text:
Talk:Overview of Elasticity of Materials

This book begins with the full derivation of Mohr's Circle, and a discussion on its more useful properties, before moving to an explanation of Tensors. Once this baseline has been established, isotropic and anisotropic materials will be covered, along with inhomogeneous materials.

This is not a comprehensive concept as yet as there are no plans to include boundary conditions, and such at this time. Currently, this is meant as an overview of the technical topic with room to expand into more complex explanations in the future. Specifically, the Mohr's Circle and Tensor Chapters were designed as a companion to a standard materials science textbook, like Callister's Materials Science and Engineering, to form the basis of the more advanced analysis of elastic materials provided in the next three sections without the need for an additional text usually utilized to cover this gap.

There is room in this outline for continuation into linear, homogenous, and isotropic material discussions which could be added at any time.

Outside of basic grammatical and English edits, a basic level of understanding on the subject of Materials Science, including stress and strain, is recommended for participation with this text. An understanding of linear algebra is also recommended for reviewing the Mohr's circle derivation and any work with Tensors, although these topics should be explained in the first two sections.

(Brienna.Hall77 (discuss • contribs) 16:47, 2 September 2021 (UTC))

 * Progress is being made. I'm going to put the solutions to the homework problems as "Examples" at the end. Also, I edited the title page to put the sections inside the book instead of making them their own books.
 * I'll probably need some guidance on editing the LaTeX for the equations. Scott.beckman (discuss • contribs) 21:35, 6 September 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:DemonStalker

Usually just fix small things like spelling errors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DemonStalker


text:
User:DemonStalker/sandbox

Sandbox

title: User:DemonStalker/sandbox


text:
User talk:DemonStalker/sandbox

Discussion

title: User talk:DemonStalker/sandbox


text:
World Cultures/Culture in Oceania

There are a number of diverse cultures in Oceania, which are often heavily influenced by the unique environment of the region.
 * Aboriginal Australian Culture
 * Polynesian Culture

title: World Cultures/Culture in Oceania


text:
World Cultures/Culture in Europe

 * Ukrainian Culture
 * German Culture
 * Swiss Culture
 * Italian Culture
 * Greek Culture
 * French Culture
 * Dutch Culture
 * Belgian Culture
 * Norwegian Culture
 * Swedish Culture
 * Danish Culture
 * Icelandic Culture
 * Estonian Culture
 * Latvian Culture
 * Lithuanian Culture
 * Finnish Culture
 * Polish Culture
 * Hungarian Culture
 * Bulgarian Culture
 * English Culture
 * Welsh Culture
 * Scottish Culture
 * Irish Culture

title: World Cultures/Culture in Europe


text:
Wikijunior:History in pictures/Digital Revolution

Computers began to get thinner, easier to use, and even more portable.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Dive In

History
Dive In was a streaming service operated by Square Enix separately from their other streaming service in Shinra Technologies. The service focused on three day rentals for mobile devices with costs ranging from 200 yen to 250 yen.

Launch
The service was announced to the public by September 9th, 2014. with a set launch date just one month later on October 9th, 2014.

Legacy
The service was discontinued on September 13th, 2015, less then a year after launch. This is generally considered a short time for a gaming platform to be on the market.

Technology
There were streaming apps available for the mobile operating systems Android and Apple's iOS.

The service was geographically restricted to Japan. This coupled with the short time the system was on the market, lead to relatively muted English language coverage of the system.

Game Library

 * Final Fantasy XIII - Launch Title
 * Season of Mystery: The Cherry Blossom Murders - Launch Title

 * Final Fantasy VII - Launch Title
 * Final Fantasy VIII
 * Final Fantasy XIII-2
 * The Last Remnant
 * Final Fantasy XIII Lightning Returns


text:
History of video games/Platforms/VideoBrain Family Computer

Launch
The VideoBrain Family Computer was launched in December of 1977.

Compute
The system sported a Fairchild F8 clocked at 1.79 megahertz. The system had 1 kilobyte of RAM.

Hardware
The system was manufactured in the United States of America.


text:
Category:Pages using DynamicPageList

__HIDDENCAT__

title: Category:Pages using DynamicPageList


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Philips Videojeu N60

History
The console was released exclusively in the country of France.

Technology
The system is very close to that of a Magnavox Odyssey², as it was part of the same Videopac line of consoles.

Hardware
The system uses an internal 23 centimetre display, and is housed in the same causing used by a Minitel 1A teletext terminal.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Meggy Jr RGB

Release
The Meggy Jr. RGB was a handheld console released around November 12th, 2008 by the company Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories. The kit was sold at a range of prices between $65 and $95 (Presumably US Dollars).

Reception
The kit had mixed reactions depending on the demographics of the reviewer, with maker oriented publications receiving it favorably,  and more general technology publications being more skeptical.

Etymology
The Jr in the name comes from a prior larger LCD display kit. The older larger display was programmable, but not intended as a gaming device.

Technology
The system was sold in kit form, and was an open source console, with materials licensed under the GPL V3.

Compute
The system used either an ATmega168 or an ATmega328P.

Display
The system had an 8 by 8 grid of RGB LEDs.

Hardware
The system was designed to accept ergonomic grips. Velcro was used to mount and dismount the battery pack.

Assembly was said to take 2 to 3 hours.

Development
The software svn was used for version control. A git based repository was also established.

The Meggy Jr Simplified Library was a high level API for the system which updated the display at a rate of 150 Hz.

The Arduino IDE could be used to program the system.

Games

 * Meggy Jr Snake
 * Ball Buster

Super Monkey Kong
A game similar to Donkey Kong, and considered one of the most noteworthy games for the system.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act

Privacy is the default in the refugee status determination process in Canada. Within the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, this is provided for by s. 166 of the Act, which stipulates that, subject to exceptions, proceedings before the Refugee Protection Division must be held in the absence of the public. For more detail, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Section 166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public. This provision also interacts with the separate federal Privacy Act, as noted below.

Privacy Act
The Privacy Act provides Canadians, permanent residents, individuals physically present in Canada, and, as of July 2022, foreign nationals abroad with a right of access to their personal information held by the government. For more information, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker.

The federal Privacy Act also places limitations on the ability of a government institution to use and disclose personal information under its control without the consent of the individual to whom it relates: Canadian Refugee Procedure/166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public.

title: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act


text:
History of video games/Platforms/OUYE

Crowdfunding & Design
This Chinese crowdfunded Android microconsole incorporating a name similar to the OUYA, similar case design to the PS4, and controller design to the Xbox One.

The crowdfunding goal for the console was the equivalent of $15,000 USD. The console with one controller would have cost the equivalent of about $70 USD.

Compute
An eight core A80 processor is used.

The console has 2 gigabytes of RAM.

Hardware
The console has 16 gigabytes of internal storage.

4K video output is claimed.

Software
OUYE runs a customized version of Android 4.4.2.

title: History of video games/Platforms/OUYE


text:
History of video games/Platforms/FunKey S

Development
Prototype cases were made with 3D printing.

Launch
The system cost about $70.

Compute
The system used a ARM Cortex A7 architecture processor clocked at 1.2 gigahertz. The system has 64 megabytes of DDR2 RAM.

The system ships with a 32 gigabyte microSD card, which can be user upgraded.

Screen
The FunKey S has a screen with a resolution of 240 pixels by 240 pixels, a size of 1.52 inches, and a refresh rate of 50 hertz.

Hardware
The system is powered by a battery with a capacity of 410 mAh, lasting under two hours. The system uses MicroUSB for charging.

Production cases were injected molded.

Software
The system runs FunKey OS, which is a custom OS based on Linux.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Spartan

Background
An earlier unofficial 2015 petition for a new Dreamcast caught media attention. Internal conflict among that project lead to it being shuttered in 2016.

The console is sometimes associated with this petition as the creators of that petition endorsed the Spartan, though they were not directly involved in development.

Development
A twitter account for the platform was created in September of 2017, first posting a teaser for the console on October 1st, 2017. The console was then covered by the channel SpawnWave shortly afterwards on October 16th, 2017.

A new controller design was announced on April 29th, 2018.

A new prototype controller unit was shown in a September 19th, 2020 update.

Software
The system runs an operating system known as Spartan OS. This operating system is based on Linux, and is meant to be open with the exception of a proprietary game software.

Hardware
The system had two standard USB ports, two super speed USB ports, a USB type C port, S/PDIF, Headphone jack, microphone jack, HDMI port, Displayport, and DC power in.

Games
The system supported "software/hardware emulation" for earlier Sega home consoles, including the Sega Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis, Saturn, and Dreamcast, as well as the Sega Game Gear portable console. The developers specifically noted that the open source projects RetroArch and Libretro were not used.

Exclusives

 * Sonic 4K - Concept Fangame


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Acorn Electron

History
The Acorn Electron was released in July 1983. It was seen as a cost reduced version of the BBC Micro.

Technology
The system used an 8-bit 6502 CPU clocked at 2 megahertz.

Games

 * Elite


text:
Knot Theory/Knots

Preliminary definitions
Let us begin by defining a knot.

A knot is a smooth embedding of a circle into ambient space $$\mathbb{R}^3$$. The most basic knot is the unknot, which is essentially just a circle $$\bigcirc$$ (we will define this properly shortly).

A link of $$n\in\mathbb{N}$$ components is a smooth embedding of $$n$$ disjoint circles into three-dimensional space. So obviously any knot can be seen as a link with one component. Analogously to the unknot, the most basic link is the unlink, which is essentially $$n$$ disjoint circles. We usually denote an $$n$$-unlink as $$\bigcirc^n$$. So, a $$1$$-unlink is an unknot.

Before this chapter, we mentioned that knot theory is the study of distinguishing knots and links. So we now need to define a notion of equivalence on links to be able to distinguish links.

Two links are equivalent if they are ambient isotopic. Here, ambient isotopy means that there exists a homotopy such that it is a smooth family of diffeomorphisms. Two links are said to have the same link type if they are equivalent; so link type is the equivalence class for links. Similarly, knot type is the equivalence class for knots. We included smoothness here, because homotopy is too weak for embeddings in ambient space since we can define any continuous map from one link to the unlink.

It is easy to see that link equivalence is in fact an equivalence relation.

Now we can define the $$n$$-unlink as a link that is equivalent to $$n$$ disjointed circles.

We can now define a projection map from $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ to $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ such that no three edges pass through a point and no two edges are tangent to one another. We then indicate over and under crossings by putting breaks in the edge. We call this projected link a link diagram.

Theorem (Reidemeister's theorem). Every link has a link diagram. Also, two links are equivalent if and only if their link diagrams are related by a finite sequence of Reidemeister moves. Reidemeister moves consist of three very standard moves: RI - a twist, RII - moving one strand over the other, RIII - moving a strand over or under a crossing.

title: Knot Theory/Knots


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Ameprod Television Game 10

Launch
200 trial units were released as early as 1978, with a full launch in 1979 which was met with demand for the system outpacing supply. While shortages of far more important items were common in the communist Polish People's Republic, demand induced game console shortages were also present in the United States around this time as well.

Legacy
The system was discontinued around 1984. About 100,000 units had been produced.

Technology
The system was based on the General Instrument AY-3-8500.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Турнир

History
The Turnir (Tournament) was a 1978 console exclusively released in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The system was produced by the Ministry of the Electronics Industry and cost between 150 and 96 Soviet rubles. Though not branded using the Elektronika name, it bears common organizational heritage with the portable game consoles released under that brand.

Production ended in 1982.

Technology
The system was based on the western General Instrument AY-8-8500 chip.

The internals of the console is known for how clean and well engineered it is.

Games

 * (Tennis)
 * (Hockey)
 * (Squash)
 * (Training)

title: History of video games/Platforms/Турнир


text: Template:Interlinear

title: Template:Interlinear


text:
Module:Interlinear

local p = {} local data = mw.loadData( 'Module:Interlinear/data' ) local gloss_override = {} -- for custom gloss abbreviations local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

-- -- Almost-global variables -- local glossing_type, displaying_messages, free_translation, msg, buffer

--- -- General settings --- local conf = { --settings WordSeparator = " \n\r\t", -- Don't replace with %s as this would include non-breaking spaces GlossAbbrPattern = "^([Ø0-9A-Z]+)$", -- this isn't a full regex, but a Lua pattern -- NOTE: The following characters must be formatted for use in a pattern set. GlossAbbrBoundary = "-.,;:<>‹›/\\~+=%?%s%[%]%_\127'", GlossExcludeTable = {I = true,}, --strings not be treated as glossing abbreviations GlossExcludePattern = '^[0-9][0-9]+$', -- excludes strings consisting entirely of digits GlossSmallCapsExclude = "^[AOPS]$", -- glossing abbreviations matching this pattern will not be rendered in small caps GlossingType = "label", -- if set to "label" gloss abbreviations are formatted as an with the "label" appearing in a tooltip -- if set to "wikilink" the abbreviation is formatted as a wikilink to the relevant wikipedia article -- if set to "none" abbreviations aren't formatted at all ErrorCategory = "", AmbiguousGlossCategory = "", MessageGlossingError = "Error(s) in interlinear glossing", combining_gender_numbers = "[0-9][0-9]?$", --e.g. G4 '4th gender' or CL7 'class 7' combining_gender_prefixes = {G = "gender", CL = "class"}, combining_person = {["1"] = "first person", ["2"] = "second person", ["3"] = "third person"}, combining_number = {S = "singular", SG = "singular", P = "plural", PL = "plural", D = "dual", DU = "dual", TRI = "trial"}, combining_gender = {F = "feminine", M = "masculine", N = "neuter"}, LowerCaseGlosses = {["1sg"] = true, ["2sg"] = true, ["3sg"] = true, ["1du"] = true, ["2du"] = true, ["3du"] = true, ["1pl"] = true, ["2pl"] = true, ["3pl"] = true, ["Fsg"] = true, ["Fpl"] = true, ["Msg"] = true, ["Mpl"] = true,}, -- these are the non-all-upper-case strings that will be recognised as glossing abbreviations ErrorHelpLocation = "Template:Interlinear", }

- -- CSS styles and classes - conf.style = { --CSS styles WordDiv = "float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;", WordMargin = "margin-right: 1em;", WordP = "margin: 0px;", -- the style for the word elements GlossAbbr = "font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums; text-transform: lowercase; ", -- won't be applied to gloss abbreviations containing lower-case characters HiddenText = "display: none;", EndDiv = "clear: left; display: block;", -- style of the element at the end of the interlinear display ErrorMessage = "font-size: inherit", } conf.class = { --CSS classes Interlinear = "interlinear", GlossAbbr = "gloss-abbr", GlossAbbrAmb = "gloss-abbr-ambiguous", GlossAbbrError = "gloss-abbr-error", ErrorMessage = "error", }

- -- Sundry small functions - local function normalise(str) return mw.ustring.gsub(str,"[" .. conf.WordSeparator .. "]+"," ") end

local function tidyCss(str) str = mw.ustring.gsub(str, '^[\"\']*(.-)[\"\']*$', "%1") -- trims quotation marks if mw.ustring.sub(str, -1) ~= ";" then str = str .. ";" end -- appends ";" if missing return str end

local function highlight(text) if text then return ' ' .. text .. ' '	else return "" end end

local function tone_sup(str) return mw.ustring.gsub(str, "([^%p%s0-9])([0-9])", "%1%2") end

local function is_empty(str) -- returns "false" if its argument is a string containing chars other than spaces &c. if not str then return true end if mw.ustring.find(str, "[^" .. conf.WordSeparator .. "]") then return false else return true end end

local function help_link (anchor) if anchor then return " (help)" else return "" end end

-- the following is part of a trial implementation of automatic transliteration: local function transliterate (str, lang_from, lang_to, scheme) local lookup = {grc = {module = 'Module:Ancient Greek', funct = "transliterate", } } if not lang_from then msg:add("error", "Source language for transliteration is not set") else local t = lookup[lang_from] if t then local module = require(t.module) return module[t.funct](str) else msg:add("error", "Can't find transliterator for language '" .. lang_from .. "'") end end return "" end -- end of trial block

-- The following two functions update the glossing settings based on the received -- template arguments. set_global_glossing_settings updates the global settings -- that are valid for all gloss abbreviations. set_glossing_type -- returns the glossing type, which can vary between the different lines.

local function set_global_glossing_settings(a) local style = "" if a.style then style = tidyCss(a.style) end if a.underline == "no" then style = style .. "text-decoration: none;" end if a.small_caps == "no" then style = style .. "font-variant:normal; text-transform: none;" end if style ~= "" then conf.style.GlossAbbr = conf.style.GlossAbbr .. style end end

local function set_glossing_type(glossing) if glossing then local GlossingType glossing = mw.ustring.lower(mw.text.trim(glossing)) if mw.ustring.find(glossing, 'link') then GlossingType = "wikilink" elseif mw.ustring.find(glossing, 'label') or mw.ustring.find(glossing, 'no link') then GlossingType = 'label' elseif mw.ustring.find(glossing, 'no abbr') then GlossingType = "no abbr" elseif yesno(glossing) == false then GlossingType = nil elseif yesno(glossing) then GlossingType = conf.GlossingType else msg:add('error', 'Glossing type "' .. glossing .. '" not recognised') end return GlossingType else error("set_glossing_type: 'glossing' is nil or false", 2) end end

local function set_custom_glosses(list) local abbs = mw.text.split(list, '[;\n\t]') for _,v in pairs(abbs) do		local gloss = mw.text.split(v, ':') local a = mw.text.trim(gloss[1]) if a and a ~= "" then gloss_override[a] = {} gloss_override[a].expansion = gloss[2] gloss_override[a].wikipage = gloss[3] end end end

- -- The UserMessages object contains and processes error messages and warnings - local UserMessages = {errors = {}, warnings = {}, gloss_messages = {}} function UserMessages:add(msgtype, text, gloss) if msgtype == "gloss_message" then self.gloss_messages[gloss] = text elseif msgtype == "warning" then table.insert(self.warnings, text) elseif msgtype == "non-repeating error" then self.errors.nre = text elseif msgtype == "ambiguous gloss" then self.if_ambiguous_glosses = true elseif msgtype == "error" then table.insert(self.errors, text) else return error("UserMessages:add: unknown message type", 2) end end function UserMessages:print_errors local out = "" local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.namespace if next(self.errors) or self.warnings[1] then local err_span = mw.html.create("span") err_span:attr("style", conf.style.ErrorMessage) err_span:addClass(conf.class.ErrorMessage) for _,v in pairs(self.errors) do err_span:wikitext(" " .. v .. ";") end if namespace % 2 == 0 and namespace ~= 2 -- non-talk namespaces, excluding user pages; if modifying please update the description on the category page then err_span:wikitext(conf.ErrorCategory) end out = tostring(err_span) mw.addWarning(conf.MessageGlossingError) end if self.if_ambiguous_glosses then if namespace == 0 -- article namespace then out = out .. conf.AmbiguousGlossCategory -- this category will only track articles end end return out end function UserMessages:print_warnings local out = "" -- Messages and warnings get displayed only if the page is being viewed in "preview" mode: if displaying_messages and (next(self.gloss_messages) or next(self.warnings)) then local div = mw.html.create("div") div:addClass("messagebox") :css("margin", "inherit") :wikitext("This message box is shown only in preview:") :newline for _,v in ipairs(self.warnings) do			local p = div:tag("p") p:addClass(conf.class.ErrorMessage) p:attr("style", conf.style.ErrorMessage) p:wikitext(v) end if self.gloss_messages then div:wikitext(" To change any of the following default expansions, see the template's documentation: ") end for _,v in pairs(self.gloss_messages) do div:wikitext(" " .. v .. " ") end out = out .. "\n\n" .. tostring(div) end return out end

- -- gloss_lookup receives a gloss abbreviation and tries to uncover its meaning. - local function gloss_lookup(a, label, wikilink) local _label, _wikilink, _lookup, source = nil, nil, nil, nil if gloss_override[a] then _lookup = gloss_override[a] source = "local" elseif data.abbreviations[a] then _lookup = data.abbreviations[a] end if _lookup and _lookup.expansion ~= "" then _label, _wikilink = _lookup.expansion, _lookup.wikipage else local prefix = mw.ustring.sub(a,1,1) local suffix = mw.ustring.sub(a,2) if conf.combining_person[prefix] then -- is it of the form 1PL or 3FS? _label = conf.combining_person[prefix] local _suffix = conf.combining_number[suffix] or conf.combining_gender[suffix] if _suffix then _label = _label .. ", " .. _suffix else local suffix1 = mw.ustring.sub(suffix,1,1) local suffix2 = mw.ustring.sub(suffix,2) if conf.combining_gender[suffix1] and conf.combining_number[suffix2] then _label = _label .. ", " .. conf.combining_gender[suffix1] .. ", " .. conf.combining_number[suffix2] else _label = nil end end elseif mw.ustring.match(suffix,conf.combining_gender_numbers) then -- cases like G4 = gender 4 local _i,_j = mw.ustring.find(a, conf.combining_gender_numbers) local _pre = mw.ustring.sub(a, 1, _i - 1) local _suff = mw.ustring.sub(a, _i) if conf.combining_gender_prefixes[_pre] then _label = conf.combining_gender_prefixes[_pre] .. " " .. _suff end elseif prefix == "N" then -- dealing with cases like NPST = non-past local s = gloss_override[suffix] or data.abbreviations[suffix] if s ~= nil and not s.ExcludeNegation then _label = "non-" .. s.expansion _wikilink = s.wikipage end s = nil end end if _label == "" then _label = nil end if _wikilink == "" then _wikilink = nil end if not label then label = _label end if not wikilink then wikilink = _wikilink end return label, wikilink, source end

- -- format_gloss calls gloss_lookup to find the meaning of a gloss -- abbreviation, which it then proceeds to format - local function format_gloss(gloss, label, wikilink) local gloss2 = mw.ustring.gsub(gloss,"<.->","") -- remove any html fluff gloss2 = mw.ustring.gsub(gloss2, "%'%'+", "") -- remove wiki bold/italic formatting gloss2 = mw.text.trim(mw.ustring.upper(gloss2)) if not (label or wikilink) or (not label and glossing_type == "label") or (not wikilink and glossing_type == "wikilink") then if glossing_type ~= "no abbr" then label, wikilink, source = gloss_lookup(gloss2, label, wikilink) end end local gloss_node if glossing_type == "no abbr" then gloss_node = mw.html.create("span") else gloss_node = mw.html.create("abbr") end gloss_node:addClass(conf.class.GlossAbbr) if label or wikilink then if not mw.ustring.match(gloss, "%l") -- excluding glosses that contain lower-case characters and not mw.ustring.match(gloss,conf.GlossSmallCapsExclude) -- and also excluding A, O etc. from rendering in small caps then gloss_node:attr("style", conf.style.GlossAbbr) end local abbr_label if label then abbr_label = label else abbr_label = wikilink end gloss_node:attr("title", abbr_label) if source ~= "local" and data.abbreviations[gloss2] then if data.abbreviations[gloss2].ambiguous then gloss_node:addClass(conf.class.GlossAbbrAmb) msg:add("ambiguous gloss") end end if glossing_type == "wikilink" and wikilink then gloss_node:wikitext("", gloss, "") else gloss_node:wikitext(gloss) end if source ~= "local" and displaying_messages then -- logging gloss lookups: local message = "" if label then message = "assuming " .. gloss2 .. " means \"" .. abbr_label .. "\";" end if glossing_type == "wikilink" and wikilink then message = message .. " linking to " .. wikilink .. ";" end msg:add("gloss_message", message, gloss) end elseif glossing_type == "no abbr" then gloss_node :attr("style", conf.style.GlossAbbr) :wikitext(gloss) else if displaying_messages then msg:add("warning", "Gloss abbreviation " .. highlight(gloss2) .. " not recognised" .. help_link("gloss abbr")) end msg:add("non-repeating error", "Unknown glossing abbreviation(s)" .. help_link("gloss abbr")) gloss_node :addClass(conf.class.GlossAbbrError) :addClass("error") :css("font-size", "100%") :attr("title", gloss2 .. ": glossing abbreviation not found") :attr("style", conf.style.ErrorMessage) :wikitext(gloss) end return tostring(gloss_node) end

- -- find_gloss parses a word into morphemes, and it calls format_gloss -- for anything that looks like a glossing abbreviation. - local function find_gloss(word) local function scan_gloss(boundary, gloss_abbr) -- checks a morpheme if it is a gloss abbreviation if (mw.ustring.match(gloss_abbr, conf.GlossAbbrPattern)			or conf.LowerCaseGlosses[gloss_abbr]) and not (conf.GlossExcludeTable[gloss_abbr]				or mw.ustring.match(gloss_abbr, conf.GlossExcludePattern)) then gloss_abbr = format_gloss(gloss_abbr) end return boundary .. gloss_abbr end local word = mw.text.decode(word, true) if word == "I" -- for the case of the English word "I", the 1SG pronoun then return word end local pattern = "([" .. conf.GlossAbbrBoundary .. "]?)([^" .. conf.GlossAbbrBoundary .. "]+)" word = mw.ustring.gsub(word, pattern, scan_gloss) -- splits into morphemes return word end

- -- The main purpose of the bletcherous parse is to split a line into words and and then for each eligible word -- to call find_gloss. The parser outputs the individual words (with any gloss abbreviation formatting applied). -- The simple job of splitting at whitespaces has been made complicated by a) the fact that the input can contain -- whitespaces inside the various html elements that are the result of the application of various formatting templates; -- and b) the need to be able to recognise the output of the template that formats custom gloss abbreviations -- (and hence skip passing it on to find_gloss). See talk for a suggestion about its future. - local function parse(cline, i, tags_found,ifglossing)

local function issue_error(message, culprit) UserMessages:add("error", message .. ": " .. mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole, 1, i-1) .. "" .. culprit  .. "") end if i > cline.length then return i end --this will only be triggered if the current line has less words than line 1 local next_step, j, _, chunk local probe = mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole,i,i) if mw.ustring.match(probe,"[" .. conf.WordSeparator .. "]") and tags_found == 0 then next_step = i-1 elseif probe == "[" then --Wikilink? if mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole,i+1,i+1) == "[" then _,j,chunk = mw.ustring.find(cline.whole,"(%[%[.-%]%])", i)		else chunk = "["; j = i end --not a wikilink then buffer = buffer .. chunk next_step = parse(cline, j+1,tags_found,ifglossing) elseif probe == "{" and tags_found == 0 then --curly brackets enclose a sequence of words to be treated as a single unit _,j,chunk = mw.ustring.find(cline.whole,"(.-)(})", i+1) if not chunk then issue_error("Unclosed curly bracket", "{") chunk = highlight("{"); j = i		elseif ifglossing==true then chunk = find_gloss(chunk) else if cline.tone_sup then chunk = tone_sup(chunk) end end buffer = buffer .. chunk next_step = parse(cline, j+1,tags_found,ifglossing) elseif probe == "<" then -- We've encountered an HTML tag. What do we do now? local _,j,chunk = mw.ustring.find(cline.whole,"(<.->)",i) if not chunk then issue_error("Unclosed angle bracket", "<") chunk = highlight("<"); j = i		elseif mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole,i,i+1) == "$") -- It's an OPENING tag, unless it opens a self-closing element (in which case the element is ignored) then if ifglossing == true -- the following checks for the output of : and mw.ustring.find(chunk, conf.class.GlossAbbr, 1, true) -- it's important that the "find" function uses literal strings and not patterns then ifglossing = false end tags_found = tags_found + 1 end buffer = buffer .. chunk next_step = parse(cline, j+1,tags_found,ifglossing) else -- No HTML tags, so we only need to find where the word ends local _,k,chunk = mw.ustring.find(cline.whole,"(..-)([ <[])",i) if k then --ordinary text if ifglossing==true then buffer = buffer .. find_gloss(chunk) else if cline.tone_sup then chunk = tone_sup(chunk) end buffer = buffer .. chunk end next_step = parse(cline, k, tags_found, ifglossing) else -- reached end of string if ifglossing == true then chunk = find_gloss(mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole,i)) else chunk = mw.ustring.sub(cline.whole,i) if cline.tone_sup then chunk = tone_sup(chunk) end end buffer = buffer .. chunk next_step = cline.length end end return next_step end

-- The following function is called by Template:gcl and is used for formatting an individual glossing abbreviation

function p.gcl(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{		trim = true,		removeBlanks = false,		parentOnly = true,		wrappers = {'Template:Gcl'},	}) msg = UserMessages set_global_glossing_settings{style = args.style, underline = args.underline, small_caps = args['small-caps']} if not args.glossing then glossing_type = conf.GlossingType -- a global variable else glossing_type = set_glossing_type(args.glossing) end local gloss, label, wikilink = args[1], args[2], args[3] if not gloss then UserMessages:add("error", "No gloss supplied") return UserMessages:print end if wikilink and not args.glossing then -- if a wikilink is supplied and glossing isn't set to 'label'... glossing_type = 'wikilink' end --    .. then the wikilink will be formatted as such if label == "" then label = nil end if wikilink == "" then wikilink = nil end local result = format_gloss(gloss, label, wikilink) return result end

-- The following is the function called by Template:Interlinear. -- It processes the template arguments, then calls parse to split the input lines into words -- and it then builds the output html.

function p.interlinearise(frame) - -- Prepare arguments -	local if_auto_translit = false local args = getArgs(frame, { -- configuration for Module:Arguments		trim = true,		removeBlanks = false,		parentFirst = true,		wrappers = {'Template:Interlinear', 'Template:Fs interlinear'},	}) local template_name = frame:getParent:getTitle if template_name == 'Template:Fs interlinear' then args.italics1 = args.italics1 or "no" args.italics2 = args.italics2 or "yes" args.glossing3 = args.glossing3 or "yes" if args.lang and not args.lang2 then args.lang2 = args.lang .."-Latn" end if args.transl and not args.transl2 then args.transl2 = args.transl end if_auto_translit = true

end local revid = frame:preprocess( "" ) if revid == "" then if not args['display-messages'] or yesno(args['display-messages']) then displaying_messages = true end-- messages will be displayed only in preview mode end msg = UserMessages local line = {}

local function set_italics(n) line[n].attr.style = line[n].attr.style .. "font-style: italic;" line[n].tone_sup = true -- single digits are assumed to be tone markers and will hence be superscripted if args['tone-superscripting'] and not yesno(args['tone-superscripting']) then line[n].tone_sup = false end end

if args.glossing then -- the glossing= parameter sets the default glossing type local _gl = set_glossing_type(args.glossing) if _gl then conf.GlossingType = _gl end end --this looks for a list of glossing abbreviations on the page that transcludes the template: local _ablist_section = frame:preprocess('') if _ablist_section and _ablist_section ~= "" then local _a = mw.ustring.gsub(_ablist_section, '', '') -- strips off the div tags set_custom_glosses(_a) end --and this looks looks for a list of abbreviations set within the template: local _ablist = args.abbreviations if _ablist and _ablist ~= "" then set_custom_glosses(_ablist) end local _ablist = args.ablist if _ablist and _ablist ~= "" then set_custom_glosses(_ablist) end

local _spacing = tonumber(args.spacing) if _spacing and _spacing <= 20 then conf.style.WordDiv = conf.style.WordDiv .. 'margin-right: ' .. _spacing .. 'em;' else conf.style.WordDiv = conf.style.WordDiv .. conf.style.WordMargin end

local offset, last_line = 0, 0 for j,v in ipairs(args) do -- iterates over the unnamed parameters from the template last_line = last_line +1 if is_empty(v) then offset = offset + 1 else local i = j - offset line[i] = {} v = normalise(v)

-- the following is part of a trial implementation of automatic transliteration: if if_auto_translit and v == "auto" and i > 1 then local source_line = line[i-1] local src_lang = source_line.lang if not src_lang then src_lang = args.lang end if src_lang then v = transliterate(source_line.whole, src_lang) else v = ""; msg:add("error", "No language specified for automatic transliteration") end end -- end of trial block

line[i].whole = v		line[i].length = mw.ustring.len(v)

local _c = args["c" .. i]		if _c and _c ~= "" then line.hasComments = true line[i].c = _c end

---prepare style arguments line[i].class = "" local _style = args["style" .. i]		if not _style then _style = "" else _style = tidyCss(_style) end --line[i].attr holds the attributes for the elements that enclose the words in line i line[i].attr = {style = conf.style.WordP .. _style}

local _lang = args["lang" .. i]		if _lang and #_lang > 1 then line[i].lang = _lang else _lang = args.lang if _lang and #_lang > 1 and i == 1 then -- if a lang= parameter is supplied, it's assumed to apply to line 1 line[i].lang = _lang end end line[i].attr.lang = line[i].lang --the following emulates the behaviour of (see Template talk:Fs interlinear#Tibetan): if template_name == 'Template:Fs interlinear' then if _lang == "bo" and i == 1 then line[1].class = line[1].class .. " uchen" line[1].attr.style = line[1].attr.style .. "font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;" end end

if yesno(args["italics" .. i]) then set_italics(i) end

local _glossing = args["glossing" .. i]		if _glossing then line[i].glossing = set_glossing_type(_glossing) -- Do not treat default glossing settings as custom. if not ((i == 1 and not yesno(_glossing)) or (i == 2 and yesno(_glossing))) then line.HasCustomGlossing = true end end

local _ipa = args['ipa' .. i]		if yesno(_ipa) then line[i].class = "IPA" end

local _class = args['class' .. i]		if _class then line[i].class = line[i].class .. " " .. _class end

if line[i].class == "" then line[i].class = nil end end -- ends the first if-statement in the loop end -- ends the FOR cycle

local line_count = #line if line_count == 0 then msg:add("error", template_name .. ": no lines supplied.") return msg:print_errors end

if line_count > 1 then local _italics = args.italics local n = tonumber(_italics) if n and n > 0 then set_italics(n) elseif not (_italics and not yesno(_italics)) and not (args["italics1"] and not yesno(args["italics1"])) then set_italics(1) -- by default, the first line will get italicised, unless italics=no or italics1=no end -- the last unnamed parameter is assumed to be the free translation: free_translation = args[last_line] if not is_empty(free_translation) then line [line_count] = nil  end  --... and is thus excluded from interlinearising end

-- If glossing isn't specified for any line, then it's chosen by default to occur -- in the second line, unless only a single line has been supplied, in which case -- the assumption is that it is the one containing grammatical glosses if yesno(args.glossing) == false then line.HasCustomGlossing = true end if not line.HasCustomGlossing then if line_count == 1 then line[1].glossing = conf.GlossingType elseif line[2] then line[2].glossing = conf.GlossingType end end set_global_glossing_settings{style = args['glossing-style'], underline = args.underline, small_caps = args['small-caps']}

- -- Segment lines into words -	for i,v in ipairs(line) do		local ifglossing = false if line[i].glossing then ifglossing = true -- if true the parser will attempt to format gloss abbreviations in the current line glossing_type = line[i].glossing -- neccessarily a global variable end local wc, n = 1, 1 line[i].words = {} while n <= line[i].length do			buffer = "" n = parse(line[i], n, 0, ifglossing)+2 line[i].words[wc] = buffer wc = wc + 1 end end

Check for mismatches in number of words across lines local number_of_words, mismatch_found = 0, false for i,v in ipairs(line) do -- find the maximum number of words in any line local wc = #line[i].words if wc ~= number_of_words then if i ~= 1 and wc ~= 0 then mismatch_found = true end if wc > number_of_words then number_of_words = wc			end end end Deal with mismatches--- if mismatch_found then local error_text = "Mismatch in the number of words between lines: " for i,v in ipairs(line) do			local wc = #line[i].words error_text = error_text .. wc .. " word(s) in line " .. i .. ", "			if wc ~= number_of_words then for current_word = wc+1, number_of_words do					line[i].words[current_word] = " " end end end if string.sub(error_text, -2) == ", " then error_text = string.sub(error_text, 1, #error_text - 2) .. " "		end error_text = error_text .. help_link("mismatch") UserMessages:add("error", error_text) end

- -- Build the HTML -	 If just a single line was supplied, format it as inline text if line_count == 1 then local span = mw.html.create('span') span:attr(line[1].attr) for wi = 1, number_of_words do			local space if wi < number_of_words then space = " " else space = "" end span:wikitext(line[1].words[wi] .. space) end return tostring(span) end

More than one line supplied, so we'll produce interlinear display local div = mw.html.create("div") div:addClass(conf.class.Interlinear)

-- For stuff to be displayed in the left margin, like example numbering local number, indent = nil, nil if args.number and args.number ~= "" then number = args.number end if args.indent and args.indent ~="" then indent = args.indent end if indent or number then if not indent then indent = "4" end --default value div:css("margin-left", indent .. 'em') if number then div:tag("div") :css("position", "absolute") :css("left", "1em") :wikitext(args.number) end end

if args.box and args.box ~= "" then div:css("background-color", "#f8f9fa") :css("border", "1px solid #eaecf0") :css("padding", "1em") end if args.top and args.top ~= "" then --lines to display above the interlinear block div:tag("div") :wikitext(args.top) end

-- Producing the interlinear block for wi = 1, number_of_words do		local div2 = div:tag("div") :attr("style", conf.style.WordDiv) for i,_ in ipairs (line) do			if line[i].whole ~= "" then -- skipping empty lines local p = div2:tag("p") p:attr(line[i].attr) if line[i].class then p:addClass(line[i].class) end local _text = line[i].words[wi] if _text == "" or _text == " " then _text = " " end -- elements without content mess up the interlinear display p:wikitext(_text) end end end

--- If any "comments" have been specified, add them at the end of each line if line.hasComments then local divc = div:tag("div") :attr("style", conf.style.WordDiv) for i,_ in ipairs (line) do			local p = divc:tag("p") p:attr("style", conf.style.WordP) if line[i].c then p:wikitext(line[i].c)			else p:wikitext(" ") end end end

--Add hidden lines containing the content of each line of interlinear text: this is for accessibility for i,v in ipairs(line) do		local hidden_line = div:tag("p") hidden_line:attr("style", conf.style.HiddenText) :wikitext(v.whole) end

-- Format the free translation local ft_line = div:tag("p") if free_translation and free_translation ~= "" then ft_line:attr("style", "clear: left;") ft_line:wikitext(free_translation) end if args.bottom and args.bottom ~= "" then local bottom = div:tag('p') bottom:css('margin-top', '0') bottom:wikitext(args.bottom) end ft_line:node(msg:print_errors) -- for error messages

local end_div = div:tag("div") end_div:attr("style", conf.style.EndDiv) div:newline local temp_track = "" if last_line == 2 then temp_track = "" end if last_line > 3 and template_name ~= 'Template:Fs interlinear' then temp_track = "" end return tostring(div) .. temp_track .. msg:print_warnings end

return p

title: Module:Interlinear


text:
Module:Interlinear/data

--The table here is traversed by the function that expands glossing abbreviations. If the abbreviation isn't found in this list and it begins with an "N" then the function will discard the "N" and search again, returning the result prefixed with "non-" (ex. "NFUT" is not found, so it will search for "FUT" and return "non-future"). A few abbreviations are exempt from this behaviour and they're marked by the ExcludeNegation key.-- local abbreviations = { ["0"] = {expansion = "", wikipage = ""}, ["1"] = {expansion = "first person", wikipage = "Grammatical person"}, ["2"] = {expansion = "second person", wikipage = "Grammatical person"}, ["3"] = {expansion = "third person", wikipage = "grammatical person"}, ["3OBV"] = {expansion = "third person obviative", wikipage = "Obviative"}, ["A"] = {expansion = "agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb", wikipage = "A (glossing abbreviation)", ExcludeNegation = true}, ["ABE"] = {expansion = "abessive case ('without')", wikipage = "abessive case"}, ["ABL"] = {expansion = "ablative case", wikipage = "ablative case"}, ["ABS"] = {expansion = "absolutive case", wikipage = "absolutive case"}, ["ACC"] = {expansion = "accusative case", wikipage = "accusative case"}, ["ACCOM"] = {expansion = "accompanier", wikipage = ""}, ["ACT"] = {expansion = "active/actor", wikipage = "active voice", ambiguous = true}, ["ADJ"] = {expansion = "adjective", wikipage = "adjective"}, ["ADE"] = {expansion = "adessive case", wikipage = "adessive case"}, ["ADM"] = {expansion = "admonitive mood (warning)", wikipage = "admonitive mood"}, ["ADV"] = {expansion = "adverb(ial)", wikipage = "adverbial", ambiguous = true}, ["AFF"] = {expansion = "affirmative", wikipage = "affirmative (linguistics)"}, ["AG"] = {expansion = "agentive case", wikipage = "agent (grammar)"}, ["AGT"] = {expansion = "agentive case", wikipage = "agentive case"}, ["AGR"] = {expansion = "agreement", wikipage = "agreement (grammar)"}, ["ALL"] = {expansion = "allative case ('to')", wikipage = "allative case"}, ["AL"] = {expansion = "allocutive agreement", wikipage = "allocutive agreement"}, ["ALLOC"] = {expansion = "allocutive agreement", wikipage = "allocutive agreement"}, ["ALIEN"] = {expansion = "alienable possession", wikipage = "alienable possession"}, ["AN"] = {expansion = "animate", wikipage = "animacy"}, ["ANAPH"] = {expansion = "anaphora/anaphoric", wikipage = "Anaphora (linguistics)"}, ["AND"] = {expansion = "andative ('going towards')", wikipage = "andative"}, ["ANIM"] = {expansion = "animate", wikipage = "animacy"}, ["ANT"] = {expansion = "anterior tense", wikipage = "anterior tense"}, ["ANTE"] = {expansion = "antessive case ('before')", wikipage = "antessive case"}, ["ANTIC"] = {expansion = "anticausative", wikipage = "anticausative"}, ["ANTIP"] = {expansion = "antipassive voice", wikipage = "antipassive voice"}, ["AP"] = {expansion = "antipassive voice", wikipage = "antipassive voice"}, ["AOR"] = {expansion = "aorist", wikipage = "aorist"}, ["APP"] = {expansion = "apposition", wikipage = "apposition"}, ["APL"] = {expansion = "applicative voice", wikipage = "applicative voice"}, ["APPL"] = {expansion = "applicative voice", wikipage = "applicative voice"}, ["APPR"] = {expansion = "apprehensive mood", wikipage = "apprehensive mood"}, ["APRX"] = {expansion = "approximative", wikipage = "approximative"}, ["ART"] = {expansion = "article", wikipage = "article (grammar)"}, ["ASP"] = {expansion = "aspect", wikipage = "aspect (grammar)"}, ["ASS"] = {expansion = "associative case", wikipage = "associative case", ambiguous = true}, ["AT"] = {expansion = "agent trigger", wikipage = "austronesian alignment"}, ["ATTR"] = {expansion = "attributive", wikipage = "Attributive"}, ["ATT"] = {expansion = "attenuative", wikipage = "attenuative", ambiguous = true}, ["AUD"] = {expansion = "auditory evidential", wikipage = "evidentiality"}, ["AUG"] = {expansion = "augmentative", wikipage = "augmentative"}, ["AUX"] = {expansion = "auxiliary verb", wikipage = "auxiliary verb"}, ["AV"] = {expansion = "agent voice", wikipage = "agent voice"}, ["B"] = {expansion = "core benefactive", wikipage = "benefactive case"}, ["BE"] = {expansion = "'be' verb", wikipage = "be verb"}, ["BEN"] = {expansion = "benefactive case ('for')", wikipage = "benefactive case"}, ["C"] = {expansion = "common gender", wikipage = "common gender", ambiguous = true}, ["CAP"] = {expansion = "capability", wikipage = ""}, ["CAU"] = {expansion = "causative", wikipage = "causative"}, ["CAUS"] = {expansion = "causative", wikipage = "causative"}, ["CENT"] = {expansion = "centric case", wikipage = "centric case"}, ["CF"] = {expansion = "counterfactual conditional", wikipage = "counterfactual conditional"}, ["CIRC"] = {expansion = "circumfix", wikipage = "circumfix"}, ["CIT"] = {expansion = "citation form", wikipage = "citation form"}, ["CL"] = {expansion = "classifier", wikipage = "classifier (linguistics)"}, ["CLF"] = {expansion = "classifier", wikipage = "classifier (linguistics)"}, ["CNJ"] = {expansion = "conjunction", wikipage = "conjunction (grammar)"}, ["CNSQ"] = {expansion = "consequential mood", wikipage = "consequential mood"}, ["COL"] = {expansion = "collective number", wikipage = "collective number"}, ["COM"] = {expansion = "comitative case ('together with')", wikipage = "comitative case"}, ["COMP"] = {expansion = "comparative", wikipage = "comparative", ambiguous = true}, ["COMPL"] = {expansion = "completive aspect", wikipage = "completive aspect"}, ["CPL"] = {expansion = "completive aspect", wikipage = "completive aspect"}, ["CONC"] = {expansion = "concessive", wikipage = "concessive"}, ["COND"] = {expansion = "conditional mood", wikipage = "conditional mood"}, ["CONJ"] = {expansion = "conjunction", wikipage = "conjunction (grammar)"}, ["CONN"] = {expansion = "connective", wikipage = "connective particle"}, ["CONT"] = {expansion = "continuous aspect", wikipage = "continuous aspect", ambiguous = true}, ["CTN"] = {expansion = "continuous aspect", wikipage = "continuous aspect", ambiguous = true}, ["CNTR"] = {expansion = "contrastive", wikipage = "contrast (linguistics)"}, ["COP"] = {expansion = "copula", wikipage = "copula (linguistics)"}, ["COR"] = {expansion = "coreference", wikipage = "coreference"}, ["CRAS"] = {expansion = "crastinal tense ('tomorrow')", wikipage = "crastinal tense"}, ["CRS"] = {expansion = "current relevance marker", wikipage = "current relevance (grammar)"}, ["CVB"] = {expansion = "converb", wikipage = "converb"}, ["D"] = {expansion = "core dative case", wikipage = "dative case"}, ["DAT"] = {expansion = "dative case", wikipage = "dative case"}, ["DE"] = {expansion = "different event", wikipage = ""}, ["DEC"] = {expansion = "declarative mood", wikipage = "declarative mood"}, ["DECL"] = {expansion = "declarative mood", wikipage = "declarative mood"}, ["DEF"] = {expansion = "definite", wikipage = "definite"}, ["DEI"] = {expansion = "deictic", wikipage = "deictic"}, ["DEIX"] = {expansion = "deictic", wikipage = "deictic"}, ["DEL"] = {expansion = "delative case ('off of')", wikipage = "delative case", ambiguous = true}, ["DEM"] = {expansion = "demonstrative", wikipage = "demonstrative"}, ["DEO"] = {expansion = "deontic mood", wikipage = "deontic mood"}, ["DEP"] = {expansion = "dependent", wikipage = ""}, ["DES"] = {expansion = "desiderative mood", wikipage = "desiderative mood"}, ["DESI"] = {expansion = "desiderative mood", wikipage = "desiderative mood"}, ["DEST"] = {expansion = "destinative aspect", wikipage = "destinative aspect"}, ["DET"] = {expansion = "determiner", wikipage = "determiner"}, ["DETR"] = {expansion = "detransitive", wikipage = "detransitive"}, ["DH"] = {expansion = "motion downhill, seaward", wikipage = ""}, ["DIM"] = {expansion = "diminutive", wikipage = "diminutive"}, ["DIR"] = { ambiguous = true}, --direct case? direct speech? directional? ["DISJ"] = {expansion = "disjunction", wikipage = "disjunction"}, ["DIST"] = {expansion = "distal", wikipage = "distal demonstrative"}, ["DISTR"] = {expansion = "distributive case", wikipage = "distributive case"}, ["DITR"] = {expansion = "ditransitive", wikipage = "ditransitive"}, ["DLM"] = {expansion = "delimited", wikipage = ""}, ["DM"] = {expansion = "discourse marker", wikipage = "discourse marker"}, ["DO"] = {expansion = "direct object", wikipage = "direct object"}, ["DR"] = {expansion = "motion downriver", wikipage = ""}, ["DS"] = {expansion = "different-subject", wikipage = "switch-reference"}, ["DU"] = {expansion = "dual number", wikipage = "Dual (grammatical number)"}, ["DUB"] = {expansion = "dubitative mood", wikipage = "dubitative mood"}, ["DUR"] = {expansion = "durative aspect", wikipage = "durative aspect"}, ["DY"] = {expansion = "dyadic", wikipage = "dyadic kinship term"}, ["DYAD"] = {expansion = "dyadic", wikipage = "dyadic kinship term"}, ["DYN"] = {expansion = "dynamic aspect", wikipage = "dynamic aspect"}, ["E"] = {expansion = "epenthetic morpheme", wikipage = "epenthesis"}, ["ELA"] = {expansion = "elative case ('out of')", wikipage = "elative case"}, ["EMP"] = {expansion = "emphatic", wikipage = ""}, ["EMPH"] = {expansion = "emphatic", wikipage = ""}, ["EPIS"] = {expansion = "epistemic mood/modality", wikipage = "epistemic modality"}, ["ERG"] = {expansion = "ergative case", wikipage = "ergative case"}, ["ESS"] = {expansion = "essive case", wikipage = "essive case"}, ["EV"] = {expansion = "evidential", wikipage = "evidential"}, ["EVID"] = {expansion = "evidential", wikipage = "evidential"}, ["EVIT"] = {expansion = "evitative case", wikipage = "evitative case"}, ["EX"] = {expansion = "exclusive person", wikipage = "clusivity"}, ["EXCL"] = {expansion = "exclusive person", wikipage = "clusivity"}, ["EXCLAM"] = {expansion = "exclamative", wikipage = "exclamative"}, ["EXESS"] = {expansion = "exessive case", wikipage = "exessive case"}, ["EXH"] = {expansion = "exhortative", wikipage = "exhortative"}, ["EXIST"] = {expansion = "existential ('there is')", wikipage = "existential clause"}, ["EXO"] = {expansion = "exocentric", wikipage = "exocentric case"}, ["EXP"] = {expansion = "experiential, or experiencer", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, --experiental evidential, experiential aspect, experiencer --["EXPER"] = {expansion = "experiential evidential", wikipage = "evidentiality"}, ["EXPL"] = {expansion = "expletive/dummy", wikipage = "Syntactic expletive"}, ["F"] = {expansion = "feminine gender", wikipage = "feminine gender"}, ["FEM"] = {expansion = "feminine gender", wikipage = "feminine gender"}, ["FACT"] = {expansion = "factive evidential", wikipage = "evidentiality"}, ["FAM"] = {expansion = "familiar register", wikipage = ""}, ["FIN"] = {expansion = "finite", wikipage = "finite verb"}, ["FOC"] = {expansion = "focus", wikipage = "focus (grammar)"}, ["FORM"] = {expansion = "formal register", wikipage = ""}, ["FP"] = {expansion = "final particle", wikipage = ""}, ["FR"] = {expansion = "frequentative", wikipage = "frequentative"}, ["FREQ"] = {expansion = "frequentative", wikipage = "frequentative"}, ["FMR"] = {expansion = "former, deceased", wikipage = ""}, ["FPL"] = {expansion = "feminine plural", wikipage = ""}, ["FSG"] = {expansion = "feminine singular", wikipage = ""}, ["FUT"] = {expansion = "future tense", wikipage = "future tense"}, ["GEN"] = {expansion = "genitive case", wikipage = "genitive case"}, ["GER"] = {expansion = "gerund", wikipage = "gerund"}, ["GNO"] = {expansion = "gnomic", wikipage = "Gnomic aspect"}, ["GT"] = {expansion = "goal trigger", wikipage = "austronesian alignment"}, ["HAB"] = {expansion = "habitual aspect", wikipage = "habitual aspect"}, ["HBL"] = {expansion = "humble register", wikipage = ""}, ["HEST"] = {expansion = "hesternal tense ('yesterday')", wikipage = "hesternal tense"}, ["HIST"] = {expansion = "hitorical", wikipage = ""}, ["HOD"] = {expansion = "hodiernal tense ('today')", wikipage = "hodiernal tense"}, ["HON"] = {expansion = "honorific", wikipage = "honorifics (linguistics)"}, ["HORT"] = {expansion = "hortative", wikipage = "hortative"}, ["HSY"] = {expansion = "hearsay", wikipage = ""}, ["HUM"] = {expansion = "human/anthropic gender", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, ["HYP"] = {expansion = "hypothetical mood", wikipage = "hypothetical mood"}, ["I"] = {expansion = "", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, -- "inflected" or "class I"? ["ID"] = {expansion = "identical", wikipage = ""}, ["IDENTIF"] = {expansion = "identifiable", wikipage = ""}, ["IDEO"] = {expansion = "ideophone", wikipage = "ideophone"}, ["IGNOR"] = {expansion = "ignorative", wikipage = "ignorative"}, ["II"] = {expansion = "class II", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["III"] = {expansion = "class III", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["ILL"] = {expansion = "illative case ('into')", wikipage = "illative case"}, ["IMM"] = {expansion = "immediate", wikipage = ""}, ["IMP"] = {expansion = "imperative mood", wikipage = "imperative mood"}, ["IMPERF"] = {expansion = "imperfect", wikipage = "imperfect"}, ["IMPR"] = {expansion = "imprecative mood", wikipage = "imprecative mood"}, ["IMPREC"] = {expansion = "imprecative mood", wikipage = "imprecative mood"}, ["IMPRS"] = {expansion = "impersonal", wikipage = "impersonal"}, ["IN"] = {expansion = "inclusive person", wikipage = "clusivity"}, ["INCL"] = {expansion = "inclusive person", wikipage = "clusivity"}, ["INAL"] = {expansion = "inalienable possession", wikipage = "inalienable possession"}, ["INAN"] = {expansion = "inanimate gender", wikipage = "inanimate gender"}, ["INCH"] = {expansion = "inchoative aspect", wikipage = "inchoative aspect"}, ["INCHO"] = {expansion = "inchoative aspect", wikipage = "inchoative aspect"}, ["INCEP"] = {expansion = "inceptive aspect", wikipage = "inceptive aspect"}, ["INCL"] = {expansion = "inclusive person", wikipage = "clusivity"}, ["IND"] = {expansion = "indicative mood", wikipage = "indicative mood"}, ["INDF"] = {expansion = "indefinite", wikipage = "definiteness"}, ["INDEF"] = {expansion = "indefinite", wikipage = "definiteness"}, ["INE"] = {expansion = "inessive case ('in')", wikipage = "inessive case"}, ["INF"] = {expansion = "infinitive", wikipage = "infinitive"}, ["INFER"] = {expansion = "inferential", wikipage = "inferential mood"}, ["INFR"] = {expansion = "inferential", wikipage = "inferential mood"}, ["INEL"] = {expansion = "inelative case ('from within')", wikipage = "inelative case"}, ["INS"] = {expansion = "instrument(al)", wikipage = ""}, --instrument, instrumental case, instrumental marking on verb? ["INST"] = {expansion = "instrument(al)", wikipage = ""}, ["INSTR"] = {expansion = "instrument(al)", wikipage = ""}, ["INT"] = {expansion = "intensifier", wikipage = "intensifier", ambiguous = true}, ["INTEN"] = {expansion = "intentional", wikipage = ""}, ["INTERR"] = {expansion = "interrogative", wikipage = "interrogative"}, ["INTR"] = {expansion = "intransitive", wikipage = "intransitive", ambiguous = true}, ["NTR"] = {expansion = "intransitive", wikipage = "intransitive", ambiguous = true}, ["INV"] = {expansion = "inverse", wikipage = "inversion (linguistics)"}, ["IO"] = {expansion = "indirect object", wikipage = "indirect object"}, ["IPFV"] = {expansion = "imperfective aspect", wikipage = "imperfective aspect"}, ["IRR"] = {expansion = "irrealis mood", wikipage = "irrealis mood"}, ["IS"] = {expansion = "indirect speech", wikipage = "indirect speech"}, ["IT"] = {expansion = "instrument trigger", wikipage = "Austronesian alignment"}, ["ITER"] = {expansion = "iterative aspect", wikipage = "iterative aspect"}, ["IV"] = {expansion = "class IV", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["IX"] = {expansion = "class IX", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["JUS"] = {expansion = "jussive mood", wikipage = "jussive mood"}, ["L2"] = {expansion = "second language", wikipage = ""}, ["LAT"] = {expansion = "lative case", wikipage = "lative case"}, ["LD"] = {expansion = "locative case + directional", wikipage = ""}, ["LK"] = {expansion = "linker", wikipage = ""}, ["LOC"] = {expansion = "locative case", wikipage = "locative case"}, ["LOG"] = {expansion = "logophoric", wikipage = "logophoric"}, ["LT"] = {expansion = "locative trigger", wikipage = "Austronesian alignment"}, ["M"] = {expansion = "masculine gender", wikipage = "masculine gender"}, ["MASC"] = {expansion = "masculine gender", wikipage = "masculine gender"}, ["MAN"] = {expansion = "manner", wikipage = ""}, ["MID"] = {expansion = "middle voice", wikipage = "middle voice"}, ["MIM"] = {expansion = "mimetic", wikipage = "Linguistic mimesis"}, ["MIR"] = {expansion = "mirative", wikipage = "mirative"}, ["MLT"] = {expansion = "multiplicative case", wikipage = "multiplicative case"}, ["MLTP"] = {expansion = "multiplicative case", wikipage = "multiplicative case"}, ["MOD"] = {expansion = "mood/modal(ity)", wikipage = "Linguistic modality", ambiguous = true}, ["MOM"] = {expansion = "single action verb", wikipage = ""}, ["MPL"] = {expansion = "masculine plural", wikipage = ""}, ["MSG"] = {expansion = "masculine singular", wikipage = ""}, ["MVMT"] = {expansion = "movement", wikipage = ""}, ["MVT"] = {expansion = "movement", wikipage = ""}, ["N"] = {expansion = "neuter gender", wikipage = "neuter gender"}, ["NEUT"] = {expansion = "neuter gender", wikipage = "neuter gender"}, ["NEG"] = {expansion = "negation/negative", wikipage = "Negative (linguistics)"}, ["NF"] = {expansion = "non-finite", wikipage = "nonfinite verb"}, ["NH"] = {expansion = "non-human", wikipage = "grammatical gender"}, ["NMLZ"] = {expansion = "nominalizer/nominalization", wikipage = "nominalization"}, ["NMZ"] = {expansion = "nominalizer/nominalization", wikipage = "nominalization"}, ["NZ"] = {expansion = "nominalizer/nominalization", wikipage = "nominalization"}, ["NOMI"] = {expansion = "nominalizer/nominalization", wikipage = "nominalization"}, ["NOM"] = {expansion = "nominative case", wikipage = "nominative case"}, ["NS"] = {expansion = "non-subject", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, --can also mean "neuter, singular" ["NTR"] = {expansion = "intransitive", wikipage = "intransitive (disambiguation)"}, ["INTR"] = {expansion = "intransitive", wikipage = "intransitive (disambiguation)"}, ["NUM"] = {expansion = "numeral", wikipage = "numeral (linguistics)"}, ["O"] = {expansion = "patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb", wikipage = "O (grammar)", ExcludeNegation = true}, ["OBJ"] = {expansion = "object(ive)", wikipage = "object (grammar)", ambiguous = true}, ["OB"] = {expansion = "object(ive)", wikipage = "object (grammar)", ambiguous = true}, ["OBL"] = {expansion = "oblique case", wikipage = "oblique case"}, ["OBV"] = {expansion = "obviative", wikipage = "obviative"}, ["OPT"] = {expansion = "optative mood", wikipage = "optative mood"}, ["P"] = {expansion = "patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb", wikipage = "P (grammar)", ExcludeNegation = true}, ["PAS"] = {expansion = "passive voice", wikipage = "passive voice"}, ["PASS"] = {expansion = "passive voice", wikipage = "passive voice"}, ["PAST"] = {expansion = "past tense", wikipage = "past tense"}, ["PAT"] = {expansion = "patient(ive)", wikipage = "Patient (grammar)"}, ["PA"] = {expansion = "paucal number", wikipage = "paucal number"}, ["PAU"] = {expansion = "paucal number", wikipage = "paucal number"}, ["PEG"] = {expansion = "pegative case", wikipage = "pegative case"}, ["PER"] = {expansion = "perlative case ('per', 'using')", wikipage = "perlative case"}, ["PERF"] = {expansion = "perfect", wikipage = "perfect (grammar)"}, ["PRF"] = {expansion = "perfect", wikipage = "perfect (grammar)"}, ["PERS"] = {expansion = "personal", wikipage = ""}, ["PFV"] = {expansion = "perfective aspect", wikipage = "perfective aspect"}, ["PL"] = {expansion = "plural number", wikipage = "plural number"}, ["PN"] = {expansion = "pronoun", wikipage = "pronoun"}, ["PRO"] = {expansion = "pronoun", wikipage = "pronoun"}, ["PO"] = {expansion = "primary object", wikipage = "primary object"}, ["POL"] = {expansion = "polite register", wikipage = ""}, ["POS"] = {expansion = "possessive marker", wikipage = "possessive"}, ["POSS"] = {expansion = "possessive marker", wikipage = "possessive"}, ["POST"] = {expansion = "postposition, postpositional case", wikipage = ""}, ["POSTE"] = {expansion = "postessive case ('after')", wikipage = "postessive case"}, ["POT"] = {expansion = "potential mood", wikipage = "potential mood"}, ["PP"] = {expansion = "past/passive participle", wikipage = "participle"}, ["PPP"] = {expansion = "past passive participle", wikipage = "past passive participle"}, ["PPFV"] = {expansion = "past perfective", wikipage = "past perfective"}, ["PR"] = {expansion = "proper noun", wikipage = "proper noun"}, ["PRED"] = {expansion = "predicate/predicative", wikipage = "predicate (grammar)"}, ["PREC"] = {expansion = "precative mood", wikipage = "precative mood"}, ["PREP"] = {expansion = "preposition, prepositional case", wikipage = ""}, ["PRESP"] = {expansion = "present participle", wikipage = "present participle"}, ["PRET"] = {expansion = "preterite", wikipage = "preterite"}, ["PRT"] = {expansion = "preterite", wikipage = "preterite"}, ["PRIV"] = {expansion = "privative case", wikipage = "privative case"}, ["PRS"] = {expansion = "present tense", wikipage = "present tense"}, ["PRES"] = {expansion = "present tense", wikipage = "present tense"}, ["PROB"] = {expansion = "probability", wikipage = ""}, ["PROG"] = {expansion = "progressive aspect", wikipage = "progressive aspect"}, ["PROH"] = {expansion = "prohibitive mood", wikipage = "prohibitive mood"}, ["PROL"] = {expansion = "prolative case ('via')", wikipage = "prolative case"}, ["PROP"] = {expansion = "propositive mood", wikipage = "propositive mood"}, ["PROS"] = {expansion = "prosecutive case", wikipage = "prosecutive case"}, ["PROSP"] = {expansion = "prospective aspect", wikipage = "prospective aspect"}, ["PRSP"] = {expansion = "prospective aspect", wikipage = "prospective aspect"}, ["PROT"] = {expansion = "protasis", wikipage = "protasis (linguistics)"}, ["PROX"] = {expansion = "", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, --proximal or proximative? ["PST"] = {expansion = "past tense", wikipage = "past tense"}, ["PT"] = {expansion = "patient trigger", wikipage = "Austronesian alignment"}, ["PTCL"] = {expansion = "particle", wikipage = "particle (grammar)"}, ["PTC"] = {expansion = "particle", wikipage = "particle (grammar)"}, ["PTCP"] = {expansion = "participle", wikipage = "participle"}, ["PCP"] = {expansion = "participle", wikipage = "participle"}, ["PTV"] = {expansion = "partitive case ('some of')", wikipage = "partitive case"}, ["PURP"] = {expansion = "purposive", wikipage = "Purposive case"}, ["PV"] = {expansion = "patient voice", wikipage = "Patient voice"}, ["Q"] = {expansion = "question word", wikipage = "question word"}, ["QUOT"] = {expansion = "quotative", wikipage = "quotative"}, ["R"] = {expansion = "", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, ["REAL"] = {expansion = "realis mood", wikipage = "realis mood"}, ["REC"] = {expansion = "recent past tense", wikipage = "recent past tense"}, ["RECP"] = {expansion = "reciprocal voice", wikipage = "reciprocal voice"}, ["REDUP"] = {expansion = "reduplication", wikipage = "Reduplication"}, ["REF"] = {expansion = "referential", wikipage = "referential"}, ["REFL"] = {expansion = "reflexive", wikipage = "reflexive pronoun", ambiguous = true}, ["REL"] = {expansion = "relative(izer)", wikipage = "relativizer"}, ["REM"] = {expansion = "remote past tense", wikipage = "remote past tense"}, ["RES"] = {expansion = "", wikipage = "", ambiguous = true}, -- resultative. resumptive ["RET"] = {expansion = "retrospective", wikipage = "Retrospective (grammar)"}, ["RFR"] = {expansion = "referential", wikipage = "referential"}, ["S"] = {expansion = "single argument of canonical intransitive verb", wikipage = "S (grammar)"}, ["SBJ"] = {expansion = "subject", wikipage = "subject (grammar)"}, ["SUB"] = {expansion = "subject", wikipage = "subject (grammar)"}, ["SU"] = {expansion = "subject", wikipage = "subject (grammar)"}, ["SBJV"] = {expansion = "subjunctive mood", wikipage = "subjunctive mood"}, ["SUBJ"] = {expansion = "subject", wikipage = "subject (grammar)"}, ["SJV"] = {expansion = "subjunctive mood", wikipage = "subjunctive mood"}, ["SE"] = {expansion = "same event", wikipage = ""}, ["SEM"] = {expansion = "semelfactive aspect ('once')", wikipage = "semelfactive aspect"}, ["SENS"] = {expansion = "sensory evidential", wikipage = "Sensory evidential"}, ["SEQ"] = {expansion = "sequential", wikipage = ""}, ["SG"] = {expansion = "singular number", wikipage = "Singular number", ExcludeNegation = true}, ["SGV"] = {expansion = "singulative number", wikipage = "singulative number"}, ["SS"] = {expansion = "same subject", wikipage = "Switch-reference"}, ["STAT"] = {expansion = "stative", wikipage = "stative"}, ["STV"] = {expansion = "stative", wikipage = "stative"}, ["SUBR"] = {expansion = "subordinator", wikipage = "subordination (linguistics)"}, ["SUBORD"] = {expansion = "subordinator", wikipage = "subordination (linguistics)"}, ["SBRD"] = {expansion = "subordinator", wikipage = "subordination (linguistics)"}, ["SR"] = {ambiguous = true}, -- ambiguous between "subordinator" and "switch reference" ["SUBE"] = {expansion = "subessive case ('under')", wikipage = "subessive case"}, ["SUBL"] = {expansion = "sublative case ('onto', 'down onto')", wikipage = "sublative case"}, ["SUC"] = {expansion = "successive", wikipage = ""}, ["SUPE"] = {expansion = "superessive case ('on')", wikipage = "superessive case"}, ["TAM"] = {expansion = "tense, aspect, or mood", wikipage = "tense–aspect–mood"}, ["TEL"] = {expansion = "telic aspect", wikipage = "telic aspect"}, ["TEMP"] = {expansion = "temporal case", wikipage = "temporal case"}, ["TERM"] = {expansion = "terminative case", wikipage = "terminative case"}, ["TNS"] = {expansion = "tense", wikipage = "Grammatical tense"}, ["TOP"] = {expansion = "topic", wikipage = "topic (linguistics)"}, ["TR"] = {expansion = "transitive", wikipage = "Transitivity"}, ["TRANSL"] = {expansion = "translative case ('becoming')", wikipage = "translative case"}, ["TRI"] = {expansion = "trial number", wikipage = "trial number"}, ["TRN"] = {expansion = "transnumeral", wikipage = "transnumeral"}, ["TVF"] = {expansion = "truth-value focus", wikipage = "truth-value focus"}, ["U"] = {ambiguous = true}, -- uninflected, unmarked, undergoer, etc. ["UH"] = {expansion = "motion uphill, inland ", wikipage = ""}, ["UND"] = {expansion = "undergoer", wikipage = ""}, ["UR"] = {expansion = "motion upriver", wikipage = ""}, ["USIT"] = {expansion = "usitative (for usual or typical events)", wikipage = ""}, ["V"] = {expansion = "verb(al)", wikipage = ""}, ["VB"] = {expansion = "verb(al)", wikipage = ""}, ["VBZ"] = {expansion = "verbalizer", wikipage = "verbalizer"}, ["VD"] = {expansion = "verb, ditransitive", wikipage = "ditransitive verb"}, ["VEN"] = {expansion = "venitive (coming towards)", wikipage = "venitive"}, ["VER"] = {expansion = "veridical", wikipage = "veridical", ambiguous = true}, ["VIA"] = {expansion = "vialis case", wikipage = "vialis case"}, ["VIS"] = {expansion = "visible, visual", wikipage = ""}, ["VI"] = {expansion = "verb, intransitive", wikipage = "intransitive verb"}, ["VII"] = {expansion = "class VII", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["VIII"] = {expansion = "class VIII", wikipage = "Noun class"}, ["VN"] = {expansion = "verbal noun", wikipage = "verbal noun"}, ["VOC"] = {expansion = "vocative case", wikipage = "vocative case"}, ["VOL"] = {expansion = "volitive mood", wikipage = "volitive mood"}, ["VT"] = {expansion = "verb, transitive", wikipage = "transitive verb"}, ["WH.Q"] = {expansion = "wh-question", wikipage = "wh-question"}, ["ZO"] = {expansion = "zoic gender", wikipage = "zoic gender"}, } return {abbreviations = abbreviations}

title: Module:Interlinear/data


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease

The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease.

This is a page critiquing an article by J. Nocera, L. ALtmann, C Sapienza, M. Okun and C. Hass. Titled 'Can exercise improve language and cognition in Parkinson's disease? A case report.' DOI: 10.1080/13554790903559663

What is the background to this research?[edit | edit source]
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder. PD mainly interferes with a patients quality of life as tremors/ cognitive impairments interfere with most daily tasks. There is currently no known cure for PD, however, there are a few things, we as a society do know. We know that PD is caused by a lack of a chemical called dopamine; a neruotransimitter ,, controlling communication and movement conducted by the brain. Nerve cells in the substania nigra are responsible for the production of dopamine but when roughly 80% of these nerve cells are lost, the symptoms of PD start to severely impact the patient. The cause of the loss of nerve cells is unknown and further research is required to reach a conclusion in this area.

Existing knowledge in treating the cognitive and language impairments of PD is also inadequate, most research focused on pharmacotherapeutics do not address the cognitive impairments of those with PD. This research aimed to fill the gap in the cognitive therapies for Parkinson’s disease, compared to the research already carried out for motor movement improvements.

Dopaminergic therapy is said to significantly improve motor function and deep-brain stimulation has been found to have benefits to motor skills but adverse effects on cognitive function in PD patients. There is substantial evidence on the benefit of exercise on cognitive function of healthy older adults, the question proposed here is if this discovery can be reflective in PD patients. Specifically the introduction to the paper reads that, aerobic exercise has shown to precisely improve the areas of the brain that are associated with the cognitive function impairments of those with PD; exactly why this specific area of research is warranted.

Where is the research from?[edit | edit source]
The participant was part of a randomised control trial and was recruited from the Movement Disorders Centre at the University of Florida. This is important as the Centre is a dedicated centre for movement impairments, research, care and treatment. The mission of the centre is “To provide the highest level of medical and surgical care to patients with Parkinson’s disease, tremor, dystonia and other movement disorders. To perform research that will lead to better treatments, and ultimately cures for Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders.” This only proves the motivation and dedication of those involved with this study.

The authors all had extensive background knowledge and experience in multiple neurology, brain and physiology departments across America.

Three of the authors, Joe R. Nocera, Christine Sapienza and Chris J. Hass were all part of the Brain Rehabilitation Research Centre at Malcom Randall VAMC in Gainesville, Florida. J. Nocera and Michael S. Okun were apart of the Department of Neurology at the University of Florida. Lori J. P. Altmann and C. Sapienza were part of the Department of Communicative Disorders at the University of Florida. M. Okun was also part of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Florida and C. Hass was also part of the Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology at the University of Florida.

What kind of research was this?[edit | edit source]
This research was a case report of a patient that was part of randomised control trial (RCT) comparing the effects of two forms of exercise training on locomotor performance in people with early to mid-staged PD. Case reports usually provide a low level of strong evidence however, their main role is to infer and suggest ideas rather than to all-out prove theories. This is mainly due to the small amount of data/subjects as the results may not be generalisable and findings may have only occurred to this participant.

What did the research involve?[edit | edit source]
The participant completed two days of cognitive and language assessment prior to and following an 8 week aerobic exercise program. The exercise program consisted of 20mins of aerobic exercise three times a week, beginning at 50% of maximal heart rate reserve and increasing by 5% every week, to a maximum of 75% of maximum heart rate reserve. Each session was monitored by a clinical exercise physiologist. Measurements were taken from dual and single tasks assessed on different days to reduce mental and physical fatigue. These tasks included the Mini-Mental Health Status Examination, a picture description task and others, dual tasks were performed at the conclusion of 30s of pedalling on a stationary ergometer.

The participant was a 66 year old female diagnosed with idiopathic PD at stage 2 of the H&Y scale (Hoen & Yahr) and a score of 31 on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), both reliable ratings of PD. She was chosen for this study due to scheduling she was unable to attend the RCT.

A factor to note is during the study the participant continued with prescribed medication for PD. This included 3x1.mg Mirapex and 3x25mg Sinemet daily, both dopaminomimetic drugs.

There was a criteria to meet to be included in the RCT. Patients had to be ambulate without assistance, were excluded if another disease limited their ability to exercise and if they had been participating in other regular exercise within the last year.

What were the basic results?[edit | edit source]
This case study found that the exercise intervention improved almost all measures of cognitive function. Specifically, verbal fluency and working memory improved which correlated with evidence from research done in healthy older adult literature. In the dual task assessments, responses to picture descriptions were more concise and grammatical. Dysfluencies decreased in both single and dual task assessments. The dual task effect decreased, meaning the participants ability to perform dual tasks improved despite the stimulus of another task.

The researches seem confident that these results suggest an improvement in cognitive functioning can come from aerobic exercise. The paper states ‘Herein we provide novel evidence that cognitive and language function in individuals with PD may improve following an aerobic exercise intervention.’.

The researchers mention throughout the paper multiple other studies that agree with their findings. However, they also mention a study that disagrees with their results. This paper was published in 2008 by Melzer, Marx and Kurz and found that training did not improve stepping performance during dual task assessment in the elderly. Yet, this paper relied on self-reported levels of exercise rather than a specified exercise intervention.

What conclusions can we take from this research?[edit | edit source]
In conclusion, based on the first meta-analysis published in 2010 (by F. Sofi et al.) that investigated the association between physical activity and risk of cognitive decline on all prospective studies, agrees that physical activity has an inverse relationship with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. The research results are undeniable.

Practical advice[edit | edit source]
People diagnosed with PD should be assessed by a general practitioner (GP) prior to commencing any exercise regime. In conjunction with their GP the patient should be under the guidance of an accredited physiotherapist/exercise physiologist while gaining advice on the level and type of exercise that can be safely undertaken. This is due to the high level of falls and unilateral symptoms of PD and the dangers they pose.

Further information/resources[edit | edit source]
Additional Resources:

-       Exercise Tips for those with PD: https://www.parkinson.org/Understanding-Parkinsons/Treatment/Exercise

-       Australian Peer Support Groups: https://www.parkinsonsvic.org.au/support-for-you/peer-support/

-       Posture, Stretching and Flexibility: https://www.parkinsons.va.gov/NorthWest/Documents/Pt_ed_handouts/Exercise_for_PD_1-20-12.pdf


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease

The following article is a critique of the primary research of C. Robinson-Cohen et al. Physical Activity and Change in Estimated GFR among persons with CKD and is designed to assist health care professionals in providing patient centred care considering recent research developments. This critical analysis was completed as an assessment for University of Canberra unit 8340 Health, Disease and Exercise, due September 2021.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?
CKD is defined as an estimated GFR of less than 60ml/min/1.73m2 present for longer than 3 months or evidence of kidney damage with 1 or more of the following: albuminuria; haematuria without urological cause; structural abnormalities; and or pathological abnormalities. Those at risk of developing CKD in Australia will frequently present with 1 or more of the following risk factors: patients of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin over 30 years; family history of CKD; smokers; obese; and those diagnosed with co-morbidities including diabetes; hypertension; and CVD. Estimations of GFR are used to categorise CKD progression. It represents the volume of blood filtered by the kidneys each minute. For reference, a healthy individual will have a eGFR of more than 90ml/min/1.73m2.

Patient Prognosis if HCP don't interfere with disease progression?
CKD is not curable, however HCP can assist in delaying further eGFR decline. By delaying disease progression we give the patient better health outcomes, improved quality of life and decrease number of DALY. This is achieved by improved management of co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia by pharmacological, surgical and non pharmacological management of disease. Increasing physical activity is a non-pharmacological strategy used to improve CVD management, indirectly slowing renal function decline. CKD mortality is associated with consequences of CVD progression and ESRD.

ESSA Position Statement
ESSA previously released a position statement acknowledging the relationship between physical activity and CKD. It was identified that patients with CKD and low VO2 maximum have increased risk of DALY and mortality. ESSA supports prescribing physical activity of 3 or more 30 minute sessions at an intensity of 60% of patient's VO2 max. This supports the 2017 KGIGO clinical guideline recommendations of 5x30 minute sessions per week. Recommendations were made from improved fitness, improve CVD management and additional CVD risk factors, and improved quality of life for the patient. This in turn decreases rate of eGFR decline.

How does this study add to current research?
Current research referenced within ESSA position statement and KGIGO guidelines acknowledge that improved management of patient co-morbidities that increase risk of renal decline are managed by prescription of moderate level physical activity. This research aims to support this data, quantifying the rate of eGFR decline in patients with various levels of physical activity.

Who Conducted the Study?
The primary author of the study, Dr Cassianne Robinson-Cohen, has been involved in numerous research articles primarily specialising mineral disturbances and burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. Additional authors have a significant number of research articles to their name within fields of CKD; physical activity and cardiovascular disease in recent years, leading to the production of reputable research article. Many of the researchers were based upon various departments of University of Washington, Seattle.

The study was published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2014, Vol. 25(2), p.399-406. There was no disclosed nor obvious reason to assume bias within the research article.

What type of research was this?
The study conducted was an observational cohort study. It is important to note that physical activity levels were self-reported data, therefore subject to false reporting by the participant. This is acknowledged by the researchers within clinical limitations, predicting bias towards null hypothesis. Due to the nature of the research topic, the typical gold standard, double blind randomised control trial, was not applicable.

Where was the study conducted?
The study was composed of 256 participants which were recruited from Outpatient Nephrology Clinics at Harborview Medical Centre and Veterans’ Affairs Medical Centre. Participants were concurrently enrolled in the Seattle Kidney Study. Despite research being conducted in America, findings remain synchronous with Australian recommendations.

What did the study involve?
Participants were required to complete 4-week physical activity history recollection describing frequency and duration of inclusive activities completed at leisure. Included activities included the following:

 * moderate difficulty walking
 * running outdoors or treadmill
 * cycling
 * aerobics
 * golf
 * tennis
 * swimming
 * resistance training
 * use of aerobic machines

The Study aimed to identify correlation between rate of eGFR decline and amount of self-reported physical activity. Primary and secondary analysis of serum, plasma and urine samples was completed. Primary analysis measured serum cystatin-C which was later used to calculate estimated GFR. Secondary analysis featured utilisation of CKD-EPI formula for calculating eGFR with serum creatinine levels. Two analysis methods of eGFR were utilised due to influence of physical activity on creatinine levels. Height, weight, waist circumference, smoking status, alcohol use, prevalence of CV co-morbidities were also monitored.

Limitations to acknowledge is that physical activity was reported once throughout the study. There was no notes as to whether participants time spent exercising changed between commencement and regular follow up appointments. It was assumed that physical activity time per week remained static.

What did we learn?
The study identified a correlation between physical activity level and rate of GFR decline. Participants who completed more than 150 minutes of physical activity per week saw a decrease of -6.2% decline per annum compared to 9.6% of the inactive 'control' group. These rates of decline were similar amongst various ranges of baseline kidney function. These findings remained true after the follow up period of 3 years, with higher rates of end stage renal disease being associated to no reported physical activity. However this failed to remain true when adjusted for additional variables. For more information please see table 4 of research article.

Research Conclusion
From this study, we can accept the alternate hypothesis in which more time spent completing physical activity per week is associated with a decrease rate of GFR decline. However it is not associated with decrease in end-stage kidney disease, rather delaying disease progression.

Improved Patient Outcomes
By implementing regular physical activity at moderate intensity of 150 minutes or more per week we can expect delayed rate of renal function decline, giving the patient improved quality of life, improved management of co-morbidities and decrease DALY.

For HCP
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Management in Primary Care

ESSA Position Statement on exercise and CKD

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

For Patients
Kidney Health Australia

Life Options Resources


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User talk:Eievie

Hello, please don't copy material from Wikipedia. The site license requires attribution to be given. This means an import, requested at WB:RFI is preferred, but at the very least you must provide a URL to the specific version you are copying. Thanks. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 10:34, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:Public International Law/Interaction/International Law and Domestic Law

Review, May 21, 2023
Congratulations on this great chapter, dear Raffaela! I agree with Max's assessment and have added a few more comments in the text. Overall, I think some more non-European examples would be nice. Regarding required knowledge: you could maybe link to the nineteenth century chapter and/or the general introduction to the history part (both almost finished offline) and to a (also still missing) introduction to the 'interaction' part. Herzlich

Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 12:12, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 19, 2023
Your chapter begins with a well-crafted introduction that highlights the core questions surrounding this interaction and effectively sets the stage. One of the strengths of your chapter lies in its ability to situate the problems within their relevant context. You skillfully present the challenges that arise when international law and domestic law intersect, taking into account the differing legal systems, sources of law, and mechanisms of enforcement. This contextualization not only enhances the students' understanding but also allows for a deeper exploration of the intricacies involved in the interaction between international and domestic legal frameworks.

Your emphasis on courts and their role in this interaction is a commendable approach. By focusing on the role of courts, you underscore their significance as key actors in resolving conflicts between international and domestic legal norms. This emphasis provides students with a valuable perspective on the practical implications of the interaction between these legal spheres.

You will find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically.

Some minor things:

 * Some parts of the chapter are still missing.
 * There are some issues with the formatting of the footnotes, which are not always consistent with the OSCOLA citation style. To ensure the chapter is fully compliant with OSCOLA, you should review the formatting of the footnotes and make necessary corrections.
 * Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, further readings, conclusion
 * You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.
 * Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text

--Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 16:50, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: Deepa
Dear Raffaela

Thank you for sharing the outline of your chapter. I am particularly looking forward to the discussions on "Transformation Legislation", "Backlash", and "Domestic Law in International Courts".

Under section B, it would be great to see a sub-heading on the role of national institutions (parliament/ courts, etc.). On the role of the courts, in particular, a specific section on transformative judicial interpretations would also be interesting.

Thanks once again for sharing your work.

Best wishes Deepa Kansra


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User:FlutterButterfly123

Hello!
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New user!
Hi, I'm a new user, and I need help understanding Wikibooks. Can anyone help me? Please and thank you. TwilightSparkleCuddleBear453 (discuss • contribs) 15:07, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

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