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Public International Law/Actors in International Law/Animals

Author: Anne Peters "Required knowledge: Link"Learning objectives:

A. Introduction
International law as it stands has not only failed to acknowledge non-animal personhood but has overall payed very little attention to non-human animals (in the following: animals) at all. Animals are no international legal persons (subjects). Both the legal status of animals and the regulation of how humans should treat them lies in the domaine reservé of states which is only very gradually and selectively puncutated by some international or EU-norms, often only soft ones. International (and European) law is most developed with regard to wildlife, or attached to transboundary constellations (international animal trade and livestock transport), or to animals outside national jurisdiction (in the High Seas).

B. Wild animals: Status and protection
Wild animals are commodified under international law (just as under domestic laws) and are qualified as natural resources. They therefore fall both under the states’ “permanent sovereignty over natural resources” and under the self-determination of peoples over natural resources. The legal consequence of this status is that each state has the “sovereign” right to exploit its „own” resources pursuant to its own environmental and developmental policies.

The status as a resource under the sovereignty of the territorial or range state and for disposal of its people is mitigated but not eliminated by universal and regional treaties on species conservation, trade in endangered species, habitat protection, and biodiversity. In these regimes, very few and select groups of animals (belonging to certain species) are the objects of protection and conservation, or otherwise indirectly benefit from ecological measures. The overarching paradigm is one of human stewardship over nature and its elements. Under the purview of these regimes, the tension between conservation and human interests constantly comes up in the meetings or conferences of the parties. The intensification of international habitat and species conservation law would be more acceptable for humans in the global south if wildlife protection included also the restoration of wild animals in Europe and North America that were extinguished by human civilisation. Such an obligation has been read out of Art. 8 f) of the Biodiversity Convention.

The international legal status of animals in areas beyond national jurisdiction (especially in the High Seas) is different but equally inconsiderate to the interests of the animals themselves. Marine life was here historically regarded as “res nullius” (open to acquisition and exploitation by all). After the experience of over-exploitation and risk of depletion, the concept of “res communis” (or “res communis omnium” or “res omnium”), that is common property, emerged for wildlife in international spaces. More recent scholarly concepts are wildlife as a global “common concern”, “common heritage”, and “global environmental resource”, up to biodiversity as a “global public good”. These novel qualifications have been first applied to wild animals in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and later also to wildlife inside national jurisdictions.

These concepts are valuable answers to problems of global distributive justice and inter-generational fairness. However, the aspiration of justice is still limited to humans, and not directed toward the animals themselves. The principal legal consequence of all these categories remains identical: States are (at most) obliged to manage the animals (as living resources) in a cooperative and sustainable way, in order to secure their common exploitation by humans, including their killing. Moreover, the focus is still almost exclusively on the protection of species as a group and not on the welfare of animals as suffering individuals. Although animal welfare may be promoted as a side effect of species conservation, both goals often stand in tension, e.g. when combating ‘invasive species’. Finally, all new international law-based legal labels still treat animals as things as opposed to persons.

This would change only with the recognition of wild animals right to property or to sovereignty. From the property perspective, wildlife should become owners of the territory where it lives or roams. The property would be managed by a human trusteee who is obliged to act in the best interest of the animal owners.

Alternatively, wild animal sovereignty could be acknowledged. From that perspective, the injustice of human encroachment into wild animal habitats resembles the injustice of colonisation. It needs to be acknoweldged and as far as possible remedied through restoration and other measures directed at facilitating and re-enabling wild animal flourishing.

C. Concern for animal health as an international principle
Animal health is the core mandate of the WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), founded under the name OIE in 1924. It is also a main topic of the SPS-Agreement which spells out the WTO members obligations under GATT in relation to sanitary or phytosanitary measures and the aplication of the exception in favour of “animal …health” (Art. XX (b) GATT). Animal health has become a prominent issue since the Covid-19 Pandemic. It is one of the three elements in the One-Health approach. ‘One Health’ signals that the health of humans, non-human animals, and the planet are inderdependent and indivisible and must therefore be protected in a holisitc way. This approach is pursued by an alliance of now four international organisations viz. programmes (WHO, FAO, WTO, UNEP). It is also proposed as a principle of the draft treaty on pandemic preparedness currently under negotiation. The attention paid by these regimes to animal health has until now been purely anthropocentric, namely to prevent zoonoses and to safeguard human health and food security.

D. Animal welfare as a customary norm or general principle
Animal welfare (i.e. the well-being of animal individuals) has so far been addressed only very scarcly and in an ancillary fashion in some species conservation treaties. Gradually, the international institutions entrusted with animal species conservation or animal health have begun to pay more attention to animal welfare and have even strectched their mandates in that direction.

Notably, chapters with animal welfare standards have since 2002 been inserted into the (soft) animal health codes issued regularly by the WOAH, and are regularly updated. In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly adopted a ‘Resolution on the Animal Welfare ─Environment─Sustainable Development Nexus’. This is the first mentioning of ‘animal welfare’ by a UN body. It seems to manifestat a ‘One welfare’-approach, in extension of the One-Health approach.

Animal welfare has become part of “public morals”. Under that heading, animal welfare considerations allow states to deviate from obligations to liberalise trade under Art. XX lit. a) GATT and parallel provisions in bilateral and regional trade agreements. A WTO Panel acknowledged “that animal welfare is a matter of ethical responsibility for human beings in general” and that animal welfare is “a globally recognized issue”. This was confirmed by the WTO-Appelate Body. Concern for animal welfare is also a legitimate objective for limiting the exercise of international human rights (such as the right to property and contract, and freedom of research).

Recent formal expressions of commitment to animal welfare seem to manifest the formation of a relevant opinio iuris. They might also demonstrate a convergence upon a “general principle of law” (Art. 38 lit. c) ICJ Statute).

However, a widespread relevant legal practice on respect for animal welfare is lacking. Around fifty percent of states have no animal protection legislation. Against the background of wide variations in national legislation, the exact contours of the putative customary rule or general principle of international law are unclear. The hard core of the emerging universal principle seems to be only a prohibition of deliberate and wanton cruelty against animals.

E. Possible paths to future international animal personhood
International legal personhood could be conferred on animals explicitly or even implicitly by treaty, and it could emerge as a customary rule, or as a general principle of international law. International law is particularly open to the personhood of non-humans − with states being the main persons in this legal order. The circle of international legal persons has never been closed but has been continously expanded. There is no intrinsic conceptual barrier against assigning legal personality to animals.

The concomittant change of the status of animals from ‘things’ (‘objects’) to ‘persons’ (‘subjects’) under international law would even match the status change of humans in international law that was triggered by legal developments after 1918 and completed only after 1945. In the the early 20th century – when the idea of international legal personhood was first sharply conceptualised – humans were relegated to the realm of things, they were explicitly and adamantly qualified as ‘objects’, not ‘subjects’ of international law, by influential scholars.

The currently booming case-law on animal personhood in domestic law might in the long run give rise to a general principle of animal personhood that could then enter into the realm of international law (Art. 38(1) lit. c) ICJ-Statute, provided that it is sufficiently widespread and transposable to the international legal order. The extant case law has been produced only by courts in the global south, with Latin American courts being frountrunners. This regional concentration might actually facilitate the spread of the underlying principle. Its universalisation would be less suspect of legal imperialism, because it would travel in the opposite direction than the traditional legal migration that has almost always flowed from the North-Western legal orders (backed by economic and political power) to the South. However, such a maturation of animal personhood into a general principle in international law is not yet in sight and not very likely.

Alternatively, animals could potentially benefit from the highly dynamic legislation and case law recognising rights of nature in all world regions, mostly in the global south. It is not unlikely that these domestic developments will in the future give rise to a general principle of rights of nature. Then, it would be possible that the animals which form part of nature would also be elevated to a rights-holder under international law, with a right to exist in integrity and flourish. This would then at the same time constitute or signal an international legal personhod of animals, even if only a so-called ‘partial’ one.

Animal international personhood would – unlike the international legal personhood of international organisations – not be an extension of states, but would rather feed on the moral pedigree of the personhood of humans. In this context, personhood appears to be more than a purely technical juridic device. It would signal that animals ‘count’ in international law and would convey the message that animals are intrinsically valuable. However, animals would always need some form of political and legal representation by humans in order to vindicate their legal status and rights if these are challenged or infringed.

F. Conclusions and Outlook
Non-human animals are still far away from being recognised as international legal persons. More even, international law has up to now been a mixed blessing for them. Public international law treaties, due to their focus on animal species conservation, suffer not only from an animal welfare gap but even risk to pit animal species survival against individual animal welfare. Recent steps in the direction of upgrading the status and the interests of animals in international law are the expansion of regimes and institutional activity to cater for animal welfare, the rights of nature-movement, and the insertion of the One-Health principle into international governance.

These observations allow the conjecture that an overarching international norm of “animal protection” is emerging. This emerging norm seems to encompass both the conservation of wild animals against extinction and the safeguarding of welfare and rights of individual animals of all groups (domestic, wild, and liminal) against suffering.

If developed (much) further along these lines, international law in the anthropocene might cater for the interests of animals to live in peace, even without enjoying the status of international legal persons. Importantly, however, the relevant international norms must be properly applied and implemented in the first place by national and local authorities. The need to design and monitor such domestic implementation warrants a global animal law approach.

= Further Reading =

Peters, Anne, “Global Animal Law: What it is and why we need it”, Transnational Environmental Law 5 (2016), 9 -*

Peters, Anne (ed.), Studies in Global Animal Law, Heidelberg, Springer, 2020).

L’Observateur des Nations Unies, Vol. 45 (2018), *-* (« L’Animal » ; special issue)

Scholtz, Werner (ed.), Animal Welfare and International Environmental Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2019.

Brels, Sabine, Le Droit du bien-être animal dans le monde: évolution et universalisation (Paris : L’Harmattan 2017)

Peters, Anne, ‘Animal Rights’, in: Christina Binder/Manfred Nowak/Jane Alice Hofbauer/Philipp Janig (eds), Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2022), 129-135.

Alasdair Cochrane, Should Animals Have Political Rights? (Cambridge: polity 2020).

Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka, Zoopolis (Oxford: OUP 2011).

Christine Koorsgard, Fellow Creatures (Oxford: OUP 2019).

Visa A Kurki, A Theory of Legal Personhood (Oxford: OUP 2019)

Thomas Pietrzykowski, “Animal Rights”, in: Andreas von Arnauld/Kerstin von der Decken/Marti Susi (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights (Cambridge CUP 2020), 243-252.

Stucki, Saskia, One Rights: Human and Animal Rights in the Anthropocene (Cham: Springer 2022).

Kristen Stilt, Rights of Nature, Rights of Animals, Harvard Law Review 134 (2021), 276-284.

Christopher D. Stone, “Should Trees have standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects”, Southern California Law Review 45 (1972), 450-487

John Hadley, Animal Property Rights: A Theory of Habitat Rights for Wild Animals (Lanham MD: Lexington Books 2015).

Karen Bradshaw, Wildlife as Property Owners : A New Conception of Animal Rights (Univ of Chicago Press 2020)

Stuart Harrop, “From Cartel to Conservation and on to Compassion: Animal Welfare and the International Whaling Convention”, Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 6 (2003), 85-*

Martha Nussbaum, **

Peters, Anne, Animals in International Law (Leiden: Brill 2021).

Anthony D’Amato und Sudhir K. Chopra, “Whales: Their Emerging Right to Life”, American Journal of International Law 85 (1991), 21-62.

Woolaston, Katie Ecological Vulnerability; The Law and Governance of Human-Wildlife Conflict (Cambridge University Press 2022).

Charlotte E. Blattner, Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and the Challenges of Globalization (Oxford: OUP 2019).


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Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Rubus

<< State-regulated and other highly invasive plants at the SCA

Rubus caesius (European Dewberry)
European Dewberry (Rubus caesius) has not been widely reported in North America. In fact the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States shows it present in only two counties (based on iMapInvasives observations): Green County, WI (2) and Onondaga County, NY (2).

The first vouchered Rubus caesius specimen in New York was collected in Tioga county in 1923, and resides at Baily Hortoreum along with specimens collected in Madison County in 2017. The first Onondaga County specimen was collected in 1951 and is in the Vascular Plant Herbarium at the State Museum, where there is also specimen from Yates County collected in 1973.

New York Counties where "research grade" iNaturalist observations of Rubus caesius have been made are Cayuga, Onondaga, and Ontario.

Invasiveness ranking for Rubus caesius (European Dewberry)
The NYNHP Rank for Rubus caesius is High (Ecological) and Equal outcome (Socio-economic). The New York State Invasive Species Tier for Rubus caesius in the FL-PRISM is 3

As of August 2021, an invasiveness ranking for Rubus caesius had not been included in the published Non-Native Plant Assessments for New York State, nor is it regulated by New York State law.

The Invasive Species Policy Committee of Cornell Botanic Gardens (previously Cornell Plantations), in their Policy on the use of Non-Native Plants In Cornell Botanic Gardens’ Accessioned Collections, includes Rubus caesius in their list of "Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region."

The Finger Lakes Native Plant Society also places Rubus caesius on its "Level 2 (moderately bad)" Invasive Plants list for the Cayuga Lake basin as determined by Cornell field botanist F. Robert Wesley.

The Capitol Region PRISM (Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management) has placed Rubus caesius on its Tier 1 (Early Detection/Prevention) list of Invasive Terrestrial Plants. The Finger Lakes PRISM places in Tier 3, while New York State places it in Tier 4. The state now ranks it as Highly Invasive.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Latex/table

2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028	2029	2030	2031 30,525.18	36,700.49	43,431.45	50,576.03	57,940.02	65,281.16	72,318.62	78,747.92	84,260.47	88,566.38	91,400.50 5,822.85	6,304.86	6,826.76	7,391.87	8,003.75	8,666.28	9,383.66	10,160.42	11,001.48	11,912.16	12,898.22 797.15	863.14	934.58	1,011.95	1,095.71	1,186.41	1,284.62	1,390.96	1,506.10	1,630.77	1,765.77 238.66	286.94	339.57	395.43	453.00	510.40	565.42	615.69	658.79	692.45	714.61 -589.16	-708.35	-838.27	-976.16	-1,118.29	-1,259.99	-1,395.81	-1,519.91	-1,626.30	-1,709.41	-1,764.11 699.97	841.58	995.93	1,159.76	1,328.62	1,496.96	1,658.34	1,805.77	1,932.18	2,030.92	2,095.91

title: Latex/table


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Plains Cree/Simple Words

 * How - Tah-ni-si (pronounced Don-say or Don-see)
 * Who - ah-wi-nah (owwey-na)
 * Where - Tah-ni-te (Don-day)
 * What - Ki-kwah-y (Kee-gway)
 * How are you - Tah-ni-si-ki-ya (Don-si-kee-ya)
 * I am fine - Ni-mi-ya-mah-chi-oin
 * I am good - Ni-mi-wah-sin
 * Good - Mi-wah-sin or depending on how it is used, Mi-ew
 * How about you - Ki-ya-ma-kah
 * Me too, I am also fine - Nis-tah-mi-wah-sin
 * Me, I - Ni-ya
 * me too - Nis-tah-mi-na
 * Cree - Ne-i-yah-w (nay-he-yo)
 * Come in - Pi-ti-kway (beat da gway) (used when someone knocks or allowing someone to enter a dwelling)
 * Sit Down - Ah-ya-pi
 * stand up - po-si-ko
 * Jump - o-pi
 * Almost - ki-kahts

title: Plains Cree/Simple Words


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Plains Cree/Numbers

1 - pe-yahk

2 - Ni-so

3 - Nis-to

4 - Ne-o

5 - Ni-ya-nahn

6 - ni-ko-twah-sik

7 - te-pah-kop

8 - ay-nah-new

9 - ki-ka-mi-tah-taht

10 - mi-tah-taht

11 - Pe-yahk-o-sahp

12 - Ni-so-sahp

13 - Nis-to-sahp

14 - Ne-o-sahp

15 - Ni-yah-nahn-o-sahp

16 - Ni-ki-twah-so-sahp

17 - te-pah-kop-sahp

18 - ay-nah-new-sahp

19 - Ki-kah-mi-tah-tah-o-sahp

20 - Nis-tah-no

21 - Nis-tah-no ah-yi-wahk pe-yahk (twenty and one)

title: Plains Cree/Numbers


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Programming for the consultant/Approaching A New Code Base

 * Start with the acceptance tests to understand the features
 * Checkout the build file. Run the build to check the health of it
 * Sketch class diagrams (or reverse engineer from code)
 * Look at the main domain objects and what they do
 * Take a vertical slice. Select a main feature and see how it works from the front to back end.
 * Look at the source code repository, specifically at files that have changed the most. Checkout the log messages as well


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Final Fantasy VII/Locations

Final Fantasy VII features a large world map with numerous locations to explore over the course of play. Listed below are the major destinations that Cloud and the others visit during their journey.

Eastern continent
Midgar (ミッドガル): The largest and most industrialized city in the world, where both Shinra and the second incarnation of AVALANCHE are based. It sits in the middle of a large plain on the eastern continent. The area around the city has become distorted and polluted as a result of the use of mako reactors. The city is divided into eight numbered sectors. Each sector has two areas: one at ground level and one elevated section on a plate fifty meters above the ground. The upper plate is supported by a main column in the center of the city and an additional support column located in each sector. The upper city is primarily home to upper class citizens, while the lower portions consist of slums and lower class settlements. The lower class part of the city is also home to seedier establishments such as a brothel. The city is powered by eight mako reactors, one in each sector. There is also Reactor 0, which the other eight reactors get their energy from. There also appears to be a built-up ring outside the main perimeter of the city. The city's name is likely an allusion to the Midgard of Norse mythology. This hypothesis is supported by the name of the town of Nibelheim, which would correspond to the Norse Niflheim.

After the Meteor incident, Midgar was in ruins and it served as both the site of Cloud's final battle with Sephiroth, on the remains of the Shinra headquarters, and the site of Omega's awakening before Vincent destroyed it.

Edge (エッジ): This city appears in Advent Children and Dirge of Cerberus, which are set two and three years after the events of Final Fantasy VII, respectively. It is a city built north of the remains of Midgar and is where most people who used to live in Midgar now live, including Cloud and Tifa. It is not mentioned in the movie itself but one of the developers says it in an interview that can be found in the extras on the bonus disc that comes with the movie.

Kalm (カーム): A germanic-style town northeast of Midgar, outside the wasteland surrounding it. It is primarily populated by former workers of the nearby Mythril Mine, which is no longer in service due to the appearance of monsters in the area. The town's residents are divided on the subject of Shinra and the use of mako. Kalm got its energy from a direct feed from the Midgar reactors.

Chocobo Farm (チョコボファーム): A rural farm that sells Chocobo equipment, such as Chocobo Lure Materia and greens, both of which are necessary to catch a Chocobo. Later, the farm can be used to breed Chocobos.

Mythril Mine (ミスリルマイン): A mine to the south of Kalm. It was once the location of Kalm's main industry, but has since been abandoned due to the appearance of monsters within and around the mine. The Midgar Zoloms in the swamp outside the mines are an example of the creatures that have taken up residence. The only way to cross these swamps quickly enough to avoid being attacked is by chocobo.

Fort Condor (コンドルフォート): A mountain-based fortress belonging to a rebel faction located on the lower east side of the eastern continent. The fort is named for the massive breed of condor that resides there. The mountain and the surrounding area have become polluted due to the use of a now-derelict mako reactor above the fortress. On top of the reactor sits a condor nest. At the time of Final Fantasy VII, Shinra is attempting to eliminate the rebels, remove the condor and seize the Huge Materia from within the reactor. While Shinra is attempting to remove the condor, the player can take part in a strategic mini-game where they hire and command troops to combat the Shinra forces from reaching the nest.

Junon (ジュノン): The second-largest city in the game, Junon sits along the west coast of the eastern continent. The surrounding terrain and ocean have become polluted due to continued operation of the city's undersea mako reactor. As a result, the fish in the adjacent sea have died out and the original village of Junon (located under the upper city's airport) is inhabited mostly by impoverished citizens. The upper city is the location of Shinra's military headquarters, featuring an airport, submarine docks, and a powerful artillery cannon known as the Junon Cannon.

Healin Lodge: Appears only in Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, it is located adjacent to Midgar, Kalm, and Chocobo Farm and serves as a refuge for Rufus Shinra early on in the movie.

Western continent
Costa del Sol (コスタ・デル・ソル): A coastal resort town that also serves as the main port on the western continent. The player can purchase President Shinra's summer cottage here, though for a hefty sum. The first time the team travels through Costa del Sol, they encounter Hojo. Cloud can also kick a soccer ball at a sleeping Red XIII on the first visit. Spanish translation: Coast of the Sun.

Corel (コレル): Barret's hometown. Barret feels responsible for its destruction since he strongly supported building a mako reactor for the town. Shinra troops led by one of the company's executives, Scarlet, razed the village after an alleged terrorist attack on the reactor facility. Subsequently, Corel became the Desert Prison, and the Gold Saucer was built above it.

North Corel (北コレル): The shanty town settled by the survivors of Shinra's assault on Corel. In the latter half of the game, if the player fails to stop a speeding train carrying a Huge Materia, the town will be destroyed.

Gold Saucer (ゴールドソーサー): A towering amusement park built on Corel's ruins, financed and operated by Shinra. Cait Sith joins the party here. All of the mini-games that are in Final Fantasy VII (except the strategic one at Fort Condor) can be played here if the player has completed them in the storyline. This is also where the date between Cloud and either Aerith, Tifa, Yuffie or Barret takes place (though who it is depends on the actions of the player), and includes several well-known scenes such as the medieval play and the fireworks scene.

Gongaga (ゴンガガ): A small, desolate village ravaged by a mako reactor explosion. Aerith's first love, the SOLDIER Zack, grew up here, and his parents still await his return, unaware of his fate. The name "Gongaga" bears a strong resemblance to Ginnungagap, a place in Norse Mythology between Niflheim and Muspelheim.

Cosmo Canyon (コスモキャニオン): Red XIII's birth place. It is a pilgrimage site for those who have an interest in the Study of Planet Life. Bugenhagen's observatory is here. The settlement on the canyon powers itself without mako reactors through the use of windmills. Upon entering the surrounding area on the World Map, the horizon will become a dusky red. The red canyon walls also hide the now vacant "Cave of the Gi".

Ancient Forest (古えの森): An ancient forest near Cosmo Canyon. It is only accessible by a Green, Black, or Gold chocobo, or after destroying Ultimate WEAPON.

Nibelheim (ニブルヘイム): Cloud Strife and Tifa Lockhart's hometown. The Shinra Mansion located here was the research site for the Jenova Project, and, although since abandoned, still contains much of Professor Gast and Hojo's research. Its basement, accessible by a secret passageway, contains the laboratory and research library. Presumably after Gast left the Jenova Project, it was used by Hojo to conduct many of his immoral experiments. Vincent Valentine is also discovered here by the party, slumbering in a coffin hidden in a locked room within the basement. The town was burned down and its residents slaughtered by Sephiroth after he discovered his origins and went insane, although the Shinra Mansion was spared by the fire. The destroyed town was subsequently rebuilt and staffed by Shinra to cover up the incident. The town's name, is likely an allusion to the Niflheim of Norse mythology, referencing the massacre that occurred at the game's town. Alternatively, it may also refer to the German words 'nebel' (mist or fog) and 'heim' (home). This can be taken a step further, going from 'mist home' or 'fog home' to 'Cloud's home'.

Mount Nibel (ニブル山): The mountain overlooking Nibelheim, and the site of a mako reactor where Jenova was once housed along with several of Hojo's experiments.

Rocket Town (ロケット村): Cid Highwind's town of residence. This is the site of the first successful rocket launch into space.

Wutai (ウータイ): A country occupying a large island off the western-most continent, although the name is primarily used to refer to the only known settlement on the island. Yuffie Kisaragi is the princess of Wutai. Yuffie's father, Godo, led the city in a struggle for dominance against Shinra but lost. When the party first reaches the mountains that must be crossed to reach Wutai, Yuffie steals the party's collection of materia and retreats to her hometown, where both she and Elena of the Turks are kidnapped by crime boss Don Corneo. Wutai is apparently based upon pre-modern Japan and China, utilizing familiar motifs such as a pagoda (where Godo resides), and a large statue called "Da Chao," bearing the appearance of what appears to be Buddha and other related figures. Wutai is also the name of a sacred mountain in China, thereby adding to the oriental feel of the region.

Northern continent
Bone Village (ボーンビレッジ): An excavation site where lost items such as the Lunar Harp are found. One of the items being excavated is an aircraft that bears a striking resemblance to an F-14 Tomcat, the exact meaning of which continues to be a subject of debate.

Sleeping Forest (眠りの森): A forest next to the Bone Village. Without the Lunar Harp, the party will wander in the forest aimlessly. In Advent Children, Cloud is ambushed by Kadaj's group and the children, who have been completely taken over by the stigma, in the Sleeping Forest while on his way to the Forgotten Capital to rescue Denzel, Marlene, and the others. A fight ensues between Cloud and Kadaj, Yazoo, and Loz in which Cloud is nearly defeated but is rescued by Vincent in the nick of time.

Forgotten City (忘られる都): Sometimes referred to as "the Ancient City," "the Forgotten Capital" or "the City of the Ancients." The city was the capital of the Cetra civilization, exhibiting such unusual structures as homes made from giant helical shells. A shrine exists hidden beneath the city, surrounded by water like a small isle. Aerith went to this shrine and attempted to call the spell known as "Holy" using the White Materia. Although successful, she was only barely so. Immediately after, she was killed upon the altar by Sephiroth. Cloud took Aerith to the nearby spring and released her into the water. Later in the game, a projection device located on the surface that uses a screen of water shows the events of Aerith's death and reveals that the White Materia was activated before she died, meaning that Holy should have been moving to destroy Meteor. It was this revelation that brought about the discovery that Sephiroth was holding Holy back. Two years later, the city would be used as the base of operations for Kadaj's group. It is here that they bring Denzel and other children afflicted with Geostigma who came under the impression that they would be cured. But instead, Kadaj tells the children that Geostigma is a gift and that it is the planet that is responsible for making them suffer as they do. He then has them drink water from the spring after turning black using his will (the will of Sephiroth); making them into JENOVA's puppets so they could lead him to JENOVA's head. Cloud arrived too late and struggled fighting until Vincent saved him. Cloud's cell phone falls into the spring during the fight.

Icicle Lodge (アイシクルロッジ): Aerith Gainsborough's birthplace. For a time, Professor Gast and Ifalna, an Ancient, lived in the town before being hunted down and killed by Hojo and his men. The town functions as a resort because it snows year-round. The constant cold temperatures are not due to the location of the town, despite its polar position, but are actually because of the town's proximity to the Northern Crater, where the Planet channels a large amount of Spirit Energy in an effort to heal itself. The town is called "Icicle Inn" in the original English localization of the game. It is also where the famous snowboarding mini-game can be played for the first time.

Great Glacier (大氷河): A large glacier to the south of Gaea's Cliff. Few people venture that far north, and those who do, get lost and pass out in the snow.

Gaea's Cliff (ガイアの絶壁): A huge cliff that leads to the Whirlwind Maze. The explorer Holzoff makes his home at its base and regularly patrols the Great Glacier for travelers who might need aid.

Whirlwind Maze (竜巻の迷宮): A maze of small winding ledges of similar design that lead to the heart of the Northern Crater.

Northern Cave (北の大空洞): Also called "the Northern Crater." The original impact site of Jenova. The WEAPONs slept under the ice, encased in frozen mako here for thousands of years following their creation. The remaining portion of Sephiroth's body emerged here after traveling through the Lifestream and became encased in a mako crystal. The crater is also the site of the Jenova Reunion and, later, the final battles of the game. It also is where the events of Advent Children begin, as the Turks were sent by Rufus to carry out an investigation in Sephiroth's wake. However, they not only found what little remained of Jenova's head, but unexpectedly Sephiroth's Remnants as well.

Other
Materia Caves (マテリア洞窟): Caves scattered around the world where the player can find unique and extremely powerful materia; each require a different chocobo to reach them (Green, Blue, Black and Gold). The Caves are found in Wutai, Mideel, Corel and Round Island.

Mideel (ミディール): A hot springs town attacked by Ultimate WEAPON and destroyed by a Lifestream eruption. Cloud appears here in a near-catatonic state, confined to a wheel chair after falling into the Lifestream at the Northern Crater.

Temple of the Ancients (古代種の神殿): A large structure into which the Ancients transformed the Black Materia to prevent its use. Whoever wishes to turn the building back into the Black Materia must sacrifice his or her life by solving a series of puzzles that shrinks the temple back to its original size, crushing whoever is inside.

Goblin Island (ゴブリンアイランド): An island northeast of Midgar. This place and round island are the only places Goblins appear.

Promised Land (約束の地): A place sought after by the nomadic Cetra — a legacy briefly taken up by Sephiroth, who mistakenly believed himself to be an Ancient. Aerith tells Cloud that the Promised Land may not be a specific place, but the Shinra believe otherwise and are intent on using Aerith to find it. Upon reaching the Northern Crater, Rufus Shinra comes to the conclusion that it is the Promised Land due to its vast quantity of natural mako. In actuality, both the game and the Final Fantasy VII Ultimania Ω guidebook (an official Square-Enix publication) suggest that the Promised Land is no one specific place or thing, but rather something unique to each individual which brings that person supreme happiness.

Cactus Island (サボテンアイランド): A tiny desert island southwest of Mideel. This island does not appear on the radar and is one of only two places in which Cactuar can be encountered in random battles, the other being the Corel desert (but the Cactuars encountered in the desert are a much weaker version giving more gil but Morphing into a much more common Hi-Potion).

Sunken Gelinka: A Shinra transport plane that was shot down by a WEAPON and is currently at the bottom of the ocean between the Eastern and Western continents. It can only be explored by using the Shinra submarine. Inside the downed plane, Cloud will encounter Turk members Reno and Rude (as long as he explores the plane before encountering the Turks for the last time in Midgar). According to them, the Gelinka was transporting Huge Materia. While it is never explained as to why it was being transported, it was probably going to be loaded into Cid's old rocket and used to destroy Meteor. The area itself is perfect for leveling up high-powered characters as the monsters offer up large amounts of AP. Its also presents a hazard as Emerald WEAPON tends to hover directly above the Sunken Gelinka, a major problem to those who are not prepared to fight it. The plane's name is most likely a reference to the Spanish town of Guernica (Gernika in the Basque language), which was destroyed by a German aerial bombing during the Spanish civil war.

Round Island: A small island in the far north-east of the world, however this is not displayed on the world map. This island can only be accessed with a golden chocobo as the conditions are unsuitable for submarine or airship landings. The cave on this island contains the Knights Of The Round Summon materia, the most powerful summon in the game.

Cloud's Psyche: The world that Tifa ends up in when she and Cloud fall into the Lifestream. Here she has to help Cloud recollect his memories to discover the truth about his past.

title: Final Fantasy VII/Locations


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Emulation/Recalbox

Recalbox is a free and open source operating system dedicated to the emulation, preservation, and accessibility of old video games (also known as retrogaming).

Recalbox is a project that aims to lower the emulation scene's entry barrier, with features that promote ease-of-use as well as having a simple out-of-box experience. The OS includes many open-source games on the first installation and is free of copyrighted content (such as licensed ROMs, system BIOSes, etc.). Unless explicitly authorized, Recalbox is forbidden to be resold or used for any commercial purpose, as stated in its own user license agreements. , as well as the license agreements of the RetroArch/libretro project of which Recalbox is based upon.

History
Recalbox was launched in January 2015 by digitalLumberjack after his sister expressed the desire to play old video games from their childhood. At that time, the emulation scene had already been established, but digitalLumberjack believed that the current offerings were too complex and difficult for the general public. With this in mind, digitalLumberjack spent a few weeks during Christmas of 2014 to develop a solution that could easily be used by many people. The goal was to create an interface that never required a keyboard or mouse to interact with. He immediately decided to make the project free and open-source, in order to make the video game community more accessible, as well as to recruit additional people for development support.

As of 2020, Recalbox is composed of a dozen regular developers, a community manager, around 30 beta testers, and about 50 occasional contributors (in charge of translation, graphics, videos, web management), all of whom are volunteers on the project.

Technology
Recalbox is built on the success of the low-cost Raspberry Pi microcomputer. The idea is to offer an all-in-one retro gaming solution with a plug and play user experience.

Unlike other solutions, such as Retropie, Recalbox is not based on a pre-compiled Linux distribution (such as Raspberry Pi OS), but instead starts from a blank slate, using Buildroot. This allows Recalbox's developers to build a custom operating system with full control over its content, only adding what is deemed necessary.

Projects featured in Recalbox
Recalbox is built on an array of many independent components (emulator cores), brought together using a graphical interface, the EmulationStation frontend. The operating system also includes the Kodi media center which can be navigated entirely with a game controller or keyboard. It possible to switch between Kodi and the Recalbox interface directly from the menus, without having to reboot.

External projects
Many external projects are integrated into the Recalbox system, often modified to fit the needs of its ecosystem (standardizing interfaces or controls):

Internal projects
The Recalbox operating system also relies on projects developed in-house, including:

 * recalbox-emulationstation2 (customized EmulationStation)
 * recalbox-configgen
 * recalbox-hardware (automatic hardware detector and configurator)
 * recalbox-manager2 (web manager for modifying Recalbox via a web browser)
 * recalbox-romfs
 * recalbox-themes (theme manager)

Hardware compatibility
As of version 7.1.1 Reloaded, Recalbox is compatible with the Raspberry Pi family (Zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, 400), in addition to the ODROID line of boards (XU4, XU4Q, as well as the GO Advance and GO Super handhelds ). Recalbox also has support for x86 and x86-64 based systems, including the Intel NUC line.

Recalbox is compatible with many accessories and controllers, such as the DualShock 3 and 4, Xbox 360 controller, Xbox One Controller, or 8BitDo controllers. In addition, there is support for the NesPi and GPi Raspberry Pi cases, which the system configures itself for at first installation.

Emulated systems
Recalbox emulates many different systems, ranging from home consoles, handhelds, and computers. Below is a complete list of systems supported by Recalbox 7.1.1. The systems that can be emulated vary depending on the device.

Legend:

✅ : Compatible (or at least a compatible core)

❌ : Incompatible / technologically impossible (due to limitations of the platform)

🔥 : Emulator compatible, but not performant due to hardware limitations

🚫 : Absent / non-existent

? : Need more information

🎮 : Netplay compatible

Arcade romsets and compatibility
For best compatibility, Recalbox recommends the "No-Intro" romsets. These are collections of ROMs that have no defects or modifications. In this way, these ROMs are near identical to the original cartridge. The goal of these romsets is to avoid bad dumps, romhacks, fakes, overdumps, underdumps, or duplicates.

Unlike typical console roms, which are usually compatible as soon as you match the required file format, arcade systems work differently. The version of the arcade romset must match the version of the emulator used, or the games will not launch. The romset differs depending on the core you are using. Legend:

✅ : Compatible (or at least a compatible core)

❌ : Incompatible / technologically impossible (due to platform limitations)

🔥 : Emulator compatible, but not performant

🚫 : Absent / non-existent

? : Need more information

🎮 : Netplay compatible

Homebrew software
Recalbox has distribution rights to around 150 homebrew games, distributed on the system for free. These games span across multiple different consoles.

Accessibility
Microsoft's Xbox Adaptive Controller is fully supported under the Recalbox interface.

Since version 7, Recalbox offers a "Pad to Keyboard" feature, which allows users to play computer games that usually require the use of keyboard on a controller. In addition, pad to keyboard configuration files can be scraped using the ScreenScraper database.

Awards
November 2019: The Recalbox project was awarded the Maker Faire in Paris with a double Blue Ribbon from Makers of Merit, which rewards Makers who make projects that are innovative, creative, and promote the idea of DIY.

September 2020: Recalbox became a partner of the US-based video livestreaming service, Twitch

Events
Recalbox participates in various events related to the video gaming, retrogaming, or DIY world, with events such as assembly workshops, DIY bartop and cabinet displays, or free-to-play retrogaming stations.

Financing
In order to finance increasing development and download costs, Recalbox has partnered with Kubii.fr, in which the team receives a percentage of sales made on their website. They also host a multitude of different merchandising products for the software.

title: Emulation/Recalbox


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Improving mobility in older people through exercise

A critical analysis of 'Effects of a fall prevention program including exercise on mobility and falls in frail older people living in residential aged care facilities' by Jensen J, Nyberg L, Rosendahl E, Gustafson Y, Lundin-Olsson L (2004).

Background to research
Falls are most common within the elderly population due to their likelihood of developing frailty and being at greater risk of acquiring cognitive and physical health conditions contributing to reduced mobility. A greater incidence of falls places the elderly population at higher risk of sustaining serious injuries, such as hip fractures, causing reduced independence and quality of life. Falls are categorised as the leading cause of injury related deaths for those aged over 70.

This establishes the importance of developing an appropriate and reliable falls prevention program which targets mobility and considers the impact of varying levels of cognition. Furthermore, investigating both the short and long-term effects of exercise interventions fills a gap in existing knowledge developed from previous studies. Research into how the incidence of falls can be lessened by modifiable risk factors such as exercise is critical to reduce the burden on the health and wellbeing of the elderly population.

Where is the research from?
This article was published in the journal 'Ageing- Clinical and Experimental Research', a multidisciplinary forum on the progressive field of geriatrics and gerontology. The journal is published bimonthly with new and emerging papers promoting its increasing popularity and reputation.

The primary author, Jane Jensen, has been involved in 6 research articles through Umeå University, all of which relate to the field of falls and mobility in the aged population. This indicates a moderate level of experience, however, does not give her a high standard reputation in comparison to other well-established researchers in the field. All co-authors have involvement in other research in a similar field. This increases the depth of knowledge and experience within the study.

What kind of research was conducted?
This study was a randomised control trial, which is often considered as the 'gold standard' of research designs due to its ability to identify a cause and effect relationship when conducted appropriately. 187 aged-care residents across nine facilities in Umeå, Sweden participated, all of which had physical and/or cognitive impairments and were considered to be at risk of falling.

Half of the participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group which participated in an 11-week program targeting general risk factors (educating staff in fall prevention and modifying the physical environment) and resident-specific risk factors (exercise program, supplying and repairing aids, reviewing drug regimens, post-fall problem-solving conferences and providing free hip protectors).

All participants underwent initial physical and psychological testing to determine baseline levels of cognition, mobility and falls risk, including:

 * Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
 * Mobility Interaction Fall Chart, Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC)
 * Self-paced gait speed
 * Berg Balance Scale
 * Step height

Physical tests were reassessed following the intervention (short-term) and after nine months (long-term). The number of participants are likely to significantly reduce throughout a nine-month period within an elderly population (i.e. from death, serious injury, or relocating), highlighting a difficultly in conducting a long-term trial within a frail population.

Characteristics of this research:

 * Study design and length of the intervention provides foundation for a quality trial
 * The likelihood of finding a definitive cause and effect may be affected by the number of independent variables being altered in addition to an exercise program alone
 * High number of variables being assessed at baseline and follow ups may impact the reliability of results in subsequent assessments with the potential of fatigue occurring
 * Potential bias in the follow up assessments with all conducted by the same staff, this reduces the presence of blinding due to assessors being exposed to the participants of the intervention group

Basic Results
Evaluation of the intervention was planned to be conducted following the 11-week intervention as a short-term evaluation, and nine months following the beginning of the intervention as a long-term evaluation.

Key significant results in the short-term evaluation included:

 * Percentage of participants stepping over 5 and 10cm increased in the intervention group and decreased in control group, with greater step height reducing foot drag which increases falls risk
 * Percentage of those in the intervention group independently ambulating was maintained in the intervention group, but decreased in the control group
 * Maximum gait speed was maintained in the intervention group, but significantly reduced in the control group, slow gait speed significantly increases the risk of falls
 * Within the 11 weeks, 5 participants in the control group had lost the ability to walk; no participants in the intervention group lost this ability

The long-term effects of the trial included:

Despite improvements occurring in mobility as a result of exercise in the intervention group, when this was related to the number of residents who had fallen in a three-categorical index of improved mobility, no statistically significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups. This may have been impacted by how participants were categorised and the drop-out rate within each group.
 * Participants of the intervention group had slight improvements in the ability to ambulate independently, while the control group continued to lose this ability
 * Significantly more participants in the control group lost the ability to walk 10 metres (15 in control group, 3 in intervention group)
 * Maximum gait speed in the intervention group was relatively unchanged from baseline, while a significant reduction occurred in the control group.

Conclusions taken from research
The key conclusions made by the authors were that overall, the implementation of an exercise program within aged care residents with varying levels of cognition had a preservative effect on mobility, and positive effects on gait speed and step height in both the short and long-term.

Although results were not significantly translated to reducing the risk of falling, from a clinical point of view, improvements and maintenance of mobility will have a positive impact on reducing the likelihood of falling. However, specifications on the type and duration of exercise in the intervention program have not been made, increasing the difficulty of forming recommendations for the general public.

This research is thorough in assessing multiple components of mobility, however the complexity in its methodologies may have impacted the reliability of results within an elderly population. Moreover, the long-term impacts of exercise, while crucial, is difficult to ultimately understand with severe injury/illness or death being prominent amongst the aged population.

Practical Advice
Participating in physical activity in addition to receiving adequate support, information and physical aids, is critical in preserving mobility and ambulation in order to maintain independence for as long as possible throughout ageing. Exercise of any form should be maintained throughout the lifespan to preserve mobility as well as reducing the risk of many health conditions. However, the risk of injury when participating in exercise in older age should be considered when constructing a program with adequate assistance and supervision provided to maximise safety and promote confidence.

Further information/resources
The following websites provide useful information on the risks of falling and benefits of exercise:

Benefits of being active for Older Australians

WHO fact sheet- Falls

Exercise Plan for Seniors

[https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/physical-activity-guidelines-for-older-adults#:~:text=It's%20recommended%20that%20adults%20aged,weight%2C%20health%20problems%20or%20abilities. Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults]

Australia & New Zealand Fall Prevention Society


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Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Brachypodium

<< State-regulated and other highly invasive plants at the SCA

Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. sylvaticum (slender false brome)
Slender false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. sylvaticum)

Nearest observations
Slender false brome has only been known in New York for about a quarter century. Nearby observations include:

 * The Rand Tract in Syracuse in 2018 (source: iMap)
 * Near Solvay in 2018 (source: iMap)
 * On the east side of Owasco Lake 2019 (source: iMap)
 * Cayuga Lake State park in 2019. (source: iMap)

Growth traits
Slender false brome is a perennial bunchgrass with individual clumps that merge to form one large mat 2.5-3.0 feet tall.

Leaves are drooping with bright green, flat blades up to 0.5” wide.

Leaves have a fringe of hairs surrounding margins, do not clasp the stem tightly, are hairy and open at their base, and have a fringed ligule at the point of attachment.

Leaves are bright green all season or year long.

Spikelets of flowers are on very short stalks, are droopy and hairy, and have straight awns 0.25"-0.75" long.

Invasiveness ranking for Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. sylvaticum (slender false brome)
Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. sylvaticum (slender false brome) is ranked as Very Highly Invasive with a score of 84/97 = 86.60%.

Regulated by New York State law.

1. Ecological impact (34/40)
1.1. Impact on Natural Ecosystem Processes and System-Wide Parameters: Significant alteration of ecosystem processes (7/10)

 * Sequesters soil moisture, inhibiting seedling establishment
 * Large stands in wetlands adjacent to streams may impact sedimentation rates in streams

1.2. Impact on Natural Community Structure: Significant impact in at least one layer (7/10)

 * Creates solid or nearly solid stands.
 * Creates a taller herb layer, eliminating most or all herbs below.

1.3. Impact on Natural Community Composition: Causes major alteration in community composition (10/10)

1.4. Impact on other species or species groups: Severe impact on other species or species groups (10/10)

2. Biological characteristics and dispersal ability (22/25)
2.1. Mode and rate of reproduction

2.2 Innate potential for long-distance dispersal:

2.3. Potential to be spread by human activities:

2.4. Characteristics that increase competitive advantage:

2.5. Growth vigor:

2.6. Germination/Regeneration:

2.7. Other species in the genus invasive in New York or elsewhere:

3. Ecological amplitude and distribution (21/25)
3.1. Density of stands in natural areas in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada:

3.2. Number of habitats the species may invade:

3.3. Role of disturbance in establishment:

3.4. Climate in native range:

3.5. Current introduced distribution in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada:

3.6. Current introduced distribution of the species in natural areas in the 8 NY PRISMs:

4. Difficulty of control (7/7)
4.1. Seed banks:

4.2. Vegetative regeneration:

4.3. Level of effort required:


text:
Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic/Resources for contributors

Some simple tools
This book makes heavy use of abacus procedure tables like:

and could also be enhanced by using some abacus diagrams here and there like this one:

If you plan to contribute to this book, you may find some simple tools located at User:Jccsvq/Abacus diagrams and procedure tables that may make some of these tasks easier for you. (Jccsvq (discuss • contribs) 05:46, 22 August 2021 (UTC))


text:
User:Purpleflat

= User: Purpleflat =

Some random wikipedia user.
This is some random wikipedia user.

title: User:Purpleflat


text:
User:Purpleflat/sandbox

What is this supposed to be?

title: User:Purpleflat/sandbox


text:
User:Wimpwab

In the beginning

title: User:Wimpwab


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Are there health benefits for dog owners?

This Wikibook contains a critical appraisal on the research article “Understanding Dog Owners’ Increased Levels of Physical Activity: Results From RESIDE” by Hayley Cutt, Billie Giles-Corti, Matthew Knuiman, Anna Timperio, and Fiona Bull.

What is the background to this research?
As sedentary behaviour is rapidly increasing globally, physical activity is decreasing significantly. Regular physical activity is proven to decrease the risk of diseases such as diabetes, some cancers and forms of heart conditions. There are many health benefits associated with physical activity, such as improving mental health and well-being if physical activity is implemented often and for an adequate duration and intensity.

1 in 4 adults and 3 in 4 adolescents do not meet the physical guidelines recommended by World Health Organisation (WHO). These statistics are the reason that physical activity interventions need to be implemented to promote physical activity.

Owning a dog comes with many responsibilities, one of which is dog walking. Dog walking has been shown to encourage engagement to regular physical activity. Owning a dog also promotes physical activity through companionship and active play such as playing fetch and running around with the dog. Owning a dog could be a possible physical activity intervention which could reduce sedentary behaviour and aid adults and adolescents to meet the physical activity guidelines.

Where is the research from?
Hayley Cutt and the PhD authors worked alongside the School of Population Heath, the University of Western Australia, the Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School; of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia. This research article was funded by the Australian Research Council and The Petcare Information and Advisory Service. The RESIDE project includes over 50 scientific publications on the results, along with over 15 postgraduate students from the University of Western Australia, that lead new projects in the field.

What kind of research was this?
This article is a quantitative research study which examined cross-sectional data through the use of questionnaires and surveys. The cross-sectional data limits the studies conclusions to an associative outcome, between owning a dog and the effect on physical activity and health benefits.

What did the research involve?
A total of 1813 consenting participants aged between 19-78 of which 40.5% were men. Using the Neighbourhood Physical Activity Questionnaire participants were to self-report their physical activity over a week. This cross-sectional data was then examined as a part of a 5-year longitudinal study, named RESIDE.

Information gathered was used to explore the association between dog ownership and:

 * Physical activity
 * Walking
 * Walking for recreation in the neighbourhood

Specific data was collected based on sociodemographic, physical environment, social environment and interpersonal factors of the neighbourhood and participants.

Examples of the information collected:

This study displays a successful physical activity intervention though the conclusions of this study are not causal. This research presents a comparison of physical activity between dog owners, for the data to be causal the study must be designed differently.
 * Gender of participants
 * Age of participants
 * Occupation and employment status of participants
 * Income of participants
 * Age and gender of family or housemates living the same house and marital status
 * If the participant owned a dog
 * Total walking time
 * Number of days active
 * Total physical activity

What were the basic results?
The results that this study found that dog owners are significantly more likely to participate in physical activity. Comparing dog owners to non-owners on recreational walks, dog owners are more likely to walk for a longer duration. Not only did dog owners participate in more frequent and longer duration of physical activity, but dog owners also perceived that they had more social support from their family and outlined increased neighbourhood cohesion. Dog owners additionally had higher intentions to walk and participate in other physical activity matching the recommended levels.

In a week, 22% of dog owners didn’t walk their dog and 23% of dog owners walked their dog more than 5 times a week. On average, dog owners walked their dog 2.6 times in a week. These results show that owning a dog could play a role in increasing physical activity in families.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
As 36% of Australians own a dog there is potential for a physical activity intervention. Interventions to increase physical activity should consider implementing the responsibility of owning a dog. Though through the results from this study there is only an association between physical exercise and dog ownership, not causality. There are many studies that have come to the same conclusion that dog owners are more likely to achieve the physical activity guidelines. Though, dogs are not the only animal to promote physical activity, pet owning in general has also been shown to promote physical activity. As this study was published in 2008, there has been further research in this field. In addition to the increase in physical activity for dog owners, there are also many physical and mental health benefits that have been investigated in more recent years. For example, tackling barriers and the lack of motivation to participate in physical activity.

Practical Advice
Increasing physical activity levels will have a beneficial impact on overall health. Following the WHO physical activity guidelines presents a better strategy to be able to meet the physical activity guidelines. Owning a dog will only assist in meeting the guidelines. Owners must participate in additional physical activity to meet the guidelines. The evidence shown in this study along with other research highlights the positive effects on health from owning a dog. However, for the intervention to be effective dog owners must accept the responsibility of owning a dog and commitment needed to keep the dog in good health, including necessary walks.

Further Information/Resources
For further information concerning the health benefits for dog owners; see the links below.

 * Health and Mood-Boosting Benefits of Pets: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/mood-boosting-power-of-dogs.htm
 * Benefits of Pet Ownership – RSPCA: https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-pet-ownership/
 * Pet Companionship: https://cvm.msu.edu/news/perspectives-magazine/perspectives-fall-2018/the-health-benefits-of-owning-a-companion-animal
 * Scientific Benefits of Dog Walking: https://whiskerstotailspetsitting.com/2020/03/benefits-dog-walking/


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Cataloging and Classification/Metadata

Information resources have properties that are useful for cataloguing which are referred to as "elements" or "attributes".

Typical attributes about an information resource are:
 * Author (who created it).
 * Title (what is its title).
 * Subject (what is it about).

All such attributes are collectively referred to as metadata.

A very large number of elements or attributes of books could be collected as metadata. The usual metadata attributes for a book would be title, author, publisher, publication date, ISBN, index words, subject, and any other relevant information that readers may need to locate the book. In addition, there would be metadata collected which would meet the administrative needs of the library, for example, the cost of the book, whom it was bought from, and where the funds came from. If the publication details are important, then edition, publishing house, whether it was part of a series, date of original publication, original publisher, so on and so forth.

Maintaining the metadata of the collection of information resources held in a library or any other institution is a basic task of cataloguing. It is vital that the metadata must be complete, accurate and informative.

Choosing Metadata
It must be understood that metadata are used not just in the bibliography of books and information resources, but in every information database, depending upon what data objects are being saved in the information database, and what aspects of their objects are important.

For example, a database of famous paintings would choose to have fields not only such such as creator, date/year of creation, title, material used (paper, canvas, cloth), drawing or coloring material used (charcoal sketch, gouache, oil etc.), and monetary value, but also school of painting (cubism, impressionism, etc.), provenance, location, owner, copyright holder and so on. So many of these would not be applicable to books or to other information resources stored in a library.

Similarly, a collection of fossils would have location of excavation, strata in which it was found, age of strata, estimated age of fossil, method of estimating that age, condition, taxonomic identification and person doing the identification, present location (this Museum or elsewhere), storage location (cupboard, shelf and box information), whether it is a type specimen, whether described in a research paper, and if so, which one, and so on and so forth.

As is obvious, metadata is of various kinds and the exact level of detail would depend upon the purpose of the institution. For example, while all institutions would wish to know the author, title and subject of a work, all institutions would not be interested in every possible element of a book such as location of the setting of the book, name of illustrators (if any), time period, and so on.

So they choose the kinds of Metadata which they want and organise them into the structure which is called as a record.

Organising metadata into records
For small collections, one can choose an excel sheet or a small flat-file database and create a structure for the record. In a spreadsheet such as Excel or Calc, one can do so by selecting columns, the providing titles in the topmost row, and deciding the format that the data in that column would be stored under, and by assigning that format to all the cells in the column, less the column title. Likewise, in a database, one would select a number of fields, and decide the format that the data would be stored in that field for all the records. This approach however is simplistic, small-scale and unable to scale up, with very limited features and not at all suitable for modern libraries

However, most libraries all over the world normally use computerised online catalogs/library management software, either custom-made, proprietary or open source. These would have a wide variety of features, such as ability to work on networks or the web, use them for information interchange and also to interact with each other. To do this, computerized library catalogs and library management software need to use industry-wide standards; at present four standards are closely involved—MARC, AACR2/RDA and ISDB.

The structure of the bibliographic catalog records are almost universally as per the industry-wide standard called MARC (machine-readable cataloging), so that bibliographic information can be shared freely between computers. MARC standards are a set of digital formats for the description of information resources catalogued by libraries, such as books.

Other standards work in conjunction with MARC, for example, Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR)/Resource Description and Access (RDA) provide guidelines on formulating bibliographic data into the MARC record structure, while the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) provides guidelines for displaying MARC records in a standard, human-readable form.

Filling in the values of Metadata
Once an institution has decided the structure of a record (about an information resource) and which metadata elements it wants to save, this is usually implemented in some variety of software catalog, such as Koha.

title: Cataloging and Classification/Metadata


text:
Cataloging and Classification/Cataloging

Cataloging is an essential task in library science. A cataloger organizes the materials within a library, in modern times into an computerized database that functions as the library catalog. Put simply, catalogers create a record for each item that describes subject, author, title, and many other identifying information. They then classify the item by adding a call number to it, which helps both patrons and staff to find the items on the shelves in its respective subject area.

Every institution that has a collection, especially libraries, need to have their collections categorized. Every physical information resource that gets added to the collection needs to undergo the procedure of the institution collection, which includes examination, cleaning, preserving, categorizing, adding labels, covers, and so on, and finally being situated on the shelves.

The catalog is the primary means of access to the collections. Once cataloging is going done, there are two outcomes:
 * The collections are arranged in order.
 * The catalog is created (if not already done) and made up to date.

Definition
Cataloging (alternative spelling: cataloguing) is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as a transitive verb "catalog" as follows:

 * "to classify (something, such as books or information) descriptively".

Functionally, cataloging may be considered as the process of creating metadata representing information resources, such as books, sound recordings, moving images, etc., and storing the metadata in an appropriate manner in a bibliographic system.

Purpose of cataloging
Charles Ammi Cutter (1837–1903), a prominent American librarian stated that the purpose of a catalog was:

 * 1.To enable a person to find a book when either of the following is known:
 * (a) the author
 * (b) the title
 * (c) the subject.
 * 2.To show what the library has:
 * (a) by a given author
 * (b) on a given subject
 * (c) in a given kind of literature.
 * 3.To assist in the choice of a book:
 * (a) as to the edition (bibliographically)
 * (b) as to its character (literary or topical).

Basically, while Cutter's above statement is still valid today, in the modern context, the purpose and scope of cataloging goes beyond this.

From the point of view of the user, the purposes of cataloging of information in general, including resources for libraries, galleries, museums and archives, are:
 * Find - to search for resources (say, a book) that match specific criteria.
 * Identify - to confirm that a resource corresponds the one sought; to tell similar items apart.
 * Select - to choose a form of the resource (say, a spoken audio book) that is appropriate to the user’s needs.
 * Obtain - to gain access to the resource (form) described.
 * Explore - to discover resources and to gain insight into the variety of resources available that meet the need or criteria.

All this effort is undertaken by the library because it gives them benefits. The physical significance or outcome of cataloging in a library or collection is:
 * To classify a collection initially and provide a process by which new items are added only after undergoing the cataloging process.
 * To create the necessary means of locating and accessing resources in the collection.
 * To provide for a scheme of arrangement and storage of the collection.
 * The creation and maintenance of the physical or online catalog for the collection or institution.

Types of Cataloging
There are two kinds of cataloging. Each have a different purpose, philosophy, procedures and standards. They are:
 * Descriptive cataloging.
 * Subject cataloging.

Both systems will be discussed in much detail later.

Descriptive Cataloging
Joudrey et al. (2015) define descriptive cataloging as:
 * "the makeup of an information resource and identifies those entities responsible for its intellectual and/or artistic contents without reference to its classification by subject or to the assignment of subject headings, both of which are the province of subject cataloging."

Subject cataloging
Subject cataloging, the second major component of library cataloging, entails two key activities: conceptual analysis and translation. Conceptual analysis is the process of determining subject matter of a resource, i.e., what a resource is about. Translation is the process of transforming the information regarding what a resource is about into terms chosen from strictly controlled lists.

For fully functional cataloging to be achieved, libraries also need to incorporate a subjective classification system in their scheme of cataloguing.

Classification systems are systems of organization which specify how the library resources are arranged and ordered systematically. Based on how they are constructed, library classification systems facilitate subject access by allowing the user to find out what resources the library has on a certain subject. Secondly, they also provide a known location for the information source to be located (e.g. where it is shelved). Examples of general classification system are the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) and the Library of Congress Classification.

Besides this, there are special-purpose classification systems in use also, such as the Dickinson classification (music), or the NLM Classification (medicine).

These will be discussed in greater detail later in the textbook.

Simple cataloging
The simplest way to physically catalog a collection is to write the required attributes of metadata of each resource item (such as title, author, publisher, and year of publication, etc.) in a register. This can be done in line-wise entries for a book or in the form of a table with columns.

At this stage, the cataloguer needs to give a unique number to each item in the collection. This is known as an accession number. The accession number is a unique identifier assigned to each and every acquired resource (book, etc.), and allows us to track and manage that resource, i.e. we achieve "control" over that resource. Contrary to the name, an accession number does not need to be a number, in most collections, accession numbers are alphanumeric.

In the past, when there were no modern electronic aids and even printing was not feasible, the details of each resource in the collection were hand-written on small cards which were kept sorted in drawers of specially made cupboards; such a catalog was referred to as a card catalog.

In the case of some collections, the details of each resource were sometimes printed and bound as books (as in the case of a concordance for a museum).

Development of Modern Cataloging
With the explosion of the publishing industry and the size of libraries, it was laborious for each library to create the bibliographic records. Book publishers began providing the bibliographic information within the books on the copyright page. At first, the classification information in a book was mostly provided in the historic Library of Congress Classification system, comprising the basic metadata and also the subject headings as per the Library of Congress Subject Headings scheme (LCSH); later other systems developed. Additional information such as International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and the Library of Congress Classification Number (LCCN), which provided a unique identification for that work in that system, were also provided along with page.

Publishers and independent bibliographic service-providers began to provide the same services for the library regarding the books in their collection for a fee.

As computers became available, printed and card catalogs were replaced in libraries by computer database software designed for cataloging and made searchable electronically. The programming could be done inhouse or obtained commercially. This naturally led to the development of standards so that bibliographic information could be shared between computers in recognizable, identical formats. Standards of various types developed for most aspects of library classification and cataloging.

Some examples of standards are:
 * Resource Description and Access (RDA), a standard for descriptive cataloging;
 * MARC (machine-readable cataloging) standards, a set of digital formats for the description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books etc., in computer software.
 * International Standard Bibliographic Description, a set of rules for creating a bibliographic description in a standard, human-readable form

After computerization, each item in the catalog collection was stored as a computer record in the database by the software. So, the database comprising the catalog of a library consisted of a set of records in the database, which could be searched by the user on computer terminals for use by the public, using a software known as Online public access catalog or OPAC.

With local networks, and later, the internet providing networked communication, catalogs and bibliographic services went online and began to network.

Now a library could get its bibliographic information about a particular published resource online from a repository, from another library, or the publisher. Standards developed to facilitate this, such as the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), once very popular but now defunct, and now replaced by the RDA.


text:
User:Raffaela Kunz

I am a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg.

title: User:Raffaela Kunz


text:
World of Dinosaurs

World of Dinosaurs
This is an online textbook initiated by K. Ritterbush at the University of Utah.

Here we explore dinosaurs, paleontology, and Earth environments through time in plain language with minimal new vocabulary. Keep it short and sweet.

Topics

 * Absolute Dating
 * Adaptation and Exaptation
 * Basal vs Derived
 * Biomechanics
 * Chewing Dinosaurs and their Relatives
 * Clades of Interest
 * Cladograms
 * Depositional Environments
 * Dinosaur Clades of Interest
 * Dinosaurs Through Time
 * Earth's Structure
 * Feedback Loops
 * Horns vs Antlers
 * How Scientists Study the Earth
 * Long-necked Dinosaurs and their Relatives
 * Meat-eating Dinosaurs and their Relatives
 * Mineralogy
 * Observations & Interpretations
 * Relative Dating
 * Rocks
 * Taxonomy
 * What makes a Bird a Dinosaur

Dinosaurs and Other Animals To Know
We chose a specific list of animals for focus in this book. Find the list here, or jump directly to their page from the links below.
 * Akainacephalus
 * Allosaurus fragilis
 * Archaeopteryx
 * Barosaurus
 * Brachiosaurus
 * Camarasaurus
 * Coelophysis
 * Confuciusornis
 * Crocodylus
 * Dimetrodon
 * Diplodicus
 * Eoraptor
 * Fruitadens
 * Hagryphus (Oviraptor)
 * Iguanadon
 * Magpie
 * Nothrychus (Therizinosaur, aka "slicing lizard")
 * Parasaurolophus
 * Plateosaurus
 * Pteranodon
 * Psittacosaurus (aka "parrot lizard")
 * Scutelosaurus
 * Spinosaurus
 * Stegosaurus
 * Tyrannosaurus rex
 * Utahraptor

title: World of Dinosaurs


text:
World of Dinosaurs/How We Organize Life

What is a clade?
A clade refers to one bushy branch of an evolutionary tree.

 * If we consider any two animals, we can guess what features were common to their last common ancestor.
 * If we consider this last common ancestor, and ALL of its descendants, we are considering one whole clade.

A clade can be small or large.

 * A biologist studying squid might be interested in one particular clade of squids related to the giant squid.
 * A paleontologist studying birds might be interested in a clade so broad that it even includes crocodiles!

If we intentionally exclude a sub-branch, we are no longer talking about a whole clade.

 * For example, the clade dinosaurs includes the last common ancestor of a Triceratops and a pigeon, and alllllllll of its descendants.

 * If a person says, "Well, birds don't really count, because they are birds!" that's ok. Just know they are no longer talking about the WHOLE clade.

This book will focus on a set of clades into which we can divide dinosaurs and non-dinosaurs.
 * There are LOTS of different terms for the ways folks break up or combine parts of clades, which anyone can learn about in advanced classes, books, online, etc.
 * In this class, we just want to ask, "Hmmmm, are the animals I'm considering constituting a whole clade? Am I excluding anyone?"

What is a cladogram?
A cladogram illustrates how a person interprets relationships between different clades of animals.

For example, the clade of dinosaurs fits within a larger clade of animals with bones.

There are lots of formal rules about how to draw and understand cladograms. In this class, we keep it very simple:

 * Names of animals are placed at the edges of the diagram (often the top edge), and each name is a tip – the end of a branch.
 * Every spot branches split apart, we try to draw a simple y – just two branches spreading out (not three or five!).

These illustrations represent specific interpretations.

 * Any two animals ought to have a common ancestor.
 * How different it looked, how long ago, and how far away can totally vary - depends on the clade you're considering.
 * We do NOT need to know exactly what the last common ancestor looked like.
 * We do NOT need to know exactly how many descendants have lived since that common ancestor did, or what they looked like, etc.
 * When we create a y branch to represent the splitting apart of two lineages of decent, we mark that junction with a node.
 * This node basically represents the mysterious last common ancestor.
 * This node is an easy way to recognize the base of a clade.

 * If we see two branches split away from a node, we should mark at least one of those branches with a trait.
 * A trait is an anatomy feature that we show arising within animals along that branch.
 * We will assume all animals along that branch path still have the trait, unless we show them loosing it.
 * If we take a trait away from a subsequent branch of life, we need to mark this too.
 * Some cladograms are built by illustrating the tree that requires as few traits as possible.
 * But traits are so complex, from a genetic and developmental perspective, that this strict rule doesn't work all the time.
 * A trait that actually has really different underlying anatomy is not good for a cladogram.
 * For example, butterflies and birds each have wings.
 * But their wings are constructed in totally different ways!
 * Instead of marking a cladogram with a very complex anatomy feature like "wings", try to observe and include anatomy more fundamental and specific:
 * bones
 * the shape, size, or arrangement of the bones

Phylogeny
Phylogeny refers to a set of evolutionary relationships between animals.

We can consider this as an absolute concept. For example, "We may never know the entire phylogeny of Cretaceous birds, but we have learned a lot more about it in the past decade."

We can also use the term to refer to a specific interpretation of the evolutionary relationships. For example, "Dr. Smith and Dr. Kunungo present conflicting phylogenies for fossil crabs." We'll need more observations to decide which best resembles their actual history.

A cladogram illustrates a phylogeny.

How do we read cladograms?
Cladograms DO illustrate:

 * Traits that arose as lineages of animals diverged and became more and more different from each other.
 * Example: Stumpy tailbones arise on branches of birds as they diverge away from flying dinosaurs that still had long tails.
 * Traits that arose as lineages of animals that were really different acquired similar anatomy to meet an environmental challenge.
 * Example: Penguins have flippers, and dolphins have flippers, but the last common ancestor of a penguin and a dolphin did NOT have flippers.
 * This is called convergent evolution and it's so rad.
 * Clades nest within each other:
 * Parrots are a clade of birds.
 * Birds are a clade of dinosaurs.
 * Dinosaurs are a clade of vertebrates (animals with a spinal chord).

Cladograms do NOT illustrate:

 * When, why, or how the branches split.
 * What the common ancestor looked like, exactly.
 * Which animals are "most evolved"!
 * Dr. Winkelman studies squid, so she'll make a cladogram all about the nuanced differences between calimari squid and giant squid.
 * Dr. Melstrom studies crocodiles, so he'll make a cladogram all about the nuanced differences between alligators and crocodiles.
 * Dr. Yacobucci studies ammonites (extinct shelled squid monsters), so she'll make a cladogram about different ammonites.
 * Because each person studies different animals, they pay attention to different traits. If the animal they study is extinct, or smart, or fancy, doesn't make it more or less evolved. We will explore the relative terms "basal" and "derived" in class during week two.

Why are cladograms important for this class?
Once you get the hang of it, cladograms are easy and fun to read.

 * It's like a road map for evolution.
 * Every cladogram shows an interpretation.
 * Most interpretations can be improved with more observations!

Paleontologists can use cladograms to:

 * Predict that an animal with a certain set of traits should exist in the fossil record.
 * Predict that an animal with a certain set of traits should be fossilized in a particular layer or time-period.

When paleontologists find new fossils:

 * The cladograms can be changed to include these new observations.
 * The new tree gives folks ideas for new predictions on where or what to look for.

In World of Dinosaurs, we want to observe the anatomy features that were used to support the phylogeny illustrated in a cladogram. This class will provide special access and focus on fossils – in the Natural History Museum of Utah, as digital models, and as 3D prints – and live animals – at the Tracy Aviary and via video – on which we can SEE the traits marked on the branches.

This class uses claodgrams as puzzles.

 * We will ask students to read, remember, and reconstruct some cladogram features.
 * This is because the cladogram puzzles are useful tools to visualize and talk about our interpretations.
 * This class is NOT about memorizing cladograms as unchanging facts!

title: World of Dinosaurs/How We Organize Life


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation

This Wikibooks page is a critical appraisal of the journal article "Re-amputation in patients with diabetes-related minor amputations who underwent physical therapy during their hospitalization" by Imaoka et al., (2021).

What is the background to this research?
The rapid increase in diabetes is a world-wide problem. Unmanaged diabetes rapidly leads to a cascade of multi-system pathological processes frequently resulting in foot lesions and in the worst-case amputation. A foot lesion alters a person’s ability to participate in activities which are meaningful to them as well as the levels of physical activity needed to manage the condition. Currently there is little research into the risk factors for re-amputation for patients who participated in physiotherapy after their amputation. Imaoka et al., aimed to add knowledge around modifiable risk factors to guide physiotherapy management to reduce the risk of further re-amputation, ie. another amputation of digit or foot bone, and maintain patient quality of life as high as possible.

Where is the research from?
This research was conducted in Japan and published in the well-respected Journal of Foot and Ankle Research in 2021. In this research team, Koji Sato has the most publications, translated into multiple respected journals.

Rates of Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were approximately 13.5% in 2009 in Japan and Australian rates were 8.2%. Australian numbers could be underestimated by as much as 30% indicating both countries are facing large numbers of people with increased risk of limb-loss if left unmanaged.

The research group reported no conflicts of interest.

What kind of research was this?
Imaoka et al., conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study, recruiting 245 consecutive in-patients coming through the Wound Care Centre of Oita Oka Hospital between 2015 and 2018. Patients received physiotherapy during their hospital stay after revascularization or minor amputations. After exclusion criteria were met, 129 patients were enrolled. Retrospective cohort studies, while commonly used for risk-factor analysis for medical conditions, have disadvantages including lacking ability to pose new research questions, relying on already collected data, possibly with large variability in measurement. Participants were consecutively selected minimizing the risk of selection bias.

What did the research involve?
All diabetic patients who were hospitalized for damage to the sole of their foot requiring amputation of toes or other foot bones, were included in the study. These patients received physiotherapy after their amputation and had regular follow-ups at 1,3, 6 or 12 months in the 1 year following discharge from hospital.

Prior to discharge multiple measures were collected, including patient’s physical function as measured by thigh strength, ankle range, sensation at the foot and the patient’s ability to walk.

Patients were excluded from the study if they fit any of the following categories; post-amputation infection, major amputation (below or above the knee), did not return to appointments, limited cognition or use of wheelchair prior to amputation. High exclusion criteria aim to limit factors which might confound the study's results. For instance, participants with increasing dementia were excluded from the study as they might forget weightbearing instructions or wound care guidelines, therefore the conclusions from the study can be applied with caution to a person with dementia.

What were the basic results?
32.5% of the patients required re-amputation within one of year of discharge from hospital which is similar to previous studies in Japanese populations. Three factors were found to significantly increase the risk of re-amputation.

-      Need for haemodialysis increased risk, hazard risk (HR) of re-amputation by 2.2 times.

-      A higher Functional Independence Measure (FIM), HR of 3.85

-      Reduced dorsiflexion, HR of 5.82.

In their discussion Imaoka et al debate the reasons behind those modifiable risk factors and their increased risk of re-amputation, concluding by acknowledging limitations and need for further research.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Previous recommendations for weightbearing status for diabetic foot, exercise and risk factors for further foot lesions have changed significantly over the past 10 years. Until recently, diabetic foot guidelines discouraged any activities increasing pressure through the foot. Physical activity levels are known to be lower in diabetic populations than non-diabetic, and decrease further after the first amputation. Clinicians become more risk-averse regarding activity recommendations perpetuating low levels of physical activity. This study offers quick and practical measures for clinicians, both during their hospital stay and after discharge.

Physical activity and exercise are now cornerstones in diabetes management and the ability to complete a risk-analysis for tailored advice and exercise prescription is crucial. Measuring ankle range and ability to walk are simple and validated tests health professionals can complete without expensive equipment.

A higher FIM score was associated with increased risk of re-amputation. Walking with limited dorsiflexion increases plantar tissue stress, an independent risk factor for re-amputation.

Practical advice
Regular range of motion screening post-discharge should be a mainstay in diabetic populations due to the strong link between limited dorsiflexion and abnormal gait. In this study change in range between groups occurred around the 65-day post discharge mark. As such, regular range of motion screening post discharge has the potential to facilitate ongoing gait, normalising pressures through the foot. This would control one modifiable risk factor for ulceration and consequently re-amputation.

During a period when a diabetic has reduced ankle range modification of weightbearing lower limb activity to cycling and open chain lower limb strength training can maintain glycaemic control, counter catabolic changes and reduce load on the renal system while reducing ulceration risk. Targeted physiotherapy around the ankle can increase range concurrently. Rapid changes in activity intensity and volume have been found to increase risk of foot ulcerations. Therefore it is essential to program using progressive overload principles to ensure increases the health of the tissue are done safely.

Weightbearing exercise in a diabetic populations is feasible and efficacious while non-weightbearing exercise add value through improving HbA1c levels to a greater degree. There is strong evidence to guide exercise professionals working with diabetic clients’ regarding importance of different exercise, both resistance and aerobic and the utility of both weightbearing and non-weightbearing modalities. Additionally, evidence emphasises the importance of monitoring training volume and distribution over time to avoid compromising skin integrity.

When lesions occur, it is essential to avoid activity pressuring or stretching the area. It is always the professional's responsibility to ensure the patient understands skin integrity is crucial and exercise must be modified during a period of healing. Non-weightbearing exercise has been found to improve healing rates in diabetic populations compared to no exercise. Enhanced healing effects are attributed primarily to increased blood flow.

Excellent communication skills are required for education to be meaningfully received by the client. This includes the importance of keeping active in a safe way during the healing period of any lesion.

Further information/resources
Resources directed at the professional

ADA Position Statement of Physical Activity and Exercise

2019 IWGDF Guidelines

Burden of Diabetes in Australia 2018

Resources to help you manage your diabetes

Diabetes Feet Australia

FootForward Program


text:
Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Myriophyllum

The genus Myriophyllum (water-milfoil) contains three aquatic species that are listed as invasive and prohibited in New York State. All have some presence in the Finger Lakes PRISM and so have some degree of likelihood of being found in the water bodies of the Skaneateles Conservation Area:

 * Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water-milfoil), present in all surrounding lakes, including Skaneateles, Otisco, Onondaga, etc.
 * Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf water-milfoil), reported in only a few spots in FL-PRISM, but present in several large Adirondack Lakes
 * Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot feather), reported in only a few spots in upstate New York. More common further south.


text:
User:Rajind189/Collections/master project

articles

 * Applications of ICT in Libraries
 * AQA Information and Communication Technology
 * AVCE Information and Communication Technology
 * Calling Tech Support
 * Data Recovery
 * Directing Technology
 * E-Commerce and E-Business
 * E-government
 * Ethics for IT Professionals
 * GCSE ICT
 * Gender and ICT
 * Genes, Technology and Policy
 * History of Serial Communications
 * HSC Information Processing and Technology
 * ICT for Disaster Management
 * IGCSE Information and Communication Technology
 * Informatics Practices for Class XI (CBSE)
 * Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation
 * Information Systems in the Consumer Industry
 * Information Technology and Ethics
 * Internet Fundamentals
 * Introduction to Information Technology
 * IT Service Management
 * ITTE Computing
 * K-12 School Computer Networking
 * Management for IT Professionals
 * Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss
 * Multiseat Configuration
 * Open Source PIM
 * PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation
 * Policy-based Resilience Simulator with OMNeT++
 * Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT
 * Technology Planning
 * The Design and Organization of Data Centers
 * The implementation of E-Government
 * Trends and Innovations for K-12 Ed Tech Leaders
 * Venom Academy
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/About the Author
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Acknowledgment
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Concepts and Definitions
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/E-Commerce in Developing Countries
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/For Further Reading
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Introduction
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Notes
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Preface
 * E-Commerce and E-Business/Print version
 * A-level Computing
 * PostgreSQL
 * History of video games
 * History of video games/Computer games
 * History of video games/Mobile
 * History of video games/Web
 * History of video games/VR
 * History of video games/List of Abbreviations
 * History of video games/Book Development
 * OpenSSH
 * Structured Query Language
 * Cluster-Handbook
 * Cluster-Handbook/Software
 * Cluster-Handbook/Cluster Monitoring
 * Cluster-Handbook/SLURM
 * Cluster-Handbook/Network
 * Cluster-Handbook/OSSEC
 * Cluster-Handbook/Munin
 * Cluster-Handbook/SnortIDS
 * Cluster-Handbook/Prelude
 * Cluster-Handbook/Torque
 * Cluster-Handbook/ARM-Cluster (German)