text:
User talk:Diane820

Screen-time survry
Mobile phones are an important tool in people's lives because mobile phones will send people the latest news for the first time, while people rely on mobile phones to socialize, shop, and learn. This time our group discussed the use of mobile phone screens. Everyone used the same classification and time for screen usage. Our team consists of three members, Diane, Nicelo and Bai.

First of all, I divided the screen classification into three screen modes. The first one is the news screen. For example, I use Weibo every day to get the latest news. Because Weibo is one of the largest carriers of China's transmission news, Weibo is also very convenient to use. It has a hot search list. This hot search list is the most-watched by people. The hot search version gathers the latest news from the society, the latest news from the entertainment and the latest news from the world. I can watch it and discuss it with online friends. It is a very interesting platform. The second is the life screen. The reason why people rely upon on-screen life is that we need to rely on the screen to contact family and friends, and to build social life so that life is not lonely. The most social media I use is WeChat, and WeChat takes up 39% of my screen time. The convenience of WeChat is that although I am not in a time zone with my family, I can connect and talk anytime, anywhere, and share my life and happiness with my family. At the same time, WeChat has a friend circle function that can share the content that you want to share at any time. It can be pictures, texts, articles and videos. I usually understand the current life of my friends according to the sharing of friends. This is also to maintain my friends and friends. An important bridge between feelings. The third is the learning screen, and the development of mobile phones has changed the traditional way of education. I can now use my mobile phone to learn anytime, anywhere. The content I need to learn can be found on various apps. For example, I often use the app to recite words, use the online class to learn content, use WeChat Reading to read books and improve myself, so the learning screen has also become an important part of my life.

My group member Nicelo categorizes the screen as a living screen and a learning screen. In her life screen, there are a lot of entertainment modules, such as music, movies, TV series and short videos, and she will join YouTube on the learning screen because she thinks YouTube is a good learning platform, which brings together people from all over the world. Learning methods, which is very beneficial for her. Another group member, Bai, is also accustomed to classifying screens as life screens and learning screens, but most of the apps he likes are universal, such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. And everyone has their way of classification and apps that they like to use.

The most important element in the discussion of time screens is the Internet because people use screens because of the presence of the Internet to generate dependence on the screen. The Internet determines how people learn their favourite modules and plan to use the screen. Rational use of the screen is important for people's lives. The Internet is a tool that controls people's use of the screen. Growing communication technologies in the world of interactive media, the Internet and digital “always-on”, contemporary people have different expectations and learning styles from previous generations. A network-centric generation values their ability to use the web to create self-paced, custom, on-demand learning capabilities that include multiple forms of interactive, social and self-publishing path media tools (Baird and Fisher, 2005). The existence of the Internet and the screen determines the choice of the contemporary.

Reference
Baird, D.E. and Fisher, M., 2005. Neomillennial user experience design strategies: Utilizing social networking media to support “always-on” learning styles. Journal of educational technology systems, 34(1), pp.5-32.

Instructor Feedback on Wiki Exercise 1

 * Posts of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

Pass . Among other things, pass entries may try to relate an idea from the module to an original example, but might not be very convincing. They may waste space on synopsis or description, rather than making a point. They may have spelling or grammatical errors and typos. They might not demonstrate more than a single quick pass at the assignment, informed only by lecture and/or cursory reading. They may suggest reading but not thinking (or indeed the reverse). The wiki markup formatting will need some work.

 * This work is at the mid-point of this particular grade band, so a little improvement will go a long way to attaining a higher mark. I think in order to engage with the wiki exercises a bit more, it might be useful for you to take a closer look at the assessment brief to get more of an idea of how to hit those targets.

 * Making more use of the wiki functionality and markup would have gone a long way to improving fluidity and functionality of posts. I suspect that, as you become more familiar and proficient with the platform, that this will make a considerable difference.

Detail:
 * Although fairly well written generally, you need to support your claims through secondary reading (i.e. further reading,). There is some evidence of this here, but really at this level, there should be a much more systematic approach to reading and research, from note-making right through to applying the ideas you encounter in your studies to support your arguments. In subsequent work, please bear this in mind, as it will lead to an improvement.
 * This also feels a little descriptive, and whilst I would absolutely encourage reflective thinking and argument as you have done here, I would also encourage you to try to move beyond mere description and be a little more analytical in your approach. This can be achieved through the application of wide reading to your arguments.

General:
 * 'Reading and research': evidence of critical engagement with set materials; evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material. Marginal.

 * 'Argument and analysis': well-articulated and well-supported argument; evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position); evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections); evidence of independent critical ability. Pass.

 * 'Presentation': good use of wiki markup and organisational skills. Marginal.

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:02, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Annotated Bibliography Exercise
Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 20:59, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

An annotated bibliography is a list of references to books, articles, and documents as they are written. Each citation is followed by a short descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the note. The purpose of the notes is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy and quality of the sources quoted. The annotated bibliography is called domain-specific language and general professional language grammar language (deursen, 2000). The creation of annotated bibliography requires concise discussion and analysis as well as library research.

First, find and record references to books, journals, and documents that may contain subject information and ideas related to writing. Then select the literature that provides a variety of perspectives for your topic. Then use the appropriate style to quote books or articles to complete the annotated bibliography.

Reference

Van Deursen, A., Klint, P. and Visser, J., 2000. Domain-specific languages: An annotated bibliography. ACM Sigplan Notices, 35(6), pp.26-36.

Social Movement Case Study
Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 22:18, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

In the past decade, scholars have paid close attention to the role of the Internet in social action and mobilization. In general, the Internet reduces the cost of information and mobilization for activists and participants (lupia and sin 2003, coopman 2011). It also expanded the scope of action of social movements (Earl and kimport, 2011). In recent years, with the surge of social media, the role of the Internet in social mobilization has been further improved (eitantawy and Wiest, 2011; Harlow, 2012). In contemporary society, few collective actions do not involve the Internet as a mobilization tool or platform for action. Many collective actions in contemporary society involve more conventional social actions. Then, it analyzes the interaction and significance of new participants and traditional participants in Internet social action.

I focused on environmental collective action in Hong Kong, a protest organized by ordinary people through the Internet. Lee and Chan (2011) referred to this phenomenon as "citizen self-mobilization". Some researchers believe that social movement organizations in Hong Kong are not actively and effectively using the Internet. Chu and Tang (2005) pointed out that many labour and environmental groups had poorly managed websites. Even today, although most of the websites of regular environmental movement organizations provide a lot of information about environmental issues, they usually lack the functions (such as forums and blogs) to promote the interaction between users and organizations. However, the Internet and social media have become channels of mobilization among ordinary citizens (Lee and Chan 2011). Some sociologists describe the contemporary social movements in Hong Kong as "postmodernists" (so 2011): they have solved the concerns of the whole society, attracted participants from all walks of life, lacked a strong organizational foundation, emphasized spontaneous action, and relied heavily on mass media and new media for communication and mobilization.

I am concerned about the plastic particle crisis and the beach cleaning operation in Hong Kong. This crisis was first discovered and publicized by DB green, a community organization in the upper-middle-class residential areas of Hong Kong's outlying islands. Dora, a core member of the association, is one of the individuals who discovered the crisis. She described a weekday after the typhoon when she came down on the beach in Discovery Bay and found it covered with plastic particles. Using the contacts she has built in the past, dorsal immediately contacted relevant government departments, management companies in residential areas and Sinopec, an oil company with plastic particles. After Dora's efforts to report the leak in the media, many citizens responded through social media and took action to clean the beach. Dora and DB green created a Facebook page and a website for information dissemination. They also use email to guide people to places where they need volunteers. Finally, in October 2012, DB green and several other organizations launched the "adopt the beach" program, which allows schools or companies to be responsible for clearing specific beaches. In short, to attract people's attention to the crisis, through the news media and the Internet to collect and disseminate information, this kind of action promotes the social movement, from which citizens recognize some threats of harm and thus form a "citizen movement".

Reference

Lupia, A.L. and Sin, G., 2003. Which public goods are endangered? How evolving communication technologies affect the logic of collective action. Public Choice, 117, 315–331.

Earl, J. and Kimport, K., 2011. Digitally enabled social change. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Eitantawy, N. and Wiest, J.B., 2011. Social media in the Egyptian revolution: reconsidering resource mobilization theory. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1207–1224.

Chu, Y.W. and Tang, J.T.H., 2005. The internet and civil society: environmental and labour organizations in Hong Kong. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29 (4), 849–866.

Lee, F.L.F. and Chan, J.M., 2011. Media, social mobilization and mass protests in post-colonial Hong Kong. London: Routledge.

So, A., 2011. The development of post-modernist social movements in the Hong Kong special administrative region. In: J. Broadbent and V. Brockman, eds. East Asian social movements. New York: Springer, 365–378.

Collaborative Essay Critical Evaluation
Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 22:54, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that users can edit themselves. Wikibooks is a wiki site where anyone can go to the "edit" page and modify any book. Wikibooks emphasizes visibility by being able to edit books freely. Compared with traditional textbooks, the traditional textbook publication cycle is too slow, and new content has to go through a long period of review before it can appear in the textbook. And with the rise of Wikibooks, we can see a lot of things from the Internet starting to appear in textbooks. At the same time, Wikibooks can open up a new way for students to learn because this mode can modify the content information in real-time, which makes research very convenient. And students can also participate in the construction of textbook content. For example, a teacher could make the wiki book project a teaching tool by asking students to check entries for accuracy and then adding their findings to the Wikibooks. Besides, students have to spend a lot of money to buy textbooks, and with Wikibooks, students can print the textbooks they need at any time. In short, Wikibooks can do things that existing textbooks cannot.

Wikibooks are popular in our collaborative learning exchange because of their simple and flexible nature. First, wikis are characterized by a non-linear hypertext structure: wikis allow the creation of associated hypertext, where each page contains links to other pages, and we can choose which links to follow, thus achieving resource sharing in our group communication. Second, the Wiki system provides other capabilities, such as tracking edited content through a recording and notification system -tem and discussions on each Wiki page, as well as customizable read and edit access and pre-selected pages. All these functions enable us to reach a consensus of group projects on the wiki, which saves our time to achieve efficient learning. . The wiki textbook has a professional community module, the most important of which is the reading room and bulletin board. Wikibookians's reading room allows users to ask and answer wiki book-related technical and other community questions, and the page lists different discussion rooms, if older discussions are not available, to go to the archive page. These discussions are archived periodically. The bulletin board is a page that posts the latest news about the Wikibooks community.

The pattern of online collaboration on Wikibooks is to discuss collaborative completion to achieve digital Commons. Because collaborative projects and resource sharing can be done together in discussion forums, and wiki sharing is also a way to achieve digital sharing, which is a multimedia database. Its purpose is to serve as a resource centre for free images, music, and possibly documentation and presentations for all Wikimedia projects. Resources in this project can be invoked across all plans. A place where free and open images, sounds, and other multimedia files are stored.

The Wiki platform does not provide a potential form of online liberation, as Wikibooks has policies and guidelines that are generally accepted and considered important by the creators and community, and these policies will be improved as Wikibooks grows, as there are policies that do not fully implement the form of online liberation.

INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK: ESSAY DISCUSSION PAGE
Students should be engaging at least once a day, for the duration of the project. The following points illustrate how this engagement was evaluated.

Evidence from contribs to both editing and discussion of content (i.e. volume and breadth of editorial activity as evidenced through ‘contribs’). These are primarily considered for quality rather than quantity, but as a broad guideline:
 * Each item on a contribs list that are 1000+ characters are deemed “substantial”: none
 * Items on a contribs list that are <1000 characters are important, and are considered in the round when evaluating contribs as a whole because of their aggregate value: certainly not for the duration of the project, and not near the level, standard, nor quantity advised in the wikilabs - all but one of these submitted on a single day (15th Nov).
 * It is expected that you will make at least one contrib per day, for the duration of the project: see above, odd choice to approach having ignored the advice in labs and in the assessment brief

GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 12:54, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Instructor Feedback on Wiki Exercise Portfolio
Posts of this standard roughly correspond to the following grade descriptor. Depending on where your actual mark is in relation to the making criteria as outlined in the relevant documentation, it should give you an idea of strengths and weaknesses within the achieved grade band overall:

 * Satisfactory. Among other things, pass entries may try to relate an idea from the module to an original example, but might not be very convincing. They may waste space on synopsis or description, rather than making a point. They may have spelling or grammatical errors and typos. They might not demonstrate more than a single quick pass at the assignment, informed only by lecture and/or cursory reading. They may suggest reading but not thinking (or indeed the reverse). The wiki markup formatting will need some work.

 * This work is at the upper end of this grade band, so a little improvement will go a long way to attaining a higher mark to push you into the next grade band. I think in order to engage with the wiki exercises a bit more, it might be useful for you to take a closer look at the assessment brief to get more of an idea of how to hit those targets, attending to details further. Your choice of peer-reviewed article for your annotated bibliography entry was rather unconventional - sure technically it is fine, but I think something relating to your own research would have been much, much more unproductive for you to tackle. In addition, and especially in your case, making more use of the wiki functionality and markup would have gone a long way to improving fluidity and functionality of posts, and made them much easier to navigate. I suspect that, if you become more familiar and proficient with the platform, that this will make a considerable difference. Overall, you write very well, and there is some really good material in here, especially on social movements!

General:

In addition to the common marking scheme, there are three broad criteria widely employed in the Division, which are used to help assessors evaluate your work in a more general sense:

Reading and research: is there evidence of critical engagement with set materials?; is there evidence of independent reading of appropriate academic and peer-reviewed material? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit Argument and analysis: Is argument well-articulated and well-supported?; is there evidence of critical thinking (through taking a position in relation to key ideas from the module, and supporting this position)?; is there evidence of relational thinking (through making connections between key ideas from the module and wider literature, and supporting these connections)?; is there evidence of independent critical ability? For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Satisfactory Presentation: academic writing style and structure, and organisational skills For this element, your work has been evaluated as: Merit GregXenon01 (discuss • contribs) 14:09, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Diane820


text:
User:Diane820

Diane820 (discuss • contribs) 16:19, 23 October 2019 (UTC) Hello,I'm Qiufeng Zheng(Diane), I am a student from China studying Digital Media and Society at Stirling University in Scotland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Diane820


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/Indiana

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Vines to check

 * Bignonia capreolata
 * Campsis radicans
 * Clematis virginiana
 * Lonicera sempervirens
 * Parthenocissus quinquefolia
 * Passiflora incarnata
 * Wisteria frutescens

Trees to check:

 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharum- strongly allelopathic
 * Acer negundo- moderately allelopathic
 * Betula nigra
 * Carya glabra
 * Carya laciniosa
 * Castanea dentata
 * Fagus grandifolia- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus americana- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Liquidambar styraciflua
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Nyssa sylvatica
 * Platanus occidentalis- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus alba- moderately allelopathic
 * Quercus coccinea
 * Quercus falcata- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus phellos
 * Quercus rubra- may be slightly-strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus velutina
 * Tilia americana- slightly allelopathic
 * Ulmus americana- strongly allelopathic

Conifers to check

 * Chamaecyparis thyoides- not in WV
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus virginiana
 * Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs and understory trees to check:

 * Acer pennsylvanicum
 * Acer spicatum
 * Alnus serrulata
 * Amelanchier arborea
 * Amelanchier canadensis
 * Amelanchier laevis
 * Amorpha fructicosa
 * Aralia spinosa
 * Aronia arbutifolia
 * Aronia melanocarpa
 * Asimina triloba
 * Baccharis halimifolia
 * Carpinus caroliniana
 * Castanea pumila
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cephalanthus occidentalis
 * Chionanthus virginicus
 * Clethra alnifolia
 * Comptonia peregrina
 * Cornus alternifolia
 * Cornus amomomum
 * Cornus florida
 * Cornus racemosa
 * Cornus sericea
 * Corylus americanus
 * Dirca palustris
 * Euonymus americanus
 * Hamamelis virginiana
 * Hydrangea arborescens
 * Ilex decidua
 * Ilex glabra
 * Ilex opaca
 * Ilex verticillata
 * Itea virginica
 * Kalmia angustifolia
 * Kalmia latifolia
 * Lindera benzoin
 * Magnolia virginiana
 * Marella pennsylvanica
 * Ostrya virginiana
 * Rhododendron arborescens
 * Rhododendron atlanticum
 * Rhododendron calendulaceum
 * Rhododendron maximum
 * Rhododendron periclymenoides
 * Rhododendron prinophyllum
 * Rhododendron viscosum
 * Rhus copallina
 * Rhus glabra
 * Rhus typhina
 * Rosa blanda
 * Rosa carolina
 * Rosa palustris
 * Rosa setigera
 * Rosa virginiana
 * Salix discolor
 * Salix nigra
 * Salix sericea
 * Sambucus canadensis
 * Sassafras albidum
 * Spiraea alba
 * Spiraea tomentosa
 * Ulmus rubra
 * Vaccinium angustifolium
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Viburnum acerifolium
 * Viburnum dentatum
 * Viburnum nudum
 * Virburnum prunifolium

Ground covers to check.

 * Antennaria dioica
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
 * Asarum canadense
 * Carex galucodea
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex platyphylla
 * Carex stricta
 * Chrysogonum virginianum
 * Fragraria virginiana- not in wv
 * Gaultheria procumbens
 * Hepatica americana
 * Maianthemum canadense
 * Mitchella repens
 * Pachysandra procumbens- not in wv
 * Phlox divaricata
 * Phlox maculata
 * Phlox stolonifera
 * Podophyllum peltatum
 * Potentilla candensis
 * Potentilla simplex
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Tiarella cordifolia
 * Viola blanda
 * Viola pallens
 * Viola papilionacea
 * Viola pedata
 * Viola septentrionalis
 * Waldsteinia fragrarioides

HP dry sites to check

 * Agrimonia parviflora
 * Amsonia tabernaemontana
 * Anemone canadensis
 * Aquilegia canadensis
 * Arisaema triphyllum
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Aster divaricatus
 * Aster latiflorus
 * Aster novae-angliae
 * Aster oblongifolius
 * Aster spectabilis
 * Baptisia australis
 * Cardamine concatenata
 * Chrysopis mariana
 * Cimicifuga racemosa
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Coreopsis verticillata
 * Eupatorium hyssopifolium
 * Eupatorium perfoliatum
 * Eupatorium rotundifolium
 * Eupatorium serotinum
 * Euphorbia corollata
 * Geranium maculatum
 * Heliopsis helianthoides
 * Heuchera americana
 * Lespedeza virginica
 * Mertensia virginica
 * Oenothera fructicosa
 * Packera aurea
 * Phlox maculata
 * Pycnathemum muticum
 * Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
 * Ratibida pinnata
 * Rudbeckia fulgida
 * Rudbeckia nitida
 * Salvia lyrata
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Senna hebecarpa
 * Silene virginica
 * Sisyrinchium angustifolium
 * Solidago caesia
 * Solidago canadensis
 * Solidago graminifolia
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Solidago speciosa
 * Vernonicastrum virginicum

HP Moist sites to check

 * Aconitum uncinatum
 * Actaea pachypoda
 * Agastache scrophulariifolia
 * Aruncus dioicus
 * Asclepias incarnata
 * Aster puniceus
 * Astilbe biternata
 * Boltonia asteroides
 * Chelone glabra
 * Coreopsis rosea
 * Dicentra cucullaria
 * Dicentra eximia
 * Erythronium americanum
 * Eupatorium coelestinum
 * Eupatorium dubium
 * Eupatorium fistulosum
 * Eupatorium rugosum
 * Filipendula rubra
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Helianthus angustifolius
 * Hibiscus moscheutos
 * Iris versicolor
 * Jeffersonia diphylla
 * Liatris spicata
 * Lobelia cardinalis
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Ludwigia alternifolia
 * Lysimachia ciliata
 * Mimulus ringens
 * Monarda didyma
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Phlox paniculata
 * Polemonium reptans
 * Polygonatum commutatum
 * Rudbeckia laciniata
 * Verbena hastata
 * Vernonia noveboracensis

Grasses, Sedges, Rushes

 * Andropogon gerardii
 * Andropogon ternarius - not wv
 * Andropogon virginicus
 * Carex flaccosperma - not wv
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex vulpinoidea
 * Chasmanthium latifolium
 * Elymus canadensis
 * Elymus hystrix
 * Elymus virginicus
 * Eragrostis spectabilis
 * Juncus effusus
 * Panicum virgatum
 * Saccharum giganteum - not wv
 * Schizachyrium scoparium - not wv check name
 * Sorghastrum nutans
 * Tripsacum dactyloides

Ferns- all wv

 * Adiantum pedatum
 * Athyrium filix-femina
 * Denstaedtia punctilobula
 * Onoclea sensibilis
 * Osmunda cinnamomea
 * Osmunda regalis
 * Polystichum acrostichoides
 * Thelypteris noveboracensis

don't forget to note deer resistance

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.

title: Wildlife Gardening/Location/Indiana


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/Kentucky

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Vines to check

 * Bignonia capreolata
 * Campsis radicans
 * Clematis virginiana
 * Lonicera sempervirens
 * Parthenocissus quinquefolia
 * Passiflora incarnata
 * Wisteria frutescens

Trees to check:

 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharum- strongly allelopathic
 * Acer negundo- moderately allelopathic
 * Betula nigra
 * Carya glabra
 * Carya laciniosa
 * Castanea dentata
 * Fagus grandifolia- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus americana- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Liquidambar styraciflua
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Nyssa sylvatica
 * Platanus occidentalis- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus alba- moderately allelopathic
 * Quercus coccinea
 * Quercus falcata- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus phellos
 * Quercus rubra- may be slightly-strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus velutina
 * Tilia americana- slightly allelopathic
 * Ulmus americana- strongly allelopathic

Conifers to check

 * Chamaecyparis thyoides- not in WV
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus virginiana
 * Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs and understory trees to check:

 * Acer pennsylvanicum
 * Acer spicatum
 * Alnus serrulata
 * Amelanchier arborea
 * Amelanchier canadensis
 * Amelanchier laevis
 * Amorpha fructicosa
 * Aralia spinosa
 * Aronia arbutifolia
 * Aronia melanocarpa
 * Asimina triloba
 * Baccharis halimifolia
 * Carpinus caroliniana
 * Castanea pumila
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cephalanthus occidentalis
 * Chionanthus virginicus
 * Clethra alnifolia
 * Comptonia peregrina
 * Cornus alternifolia
 * Cornus amomomum
 * Cornus florida
 * Cornus racemosa
 * Cornus sericea
 * Corylus americanus
 * Dirca palustris
 * Euonymus americanus
 * Hamamelis virginiana
 * Hydrangea arborescens
 * Ilex decidua
 * Ilex glabra
 * Ilex opaca
 * Ilex verticillata
 * Itea virginica
 * Kalmia angustifolia
 * Kalmia latifolia
 * Lindera benzoin
 * Magnolia virginiana
 * Marella pennsylvanica
 * Ostrya virginiana
 * Rhododendron arborescens
 * Rhododendron atlanticum
 * Rhododendron calendulaceum
 * Rhododendron maximum
 * Rhododendron periclymenoides
 * Rhododendron prinophyllum
 * Rhododendron viscosum
 * Rhus copallina
 * Rhus glabra
 * Rhus typhina
 * Rosa blanda
 * Rosa carolina
 * Rosa palustris
 * Rosa setigera
 * Rosa virginiana
 * Salix discolor
 * Salix nigra
 * Salix sericea
 * Sambucus canadensis
 * Sassafras albidum
 * Spiraea alba
 * Spiraea tomentosa
 * Ulmus rubra
 * Vaccinium angustifolium
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Viburnum acerifolium
 * Viburnum dentatum
 * Viburnum nudum
 * Virburnum prunifolium

Ground covers to check.

 * Antennaria dioica
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
 * Asarum canadense
 * Carex galucodea
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex platyphylla
 * Carex stricta
 * Chrysogonum virginianum
 * Fragraria virginiana- not in wv
 * Gaultheria procumbens
 * Hepatica americana
 * Maianthemum canadense
 * Mitchella repens
 * Pachysandra procumbens- not in wv
 * Phlox divaricata
 * Phlox maculata
 * Phlox stolonifera
 * Podophyllum peltatum
 * Potentilla candensis
 * Potentilla simplex
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Tiarella cordifolia
 * Viola blanda
 * Viola pallens
 * Viola papilionacea
 * Viola pedata
 * Viola septentrionalis
 * Waldsteinia fragrarioides

HP dry sites to check

 * Agrimonia parviflora
 * Amsonia tabernaemontana
 * Anemone canadensis
 * Aquilegia canadensis
 * Arisaema triphyllum
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Aster divaricatus
 * Aster latiflorus
 * Aster novae-angliae
 * Aster oblongifolius
 * Aster spectabilis
 * Baptisia australis
 * Cardamine concatenata
 * Chrysopis mariana
 * Cimicifuga racemosa
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Coreopsis verticillata
 * Eupatorium hyssopifolium
 * Eupatorium perfoliatum
 * Eupatorium rotundifolium
 * Eupatorium serotinum
 * Euphorbia corollata
 * Geranium maculatum
 * Heliopsis helianthoides
 * Heuchera americana
 * Lespedeza virginica
 * Mertensia virginica
 * Oenothera fructicosa
 * Packera aurea
 * Phlox maculata
 * Pycnathemum muticum
 * Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
 * Ratibida pinnata
 * Rudbeckia fulgida
 * Rudbeckia nitida
 * Salvia lyrata
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Senna hebecarpa
 * Silene virginica
 * Sisyrinchium angustifolium
 * Solidago caesia
 * Solidago canadensis
 * Solidago graminifolia
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Solidago speciosa
 * Vernonicastrum virginicum

HP Moist sites to check

 * Aconitum uncinatum
 * Actaea pachypoda
 * Agastache scrophulariifolia
 * Aruncus dioicus
 * Asclepias incarnata
 * Aster puniceus
 * Astilbe biternata
 * Boltonia asteroides
 * Chelone glabra
 * Coreopsis rosea
 * Dicentra cucullaria
 * Dicentra eximia
 * Erythronium americanum
 * Eupatorium coelestinum
 * Eupatorium dubium
 * Eupatorium fistulosum
 * Eupatorium rugosum
 * Filipendula rubra
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Helianthus angustifolius
 * Hibiscus moscheutos
 * Iris versicolor
 * Jeffersonia diphylla
 * Liatris spicata
 * Lobelia cardinalis
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Ludwigia alternifolia
 * Lysimachia ciliata
 * Mimulus ringens
 * Monarda didyma
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Phlox paniculata
 * Polemonium reptans
 * Polygonatum commutatum
 * Rudbeckia laciniata
 * Verbena hastata
 * Vernonia noveboracensis

Grasses, Sedges, Rushes

 * Andropogon gerardii
 * Andropogon ternarius - not wv
 * Andropogon virginicus
 * Carex flaccosperma - not wv
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex vulpinoidea
 * Chasmanthium latifolium
 * Elymus canadensis
 * Elymus hystrix
 * Elymus virginicus
 * Eragrostis spectabilis
 * Juncus effusus
 * Panicum virgatum
 * Saccharum giganteum - not wv
 * Schizachyrium scoparium - not wv check name
 * Sorghastrum nutans
 * Tripsacum dactyloides

Ferns- all wv

 * Adiantum pedatum
 * Athyrium filix-femina
 * Denstaedtia punctilobula
 * Onoclea sensibilis
 * Osmunda cinnamomea
 * Osmunda regalis
 * Polystichum acrostichoides
 * Thelypteris noveboracensis

don't forget to note deer resistance

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.

title: Wildlife Gardening/Location/Kentucky


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/New York (state)

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Vines to check

 * Bignonia capreolata- not in NY
 * Campsis radicans
 * Clematis virginiana
 * Lonicera sempervirens
 * Parthenocissus quinquefolia
 * Passiflora incarnata- not in NY
 * Wisteria frutescens

Trees to check:

 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharum- strongly allelopathic
 * Acer negundo- moderately allelopathic
 * Betula nigra
 * Carya glabra
 * Carya laciniosa
 * Castanea dentata
 * Fagus grandifolia- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus americana- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Liquidambar styraciflua
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Nyssa sylvatica
 * Platanus occidentalis- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus alba- moderately allelopathic
 * Quercus coccinea
 * Quercus falcata- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus phellos
 * Quercus rubra- may be slightly-strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus velutina
 * Tilia americana- slightly allelopathic
 * Ulmus americana- strongly allelopathic

Conifers to check

 * Chamaecyparis thyoides- not in WV
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus virginiana
 * Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs and understory trees to check:

 * Acer pennsylvanicum
 * Acer spicatum
 * Alnus serrulata
 * Amelanchier arborea
 * Amelanchier canadensis
 * Amelanchier laevis
 * Amorpha fructicosa
 * Aralia spinosa
 * Aronia arbutifolia
 * Aronia melanocarpa
 * Asimina triloba
 * Baccharis halimifolia
 * Carpinus caroliniana
 * Castanea pumila
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cephalanthus occidentalis
 * Chionanthus virginicus
 * Clethra alnifolia
 * Comptonia peregrina
 * Cornus alternifolia
 * Cornus amomomum
 * Cornus florida
 * Cornus racemosa
 * Cornus sericea
 * Corylus americanus
 * Dirca palustris
 * Euonymus americanus
 * Hamamelis virginiana
 * Hydrangea arborescens
 * Ilex decidua
 * Ilex glabra
 * Ilex opaca
 * Ilex verticillata
 * Itea virginica
 * Kalmia angustifolia
 * Kalmia latifolia
 * Lindera benzoin
 * Magnolia virginiana
 * Marella pennsylvanica
 * Ostrya virginiana
 * Rhododendron arborescens
 * Rhododendron atlanticum
 * Rhododendron calendulaceum
 * Rhododendron maximum
 * Rhododendron periclymenoides
 * Rhododendron prinophyllum
 * Rhododendron viscosum
 * Rhus copallina
 * Rhus glabra
 * Rhus typhina
 * Rosa blanda
 * Rosa carolina
 * Rosa palustris
 * Rosa setigera
 * Rosa virginiana
 * Salix discolor
 * Salix nigra
 * Salix sericea
 * Sambucus canadensis
 * Sassafras albidum
 * Spiraea alba
 * Spiraea tomentosa
 * Ulmus rubra
 * Vaccinium angustifolium
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Viburnum acerifolium
 * Viburnum dentatum
 * Viburnum nudum
 * Virburnum prunifolium

Ground covers to check.

 * Antennaria dioica
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
 * Asarum canadense
 * Carex galucodea
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex platyphylla
 * Carex stricta
 * Chrysogonum virginianum
 * Fragraria virginiana- not in wv
 * Gaultheria procumbens
 * Hepatica americana
 * Maianthemum canadense
 * Mitchella repens
 * Pachysandra procumbens- not in wv
 * Phlox divaricata
 * Phlox maculata
 * Phlox stolonifera
 * Podophyllum peltatum
 * Potentilla candensis
 * Potentilla simplex
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Tiarella cordifolia
 * Viola blanda
 * Viola pallens
 * Viola papilionacea
 * Viola pedata
 * Viola septentrionalis
 * Waldsteinia fragrarioides

HP dry sites to check

 * Agrimonia parviflora
 * Amsonia tabernaemontana
 * Anemone canadensis
 * Aquilegia canadensis
 * Arisaema triphyllum
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Aster divaricatus
 * Aster latiflorus
 * Aster novae-angliae
 * Aster oblongifolius
 * Aster spectabilis
 * Baptisia australis
 * Cardamine concatenata
 * Chrysopis mariana
 * Cimicifuga racemosa
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Coreopsis verticillata
 * Eupatorium hyssopifolium
 * Eupatorium perfoliatum
 * Eupatorium rotundifolium
 * Eupatorium serotinum
 * Euphorbia corollata
 * Geranium maculatum
 * Heliopsis helianthoides
 * Heuchera americana
 * Lespedeza virginica
 * Mertensia virginica
 * Oenothera fructicosa
 * Packera aurea
 * Phlox maculata
 * Pycnathemum muticum
 * Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
 * Ratibida pinnata
 * Rudbeckia fulgida
 * Rudbeckia nitida
 * Salvia lyrata
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Senna hebecarpa
 * Silene virginica
 * Sisyrinchium angustifolium
 * Solidago caesia
 * Solidago canadensis
 * Solidago graminifolia
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Solidago speciosa
 * Vernonicastrum virginicum

HP Moist sites to check

 * Aconitum uncinatum
 * Actaea pachypoda
 * Agastache scrophulariifolia
 * Aruncus dioicus
 * Asclepias incarnata
 * Aster puniceus
 * Astilbe biternata
 * Boltonia asteroides
 * Chelone glabra
 * Coreopsis rosea
 * Dicentra cucullaria
 * Dicentra eximia
 * Erythronium americanum
 * Eupatorium coelestinum
 * Eupatorium dubium
 * Eupatorium fistulosum
 * Eupatorium rugosum
 * Filipendula rubra
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Helianthus angustifolius
 * Hibiscus moscheutos
 * Iris versicolor
 * Jeffersonia diphylla
 * Liatris spicata
 * Lobelia cardinalis
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Ludwigia alternifolia
 * Lysimachia ciliata
 * Mimulus ringens
 * Monarda didyma
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Phlox paniculata
 * Polemonium reptans
 * Polygonatum commutatum
 * Rudbeckia laciniata
 * Verbena hastata
 * Vernonia noveboracensis

Grasses, Sedges, Rushes

 * Andropogon gerardii
 * Andropogon ternarius - not wv
 * Andropogon virginicus
 * Carex flaccosperma - not wv
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex vulpinoidea
 * Chasmanthium latifolium
 * Elymus canadensis
 * Elymus hystrix
 * Elymus virginicus
 * Eragrostis spectabilis
 * Juncus effusus
 * Panicum virgatum
 * Saccharum giganteum - not wv
 * Schizachyrium scoparium - not wv check name
 * Sorghastrum nutans
 * Tripsacum dactyloides

Ferns- all wv

 * Adiantum pedatum
 * Athyrium filix-femina
 * Denstaedtia punctilobula
 * Onoclea sensibilis
 * Osmunda cinnamomea
 * Osmunda regalis
 * Polystichum acrostichoides
 * Thelypteris noveboracensis

don't forget to note deer resistance

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/Ohio

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Vines to check

 * Bignonia capreolata
 * Campsis radicans
 * Clematis virginiana
 * Lonicera sempervirens
 * Parthenocissus quinquefolia
 * Passiflora incarnata
 * Wisteria frutescens

Trees to check:

 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharum- strongly allelopathic
 * Acer negundo- moderately allelopathic
 * Betula nigra
 * Carya glabra
 * Carya laciniosa
 * Castanea dentata
 * Fagus grandifolia- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus americana- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Liquidambar styraciflua
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Nyssa sylvatica
 * Platanus occidentalis- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus alba- moderately allelopathic
 * Quercus coccinea
 * Quercus falcata- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus phellos
 * Quercus rubra- may be slightly-strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus velutina
 * Tilia americana- slightly allelopathic
 * Ulmus americana- strongly allelopathic

Conifers to check

 * Chamaecyparis thyoides- not in WV
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus virginiana
 * Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs and understory trees to check:

 * Acer pennsylvanicum
 * Acer spicatum
 * Alnus serrulata
 * Amelanchier arborea
 * Amelanchier canadensis
 * Amelanchier laevis
 * Amorpha fructicosa
 * Aralia spinosa
 * Aronia arbutifolia
 * Aronia melanocarpa
 * Asimina triloba
 * Baccharis halimifolia
 * Carpinus caroliniana
 * Castanea pumila
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cephalanthus occidentalis
 * Chionanthus virginicus
 * Clethra alnifolia
 * Comptonia peregrina
 * Cornus alternifolia
 * Cornus amomomum
 * Cornus florida
 * Cornus racemosa
 * Cornus sericea
 * Corylus americanus
 * Dirca palustris
 * Euonymus americanus
 * Hamamelis virginiana
 * Hydrangea arborescens
 * Ilex decidua
 * Ilex glabra
 * Ilex opaca
 * Ilex verticillata
 * Itea virginica
 * Kalmia angustifolia
 * Kalmia latifolia
 * Lindera benzoin
 * Magnolia virginiana
 * Marella pennsylvanica
 * Ostrya virginiana
 * Rhododendron arborescens
 * Rhododendron atlanticum
 * Rhododendron calendulaceum
 * Rhododendron maximum
 * Rhododendron periclymenoides
 * Rhododendron prinophyllum
 * Rhododendron viscosum
 * Rhus copallina
 * Rhus glabra
 * Rhus typhina
 * Rosa blanda
 * Rosa carolina
 * Rosa palustris
 * Rosa setigera
 * Rosa virginiana
 * Salix discolor
 * Salix nigra
 * Salix sericea
 * Sambucus canadensis
 * Sassafras albidum
 * Spiraea alba
 * Spiraea tomentosa
 * Ulmus rubra
 * Vaccinium angustifolium
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Viburnum acerifolium
 * Viburnum dentatum
 * Viburnum nudum
 * Virburnum prunifolium

Ground covers to check.

 * Antennaria dioica
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
 * Asarum canadense
 * Carex galucodea
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex platyphylla
 * Carex stricta
 * Chrysogonum virginianum
 * Fragraria virginiana- not in wv
 * Gaultheria procumbens
 * Hepatica americana
 * Maianthemum canadense
 * Mitchella repens
 * Pachysandra procumbens- not in wv
 * Phlox divaricata
 * Phlox maculata
 * Phlox stolonifera
 * Podophyllum peltatum
 * Potentilla candensis
 * Potentilla simplex
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Tiarella cordifolia
 * Viola blanda
 * Viola pallens
 * Viola papilionacea
 * Viola pedata
 * Viola septentrionalis
 * Waldsteinia fragrarioides

HP dry sites to check

 * Agrimonia parviflora
 * Amsonia tabernaemontana
 * Anemone canadensis
 * Aquilegia canadensis
 * Arisaema triphyllum
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Aster divaricatus
 * Aster latiflorus
 * Aster novae-angliae
 * Aster oblongifolius
 * Aster spectabilis
 * Baptisia australis
 * Cardamine concatenata
 * Chrysopis mariana
 * Cimicifuga racemosa
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Coreopsis verticillata
 * Eupatorium hyssopifolium
 * Eupatorium perfoliatum
 * Eupatorium rotundifolium
 * Eupatorium serotinum
 * Euphorbia corollata
 * Geranium maculatum
 * Heliopsis helianthoides
 * Heuchera americana
 * Lespedeza virginica
 * Mertensia virginica
 * Oenothera fructicosa
 * Packera aurea
 * Phlox maculata
 * Pycnathemum muticum
 * Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
 * Ratibida pinnata
 * Rudbeckia fulgida
 * Rudbeckia nitida
 * Salvia lyrata
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Senna hebecarpa
 * Silene virginica
 * Sisyrinchium angustifolium
 * Solidago caesia
 * Solidago canadensis
 * Solidago graminifolia
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Solidago speciosa
 * Vernonicastrum virginicum

HP Moist sites to check

 * Aconitum uncinatum
 * Actaea pachypoda
 * Agastache scrophulariifolia
 * Aruncus dioicus
 * Asclepias incarnata
 * Aster puniceus
 * Astilbe biternata
 * Boltonia asteroides
 * Chelone glabra
 * Coreopsis rosea
 * Dicentra cucullaria
 * Dicentra eximia
 * Erythronium americanum
 * Eupatorium coelestinum
 * Eupatorium dubium
 * Eupatorium fistulosum
 * Eupatorium rugosum
 * Filipendula rubra
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Helianthus angustifolius
 * Hibiscus moscheutos
 * Iris versicolor
 * Jeffersonia diphylla
 * Liatris spicata
 * Lobelia cardinalis
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Ludwigia alternifolia
 * Lysimachia ciliata
 * Mimulus ringens
 * Monarda didyma
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Phlox paniculata
 * Polemonium reptans
 * Polygonatum commutatum
 * Rudbeckia laciniata
 * Verbena hastata
 * Vernonia noveboracensis

Grasses, Sedges, Rushes

 * Andropogon gerardii
 * Andropogon ternarius - not wv
 * Andropogon virginicus
 * Carex flaccosperma - not wv
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex vulpinoidea
 * Chasmanthium latifolium
 * Elymus canadensis
 * Elymus hystrix
 * Elymus virginicus
 * Eragrostis spectabilis
 * Juncus effusus
 * Panicum virgatum
 * Saccharum giganteum - not wv
 * Schizachyrium scoparium - not wv check name
 * Sorghastrum nutans
 * Tripsacum dactyloides

Ferns- all wv

 * Adiantum pedatum
 * Athyrium filix-femina
 * Denstaedtia punctilobula
 * Onoclea sensibilis
 * Osmunda cinnamomea
 * Osmunda regalis
 * Polystichum acrostichoides
 * Thelypteris noveboracensis

don't forget to note deer resistance

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.

title: Wildlife Gardening/Location/Ohio


text:
User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Truth/Sibylle Louise Pia

What is truth?

According to St Thomas d’Aquin, the truth corresponds to the adequation between the mind and the object meaning that our perception/representation of the world matches reality.

What are their truths ?

History:

According to the philosopher Hannah Arendt, the facts that have occured and that we know about through evidences such as texts, images, videos, letters, exist regardless of historians’ interpretations. We can then consider that proofs and the facts themselves are the objective truth in history.

However, the interpretation of historical events is hardly objective : ‘The only barrier to historical objectivity is in fact, the historian himself. Historians are the one who will decide what the facts in history are, and can decide whether or not things can be omitted or added in order to make his or her claim plausible. This, of course, is subjective at all costs’. Therefore, we can affirm that historians’ work ,thus history, is subjective although it sticks to a certain methods to get closer to what happened in the past.

Biology :

Biology being a science subject, its truth differs from the one we find in history. Indeed, science is the study of the present and it appears to be the ultimate method for discovering the truth. It allows us to discover new facts every day through observations and experiments on the human bodies, on plants or animals. However, even if the truth in biology appears more clearly than in some other disciplines, it remains complicated. As time goes by, basic assumptions in this discipline can turn out to be false.

How does it come to realize/evaluate truth?

History:

Source criticism is the first step of the evaluation of truth in a source. Indeed, it is necessary to know when and by whom was the source written and the place it was produced. They also need to know if it was written from pre existing materials and they need to look for evidential value in order to bring credibility to the analysis. They then try to explain these historical facts. Objectivity becomes more complicated when it comes to the interpretation of the sources, and the creation of a narrative based on them. When looking for the truth about an event, historians follow a precise goal to reach, leading them to take a certain path. They are not able to write everything, some aspects of historical events are left aside. This is a reason for its non total objectivity in some ways.

Biology :

Biology evaluates truth by categorizing its fields of research, such as molecular biology that focuses on cells, physiology that studies how our organs work, anatomy that focuses on organisms structures… No matter the area of study biology follows a certain method in order to get closer to the truth : scientists issue an hypothesis that will be verified by an experiment guided by a protocol. If the result of the experiment sticks to the hypothesis they will then valid it, if not, they will continue their research and experiment. For example, if the aim of the research is to prove that aquatic animals breathe with gills and not lungs, scientists can verify this affirmation by dissecting a fish.

Is truth important to the discipline :

History :

The main goal of this subject is to explain what happened in the past, truth is then crucial in order to understand why our world is organised like it is today. Moreover, knowing what happened in the past enables us to learn from our mistakes. However, if history is not the same according to different historians, facts remain the same, they are real and proved by evidence from the past. As a matter of fact, organizations were created in order to verify facts of past history and even today, they can prove that some events did not happen or at least not in the way that they are currently reported. Indeed, further research has been made with new technological capacities, allowing facts to be more precise. If facts are being contested, then history will lose all its credibility and importance. For instance, theories like negationism show us that people can completely deny significant historical events such as the Jewish genocide based on fake evidences. Therefore, historical method is essential in order to prevent that.

Biology:

Truth has an important place in the field of biology, as biology is the study of life and living organisms such as plants, animals or even humans. Hence, it is necessary for this discipline to be in adequation with the reality of life. Each processes and molecular interactions have to provide objective explanations for what happens in the real life, base on empirical evidences. This is the reason why biology uses experimentation as part of one of its main method of study. If they fail to prove and explain reality, they lose credibility, trust and can not be referred to as a qualitative source of information.


text:
User:LBird BASc/sandbox/ATK/Seminar5/Truth/Truth in the Media

How truth in the media has impacted public opinion throughout history
-The Dreyfus affair is a crisis that crystallized public opinion. The Dreyfus affair broke out on 1 November 1894 when an extreme right-wing newspaper, led by anti-Semitic journalist Édouard Drumont, broke military secrecy and revealed that a Jewish officer was accused of betraying France, by spying for the benefit of Germany. press has rapidly taken sides in this history. Most newspapers get involved. Some are anti-Dreyfusards: La Croix, Le Petit Journal. Others serve as a forum for intellectuals (this term is created then) who defend Dreyfus’s innocence. On January 13, 1898, it was in L'Aurore that Zola published his «J'accuse»; in La Petite République, Jaurès, the same year, published «Les preuves». All those publishments influenced public opinion, which had an impact on the whole society, creating conflicts in all kinds of social groups. By the time of the Zola letter got published, the dressing-case had split France in two opposing camps ( the anti Dreyfusards and the Dreyfusards)

The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War is an example of the influence of the media, especially when used as a tool to expose the truth.

Truth in the media during the Vietnam War contributed greatly to forming public opinion. Indeed, the Vietnam War is known as the first television war. In this way, it revealed the difficult conditions that the soldiers lived in as well as the massacres of the Vietnamese in their villages. This led to mass protests that rejected the war, and eventually, the idea of war in general. Anti-war protestors denounced the actions of the United States abroad and began to defend the Vietnamese as well as the drafted soldiers. The latter rejected the war as well, by burning their draft cards and not participating. This anti-war movement helped develop the idea of Counterculture that opposed Conservatism, the latter being associated with the government that was treated with scepticism, in large part because of what television in the media had exposed about the war.

This truthful portrayal of the conditions under which the Vietnam War happened was transferred from news to the film industry. The latter underwent a breakdown of the traditional Hollywood studio system studio system, and independent movies were produced and soon gained popularity in part because they provided a less-glorified, more realistic depiction of the American soldier's role in war. Such alternative movies include Apocalypse Now ; Heaven and Earth ; as well as Taxi Driver.

How truth in the media or lack thereof impacts public opinion today
When looking at truth in the media, it is important to analyze how truth has transformed in today’s world with the rise of social media and the decline of traditional media. Social media had a critical impact on the major political events of 2016 in the Western world: the US presidential elections and the Brexit referendum.

In the United States, there are about 12 states that are considered ‘swing states’, meaning they are not historically democrat or republican dominated. It is these states that most presidential candidates focus on during their campaigns as their votes are decisive for the final results. Cambridge Analytica, a data-mining firm, worked closely with Trump’s party during the 2016 elections and collected data from US citizens through Facebook, especially those living in ‘swing states’, to later on target these individuals with adverts against Hillary Clinton. For example, the ‘crooked Hillary’ slogan, the main actor in the candidate’s portrayal as a criminal unfit for the presidential role, was created by this company and spread throughout social media through ads.

The 2016 Brexit referendum in the UK also displays the use of social media as a tool to deform truth. Not only did Cambridge Analytica use the same tools as it did with Trump’s election to influence undecided voters through the spread of clickbait advertisements, the Brexit supporters were twice as many and five times more active than Remain supporters on Instagram which means there was an abundance of posts in favor of Brexit made every day. The lack of a real social media campaign from the Remain side was critical in the results of the referendum.

Although it is clear that social media, as opposed to traditional media, is not meant to be a news outlet, it should be expected to spread truth throughout its platform. However, the issue is that this truth is relative to numerous factors such as the social media user and the data that has been collected from him, or which company pays ads to persuade this user. Freedom of speech, lack of fact-checking and abundance of shock value titles makes it challenging for truth to exist in this form of media.

-trump

When Le Pen was presenting his candidature in 2002 for the presidential, he got helped by the media to get to the second tour. Jean Marie le pen is a populist politic man who claims racism and wanted to go out of Europe, he is representing far right in the french politic system. During the presidential campaigns in 2002, the television medias mainly published stories about insecurities in France, especially in the suburbs of Paris. for instance, 3 days before the elections, a story of « papy voise » came out. Paps Voice was a grandfather that lived in the suburbs that got attacked by young thugs and they brunt his house. The medias reinforced about the insecurities in France and this helped impact the elections that was just a few days later. « Un thème sur lequel surfent habilement Jacques Chirac et Jean-Marie Le Pen. » (L’express, 2011) . This says that the two candidates know how to use and control media to use them in their advantages. In response to this uncertainty climate in France, people got afraid about their security and health, which is one of the main debates in politics, this helped Le Pen get votes. As a result, the National Front passed to the first tour but then he got stopped by the votes of the second tour which were 82% for Jacques Chirac and 18% for Le Pen. This shows how media can influence public opinion just by deciding to show a certain aspect at a certain moment, by revealing their subjective opinions. Their opinions are biased which can influence many people that do not show a critical aspect of what they read. The first way journalists get involved in elections is by choosing which candidates to cover and how much. Those choices alone can have a huge effect on voter perceptions. .

-Brexit

LBGTQIA+
Many times certain facts or 'truths' are presented in biased ways in order to sway popular opinion to be against certain social movements. This is particularly true for the LGBTQIA+ community as well as the feminist movement as numerous more conservative news outlets subjectively caricature them.

A telling example would be that of the Proposition 8 campaign of 2008. This Californian state constitutional amendment was put forward to ensure that "only marriages between men and women are valid and recognised in California." During the campaign for this amendment many social groups spoke out such as the Catholic Bishops of California who supported the proposition. In their statement, the group of religious leaders use biblical justifications such as bible passages to sway the wider publics views on the matter. Moreover, many advertisements in favour of the proposition we're broadcast throughout the state. Many of these clips being laced with stereotypes of what homosexual marriages entail. Social bias is explicit in these examples and show the subjective nature of media as a whole, this undoubtedly with the example of social rallying or political campaigns.

In North Korea
North Korea has one of the most repressive media environments in the world, ranking only second from last among 180 countries in the 2019 World Press Freedom Index. Even though both local and international news are available in North Korea, news would be censored by the government according to their interests and anyone who is in possession of unauthorised media would be prosecuted. Despite this, some North Koreans employ illegal means - such as tuning in to foreign broadcasts and using imported mobile phones, to learn more about the outside world or even obtain information from them in order to learn about happenings in their own country. Nonetheless, many locals are unaware of or have little knowledge of the outside world, with many North Korean defectors stating their surprise when they discovered how different the outside was as compared to what they thought it would be. Resolving this is a difficult task as North Koreans have no freedom - in terms of voicing their opinions, accessing information and moving around.

How truth in the media impacts international relations
( subaltern etc) Third world countries The portrayal of the riots in HK

Journalists have the unique ability to help accelerate climate action through advocacy and education, but their potential to help achieve the global climate goals agreed in Paris last year still remains largely untapped by the media coverage that they choose to do or not, they can influence mentalities on the subject and impact a civil implication. They are the one that own the informations so the way they share can have a powerful impact on public opinion. It becomes a problem when they choose not to cover an important event, for instance in September 2019, the amazionan forest had to face an importance and dangerous fire that was spreading, it took more than two weeks for the media to talk about it and expose it as major news. In reaction to this late process, many influencers on social media (such as actors, footballers) has shared the news, to enable individuals to get the news and at least be able to know that this major crisis was happening Journalists have the ability to help accelerate climate action through education and exposing facts to the population, but their potential to help achieve the global climate goals agreed in Paris last year still remains undone. Public awareness plays an important role in changing the ways of life of each individual. Scientists and media scholars who express frustrations with inadequate science reporting argue that it can lead to at least three basic distortions. First, journalists distort reality by making scientific errors. Second, they distort by keying on human-interest stories rather than scientific content. And third, journalists distort by rigid adherence to the construct of balanced coverage. Bord, O’Connor, & Fisher (2000) argue that responsible citizenry necessitates concrete knowledge of causes and that until, for example, the public understands what causes climate change it cannot be expected to take voluntary action to mitigate its effects.


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/ Group 2/Truth/Mathematics, (blank), and (blank)

General truth in Mathematics
On the whole, the concern of pure mathematics regarding truth is that it is consistent throughout the discipline. Paul Benacerraf states that "any philosophically satisfactory account of truth, reference, meaning, and knowledge must embrace them all and must be adequate for all the propositions to which these concepts apply. An account of knowledge that seems to work for certain empirical propositions about medium-sized physical objects but which fails to account for more theoretical knowledge is unsatisfactory-not only because it is incomplete, but because it may be incorrect as well, even as an account of the things it seems to cover quite adequately." In short, truth in pure mathematics must be standard so that new discoveries can be found, proven, evaluated and applied in the same way as long-standing mathematical concepts so as to provide continuity. This is not to say that mathematical methodology has stayed stagnant - on the contrary, a very common method of proof which secondary school students often learn is proof by mathematical induction, which has developed over centuries up to the 1800s, which is more or less the form we use it in today - but merely to stress the importance that the language of mathematics is kept consistent, so as to aid the student's understanding.

Inductive vs Empirical
Although it seems immediately obvious that a lot of mathematics comes from inductive reasoning, there are many who argue that mathematics as a discipline is, in fact, much more empirical than it seems at first glance. Partly due to the generality of its subject matter, and the flexibility with which it can be applied to other discipline and, through its application, be tested and proved empirically, but also in pure mathematics.

Platonism vs Realism
Many mathematicians believe that the mathematical discoveries we make are just that - discoveries. These theorems and truths have existed before humans, and we have just happened upon them and observed them. This school of thought toward mathematical truth is Platonist, but as Stanislas Dehaene states, "for the modern neurobiologist, however, the Platonist position seems hard to defend". Øystein Linnebo addresses further challenges of an epistemological nature to mathematical Platonism.

Truth in Economics
1. What are its truths (if it has any)?

Positive statement Normative statement Empirical methods

2. How does it come to realize/evaluate truth?

'As a social science, economics analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The study of economics requires the use of mathematics in order to analyze and synthesize complex information.'

3. is truth important to the discipline?

The various fields Economics can be applied to.

Truth in Art
The concept of truth in Art

While the definition of what Art constitutes is widely debated, it can be generally considered to be a discipline which does not make judgement on what is and is not true, but instead aims to demonstrate truths through the artistic process. However, there are still many differing opinions on the degree of success to which this is achieved in Art.

Methods of realising/evaluating truth in Art

Plato was certain that art was an imitation of life and hence was the furthest from "truth" that anything could be; his idea was that ‘Truth’ refers to the idea that the purest existence of any given thing lies not in the physical manifestation of the thing itself, but rather in its invisible and eternal ‘Form’ So for this example, Art is considered to be a discipline which does not deal with truth at all.

Aristotle shed a more promising light on the arts. "The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance". He believed that objects contain their own eternal truths different in nature from their universal Forms. These are not the esoteric truths that Plato refers to, but are the products of the human psyche which all humans experience. Aristotle invites us to realise that although artistic depictions may be based on an “outward appearance”, these depictions are a means to communicate an artist’s “inward” experience of the physical world. The importance of truth in Art

The concept of truth in Art is not important for the understanding of whether what the Art depicts is "true" or not, but it is important with the philosophical consideration of what "truth" is in itself. Truth is not valued for its objectivity as it would be in a discipline such as Mathematics, but it is its subjectivity that is considered in Art.


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Talk:SPARQL

Many thanks, but...
Hey, wonderful guide. Thank you ! It need a chapter on subqueries. So maybe one day, I'll understand the (re)quest I've ask to one of my senseis. Simon Villeneuve (discuss • contribs) 00:30, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I added a red link to SPARQL/Subqueries, as this indeed missing. As far as I understand the inner SELECT query is first evaluated. The result variable(s) can then be used in the higher SELECT query. HenkvD (discuss • contribs) 15:00, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

Adding other services
This book use mainly the Wikidata Query service which is fine but it would nice to list a few other services which may be of interest for the readers PAC2 (discuss • contribs) 06:04, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

What is a `SERVICE`?
Thanks for starting this book! Very useful.

The services section is super useful, but I think the whole SERVICE section needs its own page? Something that explains what a service, before diving into the instances of useful services available? Majdal.cc (discuss • contribs) 18:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:SPARQL


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Radiation Oncology/Arrythmia

 * SBRT for cardiac arrhythmias also termed stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR)
 * Stereotactic radioablation has been used to safely and effectively treat a limited number of patients with malignant arrhythmias:
 * Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
 * Atrial fibrillation (AF)
 * Unlike catheter-directed radiofrequency or cryoablation, in which tissue destruction is effected by thermal injury, radiotherapy uses gamma-rays or x-rays directed in high doses (typically 25–30 Gy) to a three-dimensional volume of target tissue

title: Radiation Oncology/Arrythmia


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Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry/Taiwan Cancer Registry (Male)

Cancer Incidence (2016) by Taiwan Cancer Registry for Male Cancer:

 * 1) Colon cancer
 * 2) Liver cancer
 * 3) Lung cancer
 * 4) Oral cavity cancer (including oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, etc.)
 * 5) Prostate cancer
 * 6) Esophageal cancer
 * 7) Gastric cancer
 * 8) Skin cancer
 * 9) Bladder cancer
 * 10) Leukemia


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Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry/Taiwan Cancer Registry (Female)

Cancer Incidence (2016) by Taiwan Cancer Registry for Female Cancer:

 * 1) Breast cancer
 * 2) Colon cancer
 * 3) Lung cancer
 * 4) Thyroid cancer
 * 5) Liver cancer
 * 6) Endometrial cancer
 * 7) Ovarian cancer
 * 8) Cervical cancer
 * 9) Skin cancer
 * 10) Gastric cancer


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Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry/Childhood Cancer (Taiwan)

 * 1) Leukemia
 * 2) Brain tumor
 * 3) Lymphoma
 * 4) Neuroblastoma
 * 5) Germ cell tumor
 * 6) Osteosarcoma
 * 7) Soft tissue sarcoma
 * 8) Wilms' tumor
 * 9) Hepatic tumor
 * 10) Retinoblatoma


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Radiation Oncology/Temporal Bone Tumor

 * Rare tumor, accounting for fewer than 0.2% of all tumors of the head and neck
 * Only 200 new cases of temporal bone cancer may be diagnosed each year across the United States
 * Cancers arising from skin of the pinna that spread to the temporal bone
 * Primary tumors of the external auditory canal (EAC), middle ear, mastoid, or petrous apex
 * Metastatic lesions to the temporal bone
 * Optimal surgery removes all of the cancer en bloc because positive margins are associated with poor survival rates
 * In the most extreme cases in which contraindications to surgery are serious, palliative radiation and chemotherapy may be offered
 * Literature supports a beneficial effect of postoperative radiation on survival:
 * Temporal bone and neck treated with 50-60 Gy for tumors staged T3 and T4
 * Radiation may also be indicated for smaller lesions

title: Radiation Oncology/Temporal Bone Tumor


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Radiation Oncology/Ear Cancer

 * Very rare, only about 300 people in the United States diagnosed each year
 * Types of ear cancer:
 * Skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, etc.
 * Adenoid cystic carcinoma: account for only 5 percent of cancers of the external auditory canal
 * Parotid tumors
 * Often starts as a skin cancer on the outer ear that then spreads throughout the various ear structures, including the ear canal and the eardrum
 * Can affect the bone inside the ear called the temporal bone (also including the mastoid bone)
 * Tumors of the auricle most often treated with limited surgery, with definitive radiotherapy reserved for anatomy preservation or in poor surgical candidates
 * Radical surgery (temporal bone resection and mastoidectomy) and postoperative irradiation accepted for more advanced lesions of the external auditory canal and lesions in the middle ear and mastoid
 * Tumors involving the auricle can be treated with electrons or with superficial/orthovoltage irradiation:
 * Lesions involving the pinna must be treated with conventional fractionation (1.8 to 2.0 Gy daily) to prevent cartilage necrosis (doses of 66 Gy over 6.5 weeks recommended)
 * Large lesions of the external auditory canal may be treated with irradiation alone or combined with surgery (IMRT can improve target coverage and when nodal coverage indicated, doses of 60 to 70 Gy over 6 to 7 weeks required)

title: Radiation Oncology/Ear Cancer


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Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Cancer Incidence in Taiwan

Cancer Incidence (2016) by Taiwan Cancer Registry:

 * 1) Colon cancer
 * 2) Lung cancer
 * 3) Female breast cancer
 * 4) Liver cancer
 * 5) Oral cavity cancer (including oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, etc.)
 * 6) Prostate cancer
 * 7) Thyroid cancer
 * 8) Stomach cancer
 * 9) Skin cancer
 * 10) Esophageal cancer


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Radiation Oncology/Epidemiolgy/Cancer Death in Taiwan

 * Cancer Death (2016) in Taiwan:
 * 47,760 deaths due to cancer, which accounted for 27.7% of total deaths
 * Crude death rate: 203.1 deaths per 100,000 population, an increase of 1.8％ compared to the previous year
 * age-adjusted death rate: 126.8 deaths per 100,000 population, a decrease of 0.9%
 * The 10 leading causes of cancer death in Taiwan in 2016 (76.6％ of total cancer deaths):
 * Cancers of trachea, bronchus and lung
 * Cancers of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts
 * Cancers of colon, rectum and anus
 * Cancer of breast (female)
 * Cancer of oral cavity
 * Cancer of prostate
 * Cancer of stomach
 * Cancer of pancreas
 * Cancer of esophagus
 * Cancer of ovary


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/September

Review of pending changes
Currently, at the top of Oberon, is a banner notifying "There are 7 pending changes awaiting review." Administrative authority is required to complete that review; correct? Should I or another person working on Oberon apply for the required status? Wait patiently for an administrator? Thanks, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 17:31, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * It doesn't require an admin: there are others who can review edits. I've accepted these changes. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:44, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * You are a reviewer, since automatically promoted in 2017. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 20:03, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started
Hello,

In a recent statement, the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees requested that staff hold a consultation to "re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)".

Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust & Safety team invites all Wikimedians to join this consultation and give their feedback from 30 September to 30 October.

How can you help?

 * Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset);

 * Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or

 * Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans.

We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation!

-- Kbrown (WMF) 17:13, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The first two wikilinks on your message are broken, because they need an additional  prefix; at least, that's how it misbehaves on this project (and, I see, also on en.wn). --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 18:41, 30 September 2019 (UTC)


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Radiation Oncology/Lacrimal Gland Tumor

 * Only 1 out of 1 million people diagnosed with this type of tumor each year
 * About half of lacrimal gland tumors benign, and half malignant
 * Malignant epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland account for 2% of all orbital (eye socket) tumors
 * Types of Lacrimal Gland Tumor:
 * Benign mixed epithelial tumor
 * Malignant mixed epithelial tumor
 * Lymphoma
 * Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the lacrimal gland
 * Surgery to the eye common in the treatment of a lacrimal gland tumor
 * During surgery, parts of the affected eye removed, or, if necessary, the entire eye (enucleation) will be removed, depending on the size and spread of the tumor
 * Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy required for close margins, perineural invasion, or adenoid cystic histology (doses of radiotherapy approaching 60 Gy)

title: Radiation Oncology/Lacrimal Gland Tumor


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Truth/Laws & Physics

= Truth in Law and Physics =

Law
What is law?

The dictionary definition of law, according to the Collins Dictionary, is: The law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements, and social relationships.

It questions the kind of world we as a society want to live in, and debates the methods that should be used to best protect the values that society cherish the most. Law uses reason by looking at arguments, logic, facts as well as hard evidence in order to achieve its goals.

What are the truths in law?

Law stems from rule and order, and as such one might believe that it is a very objective thing — there is only one correct way to achieve this rule and order. Furthermore, in many court cases, especially in criminal cases, law is often seen as the only way to uncover the truth in these situations. However, law is in fact quite subjective. While lawyers do use evidence and facts, which are known as objective truths, they tend to choose the facts and evidence that work in their favour in order to convince the majority of the jury. There are many other factors that contribute to successes of lawyers in court, such as word choice, which do not depend on objective truths, and overall, can show that law is not as objective as it may seem. In addition, although evidence may seem like a very objective truth, many court cases use evidence in forms of witnesses and testimonies, which are based off personal views and can be argued to be subjective truths.

In order to combat the biases that may occur when ruling court cases, we have a system where the majority of the jury (10 out of 12) must rule the defendant guilty or not. However, even with this, one can argue that constructivism played a key role in the final decision of the trial. This is because the jury have all had their own prior experiences which could easily affect the way they think about the specific trial. Once the trial concludes, the final decision also becomes a constructivist truth, where the rest of society just accepts the decision as the truth based off the knowledge they gained from the trial.

Even the most common rights protected under the law that society as a whole universally accepts could be argued to be subjective truths. For example, the right to protection. One could easily argue that protection is not as important as other rights (for example food) and as such should not be considered a right that we need protect. Or one could believe that not everyone deserves equal protection because of other factors such as how much the individual contributes to society.

We as a society create a list of actions that are considered “good” and “bad” or “right” and “wrong” but there is no way to test or prove whether or not these are what they are considered. As such, it is hard to refer to the law as an objective truth, like that of science and physics, but should rather be seen as a subjective or constructivist truth.

Physics
What is physics and what are its truths?

Physics is a natural science based on experiments, measurements and mathematical analysis with the purpose of finding quantitative physical laws for everything in the world. In physics, all the judgments or propositions must be mathematical or experimental provable, and the process of accepting judgments into truth is called ‘the process of verification’, which suggests that most of the truth in physics is objective and empirical.

However, in physics, the truth can also be subjective, for example, quantum mechanics itself is as well tested as a theory can be, but there are still many specific and unexpected limits to its knowledge as there is no definite reality of the particles (for example the photon experiment), our observation affects reality and depending on the viewpoint different conclusions may be reached. Another example is the string theory, which predicts the existence of a potentially huge number of unique universes and only one that corresponded to our own version of reality and therefore the truth may vary depending on which reality it is referring to, making the truth in physics more complicated and add uncertainty and duality to its nature, which also suggests that there is no absolute truth in physics.

Truth in physics can also be interpretive, lately, more physicists are interested in how the uncertainties of physics affect how our consciousness about how the world operates, because our inner mental life is hidden from external observation and does not follow the mathematical description, so a better understanding of the mind might be able to help us to discover some new theory of physics or new way of thinking.


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User:LBird BASc/sandbox/ATK/Seminar6/Evidence/Evidence in Behavioural Economics

Behavioural economics is the study of the psychological aspects of economics. The main question is why people make the economic choices they do, and the fundamental difference to the classic study of economics is that behavioural economists don't believe humans make rational choices. As this is a discipline concerned with both masses of people as well as individuals, a mix of different types of evidence becomes important.

Quantitative Methods
Summary of Quantitative Methods

Quantitative data is essentially numerical data, which is then used to establish correlations and causations. Researchers will collect it using some form of measurement, depending on what variable they are researching. Some examples would be weight, height or number of years. The most common methods used to collect this data are: surveys, experiments, field research, and public data with open access.

Application in Behavioural Economics

Much like in classical economics, behavioural economics requires a large number of data which will be used to examine general trends in behaviour. For example, straightforward surveys were used when developing the Prospect Theory. Prospect Theory was developed to understand how people reacted to risk, which was done by posing them a series of scenarios which they had to pick either a risky or a non-risky alternative. The crucial element of this piece of research is that the researchers did not ask why the people made the choices they made. If they had, they would have been using qualitative methods, and they would have had difficulty generalising the phenomenon as each person would give slightly different reasons. Thus, quantitative methods are used to establish patterns of choices.

Qualitative Methods
Summary of Qualitative Methods

When using qualitative methods, researchers collect and interpret non-numerical data. The data could be collected in for example interviews, focus groups or surveys. This method of collecting data lends itself well to understanding how people think and why they act the way they do. However, it's important to note that the results of qualitative research cannot necessarily be generalised.

Application in Behavioural Economics

Qualitative methods have not traditionally been used frequently in behavioural economics, however, suit themselves well to research within behavioural economics. For example, when formulating and studying the phenomenon heuristics, researchers had to ask probe deeper into the reasons for a consumer's choices. The information gathered could be used to classify types of behaviour, such as availability heuristic. Availability heuristic is when a person makes a choice based on previous experiences, and assess the probability that an event will happen based on those experiences.

However, qualitative methods are also limiting within behavioural economics in that they give insight into attitudes rather than behaviour. A person's views of what is right doesn't always translate inte action. Additionally, people can be dishonest or simply not know all the reasons for their behaviour.


text: Template:TI-Basic/Key

title: Template:TI-Basic/Key


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User:Lolakpl/sandbox

How does it come to realise/evaluate the truth? (Architecture and History of Art)
Architecture:

One defines what relates or not Architecture. The main consensus on this subject is that architecture is not only about the construction of a building structure, but also about the artistic creation of what makes up a building (light, interior, technical aspects of access to facilities), as well as the analysis of architectural styles from ancient times studied by anthropologists, archaeologists, historians....

It is subjective to evaluate the visual aspect of architecture, as it relates to tastes towards an architect's own style. We cannot define what is "good" and what is not from this point of view. However, the creation of construction plans requires absolute certainty of the feasibility of an architectural project. A positive truth emerges from the use of mathematics, geometry and engineering to keep the building in place in defined proportions and with these specific materials. Furthermore, the study of architectural theories overtime has developed (with the use of science such as mathematics, physics and later the advent of technologies) that have made it possible to approach old buildings. More knowledge on ancient civilizations and their relationship to architecture have resulted from this. This use of science has allowed the borrowing of styles over time, such as churches in the Roman style during the Renaissance.

History of Art:

As Art History focuses its study on artwork over the millenia, art historians establish theories that stand for truth. They agree on terms and principles that classify and define certain artworks, by finding common points of analysis between them. For instance, the Canon of Art History is one of the most common ways of defining famous artworks across different time period like Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Renaissance... Therefore, a constructivist truth is widespread in this dicipline, it makes certain analytical criteria universal.

The main goal of History of Art is to question the artwork. Each interpretation is different. There is no such thing as "absolute truth" in this discpline as it is defined by its process of understanding a work of art, its features, its message, its techniques. Moreover, what is said to be an artwork by historians has evolved throughout the years, which makes it difficult to come up with an exact definition of Art.

However, the history of art bears some commonly accepted criteria for analysis. Thus, if the substance is subjective, the form of analysis is quite common, and the historian is invited to focus on particular criteria (such as light, color, period, subjetc...).

Thus, what the disicipline evaluates is the work of research and understanding the works. Its purpose is to reveal the truth about these works, but it is in line with the almost impossible nature of explaining a work of art in its entirety.

The purpose of architecture is discussed. Some philosophers (such as Samuel Davies) refute the fact that architecture serves any other purpose than to create practical and useful objects. On the other hand, others say that the creative process of building construction is an art form, with a few exceptions. Similarly, some will see art history as the analysis of human culture through artworks, while others will emphasize a technical approach to the works, where in reality they are interconnected. This discussion highlights the fact that the truth about the purpose of architecture and history of art is not absolute. Therefore, the truth in some of these humanities is more a matter of the philosophy of art and architecture than of the two disiciplines themselves.

Power in Disney: How Disney used and uses cultural appropriaton in their movies, and how it builds Disney's influence.
- Gender studies: Power animation as a male-dominated industry in the 20th century (capitalism --> economics)

- Visual studies/ Film studies: How are cultures represented via animation movies (cliché features of cultures used by Western ppl) "outdated cultural depiction"

- Sociology: gender/race/ethnicity, use of racist images, why was it okay in the 20th century USA to use these images (general opinion and morals), how it increased the power of the US

- Psychology: What image of their own culture is reflected to them, Other bad effects of these depictions: Body image - influences on young girls

- History (especially American Studies): apologising/altering past, accepting past mistakes

- (Public relations?): To what extent is a ‘warning’ effective, what else needs to be done by Disney to reduce the impact of these images

(Possible intro: "That's the power of Magic", Disney Campaign)

title: User:Lolakpl/sandbox


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OpenSCAD User Manual/Export

export
The current OpenSCAD model can be export in different formats. The list of supported formats depends on the geometry, if the final design is a 3D or 2D model.

OpenSCAD can export

 * 3D formats:
 * STL (ASCII only)
 * OFF
 * AMF
 * 3MF
 * 2D formats:
 * DXF
 * SVG
 * PNG(Image)
 * PDF (A4 size only)
 * Other:
 * CSG which is a simplified representation of the SCAD script

title: OpenSCAD User Manual/Export


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User:Jollee713

This is my user page.

title: User:Jollee713


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar)/Group 1/Truth/Jason, Sophia and Zewei

Definition
Theology is the study of religious belief and God. The word "theology" is derived from the two Greek words theos, meaning "God", and logos, meaning "the study of". Christian theology refers to the study of Christian faith and the God of the Bible. It encompasses both the study of the doctrine of the God of the Bible, as well as the wider study of Christian teaching.

Truth in Christian Theology
There are several core beliefs within Christian faith which are generally acknowledged as truths within Christian theology. These are as follows:

God
The most fundamental and absolute truth within Christian theology is the belief in an omnipresent, omniscient and transcendent God, whose existence is a mystery that lies beyond the bounds of human understanding. While it is possible to share a loving, personal relationship with God, it is important to remember His supremacy over humanity, and His majesty should be recognised with awe and reverence.

Jesus Christ
In Christian theology, Jesus Christ is believed to be the son of God, both human and divine at the same time. This truth developed over time after the death and resurrection of Jesus, as seen in the Christian Scriptures. Jesus plays a key role as the Son in the Trinity, along with the Father and Holy Spirit, which are believed to represent the different ways in which God is with Christians. Historically, there were doubts about whether Christianity remained monotheistic if Jesus was regarded as a divine being; these were later dispelled by the belief that Jesus gives God a human form to spread His love and grace. Jesus' human and divine duality largely remains a mystery to Christians, and is difficult to explain fully.

The Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity is the belief that God is the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Although considered a fundamental truth within Christianity, the trinitarian nature of God is one of the more difficult and debatable areas of Christian faith, and can be considered a more subjective truth when considering the monotheistic characteristic of Christianity. A commonly accepted theory states that God is in fact made up of three distinct persons, although they share the same divine nature.

The Bible
The Bible is seen as the word of God, and thus acts as the founding truth upon which other truths about Christian faith and worship are built. While there is a freedom of interpretation between individuals, allowing for the existence of varying relative truths from a personal perspective, the history of biblical interpretation should also be taken into account. This forms a semblance of structure and consistency within biblical truths, even as they are constantly evolving with modern-day thoughts and ideas. The process of exegesis involves analysing the difference between human bias and divine word in scripture, in order to distinguish the difference between the will of God and subconscious influence of past historical contexts. Although often wildly varying in results, these critical interpretations help with clarifying and refining important truths found within the Bible, particularly on a modern-day basis.

Issues Regarding Truth in Christian Theology
Due to the largely personal nature of interpretation when looking at Christian scriptures - even if this is not necessarily considered a correct interpretation - it is easy for differing truths to develop for each individual, thus resulting in discrepancies of meaning, even with the existence of the God and the Bible acting as overarching truths. This indicates that truth in theology beyond its foundation is mostly relative, with little possibility of synthesis across the discipline in that regard.

There are some theologists who argue that trying to conceptualise and define truths in Christianity does not correlate with the idea of belief, as having faith in God means to wholly trust in him without the need for human interpretation. Another aspect to consider is that God is beyond human knowledge, so it is impossible to explain God using truths conceived by humankind.

Definition
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, often focusing on human behaviours and behavioural patterns. It is the study of human behaviour by humans. Clinical psychology focuses on the study of the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, while research psychology uses scientific methods to study human behaviour and mental health.

Truth in Research Psychology
In research psychology, a hypothesis is chosen and tested, often in a lab, using scientific methods. In this way, truth in research psychology is positivist; it is about observation, measuring these observations and then testing them. Other types of research psychology tests are based on the personal, subjective experience of an individual or a group. For example, psychological research surveys may ask participants to rank their happiness on a numeric scale, which is problematic due to the difficulties in attempting to quantify human emotion, and because different people would define a '1' differently.

Research psychologists tend not to claim to know objective truths about human behaviour. Instead, they find the closest thing to the truth that they can, using the information and technology which they currently have available to them. Some research psychologists conclude that human behaviour follows law-like patterns, patterns which could be defined as objective truth in the realm of human behaviour. But these psychologists usually agree that a range of factors contribute to a given behavioural pattern, including social and environmental factors which are constantly in flux rather than following any definitive law or objective truth.

The results found in research psychology are then applied practically to real-life situations, often to people who come to clinical psychologists. This makes the discovery of truth very important within the field of research psychology because the conclusions drawn will be applied to individuals- who are often in mentally or emotionally fragile states- to companies, to businesses, to marketing, and to whole societies.

However, the conclusions, meaning, and interpretations drawn from any given psychologic study are open to debate among psychologists, meaning that it is rare to apply the results of one specific test to the whole of humanity.

Truth in Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is focused on understanding the personal human experience- their subjective truth- and offering solutions. The focus is on how the patient feels about their situation and symptoms, rather than about using scientific method to measure and quantify their experiences. Clinical psychology aims to improve the lives of an individual, to uncover the individual’s truth and their personal feelings in relation to that subjective truth.

Issues Regarding Truth in Psychology
Many psychological experimental methods are no longer considered ethical and are condemned and discouraged, as seen in the wake of the infamous Milgram experiment, and the Stanford prison experiments. This means that there are limitations set on what research can be done due to ethical reasons, and the conduction of research tests often have to be reviewed. Thus the discovery of truth is confined within the limits of what is considered ethical.

Some critique that research psychologists are less concerned with coming closer to truth than they are concerned with researching exciting topics in the hopes of getting published. The data collected from a research study may be accurate, but the conclusions drawn from this data can be manipulated and exaggerated to make for a more interesting article. A phenomenon known as publication bias is also often at play, where boring yet extremely accurate studies may never get published. Interestingly, a study shows that over half of psychological studies failed the reproducibility test, which may demonstrate the move away for accurate scientific method.

Comparison
When evaluating the truths within Christian theology and psychology, several differences become apparent. Psychology, although built partly upon a scientific foundation, does not have a universal truth as absolute as the existence of God in theology. While theology is built mainly upon one source (i.e. the Bible) and is therefore limited in its content, psychology is constantly evolving through research; this allows the discoveries of infinitely more potential truths, whereas the main focus of theologists remains on studying the already well-established, existing truths.

While both disciplines involve a fair amount of personal interpretation and therefore subjective truth, psychology presents a wider scope of subjectivity and room for debate in the meanings of its research. This is because some theologists may believe strongly in one 'right' meaning depending on the strength of their faith and the type of Christianity they consciously practise, leaving them less open to approaching theology with contrasting or non-mainstream perspectives and ideas.