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Cookbook:Bint as-Saḥn (Yemenite Layered Pastry)

Bint al-sahn (Arabic: بنت الصحن), or Sabayah, is a layered pastry traditionally made in Yemen, and now popular in other regions. The procedure takes a long time.

Ingredients

 * 1 tsp dried yeast
 * 3 cups lukewarm water
 * ¼ cups warm milk
 * 1 tbsp salt
 * 1 tbsp granulated sugar
 * 2 tbsp vegetable oil
 * 2 eggs
 * 6 cups white all-purpose flour
 * 2 cups semolina flour
 * ½ cup warm margarine (or melted butter)
 * 2 tbsp black cumin (Nigella sativa)
 * Sesame seeds (optional)
 * Crushed almonds
 * Crushed pistachios

Procedure

 * 1) Combine the yeast and warm water. Stir in the warm milk.
 * 2) Stir the salt, sugar, vegetable oil, and eggs into the yeast mixture.
 * 3) Mix the flour and semolina into the above mixture. Knead well to make a dough.
 * 4) Cover dough and let it sit until dough rises.
 * 5) Divide the dough into pieces the size of your hand, and transfer to a flour-dusted surface to prevent sticking.
 * 6) Work each dough ball, stretching and folding the dough over itself multiple times. This stretching and folding process helps produce an airy and light-textured dough.
 * 7) Let dough balls rest for 10–15 minutes.
 * 8) Prepare a flat working surface by rubbing it with some margarine. Roll out one piece of dough into a very thin round.
 * 9) Brush the dough round with margarine, then lightly sprinkle with crushed almonds, pistachios, black cumin, and sesame seeds.
 * 10) Roll another piece of dough into a thin round. Stack on top of the first round, then brush with margarine and sprinkle with more almonds, pistachios, etc. Repeat this step, stacking the rounds, until all the dough is used up.
 * 11) Bake the stacked dough in oven. Serve with honey.


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Template talk:End-user Computer Security/Upvote downvote section links

Wish list
Would be good if all the up-votes and down-votes were placed under a collapsed collapsible interface block within a section dedicated to such recording.

Also would be good to increase and decrease vote counts automatically at the point where users up-vote and down-vote. This is likely possible by using some clever Wiki-text transclusion to retrieve the vote counts before performing increments or decrements on them. But there could be concurrent-updating conflicts (classic problem in concurrent programming). Instead, it might be better to have a table with counted votes, where the counting takes place each time a user views the table.

Either through transclusion at the point of table viewing, or 'smart' documenting of votes at the point of voting, a table summarising the votes can be created and updated. Being able to interactively change the sort order on the table (which seems easy to implement) will likely be a useful feature. Also, because user IDs will likely be recorded in each vote, information on the reputations of users can also be usefully displayed in the table. A reputation metric can perhaps be computed for each user based on the number and type of their contributions as well as on how long they have been a user.

By judicious use of colours, icons, and visual positioning, the table can be made more effective.

Up-voting and down-voting doesn't yet record the page version number to which an up-vote and down-vote corresponds. Whilst this can likely be figured out using programming through examination of the times of each vote, such programming could be quite difficult to implement. Probably better to record the version number at the point of voting. --MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 14:05, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

User Mrjulesd has suggested that the Wikimedia-Commons-referenced SVG icons be changed as there appears to be something wrong with them. Might be worthwhile doing this.

--MarkJFernandes (discuss • contribs) 11:01, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Sustainability and Sense of Place in the Sonoran Desert

Main Page =Developing a Sense of Place= The term “sense of place” has been used in many ways. Probably its main usage over the past century has been in the field of literature, as a judgement of how central the geographical location of a work is to the meaning of that work, or of how strongly the artist’s sensory descriptions render an emotional response to the setting.

A rapidly growing usage, however, is in the contemporary environmental movement – as a reference to the degree of one’s connection to or one’s appreciation for one’s immediate natural surroundings. This sentiment is expressed in as many different ways as there are believers – “love of the Earth,” “oneness with Nature,” “healthy ecosystems,” and so on and on. But the basic idea is that, if we can come to see ourselves as part of our environment rather than separate from it, we might have a chance to find a sustainable balance for backing away from global environmental collapse.

Probably, achieving such an outlook would mean turning away from the Western Industrial model of civilization that now thoroughly dominates the planet and toward a more holistic, relationship with nature, perhaps even recapturing some of the insights of primitive and indigenous peoples.

Education has the role of offering us access to information and of preparing us for future activities in society. Extending over those specific uses, however, is developing the essential habits of mind – creativity and critical thinking – as well as the sacred responsibility of finding our true place in universe. That is where a Sense of Place comes in.

=Arizona Western College’s Honors Colloquium, 2020 & 2021:= For two consecutive years, this special-topics course at Arizona Western College has sought to access knowledge from all relevant fields of study, focused primarily on the Sonoran Desert bioregion – of which Yuma and the nearby mouth of the Colorado River are located very neat the epicenter. The intention has been for the resulting comprehensive awareness to serve as a microcosm for understanding the complex interrelationship between human culture and its natural surroundings, with an eye toward finding a workable paradigm for addressing a growing environmental crisis. In the process, it has critiqued the traditional stratification of academic disciplines as an obstacle to an integrated understanding of the place of humans, individually and as a species, within the broadest systems of the biosphere.

The course has included components in the biological and physical sciences, beginning with a survey of the role of geography and climate in the continual reshaping of the landscape. It also has included an examination of the symbiotic and dynamic relationship among the species of fauna and flora in this exceptionally diverse bioregion.

The course also has studied the impact of human habitation in the region and analyzed the evolving perception of the region in popular culture – art, literature, cinema, folklore, and so on. It also has considered the role of cultural institutions – political, legal, economic, religious – in determining decisions related to such issues as land use, water allocation, and environmental regulations. And it has investigated the origins of human attitudes toward the physical environment, wilderness landscapes, the American West, and the Sonoran Desert in particular.

Course activities have rotated among guided class discussion, guest appearances by disciplinary and professional experts, direct sensory experience of local locations, and student-driven projects. This book is the story of the journey undertaken together by the students and the instructors – a journey that was suddenly reoriented from the traditional classroom to an all-online (Zoom & Canvas) format by the Coronavirus pandemic.

Site Structure:

Like the college course upon which it is based, this Wikibook is organized essentially in two parts. The first, theoretical, portion – labeled INTERACTIONS – is broken down by the academic components (Biodiversity, Geology, Water Use, Public Policy, and so on). For this portion, the students “interacted” with two types of sources – established authors through excerpts from their seminal writings, and local professionals who have devoted their lives to sharing their knowledge of some aspect of the Sonoran Desert. Some of these guest lecturers visited us in the virtual classroom while others led a field trip off site.

The second major section of the Book – labeled LOCATIONS – represents the actual application of the more theoretical background supplied earlier. For this portion of the course, the students created a collaborative Project that included this Wikibook. The other part of the Project was to break into three teams, each creating a Google Tour/Voyage based on the subregions of the Sonoran Desert:

=INTERACTIONS - Key Readings & Local Luminaries= For the readings, students interacted in a robust online Discussion Board, each beginning a new thread that addressed a series of prompts about the material, then reading and responding to each other’s postings over the course of a week. For the guest lecturers, they kept a Journal describing the activity and offering reflections upon their significance.

This section of our Book contains a page for each of the seven major course Components, with subsections for each of the related readings and guest lecturers. The Discussion prompts are reproduced at the top of their respective subsections, followed by selected passages from among the students’ postings. For the classroom visits / field trips, the ensuing selections from the students’ Journals are divided between objective observations (Description) and critical analysis (Reflections).

Component One - Sense of Place

Component Two - Biodiversity

Component Three - Geology/Climate

Component Four - Water

Component Five - Human Ecology & Conservation

Component Six - Resource Use & Policy

Component Seven - History & Culture

=LOCATIONS - Subregions of the Sonoran Desert= For two consecutive years, the Honors Colloquium group at Arizona Western College conducted an examination of selected locations across the 6 commonly accepted subregions of the Sonoran Desert. The overall goal of the two groups was similar, but the varying results reflect the unique personalities of the contributors. In addition, there were significant differences in methodology, with the 2020 group emphasizing breadth and the 2021 group emphasizing depth. Also, the 2021 group results distinguish between all 6 subregions while 2020 group collapsed some subregions under broader headings.

2021
Each location was chosen as an exemplum of one of 4 broad areas of inquiry – Biodiversity, Geology/Climate, Land & Water Use, and History/Culture. The overall question that runs through all 4 of these themes, however, concerns the human impact upon the natural environment, and the consistent attempt is made to identify imminent threats as well as opportunities for addressing those threats.

Each of the 6 pages begins with an overview of the subregion, including a mention of what factors distinguish that subregion from the others within the Sonoran Desert.

Lower Colorado River Valley

Arizona Uplands

Plains of Sonora

Central Gulf Coast

Vizcaino

Magdalena

2020
Each subregion contains an overview of the biodiversity, geology, climate, water, and land use that is unique to the respective subregion. To begin, each student chose one animal species and one plant species to guide an investigation between biodiversity and ecosystem services. The species was selected based on ecological and/or cultural significance. The relationship between the sustainability of human populations and the conservation status of the plant species and of the animal species is explored. The exploration focuses on the overlap between the habitat requirements of the plant and animal species, and the ecosystem services that those habitats provide.

Each subregion contains a description of the geologic origin and character of the area and the cultural use of minerals (such as mining). An overview of the climate is provided with respect to the geological landforms, which together result in the biotic zones (life zones) that occur in the area. Within this landscape setting we examine the link between water use and land use.

Through all of this emerges some common themes uniting the sustainability of human societies and the conservation of biodiversity. The unique characteristics of the biogregion impart unique opportunities for the sustainability of human societies in the area. They also impart unique threats. We close each subregion with an overview of these opportunities and threats.

Arizona Uplands & Plains of Sonora

Lower Colorado River

Baja Peninsula & Sea of Cortez

Each of these tours identified roughly 20 locations within their third of the larger bioregion and researched those locations according to the broad categories of Biodiversity, Geology/Climate, Land & Water Use, and Threats & Opportunities. They loaded this information into the application along with effective multimedia components.

=Video Overviews=

2021
⇒ YouTube.

⇒ YouTube.

⇒ YouTube.

2020
⇒ YouTube.

⇒ YouTube.

⇒ YouTube.

=Map Voyages=

2021
]  ⇒ Arizona Uplands & Plains of Sonora

]  ⇒ Lower Colorado River Valley

]  ⇒ Vizcaino, Magdealana & Central Gulf Coast

2020
]  ⇒ Arizona Uplands & Plains of Sonora

]  ⇒ Lower Colorado River

]  ⇒ Baja Peninsula & Sea of Cortez


text:
Talk:Sustainability and Sense of Place in the Sonoran Desert

This book aims to record a process for discovering sense of place.

This book is a class project for the Honors Colloquium at Arizona Western College.

Students have developed the core content of their sections on their sandboxes and will be transferring their work into this book.

We are all new to wikibooks and appreciate any help!

Class teams:

Arizona Uplands and the Plains of the Sonora
 * User:Lee_yun_betty
 * User:Ggt8
 * User:Mcb117
 * User:Kem25
 * User:Cinndeee

Baja and Gulf of California
 * User:Mfcmloks53
 * User:Fadedglint
 * User:Brs57
 * User:vtrigueros

Lower Colorado River
 * User:Ndressler23
 * User:Aileenzr
 * User:NenChamploo
 * User:Oyg20

Our aim is to arrive at a sense of place, to describe what we have discovered, and to provide a reference or landing pad for similar work. Atlas.Spheres (discuss • contribs) 21:36, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Addition of class project, 2021
We are currently building into the book a second round of work from the 2021 Honors Colloquium at Arizona Western College.

Class Teams:

Arizona Uplands & plains of Sonora
 * User:C.Marla
 * User:Jesus_LunaR
 * User:M.d.c.perez

Vizcaino, Magdalena, & Gulf Coast
 * User:Gloriag05
 * User:SSalvadorV
 * User:BrittanyTH

Lower Colorado River Valley
 * User:EmSkib
 * User:SalazarNadia
 * User:Justine027
 * User:FatimaNCova

Atlas.Spheres (discuss • contribs) 18:33, 4 May 2021 (UTC)


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Professionalism/Sign Stealing in Major League Baseball

Background
A sign in baseball is a cue that is relayed from one member of a team to another, usually to coordinate strategy. Sign stealing is a term used to describe when a team attempts to understand a competitor’s signs in order to gain an advantage. Sign stealing itself is not against the rules of Major League Baseball. It has even been acknowledged as “part of the game” and an enjoyable aspect of baseball. Over the course of professional baseball’s existence, however, rules regarding sign stealing aided by technology have been put in place in response to various sign stealing scandals. In the early 2000s, Major League Baseball sent out a memo reminding teams of the limitations on use of electronic equipment during games; the memo specifically mentioned that using electronic equipment for sign stealing is prohibited.

One of the earliest cases of technology aided sign stealing was carried out by the Phillies during the 1899-1900 season; the team used a buzzer system to notify batters of upcoming pitches. Another notable case occurred about 60 years later when teams were accused of using cameras in centerfield to steal signs; the teams stopped using these cameras when discovered. In the 1980s, a team was known to use a light in its scoreboard to indicate upcoming pitch type to its batters. Punishments for electronically aided sign stealing have been a bit inconsistent over the years; more recent cases have resulted in fines and suspensions.

Teams are cautious and try to make sign stealing difficult, but competitors may still attempt to steal signs and take on the risks it presents. The motive for sign stealing is usually competitive advantage. Major League Baseball’s better performing players tend to earn more money and gain more recognition than others; top earners have signed contracts worth over one hundred million dollars. Furthermore, teams that compete in the postseason are rewarded a portion of the revenue it earns; better teams earn larger portions. Teams often divide their revenue among players and coaches, but other staff may receive bonuses as well. While the competitive advantage brought about by sign stealing can have a huge upside for teams and their players, it comes at a cost to opposing players. Opposing players’ talent levels may not be perceived to be as high as they truly are, which could diminish these players’ careers. So, sign stealing can be a source of controversy, especially when aided by technology.

The Houston Astros Sign Stealing Scandal
Sign stealing has recently been thrust into the national spotlight with the Houston Astros Scandal. The Astros have been one of the most successful MLB teams in the past decade, with a World Series Championship in 2017 and another World Series appearance in 2019.

Initial Accusations and MLB Investigation
On November 12, 2019, former Houston Astros Pitcher Mike Fiers told the Athletic that the Astros used center field cameras to steal signs during their 2017 World Series Championship season. He noted that his goal in coming forward was to “clean up the game”, as pitchers across the league are “losing their jobs because they are going in there not knowing” As a result of Fiers’ comments, the MLB launched an investigation of the Astros, where they found the Astros guilty of using two different forms of sign stealing. During their 2017 playoff run, the astros installed a monitor just outside the dugout that streamed live footage from their centerfield camera, which they used to steal signs between the opposing catcher and pitcher. Astros’ players and coaches in the dugout then used a coded “trash can banging system” to alert the batter what pitch was coming next. The report pegged former Astros Bench Coach Alex Cora and former player Carlos Beltran as the two masterminds behind the sign stealing scheme. While many players and media members have speculated about the Astros use of illegal buzzers and sign stealing during their 2019 playoff run, the MLB’s investigation found no wrongdoing outside of the 2017 season.

Response from the Astros
In the aftermath of the investigation, many Astros players released statements of apology. Perennial All Star Jose Altuve emphasized that “the whole Astros organization feels bad about what happened in 2017,” while Alex Bregman stated that he “regrets the choices made by my team, my organization, and by me”. What garnered more national attention were the comments made by Astros Owner Jim Crane. Crane opened his statement by removing all blame from the shoulders of players, pegging them instead as victims of “the failure of our leadership”. He further claimed that sign stealing “didn’t impact the game,” and that the Astros “had a good team, won the World Series, and we’ll leave it at that”.

Reactions around the MLB
Opposing players throughout the MLB used social media to express their anger with the Astros scandal. Orioles third baseman Danny Valencia used the term “Houston Asterisks” to question the validity of the Astros 2017 World Series Title, while pitcher Alex Wood said he “would rather face a player taking steroids than one who knew what pitch was coming”. Former Blue Jays Pitcher Mike Bolsinger is suing the Astros for unfair business practices, as he claims that sign stealing “changed the course of his career”. After spending years in the minor leagues, Bolsinger was finally given a chance in the majors in August of 2017, where the Astros scored four runs in just a third of an inning. Bolsinger has not pitched in the majors since. Oddsmakers in Las Vegas anticipate retaliation from pitchers across the league, as “sportsbooks put out an over/under total of 83.5 for the number of times the Astros will be hit by a pitch in 2020”. This number has only been reached five times for any team in the past decade.

Cheating Scandals in Professional Sports
Cheating scandals have been ubiquitous in professional sports since their inception. Some forms of cheating are consistent across multiple professional sports, while others are unique to individual sports. Similarly, the impact and repercussions associated with each scandal varies. The following cases are generally recognized as some of the most notable.

The Black Sox Scandal
In 1920, eight Chicago White Sox baseball players were indicted for colluding with gamblers during the 1919 World Series. The players, along with five gamblers, agreed to lose games on purpose, called ‘throwing games’, for financial gain. The so-called Black Sox Scandal of 1919 resulted in the players’ acquittal in 1921, but all eight players were banned from professional baseball that same year. Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, baseball’s first commissioner and commissioner at the time of the scandal, said “Regardless of the verdict of juries, no player that throws a ball game, no player that entertains proposals or promises to throw a game, no player that sits in a conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers where the ways and means of throwing games are discussed, and does not promptly tell his club about it, will ever again play professional baseball” [4].

Lance Armstrong Doping
In 2012, cyclist Lance Armstrong decided to stop fighting against illegal doping charges, one year before he ultimately confessed to using illegal performance-enhancing drugs. The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) ruled that Armstrong would receive a lifetime ban from professional cycling, and he would be stripped of all winnings, including seven Tour de France titles [6]. The USADA CEO at the time commented that the case was “the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen”.

New England Patriots Spygate and Deflategate
In 2007, the New England Patriots were found to have illegally videotaped opposing coaches’, starting the scandal called ‘Spygate’ [8]. The team was fined $250,000, head coach Bill Belichick was fined $500,000, and the team lost a first-round draft selection. A team of investigators also found evidence of Patriots’ illegal monitoring of many other teams up to seven seasons prior.

The team was then suspected of intentionally underinflating footballs for the 2014 AFC Championship game. Team ownership and players denied the accusations, and the evidence against the team was not strong. Nevertheless, the scandal, dubbed ‘Deflategate’, resulted in a four-game suspension of quarterback Tom Brady, a $1 million fine to the team, and the loss of multiple draft selections [9,10].

Steroid Use in the MLB
Performance enhancing drugs have been used by many MLB players to gain an advantage, and it is contended that PEDs are widely used throughout the entire league today. Players like Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Roger Clemens, Barry Bonds, and Alex Rodriguez had taken steroids throughout their illustrious careers. Though the MLB did not test players for PEDs before 2003, it is estimated that over 30% of professional players use them [12]. Players are faced with suspension and potential fines if caught taking PEDs, but many are enticed by an average increase of about $2 million in annual salary as a result of an OPS increase of about 0.100 from steroids, as one report found [13].

Effect of Technology on Cheating
Technology increases the amount of information and the speed at which information is available. While increased information availability undoubtedly leads to more efficient solutions, unclear rules of how this information can be used creates scenarios where cheating can occur. For example, before technology allowed a dugout to view close up images of a catcher and pitcher in real time, sign stealing was respected as “part of the game” of baseball. As technology increases the possible ways cheating can occur, rules must be updated to draw clear lines about how technology can and cannot be used and punishments must factor in the losses incurred by opposing players and teams.

In high schools and colleges across the country, thousands of students have benefitted from the use of study tools such as Quizlet, Chegg, and Khan Academy. Like high-tech cameras in baseball, these resources provide students new avenues to cheat where outside aid is not permitted and where such avenues may not be available to all parties. The difference between students using these resources to gain additional tips and instruction versus searching for homework solutions or online test answers is where clear rules must be illustrated to prevent technology being used in an unfair way. Similarly, questions on what is considered public information complicates what constitutes insider trading, which can lead to millions of dollars of profit at the expense of other investors. Information will only continue to become more accessible as technology advances, further suggesting the need for clear rules and strict punishment of cheating to keep the playing field level across all industries.


text:
Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 6

This section of the "car_from_highly_parameterized_script.scad" script:

// Front axle translate([-wheelbase/2,0,0]) axle; // Rear axle translate([wheelbase/2,0,0]) axle;

should be:

// Front axle translate([-wheelbase/2,0,0]) axle(track=track); // Rear axle translate([wheelbase/2,0,0]) axle(track=track); Gsharpe155 (discuss • contribs) 21:29, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 6


text:
Professionalism/Stanley Pons, Martin Fleischmann, and Cold Fusion

Overview
, a hypothesized phenomenon, contrasts with nuclear fusion in that it would be self-sustained at room temperature. Scientists first began hypothesizing cold fusion in the 1920’s. Several claims to success had been made and disproved over the century, but the most famous case was made in 1989 by two electrochemists at the University of Utah, and. With public desire to amend the energy sector, their publication, originally sent to the , became a worldwide sensation, marking cold fusion as the most published research topic that year. Due to the experiment's vagueness and experimental error, replications were widely unsuccessful, and most reports that did substantiate Pons and Fleischmann's claims were retracted within days. Pons and Fleischmann's downfall is attributed to professional misconduct: accusingly forging data on gamma ray emissions to match those expected of fusion, "" attacks on critics, and undermining, an American physicist who made progress on. Pons, Fleischmann, and Jones originally agreed to simultaneously submit their findings to Nature, yet under pressure from the university, Fleischmann and Pons submitted their findings a day earlier, shortstopping Jones. With backlash from the scientific community, Pons and Fleischmann reclused from the public and continued their research in the dark, remaining lifelong advocates of cold fusion. Today, the field has adapted alternative names to avoid the associated stigma.

Historical Context
The initial receival of Pons and Fleischmann's announcement was influenced by the "" logical fallacy. Pons and Fleischmann's announcement was made just as the had passed, which illustrated 's political influence on U.S. foreign policy. The scientific community was being pressured to create a solution to energy dependency on the Arab States, and environmental activists were lobbying for a new direction in the industry. Several pressing issues were under the scope of the media:, the , and the , which occurred just as the announcement was made.

Potential Impact on Society
Cold fusion technology would mean readily available, clean, and cheap energy. At current consumption rates, radiation is expected to be harmless. Cold fusion would offer an emission-free alternative to fossil fuels, yet a rapid shift to the technology could cause financial collapse. Uranium, oil, natural gas, and coal industries would become obsolete as well as current infrastructure including wind turbines, electrical facilities, and power grids.

suggests that cold fusion would increase energy usage due to increased efficiency in energy production. If not regulated, cold fusion could produce hazardous radiation where generators are densely used despite minimal waste byproducts. Overuse of cold fusion technology would be expected in impoverished areas with dense populations and low government oversight. Cold fusion generators could produce heat waste which would cause local temperature influxes. is common in such regions, which requires complex engineering to reduce toxic waste products. With readily available energy, small-scale desalination by boiling could become routine, demanding millions of waste sites for heavy metal and mineral disposure.

Previous Cold Fusion Research
Cold fusion was first suggested in 1909 when unintentionally observed anomalous heat releases from hydrogen plasma between tungsten electrodes. Intrigued, he confided with, who dissuaded further research as the results seemed to break the conversation of energy.

The ability for palladium to adsorb and split molecular hydrogen was discovered in the nineteenth century by. Its use as a catalyst led to experiments like that of and, who in 1927, published results claiming that palladium could fuse hydrogen into helium through “nuclear catalysis.” It was later shown that the observed helium was from the atmosphere, and their publication was retracted. That year, however, John Tandberg did manage to observe seemingly fusion-based helium and excess heat through electrolysis with palladium electrodes. His Swedish patent was denied since he could not explain the phenomenon. Tandberg resumed his work when was discovered, but to no avail. In the 1950's, experiments on muon-catalyzed fusion suggested practical cold fusion, but proved to be net-energy negative. Cold fusion was first idolized in 1956 when  published 's work on muon-catalyzed fusion.

The Impact of Pons and Fleischmann
When Fleischmann and Pons had observed “hundreds of times more heat than the chemistry could account for,” they had unknowingly replicated Tandberg’s experiment with deuterium-heavy water in palladium catalyst. The couple claimed that running a current through the electrolysis cell caused phases of increased temperature, which would last for days. During these periods, the extracted power was over 40 times that of the power supplied.

Initial Reception
After Fleischmann and Pons announced their results on March 23, 1989, members of the scientific community attempted to replicate their results. A group at Texas A&M reported the presence of neutrons and tritium, confirming their original results. Scientists at Georgia Tech also confirmed Fleischmann and Pons' results, but retracted their findings three days after. Research from the found neutron counts that were slightly higher than expected, but the group did not deem it evidence of cold fusion. Many groups followed up on cold fusion, but had a lack of evidence from the start or felt they had false positives. The consensus of the scientific community seems to be that Pons and Fleischmann went public with their results without adequate testing or scientific rigor.

The Rapid Development of Stigma
In one year, cold fusion went from one of the most promising fields in science to a. The scientific community began to ignore Cold Fusion research in a way that resembled the fable "," yet the mass disregard for the field happened after a single false alarm (Pons and Fleischmann's research).

A stigma developed around Cold Fusion due to Pons and Fleischmann challenging core ideas about how to do science. They challenged reproducibility, which is central to the scientific method.

A November 1989 report from the U.S. Energy Research Advisory Board to the U.S. Department of Energy stated: "The claims of cold fusion are unusual in that even the strongest proponents of cold fusion assert that the experiments, for unknown reasons, are not consistent and reproducible at the present time."

Pons and Fleischmann were challenging the framework of science rather than operating within the framework. To use 's terminology, Pons and Fleishman were attempting revolutionary science rather than ordinary science, and it was this challenging of the scientific method that created the stigma surrounding the field.

Researchers pursuing Cold Fusion research commonly use the terms or  to avoid the stigma associated with Cold Fusion.

Confirmation Bias, Overconfidence, and Sunk Cost
Pons and Fleishmann told reporters that they were very confident in their results and that they had observed them many times, yet they seemed to avoid disconfirming evidence and took every positive experiment as support for cold fusion. They repeatedly avoided questions from CalTech researchers, who were attempting to replicate their experiments with higher quality equipment.

After Pons and Fleischmann invested years and over $100,000 of their own money into cold fusion research, they likely felt a need to deliver positive results due to the Sunk Cost Fallacy.

Low Falsifiability
The statement "Cold fusion is possible" has very low, meaning that it is very hard to prove the statement "Cold fusion is not possible". The idea that cold fusion is not possible is based on current scientific theories. The is the currently accepted model that describes the criterion for determining whether a combination of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature will result in a net positive energy output in fusion reactions. The formula estimates 30 million degrees or more are required for a net positive fusion reaction.

Ultimately, cold fusion researchers are challenging well-accepted theories. As says: “There is no theoretical reason to expect cold fusion to be possible, and a vast amount of well-established science that says it should be impossible." Close was involved in efforts to replicate the original 1989 experiment, but was unsuccessful.

This begs the question, should we be investigating something just because we can't rule it out completely? Does the small chance of revolutionizing energy make it worth investigating, despite not having theoretical grounds suggesting that cold fusion is actually possible?

Current State of Cold Fusion
Stigma around cold fusion has not completely faded. Currently, only a fraction of scientific journals accept work on the subject, though the general disposition is changing. Thousands of papers have been published on the matter, and a growing network has created books describing the science, reviews for nontechnical audiences, and educational websites. At least eight countries are invested in cold fusion since the potential benefits are too great to ignore.

U.S. Naval Research
In 2004, a group from the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, including Martin Fleischmann, published a paper on palladium cathode experiments. The paper again argued that there was excess heat and net power gain through the cell. In 2019, the U.S. Navy applied for a patent for a fusion device. The device described is definitely not cold fusion, reaching temperatures over 200 million degrees Celsius.

Google's Research
Google has been researching cold fusion since 2015. According to Google, they are doing it for the following reasons:
 * The potential upside is massive
 * The research pushes energy measurement technology which has benefits to other fields
 * It lets them investigate an underexplored field with scientific rigor

Google pursued three possible methods of cold fusion, one being very similar to that of Pons and Fleischmann. None of their experiments produced results anywhere near sustainable cold fusion, but the scientists did feel that some of their results warranted further research. Some scientists approved of the scientific rigor that Google brought to the field while others believed they should have stayed away from cold fusion. Curtis Berlinguette of the University of British Columbia, a principal investigator involved in the project, said "This is what we are supposed to do as scientists."


text:
Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing

Introduction
This case study on 3D Printing and Transportation was written by Brendan Lyon and Marisa Migliore, graduate students studying Transportation Policy, Operations, and Logistics and Transportation Engineering. It was created for Dr. Jonathan Gifford's Emerging Technology, Transportation and Public Policy class in the George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government. Topics covered include current and possible impacts of 3D Printing on transportation manufacturing, infrastructure and logistics, as well as the policy implications of these impacts.

Table of Contents
Introduction

 * /What is 3D Printing? Software & Hardware/
 * /Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing/
 * /Future developments/

Effects on transportation
 * /Direct effects/
 * /Indirect effects/
 * /Challenges/


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/What is 3D Printing? Software & Hardware

3D printing is a process that adds material layer by layer to create a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model. Because only enough material needed to make the shape is used, it has the potential for cost and material savings compared to other manufacturing methods. Other advantages compared to traditional manufacturing include:

 * easier customization and production of unique objects, as objects are manufactured one at a time or in small batches
 * easier production of certain complex shapes, especially lattice or honeycomb interior structures that give pieces strength with less weight
 * onsite production, reducing the time required for shipping and shipping costs
 * on-demand production

Disadvantages include:

 * print times of several days or more for certain objects
 * limited selection of materials
 * in some cases, reduced strength compared to a traditionally manufactured object
 * large quantities of objects cannot be produced quickly as traditional manufacturing

Preparing the Model
The process begins with the creation of a 3D model, usually using CAD (Computer Aided Design) software. Some common CAD software packages used to model objects for 3D printing include SOLIDWORKS, SketchUp, Autodesk Inventor (commercial), FreeCAD and BRL-CAD (open-source). Alternatively, an existing object can be scanned by a 3D scanner to create a 3D model. Once the CAD file has been created, it must be converted into a format that approximates its shape, including any curves, with x, y and z coordinates. The most commonly used format is an .STL file, but other filetypes, such as .3MF and .OBJ, are also used. The .STL file, or other file approximating the object’s shape, must then be prepared for printing with a process called slicing. Sometimes slicers are incorporated into software created by the manufacturer of a printer (e.g. MakerBot’s MakerWare). Other slicers are standalone programs, including Simplify3D (commercial), Repetier (freeware), Cura and KISSlicer (open-source). During slicing, the virtual object is oriented for printing and converted into layers. The output of this process is a .gcode file, which contains the instructions for where the machine should add or solidify material to produce the object.

Printing Processes
Although there are many 3D printing processes, three are most commonly used. Whichever method is used, 3D printers perform every step needed to transform raw material into the final shape once the machine is set up with material and its .gcode instructions.

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Fused deposition modeling, the most widely used 3D printing process, begins by heating a filament of material (usually plastic or plastic composite) until soft and pliable. Then, the hot material is extruded through a computer-controlled nozzle and deposited onto a build plate into the desired shape for each layer. After each layer has hardened, another layer is deposited on top, and this is repeated until the entire object has been completed. After printing is finished, the object can be sanded and cleaned. Since overhanging parts of an FDM printed object cannot be created without a support structure, these supports must be removed after printing.

Stereolithography (SLA)
Stereolithography uses photosensitive liquid resins. Computer-controlled lasers are directed at the resin to solidify it into the desired shape of each layer. Once a layer is complete, either the vat of resin or the object itself is moved vertically so that the next layer can be added. After the object is finished being built, excess resin is removed using a solvent and the object must be cured. Although stereolithography can produce smoother objects with finer detail than FDM printing, it must use photosensitive materials and so it is more limited in terms of producing functional objects.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
This method of 3D printing begins with a deep bed of powdered material, often metal. Guided by the .gcode file, lasers heat the surface of the powder in the desired shape for each layer. This sinters, or binds together, the particles of powder. The bed of powder is then moved downward and a new layer of powder is applied. The next layer of the object is sintered together on top of the first, and the process is repeated until the entire object has been formed. Like SLA printed objects, SLS printed objects must be cured before use.

3D Printers
Printers range greatly in size and capability – for example, the LulzBot Mini FDM printer has a build area of 6 inches by 6 inches (15.24 cm by 15.24 cm), while industrial size FDM printers such as the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) machine can produce pieces the size of a car. As of April 2020, prices range from around $200 USD for small printers to over $1 million USD for industrial size machines.


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User:Mmiglio2

Graduate student studying Transportation Engineering

title: User:Mmiglio2


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Direct effects

As of this writing, 3D printing is already being used in the production processes of several sectors of transportation.

Automotive Industry
Vehicle development is one area where 3D printing is commonly employed. Manufacturers have used the technology to quickly create scale models of its vehicles and working prototypes of parts like air vents which can then be tested to ensure they function correctly and are comfortable to use. Producing these prototypes with 3D printing requires less expense and time than traditional assembly, which streamlines the overall design process. Spare parts for trucks are also being created using SLS printing, which allows for on-demand production and reduces the need for manufacturing and storing spare parts in bulk. Vehicles with FDM printed bodies have also been produced, although it has so far been restricted to concept and limited production vehicles. The material used in these vehicles is a plastic composite, reinforced with carbon fiber. Local Motors’ Strati car and Olli shuttle are two examples, as well as a working replica of a Shelby Cobra created by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Aviation
Aircraft parts often have high costs and highly specialized designs, making them ideal candidates for 3D printing production. 3D printing aircraft-grade parts is expensive but is less expensive than some current production methods. Importantly, 3D printing has the potential to reduce the weight of parts. Less weight means less fuel is needed to operate aircraft, which can mean large cost savings as fuel is very expensive. If parts are redesigned with 3D printing rather than traditional manufacturing in mind, dramatic reductions in the number of parts can be achieved. Many simple parts can be consolidated into one complex part that would be infeasible to produce with traditional techniques such as machining. The reduction in parts also means less wear and tear for mechanical components such as engines, and the ability to make more complex structures can allow for more efficient designs.

Some 3D printed parts have been developed but are not currently used in commercial aircraft, such as Airbus’ design for a partition between the galley and passenger cabin intended for future use in the Airbus A320. The 3D printed design uses a lattice structure that gives it high strength for its weight, and a 45% overall reduction in weight. One turboprop engine developed by GE has over 30% 3D printed parts, and is expected to be installed on its planes in the near future. Redesigning the engine for 3D printing resulted in a 10% decrease in weight, a 20% decrease in fuel use, and allowed engineers to combined 855 parts into only 12 parts. Other 3D printed metal parts are already installed in aircraft, including engine components. GE manufactures components such as engine door brackets using 3D printing, and CFM International 3D prints metal fuel nozzles for the Airbus A320neo’s engine that increase overall fuel efficiency. There are several challenges, such as metal print area limits and imperfections such as voids that require post-processing, that prevent adoption of 3D printing technology on a larger scale.

Transportation Infrastructure
So far, there have not been any bridges or roads for motorized vehicles built using 3D printing. However, no fewer than five pedestrian and cyclist bridges have been created with the technology for public use in Spain, the Netherlands and China. The bridges are made from various materials, including more unusual ones like plastic and concrete composite and fiberglass-reinforced plastic as well the common construction materials of concrete and steel. The longest, created by the Tsinghua University School of Architecture in Shanghai, China, is made of concrete and is over 26 meters (85 feet) long. Several techniques can be used to 3D print the large pieces required for bridge construction, including 6-axis industrial robots, and large area gantry and crane 3D printers. Concrete shapes can be built in a process similar to FDM printing, and steel can be welded together layer by layer with the use of an industrial robot arm. There are some challenges involved in 3D printing concrete, as it cures or hardens more slowly than materials such as plastic.

Typically, bridge components have straight lines for easy manufacturing and constructability. However, 3D printing allows curved shapes to be built right into components and many of these bridge decks have been constructed with internal support patterns that add strength but would ordinarily be difficult and costly to produce. For example, the MX3D steel bridge in Amsterdam is entirely composed of curved shapes ideal for withstanding stresses, and the Gemert bicycle bridge has a unique, loop-like reinforcement structure within the concrete bridge deck. Designs created using generative algorithms, which run through many possibilities to find one with ideal strength and material usage and often yield rounded or web-like shapes, are much easier to construct using 3D printing. These algorithms were used in the design of the world’s first 3D printed bridge open to the public in Madrid, Spain, as well the MX3D bridge. Although the printing system used to create these bridges can be costly, the production of the bridge itself can be faster and more cost-effective. Tsinghua University’s bridge in Shanghai cost two-thirds of what a conventional concrete bridge would cost as it did not require as much manual labor and required no formwork, or molds, for the concrete.

= References =


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Professionalism/Dan Graves and ITT Educational Services

ITT Technical Institute (or simply ITT Tech) was a for-profit technical institute with 130 campuses nationwide. It was founded in 1969 as a response to the Higher Education Act. The Higher Education Act increased federal money given to universities and included low-interest loans for students. ITT profited by purposefully recruiting students who were not qualified to attend traditional college, but would qualify for federal financial aid. A 2014 senate investigation into ITT Tech's practices eventually led to the company declaring bankruptcy. ITT Tech was wholly owned and operated by ITT Educational Services.

Dan Graves was a recruitment representative for ITT Technical Institute. With Susan Newman, another ITT Tech representative, Graves filed a lawsuit against the company in 1999 on behalf of the US government. Graves claimed that ITT Tech had an incentive salary structure that paid recruiters commission based on earnings from each student recruited. Graves argued this practice should disqualify ITT Tech from receiving compensation through the Higher Education Act. Following years of litigation, Graves' lawsuit was dismissed in 2004.

ITT Tech Financial and Recruitment Behavior
ITT Tech charged relatively high prices compared to their community college competitors. The school charged an average of $45,000 for an associates degree and $77,000 for a bachelor's degree. The bulk of their revenue came from federal financial aid funds, with an estimated 70% of the ITT Tech's money gained in 2015 was from federal financial aid funds, and they had the industry's highest rate of loans go into default in student's first two years of attending the school.

ITT Tech looked to target prospective students who might think their institute was their only option. Recruiters were told to use a so-called "Pain Funnel" where they were encouraged to ask progressively more hurtful questions. This tactic was used to guilt students into enrollment. The institute also ensured a seamless enrollment process when students did decide to attend the school. In some instances, one signature could get a student both into a school and applied for federal financial aid.

The institute did not allocate much of their resources back into improving their school. Instead, a significant portion of the profits went into paying recruiters commission and upper management relatively high salaries. In 2009, "ITT CEO Kevin Modany received $7.6 million in compensation, more than 22 times as much as the president of Indiana University at Bloomington." As a result, some companies would blacklist potential employee's with ITT Tech diplomas on their resume.

1999 Lawsuit & Dan Graves
Dan Graves was a recruitment representative for ITT Technical Institute, hired in 1999. As a recruitment representative he was earning between 5 and 10% commission from each student that enrolled through him. Earning commission from students incentivized Graves and other recruiters to enroll as many students as possible, with no regard to whether or not they should be enrolled. For precisely this reason, the Higher Education Act prohibits participating organizations from using this incentive-based pay structure known as "incentive compensation". This should have disqualified ITT from the Higher Education Act loan and student aid programs.

Dan Graves and fellow recruitment representative Susan Newman, hired in 1998, filed a lawsuit against ITT and its auditing agency PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in 1999, claiming that ITT had been improperly certified to comply with the Higher Education Act. This claim relied on the fact that ITT had not disclosed its incentive compensation pay system, and PwC had failed to notice and disclose it as well. Graves and Newman no longer worked for ITT as of February 2000. The case was unsealed on May 30, 2001.

Higher Education Act Title IV Student Aid
Higher Education Act Title IV loans are backed by the US Department of Education. If a student defaults on their debt, the lender is reimbursed by a guaranty agency, and that guarantor is then reimbursed by the Department of Education. If recruiters at ITT are incentivized to take on any student with no regard to how well they are able to pay off their loans, ITT would effectively defraud the US government. For this reason, HEA forbids incentive compensation. Even today, it remains difficult to track education loans, and it is ballooned in size to nearly 10% of the US national debt. Approximately 45 million people have student loan debt.

Bankruptcy of Computer Learning Centers
Computer Learning Centers (CLC) was a for-profit education company very similar to ITT Tech. In late 2000, the Department of Education cited incentive compensation violations very similar to the case brought by Graves and Newman. As a result, CLC was fined $187 million and filed for bankruptcy less than two weeks later. The Department of Education was blamed by CLC investors for shutting down a legitimate business, leading DoED officials to reconsider their view on compensation violations. In 2002, then Deputy Secretary of Education William D. Hansen concluded that "the preferable approach is to view incentive compensation prohibition as not resulting in monetary loss to the department." This memo was rescinded in 2015.

Graves Lawsuit Outcome
Following the change of opinion of the Department of Education regarding incentive compensation, the Texas Southern District court dismissed the case in 2003. Graves appealed, and the decision of the district court was upheld. Graves appealed again the United States Supreme Court, but certiorari was not granted. Graves' team saw this is as "an institutional failure by the government and a complete abdication of responsibility to enforce the Higher Education Act."

Post-Lawsuit Investigations
The Graves Lawsuit wasn't a total loss. During and following the case, various investigations were opened. In 2002, the US Department of Justices filed a statement of interest in the case. According to court filings from a separate case, the California attorney general and the US Securities and Exchange Commission both launched investigations in 2002 looking into falsified grades and attendance records for financial aid qualification. The California AG investigation resulted in a fine of $750k, while the SEC investigation did not yield any penalties. In 2004, following the statement of interest, the DOJ started an investigation into student financial aid fraud, money laundering, and racketeering. This investigation was eventually abandoned.

Senate Investigation
The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) committee investigated ITT Tech in 2014. The committee found that the school used a recruitment technique called the "Pain Funnel" and "Pain Puzzle" to emotionally manipulate potential students into enrolling. The investigation revealed that the school fraudulently reported income sources to fit federal regulations. Through a complex system of Wall Street investors and private banks loans called the ITT PEAKS program, the school was able to report federal funding as non-federal funding, violating the 90/10 rule. The investigation also revealed that ITT Tech used federal funding to set up a scholarship given to nearly every student, which contributed to the fraudulent 90-10 quotient. ITT Tech also hid its high loan default rate by labelling defaulting borrowers under "forbearance" and "deferment". Both the high default rate and high 90-10 quotient make ITT ineligible for federal funding under the HEA.

Demise and Aftermath
ITT Tech was disqualified from Higher Education Act aid programs on August 25, 2016. Less than two weeks later on September 6, ITT Tech filed for bankruptcy. All 130 campuses were shutdown, and nearly 8,000 employees lost their jobs. Although ITT gave students "temporary credits" (essentially a type of grant) before shutting down, debt collectors were still pursuing the students. The "temporary credits" were converted into high-interest, private loans that students were likely to default on, leading to additional charges against ITT. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau forced credit lenders to cancel private loans given to former ITT Tech students, but this does not help with students' federal loans and other damages.

In 2018, ITT Tech settled and forgave the debt of 750,000 former ITT students. The settlement also refunded an additional $3 million that had been paid by students to the school and gave affected students a $1.5 billion claim against ITT.

In September 2018, Deborah Caruso, the trustee of ITT's bankruptcy, filed a claim against the Department of Education and ITT lenders for $250 million. This suit, mainly focusing on the fraudulent ITT PEAKS lending program, claims: "'ITT’s PEAKS Loan Program was a for-profit education version of the sub-prime mortgage lending catastrophe, in which students rather than new homeowners were the victims. For the benefit of ITT insiders and Defendants, the PEAKS Loan Program allowed ITT to defraud students and evade regulators, while shielding the fruits of ITT’s fraud from claims of students through a complicated structure involving multiple trusts and a circuitous flow of funds between ITT and Defendants.'" The suit resulted in a $600,000 payout.

Generalizations and Chapter Improvements
Dan Graves showed that sometimes the government and regulatory agencies can fail: he pointed out fraud and lost his job. Even though his work spawned investigations, none of them were able to stop the fraudulent behavior until 2016. This case should act as a demonstration that sometimes ethical risks fail in the short term, but there are usually lasting effects that will lead to an overall success later on. In this case it took 17 years.

This is also somewhat evident in the aftermath of the shutdown of ITT. The Department of Education has failed former ITT students, processing federal debt forgiveness requests very slowly, only 33 out of about 16,000 as of November 2018, requiring students to seek compensation through private means.

There are several ways this chapter can be improved. Different for-profit educational organizations, including both fraudulent and legal, should be investigated, especially the case of CLC that led to the change of opinion by the Department of Education. This would lend important perspective on the ethics of incentive compensation and would show if this behavior is unique to ITT and CLC, or if the practice is or was common.


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Sustainability and Sense of Place in the Sonoran Desert/Introduction

We began this project with the idea that sustainability is related to a Sense of Place. We applied this idea to the Sonoran Desert to guide our discovery between the connection of sustainability and Sense of Place. What follows is the results of our process. These results clearly only begin to scratch the surface and we hope this book can be just point of beginning.


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing

 * Scanning technology for 3D modeling is becoming rapidly cheaper, more effective, easier to use, and more accessible to the average person.  For example, Samsung is incorporating 3D Scanning hardware and software into their high-end phones like the Galaxy Note 10, proliferating the technology and making it more accessible.  Simultaneously, companies like Scan Dimension are producing dedicated 3D scanners which are affordable to have in homes and/or classrooms everywhere, and which work with multiple operating systems.   These developments will put rapid design and iteration capability into the hands of more and more of the population, stimulating creativity and broadening the horizons of the technology itself as well as the industry as a whole.
 * 3D printing itself is rapidly advancing to greater and greater capabilities through fidelity and material abilities, while also becoming more and more affordable.  Competition is rampant at present, with companies as big as Hewlett-Packard competing with successful recent startups like Lulzbot for space within the wide and varied 3D printing market.  Current materials include plastics, thermoplastics, flexible and rigid resin, Kevlar®, carbon fiber, fiberglass, copper, steel, and more. As hardware and software advances to produce ever stronger and more detailed products, more sectors are adopting 3D printing into their processes and business plans. Capacity and capability exist across multiple fields and industries, including fashion, design, medical, automotive, aerospace, infrastructure, fitness, maritime, and more, not to mention innovators and hobbyists who just want something to tinker with at home.
 * With the increased capabilities offered by these scanners and printers, 3D printing is being utilized by more people and within more market sectors each day. The ability to print nearly anything desired without requiring the creation or retooling of an entire production process or assembly line grants tremendous opportunity in almost any area.  As long as the right raw material and printing hardware and software are available, a small company or individual can produce parts or whole end-items on printers small enough to fit on a desk, or large enough to take up a two-car garage, from almost any material while meeting very precise specifications.


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Future developments

 * The field of 3D Printing is developing so rapidly that it is impossible to predict what future advances may be, and where successes and failures may manifest. Current initiatives focus more on successfully utilizing new material, rather than on producing a larger or smoother item. Specific items include titanium, high-performance polymers, advanced technical ceramics like zirconia, silica-based ceramics like silicon carbide, graphene alltropes, and biomaterials as discussed below:
 * “3D bioprinting is already being used in labs to create tissue scaffolds and other complex biological structures. “We’re still at the very beginning of being able to build real functional tissues with 3D bioprinting,” said FluidForm CTO Adam Feinberg. “Collaborations like the one we are building with LulzBot will help make this a reality faster.” 3D biofabrication technology is revolutionizing applications across a wide spectrum of industries, including pharmaceuticals, regenerative medicine, drug screening, food and other animal products, cell-based biosensors, and testing of cosmetics and other health care goods. Within the next decade, major pharmaceutical companies will  be able to replace some animal testing and non-physiological 2D cell culture systems with clinically-relevant 3D bioprinted human tissues.”


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Indirect effects

 * Smart adapters of 3D printing technology will create small, modular, and agile cells in order to relieve logistical planning and costs.  These cells may be brought down to the lowest neighborhood retail level, so that true "Just-in-time" supply is available.  Additionally, companies have the option to “On-shore” their logistical chains now, and at a bargain price.  A majority of 3D adopters will likely focus on urban basing for their cells, with the most expensive, largest, and highest-end equipment only being reserved for major regional setups.  This will reduce traffic through decreased routes, increased hubs, and will reduce the need for warehouses and transportation while creating a less centralized network that responds to a software system. This is similar to those currently in use which keep track of inventory and stock in stores and online in real time, but with automated ability to produce items needed.
 * Medical applications and biometrics are also advancing; critical things like the ability to print human organs are in development right now. If successful, a hospital or clinic could create them on-site instead of expending tremendous resources transporting them in. Given the need for donor organs and the waiting list, this will allow many people who otherwise couldn’t get an organ to get the lifesaving surgery they need. Medical supply printing, for items such as PPE or pharmaceuticals, is also a forthcoming capability but will require greater hospital involvement—a hospital which invests in a dedicated print lab would have a scalable capability to respond at a local level to pandemics and emergent situations, and quality scanning equipment will make available intensively personalized equipment.


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Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Challenges

 * The potential for counterfeiting and intellectual property theft or transgression—intentional or not—abound with 3D printing.  It has already become challenging to efficiently protect innovation due to the speed and availability of technology today; securing a patent for something one has created is slow, and jeopardizes your ability to capitalize on it with so many other people out there working to solve problems and providing their solutions for free while you wait. For 3D printing, there are tens of thousands of designs, ready to print, for free, on pages like www.thingiverse.com.
 * Other illegal goods and nefarious uses of the technology abound; as bioprinting comes online, technology advances, and hardware becomes cheaper, the opportunity and ability to create new illicit drugs, bioweapons, or hard-to-detect weapons like plastic firearms at the individual level increases.  The technology has few limitations, and so there are nearly limitless ways an individual or small cell might use or abuse it.

= References =


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Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 7

The statement "The radius of the circular patterns should be 70, 140 and 280 units respectively."

should read:

"The radius of the circular patterns should be 140, 210 and 280 units respectively."

The statement "The variable r should be calculated at each repetition of the outer for loop according to the formula r = 70 + i*70."

should read:

"The variable r should be calculated at each repetition of the outer for loop according to the formula r = 140 + i*70."

Gsharpe155 (discuss • contribs) 01:22, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenSCAD Tutorial/Chapter 7


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User:Cinndeee

Coyote
The Coyote (Canis latrans) is a canine that lives in North America, roaming the plains, deserts, mountains, and forests (Bradford, 2017). Coyotes are primarily carnivorous, they prey on rabbits, birds, deer, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and amphibians. Occasionally, they eat fruits and vegetables. Humans are considered to be the biggest threat to coyotes, followed by gray wolves and cougars. The average coyote weighs about 20 to 50 pounds (Bradford, 2017). The hair of this animal varies depending on where they are geographically located, determining whether the color is grey, white, tan, or brown (Bradford, 2017).

Habitat
Coyotes live in North America where they roam the mountains, plains, forests, and deserts of the United States, Mexico, and Canada (Bradford, 2017). Although coyotes are known to easily adapt to different habitats, they typically prefer to live in open areas like deserts and prairies. As humans take more and more land, coyotes can also be found living around large cities, where they are beginning to adapt.

Diet
Although they are thought to be only meat eaters, coyotes are actually omnivores--eating vegetation and meat (Bradford, 2017). Generally, coyotes are scavengers and are predators of small prey, but occasionally, they shift to large prey. Coyotes will prey on birds, rabbits, reptiles, fish, deer, invertebrates, and amphibians (Bradford, 2017). Some fruits and grains they feed on include, berries, apples, peaches, watermelon, carrots, beans, wheat, and corn. Most of the time coyotes hunt alone, but when hunting for large prey such as deer, they will hunt in packs (Bradford, 2017). For those that live in large cities, coyotes will normally kill pets and livestock, eat pet food, or garbage(Bradford, 2017).

Life Span
The average lifespan of a coyote is six to eight years in the wild, while those in captivity can live twice as long ranging from thirteen to fifteen years (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.). They are affected by a variety of diseases and parasites which include, intestinal worms, heartworms, fleas, and ticks (Disease, 2020). They may also be affected by parvovirus, canine distemper, and mange (Disease, 2020). However, humans are considered to be the greatest threat to humans. In rural areas, the major cause of death is due to trapping and hunting, while in urban areas, the cause of death is primarily automobiles (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.). There has been an average of automobile collisions from 40 to 70 percent each year (General Information About Coyotes, n.d.).

 * 1) REDIRECT []

Importance
Coyotes play an important ecological role in the environment by helping maintain healthy ecosystems and boosting biodiveristy. As they are the top carnivores in some ecosystems, they regulate mesocarnivore populations, which include, foxes, skunks, opossums, and raccoons.

Facts

 * Coyotes can run up to 40 miles an hour.
 * Coyote pups are born blind.
 * Coyotes are nocturnal.
 * Coyotes are monogamous and only have one mate for the rest of their life.
 * Coyotes have few natural predators. They include mountain lions, wolves, and bears.

Derived from Coyote Information, Facts, and Photos, 2015.

Fish-hook Barrel Cactus
The Fish-hook Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus wisilizeni) also called the Arizona barrel cactus is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The fish-hook cactus is characterized by its two-foot diameter, long hooked spines, and barrel body shape (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). On the cactus, yellow/red flowers and yellow fruit grow at the superior surface. This species of barrel cactus can be found in Northern Sonoran, Mexico and in South-Central Arizona (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The fish-hook barrel cactus has a life span of about 50-100 years (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). The conservation status of this plant is vulnerable and the population is decreasing.

Habitat
The fishhook barrel cactus is found throughout South-Central Arizona and Northern Sonoran, Mexico (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.). It grows primarily in gravely slopes and desert shrubs, but it can also grow in deserts often on rocky, gritty, or sandy soils on the hillsides from 1,000 to 4,600 feet elevation (Barrel Cactus, n.d.). The fishhook barrel cactus does not need much water to survive as it can tolerate dry soil moisture, but it does require lots of sunlight. This heat-tolerant plant contains "fishhook" spines along the cactus body to protect it from herbivores. At the top of the cactus, the plant grows yellow/red flowers and yellow/red fruit (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).

Importance
The fishhook barrel cactus is important not only because it enhances the beauty of the desert landscape, but it provides fruit to animals and birds. Javelina, birds, and deer eat the fruit; the birds especially like the seeds. The fruit can also be used to make candies and jellies.

Facts

 * The fishhook barrel cactus is often called the "Compass Barrel" because most of the larger plants lean towards the southwest (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * The cactus does contain water, but if it is ingested it can cause diarrhea due to the oxalic acid it contains (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * The lifespan is 50-100 years (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).
 * It commonly grows 2-4 feet tall but can grow up to 6-10 feet tall in some cases (Fishhook Barrel Cactus Fact Sheet, n.d.).

Tectonic Plates
The slow continental drifting of landmasses are called tectonic plates (or lithospheric plates) and they drift across the lines of latitude and longitude (Plate Tectonics, 2020). The tectonic plates have been moving since the beginning of time (Plate Tectonics, 2020). Movement of the tectonic plates affects the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, climate, storm tracks, and the duration and timing of seasons (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). Each year, the tectonic plates move slowly across the Earth by several inches (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). When the continents collide, one plate will usually be forced underneath the other plate, which will result in the upthrust of mountain chains (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 71). Movements of these faults can turn a flat plain into a massive mountain range. As the mountains take form, biomes begin to develop along their slopes.

Tucson Mountains
Located west of Tucson, Arizona, the Tucson Mountains is not impressively high as they only reach up to 4,687 feet (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). They may be short in stature, but they are big in beauty. The Tucson Mountains are the remains of a collapsed volcano ranging 15 miles long (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). Towering stratovolcanoes erupted here ejecting hot volcanic debris about 70 million years ago (Tucson Mountains Tucson AZ, n.d.). The Tucson Mountains were pulled westward for miles across the detachment fault to where they are today (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). As I stated before, the Tucson mountains were once a volcano located on the western side of the Santa Catalina Mountain (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). For 20 miles, the top of the volcano slid to the west and formed a valley between the Tucson and Santa Catalina Mountains (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). The occurrence of detachment faulting was discovered by scientists from the University of Arizona in the Santa Catalinas (Phillips et al, 2015, p. 77). The Tucson Mountains are composed of an extrusive ingenious rock created by the eruption of the volcano called rhyolite.

Santa Catalina Mountains

About 70 million years ago, a massive volcano formed where the Santa Catalina Mountains are today (Geocoaching, 2013). The volcano then created a circular basin called a caldera after it collapsed on itself (Geocoaching, 2013). Then 40 million years later, detachment faults caused the upper part of the caldera to slide 20 miles off the lower region due to detachment faults (Geocoaching, 2013). The creation of the faults produced mountain ranges and valleys. This caused Tucson to drop 3,300 meters down, creating the valley that has since been filled with 1,650 meters of sediment (Geocoaching, 2013). The upper caldera became the Tucson Mountains, while the lower caldera and underlying granite that was left higher on the north side of the valley became the Rincon Mountains and Santa Catalina Mountains (Geocoaching, 2013).

The Santa Catalina Mountain lies north and northeast of Tucson, Arizona. It is often referred to as Catalina Mountain or Catalinas (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020). The highest point in Catalina Mountain is Mount Lemmon with an elevation of over 9,157 feet above the sea level (Santa Catalina Mountains, n.d.). Annually, this region receives about 180 inches of snow (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020). The Catalina is the most prominent of the other five regions(Santa Catalina Mountains, n.d.). One of the most popular activities on this mountain is hiking. The Santa Catalina Mountain is composed of an intrusive ingenious rock formed from the solidified magma below the volcano called granite (Santa Catalina Mountains, 2020).

Rincon Mountains
The Rincon Mountains is one of the five mountains surrounding the Tucson valley located on the east of Tucson, Arizona. he Rincon Mountain is one of the many ranges that belong to the Basin and Range Province. The basins in the Basin and Range Province are from the result of block faulting that occurred 10-25 years ago (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.). They are separated by the basin filled with thousands of feet of alluvial sediment that are derived from erosion of the mountains (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.). The Rincon Mountain is highly eroded with metaphoric core complex--a mass of bedrock (Geology of the Rincon Mountains, n.d.).

The mountain is steep and rugged with many rocky ridges and deep canyons to explore. It is composed of a highly eroded mass of bedrock known as a metaphoric core complex (Geology of the Rincon Mountain, n.d.). The Rincon Mountains' highest peaks include the Mica Mountain with an elevation of 8,664 feet and Rincon Peak at 8,482 feet (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). The Mica Mountain's high elevation supports the spruce vegetation and Ponderosa Pine, while lower elevations have oak-pine forests (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). Some special places to explore in this mountain include Rincon Mountains Wilderness and the Saguaro National Park, Rincon Mountain District (U.S. Forest Service, n.d.). Rincon Mountains also provides many hiking trails to explore including Douglas Spring Trail, Rincon Peak, Cactus Forest Trail, etc.

Santa Rita Mountains
The Santa Rita Mountains lie south of the Tucson Basin. It has the highest point in the Tucson area with the highest peak at Mount Wrightson with an elevation of 9,453 feet (Santa Rita Mountains, 2020). Within the range is Madera Canyon that is used as a resting area for migrating birds and is a premier bird-watching area. Santa Rita Mountains is also home to "El Jefe," an adult male jaguar that was first identified in 2011 (Santa Rita Mountain, 2020). Santa Rita Mountain also contains trails like the Bog Springs Trail, Cave Creek, and Old Baldy Trail.

Tortolita Mountains
The Tortolita Mountains are located northwest of Tucson, Arizona. Its highest peak elevation is 4,696 feet (Tortolita Mountains, 2020). Established in 1986 by Pima County, the Tortolita Mountain Park protects most of the mountain range (Tortolita Mountains, 2020).

Saguaro National Park

Tucson, Arizona is home to the largest cacti in the nation. The Saguaro Cactus is the universal symbol of the American West that provides nesting areas, shelter, and food for many animals (VandenBerg, 2018). The Saguaro National Park, located in Southern Arizona, protects the native species and wildlife of the Sonoran Desert. It has two locations on both sides of the city of Tucson located East and West with a total of 91,327 acres (Saguaro National Park). The eastern section of the Saguaro National Park is larger, contains many mountains, rises over 8,000 feet, and has 128 miles of hiking trails (Saguaro National Park). The western portion has a denser saguaro forest and is lower in elevation (Saguaro National Park).

The Saguaro National Monument was created in 1933 (Saguaro National Park). Then in 1975, 71,400 acres of the Saguaro Wilderness area was added (Saguaro National Park). The Saguaro National Park was not established until October 14, 1994 (Saguaro National Park). It has provided many activities to thousands of visitors which include watching the breathtaking Arizona sunsets, hiking, picnics, and embracing the cactus diversity. However, there are any threats that affect this park, this includes invasive plants, fires, theft, and vandalism. The Saguaro Cactus is protected under the Native Plant Protection Act (VandenBerg, 2018). If an individual is caught cutting down a saguaro, they may be charged with felony criminal damage that can result in 25 years in prison (VandenBerg, 2018). Other actions of vandalism that include transplanting the cactus and theft will result in high fees and jail time (VandenBerg, 2018).

Las Ciénegas National Conservation Area
Las Ciénegas National Conservation Area in Southeastern Arizona protects more than 45,000 acres of rolling grasslands and woodlands (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The oak-studded hills in the region connect several lush riparian corridors and "sky island" mountain ranges (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). Within the Las Ciéngas National Conservation Area flows the Ciénega Creek that supports the diverse plant and animal community and is rich in cultural and historic resources (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The Empire and Ciénega ranches are now managed by the Bureau of Land Management under the principals of ecosystem-management and multiple uses for future generations to enjoy (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). The Bureau of Land Management has formed a partnership with Empire Ranch Formation, a non-profit organization, which is dedicated to preserving the landscapes and historic buildings (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014). There are many activities for visitors to do, which include birdwatching, wildlife viewing, picnicking, hunting, horseback riding, hiking, mountain biking, primitive camping, visiting historic sites, photography, and scenic drives (Las Ciénegas NCA, 2014).

Los Morteros Conservation Area
Los Morteros is located south of the Town of Marana's El Rio Open Space Preserve. It's 120 acres of land embodies major traditions of the region that include Mexican, Spanish, Native American, and the American Territorial (Los Morteros, 2020). It is a site that was once inhabited by a large NativeAmerican village between about A.D. 850 and 1300 (Los Morteros, 2020). It was once a large village that stretched North and South along the Santa Cruz River and Past Silver Road (Los Morteros, 2020). The site was named "Los Morteros" by archaeologists because they discovered many many bedrock mortars on the site (Los Morteros, 2020). Los Morteros is a site where many important events took place in Southern Arizona. The undisturbed buried remains make Los Morteros an important cultural resource because they provide a lot of information about the history of the Tucson Basin (Los Morteros, 2020). In fact, Tohono O'odham Nation considers this place as an ancestral site (Los Morteros, 2020). The Pima County Conservation Area protects the archaeological and historic resources to preserve them for the future of Pima County (Los Morteros, 2020).

Agriculture
There are many agricultural areas in Tucson in which they cultivate the soil, grow crops, and raise livestock. The plant and animal products are prepared for people to use and distribute into markets. The crops grown in Tucson include corn, cotton, wheat, pecans, vegetables, alfalfa, barley, citrus, and hay (Water and Irrigated Agriculture in Arizona, 2018).

Civilization

Tucson is a large city that lies in Arizona Uplands of the Sonoran Desert. It is home to a large population of 545,975 (Tucson, Arizona, 2020). Land use in this area is used for recreational, transport, agricultural, residential, and commercial purposes. The land in the AZ Uplands is used to make houses, malls, stores, airports, roads, etc. As the population continues to grow by the minute, more and more land will be taken from the desert. Humans are the biggest threat to the wildlife that lives in the AZ Uplands.

Residential Land Use
Hermosillo is the capital of a large city that is centrally located in the Northwestern Mexican State of Sonora (Hermosillo, 2020). It has a population of over 812,229 inhabitants (Hermosillo, 2020). It is the 16th largest state in Mexico (Hermosillo, 2020). As the population continues to increase, more land will be taken to accommodate the growing population. The majority of land around the Plains of Sonora has been taken over by humans for residential, agricultural, transport, recreational, and commercial purposes.

Agricultural Land Use

Hermosillo uses some of their lands for agriculture, growing crops that include grapes, wheat, flowers, alfalfa, walnuts, and chickpeas (Hermosillo, 2020). Rico Farm in Hermosillo, Mexico at Campo San Luis grows vegetables and has row crops that include tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, eggplants, and squash that are primarily grown for transport (Hermosillo Rico Farm, 2017). This farm manages approximately 4,000 acres of land and most of the area is left in a natural state (Hermosillo Rico Farm, 2017). Livestock is also important in this Hermosillo. There are many farms that raise cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, goats, and even bees (Hermosillo, 2020).

Commercial Land Use
Industry and manufacturing is the dynamic sector of the economy in Hermosillo (Hermosillo, 2020). Thirty percent of the population is employed by 26 major manufacturers in Hermosillo (Hermosillo, 2020). Products manufactured in Hermosillo include cars, computers, televisions, textiles, wood products, cellular phones, printing, food processing, chemicals, and more (Hermosillo, 2020). Commerce employs more than half of the population (Hermosillo, 2020). Therefore, the majority of the land is used for commercial purposes.

title: User:Cinndeee


text:
Talk:Ólim

What happened here?
I see you've redirected this entire wikibook, and each of its pages, to another project; which I would say... isn't a thing. What is your understanding of the situation here, that you were trying to address? (What remedy would be appropriate depends on what it's meant to be a remedy for.) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 04:02, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, I manually transcribed this book and then published it here. It had some degree of indexing by search engines. I then moved the transcription to Wikisource, mainly because the page layouts and epub exports work better for this kind of text. In any case it is mostly in Latin (tho aimed at English readers) so probably better suits Latin Wikisource. I suggest we leave for a few weeks, and then if you wish delete the redirect pages once search engines have indexed the text at the new location. JimKillock (discuss • contribs) 06:14, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * NB: raised this on my talk page also.

title: Talk:Ólim


text:
English-Hanzi/Water and other non-caloric drinks are the best

Water and other non-caloric drinks are the best. Sugary drinks increase blood sugar, increase body weight and increase the risk of getting diabetes.

水和其他无热量的饮料是最好的. 含糖饮料会增加血糖，增加体重并增加患上糖尿病的风险.


text:
Programming Basics/Introduction/What is a translator?

The execution of a program depends on the programming language. For example, a program written in a high-level language cannot be executed right away, because it is written in source code, and the source code is only human-readable and therefore cannot be understood by computers. The source code must therefore be translated into machine code with the help of a translator.

There are different types of translators. High-level languages can be translated into machine code in two different ways, either by using an interpreter, which allows to translate instructions line by line.

Or by using a compiler, which allows to translate all the instructions at once.

Any low-level language written in assembly code can also not be understood by computers. Assembly code is translated into machine code using an assembler.


text:
User:Elilla

🏳⚧♀🏴🌹💪👭

Mastodon: @elilla@queer.party

title: User:Elilla


text:
User:RachelWilShaSingh

Rachel Wil Sha Singh

Email: Rachel@Moosader.com

Other WikiBooks account: Rachel Wil Sha Singh

title: User:RachelWilShaSingh


text:
User:Eromomosele Bright

Bright day designs

title: User:Eromomosele Bright