text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Blockchain

The Technology Behind Cryptocurrency
The technology behind cryptocurrency, blockchain, is a Distributed Trust Protocol. Nick Szabo coined the phrase “The God Protocol” while considering a be-all end-all technology protocol in the late 1990s. His concept was that, in a perfect world, God would be designated as the trusted third party in the middle of all transactions. “All the parties would send their inputs to God. God would reliably determine the results and return the outputs. God being the ultimate in confessional discretion, no party would learn anything more about the other parties’ inputs than they could learn from their own input and the output.” A decade later Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper outlining this new protocol of peer to peer electronic cash system. He called this cash system bitcoin. Instead of relying on financial institutions serving as the trusted third party, it uses a distributed ledger representing a network consensus of every transaction that has ever occurred.

Within the bitcoin network all transactions are verified, cleared and stored in a block which is linked to the proceeding block thereby creating a chain. Each block must refer to the preceding block. Each block is time-stamped and encrypted. Each transaction is then broadcast to all nodes of the peer-to-peer network. Thus the concept of a distributed ledger. Everyone has the same ledger.

Satoshi Nakamoto’s paper was about money and not some greater goal. The concept of blockchain has evolved from solely an electronic cash system to potentially any trusted transaction between two or more parties authenticated by mass collaboration.

Blockchain does not require a central trust authority to verify information or authenticate transactions; rather, trust is built into the governance rules with pre-written code defining how actors can behave in the system.

Notable Attributes of Blockchain Technology
The combination of trust, transparency and immutability is unique to blockchain. Other attributes such as pseudonymity, security, verifiability, and controllability are not unique to blockchain, but are important for understanding the challenges and potential of blockchain.

 * Trust. Strict governance rules, cryptography, and immutability of transactions work together to provide strong security for individuals interacting directly on a distributed network without a central trusted authority.
 * Transparency. Identical copies of the entire record of transactions are available to all participants at all times. This is often referred to as a distributed ledger. In some cases, these ledgers are publicly available to anyone. The ledger provides transparency of transactions to anyone with access.
 * Immutability. Immutable transactions recorded on a blockchain cannot be changed or removed. To change a transaction on the blockchain, a new transaction needs to be added to reverse the effects of the original. In immutable ledgers, there is no way to “expunge” the record of a transaction.
 * Pseudonymity. Using public and private key systems, participants have a public-facing digital “address” that is not publicly associated to them, but over which they exercise unique control. This provides pseudonymity through encryption that creates the possibility of effective anonymity for participants.
 * Security. The use of encryption algorithms combined with the disaggregation of data across a distributed network of nodes (i.e., computers) provides security against attempts to destroy or change the record of transactions.
 * Verifiability. Transactions on a blockchain are immediately auditable in real time. As an immutable and sequenced digital ledger, a blockchain allows the complete record of transactions to be directly verified.
 * Controllability. The tracking of individual assets uniquely on a blockchain allows an individual to exercise effective and exclusive control over data or digital assets. Furthermore, transactions on a blockchain allow the secure transfer of control between individuals over the network.

Potential Uses of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain can be used in any transaction that could be digitized. “Transactions on a blockchain could represent either the transfer of a digital asset of value, such as a cryptocurrency token, or a way to link information to a particular profile, such as associating a university degree with a digital identity. Every transaction in a blockchain has a unique identity that is linked to a single entity who can exercise control over the information or asset from that transaction. Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it is effectively irremovable and unchangeable. The result is an immutable and time-stamped record of a series of transactions.” Blockchain began in cryptocurrency, but potential uses could be birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, deeds and titles of ownership, education degrees, medical procedures, insurance claims or even voting.

Furthermore, blockchain technology can be used in many different sectors for a variety of tasks.

Finance
Using blockchain in banks will create faster transactions with extra transparency for both the customer and banker. It can also be used for tokenization of assets which will make it easier to trade cryptocurrency such as stocks and bonds and later open it up to broader audiences.

Decentralized Transactions
Each product can be tracked and traced through its journey to the recipient from the supplier. This would reduce any fraud and ensure that the right package arrives at its destination properly and if there are any discrepancies then it can be traced back to where those discrepancies may be.

Smart contracts
Smart contracts can be used in any sector and with blockchain technology the authenticity will be valid and it'll be automated so the results would be instantaneous. This will also reduce the need for a third party service saving the contract holder money and time.

Healthcare
Blockchain can help in billing and claims as it'll save the medical providers time on compiling the list of expenses and finding the right insurance providers to send claims to. It can also be used to track pharmaceuticals to ensure that the medical drugs are arriving safely and from the correct pharmaceutical, reducing the chances of fake drugs in the market. Lastly, it'll help in verifying the identity of the patients and their medical history, reducing the risk of medical identity threat.

Challenges with Blockchain Technology
Introduction:

The potential of blockchain technology to transform several industries, including financing, logistics, medicine, and more, has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Fundamentally, blockchain is a technology for distributed ledgers that is decentralized and allows peer-to-peer transactions to be transparent and safe without the use of intermediaries. Blockchain promises to improve transparency, confidence, and efficiency in a variety of applications by permanently recording transactions in an unchangeable and tamper-proof manner. Nevertheless, several obstacles prevent blockchain technology from being widely adopted and used, despite its revolutionary potential. These difficulties cover a wide range of topics, such as complexity, costs, awareness, security, privacy, and scalability. To fully utilize blockchain technology and fulfill its promises of decentralized management, transparency, and trust lessness, these issues must be resolved. Now let us look at the specific sub-challenges inside each domain. Scalability

 * 1) Transaction Throughput: Blockchain networks, particularly those that are public such as Ethereum and Bitcoin, can only handle a certain number of transactions per second. For example, Bitcoin's transaction speed is limited to approximately 7 transactions every second, but Ethereum's throughput fluctuates but commonly varies between 15 to 30 transactions per second. These limits become more obvious during intervals of high volume of transactions, which leads to longer processing times and more expensive fees. To put this in context, Visa, a centrally managed payment service, can process more than 1,700 transactions every second on a typical basis, showing the scalability difference between blockchain-based networks and traditional banking systems.
 * 2) Network latency: The time required for an entire block to travel throughout a network is potentially significant, causing delays. Network delay is determined by numerous factors, including network layout, bandwidth, and node latency.   High network latency reduces the efficiency of decision-making procedures, especially in networks having many nodes distributed across multiple geographical regions. According to studies, network latency varies from a couple of milliseconds to quite a few seconds, affecting transaction completion and user experience.

Security

 * 1) 51% Attacks: A single party can cause chaos on the network by altering or removing transactions in the order that they are processed if they own over fifty percent of the mining hash rate.  The safety and reliability of blockchain technology are threatened by this concentration of mining power since most miners can double-spend coins or block the confirmation of specific transactions. Strong security measures are essential for preventing the several high-profile 51 percent assaults on smaller blockchain systems that have occurred in recent years.
 * 2) Smart Contract Issues:  Smart contracts are vulnerable to vulnerabilities, which if taken advantage of could result in enormous losses. One notorious instance is the DAO attack that occurred in 2016, in which more than $50 million worth of Ether was stolen due to a flaw in smart contracts on the network of Ethereum.   The event made clear how crucial it is to give smart contracts thorough testing, systematic verification, and auditing procedures to reduce exploitation. Since then, using formal verification techniques, bounty programs, and code audits to improve smart contract security has gained more attention.

Complexity

 * 1) Comprehending Blockchain: The technology is intricate and might be a challenge for those who lack technical expertise. It can be difficult to understand concepts like cryptographic hashing, consensus processes, and decentralized governance, which prevents their wider adoption and application.  To make matters worse, studying the field of blockchain can be confusing for novices because of its technical terms and vocabulary. To overcome this difficulty, efforts are on to provide user-friendly manuals, online courses, and educational materials that will increase the accessibility and comprehension of blockchain technology for a wider range of people.
 * 2) Integrating with Current Systems: The process of merging blockchain technology with current IT infrastructure can be difficult and complicated. It is possible that blockchain protocols will not work with legacy systems, in which case a thorough redesign or change would be necessary to ensure smooth integration.  Furthermore, since data types, regulations, and protocols may vary, interoperability across blockchain networks and traditional systems poses further difficulties. Standards for the industry and interoperability methods are being created to guarantee smooth data exchange and communication between non-blockchain and blockchain systems, hence facilitating integration.

Privacy

 * 1) Connectivity of Transactions: Despite being pseudonymous, transactions are frequently associated with actual individuals. Transaction trends, address reusing, and metadata leaks are some of the variables that lead to transaction linkability. Chain analysis approaches have the potential to compromise users' privacy and confidentiality by deanonymizing them and linking their transactions to specific entities.  By obscuring transaction data using cryptographic techniques like ring signatures, hidden addresses, and zero-knowledge proofs, privacy coins like Monero and Zcash have emerged as alternatives to improve transaction privacy.
 * 2) Balancing Privacy and Transparency: It can be difficult to strike a balance between privacy and transparency. Blockchain provides immutability and transparency, but maintaining secrecy and privacy without compromising transparency requires careful consideration. Enhancing privacy without sacrificing auditability and transparency is the goal of strategies like privacy-preserving smart contracts, stealth addresses, and ring signatures.  Additionally, privacy-enhancing technologies like zero-knowledge proofs provide a promising way to protect privacy in transactions made on blockchain by enabling parties to confirm the legitimacy of transactions without disclosing sensitive information.

Operating Costs

 * 1) High Energy Use: Evidence of work Blockchains have significant running expenses since they need a lot of electricity. The highly energy-intensive mining process raises questions about the long-term viability of blockchain technology because it leads to resource depletion and environmental deterioration. According to estimates, the energy used in Bitcoin mining alone is equivalent to that of whole nations like Argentina and the Netherlands.   Research is being done to create alternative consensus mechanisms, including proof-of-stake and proof-of-authority, that can ensure network security and decentralization while using a lot less energy than proof-of-work.
 * 2) Expenses of Infrastructure: The cost of establishing and running a blockchain network might be high. For enterprises and organizations, the costs of hardware, developing software, network maintenance, and compliance with regulations can be major financial obstacles to entrance. Furthermore, as blockchain networks grow, infrastructure expenses may rise, necessitating ongoing expenditures in modernizing and augmenting infrastructure capabilities.  Blockchain services delivered via the cloud and infrastructure-as-a-service providers provide affordable ways to set up and maintain blockchain networks, allowing businesses to use blockchain technology without having to pay large upfront fees.

 Awareness and Understanding

 * 1) Lack Of Awareness: The potential advantages of blockchain technology are still mostly unknown to the public. Insufficient knowledge and comprehension of blockchain technology impedes its acceptance and application in several industries and domains. To close this knowledge gap and advance a general understanding of blockchain technology, educational programs, awareness campaigns, and information-sharing platforms are essential.  To educate stakeholders regarding technology such as blockchain and its applications, business groups, colleges and universities, and government agencies are working together to provide educational materials, training courses, and public awareness campaigns.
 * 2) Misunderstandings and Misconceptions: There are numerous misconceptions regarding blockchain technology, including those that can impede its adoption. Common misconceptions include identifying blockchain primarily with cryptocurrency while ignoring its larger implications in supply chain administration, health care, and identity verification.  Addressing these misunderstandings and encouraging a more nuanced knowledge of blockchain's potential and constraints is critical for supporting responsible choice-making and adoption. Thought leaders, industry professionals, and advocates of organizations are actively striving to dispel blockchain technology myths and misconceptions through focused marketing efforts, open discussions, and educational outreach.


text:
Ethics for IT Professionals/History of Cryptocurrency

The first blockchain based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency is Bitcoin. It was released in 2009 and now has a market capital of over 100 million dollars. The bitcoin system has over a million miners and users across the globe and has been rising in popularity as a method of transaction in many industries. Bitcoin was introduced in 2009 by Satoshi Nakomoto, which explains the Bitcoin currency as “a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust” but rather using encrypted blockchain technology to provide proof of transactions.

The first known transaction was by the programmer Laszlo Hanyecz who purchased pizza using Bitcoin in 2010. In 2010 Litecoin appeared on the stage as an improvement on Bitcoin. Even though bitcoin has kept its popularity throughout the world and as the first cryptocurrency many other cryptos have been created that use blockchain technology with various advantages and uses.

In 2012, the European Central Bank made these definitions to distinguish virtual currency from regular currency as follows:

 * Unregulated digital money which is issued and controlled by the developer and is a generally accepted method of payment in the given virtual community (Andre Krisko, 2016)
 * A currency that is not issued by a non-central bank or authority (Andre Krisko, 2016)
 * May be transported, stored and used for payment to legal or natural persons alike (Andre Krisko, 2016)

This distinction is broad in defining cryptocurrencies but lacks in imagination as seen in the last ten years to categorize cryptos or how they can be used.

In 2014, Mt. Gox which was a Bitcoin exchange site filed for bankruptcy due to a defect in their system and many people lost hundreds of thousands of Bitcoins. This crashed the market and signaled for the first time how unreliable or new and challenging cryptocurrencies would be in the future. Because cryptocurrencies were not backed by any financial institution, everyone who invested at the time lost their money. Two years after this bankruptcy Japan introduced the first regulation on virtual currency. Following the bankruptcy of Mt. Gox came the bankruptcy filing of Cointerra, a company which manufactured specialized hardware for mining bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

The rise of cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin was also facilitated by the rise in online criminal activities and purchasing illegal goods. According to James Martin, the famous Silk Road which appeared in 2011 and Silk Road 2.0 in 2013, both used Bitcoin as a currency because it afforded anonymity and its encryption made it hard for investigators to track these transactions. Many countries who have been attempting to perform transactions while international financial organizations have sanctioned have also been using cryptocurrencies to circumvent these sanctions.

In 2015, Ethereum was launched by Vitalik Buterin gaining popularity especially in Russia. It offered an unlimited number of coins unlike Bitcoin which is capped at about 21 million bitcoins.

The creation of Bitcoin led to the widespread globalization of cryptocurrency mining as a form of earning income and also progressing the agenda of creating a decentralized currency and transaction system. The large number of cryptocurrencies have also created exchange markets in different countries and also globally, functioning as a way to exchange between traditional currencies and cryptos. Some exchange companies have pushed the boundary of exchange even further and are backed by government agencies, for example Coinbase which launched in 2012 is backed by the FDIC because it pools all the balances and holds this in USD banks, money markets. Such legal actions by major institutions to broaden the use of cryptocurrencies has created avenues for entrepreneurs to utilize cryptocurrencies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/History of Cryptocurrency

The first blockchain based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency is Bitcoin. It was released in 2009 and now has a market capital of over 100 million dollars. The bitcoin system has over a million miners and users across the globe and has been rising in popularity as a method of transaction in many industries. Bitcoin was introduced in 2009 by Satoshi Nakomoto, which explains the Bitcoin currency as “a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust” but rather using encrypted blockchain technology to provide proof of transactions.

The first known transaction was by the programmer Laszlo Hanyecz who purchased pizza using Bitcoin in 2010. In 2010 Litecoin appeared on the stage as an improvement on Bitcoin. Even though bitcoin has kept its popularity throughout the world and as the first cryptocurrency many other cryptos have been created that use blockchain technology with various advantages and uses.

In 2012, the European Central Bank made these definitions to distinguish virtual currency from regular currency as follows:

 * Unregulated digital money which is issued and controlled by the developer and is a generally accepted method of payment in the given virtual community
 * A currency that is not issued by a non-central bank or authority
 * May be transported, stored and used for payment to legal or natural persons alike

This distinction is broad in defining cryptocurrencies but lacks in imagination as seen in the last ten years to categorize cryptos or how they can be used.

In 2014, Mt. Gox which was a Bitcoin exchange site filed for bankruptcy due to a defect in their system and many people lost hundreds of thousands of Bitcoins. This crashed the market and signaled for the first time how unreliable or new and challenging cryptocurrencies would be in the future. Because cryptocurrencies were not backed by any financial institution, everyone who invested at the time lost their money. Two years after this bankruptcy Japan introduced the first regulation on virtual currency. Following the bankruptcy of Mt. Gox came the bankruptcy filing of Cointerra, a company which manufactured specialized hardware for mining bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

The rise of cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin was also facilitated by the rise in online criminal activities and purchasing illegal goods. According to James Martin, the famous Silk Road which appeared in 2011 and Silk Road 2.0 in 2013, both used Bitcoin as a currency because it afforded anonymity and its encryption made it hard for investigators to track these transactions. Many countries who have been attempting to perform transactions while international financial organizations have sanctioned have also been using cryptocurrencies to circumvent these sanctions.

In 2015, Ethereum was launched by Vitalik Buterin gaining popularity especially in Russia. It offered an unlimited number of coins unlike Bitcoin which is capped at about 21 million bitcoins.

The creation of Bitcoin led to the widespread globalization of cryptocurrency mining as a form of earning income and also progressing the agenda of creating a decentralized currency and transaction system. The large number of cryptocurrencies have also created exchange markets in different countries and also globally, functioning as a way to exchange between traditional currencies and cryptos. Some exchange companies have pushed the boundary of exchange even further and are backed by government agencies, for example Coinbase which launched in 2012 is backed by the FDIC because it pools all the balances and holds this in USD banks, money markets. Such legal actions by major institutions to broaden the use of cryptocurrencies has created avenues for entrepreneurs to utilize cryptocurrencies.


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Usage of Cryptocurrency in Illegal Transactions

Usage of Cryptocurrency in Illegal Transactions
In recent years, cryptocurrency has grown in popularity as a means of exchange, owing to its decentralized and anonymous character. This feature enables users to transfer payments without requiring a central authority to monitor the transaction. While this same feature has made cryptocurrencies desirable to respectable users, it has also made them enticing to persons engaging in illicit operations. Criminals that participate in money laundering, tax evasion, cybercrime, terrorism financing, drug trafficking, and other illegal activities can use cryptocurrencies' anonymity to execute their transactions without risk of detection. As a result, law enforcement agencies have found it difficult to identify and prosecute those engaging in these acts.

 * 1) Money Laundering with Cryptocurrency Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of unlawfully obtained funds through the use of legitimate channels. Cryptocurrencies can be used for money laundering since they let users to move funds without requiring approval from a central authority. Furthermore, bitcoin transactions are frequently irreversible and difficult to track, making it difficult for law enforcement to identify the persons engaged in a transaction. The usage of "mixers" or "tumblers" is one method through which criminals can use bitcoin for money laundering. These services enable users to mix their cash with others, making it impossible to track the funds' original source. Criminals can also utilize numerous bitcoin wallets to disguise the monies' trail. The usage of shell corporations is another method that cryptocurrency might be utilized for money laundering. Criminals can create bogus corporations and use them to transfer payments via cryptocurrencies, making it harder for authorities to track the funds' origin and destination.
 * 2) Drug Trafficking with Cryptocurrency Drug traffickers have also used cryptocurrency's anonymity to make unlawful transactions. Drug dealers can transfer payments using cryptocurrency without the requirement for a central authority, making it harder for police to follow the transaction. Law enforcement organizations have discovered multiple incidents of drug traffickers using cryptocurrencies to execute transactions in recent years. For example, the US Department of Justice announced the arrest of many individuals in 2020 who were utilizing cryptocurrencies to launder money gained from narcotics trafficking. The Dark Web, a section of the internet not accessible via standard search engines, has also played a role in the usage of cryptocurrency for drug trafficking. The Dark Web has grown in popularity as a marketplace for illegal items, including drugs, with cryptocurrency as the preferred payment mechanism.
 * 3) Tax Evasion with Cryptocurrency Because of the anonymity and lack of transparency inherent in the technology, cryptocurrency transactions may be utilized for tax avoidance. Because cryptocurrencies are decentralized, users can conduct transactions without the involvement of traditional financial institutions, making it harder for tax authorities to identify and track these transactions. Individuals can use this anonymity to obtain payment for services done without having to report the income to tax authorities. A freelancer who receives paid in cryptocurrencies for their services, for example, may be able to avoid paying taxes on that income by failing to notify it to the tax authorities. Individuals may also utilize bitcoin to conceal income from tax authorities by failing to declare gains from cryptocurrency sales.
 * 4) Ponzi schemes Cryptocurrency Ponzi schemes are a form of fraudulent investment opportunity that frequently promises abnormally large returns to investors who acquire a specific coin. These schemes work by attracting people to invest their money with the promise of quick and big earnings, which are obtained by referring new investors to the plan. As new investors join and invest their money, previous investors' gains are paid out, resulting in a cycle of new investment and payout. These schemes, however, are based on deception and lack a real business model or investment strategy to support the promised returns. Rather, the profits offered to early investors are funded by younger investors' money.As the system grows and more individuals invest, finding new investors to pay out the profits becomes increasingly difficult, eventually leading to the scheme's demise. When a Ponzi scheme fails, investors suffer huge losses and are sometimes left with little to no remedy for reclaiming their money. BitConnect and OneCoin are two noteworthy examples of cryptocurrency Ponzi schemes that have duped investors out of millions of dollars. These schemes used false promises and deceptive marketing to trick people into investing significant quantities of money, resulting in widespread financial devastation for many naïve investors.
 * 5) Ransomware Ransomware is a type of virus that encrypts the victim's files and demands money in exchange for the decryption key. Cybercriminals typically demand payment in cryptocurrency due to the anonymity they provide and the difficulties in tracking them down. The WannaCry ransomware attack, which happened in 2017, is one of the most well-known ransomware attacks. Over 200,000 machines in 150 countries were affected by the attack.
 * 6) Terrorism Financing with Cryptocurrency Because of its anonymity and decentralization, cryptocurrency has the potential to be used to fund terrorist actions. Cryptocurrency transactions are frequently difficult to track, allowing individuals to contribute funds to terrorist organizations without being detected. This feature has made it simpler for terrorist organizations to collect money while evading law enforcement. The potential of cryptocurrency to conduct cross-border transactions easily and without the involvement of traditional financial institutions has made it an appealing instrument for terrorist financing. The bitcoin market's lack of regulation and control has exacerbated the situation by making it simpler for terrorists to use the technology to fund their activities. The United States authorities seized almost $2 million in cryptocurrencies meant to finance terrorist activities in 2021. The monies were tracked back to an extremist group that used cryptocurrencies to support its operations. The seizure was an important accomplishment for law enforcement, demonstrating the possible use of cryptocurrencies in terrorist financing.

Illegal activity only accounts for 0.34% of all crypto transactions in 2020, or $10B which is down from 2%, or $21.4B, in 2019.

Ransomware, however, has increased believed to be partially caused by covid-19 increasing work from home. While Ransomware only accounted for 7% of crypto received by criminals, this represents a 311% increase over the year.

Because cryptocurrency is pseudonymous, you can only see where funds were sent but not who sent them, making analysis by companies like Chainalysis easier. This also means that it is an enticing way to launder money or finance terrorist organizations.

In 2019, the PlusToken Ponzi Scheme took over $2B from its victims. PlusToken is based in China and acted as a crypto wallet which would reward users with high rates of return if they bought PLUS tokens using Bitcoin and Ethereum. All in all, 6 individuals connected to the scheme were arrested, however, stolen coins still move through wallets presuming one involved individual is still free.

The main issues that stem from the usage of cryptocurrency in illegal transactions are that legitimate investors will be more wary to get involved as well as some governments making some or all cryptocurrency illegal due to this activity. While only 5.9% of Bitcoin users were involved in illegal activities, this accounts for 30% of all bitcoin activity. “The digital currency market is one of the largest unregulated markets in the world, with about 2,000 different currencies worth about $250 billion and a daily turnover of $60 billion”.

One reason researchers believe that there has been a decrease in illegal bitcoin users is the increase in alternative cryptocurrencies with more anonymity, such as Monero and Dash.

Scams make up most of the crypto related crimes, with the darknet market coming in second.

Conclusion:

While cryptocurrency has many legitimate uses, its anonymity and decentralization have also made it attractive to criminals for illegal activities. Law enforcement agencies are working to develop strategies to combat these activities, but the anonymous nature of cryptocurrency continues to pose challenges. As cryptocurrency becomes more widely adopted, it will be important for regulators to find ways to balance the benefits of decentralized finance with the need to prevent illegal activities.


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Women Writers Project (Northeastern University)

Overview:
The Women Writers Project (WWP) at Northeastern University – located in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States – is a longstanding research and publication project devoted to the electronic translation, preservation and presentation of Early Modern texts composed by women writers in the English language[1]. Originally founded in 1986 by a small party of academic fellows from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island[2], this enterprise sought to illuminate the enduring, cultural significance of early women’s writing through experimentation with electronic text encoding. It has since expanded exponentially, having been supported by numerous grants from notable organisations such as the National Endowment for the Humanities[3], and as of September 2022, includes over 600 rare or difficult to obtain transcriptions of texts written or co-authored by women between the sixteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries[4]. Through the digital publication of their evolving collection, in addition to their organisation of other research endeavours and educational workshops, the WWP continues to successfully “bring texts by pre-Victorian women writers out of the archive and make them accessible to a wide audience”[5].

History:
Formerly the Brown University Women Writers Project, the WWP began in the late 1980s as a cross-departmental group with members from two intellectual faculties: the flourishing early modern women’s studies department; and the newly-developed field of electronic text encoding[6]. The focus of this collaborative project was to improve the accessibility, preservation and longevity of the previously-neglected works of early women writers, through the formulation of an electronic archive that not only encompassed full transcriptions of these texts, but also accompanying works such as literary reviews and scholarly essays from the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

In 1988, the WWP commenced their initial, five-year transcription of an electronic collection of approximately 200 texts, as well as the publication of a fifteen-volume series – Women Writers in English, 1350 – 1850 – in traditional print form, which still remains available. Since then, numerous grants and the gradual growth of the WWP team have facilitated the development of many new projects, most significant of which including Following the release of Women Writers Online, this enterprise has begun several new ventures centralised around research and education regarding scholarly text encoding, with the publication of a guidebook, introduction of curricular documentation and seminars, as well as hosting of an occasional symposium, Women in the Archives. To further their pursuit of textual and digital education, the WWP and its staff moved to join the Digital Scholarly Group of Northeastern University in 2013[8].
 * The commissioning of the digitalisation of the front matter of 100 texts from the Renaissance, culminating in Renaissance Women Online (funded by endowments from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1997 – 2000);
 * The production of In Her Own Words, a one-woman show based on the life and literary achievements of Queen Elizabeth I; and
 * The 1999 electronic publication of Women Writers Online, the corpus of works from English-transcribed, women writers of the Renaissance[7].

People:
The WWP was first established by personnel from the English Faculty of Brown University. Since the late 1980s, this cross-departmental enterprise has continued to expand. As of September 2022, the project employs four permanent staff members: Director: Julia Flanders;

Senior XML Programmer/Analyst: Syd Bauman;

XML Applications Programmer: Ash Clark; and

Assistant Director: Sarah Connell. Additionally, the WWP also consists of thirteen Current Research and Encoding Specialists, as well as an Advisory Board underpinned by an Executive Committee and a Research Board, alongside Collaborators incorporating Pedagogical Development Consultants and Research Partners[9].

A full list of former and current staff, affiliates and alumni can be located on the WWP website: https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/about/people.html.

Works and Initiatives:
In addition to their frequent publications and annual seminar, Women in the Archives, the Women Writers Project has developed and frequently updates four web platforms as outlined below:

Women Writers Online
First published in August 1999, Women Writers Online (WWO) is a diverse, detailed and digitalised collection of women’s writing in the English language originating from 1450 to 1850[10]. Meticulously transcribed and encoded in the XML-based language, TEI, this vast catalogue encompasses a plethora of political, religious, philosophical and scientific texts that encapsulate the early culture of women’s literature and writing. Some notable inclusions within this platform include the writings of Anne Askew, Anne Cooke Bacon, Margaret Cavendish and Katherine Phillips, with approximately 25 new texts also added to the collection annually[11].

WWO is currently available by institutional and individual subscriptions, with many major universities, research centres and libraries across the world already utilising this accessible, reliable and insightful platform. As of September 2022, individual subscriptions cost $50 per year, with discounted student rates starting at $25 per annum. It is also important to note that WWP offer a free one-month trial subscription for new members, as well as free access to the platform for the month of March, in celebration of Women’s History Month[12].

Women Writers in Context
Women Writers in Context is an engaging, experimental and digitalised exhibition that seeks to offer those new to early women’s writing with opportunities to explore contextual knowledge, historical texts and research related to early women’s writing, as well as the prevalence of women in other fields such as music, art, medicine and education[13].

Women Writers in Review
Women Writers in Review is an electronic catalogue of texts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that complement those available in Women Writers Online, such as published reviews, historical accounts and other works that comment on early women’s writing[14].

Teaching and Learning (also known as WWP Curricular Materials)
The ‘Teaching and Learning’ platform offers a plethora of materials and tools to support educators in planning for and utilising the digital and collaborative spaces, exhibitions and texts available on Women Writers Online. Some examples of the valuable resources accessible include: lesson plans and assessment exemplars relevant to the collaborative exploration of women literate culture; university-level syllabi aligned with early modern literary traditions and women’s studies; citation and encoding guides; and a collaborative consultation program on pedagogy and curriculum[15].

Reputation & Legacy:
The WWP and its staff have collaboratively addressed many prevailing obstacles related to the inaccessibility, invisibility and scarcity of the early historical writings by women in the English language, as their digitalised archives, curricular materials and contemporary publications have facilitated the revitalisation of such scholarship and research into this once marginalised field.

Enduring public engagement in the ventures of the WWP is exemplified by the grants and incentives that they have and continue to receive to fund their archival research, academic publications and collaborative encoding of hundreds of texts and educational resources. In particular, the unwavering contributions of the National Endowment for the Humanities to the WWP since their first endowment in 1988 is evidence of the significance of the project’s work to the history of feminine literature and the digitalisation of archival material.

The vast breadth of the origins, genres and topics available within the online catalogue, Women Writers Online, ensures that this multi-disciplinary project continues to be an engaging and indispensable resource for teaching, learning and research, as well as an “unparalleled view of women’s literate culture in the early modern period”[16].

Further Reading:
For additional information and resources on the Women Writers Project at Northeastern University, visit the Research & Publications segment on the official WWP website, which offers access to full listings and details of all published works and endeavours developed by this enterprise, most notably of which including Women Writers Online, Women Writers in Review, Women Writers in Context, Early Modern Women’s Manuscript and the WWP Lab, as well as their educational syllabi and scholarly guides to women’s literature and electronic textual encoding.

Additionally, the published works of the current and founding director of the WWP, Julia Flanders, may offer valuable insights into the synergy between electronic encoding and early women’s writing, as well as the origins of this project. A full list of her scholarly publications is available at https://juliaflanders.wordpress.com/about/cv/  . A few outstanding examples of her work include:

Wernimont, Jacqueline, and Julia Flanders. “Feminism in the Age of Digital Archives: The Women Writers Project.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 29, no. 2, 2010, pp. 425–35. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41337287.

Flanders, Julia. “Learning, Reading, and the Problem of Scale: Using Women Writers Online.” Pedagogy, vol. 2, no. 1, 2002, pp. 49–60. doi: https://doi- org.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/10.1215/15314200-2-1-49.

References:
Flanders, Julia. “Learning, Reading, and the Problem of Scale: Using Women Writers Online.” Pedagogy, vol. 2, no. 1, 2002, pp. 49–60. doi: https://doi-org.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/10.1215/15314200-2-1-49.

Wernimont, Jacqueline, and Julia Flanders. “Feminism in the Age of Digital Archives: The Women Writers Project.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 29, no. 2, 2010, pp. 425–35. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41337287.

Women Writers Project. “WWP.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/.

Women Writers Project. “About the WWP.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/about/.

Women Writers Project. “History of Grants.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/about/grants.html.

Women Writers Project. “Pricing Information.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/license/pricing.html.

Women Writers Project. “Teaching and Learning.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/teaching/.

Women Writers Project. “Texts Included in Women Writers Online, Sorted by Title.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/texts/textlist.title.html.

Women Writers Project. “The Texts in Women Writers Online.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/texts/.

Women Writers Project. “Women Writers in Context.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/context/index.html.

Women Writers Project. “Women Writers in Review.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://wwp.northeastern.edu/review/.

Women Writers Project. “Women Writers Online.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/.

Women Writers Project. “Women Writers Project History.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/about/history/.

Women Writers Project. “WWP People.” Women Writers Project, Northeastern University. https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/about/people.html. [1] Women Writers Project, WWP.

[2] Women Writers Project, Women Writers Project History.

[3] Women Writers Project, History of Grants.

[4] Women Writers Project, Texts Included in Women Writers Online, Sorted by Title

[5] Women Writers Project, WWP.

[6] Women Writers Project, Women Writers Project History.

[7] Women Writers Project, Women Writers Project History.

[8] Women Writers Project, About the WWP.

[9] Women Writers Project, WWP People.

[10] Women Writers Project, Women Writers Online.

[11] Women Writers Project, The Texts in Women Writers Online

[12] Women Writers Project, Pricing Information.

[13] Women Writers Project, Women Writers in Context.

[14] Women Writers Project, Women Writers in Review

[15] Women Writers Project, Teaching and Learning

[16] Women Writers Project, Women Writers Online


text:
Information Technology and Ethics/Cryptocurrency Legal & Ethical Perspectives

Legal Issues
Ever since Bitcoin became successful, the legalization of cryptocurrency has been a hot issue. There are several cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin (BTC), such as Ethereum (ETH), Litecoin (TCC), Dash, Ripple, etc., which is why it is hard to keep track of which country is allowing which cryptocurrency. A concerning problem regarding cryptocurrency is the many legal issues that surround it. Some governments tend to shy away from this currency while others have chosen to embrace it. Considering these issues vary in complexity, it would be appropriate to highlight the different legal matters surrounding crypto:

 * 1) Regulation: Since Crypto is a relatively recent concept, governments around the globe are still adapting to it with their regulations. These regulations vary from country to country, with some countries having fairly lax regulations, while others either are not allowing the usage of Cryptocurrency or are very strict with their policies. Since there is such variety, businesses often have to pick and choose where their operations are being conducted if they are utilizing Cryptocurrency as part of the business.
 * 2) KYC Compliance: KYC (Know your Customer) makes sure crypto exchanges verify identities of their customers in order to highlight suspicious individuals.
 * 3) Security: As we know, there are many concerns surrounding the security of different cryptocurrencies. Many crypto accounts are subject to getting hacked and it has been a large issue for the government to address without enforcing harsher regulations. These issues will only continue to grow in size as we move forward.
 * 4) Money Laundering: With Cryptocurrency being another method of investing, many individuals have been able to use it as a way of laundering illegal money. Since traders have the right to remain completely anonymous, they have utilized black market sites to buy & sell items that would be illegal in public transactions.

Legal Standpoints
Although not every country is allowing cryptocurrency, there are a lot of countries that are allowing some cryptocurrencies. For example, Bitcoin is legal in the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, etc. Some countries that do not allow any type of cryptocurrencies are Algeria, Bolivia, Vietnam, and Saudi Arabia. There are some “undecided” countries as well such as Argentina, Columbia, Peru, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries do not ban Bitcoin or cryptocurrencies, but they do not have any clear laws or regulations.

Due to the fact that crypto is a fairly new concept and the unpredictability of it, countries across the globe have differing opinions on it. Countries have either fully embraced the concept, outright denied it, or are still uncertain on how to approach the regulation of it.

For example, the United Kingdom has taken a rather progressive approach to the handling of crypto as their regulations have already been set and they have even looked into central bank digital currencies. Japan has also been an early participant in the adoption of cryptocurrency as they allowed bitcoin to be used as payment starting in 2017. The framework that they have created is rather advanced and requires exchanges to obtain licenses to operate.

On the other hand, there are countries that have taken a more strict approach to the introduction and adoption of cryptocurrencies. China has already banned cryptocurrency exchanges within the country since 2017. India has also taken a cautious approach to crypto as they have already banned all private cryptocurrencies.

Usage
Cryptocurrency, a digital currency, was first created in 2009. It was developed because the internet had to rely on financial institutions serving as third parties for electronic payments. Bitcoin was created to be free of those extra payments, and its goal was to establish an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof rather than trust, enabling any two willing parties to conduct business directly with one another without the assistance of a reliable third party. Cryptocurrency serves the purpose of enabling digital transactions using digital identities.

People utilize cryptocurrencies for a variety of purposes,

 * including making fast payments,
 * avoiding transaction fees from traditional banks,
 * taking advantage of the anonymity they provide.

Some people invest in cryptocurrencies in the hopes that their value will increase. The low cost provided by crypto has prompted other countries such as China, Japan, and Sweden to conduct trials of their own digital currencies. The low cost has also led banks to create digital versions of their own currency.

Examples of Usage in Other Countries of Cryptocurrency
A survey conducted by Pew Research in 2023 showed that 69% of people in the US who have invested in cryptocurrency still hold crypto, while 31% who used it do not have it anymore. People who bought crypto, the majority of them in the US, still have it invested across all age groups. In Nigeria, 32% have used or owned cryptocurrency (2020). In Nigeria, it is legal to own and do business with cryptocurrency, and many businesses opt for it to protect themselves from inflation and third-party payments. Another country where cryptocurrency is used (20%) is Vietnam because it is fast and accessible in the region. In the Philippines, even the government encouraged it by setting up a blockchain app, bonds.ph, with Union bank for government bonds allocation. The Union bank installed a Bitcoin ATM in Makati (Metro Manila) which shows that Bitcoin is used widely. Finally Illegal activity online, such as the "dark web," uses cryptocurrency because it offers anonymity. The Government Accountability Office stated that out of the 27 online commercial sex marketplaces looked at, 15 accepted virtual currency in a June 2021 research. The purchase, sale, and exchange of virtual currencies can be facilitated via virtual currency in a June 2021 research. Furthermore, the purchase, sale, and exchange of virtual currencies can be facilitated via virtual currency ATMs, which are standalone devices for drug trafficking. These are some of the unethical uses of Crypto Currency. which then the question of regulation comes in.

Regulation Problems
Cryptocurrencies have a big problem; they are not regulated. This is also one of the reasons why countries are hesitant to allow them. Countries have to make their own laws and regulations when making Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies legal. For example, in the United States, cryptocurrency transactions fall under the scope of the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). This implies that cryptocurrency exchange service providers must have the appropriate license approved by Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), implement an Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) and Sanctions program, maintain appropriate records, and submit reports to authorities. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) views cryptocurrencies as securities which is why they apply securities laws to digital wallets. Furthermore, FinCEN expects crypto exchanges to comply with record-keeping requirements and the “Travel Rule” in response to Financial Action Task Force (FATF)’s guidelines published in June 2019.

There are some countries that have developed their own cryptocurrency. For example, Venezuela launched Petro in February 2018. According to their December 2017 announcement, it was supposed to be backed up by the country's oil and mineral reserves and was intended to supplement Venezuela’s bolívar fuerte currency. As of August 2018, Petro appears to not be a currency, although Venezuela’s government said that their new currency, soberano, has connections with it.

Russia has also developed its own crypto, CryptoRubble, in October 2017. This cryptocurrency was issued by Russia’s Central Bank. The unique aspect of this cryptocurrency is that it is managed by the Russian government. One of the reasons they are doing this is to circumvent financial sanctions that have been placed on them.

Ethical Issues
The ethical consequences of blockchain technology can be diverse and wide-ranging, and have a huge impact on one’s social life. Blockchain can be an invaluable tool of democracy on the other hand it can also be used by governments or other private entities to exert and consolidate power over people and information. Cryptocurrency as crypto-economic plays a critical role in increasing financial inclusion and creating innovative microeconomies, and these structures can also create exploitative systems or undermine existing payment and financial systems. In recent years the effective anonymity of cryptocurrencies has also been used for criminal activity at large. Whereas blockchain has the ability to restore personal control over data, it could also have the effect of consolidating and codifying the control of certain entities over information and personal data due to the immutability nature of this technology.

The following examples represent some of the many potential consequences of the trade-offs made in blockchain design. These examples are meant to be representative, not comprehensive; they illustrate the breadth of the challenges and potential consequences that arise from the practical applications of blockchain design and implementation. At one end of the impact spectrum, blockchain technologies could create or exacerbate severe power inequities in communities, or they could consolidate power over individuals and information by entities that design and implement the technology to their own advantage. At the other end of the impact spectrum, particular technical design issues such as private key systems and encryption algorithms are presented to show that even these seemingly innocuous design details can significantly affect people.

Some of the ethical issues with Blockchain are:

==== Digital Identity ==== A vital component of our growing digital environment is digital identification, where confirming one's identity online is necessary to use services, complete transactions, and maintain security. Blockchain technology delivers a novel method of controlling digital identities, giving users more security, privacy, and control. But it also brings up issues and moral dilemmas that must be resolved. The issues are:

 * 1) Diversity and Access: Blockchain technology can improve personal data management, but it needs internet and technological access.
 * 2) Data Privacy: Although blockchain offers privacy characteristics, improper security could lead to the exposure of sensitive personal data.
 * 3) Legal Compliance: Identity systems built on blockchain need to abide by rules like KYC standards and data protection legislation.

Anonymity
A key component of blockchain technology is anonymity, especially when it comes to cryptocurrency. It describes people's capacity to participate in events or transactions without disclosing who they are. Although this feature grants privacy and autonomy, it also poses moral conundrums and difficulties that require thoughtful analysis. It contains:

 * 1) Illegal operations: The anonymity provided by blockchain technology can be used for illicit operations like financing terrorism, money laundering, and drug trafficking.
 * 2) Transparency vs. Privacy: Although anonymity features of blockchain technology encourage transparency, there may be conflicts between the need for privacy and the requirement for transparency in some situations
 * 3) Accountability: Being anonymous can make it more difficult to hold someone accountable for their deeds.

Dependency on Passwords
Private keys, which are effectively complicated passwords, are frequently necessary for the security and management of digital assets in blockchain technology. To access and manage assets based on blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrency, these keys are essential. Yet there are several moral and practical issues with this reliance on passwords. This includes:

 * 1) Asset Loss: A user will always be unable to access their assets if they misplace their private key.
 * 2) Security Risks: Unauthorized individuals may be able to access and take advantage of the user's assets if they are breached, taken, or compromised.
 * 3) User Responsibility: Since blockchain technology is decentralized, users cannot turn to a central authority to retrieve misplaced keys or compromised funds.

Blockchain as a tool for democracy
Blockchain technology could be a very useful instrument for strengthening democracy. Its decentralization, security, and transparency qualities can be used to enhance a variety of democratic processes. However, there are problems and ethical issues with adopting blockchain in this situation that must be resolved. The issues are:

 * 1) Digital Divide: Widespread usage of technologies and the internet is necessary for blockchain to be a useful instrument for democracy.
 * 2) Privacy Issues: Blockchain's transparency is an important component, but it must be weighed against privacy issues.
 * 3) Potential for Abuse: Blockchain technology may be abused by governments or other strong organizations to monopolize power, monitor the public, or falsify data.

Immutability
Immutability is a key feature of blockchain technology. The security and integrity of the data saved on the blockchain depend on this feature. It also brings up several moral questions and difficulties. It has:

 * 1) Right to be Forgotten: This allows people to ask for the removal of their personal data, in contradiction with privacy rights due to the confidentiality of blockchain technology. Once data is entered into a blockchain, it is difficult to remove or change it.
 * 2) Error Correction: In conventional databases, records can be updated or deleted to fix errors. However, since blockchain data cannot be changed, errors are irreversible, which might have dangerous repercussions if sensitive or inaccurate information is stored.


text:
User talk:2409:4041:E02:4180:B8F2:2F5C:44F3:ED3E

𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 21:24, 30 April 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:Bereket abdella gamechu

Bereket abdella MBC dream

title: User:Bereket abdella gamechu


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Julia Flanders

= Julia Flanders =

Biography
Julia Flanders is an established professor, author and scholar specialising in her practice of English at the Northeastern University College of Social Sciences and Humanities. Julia is the head and director of the Digital Scholarship Group at the Northeastern University's Library. Julia's special interest into research of women’s writing eventuated into her becoming the director and editor in chief of the Women’s Writing Project, her name also engrained on an extensive list of external publications of her own. Julia Flanders is the editor and chief of the Digital Humanities Quarterly, a peer-reviewed and open access online journal with regard to digital humanities. Julia began an apprenticeship in the digital humanities in the early 1990s at the Women’s Writer Project. Julia continued her work in developing the digital humanities organizations that included the Text Encoding Initiative and the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations.

Julia Flanders began her education in 1987 with a bachelor’s degree in history and literature at Harvard University, before continuing her studies at Cambridge, where she graduated with a bachelor’s degree in English literature during 1989. Flanders continued at Brown University, graduating with her masters in English literature during 1991, furthering this knowledge in 2005, becoming a doctorate in English literature. Julia has served as chair of the TEI Consortium and doubled as the president of the Humanities and Association for Computers faculties at Northeastern University. She has also taught a wide range of workshops on text encoding and served as a consultant and advisor on numerous digital humanities projects. Her research interests focus on data modelling, textual scholarship, humanities data curation, and the politics of digital scholarly work. She is the co-editor with Neil Fraistat of The Cambridge Companion to Textual Scholarship, and the co-editor with Fotis Jannidis, of The Shape of Data in Digital Humanities: Modeling Texts and Text-based Resources (Routledge, 2019).

Works
Julia Flanders holds an extensive track record of publications, from her contributions to academic journals, books, research projects, academic lectures and involvement in peer-reviewed conference presentations and professional workshops, Flanders has made quite the name for herself as a scholar in the literary realm. A large majority of her published works, reflect her large interest of text encoding historic manuscripts of women’s writing. The best examples of her work in this field begin with the publishing of 'The Body Encoded: Questions of Gender and the Electronic Text: Investigations in Method and Theory’ (1997). Flanders was responsible for the supervision and documentation of the journal’s transcription and encoding procedures that addressed nineteenth century development theories of women’s participation in art, writing and the human body. Another excellent example of her work in this field is demonstrated in, ‘Learning from the Past: The Women Writers Project and Thirty Years of Humanities Text Encoding’ (2017), a book that decoded medieval artefacts of women’s writing and recounts many of the lost voices of women writers throughout this period of history.

Moreover, Flanders’s enthused participation in the world of digital humanities led her to produce a variety of texts addressing feministic themes. These hints of feminism are largely portrayed just in her titles, ‘Looking for Gender in Digital Humanities’ (2018), ‘Intersectional Feminist Digital Humanities’(2017), and ‘Feminism in the Age of Digital Archives’(2010). History often recounts women for the part they played in their gender roles, such as domestic upkeep and being a mother or a wife, depicting women as incapable of being remembered as anything more. Julia Flanders has devoted her career to recovering the many accounts of women writers and their work, that had become archived voices in history. Julia Flanders has proven that these historic women writer's were so much more than just remnants of their sex, they were esteemed authors during their time, women who deserve to be remembered for their intelligent qualities and the work they produced.

It is notable to mention the invited academic lectures that Flanders’s has presented to universities, academics, theorists and scholars throughout her career, ‘Cultures of Reception, the Discontinuity in the History of Women’s Writing’, ‘Demand for Diversity in Digital Systems: The Women Writers Project’, ‘Encoding Identity, Networking Women’s Writing’. These academic presentations demonstrate her large interest into the field of research regarding feministic textual scholarship and the modern curation of digital scholarly archives.

Reputation/Legacy
Julia Flanders has generated a legacy that is largely enriched with academic knowledge and education throughout her journey from humanities student to literary scholar. Julia Flanders’s has played an active role in recovering and honouring the historic women writers that came before her. Julia’s reputation reflects her drive for better scholarly practice in the modern digital humanities. Through her active part on the Women’s Writing Project, Julia has enhanced accessibility to the digital collection of women’s writing during the pre-Victorian era. Julia has accessed the assistance of scholars, technologists and archivists to improve the digital archives that hold the most historic accounts of early women’s writing, which has made these works more visible in the new digital literary canon.

Julia has dedicated her work to the digital humanities, playing part in digitizing women’s writing, exploring new methods of scholarly communication and theorizing technology related scholarship. Julia’s most recent two decades of work have largely focused on innovation through researching the impact of digital scholarly tools and how they can promote availability of writing by women. Julia Flanders prides herself through teaching her students the correct methods, approaches and strategies that are required to ensure proper accuracy and functioning in her student’s publication projects. The courses that Julia has taught to university students for over fifteen years, has seen her involvement and support in her former students’ research, professional conferences, presentations and published works. Julia’s legacy is reflected through her students and their accomplishments, many of whom looked to her as a professional mentor throughout her time as their teacher.

References + Further Reading
“Data and Wisdom: Electronic Editing and the Quantification of Knowledge,” vol.24, no.1, 2009, pp.53–62.

“Detailism, Digital Texts, and the Problem of Pedantry,” Text Technology, vol.14, no. 2, 2005, pp. 41-70.

Digital Humanities and the Politics of Scholarly Work. Doctoral dissertation. Brown University, 2005. “Looking for Gender in Digital Humanities.” In Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminist Digital Humanities, ed. Jacqueline Wernimont and Elizabeth Losh. Under contract; anticipated publication 2018.

“Feminism in the Age of Digital Archives.” The Women Writers Project Author: Jacqueline Wernimont and Julia Flanders, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2010, pp. 425-435, Published by: University of Tulsa https://www.jstor.org/stable/41337287

“Learning from the Past.” The Women Writers Project and Thirty Years of Humanities Text Encoding, co-authored with Sarah Connell, Elizabeth Polcha, and William Reed Quinn, no. 4 (2017).

“The Body Encoded: Questions of Gender and the Electronic Text.” In Electronic Text: Investigations in Method and Theory, ed. Kathryn Sutherland, Oxford University Press, 1997.

[Julia Flanders’s Lectures:]
Women Writers Project (1992-present): A digital research and publication project focusing on the representation and publication of early women’s writing in English using the TEI Guidelines. Currently serve as director.

Digital Humanities Quarterly (2005-present): An open-access, peer-reviewed journal of digital humanities. Founder and editor in chief.

Cultures of Reception: Readership and Discontinuity in the History of Women's Writing, keynote lecture at the conference of the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing (SHARP), University of Victoria, June 2017.

The Women Writers Project at 30: The Data of Writing, Reception, and Intertextuality, Wellesley College, May 2017.

Diversity in Digital Systems: The Women Writers Project, Johns Hopkins University, April 2017.

Encoding Identity, keynote lecture at Queer Encoding: Encoding Diverse Identities symposium, New York University, April 2017.

Writing, Reception, Intertextuality: Networking Women’s Writing, keynote lecture at Reception, Reputation and Circulation in the Early Modern World, 1500-1800, National University of Ireland, Galway, March 2017.

Building Otherwise: Gender, Race, and Difference in the Digital Humanities, University of Oklahoma, September 2016.


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2021/March

Wikifunctions logo contest
. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then please learn more and vote now at Meta-Wiki. --Quiddity (WMF) 01:45, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

Update about user:Pi zero
Obituary: Wikinews mourns loss of volunteer John Shutt Pi zero died yesterday, his mother and his sister confirmed. His account has been globally locked, and stweards have said to remove local privs, if need be. acagastya 💭 04:33, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the update. This is (from my memory) without precedent on Wikibooks; however, I've filed a request on Meta to remove admin rights, because bureaucrats cannot remove admin rights here. with respect to interface admin. I do not see a need to remove reviewer from him out of respect for his work (the problem with keeping admin is that it can cause confusion). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 09:32, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * For the benefit of other readers confused on what happened: he suffered a (sudden) heart attack. From acagastya on IRC: "His mother, on the phone call said he had a heart attack and head trouble breathing, was rushed to a hospital, went into coma, and later died." Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 09:42, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I had requested his account to be globally locked -- a standard procedure for deceased Wikimedians. If you would to keep his privs, that is all right. acagastya 💭  09:48, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I am shocked and saddened., if you are in touch with his family, and if you think it appropriate, please do pass on my condolences. We've worked together here for many, many years and I will miss his contributions and conversation. I'm sure the whole Wikibooks community feels the same. In terms of rights, I agree the +sysop should be removed due to the confusion it could cause, the other rights can remain I think. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 10:12, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure,, will do that. acagastya 💭 10:14, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm similarly shocked and saddened by this news. During the two years I've contributed here hes been a constant support here, always helping me with whatever I've needed. His contributions to this project are immeasurable. My deepest condolences to his family and friends. I shall miss his conversations with me, its not going to be the same without him. He had such an intelligent outlook, it always stimulated me. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:30, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I was equally shocked with this news, although we don't have much interactions, but every one are pleasant. I am very saddened to hear this and thanks Pi zero for your very invaluable work here and elsewhere on Wikimedia. Rest in Peace. Camouflaged Mirage (discuss • contribs) 11:33, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

I would like to add that this obviously deeply affects Wikinews. They have created an article at Wikinews mourns loss of volunteer John Shutt. Well I knew he was smart, but I had no idea about his achievements really. So I thought I would share this with everyone. I'm a bit shocked about how young he was. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 13:10, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
 * This is terrible news. I've known Pi Zero ever since 2015 when I was still relatively new here. Horrible news... he was a very intelligent and kind person - my condolences. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 04:50, 28 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Truly unfortunate. He was a talented and hardworking individual. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

I think it's only a mild exaggeration to say that he was single-handedly keeping Wikibooks and Wikinews moving forward. Even when he and I disagreed, it was always respectfully and he had a vision of what should happen next. In addition to the fact that this is a personal loss for his loved ones and those of us who had a relationship with him, it's a blow to the viability of the Wikimedia Foundation's two most-struggling projects. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:46, 28 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I was changing user rights for a WMF staff at MediaWiki.org today (in the west coast) and then looking at the user rights log I was quite shocked to learn about Pi zero’s passing. This is a huge loss for both wikibooks and at wikinews. He was a major presence to both projects, and has put in so much time and work improving the quality of content. My condolences to his family, colleagues and friends — he is deeply missed. Tropicalkitty (discuss • contribs) 02:00, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

1= in Template:Shelf:Page
How do I get to the actual page for Shelf:Python programming language (where I can edit it), and what is  anyway? AnotherEditor144 t - c 16:05, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Well that is the actual page you edit. But the only thing you can only edit is the page description. All the rest (i.e. the list of books) is automatically generated by the Wikibooks Stacks mechanism from the parsing of categories. That code you mentioned passes the value  to parameter 1 of Template:Shelf:Page, but I don't really know why this is necessary. -- Jules  (Mrjulesd) 19:56, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Futrue of FlaggedRevs (Pending Changes) extension
Hello, I’m posting this here because this wiki has FlaggedRevs (Pending Changes) enabled.

This extension is one of the oldest extensions we have in production and currently does not have a maintainer. FlaggedRevs has been the cause of several incidents and visible regressions, especially because software decays and our technology constantly changes.

Another problem with this extension is its scope. While most of its functionalities are not enabled at Wikimedia, or are enabled on a very small set of wikis only (e.g. "multiple dimensions" was enabled only on Hebrew Wikisource, and they agreed to disable it). This has made maintaining the extension a tall order (more of a nightmare). In other words, this extension does too many things, and none well.

To move forward, barely used functionalities of this extension will be removed. Such as: support for multiple dimensions (like “style” and “tone”), multiple tiers (“quality” and “pristine”), several one of its special pages (ProblemChanges, ReviewedPages, ReviewedVersions, QualityOversight), and more. This will make it less of a burden to start maintaining and improving the main functionalities. The user interface will have only one mode in the future (currently it has four).

You can check this Phabricator ticket for more information about functionalities being removed: T277883

These removals would simplify its logic drastically, and enable us to rework its old interface, fix several deprecated dependencies that this extension is the last to block their removal of (like the "action=ajax" API), and reduce the number of issues/incidents/regressions that can be caused by this extension.

Most users of wikis that have this extension enabled (including English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia) won't see any difference. Wikis will still be able to use multiple "levels" (but not multiple "tiers") and will still be able to enable pending changes for whole namespaces, or on a group of pages only (otherwise known as “protect mode”). Those features will not be removed.

To follow the discussion around this, take a look at T185664.

Thank you for understanding and sorry for any inconvenience. Ladsgroup (talk) 17:17, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

 * there was recently a discussion at Reading room/General about whether Deutsch Wikibooks could install Extension:FlaggedRevs. Now it seems to us that this is no longer taking place. A question, is this correct? Would wikis currently without FlaggedRevs be unable to have the extension deployed if requested? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 17:41, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * @Mrjulesd Currently, we can't deploy flagged revs to new wikis given its issues and lack of maintainer. But once we reduce the extension to an acceptable level and finds a maintainer, we can certainly deploy it on more wikis (basically that's we are aiming for not the opposite). Would that answer your question? Ladsgroup (discuss • contribs) 17:50, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * thanks yes that does. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 18:06, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a good opportunity to determine whether we even need FlaggedRevs in the mainspace - I had argued that it isn't necessary but didn't get much feedback on my proposal: see Reading_room/Proposals. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:42, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Template:Infobox_scientist
In this template:-

In Infobox which is called.

This puts a DIV inside a span which is badly formed.

What should be done is to setup the relevant style on the caption span directly, with a possible   I can't change this as the Templates concerned are currently protected.

Can someone with interface administrator rights, look into this? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 08:42, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

 * What exactly should be done? And I don't think interface-admin is required to change a template (we do not use templateeditor), but if needed I can temporarily reduce the protection, but then you would have to be careful not to mess things up. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 09:14, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The change needed would be to change the infobox sicentist code to something like:-

Which doesn't lead to mal-formed HTML. Alternatively the caption code in infobox needs changing to a DIV. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 09:21, 27 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 01:16, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Call for review, comment and discuss my PhD thesis on Wikimedia movement
Hello,

Just a short message to call people interested to review, comment and discuss my PhD thesis on Wikimedia movement. All the best, Lionel Scheepmans (discuss • contribs) 19:34, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Template:ORP
This should be displaying an example of the template in use.

It isn't. And having spent a long time gong through the templates to determine why, I still can't figure where it's being told not to display.

My conclusion is that there is either a comment, or NOINCLUDE that is'nt properly balanced up, but the convoluted nature of some of the templates is making it hard to determine WHERE something is unterminated.

I've had enough, so I am asking someone else if they can run the relwvant templates through some kind of manual sanity check, before I loose mine. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 09:54, 30 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm tempted to just revert every single change I've made to all the related templates, even though I am reasonably confident my "repairs" did not break the logic. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 09:56, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Refbegin and refend
When used as indicated in the documentation, these attempt to wrap an OL or UL list using a DL refbegin .. refend. All the definition list here seems to be used for is to set-up text indentation. Why cannot this be done on the list items for references directly? ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 15:36, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

 * No idea. I agree that the dl is probably unneeded. The coding is clunky, but unproblematic. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:15, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Closing a table inside a parser function (such as if)....
In some template code I recently encountered the following situation.

As you can see the brackets are not matched. Mediawiki it seem matches up the brackets to the nearest pair (which is reasonable), meaning that in this instance the use of |}, for a table end was potentially generating | and a loose } instead of the desired table closure.

I created !end to work around this problem, but would appreciate suggestions on a more elegant approach. (!start) would be the equivalent template for opening a table.

This is not something that the linter currently traps for, but an error like this eventually manifests as 'unpaired' tag situation, or fostered content.

ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 13:04, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but in which template did you find this? -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:07, 31 March 2021 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NavForD2LangTut&oldid=3822839
 * The repair was - https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NavForD2LangTut&oldid=3822842

 * If there is a "better" solution for this, please feel free to implement it. ShakespeareFan00 (discuss • contribs) 21:44, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

 * OK thanks for the explanation. While you are welcome to comment here on technical aspects of interest, please try to make it clear whether you need assistance or not. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:19, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

General Questions about Wikibooks
Hello everyone,

I have a few questions and I didn't know where to put them, so I chose "general". I'm a volunteer in german wikibooks project. I edited a lot on the german wikijunior how things work and some other bits and pieces, though my main interest at the moment is wikibooks in general (the housekeeping, if you'd like). I went on wikibreak for ~the last two years, but I'm trying to slowly intensifying my work again.

Recently there is a new book-project (actually bookS :-)) ongoing (a lot of law researchers started to write open books on german wikibooks, it's awesome!), but to support the group I'd like some more insight in wikimedia/-books-processes, that are currently not implemented in wb:de or are not visible and/or understandable to me, because I'm not an admin.

Especially at the moment the group asked for the "review"-feature and we are missing experienced admins.

So I have the following questions at the moment:

 * 1) are you in general or someone specific able and willing to support me, when I have questions about wikimedia-processes and the like?
 * 2) there's a site-note on top of your pages concerning the video game strategy thing. If I recall correctly, when I see a site-note on wb:de there is no "button" dismiss; how does this work?
 * 3) could someone tell me anything about the reviewing process in wb:en (that's going beyond Help:Tracking_changes, I'm especially wondering about the "levels", how do they work)? How long are you using it? What steps would be necessary to implement it? Is there any feedback from academic editors? How big is the administrative workload?
 * 4) would it be somehow possible to get first hand insight (maybe precisely timed and/or personally guided or something)? I didn't want to ask for permissions right away, because it would be pretty awkward in respect of me not editing activly in wb:en.
 * 5) there are some in the de-community that say: hey, let's just try, what could possibly go wrong? Would that concern anyone of you? (it concerns me, because a) we lack experienced admins and b) everyone is quick to try, but lazy with cleanup, if it doesn't work. Sadly I'm not immune to this as well. Or, in the worst case, cleanup is only possible for admins.) From your point of view, how much could actually go wrong if anything? Let's say in a few month everybody doesn't use the feature any more... How much cleanup would be needed? How much overhead is to be expected?

Any help will be greatly appreciated! Thanks a lot --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 01:26, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * 1) Yeah if I'm around ask here or on my talk.
 * 2) Well the page that needs to be edited is MediaWiki:Sitenotice (you have to have admin access to edit). I think the hide function is a built-in part of that page.
 * 3) Well the levels work much as explained there; you can simply alter the level during the review process. It works on any site with mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs. Configuration is complex, but you need to do it through Phabricator. The workload is not too bad, because unreviewed pages are normally displayed without problem. I'm not aware of any feedback from academic editors.
 * 4) Well for permissions, you need to ask at WB:RFP. Some of them have automatic requirements, such as reviewer. If you don't fulfill them, you may still be granted them, but its at the discretion of an admin or bureaucrat.
 * 5) Well not too much would probably go wrong if you implemented pending change review. If pages aren't reviewed, most of them are unaffected (the exception is the Wikijunior pages, that default to the "stable version", but this can be configured). However it is complex to set up, particular in creating the 'reviewer' user group; but not something I'm experienced with. If you look at FlaggedRevs Extension it explains to some degree how it was done.
 * -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 15:51, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. Though during discussion we found out, that the extension is not installed anymore by wikimedia, see Flagged_Revisions and Requests for comment/Flagged revisions deployment. So we need to think about another way and my other questions are no longer valid. Best regards --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 20:18, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * fine, although you may be able to get it installed if you tried, although it will be quite technical. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:15, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Maybe we'll try. Though I strongly oppose it and don't see who could take care of this undertaking in wb:de. I don't know yet, where the discussions might lead. If you're interested, I'd keep you posted?
 * I am advocating editions (short: on request of the author(s), blocking a fixed, proof read version (→ 1. Edition) by an administrator, so further editing needs to take place on an "unstable version", which, in time, could be promoted to the next edition). Though there are a lot of problems to take into account, before using such a practice.
 * Btw: thanks for the welcome-Message! Regards --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 20:05, 22 March 2021 (UTC)
 * well you could keep us informed, although I don't speak Deutsch so I'm of limited use. If you don't like the sound of it, I don't think it's too necessary; English Wikipedia have very few pages protected in this way. Another way is to semi-protect pages, which should keep most vandalism at bay. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:27, 22 March 2021 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "the sound of it"? Well no problem with "Deutsch" ;-), for the most parts (except for some "sounds of it" ;-)) I don't have trouble understanding english and I hope my english isn't too bad. And I'm really really grateful for your offer to help.
 * Well it's not about vandalism. The problem is, capable authors will finish their books more or less by themselfs. It's not meant that way, but it's the experience in wb:de over the years. When those authors finished their book and leave, which happens from time to time, it's really hard to judge if an edit is valid or not. Sure, the obvious vandalism is easy to fix (and it's not that big of a deal), but take medicine for example, an error here can be pretty significant, but a "normal admin" is not trained in medicine, so an edit, that seems valid, doesn't need to be, and hence could not be checked accordingly.
 * To make things worse we have first hand experience with a user, that said he knows, edited really much, and it took us some time to realize, he actually doesn't know anything. There is a ton of collateral damage. And although blocked he even comes back from time to time with a new user-name. It takes around a week to recognize him by his editing-behaviour. Most of his edits are hard-core-physics like quantum-physics or theory of special relativity. This is really hard to review. When there is a fixed Edition he could edit an unstable Version all he likes, if anytime a pro comes along, he or she can judge, what is done, but we still have a valid page to show the average visitor.
 * My experience with the reviewing in wp:de is pretty bad, because my edits got rejected more than once for citing primary sources or using personal experience as a source. I wasn't aware, that it's possible in a way you do it, which seems pretty reasonable, if I do understand it correctly.
 * Hmm... That got pretty long... Sorry for that, I've no intention to spam. Regards --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 22:52, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

"the sound of it" is an English phrase meaning "judging from what you have heard or read about something". It seems to me, from what you've said, that pending changes protection may be a perfect antidote to your problems. And you could install it on your project and try it out. And there is not much of an overhead, as long as you don't default page view to the stable version. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 00:45, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah! Now I understand. I know the phrase, but didn't recognize, what you were referring to. Yes, but are we able to install it ourselfs? I thought the Wikimedia-Techteam needs to deploy this? Referring to T66726: "it means that there is no new FR installations any more and question is now what to do with existing ones." --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 01:08, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * FlaggedRevs appears to be in maintenance mode indeed, and from the looks of it, I don't think de.wikibooks will be to install it themselves. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 07:57, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I wasn't aware of T66726. I've been looking through phabricator, and it looks like they're no longer deploying. I came across T205145 from 2018 "Deploy FlaggedRevs on bn.wikibooks"; the status is "Open, Stalled, Needs Triage". I also came across Requests for comment/Flagged revisions deployment. Well it doesn't look very likely it would be accepted, although it could still be requested I suppose. I don't think it would be possible to install without system admin access. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 10:06, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Introducing German Wikimedia Open Science Project - OpenRewi
Hi folks,

My German Wikibooks friend @HirnSpuk has already talked about work related to our project. Therefore I like to introduce myself and the project properly. Also because we like to start writing books at the English Wikibooks community.

I am a legal scholar based in northern Germany. My research interests are (critical) legal theory, human rights and data protection. Currently I am writing my PhD about the human right to data protection from a post-individual perspective.

In the past months (2020/21) I have been an Open Science Fellow of the Wikimedia Foundation Germany. My project is called "OpenRewi" (Rewi="Rechtswissenschaft"=legal science). Our goal is to write Open Educational Ressources on various legal topics. Currently we have projects on human rights, criminal law, intellectual property law, law on migration and asylum as well as empirical legal studies. Our projects consist of teams with "editors" and "authors". Although we use traditional terminology, we try to work in a different way. The teams are supposed to work in an agile way without hierarchies. Editors moderate the process of planning and writing. Contents and concepts of our book are planned by the whole project team.

We write our texts currently at the German Wikibooks version in booksprints. Each booksprint consists of several weeks of writing as well as an open peer review process. We try to use the material in our university seminars as much as possible in order to get the feedback from students. After our prototype books reached a satisfactory quality we will publish them as an Open Access Version (CC-BY-SA) with one of the traditional publishers. As we are starting an international team in public international law that will work in English, we are eager to get in contact with the English Wikibooks community. :)

We would like to ask for your opinion on the project structure we imagined to be reiterated in the english Wikibooks community. Currently in the German Wikibooks we got our user page as a project where we collect how-to-guides and best-practices regarding our quality standards for our books. Of course each author/editor has her own user page, which they use to write actual content within the books. Our books as well as templates (in German "Vorlage") are all preceded by OpenRewi. Do you think this organizational structure would also work in the English version?

If you agree on that, we would start translating our German project page for the English version and try to rebuilt the templates in the English Wikibooks version. You can of course always reach me for questions. We are all pretty excited about this!

Cheers Max --Maximilian.Petras (discuss • contribs) 08:21, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, @User:Maximilian.Petras don't forget to ask about your Linking-wishes, visual editor and the way you are numbering headings. I looked into the help pages here quickly and didn't find anything, but that doesn't mean it's not there. I'm on mobile right now, so a little bit short on ressource and time :-), so sorry for leaving in depth Description up to you. Regards --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 10:25, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * @all much better editing non-mobile :-). To clarify: The OpenRewi-project relys on e few things, that might be contradictory to how things might be done around here. First: They want to rely heavily on the visual editor and mobil use. I don't know about wb:en, but in wb:de we see both as some kind of "yeah, they're there, but not really useful". With that, there come some implications e. g. that we "softened" our rules concerning templates. The preceding "OpenRewi" with templates helps a great deal using and navigating the templates in visual editing. Second they want to number headings, which in wb:de is normally discouraged, because it has potential for making problems in the long run. Third they want to use not interwiki-links but normal links frequently, to prepare for using the stuff outside the wikimedia-world. All of this might touch some of your guidelines and policies, though I wasn't able to find something. But I didn't review them in depth.

 * Did I miss anything, @Max? He will probably be able to elaborate further if necessary. Regards --HirnSpuk (discuss • contribs) 12:06, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you, @User:HirnSpuk for raising the issue of visual editing. The reason why we want to rely heavily on both visual editing and mobile use is that we are convinced that it reduces barriers. For the public international law project, this may be even more important, given that some of our authors and (hopefully) a large part of our readers will be based in the Global South. Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 14:23, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi! I am also part of the "OpenRewi" community and am currently participating in a book project co-edited by @Maximilian.Petras on fundamental rights in German constitutional law. I have a PhD in public international law from St. Gallen University in Switzerland and am part of the editing team of Voelkerrechtsblog.org, the leading academic blog on public international law in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Together with three colleagues, who are all doing doctoral and post-doctoral research in public international law, we want to write an open access textbook on public international law with a gender-balanced and geographically representative team of authors.
 * Cheers, Sué -- Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 14:19, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Welcome to English Wikibooks!

Well looking through your proposal, and it looks fine to me. We always welcome high-quality translations, and this is no exception. I will make the following points:

 * 1) Our naming policy for books is at Naming policy. Now if you want to include OpenRewi in your book titles there is nothing prohibiting that. So your organizational style seems to me to be acceptable.
 * 2) Again your templates seem fine. I think it would be fine to use OpenRewi in their titles.
 * 3) Visual editing is accepted here, and is the default for editors. If your templates help with mobile viewing, this is a bonus.
 * 4) Our advice on styling is at Help:Local manuals of style and Manual of Style. Now neither of these are policies, they just provide general guidance on good practice. If you wish to number headings, or use interwiki-links, both would be allowed.
 * 5) If you are writing books on international law, these would normally be placed on Shelf:International law. To do so please read CCO Resources.
 * 6) Your user page may be best placed within our WikiProject pages.
 * 7) Any further questions please ask. We have a general help page at Help:Contents which might be helpful.

Good luck with your books! -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 00:09, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

Thank you for the warm welcome! All this sounds just excellent. I guess we will start with a Project-Page an go on from there. Really great, that you got this project feature. --Maximilian.Petras (discuss • contribs) 07:50, 27 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:GorkhaliSan

SANTOSH CHHETRY

Santosh Chhetry ( born in 5th June 1993) is a Chartered Accountant by profession.

title: User:GorkhaliSan


text:
User talk:Wwlin

Welcome!
Welcome to Wikibooks, Wwlin!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Thanks for your contributions -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:36, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wwlin


text: Category:Book:Roblox Studio Tutorials

title: Category:Book:Roblox Studio Tutorials