BJT.svg|300px]]||[[Image:BJT_symbol_PNP.svg|45px]] || [[Image:Electronic_component_transistors.jpg|200px]]
 * }
 * PNP Transistor || [[image:PNP BJT.svg|300px]]||[[Image:BJT_symbol_PNP.svg|45px]] || [[Image:Electronic_component_transistors.jpg|200px]]
 * }
 * }

Field Effect Transistor
There are 2 main types of FET namely junction gate FET (JFET / JUGFET) or metal oxide FET (MOSFET)

Applications of Transistors
Transistors can be used as electronic switches and audio amplifiers.

title: Practical Electronics/Transistors


text: User talk:86.45.199.166

title: User talk:86.45.199.166


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Calendar

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Time Year_Number  Integer  1901  2399 Month_Number Integer  1  12 Day_Number   Integer  1  31 Day_Duration Duration  00  86_4000 Clock Time Year  Date  Time  Year_Number Month Date  Time  Month_Number Day   Date  Time  Day_Number SecondsDate Time  Day_Duration Split Date   Time Year     Year_Number Month    Month_Number Day      Day_Number Seconds  Day_Duration Time_OfYear  Year_Number Month   Month_Number Day     Day_Number Seconds Day_Duration  00 Time "" Left Time   Right  Duration  Time "" Left Duration Right  Time  Time "" Left Time   Right  Duration  Time "" Left Time   Right  Time  Duration "" Left Right Time  Boolean ""Left Right Time  Boolean "" Left Right Time  Boolean ""Left Right Time  Boolean Time_Error Import Ada Time AdaCalendar

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

title: Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Calendar


text:
User talk:Give me some puss puss

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 11:43, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Give me some puss puss


text:
User:Qdrbtcpsjbdc

Category:Environmental non-fiction books

title: User:Qdrbtcpsjbdc


text:
Slovak

Table of Contents

 * Introduction
 * Slovak alphabet (slovenská abeceda) & pronunciation
 * Useful phrases
 * Numbers

title: Slovak


text:
Talk:Robotics Kinematics and Dynamics/Serial Manipulator Position Kinematics

Copying content to wikiversity
I am working on a course in robotics and copying content to that site: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Robotic_Mechanics_and_Modeling/Kinematics Thank you. Admazzeo (discuss • contribs) 15:26, 10 February 2020 (UTC)


text:
SPM/Python

Nipype
Nipype (Neuroimaging in Python) has an SPM interface.

Tutorials can be found at:
 * https://miykael.github.io/nipype_tutorial/
 * https://pythonhosted.org/nipype/users/examples/fmri_spm_auditory.html

Calling MATLAB from Python

 * https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/matlab-and-python.html
 * https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab-engine-for-python.html

You can also call MATLAB in a subprocess: using the -batch (execute MATLAB script non-interactively) and -sd (set initial working directory) input argument options:
 * https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess
 * https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/matlablinux.html#buknt99-1-option1optionN

spm1d
spm1d is a package for one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping.

title: SPM/Python


text:
User talk:173.225.243.11

--Esteban16 (discuss • contribs) 18:10, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:173.225.243.11


text:
User:UweNwl864938

Hello! I аm Shantae. I smile tһɑt I cοuld join tо the ｅntire worⅼd. I live in Netherlands, іn the south region. I dream to see thе ⅾifferent nations, tо obtain familiarized with fascinating people.

title: User:UweNwl864938


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Asynchronous Task Control

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Preelaborate Asynchronous_Task_Control Hold T  AdaTask_IdentificationTask_Id Continue T  AdaTask_IdentificationTask_Id Is_Held T  AdaTask_IdentificationTask_Id  Boolean AdaAsynchronous_Task_Control

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Task Identification

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
PreelaborateTask_Identification Task_Id Preelaborable_Initialization Task_Id Null_Task_Id  Task_Id "=" Left Right Task_Id  Boolean Image       T  Task_Id  String Current_Task Task_Id Abort_Task  T    Task_Id Is_Terminated T Task_Id  Boolean Is_Callable  T  Task_Id  Boolean Import Ada Task_Id Import Ada Null_Task_Id AdaTask_Identification

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/Guideline 3 - Proceedings Involving Minors at the Immigration and Refugee Board

The Guideline
The text of the relevant Guideline as available at this citation.

The former guideline was to be taken into account in a procedural, not a substantive manner
The Chairperson Guidelines 3 were to be taken into account in a procedural, not a substantive manner: Zidan v Canada. That version of the Chairperson Guidelines 3 concerned the fair conduct of a hearing and not deficiencies in the claim itself: Newton v Canada. That was true until the guideline was overhauled on October 31, 2023, as the present version now concerns substantive matters as well as procedural ones.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Francis Herbert Hellawell

Francis Herbert Hellawell was a well known early wireless experimenter in the period before WW1. He was a member of the brief lived Wireless Institute of Queensland, but does not appear to have continued his interest through the Queensland Wireless Institute post WW1. He was a contemporary of Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton and was a member of the Queensland Electrical Association with Barton in the 1890s. He was originally a testing officer with the Department of Posts and Telegraphs in Victoria from 1882 and accepted a similar position in the Queensland department. He retired in 1931 and passed suddenly in 1932 while visiting relations in Victoria. The Boundy family was known in Victoria through their association with the earliest discoveries of gold in Victoria in 1851. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Francis Herbert Hellawell - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Francis Herbert Hellawell - Nothing uploaded as yet


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Francis Herbert Hellawell/Notes

Overview
Report of the preliminary meeting to form the WIQ on Tuesday, 23 April 1912, attended by Hellawell "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Formation of Institute. A very enthusiastic meeting was held on Tuesday night for the purpose of forming a Wireless Telegraphy institute, on somewhat similar lines to the one now existing in New South Wales. Lieutenant Sturdee (staff-officer Royal Engineers), was appointed chairman, and those present included Messrs. H. B. C. Rockwell, H. Nelson, G. H. Boundy, G. H. Burnham, P. S. Mclvor, J. A.Clark, J. C. Price, J. Ryan, J. Byrne, T. Brownless, P. C. Smith, E. P. Tipping, and F. H. Hellawell, while apologies were received from Messrs. J. Power, J. W. Sutton, E. B. Corbett, E. H. Bourne, T. S. Smith, F. Passey, and P. Tate. Mr. Rockwell (of the New South Wales Institute) gave an interesting exposition of the progress of the institute in New South Wales, and read the rules and regulations adopted by that body. He also gave a brief description of wireless telegraphy, and of the apparatus devised by himself, which apparatus will be used, for experimental purposes in connection with the institute in Brisbane. Mr. Rockwell holds a permit from the Postmaster-General for his wireless set, and the necessary permission is now being asked from the Commandant of the Queensland military forces, to erect suitable aerials on vacant ground, the property of the defence force. Mr. Rockwell's set has already covered a distance of over 500 miles. A working committee was then formed for the purpose of securing names of intending members, and communicating with those interested in the subject, the committee comprising Messrs. Rockwell, H. Nelson, E. H. Bourne, T. Brownlee, and G. H. Boundy, together with Mr. F. H. Hellawell (electrical engineers' branch, G.P.O.), as acting secretary, who will receive names of intending members. It is anticipated that this institute will open up a field of research in wireless, afford a school for Queensland wireless aspirants and prove of great benefit to the members as the institute will possess suitable apparatus, and a good library, and be able to give expert advice to its members. The working committee are obtaining information relative to persons interested, and after this information has been received, the next general meeting will be held in about a fortnight's time."

1912 04
Report of the preliminary meeting to form the WIQ on Tuesday, 23 April 1912, attended by Hellawell "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Formation of Institute. A very enthusiastic meeting was held on Tuesday night for the purpose of forming a Wireless Telegraphy institute, on somewhat similar lines to the one now existing in New South Wales. Lieutenant Sturdee (staff-officer Royal Engineers), was appointed chairman, and those present included Messrs. H. B. C. Rockwell, H. Nelson, G. H. Boundy, G. H. Burnham, P. S. Mclvor, J. A.Clark, J. C. Price, J. Ryan, J. Byrne, T. Brownless, P. C. Smith, E. P. Tipping, and F. H. Hellawell, while apologies were received from Messrs. J. Power, J. W. Sutton, E. B. Corbett, E. H. Bourne, T. S. Smith, F. Passey, and P. Tate. Mr. Rockwell (of the New South Wales Institute) gave an interesting exposition of the progress of the institute in New South Wales, and read the rules and regulations adopted by that body. He also gave a brief description of wireless telegraphy, and of the apparatus devised by himself, which apparatus will be used, for experimental purposes in connection with the institute in Brisbane. Mr. Rockwell holds a permit from the Postmaster-General for his wireless set, and the necessary permission is now being asked from the Commandant of the Queensland military forces, to erect suitable aerials on vacant ground, the property of the defence force. Mr. Rockwell's set has already covered a distance of over 500 miles. A working committee was then formed for the purpose of securing names of intending members, and communicating with those interested in the subject, the committee comprising Messrs. Rockwell, H. Nelson, E. H. Bourne, T. Brownlee, and G. H. Boundy, together with Mr. F. H. Hellawell (electrical engineers' branch, G.P.O.), as acting secretary, who will receive names of intending members. It is anticipated that this institute will open up a field of research in wireless, afford a school for Queensland wireless aspirants and prove of great benefit to the members as the institute will possess suitable apparatus, and a good library, and be able to give expert advice to its members. The working committee are obtaining information relative to persons interested, and after this information has been received, the next general meeting will be held in about a fortnight's time."


text:
User:Revspennicus/common.css

body {	background-color: #000000!important; color: #e6e6e6!important; font-family: "Space Mono for Powerline", monospace!important; font-style: italic!important; }

.MainPageBG {	background-color: #000000!important; }

h1, h2, span, p, #siteSub, a { font-family: "Space Mono for Powerline", monospace!important; font-style: italic!important; }

div, table {	background-color: #000000!important; color: #e6e6e6!important; }

a, .toctogglelabel, .glossary-link-internal {	color:#52d053!important; }

.glossary-link-internal {	border-bottom: 1px dashed #40304f!important; }

h2[id^="mp-"], th { border: 1px solid #261D2F!important; background-color: #261D2F!important; color: #e6e6e6!important; }

ul, li { background-color: #000000!important; }

{	border: solid 1px #261D2F!important; }
 * 1) mw-content

{	border-top: solid 1px #261D2F!important; }
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.selected, .firstHeading {	border-bottom: 4px solid #261D2F!important; }

.tocnumber {	color: #e6e6e6!important; }

title: User:Revspennicus/common.css


text: Category:Book:BIM for Construction Management


text:
Somali

Table of Contents

 * /Alphabet/
 * /Gender/
 * /Dialects/

title: Somali


text:
User:Clementl49/sandbox

Le choix du commandant
Pour commencer à construire un deck, il faut choisir un commandant.

Un commandant doit être soit:

 * une créature légendaire.
 * deux créatures légendaire avec le mot-clé partner.
 * un planewalker ayant " [...] peut être votre commandant.".

Les créatures du bloc kamigawa pouvant s'inverser ne peuvent pas être choisies en tant que commandant car elles n'entrent pas en jeu comme une créature légendaire.

Le nombre de cartes

 * Un deck de duel commander doit contenir exactement 100 cartes, commandant compris. Si vous utilisez deux commandants avec le mot-clé partner, le deck sera donc constitué de 98 cartes.
 * Chaque carte présente doit être en un seul exemplaire. Cette règle ne s'applique pas aux terrains de base et aux cartes ayant un texte concernant le nombre légal d'exemplaire possible dans un deck, tel que Shadowborn Apostle.
 * Il est possible de jouer deux cartes avec un effet identique si le nom anglais est différent.

Identité colorée

 * L'identité colorée d'un deck est déterminée par les symboles de mana présents dans le coût de mana mais également dans la zone de texte du commandant choisi.

 * Les cartes présentes dans votre deck ne doivent pas contenir de symboles de mana d'une couleur différente de votre identité colorée. Les symboles de mana hybrides doivent également respecter entièrement l'identité colorée du commandant.

 * Les symboles de mana présents, à titre d'exemple, dans un texte en italique ne comptent pas dans l'identité colorée.

Par exemple:

 * 1) Golos tireless pilgrim est une créature artefact, mais possède les cinq symboles de mana dans sa zone de texte. Il est donc possible de jouer des cartes des cinq couleurs.
 * 2) Si le commandant du deck est Aminatou, the Fateshifter, il est interdit de jouer Lightning Bolt.
 * 3) Blind Obedience est jouable avec un commandant blanc car le symbole de mana hybride fait partie de l'explication de la capacité extortion.

Construction
La stratégie d'un deck est souvent déterminée par les capacités du commandant.

Contrairement aux autres formats de Magic: The Gathering, un deck se construit avec 100 cartes au lieux de 60. Utilisez un ratio de 60 cartes actives pour 40 terrains. Il est possible de conserver la notion de curve et d'archétype pour le duel commander.

En fonction de l'optique du deck, ces ratios peut être amené à changer. Par exemple:

 * Un deck aggressif peut descendre à 36 terrains et jouer 40 créatures
 * Un deck plus lent peut monter à 43 terrains et jouer 12 créatures.

Il est préférable de jouer des cartes avec des effets similaires ainsi que des cartes pouvant en chercher d'autres pour augmenter la stabilité d'un deck.

Restrictions
Il n'y a pas de restriction d'édition pour construire un deck mais certaines cartes sont bannies.

Les cartes avec une bordure spéciale sont bannies:

 * Les cartes avec une bordure argentée (unhinged)
 * Les cartes avec une bordure dorée (World Events promo)
 * Les cartes à angle droit (Collector’s Edition)

Les cartes à mise sont bannies:

 * Amulet of Quoz
 * Bronze Tablet
 * Contract from Below
 * Darkpact
 * Demonic Attorney
 * Jeweled Bird
 * Rebirth
 * Tempest Efreet
 * Timmerian Fiends

Les cartes bannies comme commandant:

 * Arahbo, Roar of the World
 * Baral, Chief of Compliance
 * Breya, Etherium Shaper
 * Bruse Tarl, Boorish Herder
 * Derevi, Empyrial Tactician
 * Edgar Markov
 * Edric, Spymaster of Trest
 * Emry, Lurker of the Loch
 * Geist of Saint Traft
 * Jace, Vryn’s Prodigy
 * Marath, Will of the Wild
 * Najeela, the Blade-Blossom
 * Oloro, Ageless Ascetic
 * Prime Speaker Vannifar
 * Rofellos, Llanowar Emissary
 * Tasigur, the Golden Fang
 * Teferi, Temporal Archmage
 * Urza, Lord High Artificer
 * Vial Smasher the Fierce
 * Yuriko, the Tiger’s Shadow
 * Zurgo Bellstriker

Les cartes bannies:

 * Ancestral Recall
 * Back to Basics
 * Black Lotus
 * Channel
 * Chrome Mox
 * Dig Through Time
 * Eidolon of the Great Revel
 * Emrakul, the Aeons Torn
 * Entomb
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 * Gaea’s cradle
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 * Grim Monolith
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 * Mystical Tutor
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 * Sensei’s Divining Top
 * Sol Ring
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 * The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale
 * Timetwister
 * Time Vault
 * Time Walk
 * Tinker
 * Tolarian Academy
 * Treasure Cruise
 * Vampiric Tutor

title: User:Clementl49/sandbox


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Richard Edmund Butler

Richard Edmund Butler was a career public servant, principally within the federal Postmaster-General's Department. Commencing as a telegraph messenger in 1941, he rose steadily through the ranks, undertaking tertiary studies during his employment and qualifying as an accountant. He concluded with the PMGD at a very senior level. Fluent in several languages, he was appointed to a position with the International Telecommunications Union. He became Deputy Secretary General ad interim, then was appointed to the position on a permanent basis. In 1983 he was appointed Secretary General, the first and only Australian to hold the position. He retired in 1989 and returned to Australia. In his "retirement" he remained active and influential, accepting a number of board appointments, particularly those able to progress his passion for developing communication services in developing countries. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Richard Edmund Butler - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Richard Edmund Butler - Nothing uploaded as yet


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Richard Edmund Butler/Notes

Non-chronological material
BIOGRAPHY <!-- USE AS BACKGROUND FOR IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH ARTICLES THEN DELETE UNLESS BECOMES PUBLIC DOMAIN - SSD '''RICHARD EDMUND BUTLER, AM. CIVIL SERVANT, TELECOMMUNICATIONS PIONEER. 25-3-1926 - 23-6-2012''' DICK Butler, former secretary-general of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), who helped shape the modern telecommunications industry, has died in St Vincent's Private Hospital in Melbourne following pulmonary complications after an operation. He was aged 86.

From 1968 to 1989, he was the highest ranking Australian in the United Nations hierarchy and the first and only Australian to be elected as head of a specialised agency in 1982. As the UN's regulator of the global airwaves, based in Geneva, he pushed for the introduction of accessible, reliable and compatible telephone, telegraphy and data transfer services in Third World countries. Dick's life and work effectively touched millions. He was a champion for and ensured fairness and equity for developing nations. He believed radio and telephones were as essential to Third World countries as food, medicine and clean water, as it enabled their populations to "get educated". His mantra was that personal development opportunities through education and communication should not be limited by accidents of birth, location or origin.

His career spanned a time of explosion in telecommunications. He witnessed the transition from telegraph to telex to facsimile to internet, and was a key player in the evolution from analog to digital and wireless technology. He was acknowledged as an initiator and consensus builder from the early 1970s. He played a major role in bringing the global computer and telecommunications communities together, as he did with the convergence of the information industry and broadcasting community.

Dick's leadership on these issues and significant contribution to telecommunications led to his appointment as a member of the Order of Australia. Other awards included the Spanish Grand Insignia of the Order of Merit for telecommunications, the Philipp Reis Medal in Germany, and honorary membership of the Greek Society of Air and Space Law.

In 1988, he was voted the world's most influential telecommunications leader. After he retired from the ITU and returned to Australia in 1989, it was reported that he could have chosen any job in the world. But he deferred, saying "I was a career civil servant and my career has been etched by government service".

Dick remained heavily involved in international telecommunications in his later years, and was an eminent adviser to governments, international agencies and corporations. He had a particular interest in using low earth orbiting satellites and high altitude platforms, together with low cost receivers, as aids for education, health, capacity and community building in underdeveloped and remote communities, as well as early warning and response systems for threats such as tsunamis and the Ebola virus.

Dick was chairman of AsiaSpace, a subsidiary of WorldSpace, focused on delivering digital radio from satellites to developing nations and remote areas. He also chaired Sky Station Australia, a company affiliated with Sky Station International that plans to provide broadband communications from a network of tethered airships.

Dick was widely respected for his humility, integrity, diplomacy, and deep understanding of the issues he had to deal with. His dream was to bring affordable communication systems into the rural Third World and he dedicated his professional life to that goal. He was a mentor to many who shared these aspirations.

His endurance and adaptability was remarkable, succeeding as a non-technocrat in an engineering industry, and at age 86 he was not only abreast of but leading debate in one of the fastest changing sectors in the world.

Dick was born in Black Rock, Melbourne, the second of five children to Florence and Claude Butler, who ran a suburban dairy, distributing milk to new housing estates.

He completed his leaving certificate at the newly opened St Bernard's College in Essendon before joining the Australian army as an 18-year-old, stationed at Cowra in New South Wales at the time of the Japanese prisoner of war breakout from an internment camp in 1944. His involvement in the aftermath of this tragedy influenced him greatly.

His civil service career began simply enough in 1941, as a telegram delivery boy for the Post-Master General's department. After the war, he returned to the PMG and completed an accounting diploma, studying at night at Melbourne Technical College, now RMIT. He progressed through the ranks of the PMG to chief industrial officer, executive officer and then first assistant deputy director-general by 1968. During this tenure he was involved in industrial relations, policy development and management, including the visit in 1966 by Lyndon Johnson, the first serving United States president to visit Australia.

Away from work, Butler raised five children with his wife Pat (nee Kelly), initially in Melbourne, then spanning two continents, with the children returning in succession from Geneva to Melbourne to attend university.

After he returned to Australia, he and Pat lived comfortably and quietly supporting their growing family of grandchildren. His faith was important to him and he found much comfort and strength as part of the community of Sacred Heart Church in Kew. He was fortunate enough to attend a papal Mass for UN officials in the Sistine Chapel during the 1980s and an earlier outdoor papal Mass in Geneva.

Dick was a reserved man, yet he was popular with many people in the area where he lived when he stopped for a chat. He had an abiding interest in others and an amazing capacity to recall and recognise people and the important moments in their lives.

He was humble to a fault and had no great interest in material possessions. This was illustrated by his ownership of only three cars: a Vauxhall Velox in Australia pre-1968; an Opel Rekord station wagon in Geneva; and one of his few self-indulgences, a Mercedes-Benz that is still going strong 25 years later.

He had a deep interest in cricket and loved supporting the Essendon Football Club. He also had an insatiable thirst for current affairs and politics, scouring the daily newspapers and broadcasting the radio and Sky TV news throughout the house at high volume.

Dick remained busy as ever to the end. He had recently made several trips to Korea and Geneva, and believed there was so much more for him to accomplish.

He retained his accreditation as a CPA for nearly 60 years, and was still completing online professional development activities.

Pat predeceased him 13 months ago after 60 years of marriage, and he is survived by his sons Brendan, Gerard and Paul, daughters Jennifer and Helen, 12 grandchildren, two great-grandchildren, and his brother, Kevin (Joe).

Gerard Butler is Dick's son; Mark Hoven is his son-in-law. -->

1940 12
Butler passes PMGD examination for appointment as Telegraph Messenger with an unexceptional 241st place within Melbourne and suburbs '''Examination No. 2311. For Appointment as Telegraph Messenger.''' Held 16th November, 1940. THE candidates named hereunder were successful at the above examination. The eligibility of the successful candidates for appointment will cease on 18th December, 1941. If a successful candidate changes his address he should immediately notify the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Melbourne or Adelaide. VICTORIA. Melbourne and Suburbs.
 * Order of Merit. Name. Total Marks.
 * 1  Cotter, John James   382 . ..
 * 241  Butler, Richard Edmund   315

1941 08
Barton is appointed to the PMGD as Telegraph Messenger following on from passing the entry examination "APPOINTMENTS, RETIREMENTS AND DISMISSALS. THE following appointments, retirements and dismissals are notified by the Public Service Board:— . . . APPOINTMENTS. . . Postmaster-General's Department. . . . Victoria. Telegraph Messenger, Fourth Division.— Morris Matthews, Vernon James Shaw, Terence Michael O'Brien, Henry Leslie Storey, Barry Glen Thomas, Stanley Gordon Silva, David Samuel Payne Davies, Geoffrey James Craig, Brian Daniel McCarthy, Robert George Baker, Geoffrey Mordaunt Dew, Richard Edmund Butler, Frank Biggs, Ernest William Twomey, Maurice Joseph Crotty, Ronald Charles Mclntyre, Vernon Dalton, John William Day, Thomas Francis McGrath, Edmund Leo Broadbent, Norman Henry Dunstan, Neil Stanley Grimwood, Alexander Donald McDonnell, John Aloysius McMahon."

1941 12
Butler passes the entry examination for appointment as PMGD Junior Mechanic, with an unexceptional 437 marks '''EXAMINATIONS. Examination No. 2351.''' For Appointment or Transfer as Junior Mechanic, all States. Held 27th September, 1941. THE candidates named hereunder were successful at the examination. The eligibility of the successful candidates for appointment will cease on 17th December, 1942. (2) Should a successful candidate change his address, he should immediately inform the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector of his State of his new address.
 * VICTORIA. Officers of the Service.
 * Order of Merit. Name. Total Marks.
 * 1  Carboon, Glen Francis   531   . ..
 * 8  Butler, Richard Edmund   437

1943 01
Butler passes examination for transfer as Clerk, Third Division with respectable 4th place in Victoria '''Examination No. 2412. For Transfer as Clerk, Third Division, Canberra, and all States.''' Held 7th November, 1942, and subsequent dates. THE following are the names of the candidates, in their order of merit, who were successful. 2. Except as provided in Regulation 177, the eligibility of successful candidates for transfer will expire on 27th January, 1944.
 * Victoria.
 * Order of Merit. Name. Total Marks.
 * 1  Brown, Gordon Allan   1303
 * 4  Butler, Richard Edmund   1201

1946 07
Butler provisionally promoted as Leave Clerk, Staff Section, Central Office, Department of Labour and National Service '''COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE. PROMOTIONS — SECTION 50 AND REGULATION 109.''' THE following promotions are provisional and subject to appeal by officers to the Public Service Board, and, where consequent upon another provisional promotion, shall be dependent upon the latter being confirmed. Appeals should be lodged, either by letter or telegram, within twenty-one days of the date of this notification, as follows:— (a) if the promotion is to be made in a State, with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector in the capital city of that State; (b) if the promotion is to be made in the Australian Capital Territory, with the Public Service Inspector in Canberra, unless the promotion is to be made to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department, in which case the officer shall lodge his appeal with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Sydney; (c) if the promotion is to be made in the Northern Territory — (i) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Brisbane, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Department of Trade and Customs; (ii) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Adelaide, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department; (iii) with the Public Service Inspector, Canberra, in other cases. An appellant shall forward his appeal direct to the Public Service Inspector, and the following particulars in respect of his permanent position should be set out at the foot of the appeal:— Full name (block letters). Age (in years). Designation. Standard salary scale. Office or Branch Department. Under Section 50(7a) of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, the Board may regard an appeal as having been made against a provisional promotion notified hereunder by any officer who, at any time within the time prescribed for lodging an appeal, is absent on leave for war service, or is absent from Australia on official duty. Where an officer desires to appeal against two or more provisional promotions a separate appeal should be lodged in respect of each. The grounds of appeal must be as prescribed in Section 50 of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, viz.:— (1) Where a promotion is to be made to a position prescribed in Regulation 109g, viz.:— Assistant Grade 1 — female; Assistant, Grade 2 — male or female; Labourer; Lift Attendant; Lineman, Grade 2; Line Foreman, Grade 1; Mail Officer; Postal Assistant, Grade 1; Postal Assistant (Mail); Postal Clerk (Fourth Division); Senior Postal Clerk, Grade 1; Assistant Storeman; Storeman, Grade 1; Storeman, Grade 2; Telegraphist (Fourth Division); Quarantine Assistant, Grade 1; Searcher and Watchman — that the appellant is senior to the officer provisionally promoted and is efficient. (2) In other cases — (a) Superior efficiency; or (b) Equal efficiency combined with seniority. (N.B.— Where positions have been the subject of an Arbitration Determination, the salary scales shown are those prescribed by Determinations.). . ..
 * Department of Labour and National Service — continued. Administrative Branch, Secretarial. Victoria — continued.
 * Name. Present Designation and Station. Position to which Promoted. Salary on Promotion. £. Date of Promotion.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund,
 * Clerk (£96-£318), Third Division, unattached, Department of Labour and National Service, Victoria;
 * Clerk (£300-£366), Third Division, Staff Section, Central Office. New office created (P.S.B. Certificate No. 46/564)
 * £340, 18.7.48
 * Duties.— Leave Clerk.

1947 03
Butler fails to secure his provisional promotion of 18 July 1946 (9 months earlier) "PROMOTIONS — COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE ACT 1922-1946. THE Public Service Board has — . . . (2) Cancelled the undermentioned provisional promotions as notified in the Gazelles indicated:— Charles Arthur Allen, 23rd January, 1947; Rov Edward Bullock, 30th May, 1946; Jack Sydney Brigden, Victor Kenneth Peak, Richard Edmund Butler, Colin William Conron, Raymond Joseph Donnellan. 18th July, 1946; Donald William Anderson Aistrope, 25th July, 1946; Eric Charles Fry, 1st August, 1946; Austin Philip Carey, 3rd October, 1946; Alvia May Warnick, 10th October, 1946; Clarence James Hewett, 14th November, 1946."

1947 04
Butler again provisionally promoted as Officer-in-Charge, Leave Sub-section, Central Office, Department of Labour and National Service '''COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE. PROMOTIONS-SECTION 50 AND REGULATION 109.''' THE following promotions are provisional and subject to appeal by officers to the Public Service Board, and, where consequent upon another provisional promotion, shall be dependent upon the latter being confirmed. Appeals should be lodged, either by letter or telegram, within twenty-one days of the date of this notification, as follows:— (a) if the promotion is to be made in a State, with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector in the capital city of that State; (b) if the promotion is to be made in the Australian Capital Territory, with the Public Service Inspector in Canberra, unless the promotion is to be made to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department, in which case the officer shall lodge his appeal with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Sydney; (c) if the promotion is to be made in the Northern Territory — (i) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Brisbane, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Department of Trade and Customs; (ii) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Adelaide, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department; (iii) with the Public Service Inspector, Canberra, in other cases. An appellant shall forward his appeal direct to the Public Service Inspector, and the following particulars in respect of his permanent position should be set out at the foot of the appeal:— Full name (block letters). Age (in years). Designation. Standard salary scale. Office or Branch. Department. Under Section 50(7a) of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, the Board may regard an appeal as having been made against a provisional promotion notified hereunder by any officer who, at any time within the time prescribed for lodging an appeal, is absent on leave for war service, or is absent from Australia on official duty. Where an officer desires to appeal against two or more provisional promotions a separate appeal should be lodged in respect of each. The grounds of appeal must be as prescribed in Section 50 of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, viz.:— (1) Where a promotion is to be made to a position prescribed in Regulation 109g, viz.:— Assistant Grade 1 — female; Assistant, Grade 2 — male or female; Labourer; Lift Attendant; Lineman, Grade 2; Line Foreman, Grade 1; Mail Officer; Postal Assistant, Grade 1; Postal Assistant (Mail); Postal Clerk (Fourth Division); Senior Postal Clerk, Grade 1; Assistant Storeman; Storeman, Grade 1; Storeman, Grade 2; Telegraphist (Fourth Division); Quarantine Assistant, Grade 1; Searcher and Watchman — that the appellant is senior to the officer provisionally promoted and is efficient. (2) In other cases — (a) Superior efficiency; or (b) Equal efficiency combined with seniority. (N.B.— Where positions have been the subject of an Arbitration Determination, the salary scales shown are those prescribed by Determinations.)
 * DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR. AND NATIONAL SERVICE.
 * Name. Present Designation and Station. Position to which Promoted. Salary on Promotion. £. Date of Promotion.
 * Administrative, Branch, Secretariat, Victoria.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund
 * Clerk (£108-£360), Unattached, Third Division, Department of Labour and National Service, Central Staff
 * Clerk (£312-£366), Third Division, Staff Section, Central Office, Melbourne, vice R. E. Ervin, promoted
 * £370 17.4.47
 * Duties.— Officer-in-Charge Leave Sub-Section.

1948 01
Butler included in the list of federal public servants as at 30 June 1946 INDEX TO LIST OF PERMANENT OFFICERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE ON 30th JUNE, 1946.
 * Name. Page. No. on Page.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund 443 13

1949 06
Butler transfers at level within his Branch at Department of Labour and National Service. TRANSFER TO ADVERTISED VACANCIES.
 * Name of Transferee. Designation and location of former position. Position to which transferred. Gazette No. and date of notification of vacancy.
 * Department of Labour and National Service.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund
 * Clerk (£312-£396), Third Division, Staff Section, Administrative Bianch, Secretariat, Central Office
 * Clerk (£312-£396), Third Division, Staff Section, Administrative Branch, Secretariat, Central Office
 * Gazette No. 6 of 20th January, 1949

1949 10
Butler further promoted as Leave and temporary employment Clerk, Postmaster-General's Department '''COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE. PROMOTIONS-SECTION 50 AND REGULATION 109.''' THE following promotions are provisional and subject to appeal by officers to the Public Service Board, and, where, consequent upon another provisional promotion, shall be dependent upon the latter being confirmed. Appeals should be lodged, either by letter or telegram, within twenty-one days of the date of this notification, as follows:— (a) if the promotion is to be made in a State, with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector in the capital city of that State; (b) if the promotion is to be made in the Australian Capital Territory, with the Public Service Inspector in Canberra, unless the promotion is to be made to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department, in which case the officer shall lodge his appeal with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Sydney; (c) if the promotion is to be made in the Northern Territory — (i) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Brisbane, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Department of Trade and Customs; (ii) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Adelaide, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department; (iii) with the Public Service Inspector, Canberra, in other cases. An appellant shall forward his appeal direct to the Public Service Inspector, and the following particulars in respect of his permanent position should be set out at the foot of the appeal:— Full name (blook letters). Age (in years). Designation. Standard Salary scale. Office or Branch. Department. Appeals not lodged with the appropriate Commonwealth Public Service Inspector within the prescribed period will not be accepted. Under Section 50(7a) of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, the Board may regard an appeal as having been made against a provisional promotion notified hereunder by any officer who, at any time within the time prescribed for lodging an appeal, is absent on leave for war service, or is absent from Australia on official duty. Where an officer desires to appeal against two or more provisional promotions a separate appeal should be lodged in respect of each. The grounds of appeal must be as prescribed in Section 50 of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, viz.:— (1) Where a promotion is to be made to a position prescribed in Regulation 109g, viz.:— Assistant, Grade 1 — female; Assistant, Grade 2 — male or female; Labourer; Lift Attendant; Lineman, Grade 2; Line Foreman, Grade 1; Mail Officer; Postal Assistant, Grade 1; Postal Assistant (Mail); Postal Clerk (Fourth Division); Senior Postal Clerk, Grade 1; Assistant Storeman; Storeman, Grade 1; Storeman, Grade 2; Telegraphist (Fourth Division); Quarantine Assistant, Grade 1; Searcher and Watchman — that the appellant is senior to the officer provisionally promoted and is efficient. (2) In other cases — (а) Superior efficiency; or (b) Equal efficiency combined with seniority. (N.B.— Where positions have been the subject of an Arbitration Determination, the salary scales shown are those prescribed by Determinations.)
 * POSTMASTER-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. Central Staff, Victoria.
 * Name. Present Designation and Station. Position to which Promoted. Salary on Promotion. £. Date of Promotion.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund,
 * Clerk (£312-£396), Third Division, Department of Labour and National Service, Central Staff
 * Clerk (£378-£468), Third Division, Personnel Branch, General Staff and Administration Section, Melbourne. New office created (P.S.B. Certificate No. 49/2159)
 * £502 27.10.49
 * Duties.— Leave and temporary employment Clerk. Good knowledge of relevant Public Service Regulations, Instructions and procedures desirable.

1950 01
Butler's promotion within the PMGD is confirmed "PROMOTIONS — COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE ACT 1922-1948. THE Public Service Board has — (1) Confirmed the undermentioned provisional promotions as notified in Gazettes indicated:— Charles Kennedy Comans, Robert Burns Hutchison, 9th June, 1949; Kenneth Noel Willis, 14th July, 1949; John Edward Devery, Thomas Patrick Giddens, Frederick Vivian Jones, George John Elliott Lucas, Dennis Sullivan, Gordon James Wilton, Austin Herbert Lander, Percival Alexander Sharpley, Michael O'Brien, Reginald Marshall, Harry Norman Podger, James Lawrence Bush, Herbert Virgil Mouchemore, James Edward Ebenezer Wall, Eugene Gawne, Thomas Wattz, Alexander Herbert Hammerberg, Thomas Edwin Taylor, Thomas Henry Maguire, Alexander McIntosh, Ernest Alexander, George Gallian Nelson, Paul Reginald Johannesen, Charles Claude Dearling, Edward Mervin Sawyers, 11th August, 1949; Keith Allan Dunstan, Robert Holman Andrews, 25th August, 1949; Albert Henry Kaye, 1st September, 1949; Cyril Smith, 15th September, 1949; Keith Chandler, Wilfred Stocker Mattick, Reginald William Walker, Harold Leslie Cook, William Alfrey Parks, Hector Leslie Le Plastrier, 29th September, 1949; Charles James Dunlop, William Francis Rowan, 6th October, 1949; John Robert Martin Gill, John Walter Birkett, Irene Jessie Ruffels, Thomas Joseph Brady, 13th October, 1949; Patrick James Sullivan, Gordon Grant Herron, Robert William Moore, James Raymond Griffiths, Leith Rosslyn More, Graeme John Lindenmayer, Harry Geoff Nowotney, Victor Thomas Jobst, 20th October, 1949; Donald Newell Fairbrother, Richard Henry Clare Cardaw, Walter John Buller Nelsen, Richard Edmund Butler, Richard Davies, Charles Alexander James McRae, 27th October, 1949; Henry William Moller, Wilfred Michael White, 10th November, 1949;"

1950 10
'''COMMONWEALTH PUBLIC SERVICE. PROMOTIONS — SECTION 50 AND REGULATION 109.''' THE following promotions are provisional and subject to appeal by officers to the Public Service Board, and, where consequent upon another provisional promotion, shall be dependent upon the latter being confirmed. Appeals should be lodged, either by letter or telegram, within twenty one days of the date of this notification, as fallows:— (a) if the promotion is to be made in a State, with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector in the capital city of that State; (b) if the promotion is to be made in the Australian Capital Territory, with the Public Service Inspector in Canberra, unless the promotion is to be made to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department, in which case the officer shall lodge his appeal with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Sydney; (c) if the promotion is to be made in the Northern Territory — (i) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Brisbane, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Department of Trade and Customs; (ii) with the Commonwealth Public Service Inspector, Adelaide, in the case of a promotion to a vacancy in the Postmaster-General's Department; (iii) with the Public Service Inspector, Canberra, in other cases. An appellant shall forward his appeal direct to the Public Service Inspector, and the following particulars in respect of his permanent position should be set out at the foot of the appeal:— Full name (block letters). Age (in years). Designation. Standard salary scale. Office or Branch. Department. Appeals not lodged with the appropriate Commonwealth Public Service Inspector within the prescribed period will not be accepted. Under Section 50(7a) of the Commonwealth Public Service Act, the Board may regard an appeal as having been made against a provisional promotion notified hereunder by any officer who at any time within the time prescribed for lodging an appeal is absent on leave for war service, or is absent from Australia on official duty. Where an officer desires to appeal against two or more provisional promotions a separate appeal should be lodged in respect of each. The grounds of appeal must be as prescribed in Section 50 of the Commonwealth Public Service Act viz.:— (1) Where a promotion is to be made to a position prescribed in Regulation 109g, viz.:— Assistant, Grade 1 — female; Assistant Grade 2 — male or female; Labourer; Lift Attendant; Lineman, Grade 2; Line Foreman Grade 1; Mail Officer; Postal Officer; Postal Assistant (Mail); Postal Clerk (Fourth Division); Senior Postal Clerk, Grade 1; Assistant Storeman; Storeman; Storeman, Grade 1; Storeman, Grade 2; Telegraphist (Fourth Division); Quarantine Assistant, Grade 1; Searcher and Watchman — that the appellant is senior to the officer provisionally promoted and is efficient. (2) In other cases — (a) Superior efficiency; or (b) Equal efficiency combined with seniority. * Cost of living adjustments payable pursuant to Regulation 106a — (a) Adult male officers, married minors (male) in receipt of allowance under Regulation 87b, and minors (male) occupying positions for which no minor rates are prescribed — £136 per annum; (b) Adult female officers, officers 19 and 20 years of age and minors (female) occupying positions for which no minor rates are prescribed — £91 per annum; (c) Minors (female) and unmarried mmors (male) under 19 years of age — £68 per annum. (N.B.— Where positions have been the subject of an Arbitration Determination, the salary scales shown are those prescribed by Determinations.)
 * POSTMASTER-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. Central Staff.
 * Name. Present Designation and Station. Position to which Promoted. Salary on Promotion. (*Exclusive of Cost of Living Adjustment). £. Date of Promotion.
 * Butler, Richard Edmund
 * Clerk (£381-£471), Third Division, Personnel Branch
 * Clerk (£426-£516), Third Division, Personnel Branch, Industrial Section, Melbourne, vice E. E. White, transferred
 * £426 5.10.50
 * Duties.— The treatment of matters arising under Commonwealth Employees' Compensation Act 1930-1948, and the Public Service Arbitrator's Determination (Common Rule re Accidents), &c.

1954 03
Butler appointed as Commissioner for Declarations "Statutory Declarations Act 1911-1950. IT is hereby notified for public information that — (a) the persons mentioned in the First Schedule hereunder have this day been appointed by me to be Commissioners for Declarations under the Statutory Declarations Act 1911-1950; and (b) the appointments of the persons mentioned in the Second Schedule hereunder as Commissioners for Declarations under the said Act have this day been determined by me, the said persons having ceased to hold the positions held by them at the time of their respective appointments or their appointments as Commissioners being unnecessary in connexion with the duties of the positions now held by them, as the case may be. First Schedule. . . . (ix) The following officers of the Postmaster-General's Department:— William Patrick Joseph Fogarty, Esqire, of Ballarat, in the State of Victoria, Divisional Engineer. Peter Stanley Neville, Esquire, of Geelong, in the State of Victoria, Divisional Engineer. Harold William Cosgrove Dingle, Esquire, of Melbourne, in the State of Victoria, Clerk, Personnel Branch. Richard Edmund Butler, Esquire, of Melbourne, in the State of Victoria, Clerk, personnel Branch. William Oscar Cooper Deane, Esquire, of Sydney, in the State of New South Wales, Welfare Officer, Personnel Branch. William Charles Kemp, Esquire of Melbourne, in the State of Victoria, Assistant Superintendent, Buildings Branch. Keith Barling, Esquire, of Melbourne, in the State of Victoria, Clerk, Buildings Branch."

1984 03
Butler awarded Member Honoris Causa in Perpetuum of the Greek Society of Air and Space Law "TIRELESS WORK RECOGNISED. GOOD-ON-YOU award goes to Mr Richard E. Butler, secretary-general of the International Telecommunications Union and the first Australian to head a United Nations specialised agency. In recognition of tireless work in the job 'for the continuous improvement and rational use of telecommunications' and for 'the social and economic development' of the people of the world, he has been nominated 'as Member Honoris Causa in Perpetuum of the Greek Society of Air and Space Law'. Mr Butler, deputy secretary general since being nominated by Australia, and elected, in 1968, and elected secretary-general in Nairobi in October 1982 is on secondment from Telecom."

1988 06
Butler is appointed Member of the Order of Australia "Government House, Canberra ACT 2600, 13 June 1988. THE QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY 1988 HONOURS. ON behalf of Her Majesty The Queen, His Excellency the Governor-General is pleased to announce the following appointments and awards: THE ORDER OF AUSTRALIA. . . . To be Members in the General Division (AM) . . . Richard Edmund BUTLER, 222B route d'Hermance, 1246 Corsier, Geneva Switzerland, For service to the development of international telecommunications."


text:
Talk:Ada Programming/Types/Enumeration

On this page it is mentioned that `since Ada is case-insensitive`.

However, this constraint is not explicitly mentioned for enumerations: You can't define `type Red_Enum is (red, Red, RED);`. Such case sensitive definitions are allowed in some other languages.

Should the remark `Ada is case-insensitive` and the limitation for enumerations be added earlier? E.g. immediately after the definition of the enumeration?

 * Maybe that could be stated earlier in this page, but take into account that case-insensitiveness goes beyond the definition of enumerations; it affects to any identifier defined in the same scope as another. It is first introduced here: Ada_Programming/Lexical_elements. Note, however, that the following is possible, since each enumeration defines its own namespace:

type Traffic_Light is (Red, Yellow, Green); type RGB is (RED, GREEN, BLUE); -- Or Red, Green, Blue, for that matter.
 * --ManuelGR (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ada Programming/Types/Enumeration


text:
Talk:Algorithm Implementation/Linear Algebra/Tridiagonal matrix algorithm

Are we sure that the fortran implementation gives the right answers? It seems to be wrong, there is a minimal example showing this below:

code:

program tdmatester implicit none ! the extent of the arrays integer :: n=6 call runner(n) end program tdmatester

subroutine runner(n) integer :: n, i   real, dimension(n,n) :: matrix real, dimension(n) :: lower_digonal, upper_diagonal real, dimension(n) :: main_diagonal real, dimension(n) :: rhs, rhs_2 real, dimension(n) :: solution

do i = 1, n       lower_digonal(i) = 1.0 + rand ! these rands can be commented out main_diagonal(i) = 2.0 + rand ! the same problem remains upper_diagonal(i) = 3.0 + rand rhs(i) = 4.0 + rand end do

write(*,*) "Original right hand side:" write(*,*) rhs call make_matrix(lower_digonal, main_diagonal, upper_diagonal, n, matrix)

write(*,*) "Matrix:" do i = 1, n       print *, matrix(i,:) end do

call tdma(n, lower_digonal, main_diagonal, upper_diagonal, rhs, solution)

rhs_2 = matmul(matrix, solution) write(*,*) "Reconstructed right hand side matmul(matrix, solution):" write(*,*) rhs_2

end subroutine

subroutine tdma(K,a,b,c,d,x) implicit none integer, intent(in) :: K   real, intent(in) :: a(K), c(K) real, intent(inout), dimension(K) :: b, d   real, intent(out) :: x(K) ! --- Local variables --- integer :: i   real :: q        !  --- Elimination --- do i = 2,K q = a(i)/b(i - 1) b(i) = b(i) - c(i - 1)*q d(i) = d(i) - d(i - 1)*q end do       ! --- Backsubstitution --- q = d(K)/b(K) x(K) = q   do i = K - 1,1,-1 q = (d(i) - c(i)*q)/b(i) x(i) = q   end do    return end SUBROUTINE tdma

subroutine make_matrix(lower_digonal,main_diagonal,upper_diagonal, n, matrix) !Constructs a tri diagonl matrix writes the output to matrix implicit none integer, intent(in) :: n   real, intent(out), dimension(n, n) :: matrix real, intent(in) :: lower_digonal(n), upper_diagonal(n) real, intent(in) :: main_diagonal(n)

integer :: i

matrix = 0.0 do i = 1, n       matrix(i,i) = main_diagonal(i) matrix(i, i+1) = upper_diagonal(i) if (i>1) then matrix(i, i-1) = lower_digonal(i) end if   end do

end subroutine

Console output (I've added * to show the results of interest):

Original right hand side: 4.45865011      4.67886448       4.51941633       *4.52970028*       4.06684208       4.93043613 Matrix: 2.13153768      3.75560522       0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000   1.53276706       2.21895909       3.04704452       0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000   0.00000000       1.67929626       2.93469286       3.38350201       0.00000000       0.00000000   0.00000000       0.00000000       1.83096528       2.03457189       3.05346155       0.00000000   0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000       1.67114925       2.00769806       3.38341546   0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000       0.00000000       1.41748595       2.68677258 Reconstructed right hand side matmul(matrix, solution): 4.45864964      4.67886400       4.51941586       *3.58897662*       4.06684208       4.93043613

You can see that the right hand side of the equation is not reconstructed correctly, so the found solution is not correct.

Demonstrating the Tridiagonal matrix algorithm in MAST?
It is helpful to see the examples of the Tridiagonal matrix algorithm in Python and C++, but what about modeling languages such as MAST or other HDL? 198.208.47.88 (discuss) 12:59, 6 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
Template:Ada/95

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on. /Ada 95 feature Ada:95

title: Template:Ada/95


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/System.Storage Pools

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Preelaborate SystemStorage_Pools Root_Storage_Pool AdaFinalizationLimited_Controlled Preelaborable_Initialization Root_Storage_Pool Allocate Pool                       Root_Storage_Pool Storage_Address              Address Size_In_Storage_Elements      Storage_ElementsStorage_Count Alignment                     Storage_ElementsStorage_Count Deallocate Pool                       Root_Storage_Pool Storage_Address               Address Size_In_Storage_Elements      Storage_ElementsStorage_Count Alignment                     Storage_ElementsStorage_Count Storage_Size Pool Root_Storage_Pool Storage_ElementsStorage_Count Import Ada Root_Storage_Pool SystemStorage_Pools

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/System


text:
Category:Book:Ada Programming/Ada 95 feature

|Ada programming language -> |Ada Programming-> Ada 95 -> Ada 95 feature

Ada Programming modules containing references to an Ada 95 feature.

Features


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/System.Storage Elements

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Pure SystemStorage_Elements Storage_Offset implementation_defined implementation_defined Storage_Count Storage_Offset  0  Storage_Offset Storage_Element  implementation_defined Storage_Element Storage_Array Storage_Offset    Storage_Element Storage_Array "" Left Address Right  Storage_Offset Address "" Left Storage_Offset Right  Address Address "" Left Address Right  Storage_Offset Address "" Left Right Address Storage_Offset "" Left Address Right  Storage_Offset Storage_Offset Integer_Address  implementation_defined To_Address Value Integer_Address  Address To_Integer Value Address  Integer_Address Convention Intrinsic "+" Convention Intrinsic "-" Convention Intrinsic "mod" Convention Intrinsic "To_Address" Convention Intrinsic "To_Integer" SystemStorage_Elements

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/System


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Calendar.Arithmetic

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Day_Count 366 1  Year_Number  Year_Number 366 1  Year_Number  Year_Number Leap_Seconds_Count Integer  2047  2047 Difference Left              Time Right             Time Days             Day_Count Seconds          Duration Leap_Seconds     Leap_Seconds_Count "" Left   Time Right  Day_Count Time "" Left   Day_Count Right  Time Time "" Left   Time Right  Day_Count Time "" Left   Time Right  Time Day_Count AdaCalendarArithmetic

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Calendar.Time Zones

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Time_Offset  28  60  28  60 Unknown_Zone_Error UTC_Time_Offset Date  Time  Clock  Time_Offset AdaCalendarTime_Zones

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Characters.Conversions

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Pure Conversions Is_Character Item  Wide_Character  Boolean Is_String Item  Wide_String  Boolean Is_Character Item  Wide_Wide_Character  Boolean Is_String Item  Wide_Wide_String  Boolean Is_Wide_Character Item  Wide_Wide_Character  Boolean Is_Wide_String Item  Wide_Wide_String  Boolean To_Wide_Character Item  Character  Wide_Character To_Wide_String Item  String  Wide_String To_Wide_Wide_Character Item  Character Wide_Wide_Character To_Wide_Wide_String Item  String  Wide_Wide_String To_Wide_Wide_Character Item  Wide_Character Wide_Wide_Character To_Wide_Wide_String Item  Wide_String Wide_Wide_String To_Character Item        Wide_Character Substitute  Character Character To_String Item        Wide_String Substitute  Character String To_Character Item        Wide_Wide_Character Substitute  Character Character To_String Item        Wide_Wide_String Substitute  Character String To_Wide_Character Item        Wide_Wide_Character Substitute  Wide_Character Wide_Character To_Wide_String Item        Wide_Wide_String Substitute  Wide_Character Wide_String AdaCharactersConversions

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
User:Anayguy

hey everyone

Created books
Under Languages Asia Kazakh

Under Languages Asia Kyrgyz

Under Languages Europe Slovak

Under Languages Africa Somali

Created subpage
Under Science - Physical sciences Meteorology/Rime

Helped on
Under Languages Europe Cornish

Under Languages Europe Czech/Common phrases

Under Languages Oceania Fijian

Under Humanities - Literature Writing Adolescent Fiction

Under Humanities - Literature LGBT Young Adult Literature

title: User:Anayguy


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Characters

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Pure Characters AdaCharacters

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Characters.Handling

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Pure Handling Is_Control          Item   Character  Boolean Is_Graphic          Item   Character  Boolean Is_Letter           Item   Character  Boolean Is_Lower            Item   Character  Boolean Is_Upper            Item   Character  Boolean Is_Basic            Item   Character  Boolean Is_Digit            Item   Character  Boolean Is_Decimal_Digit    Item   Character  Boolean Is_Digit Is_Hexadecimal_Digit Item  Character  Boolean Is_Alphanumeric     Item   Character  Boolean Is_Special          Item   Character  Boolean To_Lower Item  Character  Character To_Upper Item  Character  Character To_Basic Item  Character  Character To_Lower Item  String  String To_Upper Item  String  String To_Basic Item  String  String ISO_646 Character Character0  Character127 Is_ISO_646 Item  Character  Boolean Is_ISO_646 Item  String     Boolean To_ISO_646 Item        Character Substitute  ISO_646 ISO_646 To_ISO_646 Item        String Substitute  ISO_646 String Is_Character Item  Wide_Character  Boolean ConversionsIs_Character Is_String   Item   Wide_String     Boolean ConversionsIs_String To_Character Item        Wide_Character Substitute  Character Character ConversionsTo_Character To_String   Item         Wide_String Substitute  Character String ConversionsTo_String To_Wide_Character Item  Character  Wide_Character ConversionsTo_Wide_Character To_Wide_String   Item   String     Wide_String ConversionsTo_Wide_String AdaCharactersHandling

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Characters.Latin 1

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Specification
Pure Latin_1 NUL                   Character  Character0 SOH                   Character  Character1 STX                   Character  Character2 ETX                   Character  Character3 EOT                   Character  Character4 ENQ                   Character  Character5 ACK                   Character  Character6 BEL                   Character  Character7 BS                    Character  Character8 HT                    Character  Character9 LF                    Character  Character10 VT                    Character  Character11 FF                    Character  Character12 CR                    Character  Character13 SO                    Character  Character14 SI                    Character  Character15 DLE                   Character  Character16 DC1                   Character  Character17 DC2                   Character  Character18 DC3                   Character  Character19 DC4                   Character  Character20 NAK                   Character  Character21 SYN                   Character  Character22 ETB                   Character  Character23 CAN                   Character  Character24 EM                    Character  Character25 SUB                   Character  Character26 ESC                   Character  Character27 FS                    Character  Character28 GS                    Character  Character29 RS                    Character  Character30 US                    Character  Character31 Space Character Exclamation Character | Quotation Character "      Number_Sign        Character  #      Dollar_Sign        Character  $      Percent_Sign        Character  %      Ampersand        Character  &      Apostrophe        Character  '      Left_Parenthesis        Character  (      Right_Parenthesis        Character  )      Asterisk        Character  *      Plus_Sign        Character  +      Comma        Character ,      Hyphen        Character  -      Minus_Sign            Character  Hyphen    Full_Stop        Character        Solidus        Character  /      Colon        Character  :      Semicolon        Character  ;      Less_Than_Sign        Character  <      Equals_Sign        Character  =      Greater_Than_Sign        Character  >      Question        Character  ?      Commercial_At        Character  @      Left_Square_Bracket        Character  [      Reverse_Solidus        Character  \      Right_Square_Bracket Character ] Circumflex Character ^ Low_Line Character _ Grave Character ` LC_A Character a      LC_B Character b      LC_C Character c      LC_D Character d      LC_E Character e      LC_F Character f      LC_G Character g      LC_H Character h      LC_I Character i      LC_J Character j      LC_K Character k      LC_L Character l      LC_M Character m      LC_N Character n      LC_O Character o      LC_P Character p      LC_Q Character q      LC_R Character r      LC_S Character s      LC_T Character t      LC_U Character u      LC_V Character v      LC_W Character w      LC_X Character x      LC_Y Character y      LC_Z Character z      Left_Curly_Bracket Character { Vertical_Line Character | Right_Curly_Bracket Character } Tilde Character ~ DEL                   Character  Character127 IS4                  Character  FS    IS3                   Character  GS    IS2                   Character  RS    IS1                   Character  US    Reserved_128           Character  Character128 Reserved_129          Character  Character129 BPH                   Character  Character130 NBH                   Character  Character131 Reserved_132          Character  Character132 NEL                   Character  Character133 SSA                   Character  Character134 ESA                   Character  Character135 HTS                   Character  Character136 HTJ                   Character  Character137 VTS                   Character  Character138 PLD                   Character  Character139 PLU                   Character  Character140 RI                    Character  Character141 SS2                   Character  Character142 SS3                   Character  Character143 DCS                   Character  Character144 PU1                   Character  Character145 PU2                   Character  Character146 STS                   Character  Character147 CCH                   Character  Character148 MW                    Character  Character149 SPA                   Character  Character150 EPA                   Character  Character151 SOS                   Character  Character152 Reserved_153          Character  Character153 SCI                   Character  Character154 CSI                   Character  Character155 ST                    Character  Character156 OSC                   Character  Character157 PM                    Character  Character158 APC                   Character  Character159 No_Break_Space Character NBSP                        Character  No_Break_Space Inverted_Exclamation Character ¡ Cent_Sign Character ¢ Pound_Sign Character £ Currency_Sign Character ¤ Yen_Sign Character ¥ Broken_Bar Character ¦ Section_Sign Character § Diaeresis Character ¨ Copyright_Sign Character © Feminine_Ordinal_Indicator Character ª Left_Angle_Quotation Character « Not_Sign Character ¬ Soft_Hyphen Character  Registered_Trade_Mark_Sign Character ® Macron Character ¯ Degree_Sign Character ° Ring_Above                  Character  Degree_Sign Plus_Minus_Sign Character ± Superscript_Two Character ² Superscript_Three Character ³ Acute Character ´ Micro_Sign Character µ Pilcrow_Sign Character ¶ Paragraph_Sign              Character  Pilcrow_Sign Middle_Dot Character · Cedilla Character ¸ Superscript_One Character ¹ Masculine_Ordinal_Indicator Character º Right_Angle_Quotation Character » Fraction_One_Quarter Character ¼ Fraction_One_Half Character ½ Fraction_Three_Quarters Character ¾ Inverted_Question Character ¿ UC_A_Grave Character À UC_A_Acute Character Á UC_A_Circumflex Character Â UC_A_Tilde Character Ã UC_A_Diaeresis Character Ä UC_A_Ring Character Å UC_AE_Diphthong Character Æ UC_C_Cedilla Character Ç UC_E_Grave Character È UC_E_Acute Character É UC_E_Circumflex Character Ê UC_E_Diaeresis Character Ë UC_I_Grave Character Ì UC_I_Acute Character Í UC_I_Circumflex Character Î UC_I_Diaeresis Character Ï UC_Icelandic_Eth Character Ð UC_N_Tilde Character Ñ UC_O_Grave Character Ò UC_O_Acute Character Ó UC_O_Circumflex Character Ô UC_O_Tilde Character Õ UC_O_Diaeresis Character Ö Multiplication_Sign Character × UC_O_Oblique_Stroke Character Ø UC_U_Grave Character Ù UC_U_Acute Character Ú UC_U_Circumflex Character Û UC_U_Diaeresis Character Ü UC_Y_Acute Character Ý UC_Icelandic_Thorn Character Þ LC_German_Sharp_S Character ß LC_A_Grave Character à LC_A_Acute Character á LC_A_Circumflex Character â LC_A_Tilde Character ã LC_A_Diaeresis Character ä LC_A_Ring Character å LC_AE_Diphthong Character æ LC_C_Cedilla Character ç LC_E_Grave Character è LC_E_Acute Character é LC_E_Circumflex Character ê LC_E_Diaeresis Character ë LC_I_Grave Character ì LC_I_Acute Character í LC_I_Circumflex Character î LC_I_Diaeresis Character ï LC_Icelandic_Eth Character ð LC_N_Tilde Character ñ LC_O_Grave Character ò LC_O_Acute Character ó LC_O_Circumflex Character ô LC_O_Tilde Character õ LC_O_Diaeresis Character ö Division_Sign Character ÷ LC_O_Oblique_Stroke Character ø LC_U_Grave Character ù LC_U_Acute Character ú LC_U_Circumflex Character û LC_U_Diaeresis Character ü LC_Y_Acute Character ý LC_Icelandic_Thorn Character þ LC_Y_Diaeresis Character ÿ AdaCharactersLatin_1

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Talk:Role Playing Games/Types of RPGs

types of rpg
agreed on it

title: Talk:Role Playing Games/Types of RPGs


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Command Line

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

Introduction
The  package enables the Ada program to access the command line arguments set by the command that invoked the program. It is the Ada version of the C  and   system.

If the environment supports it, it is also possible to set the Ada program's exit status with.

It is important to note, that all the code in this article is compiled and executed on a Slackware Linux system. The compiler used is GNATMAKE GPL 2008 (20080521) and the shell is BASH. This is important because the reference manual clearly states that:

''If the external execution environment supports passing arguments to a program, then Argument_Count returns the number of arguments passed to the program invoking the function. Otherwise, it returns 0. The meaning of “number of arguments” is implementation defined.''

Note the closing sentence: The meaning of “number of arguments” is implementation defined. What this means, is that you cannot trust a given argument string to yield the same result for all environments. is highly dependent on factors such as operating system, shell, and compiler.

Using Ada.Command_Line
The program we'll be using throughout this article doesn't actually do anything, except report the various arguments we've used when invoking the program. The basic program looks like this:

Args IO AdaText_IO CLI AdaCommand_Line IOPut_Line Item "Argument Count:" & CLIArgument_Count Args

When executing the above program with no arguments given, you should get the following output:

Argument Count: 0

Let's quickly go over the program: On lines 1 and 2 we add the  and   packages to the program. On lines 5 and 6 we rename those packages to the shorter  and   and finally on line 8 we output the current argument count. And that is really all that is required to enable access to the command line arguments given to the program.

The full specification of the  package is about as simple as such specifications can be.

We've already encountered the  function in the   program, but lets see what happens when we invoke the   program with some arguments.

Ada.Command_Line.Argument_Count
The specification for  looks like this:

Argument_Count Natural

The basic  program already use the   function, so to see how it works, all we have to do is supply the program with a variety of arguments:

$ ./args --option=value Argument Count: 1 $ ./args --option=value --foo=bar Argument Count: 2 $ ./args --name=Thomas Løcke Argument Count: 2 $ ./args --option="Thomas Løcke" Argument Count: 1 $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 5 $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 1

A pattern should've emerged by now. Of particular interest is the last example: Because the whitespace is escaped, the entire string is treated as one argument. One could easily imagine that another environment might treat such an argument differently and perhaps ignore the backslash. The same holds for the double quotes example ("Thomas Løcke"). Other shells/environments might very well treat "Thomas Løcke" as two separate arguments because of the whitespace. The key thing is to be aware of such details when using.

Ada.Command_Line.Argument
The specification for  looks like this:

Argument Number Positive  String

returns a  argument corresponding to the relative position. Note that  is of type. This means that the valid range of  is. If  is outside this range, a   is raised.

To see how it works, we add 3 more lines to our small  program:

i 1  CLIArgument_Count IOPut_Line Item CLIArgument Number  i

If we run  with the same arguments as given in the   example, we get these results:

$ ./args --option=value Argument Count: 1 1: --option=value $ ./args --option=value --foo=bar Argument Count: 2 1: --option=value 2: --foo=bar $ ./args --name=Thomas Løcke Argument Count: 2 1: --name=Thomas 2: Løcke $ ./args --option="Thomas Løcke" Argument Count: 1 1: --option=Thomas Løcke $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 5 1: /path/to/file 2: with 3: spaces 4: in 5: name $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 1 1: /path/to/file with spaces in name

There are no big surprises here.

If no arguments are given when running the program, you will end up with a  loop:. This is perfectly valid and the result is as expected: The loop is terminated immediately.

Args IO AdaText_IO CLI AdaCommand_Line IOPut_Line Item "Argument Count:" & CLIArgument_Count i 1  CLIArgument_Count IOPut Item i & ": " IOPut_Line Item CLIArgument Number  i  Args

Ada.Command_Line.Command_Name
The specification for  looks like this:

Command_Name String

returns the string command used to invoke the program. As is the case with, this is implementation-defined, so   might return X on system A, Y on system B and null on system C. You cannot rely on this value being the same across all combinations of compilers, shells, and operating systems.

To see how it works, add this line to the  program:

IO.Put_Line (CLI.Command_Name);

If we execute the program, without any arguments, from within GNAT Studio (using Shift+F2), the result will be this:

Argument Count: 0 /home/thomas/wiki_examples/Args/args

Notice how GNAT Studio uses the full path to the  program to invoke it.

If I change directory to, and execute the   program from the commandline, I get this:

$ args Argument Count: 0 args

If I use the common  syntax to execute the program, I get this:

$ ./args Argument Count: 0 ./args

As you can see, in an environment that supports argument passing, the  function returns the exact string used to invoke the program.

Ada.Command_Line.Set_Exit_Status
The specification for  looks like this:

Set_Exit_Status Code Exit_Status

If the environment supports the return of an task completion code,  allows you to set an exit status for the program. If you look at the specification for, you will notice the type   and the two variables   and. These two are defined as 0 and 1, respectively, but it is entirely possible to define your own exit status codes.

To see how that works, add this to the specification of the  program:

More_Than_One_Arg  CLIExit_Status  3

And this to the body of the program:

CLIArgument_Count 0 CLISet_Exit_Status Code CLIFailure CLIArgument_Count 1 CLISet_Exit_Status Code CLISuccess CLISet_Exit_Status Code More_Than_One_Arg

What we do here is set the exit status depending on the number of arguments given to the program. This is what happens when we execute the program with various arguments:

$ ./args Argument Count: 0 $ echo $? 1 $ ./args one Argument Count: 1 $ echo $? 0 $ ./args one two Argument Count: 2 $ echo $? 3

outputs the exit code of the most recently executed program. On the first execution, we get a failure because no arguments are given. On the second execution, we get a success because exactly one argument is given. On the third execution, we get the special exit code 3 because more than one argument is given.

Args AdaText_IO AdaCommand_Line More_Than_One_Arg  CLIExit_Status  3 IOPut_Line Item "Argument Count:" & CLIArgument_Count CLIArgument_Count 0 CLISet_Exit_Status Code CLIFailure CLIArgument_Count 1 CLISet_Exit_Status Code CLISuccess CLISet_Exit_Status Code More_Than_One_Arg Args

Specification
Preelaborate Command_Line Argument_Count Natural Argument Number  Positive  String Command_Name String Exit_Status  implementation_defined  implementation_defined Success  Exit_Status Failure  Exit_Status Set_Exit_Status Code  Exit_Status Import Ada Success Import Ada Failure AdaCommand_Line

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Complex Text IO

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
AdaText_IOComplex_IO AdaNumericsComplex_Types

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Containers.Doubly Linked Lists

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Introduction
One of the major additions to Ada 2005 is the container library. This library enables the Ada developer to manipulate data structures such as doubly linked lists, maps, sets and vectors. This page will show how the library works.

A doubly linked list is merely a linked list where each element is not only linked to the next, but also the previous. For more information, see doubly linked list.

Example
This is example usage is from an existing project.

worm.ads

This file represents the specification of a worm.

Wormlevel Protocol Worm Wormlevel Protocol Worm_Position_Container  AdaContainersDoubly_Linked_ListsPosition Worm_Position_Container Worm_State AliveDeadObserving Worm_Type Worm_Body List Direction Course   North Points    Natural  0 Number    Positive State     Worm_State  Alive Full      Boolean  False Worm_Type_Access  Worm_Type Update_Worm Worm  Worm_Type_Access Lvl   Level_Access Turn_Left  Worm   Worm_Type_Access Turn_Right Worm   Worm_Type_Access Kill       Worm   Worm_Type_Access Worm

As you can see, Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists is instantiated with a type called “Position”. This type represents a tile type in a 2-dimensional array. The worm body is now represented by a doubly linked list, meaning we can loop through each element in either direction, by using the Next and Previous functions.

For those interested, the game can be found at GitHub.

Specification
Element_Type "" Left   Element_Type Right  Element_Type Boolean Preelaborate Doubly_Linked_Lists List Preelaborable_Initialization List Cursor Preelaborable_Initialization Cursor Empty_List  List No_Element  Cursor "" Left   List Right  List Boolean Length Container  List  Count_Type Is_Empty Container  List  Boolean Clear Container   List Element Position  Cursor  Element_Type Replace_Element Container   List Position       Cursor New_Item       Element_Type Query_Element Position  Cursor Process      Element   Element_Type Update_Element Container   List Position       Cursor Process       Element    Element_Type Move Target   List Source   List Insert Container   List Before         Cursor New_Item       Element_Type Count          Count_Type  1 Insert Container   List Before         Cursor New_Item       Element_Type Position      Cursor Count          Count_Type  1 Insert Container   List Before         Cursor Position      Cursor Count          Count_Type  1 Prepend Container   List New_Item       Element_Type Count          Count_Type  1 Append Container   List New_Item       Element_Type Count          Count_Type  1 Delete Container   List Position    Cursor Count          Count_Type  1 Delete_First Container   List Count          Count_Type  1 Delete_Last Container   List Count          Count_Type  1 Reverse_Elements Container   List Swap Container   List I              Cursor J              Cursor Swap_Links Container   List I              Cursor J              Cursor Splice Target   List Before      Cursor Source   List Splice Target     List Before        Cursor Source     List Position   Cursor Splice Container   List Before         Cursor Position       Cursor First Container  List  Cursor First_Element Container  List  Element_Type Last Container  List  Cursor Last_Element Container  List  Element_Type Next Position  Cursor  Cursor Previous Position  Cursor  Cursor Next Position   Cursor Previous Position   Cursor Find Container  List Item       Element_Type Position   Cursor  No_Element Cursor Reverse_Find Container  List Item       Element_Type Position   Cursor  No_Element Cursor Contains Container  List Item       Element_Type Boolean Has_Element Position  Cursor  Boolean Iterate Container  List Process       Position   Cursor Reverse_Iterate Container  List Process       Position   Cursor "" Left   Element_Type Right  Element_Type Boolean Generic_Sorting Is_Sorted Container  List  Boolean Sort Container   List Merge Target   List Source   List Generic_Sorting List Empty_List  List Cursor No_Element  Cursor AdaContainersDoubly_Linked_Lists

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Containers.Generic Array Sort

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Index_Type Element_Type Array_Type  Index_Type    Element_Type "" Left   Element_Type Right  Element_Type Boolean AdaContainersGeneric_Array_Sort Container   Array_Type Pure AdaContainersGeneric_Array_Sort

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada


text:
Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Containers.Generic Constrained Array Sort

is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

Specification
Index_Type Element_Type Array_Type  Index_Type  Element_Type "" Left   Element_Type Right  Element_Type Boolean AdaContainersGeneric_Constrained_Array_Sort Container   Array_Type Pure AdaContainersGeneric_Constrained_Array_Sort

Wikibook

 * Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada