text:
United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/GROUPS REV and SRV: Non-postal franks used to collect tax

Sub-group REV – –Non-postal meter franks used to collect Federal tax
REV-01 Pitney Bowes c1963

 * "UNITED STATES / INTERNAL REVENUE / DOCUMENTARY"
 * US Treasury building center top
 * 6 digit serial number vertical at left, bottom to top
 * Meter number 10000 series

Sub-group SRV – Non-postal meter franks used to collect State and local tax (County and Municipal)

 * It is at this point that I would like to acknowledge and thank the State Revenue Society for their help and permissions to use their material.

 * "REFERENCE"
 * Ref 1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Hubbard, Elbert S A, "On & Off the Beaten Path", "STAMPS", August 2, 1969, p240, "A "Ripe" Field For Meter Stamp Collectors"
 * Ref 2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Effner, Harold, Jr "Revenue Meter Stamps",  "MSSQB" (Winter 2016) issue 314 p10
 * Ref 3 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Effner, Harold, Jr "Pennsylvania Revenue Meter Stamps", "MSSQB" (Winter 2016) issue 314 p11

SRV-AZ01 Unknown 1948-1952  RRRR
 *  STATE OF ARIZONA  SRV-AZ01.png
 *  EGG INSPECTION
 * 1 DOZ 28 x 41mm
 * color: black; red

 * Meters 9900, 9901, and 9902 known.

SRV-AZ02 Pitney Bowes 1952
 *  ARIZONA  SRV-AZ02.png
 *  TAX PAID
 * 20, 15 x 28mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * color: violet (shades); green

SRV-AZ03 Pitney Bowes
 * As SRV-AZ02
 * Meter number 40000 series
 * color: violet (shades)

SRV-AZ04 Pitney Bowes?
 * ARIZONA STATE TAX PAID
 * 25 x 25mm
 * Meter number 4000 series
 * color: violet (shades)

SRV-AR01 Pitney Bowes?
 * ARKANSAS / 20 TAX PAID 20 / CIGARETTES
 * Meter number 44000 and 46000 series
 * 28 x 15mm
 * color: red orange

 * Meters 44003, 44008, 44009, 44031, 44089, 44159, 46528, and 46773 known.

SRV-CA01 Pitney Bowes 1968 [Ref 1]
 * CALIFORNIA COUNTY DOCUMENTARY / TAX
 * abt. 82 x 22mm
 * Meter number 10000 series
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * color: black

 * -01  INYO / COUNTY
 * -02  LOS ANGELES / COUNTY
 * -03  ORANGE / COUNTY
 * -04  SACRAMENTO / COUNTY

SRV-CA02 NCR (National Cash Register) [Ref 1]
 * California

 * -01  SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY
 * -02  SANTA CLARA COUNTY
 * -03  SANTA CRUZ COUNTY

SRV-CA03 Pitney Bowes
 * CALIFORNIA / 20 TAX PAID / CIGARETTES
 * abt. 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * color: green, blue green

SRV-CA04 Pitney Bowes
 * As SRV-CA03
 * Meter number 40000 series
 * color: violet (shades), blue

SRV-CO01 Pitney Bowes
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * color: violet (shades), blue

SRV-CO02 Pitney Bowes
 * REPLACEMENT / 20  20 / CIGARETTE TAX
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * color: violet (shades), blue

SRV-CO03 Pitney Bowes? 1977
 * STATE OF / COLORADO / TAX PAID
 * 16 x 16mm
 * Meter number 6000 series
 * color: violet (shades), blue (shades), black, red

SRV-CO04 Pitney Bowes? 197?
 * COLORADO / TAX PAID
 * 17 x 17mm
 * Meter number 6000 series
 * color: blue

SRV-CT01 Pitney Bowes 1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * CONNECTICUT / CIGARETTE TAX / 2c    2c
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V 2c
 * color: violet (shades)

SRV-CT02 Pitney Bowes
 * CONNECTICUT / CIGARETTE TAX PAID
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V 2c, 3c
 * color: violet (shades)

SRV-CT03 Pitney Bowes? 1977
 * CONNECTICUT / CIGARETTES / TAX PAID
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V 20
 * color: violet (shades)
 * The stars can be found in many different orientations, as a security feature.

SRV-CT04 Pitney Bowes? 197?
 * CONNECTICUT / CIGARETTES / TAX PAID
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 40000 series
 * color: blue, green

SRV-DE01 Pitney Bowes 1966-1982
 * State of Delaware / STATE TAX DEPT
 * REALTY / TRANSFER / TAX
 * 81 x 21mm
 * Meter number 10000 series
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * color: red

 * .1MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg (PB 10481)
 * .2MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CASTLE
 * .3MeterCat 5 spaces.jpgX (PB 10480)

SRV-DE02 Pitney Bowes
 * STATE OF / DELAWARE / CIGARETTE TAX
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V 2c
 * color: violet (shades), blue

SRV-DE03 Pitney Bowes? 1977
 * DELAWARE / TAX PAID / CIGARETTES
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V 20
 * color: violet (shades), pinkish, green

SRV-DE04 Pitney Bowes? 197?
 * asSRV-DE03
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 40000 series
 * color: violet (shades), green, black, red

SRV-DC01 Pitney Bowes
 * DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA / CIGARETTE TAX
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V: 1c, 2c
 * color: violet (shades)

SRV-DC02 Pitney Bowes
 * DIST OF COLUMBIA / TAX 20 PAID / CIGARETTES
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 20000 series
 * F/V: 20
 * color: violet (shades), black, green, orange

SRV-DC03 Pitney Bowes? 1977
 * As SRV-DC02
 * 32 x 16mm
 * Meter number 40000 series
 * F/V 20
 * color: violet (shades), green, orange

'''SRV-FL01. Pitney Bowes''', 1957 [Ref 1]
 * " STATE of FLORIDA "
 * " DOCUMENTARY / STAMP TAX "
 * Meter numbers: lower left corner  190000 series
 * County name vertical at left
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000
 * Color: black (Bk), red (Rd), blue (Blu), violet (V)

 * -03 BAY / COUNTY [PB 190139] (Rd)
 * -05 BREVARD / COUNTY [PB 190156] (Bk)
 * -06 BROWARD / COUNTY [PB 190119]
 * -08 CHARLOTTE / COUNTY [PB 190143] (Bk)
 * -11 COLLIER / COUNTY [PB 190147] (Bk)
 * -13 DADE / COUNTY
 * -28 HIGHLANDS / COUNTY [PB 190137] (Blu)
 * -29 HILLSBOROUGH / COUNTY [PB 190130] (Bk)
 * -31 INDIAN RIVER / COUNTY [PB 190120] (Bk)
 * -36 LEE / COUNTY [PB 190141] (Bk)
 * -37 LEON / COUNTY [PB 190140] (Rd)
 * -40 MANATEE / COUNTY [PB 190128] (Rd)
 * -41 MARION / COUNTY [PB 190142] (Rd)
 * -45 OKALOOSA / COUNTY [PB 190146] (Rd)
 * -48 OSCEOLA / COUNTY [PB 190152] (Bk)
 * -49 PALM BEACH / COUNTY [PB 190145] (Bk)
 * -50 PASCO / COUNTY [PB 190150] (Rd)
 * -53 PUTNAM / COUNTY [PB 190131] (Bk)
 * -55 SARASOTA / COUNTY [PB 190113] (Bk)
 * -56 PASCO / COUNTY [PB 190150] (Rd)
 * -57 ST JOHNS / COUNTY [PB 190136] (Rd)
 * -58 ST LUCIE / COUNTY [PB 190138] (Bk)
 * -61 TAYLOR / COUNTY [PB 190116] (Rd)
 * -63 VOLUSIA / COUNTY [PB 190153] (Bk)

SRV-FL02A. Pitney Bowes, 1967
 * " STATE of FLORIDA "
 * " DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX / COMPTROLLER"
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * County name vertical at left
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * Color: black (Bk), red (Rd), violet (V)

 * -17 ESCAMBIA / COUNTY [PB 10529] (Bk)

SRV-FL02B. Pitney Bowes, 1967
 * as SRV-FLO2A, no county name
 * Color: black

SRV-FL03A. Pitney Bowes, c1968  [Ref 1]
 * Florida "DOCUMENTARY / SUR TAX"
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * County name vertical at left
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * Color: black (BK), red (Rd), violet (V)

 * -29 HILLSBOROUGH / COUNTY [PB 10830] (Rd)

SRV-FL03B. Pitney Bowes, 1968
 * as SRV-FLO3A, no county name
 * Color: black

SRV-FL04A. Pitney Bowes, c1969  [Ref 1]
 * Similar to "SRV-FL04" redrawn seal, other diiferences.
 * Florida "DOCUMENTARY / SUR TAX"
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series, to right of date box
 * "DEPT. / OF / REVENUE " at lower left
 * County name vertical at left
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * Color: black (Bk), red (Rd).

 * -51 PINELLAS / COUNTY [PB 10816] (Bk)

SRV-FL04B. Pitney Bowes, 1969
 * as SRV-FLO4A, no county name
 * Color: black

'''SRV-FL05A. Pitney Bowes''', 1971

 * Similar to "SRV-FL01"
 * DEPT. OF REVENUE lower left corner above meter number
 * " STATE of FLORIDA " at top
 * " DOCUMENTARY / STAMP TAX " below
 * Newer style state seal
 * Meter numbers: lower left corner  190000 series
 * County name vertical at left
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000
 * Color: black (Bk), red (Rd).

 * -57 ST. JOHNS / COUNTY [PB 190126] (Rd)

SRV-FL05B. Pitney Bowes, 1971
 * as SRV-FLO5A, no county name
 * Color: black

SRV-FL06A. Pitney Bowes, 1967
 * Similar to "SRV-FL02A"
 * " STATE of FLORIDA "
 * " DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX / COMPTROLLER"
 * "DET. OF REVENUE" above date
 * New style state seal
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * County name vertical at left
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * Color: black (Bk), blue (Blu),

 * -51 PINELLAS / COUNTY [PB 11028] (Bk)

SRV-FL06B. Pitney Bowes, 1967
 * as SRV-FLO6A, no county name
 * Color: red

SRV-FL07. Pitney Bowes?,  1943
 * "STATE OF / FLORIDA"
 * "CIGARETTE TAX"
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2c, 4c (1945-49)

SRV-FL08A.   c1950
 * "FLORIDA"
 * "TAX PAID / CIGARETTES"
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Color: violet (shades), red, orange, green, blue
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-FL08B.   c1955?
 * as "SRV-FL08A"
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), red (shades), black, green, blue (shades)

SRV-FL09.   c1970
 * "FLORIDA"
 * "CIGARETTES / TOBACCO"
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Color: red
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-FL10.   c1960  [Ref 2]
 * FLORIDA / "CIGARETTE TAX" SRV-FL03.png
 * "CITY | STATE"
 * "CIGARETTE TAX"
 * Meter number: 21000 series
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 4c+1c, 4c+2c, 4c+3c

 * A: Apalachicola, 4c+1c
 * B: Gainesville, 4c+2c
 * C: Miami, 4c+2c (21239)
 * D: St Augustine, 4c+2c
 * E: St Petersburg, 4c+2c
 * F: Key West, 4c+3c

SRV-FL11.   c1979
 * "FLORIDA"
 * "INDIAN / CIGARETTES"
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Color: red (shades)
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-GA01.   c1950
 * "GEORGIA"
 * "TAX PAID / CIGARETTES"
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * 32 x 16 mm
 * Color: violet
 * F/V: 5c

SRV-GA02. Pitney Bowes  c1950
 * "GEORGIA / DRIVERS / LICENSE / CERTIFICATE" vertically at left, reading down.
 * "GEORGIA" within outline state map
 * "FEE PAID "
 * Meter number: PB 060?
 * Color: black?
 * F/V: ★ 00

'''SRV-HI01. Pitney Bowes''', c1960  [Ref 1]
 * HAWAII "CONVEYANCE TAX"
 * "AFFIDAVIT FILED" vertical at left
 * Meter numbers:  ?
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-ID01 Pitney Bowes 1947
 *  STATE OF IDAHO
 *  PUNCHBOARD / TAX PAID
 * 50 x 21mm
 * color: violet
 * Meter number: PB 190000 series
 * F/V: 5c, 10c, 40c, 50c, $1, $2, $4, $5

SRV-ID02.  c1950?
 * "STATE OF IDAHO"
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-ID03A. c1955?
 * "STATE OF IDAHO"
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-ID03B. Pitney Bowes  c1965?
 * "STATE OF IDAHO"
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: blue
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-IL01. c1955?
 * "ILLINOIS"
 * CIGARETTES / TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), blue(?)
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-IL02. Pitney Bowes  c1965?
 * "STATE OF ILLINOIS"
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), dark blue, red violet, brown, red
 * F/V: 20 cig

SRV-IL03. Pitney Bowes  c1968
 * " STATE OF ILLINOIS / REAL ESTATE TRANSFER TAX"
 * DEPT OF / REVENUE
 * Meter number: P.B. 10000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -016: COOK
 * -046: KANKAKEE
 * -049: LAKE, 4c+2c (21239)

SRV-IL04. Francotyp Postalia  2001
 * " STATE OF ILLINOIS"
 *  REAL ESTATE / TRANSFER TAX
 * Meter number: FP 100000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: 0000.00

SRV-IL05. Pitney Bowes  c1990
 * " STATE OF ILLINOIS"
 *  REAL ESTATE TRANSFER TAX
 * At lower left "Dept. of Revenue"
 * Meter number: PB 0000000 series
 * Color:
 * F/V: 000.00

SRV-IL06. Pitney Bowes  c1990
 * " COOK COUNTY"
 *  REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION TAX
 * At lower left "Dept. of Revenue"
 * Meter number: PB 0000000 series
 * Color:
 * F/V: 000.00

SRV-IL06. Pitney Bowes  c1990
 * " CITY OF CHICAGO"
 *  REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION TAX
 * At lower left "Dept. of Revenue"
 * Meter number: PB 0000000 series
 * Color:
 * F/V: 000.00

SRV-IN01. Pitney Bowes 1950
 * " STATE OF / INDIANA / INTANGIBLES "
 * Meter number: PB 27
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 0 Big text 00

SRV-IN02A.   c1965?
 * "INDIANA"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), dark blue, black, green
 * F/V: 20

SRV-IN02B.   1978
 * "INDIANA"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet
 * F/V: 20

SRV-IA01. Pitney Bowes  1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * "IOWA" in outline map
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-IA02A. c1960?
 * "IOWA" in outline map
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green, blue green
 * F/V: 20 CIGARETTES

SRV-IA02B.   c1970
 * "IOWA" in outline map
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green, red
 * F/V: 20 CIGARETTES

SRV-IA02C.   1986
 * "IOWA" in outline map
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: green
 * F/V: 25 CIGARETTES

SRV-KS01A. Pitney Bowes  1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * "STATE OF KANSAS"
 * Two ears of wheat on each side
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), blue
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-KS01B. Pitney Bowes  c1955?
 * "STATE OF KANSAS"
 * Two ears of wheat on each side
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: NONE

SRV-KS02. c1955?
 * " STATE OF KANSAS"
 * : One ear of wheat on each side
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet, purple, blue (shades), red
 * F/V: 3¢

SRV-KS03A. c1965?
 * "KANSAS"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet, purple, blue (shades)
 * F/V: 20

SRV-KS03B. c1965?
 * "KANSAS"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet, brown, blue (shades)
 * F/V: 20

SRV-KY01. c1942?
 * "KENTUCKY"
 * CIGARETTE TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * F/V: 1c, 2c, 3c
 * -A MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg 1c [red]
 * -B MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg 2c [red, red violet]
 * -C MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg 3c [red violet, purple, green, black]

]

SRV-KY02A. c1965?
 * "KENTUCKY"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 20

SRV-KY02B. 1978
 * "KENTUCKY"
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 20

SRV-LA01. 19??
 * "LOUISIANA"
 * TOBACCO
 * Pelican at left
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 5c, 6c, 8c

'''SRV-MA01. Pitney Bowes''', 1955  [Ref 1]
 * MASSACHUSETTS "DEEDS EXCISE"
 * County name vertical at left
 * Meter numbers:  190000 series
 * Color: black, red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000
 * -A MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Barnstable
 * -B1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire Middle
 * -B2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire North
 * -B3 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire South
 * -C1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Bristol County
 * -C2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Bristol South
 * -D  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Dukes
 * -E  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Essex
 * -F  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Franklin
 * -G  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Hampden
 * -H  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Hampshire
 * -J1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Middlesex North
 * -J2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Middlesex South
 * -K  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Nantucket
 * -L  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Norfolk
 * -M  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Plymouth MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg [meter 190081]
 * -N  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Suffolk
 * -P1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Worcester
 * -P2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Worcester North
 * -Q  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Taunton

'''SRV-MA02. Pitney Bowes''',  [Ref 1]
 * MASSACHUSETTS "DEEDS EXCISE"
 * No county name
 * Meter numbers:  ?
 * Color: black, red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000

'''SRV-MA03. Pitney Bowes''', 1957
 * MASSACHUSETTS "DEEDS EXCISE"
 * County name vertical at left
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: black, red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000
 * -A MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Barnstable
 * -B1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire Middle
 * -B2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire North
 * -B3 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Berkshire South
 * -C1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Bristol County
 * -C2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Bristol South
 * -D  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Dukes
 * -E  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Essex
 * -F  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Franklin
 * -G  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Hampden
 * -H  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Hampshire
 * -J1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Middlesex North
 * -J2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Middlesex South
 * -K  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Nantucket
 * -L  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Norfolk
 * -M  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Plymouth
 * -N  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Suffolk
 * -P1 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Worcester
 * -P2 MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Worcester North
 * -Q  MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg Taunton

'''SRV-MA04. Pitney Bowes''',
 * MASSACHUSETTS "DEEDS EXCISE"
 * No county name
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: black, red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000

'''SRV-MD01. Unknown(?)''', 1933
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD." Stacked at left
 * Center inscription circular, unframed
 * Meter numbers:  100 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: blue
 * Known values: .13¾,

'''SRV-MD02. Unknown(?)''', 1933
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD." Stacked at left
 * Center inscription circular, framed
 * Meter numbers:  100 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: blue
 * Known values: .13¾,

'''SRV-MD03. Unknown(?)''', 1933
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD." Stacked at left
 * Center inscription oval, framed
 * Meter numbers:  100 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .06⅞, .22

'''SRV-MD04. Unknown(?)''', 1933
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD." Stacked at right
 * Right inscription oval, framed
 * Meter numbers:  100 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .55,

'''SRV-MD05. Unknown(?)''', c1933
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD. / LICENSE No." Stacked at right
 * Center inscription oval, framed with licensee name
 * Meter numbers:  100 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .01¾, .06⅞, .13¾, .22, .27½, .55, $1.10

'''SRV-MD06. Unknown(?)''', c1935  [Ref 1]
 * Maryland "LIQUOR TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD. / LICENSE No." Stacked at right
 * Right inscription oval, framed with licensee name
 * Meter numbers:  100, 200, 700 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .01¾, .06⅞, .13¾, .22, .27½,

'''SRV-MD07. Unknown(?)''', c1935
 * Maryland "WINE TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD. / LICENSE No." Stacked at right
 * Right inscription oval, framed with licensee name
 * Meter numbers:  200 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .02½, .04, .05, .10

'''SRV-MD08. Unknown(?)''', c1935
 * Maryland "WINE TAX"
 * "STATE OF MARYLAND / TREASURY DEPARTMENT / ANNAPOLIS MD. / LICENSE No." Stacked at left
 * Center inscription oval, framed with licensee name
 * Meter numbers:  200 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .02½, .04,

'''SRV-MD09. Unknown(?)''', c1937
 * STATE OF MARYLAND / LIQUOR / TAX
 * Meter numbers:  300, 400 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .01½, .01¾, .06⅞, .11, .13¾, .22, .27½, .55, $1.10

'''SRV-MD10. Unknown(?)''', c1938
 * STATE OF MARYLAND / WINE / TAX
 * Meter numbers:  400 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg .00½
 * Color: black
 * Known values: .01, .01¼, .02½, .04, .05, .10,

'''SRV-MD11. Pitney Bowes ''', c1960  [Ref 1]
 * Maryland "RECORDATION TAX"
 * Recordation tax: an excise tax on registering the transfer of property.
 * Meter numbers:  190000 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 000
 * Color: red

 * -A MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ALLEGANY COUNTY
 * -B MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY
 * -C MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg BALTIMORE CITY  (?)
 * -D MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg BALTIMORE COUNTY
 * -E MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CALVERT COUNTY
 * -F MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CAROLINE COUNTY
 * -G MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CARROLL COUNTY
 * -H MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CECIL COUNTY
 * -J MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg CHARLES COUNTY
 * -K MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg DORCHESTER COUNTY
 * -L MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg FREDERICK COUNTY
 * -M MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg GARRETT COUNTY
 * -N MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg HARFORD COUNTY
 * -P MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg HOWARD COUNTY
 * -Q MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg KENT COUNTY
 * -R MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg MONTGOMERY COUNTY
 * -S MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg PRINCE GEORGES COUNTY
 * -T MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY
 * -U MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ST MARY'S COUNTY
 * -V MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg SOMERSET COUNTY
 * -W MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg TALBOT COUNTY
 * -X MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg WASHINGTON COUNTY
 * -Y MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg WICOMICO COUNTY
 * -Z MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg WORCESTER COUNTY

SRV-ME01. 19??
 * "STATE OF MAINE"
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2c, 4c

'''SRV-ME02. Pitney Bowes ''', 1947
 * STATE OF MAINE / "TOBACCO"
 * Meter numbers:  190000 series
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00 :
 * Color: red

SRV-ME03A. 19??
 * STATE OF MAINE
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 20

SRV-ME03B. 19??
 * STATE OF MAINE
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Colors represent tax rate
 * Color: red, green (9c), orange (10c), black (12c), blue (16c)
 * F/V: 20

'''SRV-ME04. Pitney Bowes ''', 1968 [Ref 1]
 * STATE OF MAINE
 * "REAL ESTATE TRANSFER TAX"
 * Meter numbers:  10000 series
 * Color: black
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-MN01. 19??
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 3c, 4c

SRV-MN02.1. 19??
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), blue, green

SRV-MN02.2. 197?
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), black, red

'''SRV-MN03.1. Pitney Bowes ''', 1968
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * "DEPT. OF / TAXATION"
 * "DEED / STAMP / TAX"
 * County name with impression number at left
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * -02  ANOKA / COUNTY
 * -11  CASS / COUNTY
 * -27  HENNEPIN / COUNTY
 * -36  KOOCHICHING / COUNTY
 * -71  SHERBURNE / COUNTY
 * -74  STEELE / COUNTY
 * -82  WASHINGTON / COUNTY
 * -85  WINONA / COUNTY

'''SRV-MN03.2. Pitney Bowes ''', 1968
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * "DEPT. OF / TAXATION"
 * "DEED / STAMP / TAX"
 * Impression number only at left
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

'''SRV-MN04.1. Pitney Bowes ''', c1988
 * COUNTY
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * "DEED / STAMP / TAX"
 * County name with impression number at left
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -69  SAINT LOUIS / COUNTY

'''SRV-MN04.2. Pitney Bowes ''', c1988
 * COUNTY
 * STATE OF / MINNESOTA
 * "DEED / STAMP / TAX"
 * Impression number only at left
 * Meter numbers:  10000, 11000 series
 * Color: red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

'''SRV-MO01. Pitney Bowes (?), c1935  [Ref 1]  RRRR'''
 * Missouri "EXCISE TAX"
 * Meter numbers:  ?
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ ?

SRV-MS01. 19??
 * MISSISSIPPI
 * LAWS OF 1934 AS AMENDED
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 4c

SRV-MS02.1. 19??
 * MISSISSIPPI
 * LAWS OF 1934 AS AMENDED
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades),

SRV-MS02.2. 197?
 * 'MISSISSIPPI
 * LAWS OF 1934 AS AMENDED
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)

SRV-MT01.1. Pitney Bowes 1937
 * 'MONTANA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)

SRV-MT01.2. 19??
 * 'MONTANA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)

SRV-NC01.1. Pitney Bowes 1937
 * NORTH CAROLINA
 * WINE TAX
 * Meter number: 608
 * Color: Red
 * F/V: 1c, 1¼c

SRV-NC01.2. Pitney Bowes 1937
 * Type "NC01.1" Overprinted
 * 'BEER TAX / PAID"
 * Meter number: 608
 * Color: Red
 * F/V: 30c

SRV-NC02. Pitney Bowes 1937
 * NORTH CAROLINA
 * WINE TAX
 * Meter number: 608
 * Color: Red
 * F/V: 1c, 1½c, 1¾c, 2c, 2½c, 3c, 3¾c, 5c, 6c, 7½c, 10c, 15c, 30c

'''SRV-NC03. Pitney Bowes ''', c1988
 * NORTH CAROLINA
 * INSPECTION STAMP
 * "FEEDING STUFF"
 *  COM. OF AGRICULTURE
 * Vertical "TAX PAID" at right
 * Meter numbers:  190000 series
 * Color: red
 * V/F: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ LBS / 000
 * NOTE: Used examples are not known

SRV-NC04.1. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * STATE OF / NORTH / CAROLINA at left
 * Real Estate / Excise Tax at right
 * No county name
 * Meter number: 10709
 * Color: Magenta
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ LBS / 00.00

SRV-NC04.2. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * STATE OF / NORTH / CAROLINA at left
 * Real Estate / Excise Tax at right
 * County name vertical at left
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: Magenta, Red, Gray
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ LBS / 00.00
 * -01  ALAMANCE / COUNTY magenta [PB 10705]
 * -04  ANSON / COUNTY magenta
 * -09  BLADEN / COUNTY gray [PB 10732]
 * -10  BRUNSWICK / COUNTY gray [PB 10670]
 * -18  CATAWBA / COUNTY magenta
 * -32  DURHAM / COUNTY magenta [PB 10724]
 * -33  EDGECOMBE / COUNTY gray
 * -34  FORSYTH / COUNTY red [PB 10673, 10723]
 * -41  GUILFORD / COUNTY
 * -43  HARNETT / COUNTY red [PB 10737]
 * -47  HOKE / COUNTY magenta [PB 10736]
 * -68  ORANGE / COUNTY red [PB 10708]
 * -70  PASQUOTANK / COUNTY red [PB 10713]
 * -78  ROBESON / COUNTY magenta [PB 10706]

'''SRV-NC05.1. ''',
 * NORTH CAROLINA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20222
 * F/V: 20
 * Color: blue (shades), red, black (shades), violet (shades)

'''SRV-NC05.2. ''',
 * NORTH CAROLINA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20222
 * F/V: 25
 * Color: blue

'''SRV-NC06.1. ''',
 * GUILFORD COUNTY /STATE OF / NORTH / CAROLINA at left
 * Real Estate / Excise Tax at right
 * F/V: 00.00
 * Color: black

'''SRV-NC06.2. ''',
 * STATE OF / NORTH / CAROLINA at left
 * Real Estate / Excise Tax /Guilford County at right
 * F/V: 000.00
 * Color: black

SRV-ND01. Pitney Bowes 1936
 * STATE OF / NORTH / DAKOTA // TAX PAID
 * LIQUOR vertical at left
 * Meter number: 558
 * Color: red
 * F/V: .42⅜
 * NOTE  Not known to have been used

SRV-ND02. Pitney Bowes 1936
 * STATE OF / NORTH / DAKOTA // TAX PAID
 * WINE vertical at left
 * Meter number: 558
 * Color: red
 * F/V: .00½
 * NOTE  Not known to have been used

SRV-ND03. Pitney Bowes 194?
 * NORTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 3c

SRV-ND04.1. 195?
 * NORTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 20 (cig)

SRV-ND04.2. 197?
 * NORTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color:green, blue, green blue
 * F/V: 20 (cig)

SRV-NE01. 1949
 * NEBRASKA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red
 * F/V: 3c

SRV-NE02.1. 1957
 * NEBRASKA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), green, red
 * F/V: 20 (cig)

SRV-NE02.2. 1977
 * NEBRASKA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), green
 * F/V: 20 (cig)

SRV-NE03. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * STATE OF NEBRASKA
 * DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX
 * TAX COMMISSIONER
 * Meter number: 10655
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00
 * Note: Unknown used

SRV-NH01. Pitney Bowes 1939
 * NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 1½c, 2c, 2½c

SRV-NH02. 1977
 * NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * F/V: 3c, 3½c, 4½c, 7c, 7½c

 * 3c purple (shades)
 * 3½c purple
 * 4½c purple (shades), black, blue
 * 7c black, blue, green, orange
 * 7½c black, bluue

SRV-NH02.1. 1977
 * NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 7c

SRV-NH03. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * TAX ON TRANSFER / OF REAL PROPERTY
 * STATE TAX / COMMISSION
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: red, black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-NH04.1. 1977
 * NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * "Old Man of the Mountain" in oval on left
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple, black
 * F/V: "A"

SRV-NH04.2. 1977
 * NEW HAMPSHIRE
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * "Old Man of the Mountain" in oval on left
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple, red, green, black
 * F/V: "B"

SRV-NJ01. 1948-68
 * NEW JERSEY
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * F/V: 3c, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8c, 11c, 14c

 * 3c violet
 * 5c blue
 * 6c purple
 * 7c blue
 * 8c red
 * 11c red, orange
 * 14c purple

SRV-NJ02. 1969?
 * NEW JERSEY
 * CIGARETTES
 *  TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), green, red purple
 * F/V: 20 (cig)
 * Note: The stars occur in 16 different position combinations.

SRV-NM01. 19??
 * NEW MEXICO
 * Zia sun symbol centered
 * TOBACCO TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2c, 3c, 4c

SRV-NV01.1. 1947?
 * NEVADA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red purple, black, red
 * F/V: 20 (CIG)

SRV-NV01.2. 19??
 * NEVADA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: 20 (CIG)

SRV-NV02. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * TAX COMMISSION / NEVADA
 * Real Property / Transfer Tax
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -C CLARK COUNTY
 * -Q WASHOE COUNTY

SRV-NY01. Pitney Bowes 1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * STATE OF NEW YORK
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2c

SRV-NY01A. Pitney Bowes 1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * NEW YORK CITY
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: PB 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 1c

SRV-NY02. 1947?
 * STATE OF / NEW YORK
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-NY03. 1940 [MSA MB30(Nov 1940)]
 * NEW YORK
 * STATE CITY
 * CIG TAX RELIEF
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: black, purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢ + 1¢

SRV-NY04. 19??
 * NEW YORK
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red violet
 * F/V: 20 (CIG)

SRV-NY05. 19??
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * THE CITY OF STATE OF
 * NEW YORK
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: 1¢ + 3¢

SRV-NY06. 196?
 * NEW YORK
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * CITY STATE
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: red violet
 * F/V: 2¢ + 5¢

SRV-NY07. 1947?
 * NEW YORK
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 *  CITY STATE
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: green
 * F/V: none

SRV-NY08.1. Pitney Bowes 1966
 * STATE OF / NEW YORK
 * STOCK / TRANSFER / TAX
 * Department / of Taxation / and Finance
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-NY08.2. Pitney Bowes 1974
 * STATE OF / NEW YORK
 * STOCK / TRANSFER / TAX
 * Department / of Taxation / and Finance
 * Meter number: 11000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-NY09. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * REAL ESTATE / TRANSFER TAX
 * STATE OF / NEW YORK
 * Dept of / Taxation / & Finance
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -40 PUTNAM COUNTY

SRV-NY10. 1976
 * NEW YORK
 * CITY STATE
 * Meter number: 3000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: none

SRV-NY11. 1978
 * NEW YORK
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter number: 2000, 3000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: none

SRV-OH01. 1939 Pitney Bowes
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2 CENTS

SRV-OH02. 19??
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * PAID
 * CIGARETTE-TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-OH03.1. 1956-59
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 3¢, 5¢

SRV-OH03.2. 1978
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: 5¢

SRV-OH04.1. 1978
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: ¢

SRV-OH04.2. c1967
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), green
 * F/V: ¢

SRV-OH05. 1969
 * STATE OF OHIO
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * F/V: none

SRV-OH06. 1971
 * STATE OF OHIO
 *  PAID
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 4000 series
 * Color: green
 * F/V: none

'''SRV-OK01. Pitney Bowes''',
 * STATE OF OKLAHOMA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * V/F: 5 CENTS

'''SRV-OK02.1. Pitney Bowes''',
 * STATE OF OKLAHOMA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * V/F: 20 (cig)

'''SRV-OK02.2. Pitney Bowes''',
 * STATE OF OKLAHOMA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades)
 * V/F: 20 (cig)

SRV-OK03. Pitney Bowes 1977
 * OKLAHOMA
 * DOCUMENTARY / TAX
 * Meter number: 11000 series
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -12 CHOCTAW COUNTY red
 * -55 OKLAHOMA COUNTY black
 * -63 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY black
 * -68 SEQUOYAH COUNTY black
 * -72 TULSA COUNTY black

'''SRV-OR01. ''', 1966
 * OREGON
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red orange
 * V/F: 20 (CIG)

'''SRV-PA01. ''', 1968
 * PENNSYLVANIA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * V/F: 2c, 4c

 * 2c purple (shades)
 * 4c purple (shades), red violet, red

'''SRV-PA02.1. ''', 196?
 * PENNSYLVANIA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red violet, green
 * V/F: 20 (CIG)

'''SRV-PA02.2. ''', 1970
 * PENNSYLVANIA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: purple (shades), red, black (1979)
 * V/F: 20 (CIG)

SRV-PA03. Pitney Bowes 1973
 * COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
 * DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE
 * REALTY / TRANSFER / TAX
 * Meter number: 11000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-PR01. Pitney Bowes c1995
 * At top TECNOLOGOS
 * At bottom PUERTO RICO
 * At left "COLEGIO DE / SELLO"
 * At right "MEDICOS DE / ESPECIAL"
 * Meter number: 0000 series
 * Color: black
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 0.00

SRV-RI01. Pitney Bowes 1939
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * TOBACCO TAX
 * Meter number: 637
 * F/V: ½c, 6c, 7½c, 8c, 17c

 * ½c black, red
 * 6c black, dull purple
 * 7½c red, dull purple
 * 8c black, dull purple
 * 17c black, dull purple

'''SRV-RI02. Pitney Bowes''', 1940 [Ref 1]
 * STATE OF
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F: 2¢

'''SRV-RI03. Pitney Bowes''', 194?
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F: 2¢

'''SRV-RI04. Pitney Bowes''', 1947
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), red violet, red
 * V/F: 3¢

'''SRV-RI05. Pitney Bowes''', 195?
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet
 * V/F: none

'''SRV-RI06.1. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green
 * V/F: 20 {CIG)

'''SRV-RI06.2. Pitney Bowes''', 196?
 * RHODE ISLAND
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), red (shades), black, green
 * V/F:  20 {CIG)

SRV-RI07. Pitney Bowes 1965
 * State of Rhode Island
 * DIVISION OF TAXATION
 * REALTY / TRANSFER / TAX
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-SC01.1. 1935-6
 * STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 900 series
 * Color: red
 * Tape: yellowish
 * Size: approx 72 x 20mm
 * F/V: 5c, 10c, 32c, 40c

SRV-SC01.2. 1936-7
 * STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 900 series
 * Color: red
 * Tape: yellowish
 * Size: approx 67 x 21mm
 * F/V: 5c, 8c, 10c, 15c, 16c, 20c, 32c, 80c

SRV-SC02.1. 1936-9
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 900 series
 * Color: violet
 * Tape: yellowish
 * Size: approx 65 x 20mm
 * F/V: 6c, 12c, 18c, 24c, 48c, 96c

SRV-SC02.2. 1939-41
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 900 series
 * Color: red
 * Tape: pink
 * Size: approx 65 x 20mm
 * F/V: 8c, 12c, 16c, 24c, 32c

SRV-SC03. Pitney Bowes 194?
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * INSPECTION TAX
 * FEED STUFF

 * COM. OF AGRICULTURE
 * Meter number: 190000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: LBS / 000

'''SRV-SC04. ''', 194?
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * BUSINESS LICENSE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c

SRV-SC05. 1942-6
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 900 series
 * Color: red
 * Tape: pinkish
 * Size: approx 52 x 20mm
 * F/V: 12c, 17c, 24c, 34c, 36c, 48c, 51c, 68c, 96c, $1.36, $1.92, $2.72

SRV-SC06. Pitney Bowes 1947
 * STATE OF / SOUTH CAROLINA
 * ALCOHOLIC
 * LIQUORS TAX
 * Meter number: 190000 series
 * Color: red
 * Size: approx 33 x 21.5
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00

SRV-SC07. Pitney Bowes 1947
 *  SOUTH CAROLINA
 * STATE
 * HIGHWAY
 * DEPT
 * Meter number: 1000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00₵

SRV-SC08. 195?
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * BUSINESS LICENSE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c

SRV-SC09. 195?
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * BUSINESS LICENSE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c, 5c

SRV-SC10. Pitney Bowes 1962
 *  SOUTH / CAROLINA COUNTY DOCUMENTARY /TAX
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: red, black
 * Tape: Basket weave
 * Size: 82 x 22 mm
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

 * -10 CHARLESTON / COUNTY red, black
 * -28 KERSHAW / COUNTY  red
 * -30 LAURENS / COUNTY  red
 * -40 RICHLAND / COUNTY black

SRV-SC11. 197?
 * SOUTH CAROLINA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green
 * V/F:  20 [cig]

SRV-SC12. Pitney Bowes 1989
 *  STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
 * SOUTH CAROLINA TAX COMMISSION
 * DOCUMENTARY / STAMP / TAX
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: red
 * Tape: Basket Weave
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-SD01. 1938
 * SOUTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE
 * Signature: "D H Hinselman"
 * Color: blue
 * V/F:  3c

'''SRV-SD02. Pitney Bowes''', 196?
 * SOUTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c

SRV-SD03.1. 195?
 * SOUTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX PAID
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades),
 * V/F:  20 {CIG)

SRV-SD03.2. 1979
 * SOUTH DAKOTA
 * CIGARETTE TAX PAID
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green
 * V/F:  20 {CIG)

'''SRV-TN01. Pitney Bowes''', 1937?
 * TENNESSEE
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  800 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  4c

'''SRV-TN02. Pitney Bowes''', 1947
 * TENNESSEE
 * TOBACCO TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c

'''SRV-TN03.1. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * TENNESSEE
 * outline map of Tennessee
 * TAX PAID CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c

'''SRV-TN03.2. Pitney Bowes''', 1951
 * TENNESSEE
 * TAX PAID CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades) (3c), red violet (5c)
 * V/F:  3c, 5c

'''SRV-TN04.1. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * MEMPHIS-TENN
 * CITY-STATE
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades) (5c-1c), green (shades) (7c+1c)
 * V/F:  5c+1c, 7c+1c

'''SRV-TN04.2. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * SHELBY-TENN (uncertain)
 * COUNTY-STATE (uncertain)
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  7c+1c

'''SRV-TN05.1. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * TENNESSEE
 * CIGARETTES
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), orange
 * V/F:  20 (cig)

'''SRV-TN05.2. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * TENNESSEE
 * CIGARETTES
 * TAX PAID
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), orange, black, blue green
 * V/F:  20 (cig)

SRV-TX01. Pitney Bowes 1942
 * TEXAS / DRIVERS / LICENSE CERTIFICATE vertical at left
 * Meter number: 609
 * Color: red (1942), blue (1946)
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg

'''SRV-TX02. ''', 195?
 * STATE OF TEXAS
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  3c, 4c, 5c

'''SRV-TX03. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * STATE OF TEXAS
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:

'''SRV-TX04.1. Pitney Bowes''', 19??
 * TEXAS
 * TAX PAID
 *  CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), black, green, red
 * V/F:  20 [CIG]

'''SRV-TX04.2. Pitney Bowes''', 1951
 * TEXAS
 * TAX PAID
 *  CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: red violet, black, green (shades), red
 * V/F:  20 [CIG]

'''SRV-UT01. ''', 1944
 * STATE OF UTAH
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  2c, 4c(1954)

'''SRV-UT02. ''', 1953
 * STATE OF UTAH
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:

'''SRV-UT03.1. ''', 1957
 * STATE OF UTAH
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  20 [CIG]

SRV-UT03.2., 19??
 * STATE OF UTAH
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  20 [CIG]

'''SRV-VT01. ''', 1939
 * VERMONT
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  2c, 4c(1949)

'''SRV-VT02.1. ''', 1963
 * VERMONT
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green (1965), orange (1969), black (1983), blue
 * V/F:  20 [cig]

'''SRV-VT02.2. ''', 19??
 * VERMONT
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  2 CENTS

'''SRV-WA01. ''', Pitbey Bowes 1910
 * CHAPTER 225 LAW 1939
 * STATE OF WASHINGTON
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * V/F:  20 [cig]

'''SRV-WA02.1. ''', 194?
 * WASHINGTON
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), green (shades)
 * V/F:  20 [cig]

'''SRV-WA02.2. ''', 1949
 * WASHINGTON
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter numbers:  40000 series
 * Color: green (shades)
 * V/F:  20 [cig]

SRV-WA03. Pitney Bowes 1968
 * STATE OF / WASHINGTON
 * Conveyance / Tax
 * Meter number: 10000 series
 * Color: red
 * F/V: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg ≋ 00.00

SRV-WI01., 1939-49
 * Distorted map of Wisconsin
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * WISCONSIN
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

SRV-WI02., 1950's
 * WISCONSIN
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades)
 * F/V: 2¢

'''SRV-WI03.1. ''', c1955
 * WISCONSIN
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), blue
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES

'''SRV-WI03.2. ''', 1964
 * WISCONSIN
 * CIGARETTE TAX
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), blue
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES

'''SRV-WV01.1. ''', c1955
 *  WEST VIRGINIA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), black, green, red
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES

'''SRV-WV01.2. ''', 1964
 *  WEST VIRGINIA
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: black, orange
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES

'''SRV-WY01.1. ''', c1955
 *  WYOMING
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 20000 series
 * Color: violet (shades), red violet, red, green
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES

'''SRV-WY01.2. ''', 1964
 *  WYOMING
 * TAX PAID
 * CIGARETTES
 * Meter number: 40000 series
 * Color: green
 * F/V: 2O CIGARETTES


text:
Public Digital Backbone/Preface: Empowering India Digitally

Preface: The Confluence of Technology and Society

In the past three to four decades, the remarkable revolution in technology has drastically and fundamentally changed our lives. How has the digital revolution closely impacted the lives of Indians, and what are the associated opportunities as well as risks and problems?

The reason for choosing the title

First of all, it is necessary to explain why we have chosen this title Public Digital Backbone? The title "Public Digital Backbone" embodies the essence of India's digital transformation journey. Just as the backbone is central to the human body, connecting and supporting various parts, this digital backbone serves as the core support system for various digital initiatives in India. It's more than just a network or infrastructure; it's the very foundation that upholds and empowers the nation's digital ecosystem. This backbone doesn't merely provide services but creates an environment where different platforms, services, and stakeholders come together, flourish, and evolve. It gives everyone, from citizens, government entities to private sectors, the freedom to build upon and customize it, reflecting the inclusivity and democratic nature of the initiative. By naming the book "Public Digital Backbone", we want to highlight this initiative's pivotal role in driving India's digital progress, fostering innovation, and ensuring benefits reach every citizen.

Trailblazers of Modern India: Innovations and Pioneers in Science and Technology

After India's independence, the past 75 years have witnessed a rapid transformation in the lives of its citizens. This is predominantly attributed to the innovative endeavors of Indian scientists and the unwavering support they received from the political leadership.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, considered the father of India's space research program, established the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1962. ISRO has played a pivotal role in placing India on the global space exploration map, with recent accomplishments like the Chandrayaan mission to the moon being a testament to their capabilities. Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the foundation of the atomic energy program in India by establishing the Tarapur Atomic Power Plant in 1948. This initiative set the stage for India becoming self-reliant in the field of nuclear energy. P.C. Mahalanobis pioneered the realm of statistics and planning in India. He founded the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), which stands today as one of the largest statistical institutions in the country. Former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was instrumental in developing India's Agni and Prithvi missile systems, fortifying the nation's defense capabilities. Dr. Sam Pitroda brought a revolutionary change to India's telecommunication landscape by introducing modern digital telecommunications systems. This led to the establishment of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and the development of a national-level fiber optic network Nandan Nilekani’s contribution lines up and should be seen in the same league as the great men listed above. Nandan Nilekani, renowned as a significant technologist, entrepreneur, and social innovator, laid the foundation for the Aadhaar project. He also pioneered the concept of Digital Public Infrastructure, which is the topic of this book.

All these illustrious Indian scientists and innovators, through their notable contributions, have positioned India at a prestigious place in the fields of science and technology. Their achievements serve as a profound inspiration for India's future.

The Dual Face of Digital India

Before proceeding, it's essential to acknowledge that every coin has two sides.

The renowned economist Joan Robinson once said, "Anything you can say about India, the opposite is also true," and this aptly applies to the topic at hand.

India is recognized as 'Digital India', but inherent contradictions persist. On one hand, India ranks second globally in the number of active Internet users and is also the second-highest in social media usage. On the other, over the past five years, India has been the country to impose the most Internet shutdowns. In 2022 alone, India enforced 84 Internet shutdowns, the highest amongst the G-20 nations.

This behavior stands in stark contrast to the objectives of Digital India. The slogan of Digital India is 'Nobody will be left behind'. Without Internet access, there's no connectivity. And without connectivity, how can people fulfill basic needs like ration, or carry out transactions via UPI?

The direct impact of Internet shutdowns not only affects employment and economic activities but also infringes upon democratic rights. Such shutdowns clearly violate citizens' freedom of expression.

The Indian government has repeatedly used this tactic for authoritarian purposes. This was evident during the farmers' protests and before the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly elections when internet shutdowns were imposed in several regions.

If India aims for digital growth and global leadership, it must cease these frequent Internet shutdowns. India has pledged in this year's G-20 Digital Economy Working Group to develop a human rights-centric digital infrastructure.

To honor this commitment, India needs to abandon the path of Internet shutdowns. Moreover, while the world is moving towards 5G and 6G, millions of Indians are still stuck on 2G. Without addressing these contradictions, 'Digital India' remains a distant dream.

But then why to discuss Digital Public Infrastructure at all? Why it is so relevant?

Because the global world is divided between the south and the north. Digital Public Infrastructure is capable addressing this question. It is an instrument in the fight against this divide.

Is it valid to argue that the Public Digital Backbone serves as both a quest and a means of equalization? Is the Public Digital Backbone a pursuit and a catalyst for achieving equality? Can we contend that the Public Digital Backbone is on a mission to promote equalization?

It may sound as a tall claim. The claim is made in spite of knowing difficulties and obstacles. But we feel it is worth debating it instead brushing it aside.

Digital Transformation: Challenging Dominance and Shaping Socio-Political Landscapes

The concept of 'Digital Public Infrastructure' holds the potential to be a solution to the persistent divides of this century. This idea, proposed by Nandan Nilekani and the subsequent practical experiments conducted under his guidance in India, has set the stage for its potential realization.

Historically, developed countries like America and Europe have often advised developing nations that their path to development is to abandon their own traditions and embrace Western culture and values, suggesting that it is in their best interest and is the key to their freedom. The implication is that there's only one path, one option available to the developing world. If they don't follow this, their backwardness and poverty will persist, a sentiment that is repeatedly reinforced. However, behind this seemingly benevolent advice lurks a violent dominance. Mahatma Gandhi recognized this dominance and understood that its resistance couldn't be met with violence. Thus, he equipped the masses with the nonviolent weapon of Satyagraha, leading India to its freedom. But an independent India needed technological support for its development. A nonviolent tech revolution was required, but the essence of this tech remained unexplored in the post-Gandhi era of Gandhism. The Digital Public Infrastructure initiative is a step in this direction.

Language, communication, and technologies are not apolitical and asocial as is commonly believed. It is a misconception that technology is 'neutral'. Technologies have their natural tendencies – both in a positive and negative sense. It's now evident and proved that every technology has its own politics.Their uses is another ball game driven by socio-political forces. It doesn't become apparent unless you listen and read carefully and scratch underneath the surface. The atomic technology that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki and killed millions was celebrated by democratic nations. The recent movie 'Oppenheimer' sparked significant discussion around and about the politics of atomic technology. The current war in Ukraine is happening before us in today's world is dominantly technological. There were debates around genetic engineering and blockchain technology. Before, there were discussions on computer technology and ethics related to that which is almost forgotten now. Currently, artificial intelligence is a hot topic of discussion. These discussions are not futile and are very close to our daily lives than we realize.

Significance of Nandan Nilekani's Initiatives

Nandan Nilekani's importance chiefly stems from the following reasons.

Firstly, he didn't just limit the 'Aadhaar' initiative to the identification of an individual or citizen. Instead, he ensured that when an identity is established, the related information remains secure with that individual, without it being transmitted elsewhere. This allowed for a massive nationwide system where the privacy of information for millions of people remains intact with the respective individuals or entities. No information was extracted in exchange for services (public goods).

Secondly, by keeping this entire operation within the public sector, it became akin to public goods. Unlike advanced nations where IT systems are largely driven by Silicon Valley or other IT corporate hubs, this was not privatized or corporatized.

Thirdly, while the system remained a public good, he didn't exclude private companies, both domestic and international, big and small. He ensured they had a rightful place and integration within the system.

Fourthly, in terms of software development, there was an emphasis on using free and open source software (FOSS). This eliminated dependence on private institutions or corporations who could monopolize it. So the dependency was eliminated and the services (public goods) available to people became cheap.

It all started with Aadhaar.

However, this was followed by a series of other initiatives:

Aadhaar

UPI (Unified Payments Interface)

e-KYC (Electronic Know Your Customer)

DigiLocker

Data Protection (DEPA and Account Aggregator AA)

Collectively, these systems have come to be recognized as the  'India Stack'. All these systems together are termed as Digital Public Infrastructure.

The story of Aadhaar and Digital Public Infrastructure has been told so far, but it's still ongoing. The next link in this chain is ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce). This platform has the capability to make big online companies like Amazon and Flipkart to make room to the local vendors and small stores in their operations. Similarly, giants like Ola and Uber would have to accommodate small taxi networks in the taxi hiring business. The era of sidelining small businesses can be checked.

Nandan Nilekani suggests that over the next five years, at least fifty countries will adopt the blueprint of India's digital experimentation. However, he is quick to emphasize that each nation must carve out its own path. Every society should derive its direction based on its experiences without sidelining its cultural and social contexts.

Globalization and Digital Evolution and Socio-Economic Disparities in India

So, what are the challenges, what are the opportunities and can these tech initiatives help and intervene in addressing socio-economic disparities?

Globalization and the digital revolution have descended upon India hand in hand. Today, they form an integral part of our lives.

However, alongside this, we notice a rise in inequalities and unemployment within the country. There's a growing concern that if this trend continues, major economic reins will end up in the hands of a few powerful corporations, leaving small traders, manufacturers, and self-employed individuals unemployed.

This fear has been palpable among certain sections of the society. A prevailing notion was that digital technology primarily benefits the elite and was designed for their gain.

From this book and the above discourse, it emerges and becomes evident that if we use this technology judiciously, molding it according to our societal needs, and integrating it seamlessly with our cultural and social environments, digital public infrastructure can prove to be a blessing. It can uplift marginalized sections and enhance the value of their work.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:OmkarMungekar26

Creating user

title: User:OmkarMungekar26


text:
User talk:OmkarMungekar26

Preface
Just saw Preface published by you. Thank you Anil Shaligram (discuss • contribs) 04:38, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Always welcome I tought preface is necessary for this Wikibook. Because it creates a proper perspective for the subject. OmkarMungekar26 (discuss • contribs) 04:44, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:OmkarMungekar26


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2023/August

chess templates
I'm new here and I noticed there's a chess book titled "Chess Guide for the Intermediate Player" it's very poorly written so I want to redo its writing and write some more stuff from scratch, but I've got a problem with the templates for adding chess positions, is there some way I can convert FEN to chess diagrams? Doctorbeak (discuss • contribs) 13:23, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Is there any way that you can reword this for those of us who don't know what "FEN" is? There are not many persons who watch this page and not many who are familiar with notation styles for chess. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:27, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * hello, thank you for taking the time and responding to my query, FEN is a notation with the purpose of giving someone all the information necessary to restart a chess game from a particular position
 * so when making a wikibooks chess diagram I'd like to be able to input a FEN and the diagram will be drawn for me, however I couldn't find any template using FEN instead I had to set up the position myself in some pretty unfimiliar way Doctorbeak (discuss • contribs) 09:31, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems like w:en:Template:Chess diagram-fen or possibly w:en:Template:Chess diagram will do that, correct? If so, ask an admin to import it. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:18, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, thx for the help
 * just one last small question, what is the appropriate place to ask the admins to import it? Doctorbeak (discuss • contribs) 13:04, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * To request import, its WB:RFI 20:22, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee

 *  m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review •

Hello all,

I am pleased to share the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct work. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter is now ready for your review.

The Enforcement Guidelines require a Building Committee form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward.

Join the conversation during the conversation hours or on Meta-wiki.

Best,

RamzyM (WMF), on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Hej, Jonathan!

Hej, Jonathan! is a natural method course that teaches Nordien, a language created by Aaron Chapman in the year 2000. It is a translation of Dave MacLeod's Salute, Jonathan!, written in the Occidental language.

Kapitel En

En man steje i en stad. De man skribe en jorn. De man sege en stad.

Steje de man i en stad? Ja, han steje i en stad.

Steje de man i...en man? Nej, han steje neet i en man. Han steje i en stad.

Steje de man i en tog? Nej, han steje neet i en tog. Han steje i en stad. De man steje i en stad.

Skribe de man en jorn? Ja, han skribe en jorn.

Skribe de jorn de man? Nej, de jorn skribe neet de man. En jorn skribe neet. En man skribe. De man skribe de jorn.

Sege de stad de man? Nej, de stad sege neet de man. En stad sege neet. En man sege. Sege de man de stad? Ja, de man sege de stad.

Var steje de man? Han steje i en stad. Va skribe de man? Han skribe en jorn. Va sege de man? Han sege en stad. Han steje i en stad, ent han skribe i en jorn, ent han sege en stad.

Steje de man i en jorn? Nej, han skribe i en jorn. Sege de man en man? Nej, han sege neet en man; hen sege en stad.

De man ere grot. De man ere gud, ent de man ere inteligent. Han denke. Han denke over de stad. Han denke: "Va ere de stad? Ere de stad gud? Ere de stad grot?"

Skribe de man en stad? Nej, han skribe neet en stad; en stad ere grot. Han skribe en jorn; en jorn ere neet grot.

Denke de jorn over de man? Nej, en jorn denke neet. En man denke. Han denke over de jorn, ent denke over de stad.

Ent han skribe i de jorn. Han skribe over de stad. Han skribe: "De stad ere gud, ent de stad ere grot."

Han denke: "De stad ere gud"; han denke at de stad ere gud. Han denke: "De stad ere grot"; han denke at de stad ere grot. Han denke over de stad, ent han denke over de jorn.

Va ere de jorn? De jorn ere var de man skribe; han skribe i en jorn. I de jorn, de man skribe over de stad. I de jorn, de man skribe neet over de tog; de man steje i de stad, neet i de tog. Han denke neet over de tog; han denke over de stad, de stad München.

Va ere de stad? Het ere München. Var ere München? Het ere var de man steje. Var ere de man? Han ere i München.

Ja, München ere en grot stad, ent en gud stad. De man denke at het ere en gud stad, ent han denke at het ere en grot stad. De man ere inteligent. Han sage: "Hej, München!" Han ere en gud man!

De man steje ent denke: "Var ere de tog?" Han sege...han sege de tog! Han denke: "De tog!" Nun, han denke neet over de jorn ent denke neet over de stad; han denke over de tog!

Kapitel Tvo

Nun, de man ere i de tog. Han ere neet i München; han ere i en tog. Han reese. Han denke: "Nun, eg resse van München til Vien. Het ere en gud rees. Eg gile reesar."

Han denke over München. Han denke: "Nun, eg ere i de tog, men jestern, eg erte i München. Ent nun, eg skribe en jorn i de tog, men jestern, eg skribte en jorn i München. Ent nun, eg denke i de tog, men jestern, eg denkte i München. Jestern, eg denkte over München i München, ent nun, eg denke over Vien i de tog. Nun, eg ere i de tog, neet i Vien. Men eg denke ent skribe over Vien."

Denke de man i München nun? Nej, han denke neet i München nun. Han denke i de tog. Jestern, han denkte i München. Han sege: "Hej, tog!"

De man ere i de tog, ent han resse til en stad. De stad ere neet München; München ere de stad av jestern. De stad ere Vien; Vien ere de stad av des dag.

De man denke over München ent Vien. Han denke: "München erte de stad av jestern, ent München erte gud. Nun, het ere des dag, ent eg ere i en tog; de tog ere gud. Skal Vien eren gud?"

De man denke over München: München erte de stad av jestern. Han denke i de tog: han ere i de tog des dag. Ent han denke over Vien: Vien skal eren de stad av morgen.

Ent han denke: "München erte grot. De tog ere grot. Skal Vien eren grot?"

Ent han denke: "I München, eg skribte i en jorn. I de tog, eg skribe i en jorn. I Vien, skal eg skriben i en jorn? Ja, morgen i Vien, eg skal skriben i en jorn. Eg gile jornar." De man denke mika (han denke mika = han denke ent denke ent denke), ent han skribe mika. Ja, han ere en inteligent man. Inteligent manar skribe mika, ent denke mik. Han ere Jonathan; Jonathan ere en inteligent man.

Han skribe: "Eg ere Jonathan. Eg ere i en tog. Jestern, eg stejte i München; morgen, eg skal stejen i Vien."

Han denke, ent skribe: "De tog...het ere gud, men aldig. Het ere neet nu; het ere aldig. Ere de togar i München aldig? Ja, de togar av München ere aldig. Men de togar av München ere gud, ent eg gile de togar av München. Jestern, eg gilte de tog i München, ent des dag, eg gile de tog nu, ent morgen, eg skal gilen de tog i Vien. Eg gile togar!"

Jonathan skribe: "München ere en gud stad ent en aldig stad, ent Vien ere en gud stad ent en aldig stad. München ent Vien ere neet nu, men ere gud. München ent Vien ere aldig, men gud stadar. De stadar ere neet nu, men gud. Eg gile stadar!"

Jonathan denke at de tvoet dag av de rees ere gud. Han sege: "Des dag erte en gud tvoet dag av reesning. Eg gile reesar!"

Kapitel Tri

Jonathan steje i Vien: de stad Vien. Jonathan denke at Vien ere gud, ent at Vien ere skon. Jonathan denke neet at Vien ere heslig; han denke at Vien ere skon. Han sage: "Vien ere en skon stad! Eg skal skriben over het!" Ent han skribe i de jorn over Vien. I de jorn, han skribe: "Min triet dag ere veri gud! I de tvoet dag, eg stejte i München. Men nun, eg steje i Vien: Vien ere neet München. München ent Vien ere tvo stadar; München ere neet Vien ent Vien ere neet München. Eg steje i Vien ent de stad ere veri skon. Eg gile Vien; de stad ere neet heslig. Hur skon ere Vien! Men eg have en problem."

Va? Jonathan have en problem? Va problem? Nun, han sege neet de jorn; han sege de stad ent denke. Han denke mika over de problem.

Jonathans problem ere at han gile Vien, men han have neet tid.

Han denke: "Hmm. Nun, de klok ere siven (7). Bej klok ten (10), de tog fortgoe. Klok ten (10) minus klok siven (7) ere tri (3) urar. Tri urar ere neet mika tid for en skon stad! Eg have neet tid. Haven tid ere gud, men eg have neet het! Skriben en jorn ere gud, men eg have neet tid for skriben het! Va skal eg doen i Vien?"

Han denke: "Eg have neet mika tid. Va skal eg doen - skriben en jorn, oder eten, oder segen de stad? Va skal eg doen?"

Han denke mer, ent sage: "Eg have en gud idee! En moment...eg denke. Min tog fortgoe bej klok ten (10). Ere dar en tog latre, bej klok tenen (11), oder klok tentvo (12), tentri (13), tenfir (14), oder tenfiv (15)?"

Han sege...ja! Dar ere en tog va fortgoe bej klok tenfiv. Nun, Jonathan ere glad.

Jonathan sage: "Tenfiv (15) minus siven (7) ere akt (8). Nun, eg have akt urar av tid! Va skal eg doen?"

Han sage: "Eg vete! Eg skal eten kuket. Ent eg skal trinken en bir. En moment...nej, eg skal trinken tvo birar, oder tri birar. Gud idee!"

Nun, Jonathan trinke en bir i Vien, ent ete kuket. Han ere glad. Han sage: "Hur glad ere eg! Eg gile de stad Vien. Hur gile eg reesar!"

title: Hej, Jonathan!


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...b5

There isn't much to say about this as it is very dubious. The only upside of sacrificing the B pawn is potentially fianchettoing the bishop.

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...b5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. g3

This is similar to the King's Indian Attack, but worse. Black can gambit the F pawn and destroy white's pawn structure and make fianchettoing the bishop a bad idea. However, if black plays normal Dutch theory, this is fine.


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/USA

The prompt used is

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text:
Cookbook:Cream Cheese-Stuffed Bell Peppers

Ingredients

 * 4 bell peppers (assorted colors), stemmed and seeded
 * Salt, to taste
 * Pepper, to taste
 * 1 cup cream cheese
 * 2 strips bacon, crisp cooked and crumbled
 * ¼ cup unsalted butter, cut into small cubes
 * Hot sauce, to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Combine cheese, bacon, butter, salt, pepper, and hot sauce. Place into a piping bag without a tip and pipe into each pepper.
 * 2) Place on an ungreased half-sheet pan.
 * 3) Bake in a 375°F oven about 35 minutes, or until browned and bubbly on top.
 * 4) Serve immediately.


text:
Wikijunior:Raspberry Pi/Raspberry Pi Simon Says Game

Simon Says (or just simply Simon) is an electronic board game where the object is to memorise the sequence of red, yellow, blue and green colours and then press the corresponding buttons in order.

Breadboard
The mini breadboard has a top and bottom section. All the points along each column in each section are joined, so we can make electrical connections.

You will need ×1 breadboard.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
The LED (Light-Emitting Diode) has a short leg and a long leg. If you feel around the rim, you'll also find a flat edge. The short leg and flat edge always connect to the negative (ground).

You will need ×4 LEDs: ×1 red, ×1 blue, ×1 green and ×1 yellow.

Resistor
The resistor can be connected any way around. We're using a 270 Ohm resistor but anything between 220–470 Ohms will work fine.

You will need ×4 resistors.

Momentary switch
The switch can be connected any way around. When pressed, it allows electricity to flow; when released, the electricity stops. This kind of push-button is known as a "momentary press-to-make switch".

You will need ×4 momentary switches.

Jumper wires
Jumper wires (also called DuPont wires) connect electronic components to the GPIO pins. You should also have two short and one long jumper wire (all "female to female" – holes at both ends).

You will need ×16 jumper wires.

Putting the breadboard together:

The Raspberry Pi has two ways of labelling the General Purpose Input-Output (GPIO) pins:

 * Board numbering – just starts from the bottom-left at 1, and works its way up and right, through to 40.
 * BCM numbering (Broadcom numbering) – is the way the Raspberry Pi's processor sees the pin connections.

Step 1: Connect the LEDs to the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. You can use any combination of GPIO pins, but it is important to note that the LEDs must be connected to pins that support PWM (pulse-width modulation).

Step 2: Connect the buttons to the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. You can use any combination of GPIO pins, but it is important to note that the buttons must be connected to pins that support input.

Write a Python program:
Step 3: Write a Python program to control the LEDs and buttons. The program should generate a random sequence of LEDs to light up, and then wait for the user to press the corresponding buttons in the correct sequence. If the user presses the buttons correctly, the program should advance to the next level. If the user presses the wrong button, the program should end the game.

Once you have written the Python program, you can save it as a file with a `.py` extension, such as `simon_says.py`. Then, you can run the program by typing the following command into a terminal window:

The game will start and the LEDs will light up in a random sequence. Press the corresponding buttons in the correct sequence to advance to the next level. If you press the wrong button, the game will end.

You can make the game more challenging by increasing the length of the sequences and by adding different types of actions, such as clapping your hands or stomping your feet. You can also add sound effects to the game using a buzzer or speaker.


text:
User talk:Wave propagation 1

Welcome!
Welcome, Wave propagation 1!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 22:47, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wave propagation 1


text: Category:Book:Cybersecurity

title: Category:Book:Cybersecurity


text:
Cybersecurity/Introduction

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting digital systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. In an increasingly digitized world, cybersecurity is essential for safeguarding sensitive information and ensuring the smooth functioning of interconnected systems.

title: Cybersecurity/Introduction


text:
Cybersecurity/Section 1.2: Importance of Cybersecurity

Cyber threats, including hacking, malware, and cyber espionage, can have severe consequences, from financial losses to national security risks. Understanding and implementing effective cybersecurity measures are crucial.


text:
Cybersecurity/Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Cybersecurity

Fundamentals of Cybersecurity serves as the cornerstone for understanding the principles and concepts that underpin the field of cybersecurity. In this chapter, we explore the fundamental elements that define and guide cybersecurity practices.

The Three Pillars of Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is often described as having three essential pillars:

1. Confidentiality: This pillar ensures that sensitive information remains accessible only to authorized individuals or systems. To achieve confidentiality, encryption, access controls, and data classification play crucial roles.

2. Integrity: Maintaining the integrity of data is vital to prevent unauthorized tampering or modification. Techniques such as hashing and digital signatures help verify data integrity.

3. Availability: Availability ensures that information and systems are accessible when needed, without disruptions. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks are a common threat to availability, and countermeasures involve redundancy and load balancing.

The CIA Triad
A central concept in cybersecurity is the CIA Triad, which stands for:

1. Confidentiality: Protecting data from unauthorized access.

2. Integrity: Ensuring data accuracy and preventing unauthorized changes.

3. Availability: Ensuring that data and systems are available when required.

These principles guide the development of security strategies and technologies.

Attack Surfaces
An important aspect of cybersecurity is understanding attack surfaces. These are the points of vulnerability where an attacker may exploit weaknesses. Attack surfaces can include software vulnerabilities, open ports, and even human error. Identifying and minimizing attack surfaces are crucial steps in cybersecurity risk management.

Threat Actors
Threat actors are individuals or entities that pose a risk to cybersecurity. They can be categorized as:

1. Hackers: Individuals with malicious intent, such as black-hat hackers who exploit vulnerabilities.

2. Script Kiddies: Amateur hackers who use pre-made scripts and tools to launch attacks.

3. Insiders: Employees or individuals with access to systems who misuse their privileges.

4. Nation-States: Governments engaged in cyber espionage or cyber warfare.

Understanding threat actors helps in developing strategies to defend against potential attacks.

Common Attack Vectors
Cyberattacks can take various forms. Common attack vectors include:

1. Phishing: Deceptive emails or messages designed to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information.

2. Malware: Malicious software, such as viruses and ransomware, that can infect systems.

3. Social Engineering: Manipulating individuals to disclose confidential information.

4. Zero-Day Exploits: Attacks targeting newly discovered vulnerabilities.

5. Denial of Service (DoS): Overwhelming systems with traffic to disrupt their availability.

Understanding these attack vectors is essential for developing robust defenses.

Defense-in-Depth
A fundamental principle of cybersecurity is defense-in-depth. It involves implementing multiple layers of security to protect against a range of threats. These layers can include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, antivirus software, and user training. A multi-layered approach minimizes the chances of a single point of failure compromising security.

Moving forward
In this chapter, we have laid the foundation for understanding cybersecurity by exploring its core principles and concepts. The CIA Triad, attack surfaces, threat actors, common attack vectors, and the concept of defense-in-depth are essential elements for any cybersecurity practitioner or enthusiast.

As we continue our journey through this Wikibook, we will delve deeper into these fundamentals and explore advanced topics, techniques, and strategies to build a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic field of cybersecurity.

For more in-depth information, continue reading in "Chapter 2: Cybersecurity Threats and Vulnerabilities."


text:
Cybersecurity/Section 1.1: What is Cybersecurity

In this section, we will explore the fundamental concepts of cybersecurity, understanding its importance in the digital age.

Defining Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity, often referred to as information security, is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and digital information from unauthorized access, attacks, damage, or theft. It encompasses a wide range of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard sensitive data and maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of digital assets.

The Evolving Threat Landscape
Cybersecurity is a dynamic field due to the constantly evolving threat landscape. Threat actors, such as hackers, cybercriminals, and state-sponsored groups, employ increasingly sophisticated tactics to breach security measures. Understanding these threats is crucial to effective cybersecurity.


text:
User:2NumForIce/huggle.yaml.js

--- enable: true version: "3.4.12 build: 4110 3.4.12" report-summary: "Reporting $1" confirm-multiple: false confirm-talk: true confirm-self-revert: true confirm-whitelist: true revert-on-multiple-edits: true automatically-resolve-conflicts: true software-rollback: false enforce-months-as-headers: true history-load: true on-next: 1 delete-edits-after-revert: true skip-to-last-edit: false preferred-provider: 2 remove-oldest-queue-edits: false truncate-edits: false talkpage-freshness: 20 remove-after-trusted-edit: true retrieve-founder: false display-title: false check-tp: true manual-warning: false summary-mode: false automatic-reports: false han-html: false han-display-user-talk: true han-display-bots: false han-display-user: true watchlist: "watch" automatically-group: false queue-id: "default" page-empty-queue: "" enable-max-score: false max-score: 0 enable-min-score: false min-score: 0 automatic-refresh: true automatically-watchlist-warned-users: false shortcut-hash: "" show-warning-if-not-on-last-revision: true number-dropdown-menu-items: true insert-edits-of-rolled-user-to-queue: true confirm-on-recent-warning: true recent-warning-time-span: 120 confirm-warning-on-very-old-edits: true skip-warning-on-confirm: true shortcut-list: 'main-revert-and-warn-0': 'Ctrl+Shift+A' 'main-revert-and-warn-1': 'Ctrl+Shift+I' 'main-revert-and-warn-10': 'Ctrl+Shift+R' 'main-revert-and-warn-11': 'Ctrl+Shift+P' 'main-revert-and-warn-12': 'Ctrl+Shift+S' 'main-revert-and-warn-13': 'Ctrl+Shift+L' 'main-revert-and-warn-14': 'Ctrl+Alt+F' 'main-revert-and-warn-15': 'Ctrl+Alt+T' 'main-revert-and-warn-16': 'Ctrl+Shift+T' 'main-revert-and-warn-18': 'Ctrl+Shift+B' 'main-revert-and-warn-19': 'Ctrl+Shift+U' 'main-revert-and-warn-2': 'Ctrl+Shift+E' 'main-revert-and-warn-20': 'Ctrl+Shift+O' 'main-revert-and-warn-3': 'Ctrl+Shift+J' 'main-revert-and-warn-4': 'Ctrl+Shift+M' 'main-revert-and-warn-5': 'Ctrl+Shift+N' 'main-revert-and-warn-6': 'Ctrl+Shift+F' 'main-revert-and-warn-7': 'Ctrl+Shift+G' 'main-revert-and-warn-8': 'Ctrl+Shift+D' 'main-revert-and-warn-9': 'Ctrl+Shift+K'
 * 1) // This is a configuration of huggle, do not change it unless you know what you are doing.
 * 1) // Last version of huggle that wrote into this configuration file (sanity check)
 * 1) // This option will change the behaviour of automatic resolution, be careful
 * 1) // Get original creator of every page so that you can G7 instead of reverting the page
 * 1) // Periodically check if you received new messages and display a notification box if you get them
 * 1) // HAN
 * 1) // Whether edits made by same user should be grouped up together in page
 * 1) // Location of page (wiki page name, for example WP:Huggle) that should be displayed when you hit next and queue is empty. Leave empty for default page.
 * 1) // If true you will not warn users who received a warning recently
 * 1) // If warning was sent less than N seconds ago it's considered too recent
 * 1) // If true, the options above will not generate confirmation, but instead will be silently accepted (warning will not be sent)

queues:

title: User:2NumForIce/huggle.yaml.js


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Bxf7

While this is not a bad variation, it is certainly not the best. After black plays 4...Kxf7, you will fork the king and knight. However, you lose the bishop pair.


text: Category:Book:How to Survive in Minecraft


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bf4/Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4/2...d5

= London System Main Position by transposition with ...d5 =

The Main Position of the London System, 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bf4 d5, can be reached via the Queen's Pawn Opening after 1. d4 d5 2 Bc4 Nf6.


text:
User:Babatunde2

i am babatunde lukman from osun state i love editing wikipedia the largest encyclopedia

title: User:Babatunde2


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/Spain

The prompt used is

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text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4/2...e6/3. e3/3...d5

= London System Main Line with 3. ...e6 =

In the London System, White aims for a solid, flexible pawn structure and develops their dark-squared bishop early to f4.

When Black responds with 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bf4 d5 3. e3 e6, they aim for:

 * A solid pawn chain in the center while also developing their pieces.
 * A straightforward setup that avoids complex theory, making it suitable for amateur players and those familiar with Queen's Gambit Declined structures.
 * Achieving a comfortable position and, rather than going for an immediate pawn break, they plan for one in the midgame, allowing for a more positional and strategic battle.

This setup can result in a closed game, and Black might look to expand on the queenside or prepare a central break with ...e5 or ...c5 later in the game. Overall, the setup is about achieving a solid position without entering into deep theoretical battles and also keeping options open for different plans based on how White proceeds.

Theory table
. '''1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3 e6'''


text:
User:Blueketcup/sandbox

Braxton Hines' Story

Once upon a time, there was a young boy named Braxton Hines. Braxton was a curious and adventurous child who loved exploring the world around him. He lived in a small town in the heart of the countryside, surrounded by rolling hills and lush green forests. Braxton spent his days playing outside with his friends, climbing trees, and fishing in the nearby streams. He was always eager to learn new things and to discover the wonders of the natural world. As he grew older, Braxton became more and more interested in science and technology. He spent countless hours tinkering with gadgets and experimenting with different materials. He dreamed of one day becoming an inventor and making a real difference in the world. Despite his passion for science, Braxton never lost his love for nature. He continued to explore the countryside, studying the plants and animals that lived there. He even built a small laboratory in his backyard where he could conduct experiments and observe the world around him. As Braxton entered his teenage years, he faced many challenges and obstacles. He struggled in school, and often felt like he didn't fit in with his peers. But he never gave up on his dreams. With the help of his family and friends, Braxton was able to overcome his struggles and continue pursuing his passions. He worked hard in school, and eventually earned a scholarship to a prestigious university where he could study science and engineering. After years of hard work and dedication, Braxton finally achieved his dream of becoming an inventor. He invented a device that could purify water using only sunlight, and his invention was quickly adopted by communities all over the world. Braxton's invention helped to provide clean water to millions of people, and he became a hero in the eyes of many. But despite all of his success, Braxton remained humble and grateful for the opportunities he had been given. In the end, Braxton's story serves as a reminder that with hard work and determination, anyone can achieve their dreams. Whether you want to explore the world around you, or change the world with your inventions, the only limit is your own imagination.

title: User:Blueketcup/sandbox


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Biryani

| Rice| Meat recipes | Cuisine of India| Cuisine of Sylhet

Ingredients

 * 2 cups Basmati rice
 * 1 onion, thinly sliced
 * 1 tablespoon ghee
 * ¼ teaspoon whole cumin seeds
 * ½ tablespoon ginger-garlic paste
 * 4 green cardamom pods
 * 1-inch cinnamon stick, broken into pieces
 * 2 bay leaves
 * 5 cloves
 * 6 black peppercorns
 * Salt to taste
 * 4–5 green chiles
 * 1 teaspoon Kewra water (pandan flower extract)
 * 1 teaspoon rose water
 * Your choice of meat (e.g. chicken, lamb, or beef)

Procedure

 * 1) Rinse the Basmati rice thoroughly and soak it in water for about 30 minutes. Drain the rice and set it aside.
 * 2) In a large, heavy-bottomed pan or pot, heat the ghee over medium heat.
 * 3) Add the whole cumin seeds, ginger-garlic paste, sliced onion, green cardamom, cinnamon pieces, bay leaves, cloves, and black peppercorns. Sauté until the onions turn golden brown and aromatic.
 * 4) Add your meat to the pan and cook until it's no longer pink.
 * 5) Add the drained rice to the pan and stir well, ensuring it's coated with the flavorful mixture.
 * 6) Pour in enough water to cover the rice (typically about 4 cups of water for 2 cups of rice). Season with salt according to your taste.
 * 7) Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat to low, cover the pot, and let it simmer for about 15–20 minutes or until the rice is cooked and the water is absorbed.
 * 8) While the rice is cooking, make shallow cuts (slits) on the green chilies to release their flavor.
 * 9) Once the rice is done, remove it from heat and let it sit, covered, for a few more minutes to allow the flavors to meld.
 * 10) Serve the aromatic Sylheti biryani hot, garnished with the slitted green chilies, a dash of Kewra water, and a sprinkle of rose water for a delightful touch.

title: Cookbook:Sylheti Biryani


text:
User talk:Innocentjohn1977

Warning
—Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 11:53, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Innocentjohn1977


text:
AI Art Generation Handbook/VCAT/Artist Style/Japan

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text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4/2...d5/3. e3

= London System Main Line with ...d5 =

The London System is a solid and flexible opening system for white that can be played against various setups by black. After the moves:

 * 1) 1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3 or
 * 2) 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bf4 d5 3. e3

The main ideas for both sides in the London System's main line are:

For White:

 * 1) Development and Structure: Nf3, Be2, c3, and often Nbd2 followed by a potential e4 break or the more restrained h3 and O-O. The pawn on d4 and the pawn on e3 provide a solid central structure.
 * 2) Queenside Expansion: With moves like a4-a5 or a queenside pawn storm with b4, aiming for a potential minority attack.
 * 3) King Safety: Usually achieved with O-O. The rook on f1 might later swing over to the c-file or e-file.
 * 4) Central Break: Depending on Black's setup, White can aim for e4 at some point.

For Black:

For a general introduction to the London System, take a closer look at 1. d4 d5 2. Bf4
 * 1) Challenge the Bishop: ...c5 or ...Nh5 can be played to challenge White's strong Bf4.
 * 2) Development: e6 followed by Be7, O-O, and Nbd7 or Nc6. Depending on the situation, the light-squared bishop can be developed to d7, f5, or g4.
 * 3) Central Control: Black usually maintains a pawn on d5 and can consider playing ...e5 under the right conditions.
 * 4) Queenside Counterplay: Black can look for counterplay with moves like ...a6 and ...b5, depending on White's play.

Theory table
. '''1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3''' .


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4/2...d5/3. e3/3...e6/4. Nf3

= London System Main Line with ...d5 =

The London System is a solid and flexible opening system for white that can be played against various setups by black. After the moves:

 * 1) 1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3 or
 * 2) 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bf4 d5 3. e3

The main ideas for both sides in the London System's main line are:

For White:

 * 1) Development and Structure: Nf3, Be2, c3, and often Nbd2 followed by a potential e4 break or the more restrained h3 and O-O. The pawn on d4 and the pawn on e3 provide a solid central structure.
 * 2) Queenside Expansion: With moves like a4-a5 or a queenside pawn storm with b4, aiming for a potential minority attack.
 * 3) King Safety: Usually achieved with O-O. The rook on f1 might later swing over to the c-file or e-file.
 * 4) Central Break: Depending on Black's setup, White can aim for e4 at some point.

For Black:

 * 1) Challenge the Bishop: ...c5 or ...Nh5 can be played to challenge White's strong Bf4.
 * 2) Development: e6 followed by Be7, O-O, and Nbd7 or Nc6. Depending on the situation, the light-squared bishop can be developed to d7, f5, or g4.
 * 3) Central Control: Black usually maintains a pawn on d5 and can consider playing ...e5 under the right conditions.
 * 4) Queenside Counterplay: Black can look for counterplay with moves like ...a6 and ...b5, depending on White's play.

Theory table
. '''1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3'''


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Beef Curry

| Beef recipes | Cuisine of India | Cuisine of Sylhet

Ingredients

 * ½ hatxora (Citrus macroptera|citrus macroptera)
 * 500 grams beef, cut into cubes
 * 2 onions, finely chopped
 * 3 tablespoons vegetable oil
 * 2 tablespoons ginger-garlic paste
 * 1 teaspoon cumin powder
 * 1 teaspoon coriander powder
 * ½ teaspoon turmeric powder
 * ½ teaspoon chile powder (adjust to taste)
 * 2 tomatoes, chopped
 * 2 green Indian chiles, slit
 * 2 bay leaves
 * 4–5 cloves
 * 4–5 green cardamom pods
 * 1 cinnamon stick
 * Salt to taste
 * Fresh coriander leaves for garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Heat the vegetable oil in a large, heavy-bottomed pan over medium heat.
 * 2) Add the cloves, green cardamom pods, cinnamon stick, and bay leaves. Sauté for a minute until fragrant.
 * 3) Add the chopped onions and sauté until they turn golden brown.
 * 4) Add the ginger-garlic paste and sauté for another 2 minutes until the raw smell disappears.
 * 5) Add the beef cubes and cook until they are browned on all sides.
 * 6) Stir in the cumin powder, coriander powder, turmeric powder, and chili powder. Cook for a couple of minutes to toast the spices.
 * 7) Add the hatxora, chopped tomatoes and green chilies. Cook until the tomatoes are soft and the oil starts to separate from the mixture.
 * 8) Pour in enough water to cover the beef, season with salt, and bring to a boil.
 * 9) Reduce the heat to low, cover the pan, and let the curry simmer for about 1.5–2 hours or until the beef is tender and the flavors meld.
 * 10) Garnish with fresh coriander leaves and serve hot with steamed rice or naan.

title: Cookbook:Sylheti Beef Curry


text: Category:Sylheti recipes

title: Category:Sylheti recipes


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Handesh

| Dessert recipes | Cuisine of India | Cuisine of Sylhet

Sylheti handesh, also known as Guror handesh in the Sylhet region, is a delightful sweet and puffy deep-fried pitha that can also be enjoyed as a snack. This traditional delicacy is deeply rooted in Sylheti culture and is especially popular during the celebration of Eid, naming ceremonies, and wedding festivities. Handesh is made from a combination of molasses or sugar and rice flour, creating a unique and delectable treat. In the past, it was crafted from rice threshed using traditional, unmotorized Dheki equipment, adding to its historical significance.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup organic date syrup (traditional), molasses, or sugar
 * 2 cups rice flour
 * Cooking oil for deep frying

Procedure

 * 1) In a mixing bowl, combine the molasses and rice flour. Knead the mixture well until it forms a smooth, pliable dough. If the mixture is too dry, you can add a little water to achieve the desired consistency.
 * 2) Heat cooking oil in a deep pan over medium-high heat.
 * 3) Take small portions of the dough and shape them into round or oval discs, about the size of your palm.
 * 4) Carefully slide the shaped dough into the hot oil and fry until it puffs up and turns golden brown. Be cautious when frying, as the oil will be very hot.
 * 5) Remove the fried handesh from the oil and place them on paper towels to drain excess oil.
 * 6) Allow the handesh to cool slightly before serving. They can be enjoyed warm or at room temperature.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Handesh makes for a delicious breakfast or a delightful snack with a cup of tea.

title: Cookbook:Sylheti Handesh


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Fried Rice

| Rice recipes | Sylheti recipes

Sylheti fried rice, known as biran bat in the Sylhet region, is a delightful and aromatic vegetarian rice dish. This recipe showcases the flavors of Sylhet with a focus on onions and salt. Traditionally, this dish is made using leftover rice from dinner, cooked in the morning. This basic fried rice recipe is not only cherished for its taste but also serves as a testament to the importance of food preservation techniques, making it accessible to a wide group of vegetarians, including those who abstain from eggs.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups leftover cooked rice (cooked and cooled at least 12 hours in advance)
 * 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
 * 1 onion, finely chopped (optional)
 * Salt to taste
 * Fresh cilantro leaves and spearmint for garnish

Procedure

 * 1) Heat vegetable oil in a large pan or wok over medium heat.
 * 2) Add the finely chopped onion and sauté until it turns translucent.
 * 3) Add the leftover cooked rice to the pan and stir well.
 * 4) Season with salt according to your taste. Be cautious as the rice might already have some salt from the previous meal.
 * 5) Cook for a few minutes, stirring occasionally, until the rice is heated through and starts to turn slightly crispy.
 * 6) Once done, remove from heat.
 * 7) Garnish with fresh cilantro leaves if desired.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Ensure the rice is adequately cooled and stored at the right temperature if prepared for commercial use.
 * For those who do not consume onions, this dish can be prepared without onions.

title: Cookbook:Sylheti Fried Rice


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Onion and Rice Fritters

Sylheti salty rice cake, locally known as nunor bora among other names, is a cherished savoury rice flour fritter originating from Sylhet. This delectable treat, often paired with tea, boasts a golden hue thanks to the infusion of turmeric, and it holds a special place in Sylhet's culinary heritage. It garners particular popularity during festive occasions, such as Eid, in the Sylhet region, providing a delightful taste of the local culinary heritage.

Ingredients

 * 2 medium-sized onions, chopped
 * 1 thumb-sized piece of ginger
 * 570 ml boiling water
 * Salt to taste
 * Turmeric powder
 * Panch puran (optional)
 * 300 grams rice flour
 * 120 grams ground rice
 * Chopped coriander (optional)
 * Water

Preparation

 * 1) Blend the onions, ginger, and garlic, then add them to a saucepan with the boiling water.
 * 2) Season the mixture with salt and turmeric powder. Optionally incorporate panch puran.
 * 3) Stir plain flour, rice flour, and/or ground rice into the saucepan, forming a spongy, soft paste.
 * 4) Once the paste is fully cooked, remove it from the saucepan and let it cool.
 * 5) Knead the paste on a floured surface until it comes together into a dough.
 * 6) Flatten or roll out the dough, then cut out pieces.
 * 7) Deep fry the dough pieces in hot oil, then drain and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The dough pieces can be frozen and stored before frying.


text:
Classical Chinese/Pronoun

Ways to address "you" in 文言文 Classical Chinese.

子 (zǐ): This is a respectful way to address someone who is equal or superior to the speaker, such as a friend, a teacher, or a ruler. For example, “子曰：學而時習之，不亦說乎？” (zǐ yuē: xué ér shí xí zhī, bù yì yuè hū?) This means "The Master said: Is it not a joy to learn and practice what one has learned in due time?"

君 (jūn): This is a way to address someone who is the lord, the king, or the sovereign of the speaker, such as a ruler or a feudal lord. For example, “君子不器. ” (jūnzǐ bù qì.) This means "The gentleman is not a vessel."

汝 (rǔ): This is a way to address someone who is equal or inferior to the speaker, such as a friend, a servant, or a child. For example, “汝何故遲也？” (rǔ hé gù chí yě?) This means "Why are you late?"

公 (gōng): This is a way to address someone who is a noble, a prince, or a high-ranking official, such as a duke or a minister. For example, “公之於國也. ” (gōng zhī yú guó yě.) This means "Your contribution to the state."

卿 (qīng): This is a way to address someone who is a close friend, a lover, or a subordinate, such as a general or a minister. For example, “卿可謂善吏乎？” (qīng kě wèi shàn lì hū?) This means "Can you be called a good official?"

爾 (ěr): This is a way to address someone who is equal or inferior to the speaker, such as a friend, a servant, or a child. For example, “爾其學之. ” (ěr qí xué zhī.) This means "You should learn it."

汝曹 (rǔ cáo): This is a way to address a group of people who are equal or inferior to the speaker, such as friends, servants, or soldiers. For example, “汝曹聽我令. ” (rǔ cáo tīng wǒ lìng.) This means “You all listen to my command.”

title: Classical Chinese/Pronoun


text:
Cookbook:Sylheti Rice Pudding

| Dessert recipes | Cuisine of Sylhet

Sylheti rice pudding also known as kir shinni in the Sylhet region, is a delectable rice-based dessert that holds a special place in Sylheti cuisine. The local term "shinni" signifies a treat to the neighbourhood or distribution of food for salvation. This traditional sweet treat is not only enjoyed as a dessert but also serves as a symbol of communal sharing and togetherness during various celebrations in Sylhet. This dessert is made from a combination of coconut cubes, rice, sugar, and aromatic cardamom powder, utilising organic resources. Its preparation method harks back to a bygone era when rice was threshed using traditional, unmotorized equipment and natural gifts such as coconuts. Today, it continues to be a cherished dessert, preserving flavours and traditions.

Ingredients

 * 1 cup rice
 * 1 cup milk (optional)
 * 1 cup sugar
 * 1 teaspoon cardamom powder
 * ½ cup coconut cubes
 * ¼ cup raisins
 * Ghee for greasing

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the rice and soak it in water for 30 minutes. Drain and set aside.
 * 2) In a large, heavy-bottomed pot, bring the milk (if using) to a boil.
 * 3) Add the soaked rice and simmer over low heat, stirring constantly, until the rice is cooked and the mixture thickens. This may take about 1 hour.
 * 4) Add sugar and cardamom powder, and continue to cook for another 10–15 minutes until the sugar is fully dissolved and the pudding thickens further.
 * 5) Stir in the grated coconut and raisins.
 * 6) Remove from heat.
 * 7) Grease a serving dish with ghee and transfer the rice pudding to the dish.
 * 8) Allow it to cool and set.
 * 9) Serve chilled and enjoy.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Traditionally this dish used to be served in banana leaves.

title: Cookbook:Sylheti Rice Pudding