text:
User:Lee yun betty/sandbox/threats

Invasive Species
According to the national wild life federation, "An invasive species can be any kind of living organism—an amphibian (like the cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. They can harm the environment, the economy, or even human health. Species that grow and reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with potential to cause harm, are given the label “invasive.”"(National Wildlife Federation)

One of the biggest invasive species in the Arizona Uplands region is:

Buffelgrass
Bufflegrass is the enemy of the Sonoran Desert. This invasive grass cause significant damage to the native ecosystem. Buffelgrass is native to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This grass was brought to the U.S int the 1930s for cattle forage and erosion control but ended up being a big mistake. Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare), is a fire adapted, perennial bunch grass introduced from the African savannah. Buffelgrass grows in dense stands, producing large quantities of seed that readily germinate and is able to invade both disturbed and undisturbed desert sites. It is spreading rapidly across Arizona's deserts, threatening the ecological integrity of the Sonoran desert ecosystems and public as well as private lands.(U.S. Department of the Interior) The African buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) has been identified as the most serious ecological threat to the paloverde-saguaro-ironwood desertscrub in the Arizona Upland (AZU) subdivision of the Sonoran Desert. This scenic vegetation is protected in Arizona in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Saguaro National Park, Ironwood Forest National Monument, Sonoran Desert National Monument, Tucson Mountain Park (Pima County), etc., where it is in excellent condition and relatively little impacted by grazing, wood cutting, and recreational activities. However, the introduction of buffelgrass either through pasture development as in Sonora or dispersal along roads and wind-blown seed as in Arizona is a very serious threat to natural communities because it also introduces fire as a new ecological process (Figure 1). Few if any Sonoran Desert or northern Neotropical plants have any adaptations to recurrent fires. In time, buffelgrass fires could convert the Arizona Upland into a savanna-like landscape as saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), foothill paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla), ironwood (Olneya tesota), organ pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi), etc. are killed. (Devender, Dimmitt) Buffelgrass is a threat to the arizona uplands region because it grows densely and crowds out native plants of similar size. It competes for water can weaken and kill larger desert plants. Dense roots and ground shading prevent germination of seeds. It appears that buffelgrass can kill most native plants by these means alone.

Another close simialar species to the Buffelgrass is the Fountaingrass.

Fountaingrass
Fountaingrass is a large grass that produces lots of seeds that can spread rapidly spreads from cultivation into nearby disturbed areas, and eventually into natural habitats. It often forms dense stands and aggressively competes with native species, especially perennial grasses and seasonal annuals, for space, water, and nutrients. It is a perennial bunch grass with attractive purple or green flowers. It is an ornamental plant that is still sold in nurseries. Although some nursery varieties are considered "sterile", no varieties are recommended for planting and landscaping. Choose other attractive native grass alternatives for your landscape, like sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), or rabbit-resistant deer grass (Muhlenbergia regens). Threats from fountaingrass fires are most serious in natural riparian habitats in scenic mountain canyons. In the Tucson area, it has invaded the rocky canyons in Finger Rock, Pima, Sabino, and other Canyons in the Santa Catalina Mountains and King Canyon in the Tucson Mountains. Fountaingrass is less of a threat in desert grassland or chaparral above 3500 feet where fire is a natural process. Fountain grass can form dense stands with several undesirable effects. It provides a large amount of fuel for hot fires that can destroy native plants and animals. It displaces native grasses, blocks the natural flow of water in washes, and alters the habitat for animals, particularly frogs and toads that are sensitive to such changes.

Fountain grass occurs mainly in the washes in the Park, but has also been found on steep slopes. It grows rapidly on hillsides, along roadsides, and in washes all around Tucson.

Population Increase

Human impact is one of the biggest threats of the environment in general. Because of that population increase is directly related to being a threat to the environment. An increase in population means an increase in resource depletion, an increase in deforestation, mining, and a decrease in biodiversity.

References 1) “Invasive Species.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species. 2) Devender, Thomas R, and Mark A Dimmitt. “Final Report on ‘Conservation of Arizona Upland Sonoran Desert Habitat. Status and Threats of Buffelgrass (Pennisetum Ciliare) in Arizona and Sonora. Project #2004-0013-003)’.” Desert Museum, 25 May 2006, www.desertmuseum.org/programs/buffel_survey_report.pdf. 3)“War on Buffelgrass.” U.S. Department of the Interior, 23 Apr. 2016, www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/111/WarOnBuffelgrass_041010. 4)"Invasive Species in the Sonoran Desert Region" mpasz.org [] 5)“Fountain Grass.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/fountain-grass.htm.

title: User:Lee yun betty/sandbox/threats


text:
User:Lee yun betty/sandbox/Threats and Opportunities

Threats and Opportunities

Invasive Species
According to the national wild life federation, "An invasive species can be any kind of living organism—an amphibian (like the cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. They can harm the environment, the economy, or even human health. Species that grow and reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with potential to cause harm, are given the label “invasive.”"(National Wildlife Federation)

One of the biggest invasive species in the Arizona Uplands region is:

Buffelgrass
Bufflegrass is the enemy of the Sonoran Desert. This invasive grass cause significant damage to the native ecosystem. Buffelgrass is native to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This grass was brought to the U.S int the 1930s for cattle forage and erosion control but ended up being a big mistake. Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare), is a fire adapted, perennial bunch grass introduced from the African savannah. Buffelgrass grows in dense stands, producing large quantities of seed that readily germinate and is able to invade both disturbed and undisturbed desert sites. It is spreading rapidly across Arizona's deserts, threatening the ecological integrity of the Sonoran desert ecosystems and public as well as private lands.(U.S. Department of the Interior) The African buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) has been identified as the most serious ecological threat to the paloverde-saguaro-ironwood desertscrub in the Arizona Upland (AZU) subdivision of the Sonoran Desert. This scenic vegetation is protected in Arizona in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Saguaro National Park, Ironwood Forest National Monument, Sonoran Desert National Monument, Tucson Mountain Park (Pima County), etc., where it is in excellent condition and relatively little impacted by grazing, wood cutting, and recreational activities. However, the introduction of buffelgrass either through pasture development as in Sonora or dispersal along roads and wind-blown seed as in Arizona is a very serious threat to natural communities because it also introduces fire as a new ecological process (Figure 1). Few if any Sonoran Desert or northern Neotropical plants have any adaptations to recurrent fires. In time, buffelgrass fires could convert the Arizona Upland into a savanna-like landscape as saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), foothill paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla), ironwood (Olneya tesota), organ pipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi), etc. are killed. (Devender, Dimmitt) Buffelgrass is a threat to the arizona uplands region because it grows densely and crowds out native plants of similar size. It competes for water can weaken and kill larger desert plants. Dense roots and ground shading prevent germination of seeds. It appears that buffelgrass can kill most native plants by these means alone. Another close simialar species to the Buffelgrass is the Fountaingrass.

Fountaingrass
Fountaingrass is a large grass that produces lots of seeds that can spread rapidly spreads from cultivation into nearby disturbed areas, and eventually into natural habitats. It often forms dense stands and aggressively competes with native species, especially perennial grasses and seasonal annuals, for space, water, and nutrients. It is a perennial bunch grass with attractive purple or green flowers. It is an ornamental plant that is still sold in nurseries. Although some nursery varieties are considered "sterile", no varieties are recommended for planting and landscaping. Choose other attractive native grass alternatives for your landscape, like sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), or rabbit-resistant deer grass (Muhlenbergia regens). Threats from fountaingrass fires are most serious in natural riparian habitats in scenic mountain canyons. In the Tucson area, it has invaded the rocky canyons in Finger Rock, Pima, Sabino, and other Canyons in the Santa Catalina Mountains and King Canyon in the Tucson Mountains. Fountaingrass is less of a threat in desert grassland or chaparral above 3500 feet where fire is a natural process. Fountain grass can form dense stands with several undesirable effects. It provides a large amount of fuel for hot fires that can destroy native plants and animals. It displaces native grasses, blocks the natural flow of water in washes, and alters the habitat for animals, particularly frogs and toads that are sensitive to such changes. Fountain grass occurs mainly in the washes in the Park, but has also been found on steep slopes. It grows rapidly on hillsides, along roadsides, and in washes all around Tucson.

Human Impact
The population in the Arizona Uplands and Sonoran Plains continues to grow tremendously, having a severe impact on the natural land and species of these areas. Arizona Uplands and Lower Colorado portions of the Sonoran Desert had a population change of 106% from 1970 to 1990 (Nabhan, 1998). The population of the Plains of Sonora went from 253,628 to 508,914 having a 101% change in the span of 20 years (Nabhan, 1998). The population of the subregions has continued to increase. Human impact has altered natural resources and poses threats for most land, water, vegetation, and wildlife resources of this area.

Urbanization
Urbanization is one of the biggest direct threats humans pose throughout the Sonoran Desert. It has altered and destroyed many natural habitats to provide environments for human use. In the Arizona Uplands and Sonoran Plains, many of the nature reserves have been affected by urbanization and even to the extent of disappearing certain places due to the high demand for agriculture, transportation, neighborhoods, and mining. Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, has been disrupted by urbanization. This area was known as Papago Cactus National Monument suffered a tremendous decrease in the territory, native animals, and native plants (Nabhan, 1998). It is surrounded by golf courses, baseball fields, irrigation canals, highways, and tract housing. The park's native species are under serious threat. The majority of native carnivores that live in Papago Park have been killed by traffic. The native species suffer from predators: jackrabbit, cottontails, gophers, and ground squirrels. Harming the Palo Verde trees and Saguaro Cacti.

Population Increase
Human impact is one of the biggest threats of the environment in general. Because of that population increase is directly related to being a threat to the environment. An increase in population means an increase in resource depletion, an increase in deforestation, mining, and a decrease in biodiversity.

References 1) “Invasive Species.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species. 2) Devender, Thomas R, and Mark A Dimmitt. “Final Report on ‘Conservation of Arizona Upland Sonoran Desert Habitat. Status and Threats of Buffelgrass (Pennisetum Ciliare) in Arizona and Sonora. Project #2004-0013-003)’.” Desert Museum, 25 May 2006, www.desertmuseum.org/programs/buffel_survey_report.pdf. 3)“War on Buffelgrass.” U.S. Department of the Interior, 23 Apr. 2016, www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/111/WarOnBuffelgrass_041010. 4)"Invasive Species in the Sonoran Desert Region" mpasz.org [] 5)“Fountain Grass.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/fountain-grass.htm. 6)Nabhan, G. P., & Holdsworth, A. R. (1998, March). State of the Desert Biome Uniqueness, Biodiversity, Threats and the Adequacy of Protection in the Sonoran Bioreg ion. Retrieved April 25, 2020, from http://www.nativefishlab.net/library/textpdf/19471.pdf

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Professionalism/Software Vulnerability Disclosure

Introduction
Software is rarely flawless. A huge cybersecurity workforce shortage and inadequate security education for programmers creates a perfect environment for development of insecure systems. Business competition shifts the focus of companies away from quality to speed, letting software flaws slip through. The flaws can resurface later while the system is being actively utilized by many users.

Software vulnerability disclosure refers to the act of releasing the details of a security flaw in an application to a certain audience. In the industry, these flaws are frequently referred to as "zero-day vulnerabilities" (or "zero-day exploits" when weaponized). Depending on the communication method and the audience, this disclosure can lead to a completely different outcome. Value can be gained from the knowledge of these flaws, which turns them into "vulnerability equity."

Practical Considerations
The rediscovery rate of vulnerabilities is very high. Researchers estimate that 15% to 20% of all vulnerabilities are discovered independently at least twice within a year, more than previously thought. Certain methods of disclosure or lack of it can cause the vulnerability to remain unfixed, putting every single user of that system at a big risk.

In the recent past, many organizations believed that as long as no one saw what is inside the code, it was secure. This is known as "security through obscurity." If someone found a vulnerability, it was common to either ignore the researchers or threat them with legal action, leaving the vulnerability unpatched. In 2011, an Australian security expert Patrick Webster, who worked as a security analyst at a police department, found a serious security flaw in software owned by First State Super. While working with the system, he found a flaw allowing users to pull full names, addresses, age, insurance information, fund amounts, beneficiaries and employer information from all of the site's 770,000 users - including Police officers and politicians. Upon discovery, he immediately notified the company thinking that he was doing a good deed. Within days, his account was disabled, computers were confiscated, and he was claimed to be liable for any costs in fixing the flaw. Finding a flaw to some extent implies that you attacked the system. Without explicit written permission or "bug bounty" programs, these findings put researchers in a legal gray zone. Webster's mistake was that he actually downloaded the data to his computer while looking at the flaw, which was used against him by First State. This retaliation causes an adverse effect where researchers are afraid to report flaws they find. Fortunately, new laws are being passed protecting the rights of these whistleblowers.

Upon disclosure, there is often a lack of action from the vendor. James Glenn, a security researcher in Bulgaria found a flaw in a Cisco video surveillance system. After presenting the findings in a detailed report to his supervisor and to Cisco's incident response team, no action was taken. After following up and meeting with Cisco representatives, he was fired within 3 days. The problem was fixed only years later, after the US government filed a lawsuit against Cisco.

Disclosure Options
Upon intentional or unintentional discovery of a bug, a researcher has several options and paths of disclosure.
 * Do nothing. This leaves every user of the system at risk. If the researcher gets hacked, the attackers can steal the vulnerability as use it themselves. This has happened to governments, including the United States, who stockpile vulnerabilities rationalizing that they might have a need for them in the future.
 * Report the flaw to the vendor. This puts the researchers at the mercy of the company, which may then reward or sue them. The monetary rewards are generally smaller in comparison to other buyers. The companies are invested in keeping their data safe, and a breach can be very hurtful to their reputation, but they often underestimate the risks.
 * Releasing the vulnerability publicly. This has obvious negative implications that now anyone (even those with no security experience, known as "script kiddies") can take this exploit and use it, as there is no existing patch. It is even worse when some of these vulnerabilities take a really long time to fix.
 * Sell the vulnerability on a grey/black market. This puts the exploit in the hands of a nation state or a malicious actor who may want it to execute their agenda. The payouts are generally the highest, but the researcher loses control over how the vulnerability is used.

Each of these options has a different side effect. One can fight to fix the flaw quickly, get rich, or stay put and avoid any career risks. Each of these options has it's own negative consequences, so the benefits have to be weighted. Based on his or her own agenda and understanding of ethics, each researcher has to make this choice for themselves, and almost any of the choices above can be justified. These mindsets can be categorized into 3 general motives: altruism, profit, or politics.

Public Disclosure
Nowadays, a researcher may elect to publish a zero-day vulnerability online. Often, this is done for bragging rights rather than with malicious intent. This means of disclosure may also be chosen if the researcher has not received great enough concern or attention over the vulnerability. This was the case for the Michele Thompson, an Arizona mother who published a vulnerability in Apple's FaceTime app on twitter after days of attempting to contact the tech giant. Thompson's 14 year old son had discovered a method by which FaceTime could be used to receive audio from a remote source without alerting the contacted phone. When she realized her calls were falling on deaf ears, Thompson turned to Twitter to reveal the security issue, which quickly raised the issue's priority to Apple. Although it is less common than responsible disclosure, public disclosure represents a viable method for giving critical issues notoriety. This method does open the researcher up to potential legal action taken by a company claiming the researcher illegally hacked their products.

Responsible Disclosure
Currently, the most common method for disclosing zero day vulnerabilities is a sort of bargaining method, wherein the researcher enters a contract with the necessary party. This contract gives the company a set amount of time (usually 90 days due to the precedent set by Google's "Project Zero") to replicate and solve the vulnerability. After the time period has elapsed, the researcher can freely publish the vulnerability for bragging rights or any other purposes. Ideally, this allows a client time to fix an issue before the vulnerability is published and can be abused. In some cases however, responsible disclosure agreements may not allot enough time for a company to fix a more complex vulnerability, or a client may simply deem a vulnerability too low priority to work through. The responsible disclosure process can also be arduous for researchers, who may suffer through days or weeks of tedious communication to see results. Some companies offer standing bounties for researchers who find vulnerabilities in their systems. Microsoft is currently offering up to $300,000 for vulnerabilities in its Azure cloud services. This can however lead to companies sorting through many complex vulnerability reports, leading to some inevitably being dropped. Responsible disclosure practices have naturally led to the formation of larger companies which create their own vulnerability pricing models and timeframes, which allows clients to avoid the difficult process of negotiating bug pricing with researchers. These programs, like Zerodium and Project Zero, have given responsive disclosure more structure.

Irresponsible Disclosure
Irresponsible disclosure is any way of disclosing a vulnerability other than notifying the company or vendor that is responsible for the software. It can come in many different forms, and usually comes as a result of a researcher looking for personal gain, whether it be through payment or even bragging rights. This is where the ethical issues of software vulnerability disclosure lie, as researchers face making a decision to either act morally or instead do something unethical in pursuit of personal gain. One security researcher with the moniker "SandboxEscaper" posted a zero day vulnerability on twitter that exploited a flaw in Windows. She seemed to be frustrated with Microsoft's bug bounty program, which shows how important it is for companies to have usable bug reporting system in place. Companies have also been at fault for irresponsible disclosure. MedSec, a cybersecurity firm, found a vulnerability in medical equipment from St Jude. Rather than notify St. Jude, they partnered with an investment firm to short St. Jude stock before they disclosed this vulnerability, effectively profiting off of their discovery. Many in the security field opposed this move, as protocol would have called for MedSec to notify St. Jude first after their discovery.

Failure to Disclose
In some instances, researchers or organizations find a vulnerability, and then choose to not disclose it any capacity, and make use of the vulnerability themselves. A common case in which this occurs is when a government agency or company comes across a vulnerability, and sees an opportunity in which they can use the exploit to their own advantage, typically by gathering more intelligence about competitors/nation states. One notable instance of this case came from the NSA. The NSA became aware of a very severe exploit that affected many different versions of Windows. Rather than notify Microsoft, they used the exploit in a tool called EteranlBlue, which they used for nearly five years for classified purposes. In 2017, code from this tool was leaked and then used in a ransomware attack known as WannaCry, which was one of the largest cyber attacks ever. The NSA only alerted Microsoft of this exploit after the code became leaked, and faced heavy criticism from the technology community.

Vulnerability Markets
Many researchers choose to sell their vulnerability on third party markets, usually looking for a larger payout than those that choose to responsibly disclose vulnerabilities. Researchers divide these markets into three categories: white, grey, and black markets. White markets include things such as bug bounty programs or responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities to necessary parties. Researchers that choose to sell on these markets can expect a large payout, and should not expect the vulnerability to be addressed anytime soon.

Grey Markets
Grey markets are mainly a medium in which government agencies, defense contractors, and other brokers can purchase software vulnerabilities. Typically, some kind of entity acts as a intermediary so that both the buyer and seller can remain anonymous. Transactions that take place in this market are technically legal, and the buyers tend to pay less than those on the black market.

Black Markets
Black markets are more nefarious in nature, typically involving parties who want to use software vulnerabilities for some sort of illegal purpose. Criminal organizations are typically the buyers on this market, although some government agencies whose needs cannot be met on the grey market may use the black market. Transactions on this market are almost always illegal, and take place on the dark web: the part of the internet not indexed by typical browsers. As a result, it is easier to remain anonymous on these markets. Transactions on the black market also pay the highest on average.


text:
User:Mzpiggeeup1/sandbox

$ ls .repo/local_manifests local_manifest.xml another_local_manifest.xml

$ cat .repo/local_manifests/local_manifest.xml

title: User:Mzpiggeeup1/sandbox


text:
User:Mzpiggeeup1

mzpiggeeup1.technologygroup

title: User:Mzpiggeeup1


text:
English-Hanzi/With increasing age and increasing workload

With increasing age and increasing workload, enough sleep has become a big problem. Although the body is very flexible and can withstand a lot of stress, the one thing that cannot be overcome is sleep.

随着年龄的增长和工作量的增加，充足的睡眠已成为一个大问题. 尽管身体非常灵活并且可以承受很大的压力，但无法克服的一件事是睡眠.


text:
English-Hanzi/When the body lacks sleep, the body is full of stress hormone

When the body lacks sleep, the body is full of stress hormone, which causes fat to deposit in and around the belly.

当身体缺乏睡眠时，身体就会充满压力荷尔蒙，这会导致脂肪沉积在腹部及其周围.


text:
User:Tswelelo10

Hi I'm Tswelelo I will like u guys to help me post pictures on my line please I can't send pictures

title: User:Tswelelo10


text:
User talk:Tswelelo10

Pictures
Hi can I post pictures on my line I can't post pictures

Will like Evergreenfir to help you guys please help this person

Ok thanks

I will like even Luke3 to help you thanks

Thank you so much

You welcome

Hi Tswelelo did they help you

No they didn't

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Tswelelo10!

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You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

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--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 12:30, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tswelelo10


text:
Making a Programming Language From Scratch/Arrays

Array Declarations
Array declarations are generally done along with all other simple variables. The format for array declarations is essentially an extension of the format for declarations of simple variables.

Format
[format as for simple declarations][,][name of variable]['[' or ',' or ';' or '='][if '[' size of array (constant)][']'][value of array][next declaration]

Example: int a,b,arr[5],arr2[5]=(1,2,3,4,5);

(Note that as we have designated '{' as terminating character we replace the common '{' with '('. If you have not done so you can also use the brace.)

Algorithm
This algorithm is the continuation of the previous algorithm, with the following steps to be added to check for array variables and to deal with them properly. 1. Get name. 2. If next character be [ then until the character be ] input character and store it in the index variable. 3. If next character be, or ; then write to data? section : [Name] [index] dup ? 4. Else add one character and then get character until character be ). Then write to data section:  [name] [value]

The dup keyword will replicate ? or 0 value for all the members without needing to individually initialize each.

Special for strings
Strings are initialized differently form other array variables in that they can be declared simultaneously in one chunk separated by "and" Also strings always end with char 0 (or '\0'). The following algorithm is to be appended with the previous one.

Algorithm for strings only: 1. if character after char array declaration not be'=' continue with rest of parent algorithm. 2. add one to index.(skip ") 3. while character not " get character and store in array. 4. write to .DATA section: [name] byte "[value]",0

Note that some assemblers may impose a limit on the actual size of initialized string (in MASM 6.1 it is 255 bytes or 255 individual characters). Note that the size of the initialized string is only that of the value provided, i.e. in the following example

char str[50]="hello";

the size of the array str is only 5+1 or 6 characters.

Array Referencing
An array has to be referred to in order for it to be useful. An array is referenced in the following format.

[...expression][array name][index of variable][...expression]

However assembly language does not accept this format. Moreover it takes the index as the number of bytes after the starting address, rather than the number of variable after the starting address.

Format in assembly [...instruction][array name][number of bytes after starting][...instruction]

Further more the index cannot be a memory variable, but has to be a register or a constant.

The solution is the following set of instructions:

mov ebx,[index variable(can be a constant also)] [assignment instruction to register of type of array][array name] /[ebx * type array]/ [assignment instruction to arr[ANUM] (increment ANUM) from register used above] the '/' signify differential use of '['(here the brackets after / are to be copied into code)

Algorithm for referencing(upon detection of array variable or to be done as soon as instruction comes):

1. While character not '[' and not ';' and not '{' increment index. 2. If character be ';' or '{' end process. 3. While character not ']' get character and store in array. 4. Get name of array. 5. Use format as given above. 6. Replace reference by arr[ANUM-1] 7. Repeat step 1


text:
Making a Programming Language From Scratch/Simple Expressions

Expressions
An expression includes all forms of commands that require usage of the ALU excepting logic functions. They also include function calls but these will be covered later. In this chapter we deal with the conversion of simple expressions or expressions excluding parenthesis and function calls or any sort of referencing.

Basic Operations
We all know the four basic arithmetic operations that is +,-,*,/. Together they combine to form expressions such as : a*b+c

However assembly language does not recognize such expressions, but it only recognizes binary commands such as: add a,b mul b,c

Also it does not recognize precedence. It just executes commands as they are presented in a sequential order. Thus we have to order theses commands by ourselves.

Also the results are always stored in a certain location known as a register. More specifically it is stored in the Eax register.

Instructions
There are the following instructions for each operation on integers. For operations on char replace eax by al:

Assignment Mov [operand1],[operand2]

Add add [operand1],[operand2]

Subtract sub [operand1],[operand2]

Multiplication Mov Eax,[operand1] Imul [operand2]

Division Cdq (sign extension, mandatory but only once in the program) Idiv [operand1],[operand2]

Modulus Cdq Idiv [operand1],[operand2] Mov Eax,edx

Increment Inc [operand]

Following are the corresponding instructions for floats.

Assignment Fld [operand2] Fstp [operand1]

Addition Fld [operand1] Fadd [operand2]

Subtraction Fld [operand1] Fsub [operand2]

Multiplication Fld [operand1] Fmul [operand2]

Division Fld [operand1] Fdiv [operand2]

There is no modulus for float variables.

Algorithm For Conversion
Part1 Multiplication,division,modulus

1. While character not ; or *,/,%. increment index 1.1 If character be ; goto part2 1.2 get operand before operator and after 1.3 depending on operator use the appropriate instructions as given above. 1.4 remove the operands and operator from the line 1.5 if next operator be add or sub replace by var[NUM] where NUM is an int and incremented. Write var[NUM] as a variable of type of expression. Assign eax to var[NUM]. 1.6 else replace by eax. 2. Repeat step 1

For char replace eax by al and for float assign st(1) to var[NUM].

Part2 Addition,subtraction

1. While character not ; or + or - increment index 1.1 If character be ; end process 1.2 get operand before and after the operator 1.3 depending on operator use the appropriate instruction as given above (Follow steps 1.4 to 1.6) 2. Repeat step 1


text:
Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 9

In the section on list generation:

"Time for some quick list generation practice before you move on. Use the newly introduced syntax (variable = [ for (i=[start:step:end]) … ]; ) to generate the following lists: i) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] ii) [10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2] iii) 3, 30], [4, 40], [5, 50], [6, 60"

The solution to the fist list is described as:

"x = [ for (i=[1:5]) i];"

which generates [1,2,3,4,5], but should be:

x = [ for (i=[1:6]) i];

to generate the list [1,2,3,4,5,6]

Gsharpe155 (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 9


text:
Making a Programming Language From Scratch/Pointers

Introduction to pointers
Pointers are variables that store the addresses of other variables. This variable is generally a DWORD or a 32-bit integer, however the variable the address of which the pointer is storing can be of any type. Pointers are used extensively to pass static or local variables to be edited and are the major type of arguments provided to a void function.

Pointer Format
The following is the traditional C and C++ format to declare pointer variables.

[type of variable of which the pointer is storing value of][*(represents pointer)][variable name][initialization of pointer][,|;]

Note that pointer variables can be declared among the variable type of which it is storing the value. Example:

float f1,f2,*p1,*p2=&f2;

The & operator provides the address of the variable rather than the value stored in it.

Algorithm for declaration
The algorithm for this is as follows:

1. If character be * then go through following steps else skip it. 2. Get name of variable. 3. If next character not be = then write to .data section as [name of variable] ptr [type] ? 4. Else get value. Remove first character as it will be &. Write to .data? section as [name of variable] ptr [type] [value]. 5. Repeat step 1.


text:
Talk:Professionalism/Alexander Coward and the UC Berkeley Department of Mathematics

Multiple documents Coward uploaded have gone down and are not accessible. Should they come back up, important documents used are Coward's open letter to the department on December 15, 2014 and Coward's formal grievance report of his termination.


text:
Making a Programming Language From Scratch/Structures

Structural declarations
Structures are groups of different types of data in continuous locations. It is necessarily the grouping of different types of data together.

Format of structural declarations
Defstruct [Name of structure]{ . .  .  }

Format of assembly: [Name of structure] struct starts . .  .  [Name of structure] ends

Algorithm to process
1.If keyword defstruct then 2.While char not { get char and store in array name 3.Write to output file format as given above.

[note that choice of keyword is totally up to you.]

Structure variable declarations
All structures are useless unless they have some representatives in the physical memory. This is called a structure variable. A structure variable is defined along with other variables with the important difference that structure variables are not defined during initializing (at least in assembly). Thus we will deal with only uninitialized structure variables.

Format as of assembly: [structure variable name] [parent structure name] <?>

The <?> is the structure dup operator which sets value 0 or 0.0 to all sub-components

Algorithm
1.If keyword struct then 2.Scan parent structure name [Duplicate algorithm for getting simple variables] 3.Write to file in format as given above.

Sample Conversion
In HLL defstruct boy{ int age,grade; float marks; char name[20]; }

In Assembly boy struct starts age dword ? grade dword ? marks real8 ? name byte 19 dup (?),0 boy ends


text:
User:LesmanaZimmer

autoreview get

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Reviewers

https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikibooks/LesmanaZimmer

title: User:LesmanaZimmer


text: User:Pratyya Ghosh

title: User:Pratyya Ghosh


text:
Professionalism/The Death of Elaine Herzberg

On the night of March 18, 2018, in Tempe, Arizona, an autonomous vehicle (AV) collided with and killed Elaine Herzberg. The AV, a modified Volvo XC90, was part of a test program of the Uber Advanced Technologies Group (ATG). Herzberg was jaywalking across a four-lane roadway with her bicycle when struck. Toxicology screening showed methamphetamine and THC in her bloodstream. The safety driver of the AV, Rafaela Vasquez, was streaming a TV show on her phone right before the crash, a violation of Uber policy and Arizona state law. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that Vasquez’s distractedness compromised her reaction time, preventing her from manually avoiding Herzberg when prompted by the AV.

Uber’s software had dangerous flaws
As stated above, the proximate causes for Herzberg’s death were the impairment and jaywalking of Herzberg and the distractedness of Vasquez, however, we have to take a closer look at the mechanics of the AV to determine the higher-level causes. The AV had three mechanisms for sensing its environment - LIDAR, radar, and cameras. These three worked together to paint a 3D picture of the surroundings and allow the car’s computer vision algorithms to judge distances, predict trajectories of moving objects, and classify different objects as cars, bicycles, pedestrians, or something else.

There were a few key flaws in Uber’s AV software, known as Perception. First, reclassified objects lost their movement history, and the AV could not predict a trajectory for them. In the seconds leading up to Herzberg’s death, the computer vision system reclassified Herzberg multiple times, cycling between an unknown object, a bicycle, and a vehicle. The AV could not predict Herzberg’s movement path to avoid her. Second, objects classified as unknown did not have a predicted trajectory. Third, according to the NTSB, Perception “did not include consideration for jaywalking pedestrians.” Fourth, Perception had flawed emergency braking. Uber programmed Volvo’s native emergency braking systems to deactivate when Perception was active. Post-crash, Volvo conducted simulations of the crash scenario and determined that if Volvo’s emergency braking system had been active, it would have allowed the AV to avoid Herzberg or at least slow down to reduce impact speed. Perception’s own emergency braking did not activate to reduce impact speed but rather only if the AV could avoid impact.

Strikingly, there was no technical malfunction, and all sensor systems were fully active doing their job. An executive of Velodyne, the LIDAR supplier, stated that the LIDAR “doesn’t make the decision to put on the brakes or get out of her [Herzberg's] way”. The key takeaway is that the AV performed as it was programmed to under Perception, and therefore the design of Perception was flawed, not the underlying technology.

Poor safety culture leads to tragedy
If the problem was Perception’s design, why did Uber fail to detect these flaws earlier, or why did they fail to design redundant safety measures into the AV to guard against undetected shortcomings? The NTSB points to Uber’s “poor commitment to safety culture”. This was Uber’s ethical pitfall. The following is a list of practices at Uber ATG that the NTSB cited as evidence of weak safety culture: Notably, Uber ATG employees knew Perception and safety standards were flawed even before Herzberg’s death. Uber AVs were frequently involved in accidents, almost “every other day” in the February before Herzberg died. Safety drivers who committed fireable offenses, such as Vasquez’s cell phone use, did not receive punishment. To Uber’s credit, the company claimed to rectify almost all of these weak areas post-crash, but nevertheless, these factors still led to Herzberg’s death.
 * Weakened safety-redundancy
 * Removal of second safety driver in 2017
 * Disabling Volvo’s native emergency braking and forward collision detection
 * Poor supervision of safety drivers
 * e.g. supervisors “spot-checking” safety drivers using the feed from their inward-facing camera
 * Failure to anticipate "human factors"
 * Pedestrian - jaywalking
 * Safety driver - inattentional blindness, automation complacency, and risk compensation (see below)
 * No corporate division to oversee safety

AV systems have ethical assumptions built in
There will always be ethical decisions embedded in designing a software for AVs. The concept of consequentialism explains that the right action is whatever leads to the best results in quantified terms, such as the least number of deaths. AV manufacturers apply consequentialism when they consider crash optimization - if a crash is imminent, how will an AV system minimize the amount of damage, injury, or death? To execute this, targeting algorithms are implemented, which deliberately discriminate against certain people depending on certain factors.

For example, consider a thought experiment where a car would have to choose between hitting a motorcyclist wearing a helmet and a motorcyclist not wearing one. It might seem reasonable to hit the one wearing the helmet since the one not wearing a helmet would probably not survive the crash. But, this essentially would mean that motorcyclists are being penalized and discriminated against for wearing a helmet, possibly encouraging motorcyclists to not wear helmets to avoid this targeting. Consequentialism pertains to one of the most famous ethical dilemmas in history, the trolley problem, and similar to the trolley problem, there is no definitive answer as to how to perfect crash optimization.

AV companies deflect blame and support continued street testing
In response to AV crashes, companies such as Uber and Tesla have refused to accept responsibility. In 2016, Joshua Brown was killed when his Tesla Model S collided with a tractor-trailer in Autopilot mode. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, has blamed crashes such as Brown’s on driver overconfidence in the AV, stating that “the issue is more one of complacency” rather than any shortcoming of Tesla’s Autopilot system. Marketing terms such as Tesla’s “Autopilot” may imply a greater level of autonomy than the system provides, inadvertently leading to the complacency issue that Musk mentioned. Uber has stated that it is impossible for them to “anticipate and eliminate” every potential risk before street testing, and that is why testing on public roads is necessary. Uber's poor safety culture may say otherwise. Uber was well aware of flaws in their AV system and safety standards before Herzberg’s death and continued to test their vehicles on public roads despite regular crash occurrences. Waymo has echoed the need for continued street testing, but their safety record has been better with no recorded fatalities.

Current AVs have impractical demands for human attention
SAE International, also known as the Society of Automotive Engineers, has defined six levels of autonomy for AVs. Level 3 AVs, such as the one involved in Herzberg's death, do not suit human psychology and can give the safety driver a sense of false safety. When a human is driving (Levels 0-2), the human is engaged in the driving task and is focused on the road. In Level 3 autonomy, the AV obviates the need to focus on the road, yet the driver still must focus on the road and be ready to take over in case of emergency. This is an unreasonable task to ask humans, due to inattentional blindness, the failure to notice things (like a jaywalking pedestrian) when not attentive to them.

Automation leads to driver recklessness
When engineers design a technology to be safer, the user may take more risks with the technology, thereby nullifying any safety benefit. This phenomenon is called risk compensation. A special variant of risk compensation occurs for automated technologies, called automation complacency. When a technology becomes automated, users tend to forget to perform the old manual tasks that the system now performs automatically. If the automated system fails, the user forgets to remedy the failure. When safety drivers are operating AVs, automation complacency makes them forget the old safety precautions they would take if they were driving a conventional car. For example, safety drivers become more likely to engage in distractions, such as Vasquez’s cell phone use. Therefore, the challenge for safety drivers is that they may be distracted when automation failures occur, and they may not be ready to take control in an emergency.

When California said no, Arizona said yes
In 2016, Uber was originally testing its AVs in its headquarters city of San Francisco, CA. However, after an Uber AV ran a red light, California officials wanted Uber to apply for permitting. Back in 2014, California created a permit system for AV testing. Uber refused to undergo the permitting process, and Arizona Governor Doug Ducey tried to attract Uber’s AV testing to his state. In a press release, Ducey said that while “California puts the brakes on innovation and change with more bureaucracy and more regulation, Arizona is paving the way for new technology and new businesses” and that “Arizona welcomes Uber self-driving cars with open arms and wide open roads”. Ducey’s intentions to foster his state’s economy may have been pure, but his hastiness to attract Uber left Arizona vulnerable to tragedy. He lured Uber to Arizona without establishing regulations to screen AV companies or their safety practices, ultimately leading to the demise of Arizona citizen Elaine Herzberg. Post-crash, Gov. Ducey placed a moratorium on Uber’s AV testing via executive order, but the NTSB has criticized Arizona’s failure to create a “safety-focused application-approval process” for AV testing.

Lack of federal regulation leads to ethical quandaries for states
The NTSB also criticized the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for “not providing definitive leadership to the states to manage the expansive growth in AV testing”. The NHTSA has yet to publish comprehensive standards for AVs, outline best practices for AV testing, or create a mandatory vetting process for AVs and AV companies' safety protocols. In 2017 and 2020, Congress tried to pass comprehensive AV legislation but failed. This has left a regulatory vacuum, forcing the states to regulate AV standards themselves. Perhaps states are not solely to blame for the ethical dilemmas brought on by AV testing, since there is no unified guidance from the federal government.

Key lessons
This case shows what happens when we value progress and profit over safety. Uber had forewarning that their AV program and Perception were unsafe. They made the problem even worse by eliminating the second safety driver to cut costs. Arizona’s government could have been more careful in letting Uber test on their streets, but Gov. Ducey’s hunger for economic prosperity was ahead of the state’s AV legislation. The result was the death of an innocent pedestrian. Herzberg’s death may have hurt Uber financially, as the company experienced decelerating growth over 2018. It seems Uber has addressed some of these issues in the years after the crash, but all industries should view this case as a lesson to prioritize safety first.

Future directions
Future research could examine whether individual state AV regulations are efficacious. We may also forecast how much a federal AV-regulating body would cost and the potential benefits of such an organization. There are countless ethical questions that remain in the AV field, and some such as crash optimization may never have definitive answers. One ethical issue that may have some definitive answer is an objective criteria to determine if an AV company is morally responsible for a crash. Finally, we must realize that hindsight is 20/20, and no AV company will be able to forecast every possible contingency before street testing.


text:
User:Theo209/sandbox

Space Between (Sia Song) “Space Between” is the twelfth track from Sia’s seventh studio album, This Is Acting. It was written by Sia, Christopher Braide, and Cameron Deyell also produced the song.

title: User:Theo209/sandbox


text:
Talk:OpenSSH/Cookbook/Load Balancing

Thanks for looking at the matter of reference formatting in the individual chapters. The help is appreciated. For background, I would mention that they were the way they were before because when using the print version I could simply use the headings and subheadings to generate an automatic table of contents. While the current changes look nice and work well in the context of individual chapters read on the screen, they more or less break the ability to automatically generate a table of contents in the Print Version. Thus I have asked in the technical assistance area about automatically labeling chapter references as chapter references. It's probably very, very rare for print copies to be made ever, but I would like to leave that choice available with a good-looking option. Perhaps we can think of a work-around that looks good and works efficiently for both ways of presenting the book or else maybe someone has worked out a best practice already. Larsnooden (discuss • contribs) 04:57, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenSSH/Cookbook/Load Balancing


text:
Transportation Planning Casebook/Liverpool Trackless Tram

The Liverpool Trackless Tram project is a part of the larger FAST (Fifteenth Avenue Smart Transit) design network. The main aim of this transit line is to provide fast and regular public transport from the Liverpool CBD to the new Western Sydney International Airport. The project is still under a planning phase with the Liverpool City Council collaborating with Curtin University to develop a driverless, rechargeable electric vehicle system which is guided by GPS. The transit system is planned to operate at a fraction of the cost of light rails and will link the Liverpool City Council to the airport in just 20 minutes. The trackless tram transit system is anticipated to open by 2026.

Trackless tram has distinctive benefits when compared to its nearest competitors, light rail and bus rapid system. A report by the Sustainable Built Environment, National Research Centre outlines the following advantages of trackless trams over other systems. These advantages were observed from the trials in Zhuzhou, China.
 * 1) Trackless trams have the benefit of rubber tyres. This means that elaborate tracks will not have to be laid as is the case with light rail systems. This will cause less disruption in installing trackless trams on any route. Furthermore, there will be limited disruption to adjacent businesses, housing and traffic during initial construction.
 * 2) TT is being planned to be driverless and will be guided by autonomous guidance systems. The trams will be using virtual railways from optical sensing systems based on GPS and LIDAR. Lines will be pained onto the road for drivers and pedestrians to see. Furthermore, the trams will be electric running on lithium ion batteries located on the roof which will be charged by solar power. This ensures minimum impact to the environment and reduces energy costs.
 * 3) The major benefit of trackless trams is the cost savings. Light rails require a heavy investment in constructing the stations and tracks. These costs are not required for trackless trams. For instance, the Sydney light rail $AUD246 million per kilometre and the light rail is predicted to cost $AUD4 million per kilometre.
 * 4) Trackless trams have the potential to provide more comfortable rides. This is partly due to its navigation system as the autonomous system makes it more precise allowing for smoother transition in docking through stations.

Key Points

 * 19 km corridor on the fifteenth avenue connecting Liverpool CBD to the new airport
 * 20–30 minutes trips to and from Liverpool CBD
 * Part of the FAST framework and the Aerotropolis plan
 * Trackless Trams for smoother, cost-effective and sustainable implementation
 * Intended to start operations in 2026.

Justification, need and cost of the service type
Liverpool City Council has yet to put forward a business case demonstrating feasibility and cost of the project. The costs to construct the infrastructure and operate the service are largely unknown with the only known trial service in Zhuzhou, China from 2018. This process is a determining factor to understand the true potential cost savings against conventional LRT systems that it is being compared against.

In Sydney, two recent light rail projects that costs could be compared to would be:
 * Sydney Light Rail project: Final cost $2.96 billion for 12 km of track length ($246M/km).
 * Parramatta Light Rail project: Estimated cost at $2.4 billion for 12 km of track length ($200M/km).

However, the above project costs reflect factors of repurposing land in built-up urban areas such as extensive utilities relocation as was seen with the Sydney Light Rail Project and enabling works to re-route traffic for the Parramatta Light Rail. The Liverpool Trackless Tram project would unlikely experience these complications and challenges being mostly a greenfield project. Therefore, any cost estimate at a per/km rate likely be much lower.

Perceived benefits of ride quality
The ride quality benefits of the service aren't necessarily unique. Ride quality is impacted by factors such as: Existing systems such as bus rapid transit could achieve the same outcome with the right adoption of technologies and bus priority with the right-of-way, such as electric buses within a T-way system designed with smoother gradients and curves.
 * Track gauge
 * Axle loads
 * Alignment geometry, smoother gradients and curves provide better ride quality
 * Pavement quality
 * Vehicle acceleration and deceleration (harsh braking)
 * Level of vehicle priority on right-of-way (such as traffic signals and congestion)
 * Driver training

Public transport network design
The vehicle type limits the service offering to origins and destinations along the specific corridor, reducing the ability for feeder services from other suburbs without the need to interchange. The policy issue that arises is whether the state transport agency would want bus-trackless tram transfers. An alternative would be one-seat services on a bus from many origins that converge on the corridor to move people to the airport.

Technology
The optical guidance and vehicle systems have been developed by the China Railway Construction Company (CRCC). This technology currently remains as proprietary and there are risks that arise when locked-in to a single supplier.

The technology still requires a driver with the optical guidance systems only to provide assistance to the driver in manoeuvring the vehicle in turning, acceleration and deceleration. As such, it cannot be classed as a fully autonomous service.

Narrative of the Case
As part of the City Deal commitment, Liverpool City Council’s goal for development of the FAST corridor to connect the Western Sydney International airport and (at least 70% of its future airport workers) to the Liverpool LGA (Local Government Area) is still in the planning stage. Operation of the corridor before 2026 is still in line with Liverpool City Council’s goals of improved connectivity for suburbs west of Liverpool LGA. Other than the trackless tram, a light rail and autonomous bus system are still considered as possible modes for the rapid transit corridor.

Opinions regarding the installation of a trackless tram for the FAST corridor are generally favourable because of the many benefits it provides. However, the stations for trackless trams will attract development (similar to LRT systems) and encourage urban regeneration. Potential for urban regeneration using trackless tram systems is being realised in Townsville, Hobart, Sydney, Geelong, Sunshine Coast, Perth, Brisbane, and Wyndham, Melbourne. The trackless tram system would also aid visitors and residents of Liverpool to navigate through the CBD. As Liverpool City Council continues its work on the FAST corridor, opportunities of how the Western Sydney Aerotropolis could be linked to the Liverpool CBD with a trackless tram system are being realised.

The trackless tram would provide the Liverpool City Council to reclaim spaces for shared mobility using rapid transit. Indeed, part of the FAST corridor project is the integration of the rapid transit service with an active transport (which includes walking, cycling and micro-mobility) infrastructure. However, this integration is subject to the upgrade of Hoxton Park Road. The Hoxton Park Road is a link between the Liverpool CBD and new airport currently undergoing the design stage. The section design chosen for the road (centre-running or side-running) will affect active transport infrastructure e.g. stop locations for along the FAST corridor and the design of public domain.

Discussion

 * 1) Would airport customers want to use this type of service? Why/why not?
 * 2) Could a “gold standard” bus rapid transit achieve the same outcomes? What differentiates this service from a BRT?
 * 3) Would this service be critical to the success of Western Sydney International Airport from the start? Why/why not?
 * 4) Would this specific service offering be necessary to catalyse development along the corridor? Could development occur regardless of this specific service type?
 * 5) What other ingredients would be required for Liverpool Council’s vision to be realised?
 * 1) Would this specific service offering be necessary to catalyse development along the corridor? Could development occur regardless of this specific service type?
 * 2) What other ingredients would be required for Liverpool Council’s vision to be realised?
 * 1) What other ingredients would be required for Liverpool Council’s vision to be realised?
 * 1) What other ingredients would be required for Liverpool Council’s vision to be realised?

Additional Readings
Fifteenth Avenue Smart Transit Corridor Design Framework. SJB (2020). This document outlines Liverpool City Council’s vision to deliver a place-led transit corridor between Liverpool city centre and the Western Sydney International (Nancy-Bird Walton) Airport (WSIA). URL: https://www.liverpool.nsw.gov.au/trim/documents?RecordNumber=057662.2020

Delivering Integrated Transit, Land Development and Finance – a Guide and Manual: with Application to Trackless Trams. Newman P., Mouritz M., Davies-Slate S., Jones E., Hargroves K., Sharma R. & Adams D. (2018). Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc), Australia. This report shows how transit-land development integration has been happening around the world using funding and finance as the glue to deliver transit, such as a Trackless Tram, with a focus on the Australian context. URL: https://sbenrc.com.au/app/uploads/2018/10/TRACKLESS-TRAMS-MANUAL-GUIDE_email.pdf


text:
User talk:73.237.248.40

For Anarchist Cookbook this was Evan, forgot to log in

title: User talk:73.237.248.40


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/sound

Back to: Native Oberon Hardware Compatibility List   Sound support Summary Native Oberon supports SoundBlaster and compatible cards and equivalent on-board sound controllers. A true SB card can be detected automatically. How to install a sound driver - Configure Oberon.Text You have to edit the Sound.Audio group in Oberon.Text. To determine the correct settings required:

 * for an ISA card, consult the documentation which came with the card
 * for a PCI card, execute PCITools.Scan

The preset values are:

Port = 220H IRQ = 7         see IRQ LowDMA = 1      the DMA channel for byte transfers HighDMA = 7     the DMA channel for word transfers (16-bit) compatible = -1 -1: true SB (autodetect); and for compatibles: 0: SB1.5; 1: SB2.0; 2: SBpro; 3: SB16 Other values are invalid.

Sound tools (Sound.Tool)

 * Wave.Panel GUI for playing / recording Wav files.
 * Au.Panel GUI for playing / recording Au files.
 * CDAudio.Panel GUI for playing audio CD-ROMs - currently not supported.

Modern sound cards include a mixer. Depending on the ancienty of the sound card, a different mixer type (DSP) or none is available for which Oberon offers a corresponding custom GUI:

 DspVersion  # of channels    Mixer GUI 4           15          MixerSB16.Panel 3           10          MixerSBPro.Panel 2.01         4          MixerSB.Panel anterior       none        No mixer available

Release differences The 2.3.6 release had separate IDE driver modules for hard disk and audio CD (a bad design for historical reasons). For the beta and alpha releases, the IDE driver was rewritten to support more modern IDE (ATA) drives, but the audio part of the CD driver has not been done yet. So the beta and alpha releases do not support the CDAudio panel.

[Top]

''21 Jul 2002 - Copyright © 2002 ETH Zürich. All rights reserved.''

E-Mail: oberon at lists.inf.ethz.ch

Homepage: http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/sound


text:
Professionalism/Ian Bogost, Nadia Eghbal, and Software Engineers

Introduction
In 2015 Ian Bogost, a video game designer and Professor of Media studies and interactive computing at Georgia Tech, wrote an article called “Programmers: stop calling yourselves engineers” in The Atlantic discussing his opinions on using the word “engineer” to describe software engineers. Bogost argued that modern software engineering principles and methodologies have diverged from those of traditional engineering fields such that the term “software engineer” should no longer be used and doing so is a disservice to the engineering industry. Nadia Eghbal wrote an article in response to Bogost’s, stating that Bogost’s ideas, while partially true, do not consider the software engineers that have allowed the field to have changed in such ways.

Job Title Discrepancy
Bogost highlights discrepancies between software engineering and traditional engineering principles as the reason for his opinions on the term “software engineer”.

Traditional Engineering
Bogost defines traditional engineering disciplines as mechanical, civil, chemical, electrical, and environmental engineering, emphasizing their focus on infrastructure and public welfare and safety. The design process in these engineering fields is a very careful and thorough process that depends accuracy and precision to ensure success of the product in the real world as mistakes can lead to disastrous consequences. Examples of failures include the multiple collapses of the Quebec Bridge, one being the result of load miscalculations, and NASA’s Climate Orbiter which crashed into the surface of Mars after engineers failed to correctly convert units. Bogost states that because of this, engineers have a responsibility to “get things right the first time”. The engineering code of ethics also strongly emphasizes public welfare and safety. Engineers in traditional fields now must have various requirements in order to practice including educational degrees and professional certification tests.

Software Engineering
Bogost argues that software engineering does not follow the same principles as traditional engineering and should not use the term “engineer” in the job title. When software engineering was first developing in the 1960’s, it did exhibit more characteristics of traditional engineering as Bogost describes it. Physical infrastructure required for software development was put in place and software repairs were expensive, sometimes even requiring physical intervention. This meant that software engineers, like other engineers, had to carefully and methodologically write code to minimize the chance of having to fix and debug after implementation. However, as personal computers starting becoming more available, software development became more accessible to the public. Bogost believes that this made software engineering a more informal practice that had two consequences. First, it reduced the pressure to make correctly working software on the first attempt. Software engineering education now focuses on rapid iteration of writing and testing, then fixing later. Bogost compares this to civil engineering, stating the discipline would never have such a principle. Secondly, it has isolated the discipline from other fields including other engineering fields. While many computing systems still are interconnected with other fields in society, Bogost states platforms like social media only depend on software. This lack of cooperation with other fields goes against Bogost’s definition of traditional engineering. Current software engineers no longer need to worry about or even know about the digital and physical infrastructure behind software engineering and solely focus on the code. This can allow for code to be more reliable, but also creates a larger gap between the software engineers and other parts of engineering. However, Bogost also states that modern software engineering problems are becoming larger scale and more prominent in everyday life indicating its importance, high stakes, and consequent need to adhere to traditional engineering methods.

Connotations
According to Bogost, the connotation of the word ‘engineer’ carries a prestige that comes from the skill of designing and maintaining complex, large scale systems. He believes that the use of the word in software engineering has “cheapened the term” and is being used to appeal to Silicon Valley investors to appear more prestigious and trustworthy. Bogost calls this concept “engineerwashing”.

Certification
In engineering, it is usually a norm that workers are certified in their area to prove their expertise. Groups such as the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) and the American Society of Quality (ASQ) both provide certificates proving this. Bogost particularly focuses on what a Professional Engineer (PE) is, which is a certification given by the NSPE. He goes over topics such as why someone that is in engineering needs to have this certification. To acquire this certification, as stated by both Bogost and the NSPE, you are required to:

 * Hold a 4-year degree from an accredited program in your discipline
 * Pass both the Fundamentals of Engineering exam and the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam
 * Complete four years of experience under someone already qualified as a PE.

Bogost also makes an addition by stating that not all engineers need a degree, however, to have the ability to open a consulting practice or claim that you are a formal engineer requires you to have one. This statement is also reiterated directly from the NSPE where they state that PEs are the only engineers allows to create public plans, teach engineering to students, and it has also been found that PEs also might a higher salary on average. This degree, as said by both, also holds an ethical standpoint. When a person takes on the role of a PE, this means that they are responsible for the lives they are responsible for what happens if something goes awry. So this certificate is a sign that they are responsible engineers that are here to uphold people and help support their profession of being engineers. "To a client, it means you've got the credentials to earn their trust. To an employer, it signals your ability to take on a higher level of responsibility. Among your colleagues, it demands respect. To yourself, it's a symbol of pride and measure of your own hard-won achievement.

-National Society of Professional Engineers"

Certification in Software
For software engineers, there exists certification but rarely are they a requirement. Groups like NCEES or the IEEE have collaborated to create a certification system for Software Engineers. In 2013, the first certification similar to a PE certification was being offered. There was a test for Software Engineers to complete and receive their certification in the field. Up until its discontinuation in 2019, it has been administered five times and has had a population of 81 candidates that have taken the exam. In January of 2018, the Committee of Examination Policy and Procedures recommended to NCEES to discontinue the exam. Next month, February 2018, NCEES accepted the EPP committee decision and decided that April 2019 would be the last exam administration. In April of 2018, only 19 people signed up to take the exam showing the lack of need for a certification of this kind in the Software Engineering field.

Aside from certifications for Software engineers, there does exist other forms of certification to show mastery of programming languages or computer programming services (eg. CISCO or C++ Certifications). In particular, businesses like Amazon are offering Amazon Web Services (AWS) certification, and there are even businesses that particularly search for this particular trait. So while there is no requirement similar to Engineering in computer engineering, there exists some particular fields that people can show mastery over which may be worth applying for.

Degree Requirements in Software
In terms of requirements for the vast majority of jobs, it's extremely common that a requirement for many entry level programming jobs. There are definitely holes in this statement as companies like Google and the U.S. Army offer jobs that actually do not require a CS degree. This, however, does not mean it is easy to get a job by hitting the minimum requirements. Job applicants then look for other requirements and are usually heavily focused on what they have done without formal teachings. It is definitely more difficult, but this whole idea is definitely a huge difference to the norm of engineering requirements.

Digital Infrastructure
Nadia Eghbal's 2015 response to Ian Bogost, entitled "The Atlantic Was Wrong. Software Engineers Do Exist", provided a rebuttal to his points on why software developers are undeserving of the "engineer" title. Eghbal argues that true software engineers exist, but that they constitute a minority of programmers. Eghbal claims that the distinction between a true software engineer from just a "developer" or "programmer" is tied to what she calls "digital infrastructure," which she defines as "the layers upon layers of developer tools, languages, libraries and frameworks that make it so easy for “programmers” to code today."

An example of digital infrastructure utilized by many modern software developers are integrated development environments (IDEs). IDEs are highly augmented source code editors that provide helpful features such as syntax highlighting, error-checking, debugging tools, and a host of other features that vary depending on their implementation. IDEs can take complicated processes such as compiling large programs into executable files ready to be ran on a typical computer, and hide that complexity behind the click of a single button. A popular IDE designed for the Python programming language called PyCharm, which is developed and maintained by the Czech company JetBrains, comes with "pre-installed intelligent Python assistance that provides a variety of functions like smart code completion, code inspections, on-the-fly error highlighting and quick-fixes, along with automated code refactorings and a plethora of navigation capabilities." Along with PyCharm, JetBrains also maintains IDEs that can be used to develop in over twelve other programming languages, extending their help to developers of diverse groups of technologies. The software employees at JetBrains are exactly the type that warrant the "engineer" title by Eghbal's definition, as the tools they have created assist millions of programmers worldwide in the software development process.

While contributing to digital infrastructure may seem to place one in a class above the common programmer, those responsible for some of the most critical parts of modern day software infrastructure are not necessarily rewarded with much, other than the respect of those who recognize their contributions. A clear example of this is the development team for OpenSSL. OpenSSL is a secure network communication and cryptography library that’s used by two-thirds of web servers today. OpenSSL is used by banks, firewalls, weapons systems, smart phones, government agencies, and other organizations that deal with sensitive data. Despite its critical functionality, OpenSSL is maintained by a team of eleven volunteers, and brings in less than a million dollars in revenue a year. While the OpenSSL team might have earned the respect of their peers, and pride in their technology impacting billions of people, their situation shows that there is little incentive for new developers to take the path to earn the title of engineer.

Conclusion
Despite software impacting the lives of nearly everyone in the world, software engineering is still an extremely young occupation that is constantly evolving. The immaturity of the profession in comparison to more traditional engineering disciplines has sparked debate around whether or not programmers deserve to be called engineers. However, the terminology used to refer to those who create and maintain software may be inconsequential, as it is the regulations and professional standards attached to the term "engineer" that impact public safety. The consistency of software that drives anything from long-standing institutions such as government and banking to modern phenomenon such as social media directly affects the quality of life of billions of people. Ensuring high standards for those entering or already within software-related occupations, whether that be through government regulation, educational certification, or a shift in public opinion, stands at the center of software engineering's future.


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Phabricator Administrator's Handbook/Arcanist/Microsoft Windows

This is an expansion of the official Arcanist installation guide on Windows that is somehow too generic and also an expansion of the good Mozilla Revision installation guide of Arcanist on Windows 10.

Installation guide
Even if Arcanist is very easy to be installed from a GNU/Linux distribution (thanks to the package manager), in Windows this is less true and you will have to setup some components:

Visual C++
First of all, Microsoft Windows 10 users may want to use Arcanist in both git Bash and the PowerShell. Both should work with this guide.

First of all install the Microsoft Visual C++ 2015-2019 Redistributable (x64).

To verify if you already have this software in your computer, check:

 * Settings → Apps → App & features.

If you have not the Microsoft Visual C++ in your system, you have to download it from the official Microsoft website:

https://support.microsoft.com/en-ca/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-visual-c-downloads

The filename is called  or something like that.

PHP
Arcanist requires PHP to be executed.

You can install a recent version of PHP, like the PHP 7.4, VC15 x64 Non Thread Safe from the official PHP website:

https://windows.php.net/download/

After you have downloaded the file, extract the zip somewhere. For example in:

C:\PHP

Now, from that directory, remember to copy the file  to.

Now that you have the file, edit it.

You will need the PHP cURL extension to allow Arcanist to communicates with the Internet. To do it, you will easily find this line in that configuration file:

 * extension=php_curl.dll

And you should remove the leading semicolon:

extension=php_curl.dll

Note: in PHP 7.4 its not  but just.

After this modification, find the line:

;extension_dir = "ext"

And update its pathname like in this example:

extension_dir = "C:\PHP\ext"

To try if everything works, try to execute this command:

C:\PHP\php.exe -i

If the command cites, you have configured PHP in the right way.

Git
If you have not git installed, you will need to download it from the official website and install it:

https://git-scm.com/download/win

Arcanist
Now you can download via git the Arcanist repository somewhere with this command:

git clone https://secure.phabricator.com/diffusion/ARC/ arcanist

Note: with this command it will be downloaded in an  directory inside your home. In this way you should have the file.

User path
You will need to add both  and   in your user's path or you will not be able to execute them so easily.

To configure the user's path, type  into your search bar (the one at the bottom of your desktop) and select Edit environment variables for your account.

This can also be done from:

Control Panel → All Control Panel Items → System → Advanced System Setting → Environment Variables…

Then:

 * select the Path variable under User variables for
 * click Edit…
 * click New
 * type
 * click
 * add

Verify that everything works executing the Arcanist command, for example with the help menu:

arc help

Editor
Just ensure you have an editor installed that has a "blocking mode". Some Free as in Freedom editors with this mode: vim, nano and Notepad++.

If you want to use  but also you want it available from another place (e.g. from the PowerShell), run this command:

arc set-config editor "\"C:\Program Files\Git\usr\bin\vim.exe\""

If you would like to use another editor (like Notepad++), remember to replace the path from the above command, adjusting it for your needs. For example:

arc set-config editor "\"C:\Program Files (x86)\Notepad++\notepad++.exe\" -multiInst -nosession"


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Professionalism/William McNeilly and Trident

Trident Nuclear Program

The Trident nuclear program is the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent, covering the development and acquisition of nuclear weapons in the UK, and their methods of operation. The program was officially announced in July 1980, and patrols began in December 1994. Trident consists of four Vanguard-class nuclear-powered submarines, armed with Trident II D-5 ballistic missiles, which can deliver thermonuclear warheads from MIRVs. The program is based at Her Majesty's Naval Base Clyde (Faslane), with at least one submarine on patrol at any time, providing constant at-sea capability. Trident replaced Polaris, the UK's first submarine-based nuclear weapon system, and it is the UK's only nuclear weapon system since the WE.177 free-fall tactical bombs were decommissioned in 1998. According to the Ministry of Defence, Trident's purpose is to "deter the most extreme threats to our national security and way of life, which cannot be done by other means."

William McNeilly
William McNeilly is a former Royal Navy Able Seaman, who served as an Engineering Technician Submariner for the Trident Strategic Weapons System. He was stationed onboard the HMS Victorious, one of the four Trident submarines, where he raised concerns about security and safety through the chain of command. After no attempts at change were made, McNeilly blew the whistle by publishing “The Secret Nuclear Threat”, an 18-page online report alleging many “serious security and safety breaches” of the Trident program and Faslane. He then went into hiding, but shortly broke cover with a long Facebook statement, through which he claimed to have been on the run for days, moving between countries and using multiple aliases. His post stated that he lacked “the resources to remain undetected”, and was prepared to turn himself in. McNeilly turned himself into the Royal Navy Police.

"The Secret Nuclear Threat": McNeilly's Claims
McNeilly’s report claims numerous deficiencies and faults of the Trident submarines and Clyde Naval Base. A large focus of the report was the many security lapses of the program. McNeilly explains that security guards at checkpoints to controlled areas of the base often barely look at security passes or fail to check them at all. Equipment is rarely searched, despite hundreds of contractors accessing the boats. He describes a complete lack of concern for Top Secret information, with sensitive folders and laptops often laying around where anyone can look at them. There is no enforcement of the ban on personal electronics with cameras.

Safety faults on the submarines comprise another large portion of McNeilly’s report. McNeilly explains that missile safety alarms are often muted or ignored out of negligence or apathy. Fires on the submarines are frequent, and McNeilly enumerates many of the fire hazards rampant on board. The crew often only loosely follows or ignores proper procedures for scenarios and equipment use. In addition, many of the safety bans on items such as e-cigarettes are completely unenforced.

McNeilly claims that a lot of the equipment on-board the submarines is faulty or in bad condition. He details issues that have arisen with many components, including the main hydraulic plant, distillers, fore-planes, generators, and speaker systems. Final tests are done at the end of each patrol to determine whether the weapons system could have performed a successful launch during the patrol. McNeilly claims that a missile compensation test failed all three of the times for which he was present. A Battle Readiness Test had to be canceled due to the main hydraulic plant containing mostly seawater instead of hydraulic oil.

McNeilly claims that there was a “massive cover-up” of an incident in which the HMS Vanguard collided with a French nuclear submarine. Those present were allegedly threatened with prison sentences if they told anybody about the collision.

McNeilly also states that the Strategic Weapons System department is very short on man-power, to the extent that “people are getting pushed through at an alarming rate.” He worries that, with the number of people pushed through, “it's just a matter of time before we're infiltrated by a psychopath or a terrorist.” He recounts instances of crewmates showing worrying behavior that calls their psychological stability into question.

Arrested & Taken into Custody
After posting on Facebook that he lacked the necessary resources to remain on the run and that he planned to turn himself over to authorities, McNeilly was apprehended at the Edinburgh Airport on the night of June 18, 2015. Following his arrest, he was detained in a military establishment in Scotland. Confident that the released report would lead to his arrest, McNeilly states, “After working my ass off, putting my life on the line and sacrificing pretty much all I had to warn you and government. I’ll be awarded with free meals and free accommodation, in prison … There is a small chance of a pardon or a shortened sentence”. However, whether from fear of increased media coverage or public pushback, the final verdict that was settled on was dishonorable discharge later that month. With this result, McNeilly’s career in the military was ended. In response, McNeilly is confused that “All of the charges against me were dropped; there’s nothing that I can be charged with now. Most people know that I acted in the interest of national security. However, I was still given a dishonorable discharge from the Royal Navy.”

Response from Government
In general, the response from the Royal Navy aimed to downplay the concerns brought to light by McNeilly’s online report while assuring the public that the Trident was completely safe. As put by one Royal Navy spokesperson in an interview, “The Royal Navy disagrees with McNeilly’s subjective and unsubstantiated personal views but we take the operation of our submarines and the safety of our personnel extremely seriously and so continue to fully investigate the circumstances of this issue.” They also tend to claim that his views were subjective and wrong, as well as emphasizing that the Navy would never operate “submarines do not go to to sea unless they are completely safe to do so.” However, other members of the government found this potential safety issue to be concerning. Brendan O’Hara, the Scottish National Party MP for Argyll and Bute, worries about the impact these security issues could have on the area he governs. In an interview, he said that his position “As an SNP MP implacably opposed to Trident but also as the local MP, I am extremely worried by these allegations, even if only half of what the report claims is true. The issue of safety is absolutely paramount, especially when the base is so close to a major centre of population.”

Response from Government
A variety of different activist groups pushed back against the dishonorable discharge of William McNeilly from the Royal Navy for his whistleblower report. One such group, Wise Up Action, believes that posting the report was the only way to make sure the public was aware of the imminent nuclear risk. They believe that the Trident is not the answer, stating, “Peace can no longer be maintained by [the fear of] nuclear weapons… It’s time to end this...fear, and create a new world order through peace and unity.” In addition, certain former members of the Royal Navy spoke out in defense of McNeilly’s decision and the concerns he brought to light. Euan Bryson, former British Navy communications and information technology specialist, offered his support for McNeilly’s belief in the Navy’s relaxed security by retelling a story of his mate using a blue bank card to get into the base after losing his ID. In Bryson’s experience, security and safety were very not up to par. “I made my thoughts clear when I served, including when I handed in my resignation notice. The chain of command system has failed. If McNeilly felt ignored what other option did he have?”

HMNB Clyde Background
Her Majesty’s Naval Base Clyde is located on the Gare Loch in Scotland. It is commonly referred to as Faslane. Clyde is the naval base headquarters home to the Royal Navy’s nuclear deterrent submarines armed with Trident missiles. It is one of three operating naval bases in the United Kingdom.

HMNB Clyde History
Faslane was built and used as a base during World War II. In the 1960s, the British Government acquired the Polaris Missile System from the United States and used it on four British submarines: the HMS Resolution, HMS Repulse, HMS Renown, and HMS Revenge. Faslane was chosen as a permanent base for these submarines during the Cold War due to its prime geographical location.

Safety and Security Accidents at HMDB Clyde
Exercise Evening Star is a test of all emergency response routines to a possible nuclear weapon accident at Faslane. In 2011 this test failed; not all responses were adequately demonstrated. In 2013, there were 99 radiation accidents with 6 nuclear weapons on site. There was said to be no harm or risk to the public, however, this was not proven true. The Ministry of Defense maintained the position that the number of recent accidents was entirely misleading as they included “very minor issues such as the failure to fill out the correct form.”

Trident Opposition
The Scottish National Party, Scottish Socialist Party, and Scottish Green Party all oppose the use of nuclear weapons. In 2014, the Scottish National Party lost a vote to become independent from the United Kingdom. The independent Scottish Nation would be a nuclear-free zone. If liberated, the citizens would have demanded the removal of the Trident nuclear missiles within the period of the next election. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament created a petition to pardon McNeilly when he was unjustly removed from service without honors. The result of this petition is unknown.

Trident Renewal and Next Generation Submarines
The Vanguard-Class submarines have a life expectancy through the early 2020s. The Trident missiles were said to take the British Navy through the early 2040s. In December 2006, the Ministry of Defense released a white paper titled “The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent”, which outlined their support to maintain the current nuclear program with a new class of submarines. On December 4, 2006, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom decided to renew the Trident program believing that even though the Cold War had ended the United Kingdom needed to maintain its global nuclear position. On March 14, 2007, the Labour Government won the vote in the House of Commons in support of the plans for a new submarine class. In 2015, the United Kingdom released polls to acquire data on public opinion of the British Navy nuclear position and plans for a new submarine class. A majority of United Kingdom citizens believed that the submarines outfitted with Trident nuclear weapons should be upgraded and replaced, while a majority of Scottish citizens believed that they should be decommissioned. On July 18, 2016, the House of Commons voted that the United Kingdom should proceed with the construction of the next generation of submarines, the Dreadnought-class.

McNeilly Calling for Change
In McNeilly’s dossier, he presented many threats he believed would put the British Navy and world at risk. Each was reported in extreme detail, presenting the event, response, and consequences. McNeilly’s aim was to paint an accurate picture of what he experienced and break down the false images of the British Navy. The carelessness of personnel in charge and nonfunctional submarine technology is setting the British Navy up for failure. McNeilly believed that nuclear weapons have served their purpose in history, they have brought order to the world, however, order is no longer what the world needs. The dossier encouraged the British Navy to recognize how their personnel and nuclear weapons are no longer serving their purpose. He urged the British navy to focus on the real threat at hand, the threat of terrorism. If procedural changes to increase safety and security are not made the British Navy will become a target for attack.

Ethical Considerations
This case brings to question, when is it an individual's responsibility to take a matter such as McNeilly’s, defy their workplace chain of command, and do so for the sake of a higher purpose. McNeilly gave up his career and his freedom, he chose to risk everything to inform the Government and the people of the threat to global safety and security that he observed. Most agree that professionals, or armed forces officials, must sometimes make such judgments based on experience and expertise that equip them to do so responsibly. Fewer agree that someone in McNeilly’s position, with his lacking experience and expertise, is in a position to make such strong judgments. In this case, McNeilly’s judgments not only had the potential to impact the British Navy but the British political climate as well. Scotland used this as an opportunity to once again make its voice heard and threaten secession. The British nuclear program faltered as many questioned its role and necessity in future international policy. This case demonstrates how the actions of one whistleblower can develop beyond their control and affect international policy and relations.


text:
Talk:Professionalism/The Death of Elaine Herzberg

Though Jasraj Raghuwanshi was the author who published the page to Wikibooks, we collaborated online in a Google Doc before publishing. All three authors contributed equally to this work.


text:
User:Uchastnik1

My main page Uchastnik1.

title: User:Uchastnik1