text:
Pomology/Papayas

FAMILY
Caricaceae

SCIENTIFIC NAME
Carica papaya L.

ORIGIN
American tropical lowlands

PAPAYA
Papaya, (Carica papaya), also called papaw or pawpaw, succulent fruit of a large plant of the family Caricaceae. Though its origin is rather obscure, the papaya may represent the fusion of two or more species of Carica native to Mexico and Central America. Today it is cultivated throughout the tropical world and into the warmest parts of the subtropics. The papaya fruit is slightly sweet, with an agreeable musky tang, which is more pronounced in some varieties and in some climates than in others. It is a popular breakfast fruit in many countries and is also used in salads, pies, sherbets, juices, and confections. The unripe fruit can be cooked like squash.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
The papaya plant is considered a tree, though its palmlike trunk, up to 8 metres (26 feet) tall, is not as woody as the designation generally implies. The plant is crowned by deeply lobed leaves, sometimes 60 cm (2 feet) across, borne on hollow petioles (leaf stalks) 60 cm long. Normally, the species is dioecious, male and female flowers being produced on separate plants, but hermaphroditic forms are known, and numerous irregularities in the distribution of the sexes are common. Male flowers are borne in clusters on stalks 90 cm long; the flowers are funnel-shaped, about 2.5 mm (0.1 inch) long, and whitish, with 10 stamens in the throat. The female flowers are considerably larger, on very short stalks, and often solitary in the leaf axils; they have five fleshy petals that are united toward the base and a large cylindrical or globose superior ovary that is crowned by five fan-shaped sessile stigmas. The fruit is commonly spherical to cylindrical in form, is 75 to 500 mm (3 to 20 inches) or even more in length, and sometimes weighs as much as 9 to 11.5 kg (20 to 25.5 pounds). The very juicy flesh is deep yellow or orange to salmon-coloured. Along the walls of the large central cavity are attached the numerous round, wrinkled black seeds. The unripe fruit contains a milky juice in which is present a protein-digesting enzyme known as papain, which greatly resembles the animal enzyme pepsin in its digestive action. This juice is used in the preparation of various remedies for indigestion and in the manufacture of meat tenderizers. Papaya is a short-lived perennial growing to 30 ft (9.14 m) high. Its hollow, herbaceous stem is usually unbranched. The deeply lobed, palmate leaves are borne on long, hollow petioles emerging from the stem apex. Flowers occur in leaf axils. Older leaves die and fall as the tree grows. Papaya flowers are fragrant and have five cream-white to yellow-orange petals 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5.1 cm) long. The stigmatic surfaces are pale green, and the stamens are bright yellow. Papaya fruits are smooth skinned. They vary widely in size and shape, depending on variety and type of plant. Hermaphrodite plants of commercial 'Solo' varieties in Hawaii usually produce fruits that are pear shaped and weigh approximately 12 to 30 oz (340 to 851 g). Female plants of 'Solo' varieties produce round fruits. Other papaya varieties produce variously shaped fruits, which may weigh up to 20 lb (9.1 kg). The fruits usually contain many seeds surrounded by a smooth yellow to orange-red flesh that is sweet in good varieties. Flower type. Flower type is determined by the presence or absence of functional stamens (male parts) and stigma and ovary (female parts). Within varieties, flower type is usually identified by flower size and shape. Female flowers are relatively large and rounded at the base. They have a stigma but lack stamens. They generally must receive pollen in order to set fruit. Pollen can be carried by wind or by insects. Male flowers are thin and tubular. They have perfect structure (i.e., they contain both male and female organs), but the small, vestigial ovary is nonfunctional. Male flowers are usually borne on a long flower stalk (peduncle). Hermaphrodite flowers are intermediate between female and male flowers in size and shape. They are less bulbous than female flowers, but not as thin as male flowers. They have perfect structure with functional stigma and stamens and usually are self-pollinating. Plant type. Three types of plants are recognized based on flower type: female, hermaphrodite, and male. Female plants always produce female flowers. If no male or hermaphrodite plants are nearby to provide pollen, female plants usually fail to set fruit. Unpollinated female plants occasionally set parthenocarpic fruits, lacking seeds. Male plants are distinguished by their long flower stalks bearing many flowers. Usually they do not produce fruit, but on rare occasions there is female expression in the flowers, and they may set fruits. Hermaphrodite plants may have male flowers, hermaphrodite flowers, or both, depending on environmental conditions and the time of year. Hot, dry weather may cause suppression of the ovary and the production of female-sterile (i.e., male) flowers. This accounts for occasional seasonal failure of hermaphrodite plants to set fruit. Male flowers on hermaphrodite plants are borne on short peduncles. Hermaphrodite plants tend to produce self pollinated seeds, which result in relatively uniform progenies. Seeds from hermaphrodite plants of 'Solo' varieties characteristically produce one-third female and two-thirds hermaphrodite plants, but no male plants are produced. Although hermaphrodite and female plants have similar fruit texture and quality, female plants may be less productive, and the round female fruits are marketed only in small quantities in Hawaii as direct sales from growers to consumers. Female plants are removed from commercial orchards as soon as they can be distinguished at flowering. In home gardens, female plants may be kept if hermaphrodite or male plants are nearby to serve as a pollen source.

CULTIVATION
Papayas are usually grown from seed. Their development is rapid, with fruit being produced before the end of the first year. Under favourable conditions, a plant may live five years or more. The papaya ringspot virus nearly wiped out papaya crops around the world, first hitting Hawaiian plantations in the 1940s and soon spreading. A genetically modified (GMO) variety named the Rainbow papaya was developed in the early 2000s with resistance to the virus. It was one of the first GMO fruits in commercial production, and the majority of exported papayas are now GMO crops.

VARIETIES
The 'Solo' variety is valued for its productivity, uniform fruit shape and size, and excellent fruit quality. 'Solo' strains are predominantly self-pollinated and thus are highly inbred and uniform. Three 'Solo'-type varieties are grown commercially in Hawaii. The most important is 'Kapoho', which has yellow-orange flesh and fruits that weigh 12 to 22 oz, considered an ideal size for export. 'Kapoho' is adapted to the Puna district of the island of Hawaii, where approximately 90 percent of the state's papayas are grown. The 'Sunrise' variety, commercially grown primarily on Kauai, has reddish-orange flesh and larger fruit than 'Kapoho'. 'Sunrise' is grown and marketed on a large scale overseas, but in Hawaii its production and export are small compared to those of 'Kapoho'. The 'Waimanalo' variety, which has yellow-orange flesh and somewhat larger fruit than other 'Solo' papayas, is grown and marketed almost entirely on Oahu.

USES
Ripe papaya is usually consumed fresh as a breakfast or dessert fruit; it can also be processed and used in a variety of products such as jams, fruit juices, and ice cream. Papaya is also consumed as a dried fruit. Culled fruits can be fed to pigs and cattle. Papaya is an ingredient in a variety of cuisines throughout the world. Unripe fruits and leaves are consumed as vegetables. Papaya seeds are also used as an ingredient in salad dressings. Papain is a milky latex collected by making incisions in unripe papayas. The latex is either sun-dried or oven-dried and sold in powdered form to be used in beer clarifiers, meat tenderizers, digestion aids, wound debridement aids, tooth-cleaning powders, and other products. The ‘solo’ papaya is not a good variety for papain production due to its low yield of papain. The papaya fruit is about 88.8% water, 9.8 % carbohydrate, 0.8% fiber, 0.6% protein, 0.6% ash and 0.1% fat. A 100g (3.5 oz.) serving of papaya has 39 calories, compared to banana's 92 calories. Papayas also contain 16% more vitamin C than oranges and are a good source of vitamin A (about half of that contained in mango). Consumption of the fruit is reported to aid digestion because of the papain content.

PROPAGATION
Papaya is grown from seed. Dry seed may be stored for a year or more in airtight refrigerated containers. Fresh seeds will usually germinate in 10 to 14 days. Germination can be improved by removing the gelatinous outer seed coat (sarcotesta) before drying. Seeds are sown either in containers or directly in the ground. Transplanting container-grown plants is usually limited to areas where there is dependable rainfall or supplemental irrigation. When direct-sowing, 10 to 15 seeds are sown 1/4 to 1/2 in (63 to 127 mm) deep in each planting hole. To ensure adequate stands in lava lands, approximately 0.5 cubic feet (14.16 cubic dm) of soil should be placed in each planting hole. The soil helps to retain fertilizer nutrients and moisture.

SOIL TYPES AND LOCATION
Papaya grows well on many types of soil, but they must be adequately drained. Restricted soil drainage promotes root diseases. Most commercial production in Hawaii is on porous a lava. Production on other soil types is limited to low rainfall areas where restricted drainage is less likely to cause problems. Heavy clay and pahoe lava soils should be avoided. Soil pH near neutral (pH 6.0 to 7.0) is preferred. Soil categories used for commercial production vary from island to island. On Hawaii, both a lava and soils are used. On a lava lands, additional soil is usually brought in and placed in the planting hole. The soils used for papaya on the island of Hawaii have a high preplant phosphorus fertilizer requirement. These soils, as well as the organic soils derived from lava, are usually acidic, and liming may be necessary. On Kauai the soils used for papaya usually require liming and high levels of phosphorus fertilization. On Oahu the soils on which papaya is grown are often poorly drained. Papaya grows best in warm areas below 500 ft (152 m) elevation. Fruit production and quality decline at higher elevations, where cooler temperatures cause flower drop and cat-faced (carpelloidic) fruits. (Carpelloidy is the abnormal development of stamens into fleshy structures.) Papaya can tolerate moderate winds if well rooted. Forty to 60 in (102 to 152 cm) of rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year is adequate for growth. With higher rainfall, soils should be porous and well drained. Planting on slopes or on raised hills helps to prevent waterlogging.

CULTURAL PRACTICES
Seedlings are thinned to five or six plants per hole six weeks after planting. Six weeks later, three vigorous seedlings per hole are selected, and the others are removed by cutting them off at ground level. When flower buds appear five to seven months after planting, the female plants can be distinguished and removed, keeping one hermaphroditic plant per hole. Tree spacing varies from 5 to 7 ft (1.52 to 2.13 m) between plants in rows 8 to 11 ft (2.44 to 3.35 m) apart. Fertilizer schedules vary with soil type, climate, and season. The general suggestions for fertilizer applications given here are based on commercial practices but can be used by the home gardener. In commercial plantings, fertilizers are either broadcast onto the soil surface within the leaf drip zone or applied through drip irrigation lines. In home gardens, fertilizers are usually broadcast on the soil surface. Organic matter mixed with the soil before planting and applied afterward to the soil surface as mulch helps to ensure good rooting conditions and a supply of micronutrients. Preplant fertilizer applications. On acid soils with a pH of less than 5.5, a preplant lime application is usually recommended to raise the pH and provide calcium. Dolomite, which provides both calcium and magnesium, may be substituted for part of the lime requirement. These soil amendments should be thoroughly mixed with the soil in the rooting zone before planting Phosphorus applied before planting should be thoroughly mixed with the soil or placed in a band away from the seeds. Application rates depend on soil type. For soils that do not have a high phosphorus requirement, a preplant application of 4 oz (113 g) of 0-46-0 per planting hole is recommended. Preplant applications of complete fertilizers are usually not necessary when planting papaya, because the developing seedlings can initially use nutrients stored in the seeds. Soluble fertilizers placed in the planting hole may burn the roots and make them susceptible to root rots. Slow-release fertilizers generally do not burn roots when mixed with the soil, and in commercial practice they are applied on the soil surface when the seeds are planted. Postplant fertilizer applications. Moderate applications of slow-release fertilizers are recommended during the first few months of growth. Commercial growers apply 0.5 oz (14 g) of slow release fertilizer per hole at planting and again six weeks later. Postplant fertilizer applications usually begin three months after planting with rates increasing with plant size. Maximum rates are applied at five- to eight-week intervals after the plants begin to flower. A typical application schedule with a fertilizer such as 14-14-14 begins with 4 oz (113 g) per plant per month during the third through fifth months after planting. This rate increases to 6 oz (170 g) every five weeks after the sixth month. During winter months, when growth and fruit production are slower, quantities of fertilizer applied should be reduced. In the absence of rain or irrigation, repeated fertilizer applications can lead to buildup of undissolved fertilizers, which may release high concentrations of nutrients into the root zone with the next rainfall. Excessive N will cause excessive vegetative growth and is also believed to contribute to soft-fruit problems. Papayas planted in replant fields often succumb to diseases caused by accumulation of soil-borne pathogens. A fallow period of three to five years may help to avoid the replant problem. Preplant soil fumigation is an alternative to the fallow period. On lava soils, the "virgin soil" technique can be used. Soil is collected from land where papayas have never been grown, and approximately 0.5 cubic feet (14.16 cubic dm) of soil is placed in holes that are at least 1 ft (30.5 cm) in diameter and 4 to 6 in (10.2 to 15.2 cm) deep. For best growth of young plants and good yields of bearing plants, papayas should be irrigated as necessary to supplement rainfall. When rainfall is limited, commercial growers may apply up to 10 gal (37.851) of water per tree per day to bearing trees. Yields can also be increased by good weed control practices.

HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST
Papaya fruit should be harvested after color break - when some yellow shows on the fruit - but before fully yellow (about 9 to 14 months after planting). Fruit for home consumption is best harvested when half yellow. If left to ripen on the tree, the fruit is often damaged by fruit flies and birds. When papaya plants are short, fruits can be harvested by hand while one is standing on the ground. As the plants grow taller, harvesting aids are required. One technique uses a modified plumber’s helper to snap the papaya from the stem. The fruit is caught before it falls to the ground. One person can harvest about 800 to 1000 pounds per day with this technique. Another technique involves a platform rigged to a tractor, which lifts the workers. This method requires flat terrain. To be certified for shipment, fruit for export must be harvested and packed in strict compliance with quarantine regulations. Harvested fruit is ripened at room temperature and refrigerated when fully ripe. When ready to eat, fruit is usually partially to fully yellow and slightly soft; refrigeration can extend its storage life for several days. In commercial situations, the storage life of partially ripe fruit can be extended for up to two weeks by holding it at about 50 F (10 C), but lower temperatures may interrupt the ripening processes and cause injury; the optimal storage temperature for fully ripe fruit is about 36 F (2.2 C). Papayas must be treated to kill any eggs or larvae of fruit flies that may be present in the fruit. Treatments include double-dip hot water treatments and vapor heat treatments. The double-dip treatment may lose certification for papayas destined for the U.S. mainland. A dry heat treatment has been approved and awaits certification.

DISEASES

 * Anthracnose and chocolate spot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (fruits, petioles)
 * Phytophthora, Phytophthora palmivora (fruit, stem, roots)
 * Powdery mildew, Oidium caricae (leaves)
 * Black spot, Cercospora papayae (fruit)
 * Damping off, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia (seedlings)
 * Wet rot, Phomopsis sp. (fruit)
 * Dry rot, Mycosphaerella sp. (fruit)
 * Watery fruit rot, Rhizopus stolonifer
 * Stem-end rot, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Mycosphaerella sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Phomopsis sp. (mature fruit)
 * Papaya ring spot virus (formerly referred to as papaya mosaic)
 * Reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis
 * Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp

INSECTS

 * Stevens leafhopper, Empoasca stevensi
 * Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata
 * Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae
 * Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis

MITES

 * Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (seedlings, young plants, lower surface of young leaves)
 * Red and black flat mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (fruit)
 * Tuckerellid mites, Tuckerella ornata, T. pavoniformis (trunks of old plants)
 * Carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (lower surface of mature leaves)
 * Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (upper surface of mature leaves)
 * Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (upper surface of mature leaves)

PRODUCTION
Papaya trees bear fruit throughout the year. "Skips" in the fruit column caused by temporary sterility may occur during hot, dry summer periods and may cause fruit shortages in winter. The plants will continue to bear for many years, but yields usually decline as the trees age, and picking becomes difficult. In commercial production, fields are usually replanted or abandoned after three years. Papayas marketed in or exported from Hawaii are regulated by a Federal Marketing Order that sets fruit size and quality requirements. In the United States, Hawaii is the major producer and supplier of papaya, with 2500 acres in 1989. It is also estimated that there were 350 acres of papaya grown in Dade County, Florida in 1987-1988. The United States also imports papaya from foreign countries. In 1989, the United States imported 6 million lb of fresh papaya at a CIF (cost, insurance, and freight) value of $1.1 million. Mexico was by far the largest supplier, with 76% of the total. Other major suppliers were the Bahamas (9.7%) and the Dominican Republic (7.5%). Production of papaya (fresh and processed) in Hawaii in 1989 was almost three times that in 1972. Storms affected the production in 1979 and 1985. Poor weather, disease, and Hurricane Iwa contributed to the decline in production in 1982. Most of the commercial papaya production is in Puna on the Big Island. In 1989, about 97.4% of the papaya was produced on the Big Island, followed by Kauai (1.3%), Oahu (1.1%), and Maui and Molokai (0.2%). The 1989 market supply of fresh papaya for the state of Hawaii was 18.8 million lb. The major market was Honolulu (78.2%), followed by the Big Island (10.1%), Maui and Molokai (8.5%), and Kauai (3.2%). During 1989, 44.6 million lb, or 70% of Hawaii's production of papaya for the fresh market, was exported out of state. The primary overseas destinations were the US mainland (26.6 million lb), Japan (14 million lb), and Canada (4 million lb). The major markets on the US mainland were Los Angeles (61.4%), San Francisco (10%), and New York City (9.4%). The average wholesale prices for Hawaii papaya in these markets were $0.975/lb, $1.15/lb, and $1.18./lb, respectively. In 1992, the total farm gate value of papaya in Hawaii was $14.4 million for the 71,300,000 lb harvested from 259 farms. A total of 55,800,000 pounds of the harvested papaya was consumed as fresh fruit, while 15,500,000 pounds was processed. The average farm gate price of papaya for the fresh market was 25.0 cents per pound. The average farm gate price for processed papaya was considerable lower at 3.0 cents per pound. The total value of utilized production was $14,415,000. Currently, papaya ringspot virus is a serious problem for growers on Oahu and the Big Island. There is no cure for the disease at this time and the only method of control is prevention. This disease may affect papaya production in the State of Hawaii detrimentally.

title: Pomology/Papayas


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User:Iang1964

Iang1964

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Iang1964


text:
Hobo tourism/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa

The first creative trip to Africa is a project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk. The route included part of Ethiopia and lasted two weeks. The main objective is to photograph the peoples of Africa, who have preserved the customs and traditions of their ancestors, for a personal photo exhibition.

General information

 * Duration: 14 days.
 * Period: 9.04. 2006 - 22. 04. 2006.
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Addis Ababa.
 * Transit through: Moscow.
 * Number of countries visited: 2 (two).
 * Way to hit: plane.
 * Modes of transport: land transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip.
 * Purpose: to collect material about exotic tribes.
 * Format: hobo tour.

Places visited
Мap of the route
 * Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Sodo, Arba Mynch, Conso (transit), Briley (transit), Jinka, Bishoftu.
 * Egypt: Cairo, Nawa, Dahshur, Saqqara, Faiyum.

The methods used
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In low-budget locations designed to accommodate the African poor.

Outcomes and results
Author’s articles in periodicals (in Russian):
 * «Эфиопия глазами путешественника» — Crimea. ru: newspaper. — 15.08.2007. — № 56 (163);
 * «Почему эфиопы не любят фотографов, или Цена эфиопской души» — South Capital: newspaper. — 23.05.2008. — № 20 (853);
 * «Симферополь — Аддис-Абеба» — The evening city: newspaper. — 06. 07. 2007. — № 47 (66);
 * «Один день в египетской деревне» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 19.02.2008. — № 7 (237);
 * «Пирамиды за колючей проволокой» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 9.09.2008. — № 36 (266);
 * «Дебре-Зэйт — посёлок у семи озёр» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 18.09.2008. — № 101 (2633);
 * «Эфиоп и Я» — ProX: magazine. — 2007 — № 7 (10);
 * «Мечта об Африке, или девять дней в Эфиопии» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 4. 10. 2007. — № 31 (760);
 * «Пешком через пустыню» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 25. 03. 2010. — № 11 (872);
 * «Незнакомый Египет» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 13. 05. 2010. — № 17 (878).

 * Personal photo exhibition "Ethiopia through the eyes of the traveler" took place in October 2006; venue — House of Artist (Simferopol).

Links
Newspaper articles (in Russian):

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
Turkish/Animals

This article is a large list of animal names in Turkish. The colon is used to indicate long vowels in this list, as in Fa:re, which is pronounced. Any other alterations are also shown in parantheses.

title: Turkish/Animals


text:
Hobo tourism/Creative trip to India

Creative trip to India — a project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, where the main purpose was to hold a personal photo exhibition about the country visited upon return.

General information

 * Duration: 14 days.
 * Period: 14.11. 2006 — 28. 11. 2006
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Delhi.
 * Transit through: Moscow.
 * Number of countries visited: 1 (one).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: trains, auto rickshaws, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip.
 * Purpose: collection of material for the forthcoming photo exhibition and newspaper publications.
 * Format: hobo tour (simplified version).

Places visited

 * Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, Ajmer, Vadodara, Surat, Margao, Mumbai, Bandra.

Мap of the route

Outcomes and results
Author’s articles in periodicals (in Russian):
 * «Индия. Страница из путевого дневника» — South Capital: newspaper. — 26.10.2007. — № 43 (824);
 * «Боги на любой вкус» — Simfi: newspaper. — 4. 03.2008. — № 8 (59);
 * «Кто такой Хануман?» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 25.03.2008. — № 12 (242);
 * «Индия даром» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 29.03.2007. — № 35 (2421);
 * «Бог един… в 200 лицах» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 5. 08. 2010. — № 27 (888).

 * Personal photo exhibition «Roads of India» took place in October 2006; venue — House of Artist (Simferopol).

 * In 2020 the brochure "Indian dreams" was published.

The methods used
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In low-budget locations designed to accommodate the native poor.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "God is One… in 200 Persons"

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Creative trip to India


text:
User:Lucyagu56

Software engineering

title: User:Lucyagu56


text:
Template:Lingua de planeta/Task

Translation exercise

title: Template:Lingua de planeta/Task


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Lingwa de planeta/Nouns and adjectives - keys

3.1
 * hope - nada
 * knowledge - jansa
 * help - helpa
 * request - prega
 * joy - joisa
 * question - kwesta
 * answer - jawaba
 * coming - laisa
 * song - gana
 * journey - safara

3.2
 * fond of traveling - safarishil
 * fond of asking questions - kwestishil
 * believable - kredibile
 * hopable - nadibile
 * amorous - lubishil
 * hopeful - nadishil

3.3
 * The book is big enough. - Kitaba es basta gran.
 * The child is too small. - Kinda es tro syao.
 * Where's the flower? - Wo es flor?
 * The flower was rather beautiful. - Flor bin aika jamile.
 * What will the house be like? - Kwel ve bi dom?
 * The house will be very good. - Dom ve bi muy hao.

3.4
 * This kid is small, but quite understanding. - Sey kinda es syao, bat aika samajishil.
 * That person was very good. - Toy jen bin muy hao.
 * I don't like this house: it's too small. - Me bu pri sey dom: it es tro syao.
 * You don't need to talk to such a person: they will not be a good friend to you. - Bu treba shwo a tal jen: ta bu ve hao amiga fo yu.
 * That house is big enough for us to live in. - Toy dom es basta gran fo ke nu mog jivi in it.
 * This child is too fond of asking questions. - Sey kinda es tro kwestishil.

3.5
 * There is a small house there. - Dar ye syao dom.
 * There are no flowers here. - Hir flor yok.
 * We will have a child. - Nu ve hev kinda.
 * They had such a book. - Ta hev-te tal kitaba.

3.6
 * my child - may kinda
 * my child's book - kitaba de may kinda / may-kinda-ney kitaba
 * your book - yur kitaba
 * own house - swa-ney dom
 * our child's friend - amiga de nuy kinda / nuy-kinda-ney amiga
 * their time - ley taim
 * his flower - suy flor / luy flor

3.7
 * huge - gro-gran
 * gorgeous - gro-jamile
 * be in dire need - gro-nidi
 * ardently desire - gro-yao
 * little person - jen-ki
 * little flower - flor-ki

3.8
 * I have a friend. - Me hev un amiga.
 * They are an excellent person. - Ta es gro-hao jen.
 * They are very hardworking and understanding. - Ta es muy gunshil e samajishil.
 * They have a small child. - Ta hev un syao kinda.
 * My friend wants to be with the child, wants to see how their child lives. - May amiga yao bi kun kinda, yao vidi komo suy kinda jivi.
 * But they can't, because they have to work. - Bat ta bu mog bikos ta mus gun.
 * They don't have time to play with their child. - Ta bu hev taim fo plei kun swa-ney kinda.
 * When they arrive, the child is asleep. - Wen ta lai, kinda somni.
 * My friend hopes that when the child is big, they will be able to read books to them and talk about them with them. - May amiga nadi ke, wen kinda es gran, ta ve mog lekti kitaba fo ta e shwo om li kun ta.
 * My friend's child can't understand why their father can't play with them. - May-amiga-ney kinda bu mog samaji way suy patra bu mog plei kun ta.
 * The child cannot sit without playing. They want to run, sing, dance. - Kinda bu mog sidi sin plei. Ta yao lopi, gani, dansi.
 * Also my friend has a father. He is very old. - Yoshi may amiga hev patra. Lu es muy lao.
 * They don't remember what their name is. - Ta bu remembi komo ta nami.
 * They do not see and therefore (because of this) cannot read and write. - Ta bu vidi e por se ta bu mog lekti e skribi.
 * They need to sleep. - Ta nidi somni.

Back to lesson 3


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User talk:2A02:C7E:1737:4000:3085:10E3:EA17:F3D2

--Xania   talk 01:48, 30 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:69.121.141.253

--Xania   talk 01:57, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.121.141.253


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients

This is a critique of the research article "Evaluation of a pragmatic exercise rehabilitation program in chronic kidney disease" by Sharlene A. Greenwood, Herolin Lindup, Kevin Taylor, Pelagia Koufaki, Robert Rush, Iain C. Macdougall, Thomas H. Mercer

What is the background to this research?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition that can be debilitating. Many patients can experience physical and mental effects, which are side effects of the disease. These symptoms include; fatigue, muscle weakness, and reduced ability to perform daily activities. Physical activity is recommended in several national chronic kidney disease (CKD) guidelines, but its incorporation into routine care has been slow. The translation of research-led physical activity programs into an established procedure appears to be a particular obstacle.

Where is the research from?
The research is based on a study that was done by the King’s College Hospital Research Ethics Committee.

What kind of research was this?
It is an exploratory uncontrolled study design, which was held over a period of 12 weeks. This was to evaluate the effectiveness and practicality of pragmatic exercise program appropriate for the delivery of CKD patients. Adult CKD patients (over the age of 18) at various stages of CKD, pre-dialysis (CKD stages 3-4), receiving maintenance haemodialysis (CKD stage 5) and post transplants, under the care of the renal unit at King’s College Hospital, were considered eligible for the program. The exclusion criteria included unstable angina, acute left ventricular failure, a serious cardiac event in the preceding 6 weeks, uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias, and uncontrolled hypertension. The Demographic data, including age, sex, and stage of kidney disease, were collected.

What did the research involve?
The present study aimed to gauge if exercise capacity and functional ability could be improved in patients who completed a pragmatically constructed 12-week RR program. The overall objective was to explore whether a pragmatic, supervised outpatient exercise program could be feasibly implemented as an effective approach to improving aspects of activities of daily living-related functional capacity in a group of patients spanning the entire CKD trajectory.

This study also included observations about whether exercise influenced their mood and reduced the patients' anxiety and depression. The research/study involved adult CKD patients over the age of 18 at various stages of CKD, including pre-dialysis (PD) (stages 3-4), receiving maintenance haemodialysis (stage 5), and post-transplants (stage 5). So having a great support system will be beneficial for that post-transplant going through this 12-week RR program.

What were the basic results?
The results from this RR program are comparable with exercise and functional capacity outcome improvements reported following pulmonary and cardiac rehabilitation programs. These showed significant improvements in aerobic capacity ranging from 21% to 43% in dialysis patients in stage 5, lasting from 3-6 months. It also showed that fifty-four out of the 131 patients who participated in the RR program failed to complete 12 or more of the 24 scheduled sessions. This could be due to many different factors inducing; motivation to participate in all sessions as the patients may not have seen them as an important part of their rehabilitation stage, as this was only a study. It could be that the patient wasn’t feeling well enough on the day the sessions were held; another reason could also be that the participant may not have been used to doing a certain amount of exercise even before the disease.

While the study shows that physical exercise helps to improve physical health, it has also shown that it improves the individual's mental health. Participants who completed the RR program demonstrated improvements in the mean level of anxiety (16%) and depression (28%), as measured with the HAD score (Table 3). This finding is consistent with two previous studies of HD patients that demonstrated improvements in anxiety and mental health scores using the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale and supports the observations of Kouidi et al., who reported a significant improvement in the HAD score of 23% in patients who completed their 1-year HD exercise program.

Limitations

 * It’s reflected in only one RR program.
 * Due to the lack of the control design it prevented the comparison of changes in exercise capacity, functional ability, and BMI in those patients that chose to participate in the RR program with those who did not enroll in this type of program, and therefore there is a selection bias in favour of those patients who are motivated enough already to enroll in a 12-week program.

 * The results from the RR program suggest that this multi-disciplinary program can achieve improvements in exercise capacity and functional ability in CKD patients, potentially giving them the opportunity of returning to work and increasing physical functioning, with the associated benefits of this. This can give many patients a sense of false hope, especially when they don't end up meeting certain goals of theirs.

 * The self-reported fitness level and the patient's age may predict who will most likely complete this program, therefore making it biased.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study has shown improvements in participants' health both physically and mentally during the 12-week RR program. While fifty four of the patients failed to complete 12 or more of the 24 scheduled sessions, this could've been due to the fact that the participants just didn't have a strong enough support system to help them with the completion of this study as chronic kidney disease can be debilitating when it's in the late stages. Those who completed 12 or more sessions found reduced signs of depression and anxiety. This is because exercise has been proven to increase one's self-esteem and cognitive function.

Practical advice

 * Physical activity not only promotes a healthier lifestyle, physically and mentally, but it also helps to improve on reducing greater risk factors for this population.

 * The program did not result in any injuries from the participants, deeming it safe for this population. Caretakers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) should therefore take a similar approach to a program like the one implemented in this study.

Further information/resources
For further information on this topic, please visit:

 * 1) https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521
 * 2) https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease/contents/summary
 * 3) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179#stages


text:
Hobo tourism/Creative trip to Mongolia

Creative trip to Mongolia — project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk.

This trip is a practical example of cultural travel: displacement around the country was carried out on the traditional transport for local residents (minibuses, are filled with the capacity, where the aisle is cluttered with parcels); the traveller ate — only those meals, what aboriginals use; he lived — in budget accommodation facilities designed for the poor and at home of local residents — due to an accidental acquaintance.

General information

 * Duration: 14 days.
 * Period: 11.05. 2007 — 25. 05. 2007
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Ulaanbaatar.
 * Transit through: Moscow.
 * Number of countries visited: 1 (one).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: land transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip, cultural travel.
 * Purpose: collection of material for printed articles, books, and photo exhibitions; study of features Mongolian language.
 * Attractions: nature, historical places.
 * Food: traditional meals.
 * Format: hobo tour (simplified version).

Places visited

 * Ulaanbaatar, Mörön, Khatgal, Khatgal, Ölziit, Kharkhorin, Arvaikheer, Bayankhongor, Zuunmod.

Мap of the route

The methods used
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In Aboriginal dwellings (Kharkhorin)
 * In low-cost hotels (Ulaanbaatar, Mörön, Ölziit, Arvaikheer, Bayankhongor)
 * In the yurt (Khatgal)

Outcomes and results
Author’s articles in periodicals (in Russian):
 * «В Монголии почти как в Сибири» — Peninsula: newspaper. — 12.10.2007. — № 40 (244);
 * «Монгольский хуйвалдагч (passage from travel notes)» — Crimean time: newspaper. — 11.10.2007. — № 113 (2499);
 * «Путешествие на родину Чингисхана» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 16.10.2007. — № 42 (220);
 * «Забытая нами страна» — Southern Capital: newspaper. — 16.10.2007. — № 48 (822);
 * «Хуйтэн по-монгольски» — ProX: magazine. — 2008 — №1 (14);
 * «Хороша страна Монголия» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 11. 03. 2010. — № 9 (870);
 * «Там, где правил Чингисхан» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 15. 04. 2010. — № 13 (874);
 * «Прощание с Монголией» — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 3. 06. 2010. — № 20 (881).

 * Personal photo exhibition "14 days in Mongolia" was held in the exhibition hall of the Russian Cultural Center (Simferopol) from 10 to 31 October 2007.

 * In 2017, the book "Mongolian huyvaldagch" was published, which describes the route of the trip and the adventures of the author.

Gallery
Illustrations from the book

authors: Виктор Пинчук

title: Hobo tourism/Creative trip to Mongolia


text:
Hallo, Jonathan!

Capitulos

 * Preface
 * Chapter: 1
 * Chapter: 2
 * Chapter: 3
 * Chapter: 4

title: Hallo, Jonathan!


text:
Hallo, Jonathan!/Capitulo 1

Contenetes - Capitulo 1 - Capitulo 2 - Capitulo 3

Prime maio (1 maio)
Un viro sta in un citate. Le viro scribe un jornal. Le viro vide un citate.

An le viro sta in un citate? Si, ille sta in un citate.

An le homine sta in... un viro? Non, ille non sta in un viro. Ille sta in un citate.

An le viro sta in un traino? Non, ille non sta in un traino. Ille sta in un citate. Le viro sta in un citate.

An le viro scribe un jornal? Si, ille scribe un jornal.

An le jornal scribe le viro? Non, le jornal non scribe le viro. Un jornal non scribe. Un viro scribe. Le viro scribe le jornal.

Le homine es grande. Le homine es bon, e le homine es intelligente. Ille pensa. Ille pensa super le citate. Ille pensa: "Que es le citate? Es le citate bon? Es le citate grande?"

Esce le homine scribe un citate? No, ille non scribe un citate; un citate es grande. Ille scribe un jornal; un jornal non es grande.

Esce le jornal pensa super le homine? No, un jornal non pensa. Un homine pensa. Ille pensa super le jornal, e pensa super le citate.

E ille scribe sur le jornal. Ille scribe super le citate. Ille scribe: "Le citate es bon, e le citate es grande".

Ille pensa: "Le citate es bon"; ille pensa que le citate es bon. Ille pensa: "Iste citate es grande"; ille pensa que le citate es grande. Ille pensa super le citate, e ille pensa super le jornal.

Que es le jornal? Le jornal es ubi le homine scribe; ille scribe sur le jornal. Sur le jornal, le homine scribe super le citate. Sur le jornal le homine non scribe super le train; le homine sta in le citate, non in le train. Ille non pensa super le train; ille pensa super le citate, le citate nominate Munich.

Que es le citate? Illo es Munich. Ubi es Munich? Illo es ubi le homine sta. Ubi es le homine? Illo es in Munich.

Si, Munich es un grande citate, e un bon citate. Le homine pensa que Munich es un bon citate, e ille pensa que illo es un grande citate. Le homine es intelligente. Ille dice: "Salute, Munich!" Ille es un bon homine!

Le homine sta e pensa: "Ubi es le traino?" Ille vider... ille vider le traino! Ille pensa: "Le traino!" Nunc, ille non pensa super le jornal e ille non pensa super le citate; ille pensa super le traino!

|1

title: Hallo, Jonathan!/Capitulo 1


text: Category:Book:Hallo, Jonathan!

title: Category:Book:Hallo, Jonathan!


text:
Hallo, Jonathan!/Preface

'''Hallo, Jonathan! Interlingua by the Direct Method'''

Hallo, Jonathan! (Hello, Jonathan!) is the story of a young Englishman who goes to visit his friend in another European country...or so it would seem.

It is written entirely in the language Interlingua, a language created by the IALA that was published in 1951. The book Salute, Jonathan! was originally written in Interlingue by Mithridates and published on Wikibooks in 2019.

Hallo, Jonathan! begins with very simple language. The first words in the book are Un viro sta in un citate (a man stands in a city), and it continues from there. The words the reader knows are repeated and new words are added slowly and in context, so that no dictionary is required to read it. Interlingua was created to be an international language, with a very simple and straightforward grammar. Thanks to its simplicity and regularity, you will know how to read and use it by the end of Hallo, Jonathan!

The method in the book is based on the same used in books such as English by the Nature Method, Le français par la méthode nature, and L'italiano secondo il metodo natura, as well as Hans Ørberg's Lingua Latina per se Illustrata.

Curious about the true nature of the story in the book? You will begin to get clues as to the true story around Chapter 4 as the language becomes more and more complex and an actual story begins to form. Hallo, Jonathan! is in fact a full translation of a classic book that you are likely very familiar with. Read on to find out!

title: Hallo, Jonathan!/Preface


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms

This is a review and critque of the article authored by John Leddy et. al. in 2013 titled: Exercise treatment for postconcussion syndrome: a pilot study of changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, physiology, and symptoms.

What is the background to this research?
For most people concussion symptoms alleviate within 10 – 14 days but in some cases, symptoms persist for months. Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) does not have a definitive test but is characterised as the persistence of symptoms caused by concussion longer than the expected recovery time; for many physicians this means any symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks can be diagnosed with PCS.

Few interventions are commonly recommended. Rest is still the most common recommendation, with some pharmacological and therapy options. These interventions are focussed on relieving symptoms, and not treating the underlying condition. The particular pilot study being reviewed in this article is one of the early studies in this area. The body has research on this topic has since been built on by later studies including a number of randomised control trials, culminating in a literature review which was published in 2019.

Where is the research from?
This pilot study was published in the journal of head trauma rehabilitation. Its editor-in-chief is John D. Corrigan, PhD, ABPP. Dr Corrigan’s research has focused on long-term patient outcomes from traumatic brain injury based at the Ohio State college of medicine. The article itself had John J. Leddy, MD, as its lead author who is considered an expert in concussion and post-Concussion syndrome based at the University at Buffalo. Dr Leddy, along with Dr Willer (a co-author) are responsible for the development of the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill test (BCTT).

The article was funded by the University at Buffalo, the Robert Rich family foundation, and the buffalo sabres foundation.

The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

What kind of research was this?
This is a pilot study, where they are looking for trends in a small population in order to direct future research. This pilot study was done with a quasi-experimental design, or a control trial that wasn’t randomised. Three groups were formed made up of 4 participants each. Being a pilot study with just 4 participants in each group means we cannot extrapolate the results to the general population, but it can affect the direction we take future research in the area. The three groups made up the stretching ‘placebo’ group, the exercise ‘intervention’ group, who all had PCS, and the control group, who were all healthy. Participants were not aware whether the stretching or exercise group was expected to perform better.

What did the research involve?
The three groups were all as similar as possible in terms of age and athletic ability. The population size made variability in gender unavoidable.

The number of symptoms each participant was experiencing was recorded using a validated diagnostic prompt consisting of 22 possible symptoms (excluding the control group, who had no symptoms). All participants with PCS then conducted the BCTT (established by the same authors in an earlier study) to establish the heart rate at which symptoms became worse, which was recorded.

All participants involved in the study performed a simple math task while connected to a functional MRI (fMRI) machine, which measures the changes in blood flow inside the brain (Cerebral blood flow, CBF). Cerebral blood flow has been shown to be altered in people who’ve had a concussion, and is effected by aerobic exercise. Participants were asked to answer the math questions as quickly and accurately as possible while the fMRI monitored their cerebral blood flow. differences in cerebral blood flow between partiicpants in the control group and those with PCS were noted.

Each group then continued with their intervention, for the exercise group this was a controlled progressive aerobic exercise program at 80% of the heart rate established in the BCTT for 20 minutes, 6 days a week. The participants were considered ready for final testing once they were able to exercise up to the age-predicted maximum heart rate without symptoms getting any worse.

The stretching group was given a booklet that explained in both written and figure format a standardised and gradually progressive 12-week low impact breathing and stretching program designed at the University at Buffalo. Participants stretched for 20 minutes a day, 6 days per week and wore heart rate monitors to ensure their heart rate did not elevate to their heart rate threshold level established in the BCTT.

Following their intervention, they repeated the fMRI and BCTT to establish any differences between pre and post intervention.

What were the basic results?
Participants performance in the speed and accuracy of their answers to the math questions was unaffected, and not significantly different between any group, or between pre and post intervention.

Pre intervention participants who had PCS did show differences in their CBF during the fMRI compared to the healthy control group. Post interventions the exercise group had big changes in their cerebral blood flow and were no longer significantly different from the healthy control. The stretching group had no change in cerebral blood flow from pre to post intervention.

During the BCTT post intervention, the exercise group were able to exercise to greater then 90% of their max age-predicted heart rate, the stretching group had no significant differences in heart rate achieved Post intervention, compared with pre intervention.

The Exercise group went from an average of 17.5 symptoms to just 2 following their intervention. The stretching group only managed to fall from 19 symptoms to 15.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study, despite being a pilot study, shows that exercise appears to be a valid and safe option for the treatment of PCS, therefore further research with larger populations are warranted. Since this pilot was released a number of further studies have been done, with similar promising results.

Further research should be done on the direct cause of PCS symptoms, and if changes to blood flow in the brain is one the main contributing factors. Further research should be done on how exercise effects and these changes in PCS patients to discover whether exercise is the first treatment that improves the underlying cause and not just management of symptoms.

As the authors of this study also developed the BCTT, more research should be done into whether this is the best practice for establishing heart rate thresholds for the prescription of exercise, the authors may have bias towards using this methodolgy, which needs to be considered.

Practical advice:
The ongoing research in this area should be closely monitored so the best practice for treatment can be implemented siftly, Exercise Physiologists should be employed by allied health teams to safely prescribe and control the dose of exercise in a treatment plan. Exercise physiologists who work with concussion patients frequently and have the resources to do so, should seek training on the BCTT and educate themselves on the protocols of its use.

Anyone who is diagnosed with concussion or PCS should continue to work with their GP, physiotherapist or exercise physiologists and follow their recommendations and advice.

Further information/resources:
General interest:

Coping with Post-Concussion Syndrome - Concussion foundation

Paddy McCartin Opens Up On His Physical & Emotional Struggles With Concussion

Stevie Ward - Living with concussion (26min Documentary)

Stevie Ward - Living with concussion (Sky Sports article on above documentary)

Academic work on this topic:

John Leddy's work on concussion

BUFFALO CONCUSSION TREADMILL TEST (BCTT) – INSTRUCTION MANUAL


title: User:L10nM4st3r/ReviewTool


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of low and moderate intensity exercise on blood pressure in older people

This page is a critique of the article ' The effects of aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi on blood pressure in older people: results of a randomised trial' written by Deborah Rohm Young, Lawrence J. Appel, SunHa Jee, and Edgar R. Miller III. Conducted by medical professionals at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution.

What is the background to this research?
Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and it is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. The focus of this article is on the effects of moderate and low intensity exercise on high blood pressure (hypertension) in older adults. Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high which can lead to health conditions such as heart disease and stroke if left untreated. Hypertension can be treated with maintaining a healthy lifestyle of physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a healthy diet.

The goal of this article is to determine if light-intensity exercise has the same health benefits on reducing blood pressure as a moderate-intensity exercise program. Very little has been done on examining the effects of light-intensity exercise such as T’ai Chi on blood pressure but previous study has shown that moderate-intensity exercise has had a similar effect on blood pressure as high-intensity exercise in middle-aged and older adults.

Where is the research from?
This research is from the journal of the American geriatrics society, volume 47(3), pp 277-284, and was conducted in 1999. The research was conducted in a suburban clinic at the Welch Centre for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, located at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution in Baltimore, Maryland and contributions from Yonsei University located in Seoul, South Korea.

The authors of this article all have 10-20 years of experience in the field of cardiovascular health, making them reputable in this area.

What kind of research was this?
The study conducted was a randomised clinical trial, where participants are divided into separate groups to compare different treatments. The benefits of a randomised clinical trial are that participants are split randomly into groups meaning that results can be compared more fairly and at the time, the better treatment is not yet known.

What did the research involve?
The research was a 12-week study where 62 participants were randomly assigned into two equal groups of 31, with one group being assigned to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and the other group, light-intensity T’ai Chi exercise. The participants were recruited from mass mailing to registered voters, mailings to previous study participants, advertisements in newspapers, and presentations at local senior centres.

Of the 62 participants in the study, 49 were female with a split of 25 of 31 in the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group and 24 of the 31 in the low-intensity T’ai Chi exercise group. The eligibility of participants allowed in the study was based on their age being between 60-80 years; their average systolic blood pressure being between 130-159 mm Hg; their diastolic blood pressure being less than or equal to 95 mm Hg; less than 10 minutes of vigorous exercise per week; and personal physician approval.

The participants were required to complete a 12-week aerobic exercise program or a light intensity T’ai Chi program, where the goal was to exercise four days per week, 30 minutes per day. Each participant had follow-up visits every two weeks where blood pressure, and weight were measured for comparative results.

Strengths of the study:

 * Used specific criteria to test the efficiency of the study with participants having higher levels of blood pressure.
 * Regular follow-ups allowed for better comparative data collection.

Limitations of the study:

 * There was a small sample size due to the eligibility criteria and due to lack of interest in the study.
 * There was no control group meaning that the only comparison was between start point and follow-up sessions.
 * Only a short-term study meaning that long-term changes in results cannot be measured.
 * Participants did not always adhere to the specific intervention study as they ether did not attend exercise classes or over-exercised.
 * Not all participants finished the study due to either health issues or dropping out of the study and less than half of the follow-up blood pressure measurement visits were done on the day of exercising.

What were the basic results?
Key results that were found for this study include:

 * Significant reductions in systolic blood pressure after the first six weeks from first blood pressure measure.
 * Significant increase in time spent doing moderate activities, and leisurely walking from the aerobic exercise group.
 * The T’ai Chi group had a significant increase in the moving index.

As shown in the results above, the participants showed an improvement in their systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a decrease in their mm Hg across the 12 week exercise programs

What conclusions can we take from this research?
In this research, it was found that T’ai Chi had a similar effect of reducing blood pressure to that of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. This can lead to significant changes in treating high blood pressure with low-intensity exercise as many older people have trouble with participating in moderate-intensity exercise. It can also lead to a higher promotion of low-intensity exercise programs such as T’ai Chi to reduce blood pressure as many older adults have had limited or no experience with exercise and may find moderate-intensity exercise impractical. In conclusion, low-intensity exercise can have similar health benefits to that of moderate-intensity exercise and can help in the reduction of blood pressure in older adults.

Practical advice
High blood pressure is a preventable disease, that can be prevented and treated. Unfortunately risk factors such as age and genetics contribute to a higher prevalence in individuals.

Prevention and treatment measures:

 * Regular physical activity
 * Eating a healthy diet
 * Maintaining a healthy weight
 * Limiting alcohol consumption
 * Not smoking

Further information/resources
For people living with high blood pressure, information can be found on these sites:

 * Mayo Clinic – High blood pressure (hypertension)
 * MedlinePlus – High blood pressure
 * Health Direct – What is a healthy blood pressure?

Information linked to prevention and treatment of high blood pressure:

 * MedlinePlus – Blood pressure medicines
 * MedlinePlus – How to prevent high blood pressure


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors

Source Article: Waltman, N.L., Twiss, J.J., Ott, C.D. et al. The effect of weight training on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with bone loss: a 24-month randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 21, 1361–1369 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1083-y

Background to the Research
In 2009 alone, roughly 193,000 United States women were diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 75% of these women predicted to be long-term survivors. Breast cancer survivors often experience early onset menopause due to chemotherapy. Menopause causes estrogen production to plummet resulting in reduced osteoblast and bone remodeling activity. Survivors of breast cancer therefore have decreased bone mineral density often leading to osteopenia and osteoporosis which significantly reduces quality and length of life.

Research has conclusively shown the effectiveness of medications such as calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates in maintaining and improving bone mineral density. This paper investigates the use of strength training as an additional intervention to prevent decrease in bone mineral density. Previous findings on the impact of strength training on bone mineral density have been inconsistent. This paper's research is important as it seeks to provide clarity on whether strength training with medications has a positive effect on bone mineral density.

Where the Research is From
Participants of this study are located in the United States with the authors being located at the University of Nebraska Medical Centre. This is important to note as a key contributor to reduction in bone mineral density is high sedentary behaviour, an issue that significantly affects the American population

All the authors in this study have experience in this field with lead author Nancy Waltman in particular having extensive experience and qualifications. She has been involved in research in cancer since 1990 and for the nine years leading up to the study, published eight articles exclusively focusing on bone health in breast cancer survivors. The study was federally-funded by the United States government, however, this should not affect findings due to the majority of cancer clinics being privately owned.

Type of Research
The research undertaken in this study was a randomised control trial. This is a research method where participants are randomly allocated into either a control or intervention group. A randomised control trial is considered the gold standard of research as the comparison groups allow a cause and effect relationship to be established if there is indeed one. In this study the control group received only medications (risedronate, calcium, and vitamin D) to maintain bone mineral density whilst the intervention group received the medications and also completed strength training.

Randomised control trials like all research types can still be flawed. Researchers in this study could have strengthened the study design by blinding the assessors to the participant groups to help remove any bias. The design is also flawed as it only measures physical activity conducted in formal sessions. Bone mineral density could be improving due to other sources of physical activity in either group such as having to walk more regularly to attend strength training sessions or engaging in casual physical activity with friends. To strengthen future research a greater control of physical activity levels in both groups needs to be considered.

What the Research Involved
A total of 223 subjects participate in the study; 113 in the medication group and 110 in the medication plus strength training group. Participants were recruited through media ads, support group meetings, and clinician offices. The study took place over 24 months to allow for the effects of a bone turnover cycle to be measured. Medications in both groups were delivered to subjects monthly in medication calendar cards. The medication plus exercise group undertook two sessions of strength training per week. The first nine months involved light weight training from home with the remainder of the study being undertaken in local fitness centres. Participants had fortnightly visits from exercise professionals to help adherence and safety whilst exercising. Bone mineral density was reported at baseline, 12 and 24 months in multiple locations using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Bone resorption and formation were assessed using alkaline phosphatase serum assay.

Limitations

The study had two key limitations. Due to the expensive nature of cancer treatment many breast cancer survivors in America are Caucasian including participants in this study. This means findings cannot be applied to minority female populations. The strength training group had an adherence rate of 69.4% which is low, likely due to the length of the study. To combat this the researchers used per protocol analysis, excluding low adherence participants from the data but this likely induces a positive bias favouring the effect of strength training.

Results of the Research
Participants in the medication only group showed significant mean increases from baseline to 24 months in bone mineral density at the total hip and L1-L4 spine. Bone mineral density results at the femoral neck and total radius were not significant. Participants in the exercise group had additional increases in bone mineral density of +0.29% at the femoral neck, +0.34% at the total hip, +0.23% at the spine and +0.30 at the total radius. Whilst bone mineral density was higher in the exercise group the results were not significant.

Researcher Interpretation

The researcher's interpretation of the results are consistent and well thought out. The researchers acknowledge the improvement in bone mineral density across both groups noting the exercise group did see greater improvements, however they also acknowledge that findings were not significant. The researchers argue maintenance of bone mineral density alone, let alone increase, may be a satisfactory outcome of treatment regardless. The study suggests more research is required in strength training (specifically a larger amount of strength training per week) and adherence to exercise is required to form stronger conclusions.

Conclusions Taken from the Research
This study suggests a link between strength training and improvement in bone mineral density in breast cancer survivors. Whilst the findings are not significant and therefore a cause and effect cannot be established, practical findings can still be drawn from the benefits of strength training and bone mineral density specific medications. The findings of this study are aligned with the other studies/results in this research area. Unfortunately the primary purpose of this study was to find consistent evidence on the effects of strength training in breast cancer survivors and the study failed to do this. It largely replicated what previous study methodology had been and relied on a larger number of participants to provide more conclusive evidence. Future research needs to look at different methodologies such as a greater amount of strength training with higher adherence.

Practical advice

 * Previous studies, including this one, show the conclusive positive effect of regular consumption of calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates for breast cancer survivors in improving their bone mineral density. Medications and specific doses should only be prescribed by a doctor.
 * To help maintain bone mineral density and increase muscular strength, breast cancer survivors should undertake strength training twice a week for 40 - 45 minutes.
 * Breast cancer survivors should seek guidance from an exercise professional such as a physiotherapist or exercise physiologist to provide information on exercise selection, load and progression of their strength training.

Further information/resources
As this critique is published in Australia, resources for Australians affected by cancer are provided.

Cancer Support and Physical Activity in Australia
 * Breast Cancer Support Services Australia
 * Cancer Australia
 * Physical activity and exercise guidelines for all Australians.

Further Research

 * Aerobic Exercise and Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis
 * Dose-response effects of exercise on bone mineral density and content in post-menopausal women
 * The effect of exercise on body composition and bone mineral density in breast cancer survivors taking aromatase inhibitors


text:
Heliciculture/General Information

 Roman Snail or Edible Snail  (Helix pomatia) is a snail well known in the European fauna. It is quite large and so it is easily seen with the bare eye. Roman snails can often be encountered crawling near bushes in the early morning or in the evening in damp air.

Snails in general are not very well liked. Many are considered to be garden pests and are poisoned where they are met. Outside of scientific circles it is less well known that there actually are snails that neither are garden pests, nor do they even eat plants. They might, however be encountered in gardens!.

Gastropod biology is a fascinating chapter of natural history. Who then would have thought a Roman snail to possess thousands of teeth, but only one foot, but that using it, snails can crawl upside down and over a razor blade's sharp edge?

Reproduction also has many interesting secrets to reveal: After all, Roman snails are not either male or female, but both, and at the same time. Unique in all of the animal kingdom: Roman snails and their relatives during mating use a love dart that is stung into the mate's body!.

Roman snails they are called, because those snails have been picked for millennia to serve as human food. So today the Roman snail is a very well known species. But we should not be misled to assume we knew everything about this fascinating creature. Even today, new scientific discoveries are made on the field of Roman snail biology.

title: Heliciculture/General Information


text:
Heliciculture/Morphology

Body Parts and Organs
Observing a living snail crawling its way, it is easy to see the difference between the soft, flexible living body covered in mucus and the hard, lifeless shell. Because a Roman snail is noticeably larger than most other terrestrial snails, it is not hard to see parts of the living body and how they function.

A Snail's Body Parts
It is hard to say where one body part of a snail ends and another begins, but looking at the function of different parts of a snail's body it is easy to see the difference.

What is visible outside of the shell, when a snail is crawling around, can be divided into two functional parts: The larger part is flattened below to form a sole, on which the snail moves. It is therefore called the snail's foot. The front part bears two pairs of tentacles, the larger of which each carry an eye. As head and foot cannot be clearly divided into separate parts, they are also called head-foot (cephalopodium).

On the snail's back there is the visceral hump, which contains vital internal organs, such as a large part of the digestive system. It is surrounded by a protective tissue layer called the mantle (pallium). The mantle is folded to a particularly thick layer in the shell mouth (aperture). There also a large opening can be seen in the mantle, the respiratory hole, opening to the mantle cavity beneath.

Snails are as notoriously slimy as they are proverbially slow. All that is visible of a snail's body is covered in mucus or slime. Many gland cells are dispersed over a snail's body surface and constantly produce mucus.
 * The Mucus Coat

Generally a snail's mucus is very viscous, but it may also be nearly as liquid as water. It is possible to smear it between the fingers, but it is usually quite difficult to wash it off, as the slime does not appear to dissolve in water. The reason is, snail slime consists of a mixture of muco-proteins, that swell in water like sponges, drawing water instead of releasing it. So in spite of their evolution taking outside of the sea since millions of years, terrestrial snails still always carry a coat of water with them. This efficient protection against evaporation is of vital importance to snails.

A terrestrial snail's slime not only protects it against drying out. At an older age, Roman snails may be protected effectively by the thick walls of their shell, but smaller snails, such as the colourful banded snails (Cepaea), are easily cracked by birds, like song thrushes.

Against smaller attackers, such as ants or carabid beetles, however thick the shell walls may be, there is no effective defence, because it is impossible to close the shell mouth (aperture): Most terrestrial snails such as the Roman snail, have no shell lid (operculum). To protect itself against such small enemies, the snail produces large amounts of watery slime bubbled up with air blown from the mantle cavity. That way ants are prevented from reaching the snail and get stuck in the slime. Some snails also can make a grunting or hissing sound doing so. A smaller relative of the Roman snail, the green snail, got its scientific name (Cantareus apertus), that literally means "singing snail", from that ability.

The Roman snail not only foams, when it is attacked, but also if it gets into contact with an unpleasant substance, such as an acid. Obviously the fluid mucus also is used to wash off harmful substances.

A snail's head is where most of its sense organs are concentrated. So it is the snail's sense centre, and, as snails usually move decisively in one direction, also the orientation centre. When it moves, the snail continuously orientates in its vicinity by moving around its tentacles in a searching motion. Most terrestrial snails possess four tentacles arranged in two pairs on the head. The shorter, lower pair of tentacles is pointed to the ground and used as feelers (which is essentially what ‘tentacles' means). The larger tentacles, on the other hand, are primarily eye stalks used to give the eyes a larger visual field. In the mollusc group, a Roman snail's eyes are among the most highly developed light sense organs: They are lens eyes, like those of a vertebrate animal. As there are not enough different types of sensory cells in a snail's eye, it can only see black and white. The lens also is not so flexible, as in a mammal's eye, so a Roman snail is probably quite short-sighted.
 * The Head

The eye's light sense cells are not the only sensory cells that give a snail information on its surroundings. Both tentacle pairs are densely set with sensory cells of smell and taste, which the snail can use to find food or mating partners. The lips, which are below the short tentacle pair, also are densely set with taste cells.

When the snail feeds, the mouth opening becomes visible beneath the lips. Here the digestion system begins. The anus however is located somewhere else, like several terminal openings, near the respiratory hole in the snail's mantle fold. Usually on the right side of a Roman snail's body there is another opening, easily recognised by the groove leading to it – the genital opening. It is especially well visible when the snail is mating.

A Roman snail's foot is specialised in a crawling motion. That is why its underside, the foot sole, is flat to make a gliding surface. In contrary to that the upper side of the foot is full of wrinkles, which act as capillaries additionally guiding water to the snail's body.
 * The Foot

Other than the visible movement of its head and tentacles in a searching way, a snail's locomotion happens imperceptibly. The snail moves, albeit proverbially slow. But aside from that it is hard to see, how exactly the snail does it. Seen from below through a glass plate, however one can observe dark transversal bands moving over the snail's foot sole from back to front. The snail creates those bands by lifting its tail from the ground and putting it back a bit further front. The forming wave is visible from below as a dark transversal band. When it has gone all along the foot sole, the snail has moved a small distance.

Like it is visible in the picture on the left, the bands do not cover all of the foot's width, but the foot sole's seam always remains in contact with the ground. That makes it possible for the snail to stay in contact with the ground at all times, even if a part of the sole if lifted off. So the snail can avoid being hurt by thorns or to fall off, even crawling upside down. The suction of a snail's foot can clearly be observed trying to pick it up, especially from a smooth surface. A snail clinging to the surface is amazingly strong.

Wherever a snail has found its way, it leaves a significant slime trace. A large slime gland opens shortly beneath the mouth opening. A large mucus gland produces a slime bed the snail glides on and that it leaves behind as slime trace. The mucus reduces friction between the snail's foot sole and the ground. That is why a Roman snail even can glide over a knife blade without hurting itself.

A part of a snail's body never leaves the shell, as long as the animal is alive. To see those body parts, a dead snail's shell must be removed. Then it can be seen, that those body parts of a snail are sack-shaped and coiled spirally, just like the shell itself. In this body part's interior there are numerous internal organs of the snail, such as the large digestive gland, part of whose function is that of the human liver. Because it contains internal organs, this part of a snail's body is called visceral sac or visceral hump. It is protected externally by a stout tissue layer, which is folded to a particularly resistant fold in the shell mouth or aperture. This tissue layer is called the mantle or pallium of the snail. Together with the visceral hump it is also called the viscero-pallial complex.
 * Mantle and Visceral Hump

The mantle fold in the shell mouth is a special adaptation of terrestrial snails not found among aquatic snails. It specially protects the snail against drying out by evaporation. A main cause for evaporation is a terrestrial snail's respiration. That takes place in the mantle cavity beneath the respiratory hole. Other than aquatic snails, terrestrial ones breathe (almost) dry air, which results in a constant water loss by evaporation. The thick mantle fold reduces evaporation to a high degree, but there must also be an air exchange to allow respiration. That is why the snail can control the size of the respiratory opening by a circular muscle.

The mantle, however, not only reduces evaporation, it also builds the shell. Most Roman snails' shells are dextral – the shell mouth is right of the shell's longitudinal axis. Freshly hatched Roman snails already carry a small glassily translucent shell. By an age of about three years, the snail is mature. Its shell is about three centimetres in diameter, opaque and very hard. Until a snail's maturity its shell grows with it – in size as in wall thickness. Gland cells on the mantle rim folds produce a calcareous secretion, that hardens to form the main shell layer. Special gland cells on the outermost mantle rim cover this layer with an organic skin, protecting it against corrosion. Other gland cells are dispersed over all of the mantle's surface and thicken the shell wall with further layers of shell matter. The largest part of a snail's shell is made from calcium carbonate, which in nature, for example, is contained in limestone.

During their evolutionary history, snails' visceral humps were coiled to one side of the body to save space. As a consequence, also a snail's shell is coiled to one side of the body, among Roman snails usually it is the right side, which is why those snails are called dextral. In addition to those right-handed snails there are also very rare, left-handed or sinistral specimens. Those, because they are so special, are called snail kings.

title: Heliciculture/Morphology


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b6/2. d4/2...Bb7/3. Bd3/3...Nf6

This continues pressuring on e4. White adds a defender; most likely Nd2 or f3.

 * Nd2 defends the pawn and solidifies the white center -- it also allows black to create a center of his own. Position is nearly equal.
 * f3 leads to Nc6, pressuring the d4 pawn. This leads to a huge amount of central tension.


text:
User talk:Keenanpiazza

Welcome, Keenanpiazza!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 12:25, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keenanpiazza


text:
User talk:Blogandyoutube

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 12:33, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blogandyoutube


text: Template:Niceemoji/all

title: Template:Niceemoji/all


text: The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/17


text:
User talk:ISaveNewspapers

Welcome
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(Would you like to provide feedback on this message?) Thanks for your contributions. L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:22, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:ISaveNewspapers


text:
Hobo tourism/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa

The second creative trip to Africa — a project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk. The route included two countries, Kenya and Uganda, and lasted a month. Main objective: to visit the habitats of the peoples of Africa who have preserved their ancestral customs and traditions.

General information

 * Duration: 1 month.
 * Period: 4.11. 2007 — 10. 12. 2007
 * Idea: Viktor Pinchuk.
 * Number of participants: 1 (one).
 * Starting point: Nairobi
 * Transit through: Kyiv.
 * Number of countries visited: 2 (two).
 * Way to get: plane.
 * Ways to move: land transport, pedestrian routes.
 * Nature of the journey: creative trip.
 * Purpose: to collect material about lost tribes.
 * Format: hobo tour.

Places visited

 * Uganda: Kampala, Fort Portal, Bundibugyo, Pygmy Village, Kagadi, Hoima (transit), Masindi (transit), Kigumba (transit), Nakasongola, Lira, Kiru, Kotido (Karamoja sub-region).
 * Kenya: Nairobi, Isiolo, Marsabit, Loyangalani, Maralal (transit), Nyahururu (transit), Mombasa.

Мap of the route

The methods applied
In the process of moving along the route the following accommodation options were used:
 * In low-budget locations designed to accommodate the African poor.
 * Moving from Isiolo to Marsabit had to sleep on plastic bottles of water in a dark van filled (over the goods) by Aboriginals; and the Marsabit-Loyangalani sectionroute has been completed on another truck transporting bags of cement, where find a «sleeping place» was not easy for reason overcrowding (many passengers).

Outcomes and results
Written and published in the press more than 20 articles (in Russian):
 * «В гостях у пигмеев» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 29.04.2008. — № 17 (247);
 * «Много ли пулемётов в деревнях Кении?» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 25.05.2008. — № 20 (250);
 * «Что я делал в Момбасе?» — Crimean Observer: newspaper. — 16.09.2008. — № 37 (267);
 * «А вы бывали на озере Кьога... в Уганде?» — South Capital: newspaper. — 20.06.2008. — № 24 (857);
 * «Что такое МОСАРЕТУ, а также о комфорте по-африкански» — South Capital: newspaper. — 19.09.2008. — № 37 (870);
 * «Медаль за отвагу» — ProX: magazine — 2008 — №1 (1);

 * Зловонная «экзотика» дальних дорог — Crimean time: newspaper. — 3.04.2008. — № 36 (2568);
 * Зачем пигмею противогаз? — Crimean time: newspaper. — 8.05.2008. — № 49 (2581);
 * В поисках загадочных карамоджас — Crimean time: newspaper. — 22.05.2008. — № 54 (2586);
 * Груша-Африка — Crimean time: newspaper. — 29.05.2008. — № 57 (2589);
 * В жёлтой жаркой Африке не видать идиллии... — Crimean time: newspaper. — 17.07.2008. — № 75 (2607);
 * Дед Масай и масайцы — Crimean time: newspaper.— 31.07.2008. — № 81 (2613);
 * В поисках затерянных племён — Crimean time: newspaper. — 16.10.2014. — № 41 (3396);

 * Подарок вождю — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 22. 10. 2009. — № 36 (852);
 * Угандийскими тропами — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 12. 11. 2009. — № 39 (855);
 * Акуна матата — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 10. 12. 2009. — № 42 (858);
 * Джамбо, Кения! — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 4. 11. 2010. — № 38 (899);
 * Кения-2: приключения продолжаются — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 25. 11. 2010. — № 41 (902);
 * Кения-3: фотомодели у хижин — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 14. 12. 2010. — № 43 (904);
 * Кения-4: калейдоскоп событий — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 23. 12. 2010. — № 44 (905);
 * Кения-5: пора домой! — Republic of Crimea: newspaper.— 13. 01. 2011. — № 1 (907);
 * Проблемы водоснабжения в Африке — Republic of Crimea: newspaper. — 24. 03. 2011. — № 8 (914).

In addition:
 * The opening of the photo exhibition «Uganda: Tribes and Civilization» took place in June 2008; the venue is the House of Artist (Simferopol).
 * The exhibition "Tribes of Kenya" was held in the Central Museum of Tavrida, four years later.
 * Two issues in the series of TV stories of the author’s project "Around the World with Empty Pockets" were based on the materials of trip to Kenya and Uganda.

Materials in Wikisource project

 * Viktor Pinchuk  "In search of the Lost Tribes"

Links (in ru)

 * L. Obukhovskaya "Face to face with pygmies" — Crimean Truth: newspaper. — 21.06.2008. — № 112 (24455)
 * M. Samokhin "Pinchuk is lucky that he was not eaten" — Express newspaper: newspaper. — febr.2008. — № 6 (679)

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 17th century/Bach, Johann Sebastian

Compositions for keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach

 * Allemande in G minor, BWV 836 [YouTube]
 * Allemande in G minor, BWV 837 [YouTube]
 * Aria variata alla maniera italiana, BWV 989 [YouTube]
 * Capriccio in E major, BWV 993 [YouTube]
 * Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo, BWV 992 [YouTube]
 * Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue in D minor, BWV 903 [YouTube]
 * Concerto in D major, BWV 972 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G major, BWV 973 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in D minor, BWV 974 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G minor, BWV 975 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in C major, BWV 976 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in C major, BWV 977 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in F major, BWV 978 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in B minor, BWV 979 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G major, BWV 980 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in C minor, BWV 981 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in B flat major, BWV 982 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G minor, BWV 983 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in C major, BWV 984 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G minor, BWV 985 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in G major, BWV 986 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Concerto in D minor, BWV 987 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * English Suites 1 - 6, BWV 806-811 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia in G minor, BWV 917 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia in C minor, BWV 918 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia and Fugue in A minor, BWV 904 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia and Fugue in A minor, BWV 944 [YouTube]
 * French Suites 1 - 6, BWV 812-817 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in C major, BWV 946 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in A minor, BWV 947 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in D minor, BWV 948 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in A major, BWV 949 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in A major on a theme by Tomaso Albinoni, BWV 950 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in B minor on a theme by Tomaso Albinoni, BWV 951 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in C major, BWV 952 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in C major, BWV 953 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in B flat major on a theme by Johann Adam Reincken, BWV 954 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in B flat major, BWV 955 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in A minor, BWV 959 [YouTube]
 * Fugue in C minor, BWV 961 [YouTube]
 * Goldberg Variationen, BWV 998 [YouTube]
 * Inventions 1 - 15, BWV 772-786 [YouTube]
 * Italian Concerto in F major, BWV 971 [YouTube]
 * Little Preludes 1 - 6, BWV 933-938 [YouTube]
 * Little Preludes 1 - 5, BWV 939-943 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Little Preludes from Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Klavierbüchlein 1 - 9
 * Prelude in C major, BWV 924 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in D major, BWV 925 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in D minor, BWV 926 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in F major, BWV 927 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in F major, BWV 928 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in G minor, BWV 929 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in G minor, BWV 930 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in A minor, BWV 931 [YouTube]
 * Minuet in G major, BWV 841 [YouTube]
 * Minuet in G minor, BWV 842 [YouTube]
 * Minuet in G major, BWV 843 [YouTube]
 * Overture in the French Style, BWV 831 [YouTube]
 * Partitas 1 - 6, BWV 825-830 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in C minor, BWV 921 [YouTube]
 * Prelude in A minor, BWV 922 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 894 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 895 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV 896 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fughetta in D minor, BWV 899 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fughetta in E minor, BWV 900 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fughetta in F major, BWV 901 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Fughetta in G major, BWV 902 [YouTube]
 * Prelude and Partita in F major, BWV 833 [YouTube]
 * Sinfonia 1 - 15, BWV 787-801 [YouTube]
 * Sonata in D major, BWV 963 [YouTube]
 * Sonata in A minor (after Johann Adam Reincken's Hortus Musicus 1 - 5), BWV 965 [YouTube]
 * Sonata in C major, BWV 966 [YouTube]
 * Sonata in A minor, BWV 967 [YouTube]
 * Suite in A major, BWV 832 [YouTube]
 * Suite in A minor, BWV 818 [YouTube]
 * Suite in F minor, BWV 823 [YouTube]
 * The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, BWV 846-869 [YouTube]
 * The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, BWV 870-893 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in F sharp minor, BWV 910 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in C minor, BWV 911 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in D major, BWV 912 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in D minor, BWV 913 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in E minor, BWV 914 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in G minor, BWV 915 [YouTube]
 * Toccata in G major, BWV 916 [YouTube]


text: Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 17th century/Scarlatti, Domenico


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 18th century/Beethoven, Ludwig van

Compositions for piano solo by Ludwig van Beethoven

 * Allegretto, WoO 53 [YouTube]
 * Allegretto, Hess 69 [YouTube]
 * Allegretto, WoO 61 [YouTube]
 * Allegretto quasi andante, WoO 61a [YouTube]
 * Allemande, WoO 81 [YouTube]
 * Andante favori, WoO 57 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelle, WoO 52 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelle, WoO 56 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelle, WoO 60 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelles 1 - 7, op. 33 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelles 1 - 11, op. 119 [YouTube]
 * Bagatelles 1 - 6, op. 126 [YouTube]
 * Concert Finale, Hess 65 [YouTube]
 * Ecossaises 1 - 6, WoO 83 [YouTube]
 * Ecossaise, WoO 86 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia, op. 77 [YouTube]
 * Fugue, Hess 64 [YouTube]
 * Klavierstück "Für Elise", WoO 59 [YouTube]
 * Lustig und Traurig, WoO 54 [YouTube]
 * Minuet, WoO 82 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1, op. 2 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2, op. 2 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3, op. 2 no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4, op. 7 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5, op. 10 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 6, op. 10 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 7, op. 10 no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 8 "Pathétique", op. 13 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 9, op. 14 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 10, op. 14 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 11, op. 22 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 12, op. 26 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 13 "Quasi una fantasia", op. 27 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 14 "Mondschein", op. 27 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 15 "Pastorale", op. 28 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 16, op. 31 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 17 "Der Sturm", op. 31 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 18 "Die Jagd", op. 31 no. 3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 19, op. 49 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 20, op. 49 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 21 "Waldstein", op. 53 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 22, op. 54 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 23 "Appassionata", op. 57 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 24 "À Thérèse", op. 78 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 25, op. 79 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 26 "Les Adieux", op. 81a [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 27, op. 90 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 28, op. 101 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 29 "Hammerklavier", op. 106 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 30, op. 109 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata nr. 31, op. 110 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata nr. 32, op. 111 [YouTube]
 * Polonaise, op. 89 [YouTube]
 * Prelude, WoO 55 [YouTube]
 * Preludes Through all 12 Major Keys for Piano or Organ 1 - 2, op. 39 [YouTube]
 * Rondo, WoO 48 [YouTube]
 * Rondo, WoO 49 [YouTube]
 * Rondo, op. 51 no. 1 [YouTube]
 * Rondo, op. 52 no. 2 [YouTube]
 * Rondo a capriccio "Rage Over a Lost Penny", op. 129 [YouTube]
 * Variations on a March by Dressler 1 - 9, WoO 63 [YouTube]
 * Variations on Righini's Air "Venni amore" 1 - 24, WoO 65 [YouTube]
 * Variations on Dittersdorf's Air "Es war einmal ein alter Mann" 1 - 13, WoO 66 [YouTube]
 * Variations on the "Menuet a la Viganò" from Jakob Haibel's ballet "Le Nozze disturbate" 1 - 12, WoO 68 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Quant'è più bello" from Giovanni Paisiello's opera "La Molinara" 1 - 9, WoO 69 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Nel cor più non mi sento" from Giovanni Paisiello's opera "La Molinara" 1 - 6, WoO 70 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Une fièvre brûlante" from André Grétry's opera "Richard Cœur-de-Lion" 1 - 8, WoO 72 [YouTube]
 * Variations on the Russian dance from Paul Wranitzky's ballet "Das Waldmädchen" 1 - 12, WoO 71 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "La stessa, la stessissima" from Antonio Salieri's opera "Falstaff" 1 - 10, WoO 73 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Tändeln und scherzen" from Franz Xaver Süssmayr's opera "Soliman II" 1 - 8, WoO 76 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Kind, willst du ruhig schlafen" from Peter Winter's opera "Das unterbrochene Opferfest" 1 - 7, WoO 75 [YouTube]
 * Variations on an Original Theme 1 - 6, WoO 77 [YouTube]
 * Variations on an Original Theme 1 - 6, op. 34 [YouTube]
 * Variations and a Fugue on an Original Theme "Eroica Variations" 1 - 15, op. 35 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "God Save the King" 1 - 7, WoO 78 [YouTube]
 * Variations on "Rule, Britannia!" 1 - 5, WoO 79 [YouTube]
 * Variations on an Original Theme 1 - 32, WoO 80 [YouTube]
 * Variations on an Original Theme 1 - 6, op. 76 [YouTube]
 * Variations on a Waltz by Diabelli "Diabelli Variations" 1 - 32, op. 120 [YouTube]
 * Waltz, WoO 84 [YouTube]
 * Waltz, WoO 85 [YouTube]


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 18th century/Haydn, Joseph

Compositions for piano solo by Joseph Haydn

 * Adagio in F major, Hob. XVII 9 [YouTube]
 * Allegretto in G major, Hob. XVII 10 [YouTube]
 * Andante con variazioni in F minor, Hob. XVII 6 [YouTube]
 * Andante con variazioni in B flat major, Hob. XVII 12 [YouTube]
 * Andantino con variazioni in A major, Hob. XVII 8 [YouTube]
 * Arietta con 12 variazioni, Hob. XVII 3 [YouTube]
 * Capriccio in G major on "Acht Sauschneider müssen sein", Hob. XVII 1 [YouTube]
 * Fantasia (Capriccio) in C major, Hob. XVII 4 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 1 in G major, Hob. XVI 8 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 2 in C major, Hob. XVI 7 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 3 in F major, Hob. XVI 9 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 4 in G major, Hob. XVI G1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 5 in G major, Hob. XVI 11 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 6 in C major, Hob. XVI 10 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 7 in D major, Hob. XVI D1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 8 in A major, Hob. XVI 5 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 9 in D major, Hob. XVI 4 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 10 in C major, Hob. XVI 1 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 11 in B flat major, Hob. XVI 2 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 12 in A major, Hob. XVI 12 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 13 in G major, Hob. XVI 6 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 14 in C major, Hob. XVI 3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 15 in E major, Hob. XVI 13 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 16 in D major, Hob. XVI 14 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 17 in E flat major, Hob. XVI Es2 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 18 in E flat major, Hob. XVI Es3 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 19 in E minor, Hob. XVI 47 bis [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 20 in B flat major, Hob. XVI 18 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 21 in D minor, Hob. XVI 2a [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 22 in A major, Hob. XVI 2b [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 23 in B major, Hob. XVI 2c [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 24 in B flat major, Hob. XVI 2d [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 25 in E minor, Hob. XVI 2e [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 26 in C major, Hob. XVI 2g [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 27 in A major, Hob. XVI 2h [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 28 in D major, Hob. XVI 5 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 29 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 45 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 30 in D major, Hob. XVI 19 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 31 in A flat major, Hob. XVI 46 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 32 in G minor, Hob. XVI 44 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 33 in C minor, Hob. XVI 20 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 34 in D major, Hob. XVI 33 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 35 in A flat major, Hob. XVI 43 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 36 in C major, Hob. XVI 21 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 37 in E major, Hob. XVI 22 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 38 in F major, Hob. XVI 23 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 39 in D major, Hob. XVI 24 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 40 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 25 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 41 in A major, Hob. XVI 26 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 42 in G major, Hob. XVI 27 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 43 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 28 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 44 in F major, Hob. XVI 29 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 45 in A major, Hob. XVI 30 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 46 in E major, Hob. XVI 31 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 47 in B minor, Hob. XVI 32 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 48 in C major, Hob. XVI 35 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 49 in C sharp minor, Hob. XVI 36 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 50 in D major, Hob. XVI 37 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 51 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 38 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 52 in G major, Hob. XVI 39 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 53 in E minor, Hob. XVI 34 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 54 in G major, Hob. XVI 40 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 55 in B flat major, Hob. XVI 41 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 56 in D major, Hob. XVI 42 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 57 in F major, Hob. XVI 47 [YouTube] [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 58 in C major, Hob. XVI 48 [YouTube] [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 59 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 49 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 60 in C major, Hob. XVI 50 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 61 in D major, Hob. XVI 51 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata no. 62 in E flat major, Hob. XVI 52 [YouTube]
 * Variations 1- 20 in G major, Hob. XVII 2a [YouTube]
 * Variations 1 - 6 in C major, Hob. XVII 5 [YouTube]
 * Variations 1 - 5 in D major, Hob. XVII 7 [YouTube]