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Transwiki:Somaliland

Somaliland (Soomaaliland, صوماللاند Ṣūmāliland) is an unrecognised self-declared de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia. The government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the British Somaliland protectorate, which was independent for a few days in 1960 as the State of Somaliland, before uniting with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) later the same week to form the Somali Republic.

Somaliland is bordered by Ethiopia in the south and west, Djibouti in the northwest, the Gulf of Aden in the north, and the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east.

In 1988, the Siad Barre regime committed massacres against the people of Somaliland, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War. The war left the economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. After the collapse of the central government in 1991, the local government, led by the Somali National Movement (SNM), declared independence from the rest of Somalia on May 18 of the same year.

Since then, the territory has been governed by an administration that seeks self-determination as the Republic of Somaliland (Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland, جمهورية صوماللاند Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmāliland). The local government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region. However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation.

History
The earliest human artifacts in the area are the Laas Geel cave paintings, dating from before 3000 BC. The area is sometimes thought to be part of the Land of Punt. Islam was introduced to the area from the 7th to 10th centuries, and small Islamic states sprang up in the area. In 1548 AD, the Ottoman Empire annexed part of what is now western Somaliland. In 1888, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling Somali Sultans such as Mohamoud Ali Shire of the Warsangali Sultanate, the British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland. The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it as part of British India until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905, and afterwards by the Colonial Office.

Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region. The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers." The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in Aden through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior. Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop". Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond the coast, and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of Italian Somaliland.

The British Somaliland protectorate became briefly independent on June 26, 1960, with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) following suit five days later. On July 1, 1960, the two territories united as planned to form the Somali Republic. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President, from 1967 to 1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke would be assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on October 21, 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somalian Army seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 21 years. By the 1990s, the moral authority of Barre's government had collapsed. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship. The government became increasingly totalitarian, and resistance movements, encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War. Among the militia groups was the Isaaq-led Somali National Movement (SNM), based in Hargeisa.

Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue a separatist agenda, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia. Under the leadership of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in Burao between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991. Tuur then became the newly-established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing federal system of governance. Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal was appointed as Tuur's successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in Borama, which met for four months, leading to a gradual improvement in security, as well as a consolidation of the new territory. Egal was reappointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on May 3, 2002. The vice president, Dahir Riyale Kahin, who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking National Security Service (NSS) officer in Berbera in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterwards. In 2003, Kahin became the first elected president of Somaliland.

The war in southern Somalia between Islamist insurgents on the one hand, and the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and its African Union allies on the other, has for the most part not directly affected Somaliland, which, like neighboring Puntland, has remained relatively stable.

Politics and government
Somaliland has formed a hybrid system of governance under the Constitution of Somaliland, combining traditional and western institutions. In a series of inter-clan conferences, culminating in the Boorama Conference in 1993, a qabil (clan or community) system of government was constructed. This consisted of an Executive with a President, Vice President, and Council of Ministers, a bicameral Legislature, and an independent judiciary.

The traditional Somali council of elders (guurti) was incorporated into the governance structure, becoming the House of Elders in Parliament. The government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans," with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula, although not all clans are satisfied with their representation. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland finally made the transition to multi-party democracy, with district council elections contested by six parties.

The Somaliland government is headed by the executive branch, which consists of a directly-elected President, a Vice President, and a cabinet nominated by the President and approved by parliament. The President is directly elected, and Presidential elections are confirmed by the National Elections Commission. The President can serve a maximum of two five-year terms. The Parliament of Somaliland is the legislative branch of government. It is a bicameral parliament. Its two houses consist of the House of Elders (Upper House) and the House of Representatives. Each house has 82 members. Members of the House of Elders are elected indirectly by local communities for six-year terms. The House of Elders shares power in passing laws with the House of Representatives, and also has the role of solving internal conflicts, and an exclusive power to extend the terms of the President and representatives under circumstances that make an election impossible. Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people for five-year terms. The House of Representatives shares voting power with the House of Elders, though it can pass a law that the House of Elders rejects it votes for the law by a 2/3's majority, and has absolute power in financial matters and confirmation of Presidential appointments (except for the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court). However, the Parliament provides weak oversight of the executive branch. The Somaliland judicial system is divided into district courts (which deal with matters of family law and succession, lawsuits for amounts up to 3 million SL, criminal cases punishable by up to 3 years imprisonment or 3 million SL fines, and crimes committed by juveniles), regional courts (which deal with lawsuits and criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of district courts, labour and employment claims, and local government elections), and appeals courts (which deal with all appeals from district and regional courts). The highest court is the Somaliland Supreme Court, which deals with issues between courts and in government, and reviews its own decisions. Supreme Court justices also constitute the Somaliland Constitutional Court, which deals with constitutional matters.

Somaliland has three political parties: the United Peoples' Democratic Party, the Peace, Unity, and Development Party, and the Justice and Development Party. Under the Somaliland Constitution, a maximum of three political parties are allowed, and parties defined by religion or clan are prohibited, though all three parties are closely affiliated with a clan.

Demographics and religion
There are about 3.5 million Somaliland people who live in Somalialnd ,in major five big cities which are Burco, Hergaysa, Barbara, Erigavo, Burama.The  is consedert the largest clan in somaliland which make about 75% of the people.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/07/201071195237734727.html

Foreign relations
Somaliland has political contacts with its neighbours Ethiopia, and Djibouti, as well as with Belgium, France, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. On 17 January 2007, the European Union (EU) sent a delegation for foreign affairs to discuss future cooperation. The African Union (AU) has also sent a foreign minister to discuss the future of international acknowledgment, and on January 29 and 30, 2007, the ministers stated that they would discuss acknowledgement with the organisation's member states In June 2007, Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi held a conference with Somaliland's President Kahin, during which he was referred to in an official communique by the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry as the President of Somaliland, the first time that Somaliland has been officially referred to as a sovereign state by a foreign government. While this is not claimed as a move to official recognition by Ethiopia, it is seen as a possible step toward a unilateral declaration by Ethiopia in the event of the AU failing to move its recognition of Somaliland forward.

In 2007, a delegation led by President Kahin was present at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kampala, Uganda. Although Somaliland has applied to join the Commonwealth under observer status, its application is still pending.

On November 27, 2007, Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck of the ELDR, one of three main parties in the EU, mailed a letter to the then-EU High Representative Javier Solana, and to President Kahin of Somaliland, which called upon the EU to recognise Somaliland. In December 2007, the United States government discussed whether to back the shaky transitional government in Mogadishu or to acknowledge and support the less volatile Somaliland secessionists.

In early 2006, the National Assembly of Wales extended an official invitation to the Somaliland government to attend the royal opening of the Senedd in Cardiff. The move was seen as an act of recognition by the Welsh Assembly of the breakaway government's legitimacy. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office made no comment on the invitation. Wales is home to a significant Somaliland expatriate community.

On September 24, 2010 Johnnie Carson, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, stated that the United States would be modifying its strategy in Somalia and would seek deeper engagement with the governments of Somaliland and Puntland while continuing to support the Somali Transitional Government. Carson said the US would send aid workers and diplomats to Puntland and Somaliland and alluded to the possibility of future development projects. However, Carson emphasized that the U.S. would not extend formal recognition to either region. The current UK Minister for Africa, Henry Bellingham MP, met President Silanyo of Somaliland in November 2010 to discuss ways in which to increase the UK's engagement with Somaliland. President Silanyo said during his visit to London: "We have been working with the international community and the international community has been engaging with us, giving us assistance and working with us in our democratisation and development programmes. And we are very happy with the way the international community has been dealing with us, particularly the UK, the US, other European nations and our neighbours who continue to seek recognition.”

In 2011, Somaliland and the neighboring Puntland region each entered a security-related memorandum of understanding with the Seychelles. Following the framework of an earlier agreement signed between the Transitional Federal Government and the Seychelles, the memorandum is "for the transfer of convicted persons to prisons in “Puntland” and “Somaliland”".

Border disputes
Somaliland continues to claim the entire area of the former British Somaliland. It is currently in control of the western half of the former British Somaliland, with northeastern Maakhir having declared itself a separate, unrecognised autonomous state within Somalia in July 2007, and the disputed southeastern Sool state had been under the control of neighbouring Puntland from 2003 until 2008. A coalition of Gadabuursi intellectuals hailing from the westernmost Awdal province have threatened to secede if Somaliland's independence is recognised.

Tensions between Puntland and Somaliland escalated into violence several times between 2002 and 2009. In October 2004, and again in April and October 2007, armed forces of Somaliland and Puntland clashed near the town of Las Anod, the capital of Sool region. In October 2007, Somaliland troops took control of the town. While celebrating Puntland's 11th anniversary on 2 August 2009, Puntland officials vowed to recapture Las Anod. While Somaliland claims independent statehood and therefore 'split up' the 'old' Somalia, Puntland works for the re-establishment of a united but federal Somali state.

Somaliland forces took control of the town of Las Qorey in eastern Sanaag on 10 July 2008, along with positions five kilometers east of the town. The defence forces completed their operations on 9 July 2008 after the Maakhir and Puntland militia in the area left their positions, but control of the territory was later assumed by Puntland as Maakhir was incorporated into the autonomous region in January 2009.

In the late 2000s, HBM-SSC (Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group based in Sanaag was formed with the goal to establish its own regional administration (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn, or SSC).

In 2010, the formation of a new autonomous region within a federal Somalia was also declared in the Awdal province. Referred to as Awdalland or the Awdal State, the local administration does not recognise the Somaliland government's claim to sovereignty or to its territory.

Military
The Somaliland Armed Forces are the main military command in Somaliland, and, along with the Police Force and all other internal security forces, are overseen by Somaliland's Ministry of Defence. The current head of Somaliland's Armed Forces is the Minister of Defence, Mudane Adan Mire Mohammed. The commanding of the military comes under a civilian post and not a military general.

The Somaliland Army consists of twelve divisions equipped primarily with light weaponry, though it is equipped with some howitzers and mobile rocket launchers. Its armored vehicles and tanks are mostly of Soviet design, though there are some aging Western vehicles and tanks in its arsenal. The Somaliland Air Defense Forces operate mostly Soviet aircraft and radars, though it also uses the Spanish CASA C-212 Aviocar transport plane. The Somaliland Navy has an arsenal of well-armed vessels and highly trained sailors, with the Berbera Marine College producing highly-qualified naval officers who operate under International Maritime Bureau regulations.

Administrative divisions

The main cities and towns in Somaliland:

 * Hargeisa (Hargeysa), capital
 * Boorama (Borama)
 * Berbera
 * Burco (Burao)
 * Ceerigaabo (Erigabo)
 * Dilla
 * Las Anod (Laascaanood)
 * Gabiley (Gabileh)
 * Baligubadle
 * Zeila (Saylac)
 * Odweyne
 * Yubbe
 * Badhan
 * Lasqoray

16 new Districts:

Geography

Somaliland is situated in the Horn of Africa. It lies between the 08°00' – 11°30' parallel north of the equator and between 42°30' – 49°00' meridian east of Greenwich. It is bordered by Djibouti to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and the Puntland region of Somalia to the east. Somaliland has a 740 km coastline with the majority lying along the Gulf of Aden. The region is slightly larger than England, with an area of 137600 km2.

Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry conditions. The northern part of the region is hilly, and in many places the altitude ranges between 900 and 2100 m above sea level. The Awdal, Saaxil and Maroodi Jeex (formerly known as Woqooyi Galbeed, as shown on the accompanying map) regions are fertile and mountainous, while Togdheer is mostly semi-desert with little fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is also known for its offshore islands, coral reefs and mangroves. 10 km to the north of Ceerigaabo is the Cal Madow range, running along the edge of the escarpment, which looks down to the Gulf of Aden. It is about 2000 m above sea level, where the road from Ceerigaabo drops down to the coast. 2 km to the west it rises to the highest point in Somaliland and Somalia alike; at 2416 m high, it is known variously as Shimbiris or Shimbir Beris, which translates as the abode of the birds. The Cal Madow range receives considerably more precipitation than the rest of Somaliland and hosts a dense forest home to numerous endemic species.

Due to the fertility and greenery of some of the regions of Somaliland, wild animals come to the area either to breed or to graze on the grassland savanna. There are many animals that are native to Somaliland. Prominent animals are the kudu, wild boar, Somali Wild Ass, warthog, antelope, the Somali sheep, wild goat, camel, lion and cheetah. There is also the largest world population of caracals in the Burco area. Moreover, many birds and different types of fish are also found in and around Somaliland.

Extreme recorded temperatures range from -3.3 C at Ceerigaabo to 47.7 C at Berbera. The combination of a yearly average temperature of 31 C and the high level of humidity makes Berbera one of the hottest cities in the world.

Economy
Somaliland's economy is in its developing stages, as is the region itself. The Somaliland shilling, while stable, is not an internationally recognised currency and currently has no official exchange rate. It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, the central bank, which was established constitutionally in 1994.

Since Somaliland is unrecognised, international aid donors have found it difficult to provide aid. As a result, the government relies mainly upon tax receipts and remittances from the large Somali diaspora contribute immensely to Somaliland's economy. Remittances come to Somaliland through money transfer companies (locally known as hawalad), the largest of which is Dahabshiil, one of the few Somali money transfer companies to conform to modern money-transfer regulations. The World Bank estimates that remittances worth approximately $US 1 billion reach Somalia annually from emigres working in the United States, Europe, and the Gulf states. Analysts say that Dahabshiil may handle around two-thirds of that figure, and that as much as half of it reaches Somaliland alone.

Since the late 1990s, service provision has significantly improved as a result of limited government provision and contributions from non-governmental organisations, religious groups, the international community (especially the Diaspora) and the growing private sector. Local and municipal governments have been developing the provision of key public services, such as water in Hargeisa and education, electricity and security in Berbera. In 2009, the Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie – Mer Rouge, based in Djibouti, opened a branch in Hargeisa, to become the first bank in the country since the collapse in 1990 of the Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia.

The bulk of Somaliland's exports are livestock, which has been estimated at 24 million. In 1996, 3 million heads of livestock were exported to the Middle East. In February 1998, this export was greatly affected by a Saudi Arabian ban on imports of beef. The ban was eventually lifted in December 2006, allowing the industry to recover. Other exports include hides, skins, myrrh, and frankincense. Economic activity has been facilitated by the protection of key transport corridors and infrastructure, especially sea and air ports such as the Berbera port, even during times of increased conflict.

Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple quarrying represents the extent of current operations despite the presence of hugely diverse quantities of mineral deposits.

Since the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, Somaliland has grown as a major export port for Ethiopia. Ethiopia has signed a contract with the Somaliland government, specifying that the port city of Berbera will export goods from, and import goods destined for, Ethiopia.

Tourism
Somaliland has a budding tourist industry and is home to what is often considered to be one of the most interesting attractions in the Horn of Africa, the Laas Gaal cave paintings. Currently, a small number of tourists travel to the region to see this sight. The paintings are situated near Hargeisa and were discovered by a French archaeological team in 2002. The government and locals keep the cave paintings safe, and only a restricted number of tourists are allowed entry. Other notable sights include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the war memorial in the city centre. Natural attractions are very common around the region. The Naasa Hablood are twin hills located on the outskirts of Hargeisa that Somalis in the region consider to be a majestic natural landmark.

The Ministry of Tourism has also encouraged travellers to visit historic towns and cities in Somaliland. The historic town of Sheekh is located near Berbera and is home to old British colonial buildings that have remained untouched for over forty years. Berbera also houses historic and impressive Ottoman architectural buildings. Another equally famous historic city is Zeila. Zeila was once part of the Ottoman Empire, a dependency of Yemen and Egypt and a major trade city during the 19th century. The city has been visited for its old colonial landmarks, offshore mangroves and coral reefs, and its towering cliffs and beach. The nomadic culture of Somaliland has also attracted tourists. Most nomads live in the countryside.

Transport
Bus services operate in Hargeisa, Burao, Gabiley, Berbera and Borama. There are also services between the major towns and adjacent villages operated by different types of vehicles such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). The most prominent airline in Somaliland is Daallo Airlines, due to the demise of Somali Airlines following the Somalian civil war. It flies to Djibouti, Dubai, Jeddah, and Addis Ababa, as well as operating flights for Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages.

Languages
Most people in Somaliland speak two of the three official languages: English, Somali and Arabic. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 designates the official language of Somaliland to be Somali, though Arabic is a mandatory subject in school and is used in mosques around the region and English is spoken and taught in schools. English was proclaimed an official language later, outside the constitution.

Somali belongs to a set of languages called Lowland East Cushitic languages spoken by Somalis living in Somalia, Djibouti, and in adjacent territories. Eastern Cushitic is one branch of the Cushitic languages, which in turn are part of the great Afro-Asiatic stock. Arabic is the most widely spoken language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. The main Somali dialect that is the most widely used is Standard Somali, a term applied to several sub-dialects, the speakers of which can understand each other easily. Standard Somali is spoken in most of Somalia and in adjacent territories (Djibouti, Ogaden, northeast Kenya), and is used by broadcasting stations in the Somaliland region.

Facility with language is highly valued in Somali society; the capability of a suitor, a warrior, or a political or religious leader is judged in part by his verbal adroitness. In such a society, oral poetry becomes an art, and one's ability to compose verse in one or more of its several forms enhances one's status. Speakers in political or religious assemblies and litigants in courts traditionally were expected to use poetry or poetic proverbs. Even everyday talk tended to have a terse, vivid, poetic style, characterised by carefully chosen words, condensed meaning, and alliteration.

In the pre-revolutionary period, English became dominant in the school system and in government. However, the overarching issue was the development of a socio-economic stratum based on mastery of a foreign language. The relatively small proportion of Somalis (less than 10 percent) with a grasp of such a language—preferably English—had access to government positions and the few managerial or technical jobs in modern private enterprises. Such persons became increasingly isolated from their nonliterate Somali-speaking brethren, but because the secondary schools and most government posts were in urban areas the socio-economic and linguistic distinction was in large part a rural-urban one.

Even before the 1969 revolution, Somalis had become aware of social stratification and the growing distance, based on language and literacy differences, between ordinary Somalis and those in government. The 1972 decision by the government of Somalia to designate an official Somali alphabet and require its use in government demolished the language barrier and an important obstacle to rapid literacy growth.

In the years following the institution of the Somali Latin script, Somali officials were required to learn the orthography and attempts were made to inculcate mass literacy—in 1973, among urban and rural sedentary Somalis, and in 1974–75, among nomads. Although a few texts existed in the new script before 1973, in most cases new books were prepared presenting the government's perspective on Somali history and development. Somali scholars also succeeded in developing a vocabulary to deal with a range of subjects from mathematics and physics to administration and ideology.

Religion
With few exceptions, Somalilanders are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. As with southern Somali coastal towns such as Mogadishu and Merca, there is also a presence of Sufism, Islam's mystical dimension; particularly the Arab Rifa'iya tariiqa. Though traces of pre-Islamic traditional religion exist in Somaliland, Islam is important to the Somali sense of national identity. Many of the Somali social norms come from their religion. For example, Somali women wear a hijab when they are in public. In addition, Somalis abstain from pork and alcohol, and also try to avoid receiving or paying any form of interest (usury). Muslims generally congregate on Friday afternoons for a sermon and group prayer.

Under the Constitution of Somaliland, Islam is the state religion of Somaliland, and no laws may violate the principles of Sharia. The promotion of any religion other than Islam is illegal, and the state promotes Islamic tenets and discourages behavior contrary to Islamic morals. Somaliland Constitution</ref

Clan system
There are about 3.5 million people in Somaliland. Somali society is organised into clans, which range from 5,000 members to over 50,000. The largest clan in Somaliland, and that of the current president, is the Isaaq. The second largest clan in the region is the Gadabuursi, and then that of the current vice president, Other clans with a presence in Somaliland include the Issa, Gabooye and Harti Darod (such as the Warsangali). The Harti clans mostly reside in Sool, most of Sanaag, and a part of south-eastern Togdheer, while the Isaaq are concentrated primarily in the regions of Maroodi Jeex, some parts of Sanaag and Togdheer, Gabiley, and Saaxil. The Gadabuursi inhabit the west, pre-dominantly in Salal, Awdal and Gabiley.

Clan families are divided into lineage units, typically ranging from 2,500 to 10,000 members. It is possible for Somalis to know how they are related by simply giving their name and clan membership. Clan discrimination in Somaliland is forbidden and all clans are considered equal by the government.

Cuisine
It is considered polite for one to leave a little bit of food on one's plate after finishing a meal at another's home. This tells the host that one has been given enough food. If one were to clean his or her plate that would indicate that one is still hungry. Most Somalis don't take this rule so seriously, but it is certainly not impolite to leave a few bits of food on one's plate. Traditionally, the main meal of the day is eaten at lunchtime and Somali people usually begin their day with a flatbread called laxoox (or lahoh), as well as liver, toast, cereal or porridge made of millet or cornmeal. Lunch can be a mixture of rice or pasta with meat and sauce. Also consumed during lunchtime is a traditional soup referred to as maraq, which is also part of Yemeni cuisine. Maraq is made of vegetables, meat and beans and is usually eaten with flatbread or pita bread. Later in the day, a lighter meal is served that includes beans, ful medames, muffo (patties made of oats or corn), hummus, or a salad with more laxoox/injera. Turkish coffee and Turkish tea are also imbibed. The latter beverage has been adapted to form what is one of the most famous drinks in the region: Shaax Xawaash. Consumed by the majority of Somalis, Shaah Xawaash is made of cardamom (or Xawaash) and cinnamon barks (Qoronfil).

Arts
Islam and poetry have been described as the twin pillars of Somali culture. Somali poetry is mainly oral, with both male and female poets. They use things that are common in Somalia as metaphors. Most Somalis are Sunni Muslims and Islam is vitally important to the Somali sense of national identity. Most Somalis do not belong to a specific mosque or sect and can pray in any mosque they find.

Celebrations come in the form of religious festivities, two of the most important being Eid ul-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of the fasting month. Families get dressed up to visit one another, and money is donated to the poor. Other holidays include 26 June and 18 May, which celebrate Somaliland's independence from Britain and Somalia respectively; the latter, however, is not recognised by the international community.

In a nomadic culture, where one's possessions are frequently moved, there is little reason for the plastic arts to be highly developed. Somalis embellish and decorate their woven and wooden milk jugs (haano; the most decorative jugs are made in Ceerigaabo) and wooden headrests. Traditional dance is also important, though mainly as a form of courtship among young people. The traditional dance known as the Ceeyar Somaali in the Somali language is Somaliland's favourite dance.

Also, an important form of art in Somaliland is henna painting (mehndi, Somali: Xenna). The henna plant is widely grown across the region and it was Arab merchants and settlers that first brought the art of henna painting to early Somaliland. During special occasions, a Somali woman's hands and feet are expected to be covered in decorative mendhi. Girls and women usually apply or decorate their hands and feet in henna on joyous celebrations like Eid or weddings. The henna designs vary from very simple to highly intricate. Compared to Pakistani, Indian or Bangladeshi henna designs, Arab designs are more modern and simple. Traditionally, only women apply this body art, as it is considered a feminine custom.

Henna is not only applied on the hands and feet but is also used as a dye. Somali men and women alike use henna as a dye to change their hair colour. Mostly, elderly men with grey hair apply this procedure because black hair dye is forbidden in Islam. Women are free to apply henna on their hair as most of the time they are wearing a hijab.

Sources and references

 * CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Somaliland
 * Wales Strikes Out On Its Own In Its Recognition of Somaliland
 * Hoehne, Markus V. 2009: Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia, Africa 79/2, pp. 252–281.
 * Hoehne, Markus V. 2007: Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia: Who cuts the Gordian knot?, published online on 7 November 2007. http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Transwiki:Somaliland


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Agrodatabase/912 - Spanish - European language

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Agrodatabase/913 - European language - Spanish

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Solitaire card games/Tabby Cat

Tabby Cat was created by Rick Holzegrafe, and is a single-deck solitaire card game reminiscent of Miss Milligan.

Rules
The play consists of four stacks in the tableau, with an additional "tail", where builds can be placed. Four foundations are available, and the goal of the game is to build up kings to aces (low), regardless of color or suit, whereupon the build can then be cleared from the tableau and moved to a foundation.

The play proceeds by sequentially dealing four cards to each stack of the tableau. These stacks are to be managed, building cards of lower rank on top of cards of higher rank. Building is circular, allowing a King to be built onto an Ace. Only the topmost build (or portion) may be moved from a tableau stack. An empty stack can receive any movable card or build. Partial or full builds can be moved onto the tail only if the tail is empty. If the build has, for example, 9 as its highest rank, to move off the tail it must be moved onto a card of rank 10 or onto an empty tableau space.

Variant
Closely related to Tabby Cat is another of Rick's solitaire games entitled Manx. The two games are identical except for the rules about the tail, with Manx being the more difficult of the two.

Both Tabby Cat and Manx have been implemented in numerous solitaire software packages, including Rick Holzegrafe's own Solitaire Till Dawn program.

title: Solitaire card games/Tabby Cat


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Solitaire card games/Yukon

Similar to Klondike, but with the following additions:

 * Groups of cards can be moved; the cards below the one to be moved do not need to be in any order, except that the starting and target cards must be built in sequence and in alternate color. For example, a group starting with a Red 3 can be moved on top a Black 4, and the cards below the Red 3 can differ.
 * There is no stock in Yukon. All cards are dealt at the beginning; however, some are face down.

Variations

 * Russian Solitaire is another solitaire card game which is very similar in layout and gameplay to Yukon. Its difference from Yukon is that building is by suit.

Strategy

 * Expose the face down cards as soon as possible, so you can start moving cards around.
 * Moving the Aces to the Foundations as soon as possible is critical to gameplay.

title: Solitaire card games/Yukon


text: User:Champion/sandbox

title: User:Champion/sandbox


text:
Bus Operation in the United Kingdom

An overview of the regulatory and operational factors of operating bus services in England, Wales, and Scotland, with a focus on local bus services, rather than longer distance coach work.

Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * Operator licensing
 * The roles & responsibilities of Transport Managers
 * /Operating a local bus service/
 * Driver hours regulations

Glossary

 * /Glossary/

title: Bus Operation in the United Kingdom


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Bus Operation in the United Kingdom/Operator Licensing

To operate a bus with more than nine seats, where fares are taken for the carriage of passengers, an operator's license is required.

License Types
There are four types of license available, Standard International, Standard National, Restricted, and Special Restricted.

Standard Licenses
There are two types of Standard License, National and International. The International license allows the use of vehicles outside the United Kingdom, whilst the national does not.

Restricted Licenses
A restricted licence authorises the use of PSVs with eight passenger seats or less, or the use of PSVs with up to 16 passenger seats where the vehicles are used other than in the course of a passenger-carrying business or when the licence holder’s main occupation is not the operation of public services with vehicles of more than eight passenger seats. A restricted license cannot be issued for more than two vehicles, or for vehicles with more than 16 seats, where a standard license would be required.

As an example, a hotel running a minibus to collect customers could apply for a restricted license, as the vehicle is not used in the course of a passenger-carrying business.

Special restricted licences
Special restricted licenses allow holders of a taxi licence, a PHV licence or PHC licence, to operate a licensed taxi, PHV, or PHC on a registered bus service.

Applying for a License
PSV operator licenses are issued by the Traffic Commissioner for the area containing the operator's operating centre. Operators with multiple operating centres in different traffic areas will require a license for each traffic area they operate in. However, operators can have multiple operating centres in each traffic area, on the same license.


text: Category:Book:Bus Operation in the United Kingdom


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Bus Operation in the United Kingdom/Operating a local bus service

Outside of London
Once an operator has a license, they can begin to register and operate local bus services. To do this, they must register with both their local council, and the Traffic Commissioner.

Before registering a route, operators should carry out several checks. Once a service is registered, operators are obliged to operate the route as registered, for at least 56 days following registration. The route should be checked to ensure that route is suitable for use by the intended vehicles, and that it is possible to keep to the planned timetable. The operator should also ensure they have sufficient vehicles and drivers, with allowances for vehicles faults or staff absences.

London
Unlike the rest of Great Britain, buses in London were never deregulated. Most London bus services are tendered by TfL, with buses operated by private companies. TfL sets timetables, specifications, and fares, whilst the operators provide buses and staff. To operate a bus outside of this tendering regime, a London Service Permit is required, issued by Transport for London (TfL). These are only issued for services not part of the "London Bus Network", such as sightseeing tours, or buses operating into London from outside of the capital.


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Bus Operation in the United Kingdom/Glossary

D

 * Discs - the physical paper disks, one of which is issued per vehicle authorised to be used by an operator. These must be carried on the vehicle when in use.

H

 * Hire or Reward - any payment which gives a passenger a right to be carried, even if a passenger does not subsequently travel. The payment may not always necessarily be cash. Indirect payment is also included, such as payments to a hotel that include travel to the hotel.

L

 * Local bus services - A bus service where passengers pay separate fares, and can alight within 15 mi (as the crow flies) of their boarding point.

P

 * Public Service Vehicle (PSV) - a motor vehicle (other than a tram), that fits within either of the following two criteria: a vehicle adapted to carry more than eight passengers, that is used for carrying passengers for hire or reward; or a vehicle not so adapted, but is used for carrying passengers for hire or reward at separate fares in the course of a business of carrying passengers.

T

 * Transport Manager A person, or persons, within a bus operator, responsible for legal compliance. See The Roles & Responsibilities of Transport Managers.


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User talk:QuiteAbusual

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:37, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:QuiteAbusual


text:
User talk:Alex Noble

Welcome, OxonAlex!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

And please avoid to create some empty pages, like Bus Operation in the United Kingdom/Introduction, because it's indexed in the search engines in spite of the fact that the visitors would find nothing there. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 18:01, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alex Noble


text:
User:Alex Noble/Templates/normalsig

Oxon Alex   - talk

title: User:Alex Noble/Templates/normalsig


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File talk:Skeletal muscle.jpg

Human Anatomy and Physiology Book

Biology
I very delightful because I would like to be a clinical nurse practitioner Gatluak Bol Gok (discuss • contribs) 18:45, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

title: File talk:Skeletal muscle.jpg


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User talk:Soupking

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Soupking!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
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 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
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--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soupking


text:
User:Alex Noble/EditCounterOptIn.js

xtools;

title: User:Alex Noble/EditCounterOptIn.js


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User:Gitavisiontrust

I want the details of 16 Gita verses most liked by Gandhiji. I read it in some book and forgot the name. Would anyone help me?

title: User:Gitavisiontrust


text:
Sexual Psychology/Does Size Really Matter?

Afew individuals who are easily aroused by sight consider this, but when the real action begins, majority don't have this on mind, hence that doesn't count much.However, concentration on the game yields more than physical appearance.


text:
User:Alex Noble/common.js

importScript('User:Uziel302/typo.js');

title: User:Alex Noble/common.js


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English-Hanzi/Worldwide, about 50 million people suffer from dementia

Worldwide, about 50 million people suffer from dementia, and nearly 10 million new cases are reported each year.

在世界范围内，约有5000万人患有痴呆症，每年报告的新病例接近1000万.


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Wikijunior:Transport

This book is a broad look at many forms of transport across many different modes for many purposes, especially passenger travel. History as necessary background is looked at as a whole for transport not just each mode separately. It also looks at wider issues for society in relation to transport including sustainability. Infrastructure and vehicles are looked at too and a guide to various such are offered to the reader.
 * /About/
 * /Authors/
 * /Contributing/
 * 1) /History/ - Walking and the wheel before mechanization.
 * 2) /Outline/ - Driving, shipping, piloting and traveling purposes of transport.
 * 3) /Modes of transport/ - Air, water and land
 * 4) /Vehicles/ - Modern, mechanised and motorised
 * 5) /Infrastructure/ - Bridges and tunnels
 * 6) /Society/ and sustainability

title: Wikijunior:Transport


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Wikijunior:Transport/History

 * The first known transportation was walking, humans began walking upright two million years ago with the emergence of Homo Erectus (meaning upright man). Their predecessors, the Australopithecus did not walk upright as habitually. Bipedal specializations are found in Australopithecus fossils from 4.2-3.9 million years ago, although Sahelanthropus may have walked on two legs as early as seven million years ago.
 * 7000BCE earliest known shoes although likely to have been in use much earlier.
 * 6000BCE dugout canoes invented.
 * Oxen are thought to have first been harnessed and put to work around 4000 BC.
 * Horses were domesticated around 3500BCE.

Wheel
Ancient transport in antiquity lasted largely unchanged for centuries until the modern era following the Industrial Revolution.
 * The wheel was invented originally for pottery, as the potters wheel was invented in 4200 BCE. It was the axle and wheel invented in 3500 BCE that revolutionised transportation.
 * 3000 BCE - Austronesians construct catamarans and outriggers. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3000 BCE.
 * The wheel and axle combined with domesticated oxen originally and later domesticated horses led to carts being mentioned in literature as early as 2000BCE. Chariots were used in the Indus Valley civilisation in 1900 BCE. Chariots were in use in warfare in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The latter also developed carriages (or coaches) and wagons for civilian transport. In the 7th to 8th Century use of the horse collar was widespread across Europe.
 * The first public transportation predated mechanisation with horse-drawn omnibuses travelling bus routes in Paris in 1662. In 1783 the first manned flight was made in a hot-air balloon by the Montgolfier brothers, also in France.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/History


text:
Wikijunior:Transport/Outline

Driving
Driving is the control of the transport usually termed a vehicle. For use of animals it is called riding, principally in reference to horses. Originally driving referred to the occupation of driving working animals. It involves steering to choose the direction and controlling the speed. In transport, driving is moving the driver rather than any passengers necessarily. It also involves stopping and manoeuvring in traffic on roads. Although rare, this could include swimming, diving, skiing, wingsuit skydiving and climbing in theory. These do not use vehicles but are neither freight nor travel.

Mechanised
On mechanised vehicles such as bicycles or cars, it also involves controlling lights and gears. It can also be called piloting for air transport. Or sailing for water transport even though most ships are powered by engines not sails harnessing wind power.

Shipping
Shipping is use to refer to movement of goods and cargo, or sometimes termed freight. Originally shipping meant by water or sea as this was the predominant form of transport until the 18th Century. Since the advent of railway transport in the 19th Century and road transport in the 20th Century, the term shipping has expanded to include those too. In the postwar period due to advances in aviation, shipping can also include movement by air.

Travel
The term travel (in contrast to driving and shipping) means transport of passengers who are not necessarily themselves driving and are not goods or freight. Transport by foot, is one mode that is overwhelmingly generally going to be termed travel rather than driving or shipping (unless using a handcart to move goods). Long distance travel by foot would have even been done in the middle ages as pilgrimages. These days similar long distance walking but for non religious reasons might be called trekking. A person who traveled was known as a traveller.

Commuting
For travel to and from work is known as commuting.

Exploration
In the Age of Exploration, Magellan circumnavigated the world by ship. This was travelling rather than shipping but more commonly known as circumnavigation.

Public transport
Public transport is buses and train provided for passengers from the general public sometimes for a fee for a ticket.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/Outline


text:
Wikijunior:Transport/Modes of transport

Air
Air transport is the most modern transport. It was the last to be invented, commercially viable and popularised. An early non-commercial example was Chinese lanterns in antiquity. It is divided between lighter-than-air transport and heavier-than-air transport. Since the twentieth century it is known as aviation. Jet aircraft entered commercial use and replaced predecessors in the postwar era. Cable car transport uses land infrastructure but transportation in the air suspended from a cable. Space transport could also be loosely considered a form of air transport.

Water
Water transport is the oldest vehicular transport. For most of history it was the fastest transport mode especially for freight. It involves the oldest artificial man-made infrastructure in the form of canals first constructed for river transport (as opposed to just irrigation) in Ancient China in the 8th to 5th Centuries BCE. But also, it operates on natural rivers and seas as far back as the canoes constructed by the Austronesian peoples in the 6th millenium BCE. Oceans were first reliably crossed in the Middle Ages technology applied to ships. Seaplanes use water infrastructure for air transport.

Land
Land transport is the oldest form of transport as it includes walking. It includes road transport, rail transport and street infrastructure such as steps and rural infrastructure such as trails. Transport by road is generally distinguished between before motorised transport and after its advent and the accompanying rise in standards of road building construction. Transport by rail is generally distinguished between light rail and heavy rail. Hybrid road rail modes exist in the form of vehicles adapted to use both.

Terminology
Modes of transport are where the terms intermodal and modal split or modal share come from to mean comparing usage of different modes of transport.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/Modes of transport


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Wikijunior:Transport/Vehicles

Unmechanised
Although walking and horse riding has survived as a means of transport, the term vehicle is generally taken to exclude walking and horse riding. However the term vehicle can include unmechanised vehicles without wheel and axles. In particular this can be seen in aviation and watercraft. For example, hot air balloons and hang gliders in aviation. In watercraft, unmechanised vehicles can include yachts, canoes, kayaks and rowing boats.

Collective
In land transport there also exists interesting phenomenon as walking buses and bike buses/ bike trains, convoys and wagon trains. These are collective forms of transport (that could loosely be termed vehicles) but not mechanised in the whole (the linking together is unmechanised unlike locomotives or road trains) only in their individual unit parts except the walking bus.

Mechanised
Mechanised vehicles on land transport involve wheels and axles. Mechanised vehicles can be animal, human, or wind powered, but were greatly transformed by the internal combustion engine and the motorisation process since the Industrial revolution in the 19th century.

Aviation
Aviation vehicles include hot-air balloons, airships, airplanes, fixed-wing, helicopters, hang gliders. The fastest vehicles of any mode of transport are rockets travelling by air.

Animal
Animal-powered vehicles include ox-carts (carts drawn by oxen), horse carts, dog sleds, horse-drawn carriages, horse-drawn trams, horse-drawn omnibuses. These enjoyed centuries of use, only walking has been used by humans as transport for longer.

Cable
Cable vehicles include funiculars and cable cars. One interesting water transport is cable ferries. Also zip lines.

Human-powered
Human-powered vehicles include Bicycles, scooters, tandems, unicycles, quadracycles, rollerskates. The Bike boom took place in the 1880s.

Military
Military vehicles include tanks, ships, aircraft carriers (which are ships) and fighter planes.

Road
Road – motorisation – motorised vehicles include cars, electric bicycles, motorcycles (motorbikes), buses and coaches. Also escooters and segways.

Off-road
Off-road motorised vehicles include quadbikes (ATV), snowmobiles and dirt bikes. Off-road rockets are the fastest land vehicles setting land speed records.

Rail
Rail vehicles include both light rail such as trams, interurbans, and heavy rail trains. Railwaymania took place in the 19th century.

Ships
Ships include canoes, outriggers, catamarans, cruise ships and ocean liners, the latter two largely driven by combustion engines as opposed to human, animal or wind power. Canalmania took place in the 17th century. Yachts use sails driving by wind power for motive force. Canal barges have been horse-drawn. Steamships (SS) powered by steam engines revolutionised reliable ocean liner travel across oceans previously undertaken by sailing ships.

Space
Space vehicles include space shuttles, rovers and satellites. The space race took place in the 1960s.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/Vehicles


text:
Wikijunior:Transport/Society

Safety, size, speed, space and power of vehicles have become important societal issues since motorisation. How would you characterise effective transport? What measures effectivity? Distance travelled?

Usage
The most produced vehicles have been the flying pigeon bicycle with 500 million produced in China followed by the Honda Super Cub motorcycle.

Luxury
Royal trains and state cars are luxury transport.

Safety
Different modes transport have had different safety standards. Human jetpacks and wingsuits would be among the most dangerous and walking and cycling off road the safest. Car accidents are more likely than air accidents in fixed wing heavier-than-air aircraft.

Student transport
This is particularly important for young people attending school to travel safely. Some have walking buses or riding school buses. Crossing patrols or crossguards help students cross busy roads.

Size
The largest vehicles of any mode are cruise ships. The largest air transport are rigid airships. The largest land transports are double decker trains or buses or biarticulated buses (which are also the longest single unit land vehicles). Road trains also exist. Large cars are sometimes large SUVs or recreational vehicles (RV's or motorhomes).

Capacity
Cruise ships followed by double decker trains or buses or biarticulated buses have some of the greatest passenger capacities.

Speed
The fastest land transport is rocket vehicles. The fastest road vehicles are cars and motorcycles. The fastest water vehicles are speedboats. The fastest transatlantic crossing by water is around four days. The fastest air transport are fighter jets.

Power
Transport can be powered by animal, human, wind, rocket. Pedal power can power a pedalo on water and even flight. A jet engine was once applied to a car. Electrically powered vehicles are regarded as more environmentally friendly than fossil fuel powered diesel or petrol driven vehicles. This is because fossil fuels emit lots of gas into the atmosphere and electrically powered vehicles produce very little or no gas.

Accessibility
For the disabled or visually impaired, walking may require tactile pavement at junctions and audible crossing alerts. Buses, trams and trains may require low floors. Station platforms may require a Harrington hump. Recumbent cycling provision may be required.

Sustainability
Public transport is more sustainable than private transport. The most efficient transport is walking. The most efficient mechanised vehicle is the bicycle. These are also good for public health. Cars take up a lot of space relative to typical passenger numbers. Air pollution caused by traffic congestion is a big issue especially as a cause of climate change.

Model (toy)
Model railways are a popular hobby, and this has developed into multiple modes of transport with model towns and cities. These are sometimes features of transport museums or attractions in their own right.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/Society


text:
Wikijunior:Transport/Infrastructure

Network engineering
Among the types of infrastructure for transport are ancient road networks, canal networks, harbours and ports and in the modern era; railway networks, railway stations, freeway/motorway networks.

Rail
Urban rail systems are called metro systems such as London Underground (the tube) or New York City subway. Hybrid urban-suburban rail networks are called S-bahn systems.

Route engineering
Bridges, tunnels and viaducts are ancient construction methods for navigating passage of transport to surmount natural impediments or otherwise improve the route. The longest bridges are in China.

Termini
Termini or terminuses are the end of the journey or the end by a particular mode of transport. This includes railway stations, airports, helipads, parking lots, bus stops, bus depots, driveways, cable car station, ports, harbours and bicycle stands or bicycle parking. Intermodal or interchange stations offer transfer to other modes of transport typically bus stations and coach stations.

title: Wikijunior:Transport/Infrastructure


text:
Solitaire card games/Aces and Kings

There are eight foundations in total. Four foundations start with an Ace and build up regardless of suit, the other four start with a King and build down regardless of suit.

The games include two reserve piles of thirteen cards each that can only be played onto the foundations. At the bottom left, there is a stock pile and a waste pile. At the bottom right, there are the four tableau piles of one face-up card each.

Rules
The cards in the tableau can only be moved to the foundations, making Aces and Kings a difficult game to win. Empty tableau spaces are automatically filled with the top card from the stock pile. After the stock pile is emptied, any card from the waste pile can be moved to the tableau. If necessary, the cards can be transferred from one foundation pile to another. The game is won after all the cards have been moved to the foundations.

title: Solitaire card games/Aces and Kings


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Template:Tracked

Tracked in

title: Template:Tracked


text:
Template:Tracked/doc

Shows a box on the right side that links to a certain Phabricator or Bugzilla discussion.

Usage

where  is the Phabricator number of the task, like T12345. (Bugzilla ticket numbers work as well.)

For example, generates the box on the right side of this discussion:

Sample output:

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where  is one of ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. Example with the  keyword:

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Bugzilla tickets
For backwards compatibility, this template also accepts the number of a Bugzilla ticket as the first parameter, and the following resolutions:,  ,  ,. Last but not least, we can mark a bug as critical. We deliberately aren't using this keyword for bugs which are resolved one way or another -- the point of adding this to the template is to note to all readers of the page that the seriousness of a bug has been critical. This keyword should only be used if the bug has also been marked as critical in Bugzilla. Example usage:

Sample output:

If you need the Phabricator task for a migrated Bugzilla ticket, add 2000 to the BZ bug number and prefix with T, e.g., T2300 replaced 300.

TemplateData
{	"description": "Link box to a bug report", "params": { "1": {			"type": "string", "label": "Bug ID", "description": "Phabricator task number or old Bugzilla number", "required": true, "example": "T137443" },		"2": {			"type": "string", "label": "Status", "example": "resolved, stalled, invalid, ..." },		"float": { "type": "string", "default": "right", "label": "CSS float position", "example": "right, left, none, both, inherit" }	},	"paramOrder": [ "1",		"2",		"float" ] }

title: Template:Tracked/doc


text: Talk:Solitaire card games/Accordion

title: Talk:Solitaire card games/Accordion


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User:Wilson868

I am currently putting together ideas into a Wikibook on Topological String Theory Methods of Computer-aided Drug Design.

Dec 23, 2019: created content page and introduction.

title: User:Wilson868


text: Category:Book:Wikijunior:Transport

title: Category:Book:Wikijunior:Transport


text:
Topological String Theory Methods of Computer-aided Drug Design

Drug design is an important application of chemistry to the real world in treating diseases. In this wikibook, we are proposing a new neural network that can aid drug design. Relevant videos, papers and book chapters will be supplemented in the wikibook.

Scope of the book
The scheme of the neural network is as follows: we first represent each compound in the chemical compound space by a chemical graph. Then we convert the graph into a set of generalized twisted solid torus product links, parametrized by twist turns. We find BPS invariants of these links that come from topological string theory which can be obtained from HOMFLY-PT polynomials via Chern-Simons theory. The general HOMFLY-PT polynomials in $$S^3$$ are hard to find, but we can apply surgery techniques to find such polynomials in surgered manifolds. Then we design a neural network using these BPS invariants as topological indices of the compound. As these invariants are tensors, we need to find a scalar for them. This is achieved via generalizing the Ω-triangle in chromogeometry and the Richardson constant in rational trigonometry. Kernels or convolutions based on spread polynomials and algebraic calculus are then introduced. Then we briefly discuss activity and property parameters in chemistry that are particularly useful for drug design. The neural network can then be upgraded to a generative adversarial network with an autoencoder.

Contents

 * 1) /Knots, HOMFLY-PT Polynomial, Chern-Simons Theory and Surgery/
 * 2) Topological String Theory and BPS invariants
 * 3) Surgerized Twisted Solid Torus Links, Twisted Solid Torus Product Links and Generalizations
 * 4) Links Inspired by Molecules, Topological Indices, Computational Chemistry and Computer-aided Drug Design
 * 5) Rational Trigonometry and Chromogeometry, Ω-tetrahedra and Generalized Richardson Constant of Tensors
 * 6) Algebraic Calculus, Convoluted Neural Network and Backpropagation
 * 7) Autoencoder and Generative Adversarial Network
 * 8) Conclusions: Putting it all together


text:
Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Sources

 * Victor Mair, "Long Words", Language Log, 2018.

title: Conlang/Intermediate/Grammar/Sources


text: Template:Card

title: Template:Card


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Template:Card/doc

This template displays a playing card of a given suit and value.

Instructions
This template accepts two arguments: suit and value:

Where suit is one of the following values:
 * heart
 * diamond
 * spade
 * club

And the value is one of the following values:
 * A — Ace
 * K — Jack
 * Q — Queen
 * J — King
 * 10
 * 9
 * 8
 * 7
 * 6
 * 5
 * 4
 * 3
 * 2

Jokers are also supported:

Where color is one of the following values:
 * red
 * black

Examples
All 54 cards are listed below:

title: Template:Card/doc


text:
User:Mj Salman Khan dancer

Mj Salman Khan Dancer

title: User:Mj Salman Khan dancer


text:
Topological String Theory Methods of Computer-aided Drug Design/Knots, HOMFLY-PT Polynomial, Chern-Simons Theory and Surgery

This chapter covers knot theory and its invariants, including, especially, HOMFLY-PT polynomials. We explain Witten's viewpoint: these polynomials can be interpreted as the vacuum expectation value of Wilson loop operators in Chern-Simons Theory with gauge group $$G = SU(N)$$ and the fundamental representation. This easily leads to the generalization of HOMFLY-PT polynomials to arbitrary gauge groups and representations. We then introduce Guadagnini's amalgamation of Chern-Simons theory and Dehn surgery: this allows the computation of HOMFLY-PT polynomials in an arbitrary $$3$$-manifold $$M^3$$ with given surgery presentation. This includes all $$3$$-manifolds, due to a result by Lickorish and Wallace.

Contents

 * 1) Knot theory
 * 2) Link invariants
 * 3) HOMFLY-PT polynomials
 * 4) Chern-Simons Theory
 * 5) Surgery
 * 6) HOMFLY-PT polynomials in arbitrary $$3$$-manifolds


text:
Topological String Theory Methods of Computer-aided Drug Design/Knots, HOMFLY-PT Polynomial, Chern-Simons Theory and Surgery/Knot theory

In this section we are going to review the basics of knot theory. The history of knot theory dates back to ancient times, but the modern mathematical take on the theory started during the early 20th century.

The following video offers a good introduction to knot theory:

Knots
In mathematics a knot $$K: S^1 \hookrightarrow S^3$$ is a continuous homeomorphism of a circle ($$S^1$$) to the $$3$$-sphere ($$S^3 = \{(x,y,z,t)\in \mathbb R^4 | x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + t^2 = 1\}$$)

$$S^3$$ is also called the one-point compactification of the Euclidean $$3$$-dimensional space ($$\mathbb R^3 = \{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in \mathbb R\}$$), which one can view as the usual Euclidean $$3$$-dimensional space, but with the points at infinity identified as one, i.e. assuming there are no other barriers, a person inside the manifold can see his back, because the light rays that come from his back goes through the point at infinity and comes back in the opposite direction and reaches his eyes.

Some examples of knots are given below.

Two knots $$K_1$$ and $$K_2$$ are called the same, denoted $$K_1 = K_2$$, if there is an ambient isotopy, i.e. a continuous mapping $$H: S^3 \times [0,1] \rightarrow S^3$$ such that

 * For each $$t \in [0,1]$$, the mapping $$H(-,t): x\in S^3 \mapsto H(x,t)\in S^3$$ is an orientation-preserving homeomorphism.
 * $$H(x,0) = x$$ for all $$x \in S^3$$
 * $$H(K_1,1) = K_2$$

In other words, two knots are the same if one can be continuously deformed into the other without crossing each other.

Links
In knot theory, it is natural to generalize the concept of knots to links, where, instead of $$1$$ circle, we consider $$\mu$$ copies of the circle in $$S^3$$, where $$\mu = 0,1,2,... \in \mathbb Z_{\geq 0}$$, with no self-intersections in $$S^3$$. Each circle in the link $$L$$ is called a component, and the number of components is usually denoted by $$\mu(L)$$.

Examples of links are given below:The equivalence of links is similar to that for knots, i.e. by the existence of an ambient isotopy.

Regular diagrams and Reidemeister moves
Links are usually visualized using projections onto a plane that have intersection points between only two portions of the curves. The portion at a higher altitude is drawn continuously, and that at a lower altitude is drawn broken by convention. Diagrams obtained this way are called regular diagrams $$D(L)$$ of a link $$L$$.

An important question in knot theory is the so-called recognition problem: given two links $$L_1$$ and $$L_2$$, prove or disprove that $$L_1 = L_2$$.

It is therefore natural to ask if one can reduce the problem of showing $$L_1 = L_2$$ into that of showing $$D(L_1)\sim D(L_2)$$ for some equivalence relation $$\sim$$. The answer is yes: we denote $$D(L_1)\sim D(L_2)$$ if $$D(L_1)$$ can be converted to $$D(L_2)$$ by a finite sequence of Reidemeister moves, their inverses and planar isotopy.

The Reidemeister moves are given by:

For example, the following shows how to convert a regular diagram into an unknot: It is Reidemeister's theorem that $$L_1 = L_2 \iff D(L_1) \sim D(L_2)$$.

Disproving that two links $$L_1, L_2$$ are not the same, i.e. proving $$L_1\neq L_2$$, is much more difficult, and will be discussed in the next section.


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Talk:Visual Basic for Applications/String Hashing in VBA

Excel 2007 does not allow numbers in formula names

 * Excel 2007 seems not to allow numbers as part of formula names when calling formulas from the spreadsheet itself.
 * So, if you want to call these functions as spreadsheet formulas (example: =SHA1(A1,FALSE)), you should add something like the following:

 * Then you could call =DIGEST("SHA1",A1,FALSE) --88.23.207.135 (discuss) 12:18, 24 December 2019 (UTC)


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User talk:Rosdiablatiff01

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Rosdiablatiff01!

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--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:13, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rosdiablatiff01


text:
User:Ricoramiro

Welcome to RicoRamiro on Wikibooks
I don't know what I'll do on Wikibooks, but I'm glad I'm here. The reason I created this account is because I've lost the urge to read books. I don't even like reading web pages that have too much text!

The lack of an urge to read/learn scares me. This account was created in the past [I can't remember when I created this account] but I landed on this user page by accident. After landing on this page I immediately thought about Wikibooks helping me to enjoy reading and learning again. I enjoyed reading and learning for many decades and I hope I don't lose it completely.

It is Christmas Eve of 2019 and I'm feeling thankful. I think I'll get into creating eBook again as that'll force me to read content if I want to be successful selling content. In the 1990s I opened an eBay store that sold eBooks which was pretty successful. I also ran an article writing business and a press release writing service that got so much work, I had to hire two girls to help me write the content.

title: User:Ricoramiro


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Wikijunior talk:Transport

Target audience?
iirc, Wikijunior books (if not for prereaders) generally state, on the main page, what age of kids they're aimed at. This helps people who come along and want to help with the book, to know what they're trying to do. (There's often a page about how to contribute, too; see e.g. Wikijunior:The Elements.)

What age of kids do you see this book as aimed at? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 02:09, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Transport


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2019/November

Special:Contribs/178.243.110.190
Please block and nuke. Thanks, —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 20:33, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * They're back again as User:5.24.62.196. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:48, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Well I can't rollback many of their edits as they are mostly creating new talk pages. Special:Contribs/5.24.62.196. Just need to be blocked and their new page contributions deleted by someone with the necessary tools. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:59, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * User:QuiteUnusual thanks! -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:14, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Please block. Thanks! —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 15:07, 13 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Please block him, already blocked on English Wikivoyage. Thanks. —Hasley (discuss • contribs) 14:24, 20 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Blocked —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 14:34, 20 November 2019 (UTC)
 * And globally locked... QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 16:13, 20 November 2019 (UTC)


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/November

Google Code-In will soon take place again! Mentor tasks to help new contributors!
Hi everybody! Google Code-in (GCI) will soon take place again - a seven week long contest for 13-17 year old students to contribute to free software projects. Tasks should take an experienced contributor about two or three hours and can be of the categories Code, Documentation/Training, Outreach/Research, Quality Assurance, and User Interface/Design. Do you have any Lua, template, gadget/script or similar task that would benefit your wiki? Or maybe some of your tools need better documentation? If so, and you can imagine enjoying mentoring such a task to help a new contributor, please check out mw:Google Code-in/2019 and become a mentor. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at our talk page. Many thanks in advance! --Martin Urbanec 07:28, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Development environment for this wiki (take 2)
If I make a (Vagrant or Docker or VirtualBox) development for this wiki, would you be interested in including

 * 1. all gadgets or only some (if so then which)
 * 2. all extensions or only some (if so then which)
 * 3. all content or only some (if so then what part)
 * 4. all settings or only some (if so then which ones)

Also what extensions, or improvements to existing extensions, would you like to see developed if someone volunteers to do it. Is there a wish list.

Thanks, --Gryllida 05:10, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * It seems pretty simple to start from Docker, add the gadgets and import https://dumps.wikimedia.org/enwikibooks/ in an entrypoint. It would create a site which would reset easily to make some JS crash tests for example.
 * Actually I've just started a new book fr:Docker from scratch last month, and am willing to translate it here when the time will come. This exercise would create a good chapter of example. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 21:12, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

Community Wishlist 2020
The 2020 Community Wishlist Survey is now open! This survey is the process where communities decide what the Community Tech team should work on over the next year. We encourage everyone to submit proposals until the deadline on November 11, 2019, or comment on other proposals to help make them better.

This year, we’re exclusively focusing on smaller projects (i.e., Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage, and Wikinews). We want to help these projects and provide meaningful improvements to diverse communities. If you’re a member of any of these projects, please participate in the survey! To submit proposals, see the guidelines on the survey page. You can write proposals in any language, and we will translate them for you. Thank you, and we look forward to seeing your proposals! IFried (WMF) 19:30, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Add a new template for internal book navigation
Dear all,

I'm new to Wikibooks but familiar with the German Wikiversity and the mediawiki software.

I'd like to add a new template (Template:OERlabs_Openbook: Template:Navigation) for internal book navigation like I did here (but I'm not sure if this is the way things are done here on the English version). Nevertheless, the system won't let me create it since my en.wikibooks.org account apparently is too young even though I've been editing on the German Wikiversity for some months.

Would it be possible to either give me the rights to create it myself or create a navigation template for me? I'd like to migrate the book in the next few days.

Oerlabs (discuss • contribs) 23:08, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I see v:de:Projekt:OERlabs Openbook/Getting in/Getting on using template v:de:Projekt:OERlabs Openbook: Vorlage:Navigation. On English Wikibooks, Project:OERlabs Openbook would be an unusual name for a book; but, supposing for a moment that the book were in fact named that, the template would typically be called either Template:Project:OERlabs Openbook or Template:Project:OERlabs Openbook/navigation (or perhaps "nav" instead of "navigation").  For a similar example, see Template:Wikijunior:Solar System. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:31, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I would like to add that you can't create templates yet as you are not autoconfirmed yet; it takes four days to happen, and after that you shouldn't have a problem. The MediaWiki:Titleblacklist blocks new users from doing so. I think the best thing to do is to wait for this to happen, but if you have problems please ask. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:30, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Bug in source code highlighting
The inline comment (from the line above) causes incorrect highlighting on the second  instruction.

Compare:

I haven't been able to reproduce the anomaly for other languages. GUYWAN (t · c) 13:52, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I can see it too, so we should report it on Phabricator. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 13:54, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
 * What's weird is I can't see it, all the "push ax" and "push bx" examples look correct to me. But in the "mov ax, 006Ah" statement, the "006" bit is grey and the "Ah" is red, which doesn't seem right. Also looking at x86 Disassembly/Objects and Classes, many of those examples use the lang=asm attribute, and the coloring is all over the place. So there are definite problems that need reporting. But its strange that we're getting different things, and I think we must be getting different things from different servers.
 * Looking at the HTML, the push statements for me all seem to use the push ax or bx coding. Is this different for you?-- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 15:48, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

 * What's weird is I can't see it ... That's because put the comment on a new line, probably accidentally. Can you see it now? I can see the greyed-out "006", which is another issue I forgot to report. Regards, GUYWAN (t · c) 15:23, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * oh yes that explains it. It is now visible to myself. It also shows up in the HTML. So in all its a pretty poor parser, it makes numerous errors both here and on other pages, and needs to be looked at by the Mediawiki folks. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 00:17, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Reported: GUYWAN (t · c) 14:38, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * (A side remark on this, with apologies for the digression: I feel it's a microcosm for a profound conceptual error by the Wikimedia Foundation.  Their impulse is to maximize centralized control of things — a natural (unless consciously resisted) consequence of their structural role in the sisterhood — and that is fundamentally contrary to the nature of wikis.  A key property of a wiki is that if you're passing by and seem something wrong, you can just fix it; Wikipedia (for a classic example) could never have been built if anyone seeing a typo in need of fixing had to then petition a centralized body to please correct it.  Yet here we are, we see a problem and we have to petition a central org.  That's just not how it should be.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:11, 28 November 2019 (UTC)


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Talk:Topological String Theory Methods of Computer-aided Drug Design

Please keep this book
As per request, I am going to introduce this book as the main author. This book is meant to introduce the reader to the basics of topological string theory, its application to knots and links, and the application of BPS invariants to links that can be created from chemical molecules. This can in turn be applied to rational drug design via a neural network. Please edit the content if anything does not sound right to you. Wilson868 (discuss • contribs) 13:20, 25 December 2019 (UTC)