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Public International Law/Nature and Purpose of International Law/Enforcement

Author: Daniel R. Quiroga-Villamarín "Required knowledge: International Law and Violence" Learning objectives:

-       To evaluate the reasons why certain legal scholars have considered international law to be "incomplete" or “primitive”—especially in relation to its enforcement mechanisms.

-       Examine the ways different schools of international legal thought have approached and problematised this "incompleteness" critique and reframed the problem of compliance —or lack thereof— of international law.

-       To understand the divergence in North Atlantic international legal thought between and European concern for “system” and an Unitedstatesean focus on “process” —without losing sight of what is left outside of this dichotomic framing.

A. Introduction: Facing the Austinian Challenge
Since 1832, the field of international law has been haunted by the shadow of the English legal theorist Austin. In his initially somewhat ignored but then highly influential collection of lectures The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined, Austin famously claimed that “international law” was but a contradiction in terms. As committed positivist theorist who wished to distinguish between “laws strictly so called” and questions of “morality” (as only the former fell within the purview of “the science of jurisprudence”), Austin saw international law as an imprecise misnomer. Perhaps once could talk of a science of “positive international morality” —but was there things as international “positive laws”? Given that Austin understood a law to be general command delivered by a sovereign authority, he was sceptical that there could really be “law” in the non-hierarchical structure of inter-polity relations. As there was no supreme global sovereign nor authority that could command inferiors to comply with international law, for Austin this so-called “law” offered little more than a system of organised moral cues that independent states could freely decide to abide with —or discard when needed. Without enforcement, in his view, there can be no international law “strictly so called.”

Ever since, international lawyers have strived to face this “Austinian challenge” —in both theory and practice. Considering that Austin himself experienced “nervous illness, depression, and self-distrust” throughout his intellectual career, it is perhaps ironic that his writings ultimately transferred some of these feelings to the international legal profession. As we will see in the next section, some scholars (haunted by international law’s “enforcement Achilles heel” ) have embraced its alleged “incompleteness” —often by defending the international legal order as a “primitive,” but functional system. Others have resisted the use of this “domestic analogy,” arguing that there are other reasons and mechanisms that account for the ways in which international legal norms are enforced both in the domestic and international spheres.

In fact, in 1995, the Unitedstatesean legal scholar Franck went as far as to claim that international law had finally entered its “post-ontological era” —a time when “[i]ts lawyers need no longer defend [its] very existence.” However, as he was quick to concede, perhaps this early optimism —so typical of the post-Cold War North Atlantic faith in liberal legalism — could do with some Austinian scepticism, as questions of non-compliance and enforcement still haunt the field. For better or worse, as a discipline we have been unable to fully exorcise Austin’s spectre. In what follows, I review how different schools of international legal thought have attempted, even if unsuccessfully, to do so by making claims related to the mechanisms for international law’s enforcement —or lack thereof.

B. "Different Ways of Thinking" about Compliance
How are we to make sense of the fact that, despite Austin’s critical remark about the lack of an international sovereign or binding enforcement mechanisms, it seems that “almost all nations observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time” —as the Unitedstatesean legal scholar Henkin once put it? Since Austin’s time, there has been an increasingly tendency for the answers to this question to diverge between the Continental European and the Unitedstatesean traditions. For that reason, in this section, I will first briefly review 20th century approaches to the question of enforcement in Continental European thought, to later turn to their Unitedstatesean alternatives. In doing so, I do not wish to convey that these rather parochial traditions were the most sophisticated intellectually or analytically precise options on the table. Rather, I focus on them because —for better or worse— these were the traditions that through force or persuasion became hegemonic in “almost all” countries throughout the 20th century. In other words, in a global textbook that aspires to reach a global audience I chose to focus on these traditions not in spite but because of their imperial significance.

I. International Law as a System: European Approaches
To face the Austinian challenge, European traditions of international legal thought embraced the defence of the systematicity of international law. In their view, despite important internal divergences, Austin’s command theory did not adequately grasp that legal norms law did not operate on the basis of single regulations but were often linked in a dense arrangement “within a hierarchy, composing together a coherent logical order.” Building on this “Germanic” or Continental European focus on systematicity, they mounted a defence of international law and its mechanisms of enforcement —even if they remained somewhat melancholic about the deficiencies of this international system compared to the “mature” domestic liberal state. “Like a Phoenix,” different iterations of this argument have surfaced in 20th century mainstream international legal thinking. Moreover, one can find mutations of this approach in contemporary debates regarding interaction or fragmentation, or in schools of thought not covered in this volume, like Global Constitutionalism.

A good example of this can be found in the so-called “Grotian tradition” of 20th century international legal thought. While Neff has read the 19th century as a one marked by the rise of “positive” law, natural law commitments remained strong in many corners of the international legal profession well into the 21st century. In his 1946 article defending —and perhaps “inventing” this tradition — Lauterpacht argues that a “Grotian” approach to compliance was once that placed “the value of human will as an agency shaping the destiny of [sic] men” at the forefront of the goals of international law and subjected “the totality of international relations to the rule of law.” In this sense, a “Grotian” rejoinder to Austin would argue that one cannot understand the ways in which international law gets enforced without paying attention to these higher values, for it is them what explains why “members of good societies agree to live in peace and expect mutual benefits” from mutual cooperation. Recognising that law and morality are two separate spheres of knowledge, the Grotian tradition would argue that one cannot fully expunge the “human sense of justice” from the (international) legal system. This does not entail that one should expect that the international legal order will be upheld in every occasion. Just like the domestic rule of law, it can find itself questioned and challenged, but however long the arc of the moral universe might be, it ultimately bends towards justice. Gaps in enforcement were but a mere signal of international law’s (temporal or spatial) incompleteness.

Instead of drawing from notions of natural law or justice, other European perspectives responded to Austin from within legal positivism itself. Given that perhaps the two most famous authors associated with this intellectual movement, Kelsen and Hart, are further discussed in this volume, in this chapter I will only highlight how claims of “primitiveness” played a crucial role in their approaches to enforcement. Hart, himself a student of Austin, noted in chapter 10 of his monograph The Concept of Law that international law was marked by its “absence of an international legislature, courts with compulsory jurisdiction, and centrally organi[s]ed sanctions” —earning him “few friends” in our discipline. In particular, Hart considered that international law’s lack of what we called “secondary rules” (meta-norms that govern the making or breaking of primary obligations, including those that create consequences for non-compliance or breach), undermined claims international law’s claims of systematicity. Moreover, Hart also noted that “[o]ne of the most persistent sources of perplexity about the obligatory character of international has been the difficulty felt in accepting or explaining the fact that a state which is sovereign may also be bound by […] international law.” Due to limitations of space, I cannot properly review the debates regarding the limits of Hart’s insights on this, but for the purposes of this chapter I note that European legal thought took Hart’s seemingly unsolvable perplexity to “square the circle” of compliance. In fact, in its famous S.S. Wimbledon case of 1923, the Permanent Court of International Justice concluded that the “the right of entering into international engagements is an attribute of state sovereignty” —even if such agreement entails “an abandonment” of sovereignty.

Kelsen, from a different perspective, also lamented the “primitiveness” of the international order. In his 1953 Hague Academy lectures, he concluded that “primitive juridical communities” are those in which powers of sanctioning and force are yet to be centralized in a proper state  —a condition, alas, also holds true for the “international community.” This didn’t necessarily undermine international law’s claim to be a system, but it entailed that it was one with “decentralized” enforcement mechanisms, in which often each party would have to seek justice through unilateral coercive measures of their own. Like his contemporaries in the Grotian camp, Kelsen and his followers defended international law’s incompleteness and eagerly looked forward to the day in which it finally “matured” through the creation of permanent, supranational, and centralized institutions —courts and tribunals, chief among them. In sum, for both positivist and natural-law-inflected traditions of legal thought in Europe, the Austinian challenge was but an incentive to continue working towards the “completion” of the international legal system —in particular through the making of “modern” enforcement mechanisms. In their view, international law —however “primitive”— was never only “a random collection” of norms but perhaps a (flawed, but improvable) system in its own terms.

II. International Law as a Process: Unitedstatesean Perspectives
In the wake of the “legal realist” revolution of the early 20th century, Unitedstatesean legal thought took another path —which was also explored, to a degree, in Scandinavia and certain corners of the world. Instead of focusing on international law’s systematicity, this tradition foregrounded the processes of international law-making, enforcement, and non-compliance. Inspired by legal realist thought (which I cannot properly review for lack of space ), they downplayed the importance of legal concepts and coherence, to instead invest their energies in the study of the ways actors used international legal remedies to create rights and obligations. The best example of this movement can be found in two leading student casebooks, both published in 1968: International Legal Process by Chayes, Ehrilch, & Lowenfeld ;  and Transnational Legal Problems, by Vagts & Steiner. Despite their substantive differences, these two books bear witness to the decisive influence of a realist concern for procedure over substance that would be characteristic of US-influenced approached across the board. To be sure, in certain circles, this procedural turn would still place certain “human values” or "legitimacy" at the forefront of the analysis: this is especially true for the so-called “New Haven” school and perhaps for some figures of the later “Manhattan” school of international human rights law. In any case, the Unitedstatesean engagement with the empirical methods of the social sciences —especially when it came to measuring compliance— did mark an important difference with their European peers.

This concern for process has been enormously influential —especially when it comes to issues of enforcement. In the two last decade or so, the literature has seen a remarkable surge of interventions that call for its renewal: from “New International Legal Process” to a “New New Haven School” or a “New Realist Approach.” The best example of surge of interest in “Transnational Law” —a term first coined by the US legal realist Jessup in 1956 to theorize the interstices of public/private and domestic/international that has since taken “many lives.” This focus on “problems & process” —to paraphrase the title of Higgins’ famous monograph from 1994 which builds on her Hague Academy lectures of 1991 — has now been widely accepted as a different way to think about law’s alleged incompleteness than the concern for systematicity. In contemporary legal thought, the imprint of this Unitedstatesean foregrounding of “process” shines brightly in three approaches not covered in this volume: Global Administrative Law;  inquiries into “informal” law-making; and International Law and Economics.

C. Concluding Remarks: Beyond "System" or "Procedure"?
For better or worse, international legal thought is also haunted by dichotomies. Most legal theories ground their approach in an intrinsic difference between categories like public/private; normativity/morality; domestic/international; law-making/law-breaking —with often terrible consequences, as feminist legal critique has convincingly argued. Sadly, this chapter is also organised around a series of binaries: Unitedstatesean/European; System/Process. I do not offer them as fixed categories but rather as tentative guideposts that might orientate a newcomer or a student as a map of contours of the vast literature on enforcement in international law. At the same time, we cannot lose sight of the different ways of seeing international law that might be excluded from this framing —and that will be fleshed out with more care later in this volume, such as feminist & queer, postcolonial & decolonial, and Marxist voices. Perhaps the real challenge ahead for the 21st century international legal thought is to finally exorcize the ghosts of ages past —including, no doubt, the Austinian challenge’s discoloured wraith.

Further Readings

 * Andrea Bianchi, International Law Theories: An Inquiry into Different Ways of Thinking (Oxford University Press 2016).
 * Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (Oxford University Press 2001).
 * Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks, Socializing States: Promoting Human Rights through International Law (Oxford University Press 2013).
 * Dinah Shelton, Remedies in International Human Rights Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2006).
 * Alexander Thompson, ‘Coercive Enforcement of International Law’ in Jeffrey L Dunoff and Mark A Pollack (eds), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations. 502-523.


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Cookbook:Nigerian Sultan Chips

Sultan chips are a northern Nigerian delicacy made by cooking fried potatoes with vegetables.

Ingredients

 * Irish potatoes
 * Carrot, peeled and diced
 * Green peas
 * Vegetable oil
 * Onion, sliced
 * Egg
 * Stock cube
 * Salt
 * Minced meat
 * Scotch bonnet chili pepper, blended
 * Green beans, cut into pieces
 * Cucumber, diced

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the potatoes into batons the shape and size of chips (french fries).
 * 2) Deep fry the potato batons until cooked through.
 * 3) Boil the diced carrot and peas in salted water until tender. Drain and reserve.
 * 4) Heat a thin layer of vegetable oil in a pan over medium heat. Add the onion and stir until golden brown.
 * 5) Add the fried potatoes, and stir for a few seconds.
 * 6) Beat the egg with stock cube and a pinch of salt. Add to the potatoes in the pan, and stir.
 * 7) Add the minced meat and blended pepper. Stir for a while.
 * 8) Stir in the carrot, green beans, peas, and cucumber. Cook for a few minutes, then remove from the heat.
 * 9) Serve hot with fruit juice.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Sultan Chips


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Cookbook:Potato Chips

The following recipe is for crispy homemade potato chips.

Ingredients

 * Potatoes
 * Vegetable oil
 * Salt

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the potatoes and rinse under running water.
 * 2) Prepare a bowl of cold water. Use a sharp knife or vegetable peeler to make very thin slices of potato, placing them directly into the water.
 * 3) Drain off the water, and rinse the potato slices three times with fresh tap water. After the final rinse, cover the potatoes with cold water again.
 * 4) Season the potatoes and water with salt, and allow them to brine for a while.
 * 5) Drain the potato slices well, removing excess water.
 * 6) Heat enough vegetable oil in a pot for deep frying.
 * 7) Working in batches, add the potato slices to the hot oil. Fry, stirring at intervals until the slices are crispy.
 * 8) Use a perforated spoon to remove the chips. Place them in a large sieve set over a bowl to drain any excess oil.
 * 9) Repeat the frying procedure until all potato slices have been fried.
 * 10) Allow the chips to cool before serving.

title: Cookbook:Potato Chips


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Cookbook:Unripe Plantain and Potato Porridge

| Cuisine of Nigeria

This is a Nigerian dish prepared with unripe plantain, sweet potato, and ugwu.

Ingredients

 * Bell pepper
 * Onions
 * Ginger (optional), minced
 * Ponmo (optional), washed
 * Stockfish(optional), washed
 * Unripe plantains, peeled and cubed
 * Sweet potatoes, peeled and cubed
 * Palm oil
 * Salt
 * Ground crayfish
 * Seasoning cubes
 * Ugwu leaves, sliced

Preparation

 * 1) Grind the peppers, onions, and ginger together.
 * 2) Boil the pomo and stockfish until soft.
 * 3) Put the diced plantain and potatoes in a pot, and add enough water to cover it. Bring to a boil.
 * 4) Add palm oil, salt, blended pepper mixture, diced onions, crayfish, pomo, stockfish, and seasoning cubes. Cover the pot and allow to cook until soft.
 * 5) Add the ugwu leaves, and cook for 2 minutes.
 * 6) Serve.


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title: User:MasterDevMG/minerva.css


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Cookbook:Fruit Ice Pops

This recipe for ice pops uses a blend of fresh fruits.

Ingredients

 * Mango, peeled and diced
 * Peach, peeled and diced
 * Strawberries
 * Watermelon, diced
 * Pear, juiced

Procedure

 * 1) Combine all fruits with pear juice in a blender. Purée until smooth.
 * 2) Divide the fruit mixture between ice pop molds, and insert the sticks.
 * 3) Freeze the molds until completely solid.
 * 4) Unmold the ice pops, and serve immediately

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The fruits used should be ripe.

title: Cookbook:Fruit Ice Pops


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Cookbook:Nigerian Oatcakes

These oatcakes are a sort of savory pancake.

Ingredients

 * Rolled oats
 * Plain flour
 * Salt
 * Egg
 * Milk
 * Water
 * Carrots, peeled and grated
 * Peas
 * Sausage, cut into small pieces
 * Banana, peeled and cut into small pieces
 * Vegetable oil

Procedure

 * 1) Grind the oats to a fine powder.
 * 2) Combine the oats, plain flour, and a pinch of salt.
 * 3) Combine the egg, milk, and water. Stir into the flour mixture to get a thin batter.
 * 4) Gently mix in the carrots, peas, sausage, and banana.
 * 5) Heat a thin layer of oil in a pan. Spoon in the batter to make small pancakes. Cook on both sides, then remove from the heat.
 * 6) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Oatcakes


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Cookbook:Nigerian Coconut Pancake

Coconut pancakes is a typical Nigerian snack prepared from coconut flour.

Ingredients

 * Icing sugar
 * Egg white
 * Coconut oil
 * Salt to taste
 * Peak evaporated milk
 * Coconut flour
 * Onions, chopped
 * Habanero pepper, chopped
 * Vegetable oil

Procedure

 * 1) Mix icing sugar, egg white, and coconut oil in a bowl. Beat the ingredients using an egg whisk.
 * 2) Add salt, peak milk, and coconut flour. Mix using a hand mixer until it well mixed.
 * 3) Mix in onions and habanero pepper.
 * 4) Heat a small amount vegetable oil in a frying pan.
 * 5) Spoon in dollops of batter to make pancakes. Cook on one side until golden brown.
 * 6) Gently flip the pancakes, and cook until the second side is golden brown.
 * 7) Remove from the heat and serve.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Coconut Pancake


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Cookbook:Ofada Vegetable Rice

Ofada rice is a Nigerian food that can be cooked in different ways.

Ingredients

 * Ofada rice (uncooked)
 * Onions, diced
 * Red bell pepper
 * Fresh tomatoes
 * Ginger (optional)
 * Groundnut oil
 * Green bell pepper, diced
 * Green beans, diced
 * Sausages (optional), diced
 * Carrots, diced
 * Spring onions, chopped
 * Prawns, rinsed
 * Cinnamon
 * Nutmeg
 * Nigerian curry powder
 * Thyme

Procedure

 * 1) Rinse the rice until the water runs clear.
 * 2) Bring a pot of water to a boil. Stir in the rice and some diced onions. Cover, and simmer for 15 minutes.
 * 3) Drain the rice in a sieve.
 * 4) Grind together the red bell pepper, tomatoes, onion, and ginger.
 * 5) Heat a thin layer of groundnut oil in a pot, and add some diced onions. Stir well, and add the green bell pepper, green beans, sausages, carrots, spring onions, prawns, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Cook for a few minutes, stirring.
 * 6) Stir in the ground tomato mixture, as well as the curry powder, thyme, and a little water. Bring to a boil and season with salt.
 * 7) Stir the drained rice into the sauce, cover, and cook until the liquid is absorbed.

title: Cookbook:Ofada Vegetable Rice


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User talk:Malauluck

Your changes to Template:Wikijunior:Languages have been reverted. Only complete books should be added to that template.--Xania   talk 01:35, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malauluck


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Medical Machines/Contributors

These people have donated information and materials, and assisted with photography. A.M. Carbungco, Biomedical Engineering, UBC Hospital. F. Keong, Biomedical Engineering, UBC Hospital. C. Linden, Biomedical Engineering, Vancouver General Hospital. J. Burgoyne, The Marshall Clinic, Vancouver, BC. J. Fox, Biomedical Engineering, Vancouver General Hospital. J. Lapointe, MD, Radiology, retired, Vancouver General Hospital. J. Tai, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC. M. Bulloch. M. Murphy, Biomedical Engineering, UBC Hospital. P. Odermatt, KBNF.

title: Medical Machines/Contributors


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Cookbook:Nigerian Chicken with Coconut Sauce

Anyone should try this recipe for Nigerian chicken and coconut sauce because it is one of the simplest and tastiest sauce recipes. Making coconut sauce is really easy.

Although there are various ways to make this coconut sauce, this recipe makes it without using any oil. The three main components of this coconut curry sauce are chicken, curry, and coconut milk; the rest of the seasonings can be changed to suit personal preferences or, if you prefer, you can make your own. As for the vegetables, feel free to use your favorite varieties.

Ingredients

 * Chicken meat, cut into pieces
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Nigerian curry powder
 * Onion, diced
 * Ginger, minced
 * Thyme
 * Ground nutmeg
 * Stock cubes
 * Garlic paste
 * Onion, diced
 * Carrots, diced
 * Peas
 * Fresh or canned coconut milk

Procedures

 * 1) Season the chicken with salt, pepper, curry, onion, ginger, thyme, nutmeg, and stock cubes. Combine well, and let marinate for about an hour to properly flavor the meat.
 * 2) Transfer the chicken to a pot on the stove, and cook for 10 minutes without adding water or oil.
 * 3) Add some water, mix, and bring to a boil. Simmer until only a small amount of liquid remains.
 * 4) Heat a second pot over medium heat. Add the garlic paste and diced onion. Stir in the vegetables, and season with salt, pepper, thyme, stock cubes, and curry powder.
 * 5) Stir in no more than 1 cup of the chicken stock made from cooking the meat. Stir in the cooked chicken, then the coconut milk. Cook for 10 minutes until it has a creamy texture and oil has risen to the top.
 * 6) Check the dish for seasoning, and adjust as needed. Serve with boiled white rice.


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Cookbook:Plantain Frittata I

Plantain and egg frittata is one of the best breakfast options in West Africa, especially in Nigeria. It is suitable for both children and adults and makes a great meal to prepare ahead of time. It is sometimes called "Nigerian pizza" since it turns out just like it.

Ingredients

 * Large plantain
 * Vegetable oil
 * Onion, chopped
 * Garlic, minced
 * Salt
 * Stock cube
 * Pepper
 * Thyme
 * Curry powder
 * Eggs
 * Red bell pepper, sliced into strips

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the plantain and cut into pieces of your desired shape and size.
 * 2) Pan fry the plantains in hot oil until golden brown, then remove from the oil and set aside.
 * 3) Heat a few tablespoons of oil in a skillet, and add the onions and garlic. Sauté for 1 minute.
 * 4) Season the onions with salt, stock cube, pepper, thyme, and curry powder. Remove from the heat, and cool slightly.
 * 5) Beat the eggs, and mix in onions.
 * 6) Heat a skillet, and grease with oil or melted butter. Evenly pour in the egg mixture, then scatter the plantain and pepper strips over top.
 * 7) Cover the pan, and cook on low heat for 20 minutes, or until the mixture starts to set and cake nicely.
 * 8) Once it has dried, turn off the heat. Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Plantain Frittata I


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Cookbook:Nigerian Potatoes and Eggs

This recipe for eggs and potatoes makes a light breakfast or other simple meal.

Ingredients

 * Vegetable oil
 * Potatoes, finely diced
 * Onion, finely diced
 * Garlic powder
 * Tomatoes, finely diced
 * Bell pepper, finely diced
 * Stock cube
 * Thyme
 * Nigerian curry powder
 * Salt
 * Eggs
 * Green bell peppers, finely sliced

Equipment

 * Stove
 * Frying pan
 * Knife
 * Spoon

Procedure

 * 1) Heat a thin layer of oil in a hot pan. Add the diced potatoes, and stir for 2 minutes.
 * 2) Add onion and garlic powder, and stir for 2 minutes.
 * 3) Add the tomatoes and peppers. Cover the pan and cook for 3 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 4) Stir in the stock cube, thyme, curry powder, and salt.
 * 5) Crack the eggs directly on top of the potato mixture. Gently shake the pan to move the eggs to all sides, but do not stir.
 * 6) Cover the pan, and cook until the eggs are set and no longer runny.
 * 7) Remove from the heat, and serve with sliced green bell peppers.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Potatoes and Eggs


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Cookbook:Nigerian Egg Fried Rice

Egg fried rice is a typical Nigerian dish prepared from egg and boiled rice.

Ingredients

 * Egg
 * Stock cube
 * Thyme
 * Onions, chopped
 * Pepper
 * Salt
 * Groundnut oil
 * Boiled white rice

Procedure

 * 1) Crack the egg into a bowl, and then beat. Mix in the stock cube.
 * 2) Combine the thyme, onion, pepper, and salt.
 * 3) Heat a thin layer of oil in a pan. Add the onion mixture, and cook until slightly softened.
 * 4) Add the rice, and stir the mixture until the rice is warmed through.
 * 5) Add the beaten egg, and stir until the egg coats the rice and is cooked through.
 * 6) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Egg Fried Rice


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Cookbook:Nigerian Peppered Fish

Nigerian peppered fish is prepared from fishes tilapia and catfish. It is easy to prepare and served with pounded yam, jollof rice, or yam pottage.

Ingredients

 * Tilapia or catfish
 * Tatase (red bell pepper)
 * Habanero pepper, puréed
 * Black pepper
 * Thyme
 * Salt
 * Onions, sliced
 * Vegetable oil

Procedure

 * 1) Clean the fish, removing the scales, guts, and gills. Fillet it, and cut the flesh into small pieces.
 * 2) Blend together the tatase pepper and habanero pepper to make a purée.
 * 3) Combine the purée, black pepper, thyme, salt, and sliced onion in a pan. Cook until the water has largely evaporated.
 * 4) Stir in a dash of vegetable oil, and keep the sauce warm.
 * 5) Deep fry the fish until cooked through on all sides.
 * 6) Stir the fish into the pepper sauce, making sure it is well-coated with sauce.
 * 7) Serve hot.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * When using catfish, clean with hot water to remove the slime.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Peppered Fish


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Cookbook:Cabbage Fufu

Cabbage fufu is a swallow prepared from cabbage and served with soup.

Ingredients

 * Cabbage
 * Xanthan gum
 * Water

Procedure

 * 1) Peel and discard outer leaves from cabbage.
 * 2) Rinse cabbage and cut into pieces.
 * 3) Blend cabbage to a paste, add water as needed.
 * 4) Remove excess water from the blended cabbage by sieving it through chiffon cloth or muslin.
 * 5) Cook cabbage paste for few minutes.
 * 6) Stir in xanthan gum until smooth and lump-free.
 * 7) Serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Xanthan gum is used to allow the fufu to be moulded into balls with the texture of semo.

title: Cookbook:Cabbage Fufu


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Cookbook:Shrimp Fried Rice

The shrimp fried rice recipe is incredibly tasty. You can use any vegetable you have on hand to make it, and once the rice is cooked, everything else will be ready quickly. For this recipe, soy sauce is essential because it adds flavor and color. In addition to making the dish appetizing, soy sauce gives the rice a lovely light golden hue. This recipe works well with leftover white rice as well

Ingredients

 * Shrimp, peeled and cleaned
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Vegetable oil
 * Eggs, whisked
 * Garlic, minced
 * Fresh ginger, minced
 * Onion, chopped
 * Bell pepper, diced
 * Green peas
 * Carrots, diced
 * Seasoning cubes
 * Fried rice spice
 * Cooked rice
 * Soy sauce

Procedure

 * 1) Sprinkle a little salt and pepper over the shrimp, then set them aside for 5 minutes.
 * 2) Heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil in a nonstick pan or wok that has been heated over medium heat. Add the shrimp, and stir-fry for 30 seconds, then flip them over and cook until just barely pink but not overdone. Remove the shrimp, leaving a thin layer of oil in the pan.
 * 3) Add the whisked egg, and gently fry it before breaking it up into little pieces and removing it to a different plate.
 * 4) Add the garlic, ginger, and onions to the hot pan. When they are aromatic, add the bell peppers, green peas, and carrots.
 * 5) Add the fried rice spice, season with salt, and sauté for 2 minutes, turning periodically, until the vegetables begin to soften.
 * 6) Add the scrambled eggs to the vegetables along with the cooked rice. Add soy sauce to taste, and mix into the mixture.
 * 7) Spread everything evenly around the pan's surface, and cook until the rice is well-heated. Make sure the soy sauce and vegetables are evenly distributed over the rice.
 * 8) Stir the cooked shrimp back into the rice to combine. Check for salt, then stir over medium heat until everything is heated through.
 * 9) Remove the shrimp fried rice from the heat, and serve it with a cold beverage.

title: Cookbook:Shrimp Fried Rice


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Cookbook:Ibaba Soup

Ibaba Soup is a typical Nigerian soup prepared from ibaba seeds, also known as okpo by the Igbo people. The seeds serve as a thickener, and the soup is served with akpu, semo, or pounded yam.

Ingredients

 * Meat, rinsed
 * Water
 * Pepper, blended
 * Onion, chopped and rinsed
 * Seasoning cube
 * Salt to taste
 * Dryfish, rinsed
 * Palm oil
 * Ground ibaba seeds
 * Uziza leaves, shredded and rinsed
 * Ground crayfish

Procedure

 * 1) Place meat in a pot, and cover with water. Begin cooking.
 * 2) Add the blended pepper, onions, seasoning cube, and salt.
 * 3) Once meat is soft, add dryfish and cook for few minutes.
 * 4) Add palm oil and ground ibaba seeds.
 * 5) Add shredded uziza leaves and ground crayfish.
 * 6) Stir and serve.

title: Cookbook:Ibaba Soup


text:
Cookbook:Okra Green Vegetable Soup

Okra green vegetable soup is a Nigerian soup or stew made from okra and other green vegetables. It is served with variety of swallows such as amala, eba, semo, or fufu.

Ingredients

 * Fresh tomatoes
 * Fresh peppers
 * Palm oil
 * Onions, chopped
 * Stock cube
 * Okra, grated
 * Nigerian pumpkin leaves, chopped
 * Salt

Procedure

 * 1) Blend together the tomato and pepper to get a coarse purée.
 * 2) Heat a thin layer of palm oil in a pan. Add the tomato-pepper purée, onions, and stock cube, and simmer for a few minutes.
 * 3) Stir in the grated okra and pumpkin leaves. Simmer for a few minutes.
 * 4) Season to taste with salt, and serve.

title: Cookbook:Okra Green Vegetable Soup


text:
Cookbook:Tilapia Fish Pepper Soup

Tilapia fish pepper soup is a typical Nigerian side dish prepared from tilapia fish.

Ingredients

 * Whole tilapia fish
 * Water
 * Onion, sliced
 * Chile pepper, ground
 * Palm oil
 * Fresh ginger, ground
 * Salt to taste

Procedure

 * 1) Remove unwanted substances from tilapia fish, then rinse well.
 * 2) Place the tilapia in a pot, and cover with water. Cook for a few minutes.
 * 3) Add the onion, pepper, palm oil, ginger, and salt to taste. Add more water if necessary.
 * 4) Cover pot, and cook fish until done.

title: Cookbook:Tilapia Fish Pepper Soup


text:
Cookbook:Spinach Fufu

Spinach fufu is a typical Nigerian swallow prepared from spinach and oat flour. It is served with your soup of choice.

Ingredients

 * Spinach, rinsed and chopped
 * Water
 * Oat flour

Equipment

 * Pot
 * Stove
 * Blender
 * Sieve

Procedure

 * 1) Blend the chopped spinach with a small amount of water. Strain to remove water from the blended spinach.
 * 2) Cook the blended spinach for a few minutes.
 * 3) Stir in the oat flour until a dough is formed.
 * 4) Serve with soup of choice.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Apart from oat flour, semolina, corn flour or cassava flour can be used as a binder, which makes the spinach mouldable into balls.

title: Cookbook:Spinach Fufu


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Carrot Stew

The ideal substitute for tomato stew is carrot stew. Although it is less popular in Nigeria and more of an international cuisine, you can use carrots to produce a simple tomato-free stew that tastes just as good and flavorful as the traditional tomato stew.

This simple vegetable doesn't have an odd flavor and doesn't dominate the flavor of other components in stews. It can be used in a variety of stew recipes. This specific tomato-free stew combines both carrots and bell peppers; the blended carrot adds a lot of texture and volume to the stew, much like tomatoes would have done; once the carrots and peppers have been boiled to become soft, it makes it easy to blend without much difficulty and without adding water, since they are already soft. In this scenario, frying the stew and getting everything ready won't take too long.

Ingredients

 * Meat
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Stock cubes
 * Whole onions, peeled
 * Carrots
 * Chile peppers
 * Diced onion
 * Vegetable oil
 * Chopped onion
 * Ginger, minced
 * Garlic, minced
 * Bay leaves
 * Nigerian curry powder
 * Thyme

Procedure

 * 1) Season the meat with salt, pepper, and stock cube. Transfer to a pot with whole onions, cover with water, and cook until very tender.
 * 2) Remove the meat from the pot, and reserve the liquid (stock) used to cook it.
 * 3) Cut the meat into smaller pieces, and fry it in oil until golden brown on all sides.
 * 4) Chop the carrots. Combine them with the chile peppers and an equal amount of diced onions in a pot. Cover with water, and simmer until the carrots are tender. Drain the liquid out, and blend the vegetables to a purée.
 * 5) Heat 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil in a pan, and add the chopped onions, ginger, and garlic. Cook for 1 minute.
 * 6) Add the puréed vegetable mixture, and cook on medium heat for 10 minutes.
 * 7) Add bay leaves, and season with curry, thyme, salt, and 2 stock cubes.
 * 8) Stir in enough of the reserved meat stock to achieve your desired consistency. Cover the pot, and cook for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally.
 * 9) Mix in the fried meat, and simmer for 5 minutes.
 * 10) Adjust the seasoning if necessary, and remove the bay leaves.
 * 11) Remove from the heat, and serve with boiled rice or other sides.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Carrot Stew


text:
Cookbook:Boiled Plantain and Garden Egg Sauce

Boiled plantain and garden egg sauce is a and tasty recipe of the Igbo people in Nigeria.

Ingredients

 * Large plantain, peeled
 * Garlic
 * Fresh ginger
 * Garden egg
 * Cayenne pepper
 * Palm oil
 * Salt
 * Seasoning cubes

Equipment

 * Stovetop
 * Knife
 * Pot
 * Frying pan
 * Blender

Procedure

 * 1) Boil the plantain in water for 30 minutes until tender. Drain plantain.
 * 2) Blend the garlic, ginger, garden egg, and cayenne pepper until you get your desired consistency of purée.
 * 3) Heat some palm oil in a non-stick frying pan. Add the purée, then stir in salt and seasoning cubes. Cook for 5 minutes.
 * 4) Serve sauce with boiled plantain.


text:
Cookbook:Nigerian Potato Cutlet

Nigerian potato cutlet is a sort of crispy mashed potato patty, well-seasoned and flavored with cooked onions.

Ingredients

 * Irish potatoes
 * Salt
 * Vegetable oil
 * Onion, chopped
 * Garlic, minced
 * Fresh ginger, minced
 * Cayenne pepper powder
 * Cinnamon powder

Equipment

 * Nonstick frying pan
 * Knife
 * Potato masher

Procedure

 * 1) Wash and peel the potatoes.
 * 2) Boil the potatoes in salted water until tender. Remove from the heat and drain the potatoes.
 * 3) Heat a thin layer of oil in a nonstick pan, and add the chopped onion, garlic, and ginger. Cook for a few minutes until the onion is softened, then remove from the heat.
 * 4) Mash the potatoes, then stir in the cayenne, cinnamon, and cooked onion mixture. Season with salt.
 * 5) Shape the potato mixture into patties. Pan-fry the patties until golden and crispy on both sides.
 * 6) Serve hot.

title: Cookbook:Nigerian Potato Cutlet


text:
Cookbook:Poundo Potato

Potato poundo is a Nigerian swallow made from potato flour.

Ingredients

 * Potato flour
 * Water

Procedure

 * 1) Bring water to boil in a small pot.
 * 2) Stir in potato flour until you get a thick mixture. Continue stirring to prevent lumps from forming.
 * 3) Add some water, and cook for 5 minutes over low heat.
 * 4) Stir again to ensure that it's smooth.
 * 5) Remove from the fire and put in a wrapper.
 * 6) Serve with any soup of your choice.

title: Cookbook:Poundo Potato


text:
Cookbook:Quaker Oat Swallow

Quaker oat swallow is a Nigerian swallow made from Quaker brand rolled oats. The oats are ground into powder form and cooked.

Ingredients

 * Water
 * Rolled oats, ground to a powder

Procedure

 * 1) Bring the water to a boil in a pot.
 * 2) Stir in the powdered oats until the mixture thickens. Continue stirring to prevent lumps.
 * 3) Add a very small amount of water, and cook for 5 minutes on low heat. Adding too much water will make the mixture too soft.
 * 4) Stir again to make sure the mixture is smooth.
 * 5) Remove from the heat and put in a wrapper.
 * 6) Serve with any soup of your choice.

title: Cookbook:Quaker Oat Swallow


text:
Cookbook:Sweet Carrot Juice

Carrot juice is a refreshing beverage that is best enjoyed cold.

Ingredients

 * Carrots
 * Sugar
 * Water

Equipment

 * Grater
 * Blender
 * Strainer
 * Knife

Procedure

 * 1) Chop or grate the carrots.
 * 2) Place carrots and sugar in a blender, and add a small amount of water as needed.
 * 3) Blend this mixture until well-puréed.
 * 4) Strain the carrot purée to obtain a pure juice.
 * 5) Chill and serve.

title: Cookbook:Sweet Carrot Juice


text:
Cookbook:Prawn and Vegetable Spaghetti

Ingredients

 * Spaghetti
 * Fresh cayenne pepper
 * Fresh tomatoes
 * Onion
 * Ginger (optional)
 * Groundnut oil
 * Onions, chopped
 * Carrots, diced
 * Bell pepper, diced
 * Sausages (optional), diced
 * Spring onions, chopped
 * Green beans, diced
 * Prawns, rinsed
 * Nutmeg
 * Cinnamon
 * Curry powder
 * Thyme
 * Salt
 * Cucumber, diced
 * Cabbage, chopped

Procedure

 * 1) Parboil your spaghetti, making sure it is not too soft. Drain in a sieve.
 * 2) Blend the chile pepper, tomatoes, onions, and ginger to make a paste.
 * 3) Heat some groundnut oil in a pot, and add the diced onions.
 * 4) Stir well, then add the carrots, diced bell pepper, sausages, spring onions, and green beans.
 * 5) Add the prawns, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Fry until cooked.
 * 6) Add a little water to the ingredients, along with the spaghetti, pepper-tomato paste, curry powder, and thyme. Steam over low heat for 5 minutes.
 * 7) Season with salt to taste, and serve with cucumber and cabbage.

title: Cookbook:Prawn and Vegetable Spaghetti


text:
Cookbook:Date Smoothie

A date milkshake is a delicious and refreshing beverage.

Ingredients

 * Dates
 * Cinnamon powder
 * Sugar
 * Ice cubes

Special equipment

 * Blender

Procedures

 * 1) Soak the dates in water for a few minutes to soften the tough texture. Drain.
 * 2) Place the soaked dates in the blender, and add a small amount of water.
 * 3) Add cinnamon, sugar to taste, and ice.
 * 4) Turn on the blender until smooth.

title: Cookbook:Date Smoothie


text:
Cookbook:Homemade Coconut Milk

Coconut milk is the liquid extracted from ripe fresh coconuts. When a small amount of water is additionally added to the pressing process, the flavor is very delicious. It supplies substantial amounts of fat, the majority of which is in the form of medium-chain saturated fatty acids, namely the kind known as lauric acid. Coconut milk is a wonderful alternative to cow's milk for those who are lactose intolerant, because it is lactose free.

Ingredients

 * Large coconut
 * Water

Equipment

 * Medium-sized bowl
 * Blender
 * Knife
 * Very fine mesh (e.g. cheesecloth)

Procedures

 * 1) Crack open the coconuts and drain out the clear juice.
 * 2) Use a knife to separate the coconut flesh from the pod. If necessary, rinse the coconut flesh under running water before cutting it into cubes.
 * 3) Put the coconut flesh in blender with the water, and process for a full minute at the maximum speed to create a smooth paste. If you don't have a blender, chop up the coconut flesh into manageable pieces, and grate them to a smooth paste.
 * 4) Put the blended coconut in a bowl, add 1 cup of water, and combine with your hands.
 * 5) Drain the milk by pouring the blended coconut milk through the fine mesh. To remove every drop of liquid from the sieve, press with your hand.
 * 6) The coconut milk will be strained out when you add another cup of water and the coconut flesh back to the dish.
 * 7) Use the coconut milk right away or store it in the refrigerator. Always shake the coconut milk thoroughly before using.

title: Cookbook:Homemade Coconut Milk


text:
Cookbook:Pumpkin Chips

The preparation of pumpkin chips is identical to that of yam and plantain chips. One benefit of pumpkin chips is that you can eat them for breakfast, lunch, or dinner, pair them with a fried egg, or simply eat them on their own. You can quickly and easily adjust the flavor profile by adding a little ground cinnamon, salt, and/or chili powder to the chips to change their flavor and aroma. Additionally, you can choose to bake your pumpkin chips or fry them in vegetable oil. Just be careful not to overheat the chips, as this will cause them to turn dark and taste bitter.

Ingredients

 * Pumpkin
 * Ground cinnamon
 * Paprika
 * Salt
 * Vegetable oil

Procedure

 * 1) Cut the pumpkin in half, and scoop out the seeds and stringy contents.
 * 2) Separate the pumpkin flesh from the tough skin, and cut the flesh into thin slices.
 * 3) Soak the sliced pumpkin in cold water for 30 minutes to remove excess starch, then drain away the water.
 * 4) Dry the slices well, then toss with cinnamon, paprika, and salt.
 * 5) Heat enough oil for deep frying. Add the sliced pumpkin, and fry for 5–10 minutes until golden.
 * 6) Remove the chips from the oil, and drain on paper towels.
 * 7) Serve immediately.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Chips


text:
Cookbook:Zobo and Ginger Fruit Punch

Any beverage—alcoholic or not—that includes small bits of fruit, soft drinks, or fruit juice can be referred to as a fruit punch. Citrus fruits are the most popular fruits used to produce fruit punch, although other fruits including apple, cucumber, strawberries, peaches, paw paws, and pineapple are also used. Fruit punches come in a variety of flavors, and this recipe includes zobo for sourness.

Ingredients

 * Zobo leaves
 * Fresh ginger
 * Pineapple
 * Pawpaw
 * Cucumber
 * Apple
 * Sugar

Procedures

 * 1) Rinse the zobo, then place it in a big pot with 2 cups of water, and some ginger. Boil for 30 minutes, or until all of the crimson fluid has been removed. Let cool.
 * 2) Strain the zobo juice using a fine sieve into a large container.
 * 3) Sweeten the zobo juice to taste with sugar, then chill it in the refrigerator.
 * 4) Cut the fruit into smaller cubes. Add to the zobo juice.
 * 5) Serve punch with ice.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you'd like, you can use any sweetener, such as jolly juice.

title: Cookbook:Zobo and Ginger Fruit Punch


text: Judaism/Printable version

title: Judaism/Printable version


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Undead

This is a list of Minecraft mobs that are undead. Undead mobs have the effects of instant damage and instant health reversed.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Undead


text:
User talk:JWHresearchchemicals

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 10:29, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:JWHresearchchemicals


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Monster

This is a list of Minecraft monsters. Monsters are enemies that deal damage in some way. They tend to be creatures that do not exist in real life.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Monster


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Fish

This is a list of Minecraft mobs classified as a fish.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Fish


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Uncategorized

This is a list of Minecraft pages needing attention because they have no category when they should.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Uncategorized


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Humanoid

This is a list of human-like mobs.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Humanoid


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Categories

This is a list of categories used by Minecraft. This category should not contain any pages!

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Categories


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Animals

This is a list of animal mobs.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Animals


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Secret

A list of secret mobs. Usually these mobs only exist on Java edition. They can be spawned by entering  in the chat window. Note that many are incomplete.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Secret


text:
User:L10nM4st3r/Bookmarks

Developing books

 * Minecraft
 * Template:Minecraft/mob
 * Module:Minecraft/Mob
 * Guide to the Godot game engine
 * Pokémon
 * Module:Pokémon matchup

 * Module:Helpers

Anti vandalism

 * Steward requests/Global for LTAs

Maintenance

 * Category:Book:Minecraft/Uncategorized
 * Category:Book:Minecraft/AttentionNeeded

Review tools

 * All recent changes
 * Unreviewed recent changes
 * ../ReviewTool

Help

 * Help:Variables
 * mw:Help:Parser functions

Personal files

 * Meta:User:L10nM4st3r/global.css
 * ../Cool lion images

 * ../thank

title: User:L10nM4st3r/Bookmarks


text:
User:L10nM4st3r/nav

Userpage | Talk  |  Bookmarks  |  Help  |  Sandbox  | Contribs  | Funny stuff  | Scripts

title: User:L10nM4st3r/nav


text:
Mechanisms/Ball Bearings

Types of bearings

 * Radial deep groove ball bearings

 * Cylindrical roller bearings

 * Thrust bearings
 * Needle bearings
 * Taper roller bearings
 * Bush ball bearings
 * Linear movement bearings
 * Angular contact bearings

title: Mechanisms/Ball Bearings


text:
User:Abdul Rahman Frank

Abdul Rahman Frank

title: User:Abdul Rahman Frank


text: Molisan/Vocabulary

title: Molisan/Vocabulary


text:
Perspectives in Digital Literacy/Misuse of Smartphones: A Device Meant for Connection Slowly Isolating Society

Perhaps the best way I can express this idea is to say that the question, “What will a new technology do?” is no more important than the question, “What will a new technology undo?” Indeed, the latter question is more important, precisely because it is asked so infrequently.

-Neil Postman, later cultural critic and professor at New York University. Steven (an arbitrary name chosen for anonymity) is a 14-year-old teenager that I deeply care about. Since he was a toddler, he always seemed to be highly social. I remember his days in middle school when his teacher would constantly send letters complaining about how she would try to sit Steven in different spots during class, but the child somehow managed to always find somebody to talk to. When he joined high school, however, Steven became introverted. After school, you would always find him hanging around friends, but now he would spend this time continuously scrolling through social media or wasting hours watching videos on apps like YouTube while in the solitude of his room. I felt worried about Steven; he, who was always full of energy and seemed to find conversation and make friends with even the driest of kids, slowly became socially awkward and withdrawn. Many months after his first day of high school, I finally asked him, "Hey, how's high school going? I haven't seen you around your friends that often. Does schoolwork make you that busy?" to which he responded, "I actually don't have any friends… maybe just one, but he's always busy… but it is okay, I text people online every day with my phone." Instantly, I knew Steven was not okay; worried I tried to understand the boy’s switch in behavior. High school was the time when Steven got his first smartphone. Therefore, could this device have enabled or even influenced his depression and asocial behavior?

Today smartphones are regarded as a must-have among adolescents; these devices are commonly used for leisure, connecting with others, and learning new things, according to Pew Research Center. In addition, Freelance writer Sarah J. Purewal wrote an article in 2015 detailing some of the not-so-obvious but still valuable services smartphones can provide. In one of her points, the author mentions how smartphones can keep users relatively safe while in scary situations by allowing them to share the personal live location with friends. This tracker proves handy for parents who naturally want to ensure their child's safety; it can alert them of unusual behavior or possible dangers their kid could be facing while on the outside. And there has been evidence of the GPS tracker saving teens' lives. For example, in 2019, reporter Allyson Chiu wrote an article for The Washington Post detailing how teenage Catrina Cramer Alexander suffered a car accident while driving through a dense forest but was found and eventually rescued after her mom received Alexander's location through the "Find My Friends" app. This information adds to the idea that, if appropriately used, smartphones can be a beneficial tool for adolescents.

And what could be more beneficial than saving a life?
The Pew Research Center showed an increase in teen's smartphone access from 73% in 2015 to 95% in 2018. With this in mind, I find it redundant to keep talking about the pros of having this technology around us. Otherwise, why would the majority of people keep around something that could be harmful to them?

But, as famous author, NYU professor, and cultural critic Neil Postman once said, "Technological change is a trade-off... Think of the automobile, which for all of its obvious advantages, has poisoned our air, choked our cities, and degraded the beauty of our landscape". We must try to understand what we are giving in return for providing this seemingly exceptional technology to people that are now growing up with these devices.

Problematic Smartphone Use
The Common Sense Media, a non-profit organization that promotes safe technology and media for children, reported in 2019 on the average screen time teenagers spend on their phones. The research showed that the average teen spends an alarming amount of seven and a half hours a day using their smartphones devices. However, to talk about the problems that smartphones bring to teenage lives, we need to first discuss Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU).

you may wonder: why call it PSU instead of smartphone addiction?
In the study titled "Smartphone Addiction of Adolescents, Not a Smart Choice" made for the Journal of Korean medical science, researcher Seung Min Bae mentions that psychiatry has not considered smartphone addiction a proper illness because of current disagreements at the moment of measuring withdrawal and tolerance. Because of this, scientists prefer the term "Problematic Smartphone Use" instead of considering it a proper addiction. Surprisingly however, in the Forbes article "The Truth About Smartphone Addiction, And How To Beat It," Brian Scudamore explains that similarly to how we get a dopamine rush by eating our favorite meal, we also get a dopamine rush whenever we receive a new notification in our cell phones. Being the "feel-good hormone," dopamine usually motivates the behavior that caused its release; Scudamore then explains how this dopamine rush can subsequently lead to an addiction to said behavior, similar to what happens with cocaine users. In another article made for Insider in 2020, senior health reporter Anna Medaris references an extensive study comparing smartphone addiction effects to those found in people with drug addiction. Medaris mentioned how the study related both types of addiction victims' tendency to have fewer brain cells, a lesser sense of empathy, impulse control, emotions, and decision making. While problematic smartphone use may still not be considered a proper illness or addiction, it is scary to think that the issues it brings can be compared to those that real substance abusers often face.

And it is scarier when you consider that the teenage population has been identified as a major risk group for PSU, according to Bae's research mentioned above. Bae describes that one of the main reasons for this is that the teenage years are a period of brain development in which one is more susceptible to addiction. A literature study by Linda Fischer-Grote for the Neuropsychiatrie medical journal also backs the previous information since it also shows data linking PSU to difficulties in self-regulation and immature control competencies commonly present at a young age.

“Too much of anything is bad,” and these studies have proven excessive use of smartphones may turn that valuable tool into something detrimental to their users. In addition, we have identified how Problematic Smartphone Use compares to substance addiction and how teenagers are especially vulnerable to it. We can now proceed to the harmful effects of PSU on teenage lives.

The negative effects
The teenage years are when people learn and develop their social skills; smartphones can negatively impact this process by altering how teenagers communicate. In the article "Can You Hear Me Now," professor of social studies of science and technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sherry Turkle explains that teens need to have some time alone to develop their personal feelings and ideas to then share with others. Still, with smartphones, Turkle warns it is easier for said teens to express online whatever thought comes to mind quickly. This ease of communication is problematic since it removes that necessary self-reflection time in which teenagers can develop, change or discard said thoughts. Smartphones are designed for an easy, quick, and simplified way of communication. Yet, if people adopt said way of communication from an early age, profound and meaningful talks are lost in the process. Therefore, the usage of smartphones in youth can affect the development of one's persona.

Years later, Sherry Turkle also gave a TED talk titled "Connected, But Alone?" in which she warns about how new technology such as smartphones has influenced human interactions, evolving them to superficiality. Turkle elaborates by explaining how humans have a natural inclination to connect with others, and the way of communication that smartphones provide is unnatural to us. The main reason is that technology such as smartphones provides us with easy, surface-level text conversations in which we control how we are perceived. This issue is especially harmful to young people who are still learning to manage themselves in social situations because it gives them a wrong idea of human interactions. In the words of an 18-year-old who reached out to Turkle: "Someday, someday, but certainly not now, I'd like to learn how to have a conversation."

The Center For Humane Technology is a website that compiles summaries and references to lots of studies proving the harmful effects of smartphones on users with PSU. One of the referenced studies showed a relationship between smartphone use and sleep difficulties; these sleep difficulties were then proven to connect to high levels of depression during adolescence. The website also referenced another study proving a 66% increase in suicide-related outcomes in teenage girls who spend more than five hours daily on social media through their smartphones. It is ironic then how this device that could even save lives, as we mentioned earlier, can also be the reason for someone's tragic fate.

On a last note, the data center Statista provided information about the preferred methods of communication of teens and their change between the years 2012 and 2018:

Conclusion
Smartphones are helpful tools that make our lives easier. However, supporting evidence shows that these devices can also contribute to the depression and isolation of teenage users. The harmful effects demonstrated in this research are just a few of many others that PSU brings to those affected. However, this research aimed to shed some light on the negatives that seemingly good technology can bring to people growing up with it. I encourage further reading about the issue and spreading information to help and prevent an increase in PSU victims. Do not let Steven’s experience repeat itself on someone you love.

= References =


text: Minecraft/Elder Guardian

title: Minecraft/Elder Guardian


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Mobs

This is a list of all the mobs of Minecraft.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Mobs


text:
Module:User:L10nM4st3r/experiment

local p = {}

p.hello = function( frame ) if frame.args[1] then return "Hello, " .. frame.args[1] .. "!" end return "Hello, world!" end

p.split = function( frame ) local split = mw.text.split(frame.args[1]," ") local out = "" for i in split do   if not(i=="test") then out = out .. i   end end return out end

return p;

title: Module:User:L10nM4st3r/experiment


text:
Module:Minecraft/Mob

local p = {}

p.get_probable_value = function(frame) if tonumber(frame.args.damage)>0 or tonumber(frame.args.danger)>0 then if frame.args.value=="spawning" then return "In the overworld, in low light levels." end end if frame.args.value=="spawning" then return "In the Overworld, on grass, in high light levels." end return "" end

p.build_page = function(frame) --Check errors if not frame.args.health or #frame.args.health==0 or (tonumber(frame.args.health) and tonumber(frame.args.health)<1) then error('The variable "health" was expected. If it was defined, it might be lower than 1. Please correct to a number larger than 0') end

local nocat=false if frame.args.nocat and #frame.args.nocat>0 then nocat=true end

local out = ""

--   This module will be used inside the book "Minecraft". This function is the main function, and creates the top of all mob pages.    This function will go through the following steps:       1. Make infobox       2. Find categories       3. Return the output  --

--============= Make infobox ============= -- Get main category, used here and elsewhere local main_cat = 'Uncategorized' if frame.args.category then main_cat = frame.args.category end -- Get danger text local danger_text = '' if frame.args.danger and #frame.args.danger>0 then danger_text = frame.args.danger .. '/10' end -- Make infobox local infobox = frame:expandTemplate{ title='Infobox', args={ bodystyle  = "width:58%;float:left;background-color:#fff", headerstyle = "background-color:#ddf", labelstyle = "background-color:#ccf", header1    = frame.args.name, label2     = 'Health', data2      = frame.args.health, label3     = 'Defence', data3      = frame.args.defence, label4     = 'Damage', data4      = frame.args.damage, label5     = 'Danger', data5      = danger_text, label6     = 'Spawn rule', data6      = frame.args.spawning, label7     = 'Category', data7      =  .. main_cat .. , } }

-- ============== Categories ============= local cats="" if not nocat then cats = ' ' if main_cat=="Uncategorized" then cats=cats+"" end local types = '' if frame.args.types then types='[[Category:Book:Minecraft/' ..

mw.ustring.gsub(

-- Replace double commas (2) mw.ustring.gsub(

-- Remove whitespace mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args.types,' ',','),

',,', ','), -- (2)

',', ']]'    out = out .. types end end

--================== Output ================= out = out .. infobox .. cats; return out; end

return p

title: Module:Minecraft/Mob


text:
International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Hong Kong/AA2

=Hong Kong Type AA2=

Neopost 1930s Model

 * Neopost machines weren't given a specific name so the 1930s model, like previous versions, was initially marketed simply as "The Neopost". The machines used in Hong Kong could print six values.
 * 3 machines are known, numbered N2 to N4. An essay was produced for N1 but was in a considerably different design - this was possibly only a 3-value machine.

AA2.N2 (LV-6).

 * A. Not known (possibly Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co.) Known 25 III 37 - 22 XI 37
 * TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
 * Values:
 * 2c date unknown
 * 5c known 25 IX 37
 * 20c known 17 IV 37
 * 25c known 25 IX 37
 * 50c known 25 III 37 - 22 XI 37
 * $1 known 17 IV 37
 * Slogans:
 * Image
 * A. For comfort and service travel and ship by P&O, B.I. and E&A (Image shows a photocopy - actual slogan would be red)
 * Known Known 25 III 37 - 22 XI 37
 * Known Known 25 III 37 - 22 XI 37

AA2.N3 (LV-6).

 * A. Bank of China. Known 2 XI 40 - 20 VIII 41
 * TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
 * Values:
 * 1c known 1 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
 * 2c date unknown
 * 5c known 31 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
 * 10c known 1 II 41 - 20 VIII 41
 * 25c known 2 XI 40 - 20 VIII 41
 * Remaining value not known
 * Slogans:
 * Image
 * A. You need never buy another postage stamp! Get a "Neopost" (Image shows a photocopy - actual slogan would be red)
 * known 31 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
 * NOTE. Slogans are not known postally used on this machine.
 * NOTE. Slogans are not known postally used on this machine.

AA2.N4 (LV-6).

 * A. Butterfield & Swire. Known 25 VI 37 - 23 VI 41
 * TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
 * Values:
 * 1c known 11 III 38
 * 4c known 25 VI 37
 * 5c known 15 IX 38 - 31 X 38
 * 10c known 25 VI 37 - 19 VI 41
 * 25c known 26 VI 37 - 23 VI 41
 * Remaining value not known
 * Slogans:
 * Not known on this machine
 * Not known on this machine


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/AttentionNeeded

This is a list of Minecraft pages that may need attention for various reasons. Possible reasons:

1. Incorrect location:
 * Must have the "Minecraft/" prefix
 * Must not be in user or user talk space (still working on this one)
 * Should be fixed by moving to correct location

2. Invalid arguments:
 * Usually an error message is shown

3. A member of Category:Book:Minecraft/Uncategorized. Fix by using  in the main template

4. Using Minecraft/stub

5. No  or   arguments specified for blocks and items. ( is only needed for blocks)

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/AttentionNeeded


text:
Cookbook talk:Soft Boiled Meringues

Breaking up page
Unless anyone objects, I will be breaking this page up into a general informational page about meringue and separating out the individual recipes for clarity and ease of reading. -- Nostriker (discuss • contribs) 22:49, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 05:56, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Soft Boiled Meringues


text: Minecraft/Bee

title: Minecraft/Bee


text:
Template:Minecraft/arthropod

Arthropod

This mob is an arthropod, and takes additional damage from weapons with the bane of arthropods enchantment.

title: Template:Minecraft/arthropod


text:
Category:Book:Minecraft/Arthropods

This is a list of Minecraft arthropods.

title: Category:Book:Minecraft/Arthropods


text:
Talk:Advanced phone customization/The need to root and install a custom OS

Sentence structure.
The topic of this book is absolutely worthy but sentence composition needs work. Here is an example.

"Custom ROMs often include far more power management options that allow you to improve battery life instead of performance if you so wish." is a run-on sentence. Stating "... if you so wish" is unnecessary. The plural case is unnecessary and distracting; singular is better. This is an alternative.

A custom ROM can include power management options not available in a stock ROM. The options can improve battery life while diminishing performance. Regards, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 15:04, 5 July 2022 (UTC)


title: User:HDKhoa-h071


text:
User talk:Knoppson

Some recent edits, here, were reverted. Please explain your edits in the Edit Summary especially if you are removing text or content.--Xania   talk 01:00, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Xania! Would you please stop messing with my book? It has taking me a long time and much effort to make it. And I am trying to make it even better with small changes that you just "revert"... Knoppson (discuss • contribs) 15:54, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't think you need to explain your actions in an edit summary if you are the only contributor. I didn't need to in my book. Just a kind note: Books usually are split in multiple pages, so the main page would be like a table of contence and introduction, and it would have subpage chapters, like

 * Plasma fusion preface
 * Plasma fusion preface/Chapter 1 name
 * Plasma fusion preface/Chapter 2 name
 * ect.
 * Just a trying to (indirectly) help you make your book.L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:13, 13 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi Xania! I appreciate your help, sorry if I was rude. You may actually help with a thing if you like, I have always had problems with editing pictures I have uploaded to commons, I am not so skilled with computers so the only solution for me has been to upload a new version and link that into my books but I feel that this approach is a waste of precious commons server space. Knoppson (discuss • contribs) 16:59, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but my name isn't xania. Don't worry though, I got worse. Sometimes my brother (2 years old) gets confused and calls me "mum" or "dad". L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:16, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I just want to add that it isn't "your" book. You can't stop someone else editing, or just revert their changes because you don't like them. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 09:42, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * As I didn't know that. I am however the main contributor, don't you think? So maybe you folks could give me some slack and concentrate on the topic instead of being administrators Knoppson (discuss • contribs) 16:00, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knoppson


text:
MATLAB Programming/Fundamentals of MATLAB/MATLAB operator

MATLAB Operator
MATLAB have a few operator types to manipulate shown below Note: Variables a and b below represents number

Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic Operator is used as mathematical operator that manipulates the number according to the formula requirement. The result is shown as numbers.

Relational Operations
Relational Operator is used to check if numbers are having any significant relationship with one or another. The results is usually is shown TRUE or FALSE.

Logical Operations
Logical Operator is used to check if number fulfills the logical conditions, the result is usually shown TRUE or FALSE.

Elementary Mathematics Constants and Functions
Besides mathematical formula, there are a few mathematical constant and function that you can use to make your works in Matlab easier. More information about the functions used can be found here:Mathematical_symbols

Trigonometry Operations
The trigonometry formula are given as followed: Sin α - a / h Cos α - b / c Tan α - a / b


text:
User talk:L10nM4st3r

Free help
Just tell me what you want done and I'll do it, no questions asked. 37.163.23.134 (discuss) 22:13, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The funny thing is, I don't remember asking. 22:14, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * But, it's FREE! 23inger (discuss • contribs) 22:14, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

22:46, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually I do have a request: get mental help or something. Before you become sooo incredibly insane you do something really bad. 22:18, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) I am not insane, I just dislike Bbb23. 2) I am actually willing to help. 84.222.68.249 (discuss) 22:24, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Not that you can reply, but I do not want help from vandals. It's the opposite: you LTAs need help. The sort of help given by those mental doctor thingys. 22:31, 2 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, get a life. I mean it. Go, enjoy life. Stop messing around doing this boring shit you do. Do something actually fun. 22:34, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

A message
Hi lion master, today I remembered that I haven’t run the bot in quite a while, so I decided to run it again, and this just happened to be after you added a new book to the list. This was a nice coincidence, just thought I would inform you about it. -Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava (discuss • contribs) 10:11, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Yea, things like that do sometimes happen. I'm trying to see if something similar happened to me in the past. Can't think of any though. 11:35, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Can't think of any. But I remembered this funny thing: Someone said "it doesnt look right on the left", and somebody else replied with "of course not, it looks left on the left". Then this random guy makes a massivly longer version of that, that i am absolutely not writing the whole thing. 11:49, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Next time you add a book to the list, it’s recommended to send a message to my talk page (which currently doesn’t exist). -Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava (discuss • contribs) 18:35, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Will do, thanks. 07:43, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

ping test 08:11, 17 October 2023 (UTC) ping test 2 08:16, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Im 18 now!!
Meaning I won't be 17 anymore! — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 08:53, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Congrats! Hope you enjoyed your 18th. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 18:12, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yep, it was great. Sorry my reply is late. — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 22:19, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:L10nM4st3r


text:
User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1

From the sandbox
Before you read on, consider if it is appropriate to read jokes that are so funny that im gonna die if I don't stop reading!

Stop now or forever laugh until you die laughing!

Never say always, always say never.

This lion randomly thought this up. You may vandalize this page as much as you like.

Just try to keep the jokes here, OK?

 * This meaning "keep the vandalism here"

Fine art: (x-x)

Even finer: xD

That is so good I should be a gajilionair! (that is 100000000000000000000000000£)

If only :P!

THERE I GO AGAIN!

Wait, why am I now getting hundreds messages that 10000000000£ was transferred to my banck account!?

And the story goes that two letters on the keyboard and mr. lionmaster got super rich in seconds! The wikimedia foundation was donated so much money that he didn't need that they forgot their one true purpose. To improve the wikis! So they hired people like us to do so for them! And that is exactly what is going on now! It has been like this since 2004. And now the secret is known to ALL!

Wait, I born after 2004, so who is this other lionmaster!?

Top records of survival! (The longer until you die, the better. -1 if you cant even reach the end. When you die, come back as a zombie and place your record below.) If you don't die, put in "failed to die". But that should only happen when you are certain to never die.
 * Put your record below!

If you died of anything other than laughter (such as a knife, bullet, poison, or just plain old old age), you are instantly disqualified.
 * 1) L10nM4st3r: 0.009 milliseconds: The champion of humanity!

 * Perhaps I got just a little carried away... L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 20:46, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

The poem of the sandbox
Tomorrow is history, yesterday is a mystery

Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery

The future is history, today is a mystery, the past is a gift and thats why it's called the "present"

More sandbox fun!
Did You Know Is Dumb

The Main Page will automatically be deleted in 2 years, 162 days.

 * That may, sadly, not be possible. And actually, it's not that sad.

From Talk:Minecraft/Planks

 * Making This Page Better (Also A Step To Step Guide To Ripping Off Minecraft).

I have No idea what to type. I just needed to start the talk page( or i guess create it). 66.223.205.161 (discuss) 21:04, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

From Clown
Naqi is a expample of a clown he is currently reciding in romania and has been on the lookout from his friends after he nutted in 5 diffrent  MEN and is kinda gay

From User talk:Whiteknight

 * Random comments nobody has replied to.

are there really aliens that exist in this world
 * to the wiki books sex talk

 * Thanks! (and a couple questions)

Thanks for the info about printable books and locking pages from edits. You are a lifesaver, and I really appreciate all your patience as we all try to ride the learning curve.

Last year, I thought about trying to be an admin, but I stopped short because I wondered how it would look for me to volunteer for a site I researched so much. Do you have any thoughts on that? Girl never  give up  on  something okay  and  I was thinking  about  our  relationship   can  we  be friends  by the way  my  name  is kitty  what  is  your  name

Finally, I was wondering if you'd be willing to post some more rating buttons in our third edition's [[Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Edition 3/Assessment Table ofContents
 * Instructional Assessment section]]. We have posted the first one on A1.1.1, and this rating button is number 271.  As a reminder, the complete rating button looks like this:

 * Like WHAT?

 * EXIT TICKET

HI MY NAME IS JARON ROBERTSON AND I'M HERE FOR LEARNING HOW THINGS ARE WORKING.

I love this  subject  so  o o much  how  about  you 🌄 41.77.91.202 (discuss) 17:50, 8 June 2022 (UTC)social studies  is about  life  what  do  you  think about  it
 * Social studies

The sandbox that never empties :)

 * See this edit.

From Heat wave

 * The edit was since deleted. It was rather funny though. I don't remember the whole edit though.

I can't sleep so I'm gonna vandalize the article on heat waves instead.

[.......]

Heat waves damage unprepared machines by melting them. Wikipedia is also damaged, but the damage is not caused directly by damaging machines, but by humans who vandalize it.

Adventist youth honors/Amphibians

 * In "how amphibians protect themselves"

Salamanders can also detach their eyes and put it in their mouthes so it looks like an animal attacked them so predators wont eat them.

Adventist youth answers book/Arts and craft/Origami
No
 * (The edit summary read "Yes")

Open broadcasting software/Printable version
Print all documents, computer and non computers as backup, thank you.

From Becoming a medical doctor/What becoming a medical doctor takes
Becoming a medical doctor

Somebody has a wikipedia insandity!

 * Some IP posted this on the wikipedia sandbox

The alphabed:

Information that can be modified

Remember that exact order or the whole wikiworld will crumble as the wikiletters will have no proper wikisleep and the wikiworld is made of wikiletters so it will fall apart. We are made of wikiletters, so we will fall apart. ect ect.

Peter Parker's essay is done. Where is it? You just read it.

Oh, I is Spider man. I know Steven Strange made everybody forget who I am, but I am Speder man.

 * On the talk page:

I am Spider man Peter Parker (talk)
 * I am Spider man
 * Yes I am, my wikiwebs will save wikipedia.
 * You mean the guy who killed mysterio? L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 17:18, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I mean no. He was putting Wikilondon in danger. I HATE LIONS, THEY SUCK!

 * And the edit summary for that last edit was "Fuck lionsmaster"

Like a computer
My life just like a computer!

 * And the edit summary read "Yay yay yay!!!".

From Faqja Kryesore

 * 001 Gabim njerëzor

Wikibooks shqip.

From Wikibooks:BJ
Once I was very mean to people but now am very kind my mother told me it will not get me anywhere.be kind 2020/11/15 november writer *NAME REMOVED*

Random bad jokes, put here so they are in one place

 * Copied from Wb:Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense:

From Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Home Coming
Hey this is K.C. from CV gimme an IV of straight coffee and some greens to keep me from goin' crazy, pickin' up this shit all day man my backs 'bout to break me. my friends all think I'm whack when I tell them I'm 'bout to slang some bags filled with this kid's crap. these hippies all want to hit me up for some acid as soon as I try to pass this plastic to them while they're sitting in their cars at the gate waitin' to get in 'cuz they're already late and the best bet to catch the next set would be to hop the fence but then you can guess what happens next. you find yourself at a show called casemaker that infiltrated by all these mutherfuckin fakers the next thing you know you're catchin all these headachs they took your mary jane so you can't stop the achin but whether or not it's bank i'm makin it's hot i'll be there rockin the spot pickin all the rottin shit up, i know you may never touch a maggot in your life but to me it matters i know that it ain't right for you to leave this place with your junk in my face so just bag it, the earth can't handle it the rest of us can't stomach and stand for it. so get up off your ass and pick up all your trash i know that you cats aren't used to all of that but it's what got to happen if you want to fit 6 billion people on this planet but don't fret when i'm out there working a sweat placin a bet on who picks up the next poopy tent cuz nothin excites hypes or sikes me more then seein my own human race disgraced an unnatural form.

From Lothlorien History: Fall 1990 - Summer 1995
July through November 1994: Eric Ongerth needs a place to live after graduating and moving out of room 207. He awakes one summer night with a feverish, chocolate-powered dream of how to suspend a home in the redwood tree. Soon a one-room cabin begins to take shape in the tree right across from the third flor of North House. Working on it six days a week, Eric soon has a place to stay, and lives out a most beautiful year among the birds and squirrels, waking every day to brilliant sunlight, wooden beams, and the grind of traffic at the Prospect/Channing intersection.

By 1995 the treehouse grows infamous within the coop system and those members of other houses who eat the most granola and spend the most time drumming in the forest come and visit. Central maintenance personnel do their best to pretend it doesn't exist. The Daily Cal places the treehouse #1 on a list of "best places for a date".

From Wikiversity:Decision Science
To make decisions, you need to be very smart and think ahead...no, wait....
 * "Wait.." what?

From Enriquesjokes
Enrique's joke consist of a simple formula. Simply take a racist term, add a profane word, and follow it by some form of excrement. (ie; Wop's like to fuck crap). If this fails, then shout a string of obscenities, grab your penis, or pretend to hump something invisible.

From Of Mice and Men
One of the most respected ranch workers, with strong leadership skills. MOOOOOOOOO!
 * Slim

From Getting a date/Cautionary note
Getting a date, or worse yet, falling in love, can change the way you see the whole world. You may never be able to go back to the way you saw it before. You may even skip against your will, in public, where others can see you. Don't say you weren't warned.

Excerpt from Wikijunior Languages/Galactic Basic
Galactic Basic uses the "Aurabesh" script of writing. The Aurabesh look very different from standard English letters, but they still sound exactly like English letters. ... In real life, this language is English, but in the fictional Star Wars world, billions of people speak Galactic Basic, which is commonly called "Basic". ... Galactic Basic is spoken just like English. In fact, speaking English is virtually speaking Basic! So any English words you know are also part of Galactic Basic.

The only difference is that they are written in the Aurabesh script.

From Adventist youth honors anser book/nature/poultry
Black and brown and a hint of green on the tail

You know you had too many salted peanuts when...
You need two poos in one day

You have a tummy ache

Your bag of salted peanuts are empty within hours of opening them

You only eat half of your dinner saying "I'm full", despite apparently being really hungry bafore lunch, until your mom comes upstairs with a bag of salted peanuts and your lunch

You want more

You are bankrupt from buying enough salted peanuts for a life time, and eating them all in a month

 * I came up with that. I just HAD to put it somewhere, so I put it here. I scored 5/6! L10nM4st3r / Roar at me 18:19, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

From Talk:A-level English/A Choice of Christina Rosetti's Verse
Yes Maybe Yes

English
Nothing Snecipho (discuss • contribs) 20:00, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The edit summary was "they asked me questions"

What To Look For In Bathroom Vanity Lighting
Bathroom vanity lighting is one of those things that can make or break your bathroom. If you're looking to give your bathroom a fresh look, you must choose the right lighting fixtures and finishes to fit your style. Here are some tips on how to find the best bathroom vanity lighting options:

First, look up the zone.
The first step to finding the best bathroom vanities lighting is to look up the zone. What is a zone? Zone light refers to how much natural or artificial light there is in an area, while lumens are measured by their intensity and quantity of visible light. A bathroom with two zones will be brighter than one with only one zone—but it's also more expensive because you'll need more powerful bulbs than those used in other rooms (and they don't necessarily last as long).

Why do you need to know your room's zone? To see if your existing lamps are adequate for your needs! If they aren't doing enough good work on their own, it might be time for an upgrade before moving forward with other changes like installing new vanity tops or adding more mirrors.

Second, consider how you use your space.
The second thing to consider is how you use your space. Do you have a small dressing area, or do you like to use it as a vanity? Are there other people in the house who need access to the bathroom for various tasks such as changing their clothes and brushing their teeth? If so, ensure this is reflected in your lighting options.

If your chosen vanity light is too bright for those tasks (or anyone else), it may not be ideal for those users—and should be swapped out for something more suitable.

Third, know your bulbs.
The next step is to figure out what type of bulb you want. You can use any of the following:

 * LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are the most energy-efficient option and usually come in various shapes, like bulbs or strips. They are also easily controlled through an app on your smartphone.
 * CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) work well for small spaces because they're inexpensive and easy to set up, but they have a short lifespan, so you'll need new ones every few years or so—and they cost more than incandescent bulbs do.
 * Incandescent bulbs aren't ideal for bathrooms because they don't last very long at all; it's best to replace them as soon as possible after switching over from incandescents into LEDs or even CFLs if you're planning on keeping your vanity lights in good shape for many years down the road!

Fourth, choose a fixture that fits your space.

 * Choose a fixture that fits your space.
 * Choose a fixture that fits your style.
 * Choose a fixture that fits your budget.
 * Choose a fixture that fits your needs, and then, if possible, choose something that's even more affordable by looking at lighting fixtures in the store or online before buying them from an installer.

Fifth, select a finish.
Now that you know what to look for in a bathroom vanity light, it's time to choose the finish. This is where you'll have to make some decisions based on your budget and aesthetic preferences. If cost is not an issue, go for an oil-rubbed bronze or gold-leafed shade; these classic finishes look great no matter how big or small your space is. However, if money is tight or you're looking for something more unique (like this beautiful gray marble option), don't despair! There are plenty of other options available at most hardware stores and online retailers like Amazon Prime Pantry—make sure they match together well before purchasing them all at once, so they don't clash with each other later down the road when installing them into your vanities themselves!

Sixth, make it easy for yourself and search for "bathroom vanity lighting" on Wayfair or Houzz to see what fits your style and budget.
Now that you've got the basics, it's time to look for bathroom vanity lighting. You can do this by simply searching Wayfair or Houzz. These sites have tons of products that will fit your style and budget. They also show what other people have bought, which means they list all of the reviews people leave on each product (which are often very helpful). Finally, Wayfair lets you compare products side-by-side, so it's easy to see what works best for your situation.

Suppose all else fails, but you still want an idea of what would work best for your space. In that case, I suggest reaching out directly to companies who make these types of lights—they'll be able to give more specific recommendations based on their experience with making this type of fixture in general.

Takeaway: There are so many great options for bathroom vanity lighting!
There are so many great options when it comes to bathroom vanity lighting!

 * Wayfair and Houzz are two great resources for finding bathroom vanity lighting. They're both easy to use, have many different styles, and offer plenty of deals on top brands.
 * Bathroom vanities can make or break a space's mood, so there is no excuse not to invest in quality lighting that will add character and style to your home. If you don't want to spend too much money on this project (or if you're looking for something fun), we've got some tips about how best to find the right type of lighting for your needs:

Conclusion
We hope this post has helped you find the proper bathroom vanity lighting for your home. If you're still unsure where to start, check out our other guides on choosing a bathroom sink and shower head! SophiaParker2222 (discuss • contribs) 08:22, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

From the Wikipedia sandbox
I am the best editor hahaha
 * You sure, IP? Try this, this and this!.

title: User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1


text:
User talk:8.37.93.6

--Xania   talk 01:23, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:8.37.93.6


text:
MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Special Matrices

Matrix of ones
We can create matrix consists using the functions ones with m numbers of rows and n numbers of columns

Matrix of zeroes
We can create matrix consists using the functions zeros with m numbers of rows and n numbers of columns

Identity Matrices
An identity matrix is a square matrix in which each of the elements of its diagonal is a 1 and each of the other elements is a 0. An identity matrix is used for following purposes: (a) To verify whether any two given matrices are inverses of each other. A and B in examples below are inverse to one another (b) To find the inverse of a matrix Note 1: Not every inverse matrix can use have identity matrix Note 2: Command "eye(n)" can be used to create identity matrix in a flash, n is the size of matrix

(c) To find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalue is defined as a scalar associated with a given linear transformation of a vector space and having the property that there is some non-zero vector which when multiplied by the scalar is equal to the vector obtained by letting the transformation operate on the vector.

Let say we have a matrix A as followed:

$$\mathbf{A} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 4 \\ 3 & 2 \\ \end{bmatrix}.$$

To find lambda, we need to know the equation for finding eigenvalue with following formula : $$ | A-\lambda I | = 0 $$ But MATLAB provided a simple way to find eigenvalue using command "eig"

Magic Square Matrices
A magic square is basically where the sum of the elements in each column and the sum of the elements in each row are the same and there are no repeating numbers. We can create a magic square use this command M=magic(n). The order n must be a scalar greater than or equal to 3 in order to create a valid magic square.

For more info, can refer to this well written Wikibooks on this topic: Puzzles/Luoshu Squares

For example, we can create a magic square with matrices 5 by 5


text:
Guide to Unix/Variants

There are many variants of Unix, both commercial and free/open-source (FOSS). Some of the most widely deployed variants are Linux, on the server side, and macOS (formerly Mac OS X), on the desktop side. Android has a Linux kernel and is a widely used mobile operating system, yet far from being a full Unix variant for its lack of command-line utilities and other features. MINIX is a variant that is running internally in Intel chipsets post-2015.

Standardization efforts resulted in creation of POSIX and Single Unix Specification (SUS) standards to ensure minimum interoperability between variants, but only a handful of Unix variants are currently registered as fully complying, and indeed, many variants including Linux variants are not fully complying with SUS.

As for trademarks, UNIX (so capitalized) is a trademark of The Open Group, a consortium of companies that publishes the SUS that forms a basis for certification. Only variants licensed by The Open Group to use the trademark are allowed to use it. Historically, the lack of availability of licensing the trademark is what contributed to the proliferation of different names of Unix variants. POSIX is a trademark of the IEEE.

This wikibook has stub pages for ../Linux/ and ../BSD/.

Links:
 * , wikipedia.org
 * , wikipedia.org
 * , wikipedia.org
 * , wikipedia.org
 * , wikipedia.org
 * UNIX® Trademark Usage, unix.org
 * , wikipedia.org
 * About Us, opengroup.org

title: Guide to Unix/Variants


text: Minecraft/Turtle

title: Minecraft/Turtle


text:
Cookbook talk:Chocolate Chip Cookies II

Size
2" balls make rather large cookies and this recipe is not chewy so the center may be too soft. Consider making 2 sheets' worth of 1.5" balls for a more even bake. Nuez (discuss • contribs) 08:35, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Chocolate Chip Cookies II


text:
User talk:103.172.252.77

JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 10:10, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:103.172.252.77


text:
User talk:217.180.33.4

--Xania   talk 10:30, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:217.180.33.4


text:
User:Arcrangel69

Global Network

title: User:Arcrangel69


text:
Turkish/Accusative

The Accusative case is used to mark the object of a transative verb. Normally, English uses word order for this purpose.

 * I'll clean the table right now.

In Turkish, the Accusative case is used for this instead. This allows the word order to be used for other purposes, such as to indicate stress.

 * Şimdi masayı temizleyeceğim.
 * Masayı şimdi temizleyeceğim.

This also allows us to express the distinction between definite and indefinite nouns in the object position, compensating for the lack of the article the.

 * Sana oyunu aldım. I bought you the game.
 * Sana oyun aldım. I bought you a game.

Formation
The accusative case ending is -(y)ı, with respect to 4-way vowel harmony. When the noun stem ends in a vowel, the buffer consonant y is normally used.

An exception to this are the demonstrative pronouns, which take n instead.

Combining with other endings
Case endings normally come after the possessive endings, as well as the plural ending. Special care must be taken to not confuse the accusative ending -(y)ı with the possessive ending -(s)ı, which look different after vowels, but become the same after consonants.

 * Beyoğlu'nu
 * Gece lambasını
 * Annenin parasını

This creates ambiguity between second and third persons when the pronoun is dropped.

 * Senin işini
 * Onun işini

Usage
As stated in the introduction, the accusative is used to mark the object of transative verbs. While not all verbs use accusative in the object, most verbs do.

 * Ahmet ödevini yaptı.
 * Zehra masayı temizliyor.

When the object is directly located before the verb, the accusative is used to distinguish definite nouns from indefinite ones.

 * Pasta aldım. I bought a cake
 * Pastayı aldım. I bought the cake.

Some adjectives make nouns mandatorily definite or indefinite. For example, after numerals and indefinite quantifiers (like birçok, azıcık etc.), the accusative ending is dropped.

 * Bir pasta aldım.
 * Birçok kalem aldım.
 * Azıcık süt aldım.

On the other hand, after demonstratives (o, bu and şu), possessives and definite quantifiers (like her, tüm etc.), the accusative ending is mandatorily retained.

 * Bisikletimi aldım.
 * Bu bisikleti aldım.
 * Tüm bisikletleri aldım.

When a noun has a possessive ending, the accusative ending is retained even in the presence of an indefinite adjective.

 * Bir kalemini aldım.
 * Birkaç kalemini aldım.

Word order
However, when the object is not directly located before the verb, this distinction is lost, and all objects are necessarily declined in the accusative.

 * Bir kalemi sana aldım. (Not "Bir kalem sana aldım.")
 * Azıcık sütü bakkaldan aldım. (Not "Azıcık süt bakkaldan aldım")

Because of this, while indefinite objects tend to stay immidiately before the verb, definite objects come before adverbials, postpositional clauses and oblique objects (objects declined in cases other than accusative). Any deviation from this order is only used for stressing purposes. So, the following sentences are unstressed:

 * Mektubu sana yazdım. I wrote the letter for you
 * Sana mektup yazdım. I wrote you a letter.

title: Turkish/Accusative


text:
Cookbook talk:Mincemeat

Discussion
In 1880 when Bess Storm's mother, Anna Frances Lynch, packed her little, brown-paper covered trunk for the trip from Boston to Iowa, she slipped in a small applewood box. In the box she had put a few pieces of jewelry and a few of her favorite recipes, including this one for mincemeat that had been in her family for as long as anyone could remember.

Anna said that her grandmother, a devout temperance worker, took out the brandy and substituted vinegar and coffee, a combination that gives this recipe a distinct taste of its own.

This recipe has been a favorite family tradition for well over 100 years. If there exists a better mincemeat, we have yet to find it. What makes it special? Maybe the brandy. Maybe the coffee. (Recent generations have substituted dried coffee to hold down the excess liquid and shorten cooking time.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frankatca (talk • contribs) 21:06, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Mincemeat


text:
William Shakespeare's Works/Sonnets/Sonnets 1-10

Love is the key to happiness


text:
The Voynich Manuscript/Alisa Gladyseva

Alisa Gladyseva recently claims to have deciphered the whole manuscript, as "written in medieval Galician (Galician-Portuguese) and its dialect, using the Latin, old-French, and old Catalan names of flowers". According to the results of Alisa Gladyseva: the Voynich manuscript was written in medieval Galician (Galician-Portuguese). Its coding algorithm was influenced by the substitution cipher of using a polyalphabetic cipher for the most part of its text, as well as it was definitely influenced by transposition cipher for double ciphered alchemical text. The very key to a decipherment of the Voynich Manuscript was a plant Lavandula. Analyzing the text of the Voynich Manuscript was found paleography of its characters:‘L’ ‘A’ ‘V’ ‘A’ N’ ‘D’. It was made possible to the conception of decipherment: to find out the whole alphabet, with the help of other names of plants. Ability to analyze text of the Voynich Manuscript to recognize which information was relevant (in this case names of plants), made possible to determine at what point there was sufficient information to solve decipherment. There are only a few flowers that have its Latin names in the Voynich Manuscript, for e.g. ‘Capsella bursa-pastoris’ (other names of plants carry culture-specific ethnobotanical vernacular meanings). Detailed analytic studies the paleography of its characters was made possible to definite the letters ‘B’ “U’ ‘R’ ‘S’ ‘P’ ‘S’ ‘T’ for further successful accessible reading of the whole Voynich Manuscript text. The whole alphabet of the Voynich manuscript is deciphered as well as the whole text of the Voynich manuscript. [DECIPHERING THE WHOLE TEXT OF THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT BY ALISA GLADYŠEVA. The linguistic basis of the text, index and analysis. Edition: THE 1ST Publisher: ALISA GLADYŠEVA GGISBN: ISBN: 978-609-475-419-7]

title: The Voynich Manuscript/Alisa Gladyseva


text:
Guide to the Godot game engine/Plugins/Making your first plugin

Making your first plugin
So now you know how to make a simple plugin, how can you make a helpful one?
 * /Bottom panels/
 * /Docks/
 * /Menus/
 * /Gizmos/
 * /Settings/