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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women

This is an article critique of; A comparison of beliefs about exercise during pregnancy between Chinese and Australian pregnant women - Kym J Guelfi, Chen Wang , James A Dimmock , Ben Jackson , John P Newnham , Huixia Yang (2015)

What is the background to this research?[edit | edit source]
Through all areas and stages of life it is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, especially when pregnant. The health of the mother directly affects the health of the foetus making a clean, active lifestyle. Maintaining health during pregnancy has been shown to improve gestational diabetes, deter excessive foetal growth, and decrease excessive weight gain. Overall it appears there is some evidence to suggest that pregnant women engaging in frequent exercise tend to have lighter babies; however this does not seem to predispose to low-birth weight babies   Exercise guidelines around the world recommend that pregnant women complete 60-150 minutes per week, to a maximum of 30 minutes per day. Despite these recommendations it remains that many women do not follow these guidelines and remain inactive during pregnancy. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a model used since 1998 looking at attitude-behaviour relationships to predict a wide variety of behaviours, one of which being exercise adherence, Attitudes towards behaviours, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are factor in predicting these behaviours. A study done found that the TPB was able to explain 59% of the variation from the norm in intentions to exercise regularly it also reported that the strongest factor is subjective norms. That itself is strongly influenced by cultural beliefs and with the benefits of maintaining the health guidelines during pregnancy being many, it is important to understand differences in communities.

Where is the research from?[edit | edit source]
Kym J. Guelfi, Chen Wang, James A. Dimmock, Ben Jackson , John P. Newnham and Huixia Yang conducted a international questionnaire in Perth, Australia and Beijing, China. The survey results were gather in 2014 from April to May. Research was carried out in Peking University First Hospital (Beijing, China) or King Edward Memorial Hospital (Perth, Australia). The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committees (Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital; Western Australian Women and Newborn Heath Service Ethics Committee and The University of Western Australia Human Ethics Committee).

What kind of research was this?[edit | edit source]
The study is in the form of an observational design and the research participants were selected from a pre-existing database from both hospitals and some surrounding local community forums. Participants were asked to respond with a form completed in waiting rooms and a sample of the Australian participants were asked to complete online forms if not attending the main hospital.

What did the research involve?[edit | edit source]
A total of 455 women, 240 from Beijing 215 from Perth, were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The Questionnaire assessed attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions toward exercise during pregnancy, together with the participants current levels of physical activity. Other components involved were a) an assessment of maternal beliefs regarding the importance of exercise in relation to other health behaviours, b) an assessment of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions toward exercise during pregnancy, and c) an assessment of current levels of physical activity.

The demographic variables assessed in the questionnaire were;

·       Age

·       Height

·       Body mass

·       Health status

·       Household income

·       Country of birth

·       And finally, duration of time living in either China or Australia

Data from participants were excluded if; They had been living in the country of study for less that 2.5 years (n = 22 for Australia), or if they had reported any significant health conditions that were associated with their pregnancy (n = 13 for China; n = 7 for Australia). In the end the study used the data from 187 in Australia and 225 women in China.

It should be noted that due to the much more diverse population in Australia compared to China, all women in the Chinese sample were born in China and of Asian ethnicity. In contrast, 40 % of the Australian sample was born in a country outside of Australia, with 76 % identifying themselves as Caucasian, 16 % of Asian ethnicity, 1 % Indigenous Australian and 7 % as other ethnicities.

What were the basic results?[edit | edit source]
With overall current fitness, Australian woman had reported higher levels in both moderate and vigorous exercise. The results showed that the Australian women showed higher levels of current exercise and also intentions to exercise in the following 4 weeks after pregnancy. The paper did associate these changes with higher instrumental attitudes, ratings of subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control toward exercise within the Australian set of participants. On the other hand perceived behavioural control was the only predictor of intentions to exercise with the Chinese participants. When it came to the attitudes towards health behaviours during pregnancy the data was significantly different between populations.

Chinese women viewed behaviours like getting a good night’s sleep, not drinking alcohol, eating healthy foods, not drinking coffee, resting and relaxing, not worrying too much, stopping work and having an active lifestyle during pregnancy as more important when compared with the Australian women. These attitudes were much more lax when compared to the Australian women. When asked what they rated as their biggest barrier to exercising was, Australian women on average rated lack of time higher while the other group rated concerns about the safety of exercising highest on average. This is very likely attributed to the cultural beliefs and attitudes towards exercise in pregnancy.

A study that focused on the cultural attitudes and beliefs towards exercise and their barriers towards it (for patients undergoing dialysis) showed the cultural belief that tiredness caused by overwork can be detrimental to the body has strongly influenced perceptions about exercise. The patients showed aversion towards any type of exercise more strenuous than walking. They also found that cold or evil wind in traditional Chinese culture also affected patients’ perception in the way that sweating caused by exercise may make them more vulnerable to diseases. Chinese patients undergoing HD were still concerned that cold wind was something that may deteriorate their health.

Due to the self-reporting style of the data there is always a degree of bias that could be influencing the participant's reporting. Self-report surveys have its limitations, Mainly with over-reporting, under-reporting and self-serving biases. Self-reporting questionnaires do have their strengths, they are a great affordable option that can reach a wide set of participants, and the data is easily comparable. On the other hand it would be much better to include the added measure of portable activity monitors such as a pedometer, accelerometer, or fit watch.

What conclusions can we take from this research?[edit | edit source]
The Theory of Planned Behaviour, though an older model of predicting behaviour is still very applicable today, it is still extremely valid and quite reliable. But being as varied as we all are it is still highly appropriate to make sure every pregnant woman is educated on physical activity recommendations, and then do a proper medical check to .The theory of planned behaviour is still a useful model to study intentions to exercise in certain populations, though it does not tell necessarily give you the “Why” behind it.

Beliefs, attitudes, barriers and intentions towards exercise during pregnancy differ between cultures. Understanding these differences may assist in the design of exercise interventions to maximise exercise adherence and lifelong physical activity patterns.

Women around the world need to be better educated on pre-natal health and up to date information should be far more readily available. This is very practical seeing as already, health guidelines around the world all advocate for the similar levels of exercise in pregnant women’s life unless medically unable. I agree with the conclusion that they have come up with, this area deserves more research towards cultural views, especially in the current times. Medical knowledge is getting more advanced by the day however this research shows that still, things like superstition and cultural bias is breeding misinformation to populations of people.

Practical advice[edit | edit source]
This study has shown that there is a clear difference in continents in attitudes towards exercise and health behaviours. If this questionnaire is taken earlier in pregnancy it could inform medical professionals of the health of their clients and alert them to intervene with extra education in that area. More research should be done to compare different cultures attitudes and cultures and how they affect exercise and health behaviours.

With the knowledge behind this, women would be more likely to take up better health behaviours Using the questionnaire across a larger sample size of healthy pregnant women from all over the world we could get a large scale view of exercise adherence and attitudes.

Further information/resources[edit | edit source]
https://www.whattoexpect.com/

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-and-exercise


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students

What is the background to this research?
A controlled study of 17 university students, ages ranging from 19 to 52 years, assessed the influence of yoga as a treatment for asthmatic patients. This research is able to give us an objective scientific outlook on a topic that is often guessed or assumed. Given yoga’s exercise techniques (encouraging participants to focus on various breath work while holding stretch poses), it has been the topic of much conversation on non-scientific articles for its positive influence for those suffering from asthma. This could be due to the similarity of focused and calm breathing techniques. Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disorder within the lungs and can be life threatening due to the bronchial hyperresponsiveness of the airway, causing obstructive breathing. Breathing techniques are a non-pharmacological therapy used in conjunction with other medicines and is considered crucial upon an asthma attack.

Where is the research from?
This study was conducted in 1998 within the Northern Colorado Allergy Asthma Clinic, Texas. The participants within this study were students of the University of Texas Health Science Centre. Assembling university students provided strong foundations to this study due to their prior knowledge and experience within the field of scientific research. Choosing this particular demographic could also indicate higher levels of interest throughout the research.

This study is apart of Pubmed’s extensive medical research database. Pubmed is referred as the premier source for biomedical literature, known to be a reliable and highly authoritative resource. The author’s of this research have all provided previous respiratory studies such as Kirby Duvall’s insight into respiratory symptoms and Krishna Murthy’s study on particle composition’s relationship with lung inflammation.

Lead author Pudupakkam Vedanthan has provided various studies on asthma, He is also the lead editor of ‘Textbook of Allergy for the Clinical, second edition’. This textbook was reviewed and well regarded by Annals of allergy, Asthma and Immunology. They explained “chapters are well written, well referenced and provide an up-to-date resource to all levels of training”.

No sponsorships have been found within the mentioned studies nor were there links to respiratory profit organisations. Due to this, it’s assumed that all research had been conducted within the researchers scope of practice and conducted for research purposes only. There's no perceived bias toward the research by that of the researcher. An objective approach has been taken throughout the experiment.

What kind of research was this?
This research was a clinical study with a small population and a refined demographic as all participants were university student from an individual school. when measured against other larger more diverse studies of a similar topic such as Jacqui Wise's 2016 study, the evidence provided by the smaller study heavily outweighed that of the larger. While Wise predominately relied on Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire to base results on, the clinical study backed their research on multiple variables such as expiatory flow rate, medication use, self reported statistical analyses and improvement in both severity and frequency of asthma symptoms. Whilst providing different methods and varied evidence, both studies complimented each other by concluding a similar result.

What did the research involve?
Nine subjects that were randomly assigned to the yoga group, while eight subjects were randomly assigned to the non-yoga controlled group. The investigating physicians throughout the experiment didn’t know which patients were undergoing the yoga intervention. The study period lasted 16 weeks, including three 45 minute classes a week. Classes included yoga methods such as postures, breathing techniques, meditation and discussion sessions.

Pulmonary function was assessed weekly with a spirometry, measuring both FEV1 (amount of air forced from lungs in one second) and FVC (total volume of the lungs when filled with as much air as possible) . The mean of these recordings were used in the results.

All participants were given a peak flow meter and asked to record their peak flow reading both morning and evening. Students were also given a weekly symptoms questionnaire as a self-assessment which was analysed by researchers using ‘Mann-Whitney's test’.

When recruiting candidates from a scientific background, although previous experience can be helpful, it could also be detrimental to the reality of the results; Students, having knowledge of how studies are conducted, could be eager to significantly influence the results. This problem has been dulled by multiple physiological variables such as the FEV1 and FVC measurements, but due to the small size of this study, it is possible that sampling bias may still have been present and in turn, influenced the results.

What were the basic results?
No significant improvement of respiratory function was observed from FEV1 and FVC. Peak flow rate data revealed that there were no significant differences in the AM and PM peak flow rates between the groups. The average weighted score of the questionnaire showed the yoga group with a score of 7.00 and the control group a score of 1.75. Although having a large range between the two, when based upon the Mann-Whitney test, there is no significant difference.

The researches believe that their Hypothesis may have failed due to inappropriate exposure of the patients to the yoga philosophy, lack of positive attitude toward yoga therapy and the short study period.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This research has provided a well designed experiment to investigate yoga and the breath work technique’s effect on asthmatic patients. Having conducted this research 24 years ago, assembling a greatly diversified participant group would have deemed difficult without the aid of today's connecting technology. With this in mind, the results of this 1998 clinical study very closely reflects that of Wise’s 2016 ethnically diverse study, therefore extinguishing the belief that this experiment may present more accurate with a larger, more diverse group of participants.

This research is validated by the extensive physiological evidence that still stands parallel to recent findings. Due to these results, yoga has been found to not have any significant effect on those suffering from asthma.

Practical advice
Some limitations that may present in the wider community, most of which can be tailored for individuals. Some altering would be need for those suffering from other movement restricting conditions such as [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sciatica/symptoms-causes/syc-20377435#:~:text=The%20sciatic%20nerves%20branches%20from,one%20side%20of%20your%20body. sciatica], or those in wheelchairs. A variation of yoga poses would be needed for inclusive engagement. Lack of exposure to yoga may present implications prior to workouts. This is avoidable by exposing these individuals to varied posing and breath work techniques prior to physical movement.

Self-assessment of pulmonary function will require using and interpreting a spirometry machine. when this study was conducted in 1998, the spirometry machine required a health professional and large stationary equipment. Thanks to recent advancements, measuring various respiratory functions is now practical for the general public.

Further information/resources
A beneficial read that further elaborates on this topic is one written by Julia White. White has participated in yoga since childhood. She explains stress’s effect on an asthma attacks and yoga’s benefits on calming these attacks.

A medically reviewed article, written by Erin Kelly, presents 30 essential yoga poses which could be a valuable resource for those looking to self-investigate the effects of yoga on their asthma.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Stephanie Yau/sandbox

The following critique article is from the research article “ Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 – associated hospitalisation” by Francis Ribeiro de Souza, Daisy Motta-Santos, Douglas dos Santos Soares, Juliana Beust de Lima, Gustavo Goncalves Cardozo, Luciano Santos Pinto Guimaraes, Carlos Eduardo Negrao, Marcelo Rodrigues dos Santos.

What is the Background to this research?
Recently, the world is facing an unprecedented pandemic, the new serve acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). As the virus spread around the world quickly, it strongly impacted the general population’s daily activities, the prevalence of hospitalization and the burden on public health in Brazil. Till April 2021, there are over 378000 deaths caused by COVID-19 in Brazil. The WHO & government have already promoted and published distinct rules to minimize the spread of the virus, such as self-isolation, social distancing, wearing masks, etc. They are all potential strategies for preventing the disease. Nevertheless, to improve and strengthen the immune system response, exercise training could be an auxiliary tool and strategy against infection. Specifically, it is significant to reduce the number of hospitalizations and advocate faster recovery for the infected patients. This study aims to assess the link between physical activity and the prevalence of COVID-19 related to hospitalization.

Where is the research from?
This original research being critiques was published in the journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (JSAMS). The journal is an official journal of Sports Medication Australia (SMA) where covers worldwide aspects of sports science and medicine. Also, it encompassed the publication original research and review papers in relation to the sports science field and public health.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a cross-sectional and observational study followed by the STROBE statement checklist. The cross-sectional often used to measure the prevalence of disease, comprehend the determinants of health and attributes of a population. In particular, it was registered on ClincialTrails.gov and acknowledged by the local Human Subject Protection Committee in the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculadade de Medicina da Universida de de Sao Paulo in Brazil. To ensure participants are willing to engage and valid studies, online written informed consent is provided. Therefore, it allows the team to assess and compare different variables from the population of COVID-19 survivors in Brazil.

What did the research involved?
In this research article, it invited the patient who survived and fully recovered from the SARS-CoV-2 between March and August 2020 in Brazil. During this time period, they designed and conducted online questionnaire for their target population via social media, newscasts, hospitals, medical care providers and disease control centres across the country.

Prior to commencing the first analysis, written consent was obtained and collected with a total of 1597 completed questionnaires. Upon on that, it included the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The study separated into two different parts of analysis: After collecting all the qualitative data, there are some sample calculations and tools included for the final analysis.

The methodology was an accessible that well utilising the internet service and collect data from a big population (research target). Also, it reduced the face to face interview time which is quite valid, faster and cheaper approach to accomplish the analysis. Hence, it facilitated the team to interpret the relationship between PA levels and hospitalisation prevalence.
 * G*Power software
 * SPSSv.25 software
 * Chi-square test
 * Winpepi v.11.65 software
 * Poisson regression model (prevalence ratio)

What were the basic result?
In the result, 938 participants were selected for the final analysis, but there are only 91 were admitted to the hospital due to COVID-19. To identify the higher prevalence of hospitalization, they mainly relied on four main variables including gender, age, BMI, pre-existing disease, and medication.The following table indicated the result of having a HIGHER prevalence ratio (PR):

Table 1: Result of Higher Prevalence Ratio (PR)

Table 2: Compare the Insufficient and Sufficient physical activity (PA)

What conclusions can we take from this research?
In conclusion, the authors found sufficient physical activity (PA) is significant that it could demonstrate a lower prevalence of COVID-19-related hospitalization. In general, WHO recommended individuals should be doing more exercise, as PA has crucial benefits to our hearts, minds and bodies. Also, it improves our overall health and well-being. Individuals who do little or no PA are easy to suffer or diagnose with severe COVID-19, compare with those who are physically active. Within the same year, similar findings can also be found in a study, increasing the PA levels and maintaining a healthy lifestyle could reduce the severity of COVID-19 disease. Although it is not directly related to the hospitalization prevalence, it demonstrated adequate PA benefits to the individuals’ health and well-being, especially to the global disease COVID-19. Overall, governments should encourage and promote more physical exercise to the population, so that it could prevent complications from COVID-19 and burden on the public health system.

Practical Advice
The study did not provide a complete exercise plan for people to follow, but it mentioned at least 150 min per week of moderate-intensity or 75 min a week of vigorous-intensity as a recommendation. For people who are physically inactive/ sedentary, it is quite challenging and struggling with moderate intensity of exercise. Hence, they have to foster an interest in exercise. Home-based exercise intervention will be the best option, such as yoga workouts which could easily find on the internet, individuals could follow the instructions at home. It benefits for them to stretch their body and avoids injuries after being inactive for a long time. Resistance training and HIIT are also encouraged for the populations to engage, as they could facilitate with better immune system and strength the cardiorespiratory fitness level. However, it is strongly recommended individuals to select an accredited gym coach as the instructor. Apart from the exercise practical advice, it is significant to adhere the COVID-19 rules and restrictions, maintain good respiratory hygiene, so that it could minimize the risk of having COVID-19.

Further Information

 * Readings article: Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a cross-sectional study
 * Reading article: Influence of Baseline Physical Activity as a Modifying Factor on COVID-19 Mortality: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study

 * https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 (Know more about the COVID -19 from WHO)

title: User:Stephanie Yau/sandbox


text:
Hobo tourism/Around the world with empty pockets

"Around the world with empty pockets" — TV project of the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, was carried out with the assistance of the TV and Radio Company "Crimea" (broadcast was in Russian).

About the project
Each issue was dedicated to a specific country; the participant of the travel show, answering the questions of the presenters of the program "Morning" (a part of which was this project), live, without preparation told about the intricacies of journeys in the format of a bum tour: about accommodation, meals, the extreme situations that have been experienced, touching upon, in addition to the above, other topics related to long trips and expeditions around the planet.

From October 2014 to November 2015, 13 TV stories were aired, of which only eleven can be seen on the official website of the TV company: the first and second issues were created at the time when the Internet video posting of the TV and Radio Company "Crimea" was just planned.

Instuctional value
The video material is intended for optional viewing as part of familiarization with the course of the textbook "Hobo Tourism".

Plots give an additional idea about the subject being studied and, to some extent, can serve as video lessons.

Links

 * The plot about the winter bum tour to Japan (aired on 6. 10. 2014)
 * The plot about visiting one of the most dangerous and not very tourist countries of the world — Afghanistan (aired 13. 10. 2014)
 * The plot about Sumatra Island, one of the five visited during the trip to Indonesia (aired on 27. 10. 2014)
 * The plot "Egypt without pyramids" (aired 10. 11. 2014)
 * The plot of West Malaysia (aired on 17. 11. 2014)
 * The plot anout Zambia (aired on 24. 11. 2014)
 * Review report on the trip, which included 12 countries of Latin America (aired on 29. 06. 2015)
 * The plot about Cuba — the island of freedom (aired 06. 07. 2015)
 * A plot about Uganda, one of the poorest countries in Africa (aired on 13. 07. 2015)
 * The plot is about Guatemala, a Central American country, where the structures of Mayan architecture have survived (aired 03. 11. 2015)
 * The story of the tribes of Kenya, their traditions and ethnic dress (aired on 30. 11. 2015)

Gallery (image links)

 * Freeze frame from the television story about Afghanistan
 * Freeze frame from the television story about Uganda
 * Freeze frame from the television story about Kenian tribes
 * Freeze frame from the television story about Cuba
 * Freeze frame from the television story about Egypt
 * Freeze frame from the television story about Guatemala

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User talk:103.133.205.242

September 2022

 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

title: User talk:103.133.205.242


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Utomik

History
Utomik launched in 2014, with an official launch on May 3, 2018.

A cloud gaming service was announced on March 31, 2022, along with a partnership with Samsung for their television gaming service.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Utomik


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Kek Powerizer

Technology
The system used a small LCD.


text: Category:Book:How To Back Up Operating Systems


text:
History of video games/Platforms/PlayPower

History
This edutainment system was a famiclone intended for use in low income markets in the late 2000s. The system cost $10.

Technology
The system was intended to be extremely low cost to increase reach in developing markets, and used older technology to help acheive this goal.

One of the few systems of the era to use an 8-bit CPU, The system processing unit was based on the older 6502 microprocessor.


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User talk:58.136.237.22

edits
delete this - page made now.

i am locked out of editing so have created links for Korean and S E Asian but cant now make link pages for them. How do I unlock this

Mor lam - Wikipedia and Music of Korea - Wikipedia good starting points although someone with more knowledge might wish to drill down onto the chord types (modified pentatonic etc) for these folk genres

Pages are great and very informative in this book as a whole Barbiecalcine (discuss • contribs) 00:42, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:58.136.237.22


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Net Jet

History
In 2007 the system was sold by Hasbro for $24.99. Games sold for $15.

Technology
The system used a Windows PC to play games in conjunction with a specialized USB game controller, physical or digital game keys, and software.

Games

 * Mission Paintball


text:
History of video games/Platforms/MyQ

History
MyQ was a brain training game system developed by Hasbro.

title: History of video games/Platforms/MyQ


text:
History of video games/Platforms/PlayJam OTT

History
PlayJam had also worked on the GameStick.

The PlayJam OTT was a white label microconsole designed to be rebranded by various companies.


text:
Music Theory/Korean

Traditional Korean music, called Gugak – literally “national music” – in Korean, is comprised of four broad genres: court, literati, folk and religious. Court and literati music is based on a concept called yeak sasang, which aimed to create harmony via proper behavior, and therefore was expected to be devoid of any emotion. Folk music was, on the contrary, expressive of both positive and negative emotions and varied widely from region to region

A distinguishing feature of Korean music is its standard use of three-four time, as opposed to two-four or four-four time found in Western, Chinese, or Japanese music. It utilizes variations on a pentatonic scale. Rather than harmonizing with chords, Gugak evokes a single melodic line with variations and rhythmic accents to bring out the various instrumental tones. Court, literati, and religious music were unimaginably slow to keep in line with yeak sasang, while folk music could be more expressive and was therefore faster. Folk music, and some literati music, has a strong tradition of improvisation, much like jazz music in the West. Folk music was also a communal experience, with musician and audience interacting throughout the performance.

title: Music Theory/Korean


text:
History of video games/Platforms/MobiGo

History
V-Tech positioned the MobiGo as a cheap edutainment handheld console.

Technology
The system incorporated a touch screen.

The system also incorporated a QWERTY keyboard.

title: History of video games/Platforms/MobiGo


text:
History of video games/Platforms/iXL

History
The Fisher Price iXL video game console was released in 2010. The system retailed for $79.99 in 2010.

By February of 2011 the price of the system dropped to $60.

The system was discontinued in 2012.

Hardware
A 3.5 in TFT LCD was built into the system. The resolution of this screen was listed as "QVGA", meaning a resolution of 320 pixels by 240 pixels. The screen supported touch input.

Storage could be expanded with an SD card slot.

Power
The system was powered by 4 AA batteries. The battery compartment was protected with a screw.

Software
The system was intended to be used in conjunction with a either a Mac OSX computer or Microsoft Windows PC, which was required for console management. The New York Times described this software as being like iTunes.

The system could be used as an MP3 player.

title: History of video games/Platforms/iXL


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Music Theory/South East Asian

Mor lam (Lao: ໝໍລຳ; Thai/Isan: หมอลำ)
is a traditional Lao form of song in Laos and Isan. Mor lam means 'expert song', or 'expert singer', referring to the music or artist respectively. Other romanisations used include mor lum, maw lam, maw lum, moh lam, mhor lum, and molum. In Laos, the music is known simply as lam (ລຳ); mor lam (ໝໍລຳ) refers to the singer.

The characteristic feature of lam singing is the use of a flexible melody tailored to the tones of the words in the text. Traditionally, the tune was developed by the singer as an interpretation of a klon poem and accompanied primarily by the khene (a free reed mouth organ). The modern form is frequently composed and uses electrified instruments. Traditional forms (and some Lao genres) use a slower tempo than the quicker tempo and faster deliveries of more modern lam music. Strong rhythmic accompaniments, vocal leaps, and a conversational style of singing distinguish lam from American rap.

Typically featuring a theme of unrequited love, mor lam often reflects the difficulties of life in rural Isan and Laos, leavened with wry humor. In its heartland, performances are an essential part of festivals and ceremonies. Lam has gained a profile outside its native regions from the spread of migrant workers, for whom it remains an important cultural link with home.

Musical form
Lam singing is characterised by the adaptation of the vocal line to fit the tones of the words used. It also features staccato articulation and rapid shifting between the limited number of notes in the scale being used, commonly delivering around four syllables per second. There are two pentatonic scales, each of which roughly corresponds to intervals of a western diatonic major scale.

The actual pitches used vary according to the particular khene accompanying the singer. The khene itself is played in one of six modes based on the scale being used.

Because Thai and Lao do not include phonemic stress, the rhythm used in their poetry is demarcative, i.e., based on the number of syllables rather than on the number of stresses. In gon verse (the most common form of traditional lam text) there are seven basic syllables in each line, divided into three and four syllable hemistiches. When combined with the musical beat, this produces a natural rhythm of four on-beat syllables, three off-beat syllables, and a final one beat rest:

In actual practice this pattern is complicated by the subdivision of beats into even or dotted two-syllable pairs and the addition of prefix syllables which occupy the rest at the end of the previous line; each line may therefore include eleven or twelve actual syllables. In the modern form, there are sudden tempo changes from the slow introduction to the faster main section of the song. Almost every contemporary mor lam song features the following bassline rhythm, which is often ornamented melodically or rhythmically, such as by dividing the crotchets into quavers:

The ching normally play a syncopated rhythm on the off-beat, giving the music a characteristically quick rhythm and tinny sound.

title: Music Theory/South East Asian


text:
History of video games/Platforms/K-Magic

History
The system was developed jointly by the Ohio Art Company and K's Kids. Notably the Ohio Art Company had previously worked on the Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Yinlips YDPG18

History
The system had launched by December 13, 2011, having originated from a Chinese company named Yinlips Digital Technology. In Japan the system retailed for 16,800 Japanese Yen.

Though this was otherwise not an exceptional clone console, system attracted attention from the gaming press for it's similarities to the then new PlayStation Vita.

Compute
The system was based around a single core processor clocked at 1.2 Gigahertz. The system included 512 Megabytes of DDR2 RAM.

The system included 4 gigabytes of storage, and could be expanded through a microSD card slot.

Hardware
The system had a built in 5 in widescreen display with a resolution of 800 pixels by 480 pixels. HDMI output was also supported. When outputting on external displays, a resolution of 1080p was supported. The system could be used in landscape, or portrait mode.

The system had both a front and rear facing camera. The rear facing camera had a resolution of 5 megapixels. The system also sported a "Gravity Sensor", which some reviewers stated was in fact an accelerometer.

Networking was possible via integrated Wi-Fi.

Software
The system used either Android 2.2 or Android 2.3 as an operating system. The system shipped with a suite of emulation software for systems from the 1980's and 1990's.


text:
User:Barbiecalcine

Je suis Barbie Calciné. ..

title: User:Barbiecalcine


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of varied aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive patients

This Wikibooks page is a critique of the research article: Moreira WD, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP, Appel LJ. The effects of two aerobic training intensities on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients: results of a randomized trial. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 1999 Jul 1;52(7):637-42.

Background To Research
Hypertension (high blood pressure) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. It is the highest risk factor associated with heart disease, and among the top 5 leading causes of mortality in Australia. Blood pressure is the amount of force blood puts on the walls of the arteries as it flows through them, measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). There are many factors that can increase blood pressure, such as blood composition or artery size, both of which cause the heart to pump harder to output the same amount of blood. Lifestyle factors such as stress, diet, and exercise (or lack of) can have this same effect, causing chronically high blood pressure above the normal range of 90-120mmHg/60-80mmHg. This is known as hypertension. The paper discussed in this critique looked at patients with mild hypertension. Aerobic training is an exercise format commonly characterised by endurance sports such as long distance running or cycling. This type of exercise utilises oxygen to assist in various processes that resynthesise ATP, the energy currency of the body. During aerobic exercise, it is normal for systolic blood pressure to temporarily increase to 160-220mmHg before returning to normal. This is highly taxing to the cardiovascular system and therefore causes the most structural adaptations to the heart. These adaptations include strengthening and thickening of the heart muscle that increases blood pumping efficiency and therefore lowers blood pressure long-term. The paper discussed in this critique investigated the effect of aerobic exercise at 20% and 60% of maximum workload.

The paper discussed in this critique sought to fill a gap in previous hypertension research that solely focused on high intensities. If lower aerobic intensities are found to have the same benefits as high intensity, this could increase the success rate of exercise interventions. By providing patients with a more achievable goal, a greater sense of success is attained and may result in higher compliance and perseverance with treatment. In other words, if the patient feels the challenge they are faced with is within their capacity, they are much more likely to succeed. This effect may have influenced the study being critiqued, as it was mentioned that the only two participants that dropped out once the study was underway were in the higher intensity exercise group.

Where This Research Is From
The paper in question was written by a team of authors led by Wilson D Moreira and was published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology in 1999. Research regarding the relationship between hypertension and exercise is ever-growing, therefore this smaller study with no clinical applications is somewhat outdated and irrelevant.

What Kind Of Research This Was
The paper discussed in this critique was a randomised control trial that utilised a double-blind parallel group design. This meant that participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Group 1 who performed at 20% of maximum workload, or Group 2 who performed at 60% of maximum workload. It also meant that the researchers and participants were unaware of which group they were in. The sample size was small (N=28), recruited via non-probability sampling. Convenience sampling (advertisements in local papers) and purposive sampling (volunteers from a hypertension outpatient clinic) were both utilised. Participants tended to be middle-aged with both genders well presented, although race was not mentioned. All had been diagnosed with Stage 1 hypertension and underwent various pre-testing tasks to be eligible for the study. Preferably participants would be recruited using probability sampling to eliminate bias, as volunteer participants may have underlying intentions or beliefs that could effect their results. Generally more participants would have been ideal and would allow for a non-exercise control group.

What The Research Involved
Participants followed a 10 week exercise program on a cycle ergometer under observation. The program included 3 sessions per week consisting of a 5 minute warmup, 30 minute workout, and 5 minute cooldown. The workout was always completed at the same time each day (2:00pm - 3:00pm). Participants were instructed to continue their normal lifestyles, including diet and alcohol intake. Appropriate methodology was used and documented well, increasing the replicability of the study. A limiting factor of the focus study was that the identified gap in previous research was not filled by the evidence provided, given that ‘low intensity’ aerobic exercise is a broad bracket that can not be reduced to two levels of intensity. Ideally, this experiment would be redesigned to incorporate the aspects outlined below and refocus on creating realistic and varied treatment options.

Results Of The Study
The author's of this study claimed to have observed similar decreases in blood pressure between Group 1 and Group 2. In Group 1, blood pressure dropped from 137.2 to 135.2mmHg, and in Group 2 from 144.4 to 138.6mmHg. If anything, it would seem that the difference between the groups was under-emphasised. In the discussion section, it was noted that the p value for both groups was too high. This meant that the data could not be considered statistically or practically relevant. Due to this, the level of evidence is considered inadequate due to the low external validity and inapplicability of the results to patient care.

Conclusions From The Research
Upon critique, it would seem that higher intensity aerobic exercise at 60% of maximum workload is more effective at reducing mild hypertension. Despite the claim that they had a similar effect, the results clearly show that Group 2 reduced blood pressure significantly more than Group 1. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this particular article is that blood pressure can be reduced by aerobic exercise. The most effective modality, intensity, duration, and frequency requires further research. Further research should also investigate patients with stage 2 and 3 hypertension.

Practical advice
Before beginning any unfamiliar exercise, it is recommended to see a medical professional for the most individualised and effective treatment.

Further Resources
(1) How blood pressure works - Wilfred Manzano:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9OZsDECZw

(2) Exercise: A drug-free approach to lowering high blood pressure:

 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045206

(3) High Blood Pressure - Facts About Hypertension:

 https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20in,are%20taking%20medication%20for%20hypertension

(4) World Health Organisation - Hypertension:

 https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension#tab=tab_1


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User talk:SarahJM02

Welcome, SarahJM02!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

--Xania   talk 05:15, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:SarahJM02


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WikiEcology

This page is under construction/translation

title: WikiEcology


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Home-based periodized training; a way to help adherence to exercise therapies for multiple sclerosis patients

This is a critique of the research article: C. Keytsmana, P. Van Notena, J. Spaasa, I. Niestea, P. Van Asch, B. O.Eijndea. Periodized home-based training: A new strategy to improve high intensity exercise therapy adherence in mildly affected patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2019, Vol.28, p.91-97.

The critique was written as an assignment for the unit: Health Disease and Exercise in 2022

Background and Research
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the demyelination of nerve cells by the immune system; this causes a wide range of issues unique to each individual, each is related to the way in which nerve signals are transmitted around the body. Exercise is positive in day-to-day life with further benefits to exercise in sufferers of MS. Cardiovascular fitness, strength, cognitive function, bladder and bowel function as well as general mood improvements have been identified by exercise interventions in MS sufferers. However, despite these benefits exercise adherence generally waivers, after initial interventions, as little as 4% report adherence at follow up sessions. This is not enough seeing the range of benefits with sustained physical activity. It is because of this the study aims to increase compliance through high intensity interval training (HIIT) in a periodised home-training situation.

Research
This research was undertaken using a correlational study. Such studies entail investigating the relationship between two variables in a population. This is the use of HIIT training to improve activity adherence in MS sufferers, furthermore, a healthy control (HC) group was used to validate the results. The researchers’ utilised only those with mild (EDSS <4) cases of MS to participate due to the theory being largely untested, and higher intensity exercise affecting severe MS cases differently. This could possibly skew results when transferred to a more severely affected population. This because exercise that is too intense in more severely affected individuals can induce severe fatigue and exacerbate MS symptoms.

The experiment was completed through the Rehabilitation and Research Center of Hasselt University (REVAL) and the Belgian MovetoSport foundation. It was through these organisations that 33 HC and MS subjects were identified. Of these 66, 21 declined participation and 8 dropped out, thus leaving 37 individuals to complete the analysis.

 * 9 Healthy Control

 * 18 Multiple Sclerosis

The study aimed to see increases in overall health, as well as high levels of program adherence. The final goal of the program was related to the Awareness Project, with participants increasing their health enough to cycle their bikes to the peak of Mount Ventoux in France.

Of the six authors involved in this study; P. Asche works for the MovetoSport foundation, with the remaining authors working for various universities. Each of these individuals have further work in the field, with some focused around training and its’ effects in general, and others around the impact of training types on degenerative diseases.

Study Methods
The study involved a pre-test body composition scan and a maximum cycle ergometer, with heart rate, gas analysis and blood testing undertaken while performing this. The ergometer test was completed as follows.

 * Females- 20W at 70RPM with 10W increases each minute
 * Males- 30W at 70RPM with 15W increases each minute

Blood lactate was recorded from the earlobe at maximal exhaustion (lactate max) and after recovery (lactate peak), with gas analysis and heart rate recorded every minute.

All participants were provided with a Polar® M200 (sport activity watch) to assist load management throughout the program. The program consisted of 8 recurrent 3-week cycles, with progress managed by researchers through the Polar® coaching platform. The sessions employed a high load/low volume or high volume/low load approach. This provided adequate recovery for MS affected subjects; consideration of recovery assisted with program adherence. By being approachable, transparent, and clear in their goals, the researchers improved attitude towards the program, leading to positive trends in adherence.

Results
At the conclusion of the 6-month study there were huge improvements across the board in both groups of individuals. However, most impressive was of 64 training sessions; 61 were completed by the MS group and 57 by the HC group, with neither group missing sessions because of program design, instead citing personal issues or commitments. This showed great adherence to the program by the participants and demonstrated to the researchers the effectiveness of a home-based HIIT program when monitored.

This however, could be a downfall, due to the researchers constantly in contact perhaps the individuals were more likely to adhere, should the researchers have been less involved and made the population self-driven in the program, they may not have been so adherent.

Overall, the intervention saw increases in both body composition and exercise capacity measures, these are shown in table 1 and 2 below. The HC group didn’t see notable changes in the body composition category. Table 1- Body Composition Results Table 2- Exercise Capacity Results

It is from these results we can identify positive steps in the intervention in both adherence and health benefits.

Conclusions
This research provides a solid foundation to build further research upon. The results provided are unbiased and fairly conclusive in the population provided, however due to the mild nature of the MS individuals it is just providing a base to build further research. The results gathered whilst positive are limited for this exact reason and with this in mind it should be concluded that further testing is required. The testing protocol is very sound (albeit expensive), and the testing could be repeated should more volunteers come forward and funding is provided. This testing should be modified to a lower intensity and repeated for more severe cases of MS to identify if the correlation is still present and see if this technique could further assist MS sufferers worldwide. It should not be discounted that the results presented so far are positive and a step in the right direction for promoting adherence to exercise programs for those suffering from MS.

Practical Advice
The results from this study are positive in almost all aspects and the effectiveness of promoting adherence to a training program is extremely encouraging. With this in mind HIIT should be utilised more as a way of assisting those with MS. Modifications should be made for each individual but the general principle of HIIT has proven itself in this population, and should individuals have similar adherence issues, comparable interventions could be employed. The prescribing individual should however always consider individual needs and comfort in the program prescription.

Further Information
For further reading Multiple Sclerosis and HIIT training programs, please click the links below:

 * Adherence and drop-out in randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in people with multiple sclerosis

 * Exercise for multiple sclerosis: a single-blind randomized trial comparing three exercise intensities

 * Maximising Abilities, Negotiating and Generating Exercise options (MANAGE) in people with multiple sclerosis
 * Systematic Review of Exercise Studies in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis


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History of video games/Platforms/Warrior 64

History
The system was crowdfunded.

Technology
The system was based on older Nintendo 64 hardware, with a few improvements for compatibility with contemporary technologies.


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History of video games/Platforms/MSI Trident

History
The Trident line of computers contained a number of console like entries.


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History of video games/Platforms/Spectravideo

Technology
Models such as the SV-318 were noted for their similarity to the MSX platform.


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History of video games/Platforms/Sega Astro City Mini V

Technology
Latency was a notable issue with the device.


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History of video games/Platforms/Asterisk

History
The device cost $20.

Technology
A CR2032 coin cell battery powers the console.


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History of video games/Platforms/Hyperkin Retron Ult

History
The system was shown off in 2019, just prior to E3.

Technology
The system output graphics at a resolution of 720p via HDMI.

A USB type C port is used to provide power to the system.


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease

This wikibook is a critique on the research article A Retrospective Analysis of Group-Based Boxing Exercise on Measures of Physical Mobility in Patients With Parkinson Disease

What is the background to this research
This wiki-page will inform readers about how Parkinson Disease patients can use non-contact boxing as a strategy to improve symptoms that affect their functional mobility. This research aims to contribute to the limited studies that have researched the benefits of independent and group exercise on Parkinson Disease patients motor and cognitive symptoms. However, this paper will focus on the improvement of functional mobility in Parkinson Disease patients as it is essential for an individual to be able to perform everyday tasks in a safe and independent manner.

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological condition that presents common symptoms such as body tremors due to the brain being incapable of producing sufficient amounts of dopamine. Non-contact boxing has become a popular intervention for Parkinson Disease in the recent years due to some studies demonstrating improvements in the symptoms associated with Parkinson Disease patients. Non-contact boxing involves the use of exercises that have been adapted from boxing drills and focus on improving components such as agility, coordination, muscular strength, and muscular endurance.

Where is the research from
The research for this paper was conducted in Southern eastern United States at four different facilities that offered non-contact boxing classes.

Six authors contributed to this study :

•	James W.H. Sonne- Who is an assistant professor and has contributed to 11 other studies.

•	Kyle Joslyn- This research being their first published work.

•	Katherine Reus- This research being their first published work.

•	Michelle Angulo- Who has been affiliated with several other published works.

•	Sarah Guettler- This research being their first published work.

•	Morris C. Beato- Who is an assistant professor and a distinguished researcher with service awards and contributions to six other studies.

Due to the research being undertaken at four different locations offering a non-contact boxing program, there is a potential for bias among facilities as they may try to gain status or prove that their program Is more effective.

What kind of research was this
The type of research conducted was a retrospective analysis that compared the severity of symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease and the impact these symptoms had on patients both before and after commencing the non-contact boxing program.

Due to the nature of a retrospective analysis all participants needed to have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease, therefore, the high incidence of participants dropping out of the study was unable to be controlled.

What did the research involve
This study required participants to take part in a non-contact boxing program which was run 2-3 times a week, with each class running for about 90 minutes. After 6, 12, 18 and 24 months each participant was assessed on 4 tests:

1.	Timed Up & Go Test

2.	10 Metre Walk Test

3.	30-second Chair Stand Test

4.	Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale Test

When considering the methodology of this study, the recruitment may have not been the best for the studies purpose. It may have been more beneficial to include patients who have never participated in a non-contact boxing program rather than those who have to gain a better insight into the comparison of data.

The two main limitations of this study were:

•	The measures assessed were recorded by non-clinical staff, possibly allowing for error in procedures and recording results.

•	For the Timed up and go test the instructions are subjective when the participant is told to walk at a ‘normal walking speed’ and the speed will differ between participants.

What were the basic results
Important results found at each assessment period:

•	6 months: Significant improvement was demonstrated in all the tests except the 10 metre walk test.

•	12 months: This period of the study demonstrated further improvement in the same tests as the six-month period.

•	18 months: At 18 months, improvements were seen in the 30 second chair stand test and Fullerton advanced balance scale test.

•	24 months: The final assessment period showed no statistically significant changes in both the timed up and go test and the 30 second chair stand test. There was also no data obtained for the 10 metre walk test and Fullerton advanced balance scale at this stage of the study.

The results of the study were interpreted by the researchers’ using graphs and tables which outline:

•	The percentage of improvement in the tests

•	The percentage of change for each test and at the assessing period it occurred

•	The P-values and significance of data

•	The effect sizes for each test

What conclusions can we take from this research
Through this study the non-contact boxing program has had a positive impact on the functional mobility of Parkinson Disease patients. The exercises prescribed in these programs seem to have a greater impact the longer the patients participated, due to the exercises aiming to improve agility, coordination, muscular strength, and endurance which are all essential to live an independent lifestyle.

Other studies/research have gathered evidence that remains consistent with this study. An article titled ‘Boxing Training for Patients With Parkinson Disease’ demonstrated similar evidence where boxing drills/exercises were incorporated into a program, resulting in an improvement of quality of life and Parkinson Disease symptoms such as mobility. Another study titled ‘High satisfaction and improved quality of life with Rock Steady Boxing in Parkinson’s disease: results of a large-scale survey’ also demonstrated the impact of non-contact boxing by demonstrating improvements in motor and non-motor symptoms in those patients who participated in the exercise program.

Practical advice
Ultimately this study helps us draw conclusions on:

•	Physical activity guidelines- This study incorporated various aspects of fitness such as strength, endurance, agility, and balance while also abiding by the recommended 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise on most days. Therefore, this study helps demonstrates the benefits of physical activity on health.

•	Delivery of exercise- This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of group exercise as it motivates participants and provides a social aspect.

Before following any practical advice provided it is important that any individual looking to participate in a non-contact boxing program or any exercise program should ensure they are aware of any underlying health issues they have and gain medical clearance from an appropriate health professional.

Further information/resources
Interested in learning more about Parkinson's Disease, non-contact boxing programs and exercise guidelines? Take a look at the resources below:

https://www.parkinsons.org.au/about-parkinsons

https://www.rocksteadyboxing.org/

https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians#summary-by-age


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does a prescription of aerobic exercise and resistance training assist in controlling blood pressure in the older population?

What is the background to this research?
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 75% of American adults over the age of 65 had hypertension. The 'Australian Institute of Health and Welfare' reported that uncontrolled high blood pressure peaked at 47% (men and women inclusive) for those over 85 years of age. The worldwide hypertension trends showed that there was a doubling of people aged 30-79 with hypertension between 1990 and 2019.

With the older adult population increasing more rapidly than any other age population, understanding the causes and risks of high blood pressure, as well as devising ways in which it can be combatted, is important. Conditions including coronary artery disease, stroke and dementia can be somewhat attributed to an abnormally raised blood pressure.

While it is a well known and effective method for eliciting positive changes in body composition, at the time of this study, there was little known about the role that resistance training and aerobic exercise played in reducing the blood pressure of older adults. This study aimed to conclude whether the prescription of the physical activity measures would produce a positive reduction in blood pressure.

Where is the research from?
This study was published by the American Medical Association, particularly the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2005 and the participants Lived in the United States. Though it was a US-based study, the findings are applicable to Australians due to their relatively similar prevalence of hypertension. Another worldwide study conluded that the areas with the highest levels of uncontrolled blod pressure were Africa and Asia. Australia and the US were grouped into one category ('high income english-speaking countries').

The study was partly funded and supported by the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Centre and Johns Hopkins Bayview General Clinical Research. The funding partners had no apparent influence on anything in the study. As the research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health in both the Heart, Lung and Blood instutute and the Centre for Research resources, there was no underlying bias or conflict of interest.

Kerry J Stewart has had many published works with affiliation to Johns Hopkins Medicine. A number of these relate to Blood Pressure in patients with diabetes or other metabolic diseases. The remaining co-authors also had affiliatied works with Johns Hopkins Medicine, and all had published cardiovascular and blood pressure related material.

What kind of research was this?
Considered the 'gold standard' for observational research, and used to find relationships between an intervention and its effectiveness in a population, this study employed a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) method. RCT's are closely controlled, the participants are randomly placed into either the control or experiemental group, and for the results to be deemed statistically significant, they must allign with pre-determined values.

What did the research involve?
This trial employed 104 adults aged between 55 and 75 who each had untreated mild hypertension. Once informed consent was gained the participants underwent extensive screening. Examples of factors tested include:

 * Blood Pressure
 * ECG analysis
 * Body Mass Index
 * Blood Chemistry

The study was conducted between July 1, 1999, and November 30, 2003. The study was advertised in newspapers and initially gained great interest from the researchers' target population. Of those who responded to the advertisement, the majority were unsuitable for the study. The final trial comprised of 51 exercisers and 53 controls, each with resting BP at a level which correlated to either prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension. The exercisers were assigned a 3-session per week aerobic and resistance training schedule. The controls were advised to continue with a normal level of physical activity and diet. Participants had their blood pressure, arterial stiffness, body composition and aerobic and strength fitness tested at both baseline and 6-months (this would, in most cases, signify the conclusion of the study).

The methods by which the participants were selected were adequate for the purpose of the study. This was due to the visibility of the advertisement and the trial's effectiveness at using only suitable participants

What were the basic results?
The researchers emphasised that exercise in the older population elicited major health benefits including decreased BMI, weight loss, increased aerobic fitness and of course, decreased blood pressure. The findings are applicable to many older adults, and may be important in the prescription of exercise and subsequent treatment of hypertension. They were also consistent with what similar and more recent studies have concluded.
 * Diastolic blood pressure reduction was significantly greater in the exercise group compared to the control (P = 0.02)
 * Systolic blood pressure reduction was not statistically significant between the two groups (P = 0.67)
 * Participants in the exercise group (2.3kg) lost a signifcantly greater amount of body weight than the control group (0.5kg)

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study concluded that older adults may be resistant to changes in systolic blood pressure due to the arterial thickening associated with ageing. While the authors also stated that the prescription of exercise lowered the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), this may once again be attributed to the thickening and stiffening of arteries.

Due to the increased arteriolar stiffening and associated increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), the lowering of SBP due to the exercise intervention is important for devising ways of controlling overall blood pressure (BP).

A 2015 trial studied the effectivenes of exercise as a prevention strategy and treatment for adults with and without hypertension. It concluded that moderate aerobic exercise was able to assist in managing symptoms and elicited preventative properties for those yet to experience high blood pressure. Similarly to the 2005 study, it concluded that properly performed resistance training could lower both SBP and DBP. As this study focused only on adults, a study from 2020 confirmed that exercise was able to at reduce SBP and DBP, as well as treat hypertension in older adults.

Practical advice
It can be important for anyone who may be at risk of, or who currently has a high blood pressure, to be cleared by an accredited exercise professional before beginning exercise training. However, this does not apply to asymptomatic individuals in this age bracket, as normal exercise poses little risk of any adverse events occurring. This can reduce the risk of any major cardiovascular events taking place. It is also important that those who are cleared and wanting to participate in any kind of physical activity, know the risks associated with the exercise to be undertaken.

Further information/resources
For those who think they may be at risk of developing hypertension, or those who currently have high blood pressure and would like some more information, the below links offer some valuable advice and information:

 * https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/bundles/for-professionals/hypertension
 * https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/index.htm

 * https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/


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Minix 3/The history of Minix 3

It is best to think of Minix 3 as an new operating system (OS) based on an earlier educational OS, known as Minix.

Minix 1 & 2
Minix 1 was written by Andrew S Tannenbaum to to provide examples for his textbook "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation". This was necessary because. beginning with Unix version 7, Bell Labs had begun to refuse permission to use Unix sources for teaching.

The text of the book contained an abridged version of the source The source and binaries were also available on floppy disk.

A revised version: Minix 2 was released in 1997, with the second edition of the book, now co-authored with Albert Woodhull. Minix version 2.0 was now POSIX compliant. Minix 1 & 2 were not only designed to illustrate principles of OS Design and Implementation they were also examples of a Microkernel architecture.

Minix 3
While Minix 1 and 2 were operating systems designed for teaching, Minix 3 was also aimed as a product in the Embedded software market. Its release under the BSD-3-Clause license was intended to open it up to commercial use.

The key feature of the Minixes is their Microkernel architecture. Minix 3 had been further developed by adding a fault tolerant architeccture. Minix 3 was also developed as a usable desktop operating system on which Minix 3 could be compiled and developed. The software and utilities available was expanded greatly by  importing the netBSD userland software. By version 3.2.0, much of the Minix userland software (ie. software is not part of the kernel and executed in user mode) had been replaced by the equivalent from the netBSD.

This convergence with netBSD had several good reasons, the principal one being that the chief value of the Minix OS is in its Microkernel architecture and its adaptations for high reliability. Maintaining and supporting the Minix utilities would no longer divert effort from kernel development. NetBSD is very compliant with the relevant standards and the code is well written with a focus on portability. The netBSD license allows it to be incorporated into commercial products with little fear of commercially difficult obligations.

In addition to netBSD userland software, Minix 3.4.0 has adopted the pkgsrc package management system making thousands of packages available to the user.

An early form of Minix 3 was notably used in the Intel Management Engine firmware version 11 used in many PC motherboards.

title: Minix 3/The history of Minix 3


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Cookbook:Tiger Nut

The tiger nut, also called yellow nutsedge, chufa, atadwe, and earth almond is the tuber of the plant Cyperus esculentus. It is considered a weed worldwide, although it is readily edible.

Characteristics
The tiger nut is a small, fibrous tuber with a brown skin and chewy texture. The flavor is often described as sweet, light, and almond-like. When dried, tiger nuts become shriveled and wrinkled.

Selection and storage
Chufa can be properly stored for up to a year in a cool, dark place, when tightly wrapped.

Uses
Tiger nuts can be sold whole, dried, or ground into a type of flour or meal. They may also be processed into oils or spreads, and tiger nut milk is a viable non-dairy milk alternative.

There is evidence of tiger nuts being consumed boiled and sweetened in ancient Greece. They have also historically been used in Spain to make the beverage horchata de chufa, which continues to be enjoyed in the present day.

Tiger nuts continue to be eaten in parts of Africa and the Mediterranean. They can be eaten raw, dried, or cooked—soaked dried tiger nuts make for a crunchy snack, and boiled tiger nuts are often eaten as a side dish. Tiger nut flour may be used as a gluten-free flour substitute in baking.

Tiger nut milk is made by soaking the tiger nuts and water. The tubers are then ground or blended with water, and the resulting extract is usually sweetened.

title: Cookbook:Tiger Nut


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Cookbook:Pumpkin Pie Spice

Pumpkin pie spice, sometimes just called pumpkin spice, is a spice mixture often used when making pumpkin pie. It typically contains a blend of cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, and/or allspice. It can be store-bought or homemade.

title: Cookbook:Pumpkin Pie Spice


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Cookbook:Paper Towel

Paper towels, sometimes called kitchen roll, are thin, disposable, absorbent wipes often used in the kitchen for help with cleaning and liquid absorption. They may come in stacks or rolls.

title: Cookbook:Paper Towel


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling

A critical appraisal on the research paper ‘Effect of high-intensity Strength-training on Functional Measures of Balance Ability in Balance Impaired Older Adults’ by Jennifer A. Hess DC, MPH, PhD and Marjorie Woollacott PhD (2005).

What is the background to this research?
A fall is defined as a result of unplanned and unexpectedly ending up on the ground. Although most falls are classified as non-fatal, in older adults, falls can be fatal as the injuries can be life altering. Compared to younger people, a fractured hip in an older adult triples risk of mortality. This paper believes high-intensity strength-training will improve physiological balance as well as the perceived likelihood of falling over in community-dwelling older adults. The participant is working up to lifting their 1RM, lifting the heaviest weight for the individual in one go to cause fatigue of the muscles. The physical tests include the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), both testing the ability the individual can move and complete short tasks without falling over or feeling unsteady on their feet. The Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) is a questionnaire style test where the individual answers questions based on their perceived risk of falling over.

Where is the research from?
This study was conducted at Oregon University. A strong scientific focus is evident at Oregon University with the Knight Campus being dedicated to research and accelerating scientific impact .Jennifer A. Hess and Marjorie Woollacott are the authors of the study and have published over 230+ research papers throughout their careers. Hess is an associate professor of research in occupational injury prevention at the University of Oregon. Woollacott has a PHD in neuroscience and her expertise is in the development of balance and factors leading to a loss in balance as ageing occurs. Both authors appear to be highly reputable with their education achievements and the consistent research into human physiology.

Northwest Health Foundation is a philanthropic fundraising company help fund this research. Therefore, there are no obvious biases relating to this research study as the funding has come from places not associated to the outcome of the research.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a non-randomised, quasi-experimental and delayed entry trial. There was a combination of within and between subject’s design as 4 participants were involved in the pilot trial as well as the official study trial (used within the exercise group). The methodology of research is a minority compared to alike studies, as most studies within this field are randomised control studies, such as Sherrington C & Tiedemann A (2015) and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469029215000801 Fleig et. al (2015)].

What did the research involve?
The control group did not exercise, and the experimental group were exercising in a 10-week high-intensity strength-training program. With the focus on 4 muscles/muscle groups; tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and soleus, quadriceps, and hamstrings. Pre and post training tests from the TUG, BBS and ABC were conducted. Specific exercises using machines to target the muscles/muscle groups were used each week. The first week the participants exercised at 50% of their estimated 1RM. Then week 2 increased to 80% of their 1RM or increased slightly based on their tolerance levels. The instruction was to complete each exercise quickly within 6 seconds and at a consistence pace.

The methodology of this study is deemed appropriate. Hess and Woollacott based the exercise program from previous research based on beginning weight training which involves the use of repetition maximums by Lombardi. Welles et. al and Sipilä et.al stating the positive use of the 1RM concept when training older adults, with reports of low to no injuries. The limitation of using individuals in the pilot-trial as well as the official trial can make the results appear untrustworthy. As it could be suggested that more than 10 weeks is needed to achieve the averages stated within the results in this study.

What were the basic results?
There was a significant difference correlated between strength in all lower extremity muscles post training compared to pre-training. The largest change in the results was the increase by 52% in strength of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle. Across all experimental group participants, a 43% increase in overall muscle strength. There was little to no changes in the control group. The results are interpreted in a positive way, with every test on the intervention of exercise being statistically significant. However, there is no correlation between the improvement of the individuals due to exercise and actual falls rates. This is due to the study not doing a follow up on how the participants are post study and if any have had a fall since. This paper does recognise the limitations are over-emphasised in the results and could be a possibility due to the lack of information regarding if there were falls post study by the experimental group.
 * The TUG test was preformed quicker post training in the experimental group. the average for the control groups score increased, meaning it too longer to do the test. Originally the time taken to do the test was 11.5 seconds, post training it is 9.7 seconds, which correlated to a 20% decrease in risk of falling.
 * The BBS had a significant difference in the experimental group from post training with an increase in scoring, correlated to 16.8% decrease in likelihood of falling.
 * The ABC had a significant difference; post training results stated that 88.3% of individuals felt more confident in not falling after the exercise program.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study has found some highly valuable data relating to increasing balance and decreasing falls through high-intensity strength-training. There is no gold standard in assessing falls risk as an older adult, but the tests used within this study are all highly regarded especially the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale as it has been shown to have reliability and validity, is a strength within the study. The results identified align with other strength-training studies including Sylliaas et. al from a 2011 study and in the 2013 study by Lee I & Park S, which both state the important of strength training in older adulthood to prevent falls. Although this study is from 2005, the results are still relevant. Potentially not viewed to the extent presented within this paper which leaves the reader questioning if the dosage of 10 weeks of strength-training will result in a decrease falls risk or if the duration needs to be longer? Due to the limitation in participant recruitment.

Practical advice
This advice is for those who have a moderate to low risk of falling:
 * Strength-training for older adults is beneficial to lower leg muscles and helps to decrease imbalance physically and the perception of falls risks. However, it is vital to contact your general practitioner prior to any exercise.
 * It is important to have a qualified trainer when exercising in strength training so they can assist in weight progression, technique, repetitions and sets and understand any medical conditions that the participants have, to tailor their program.

Further information/resources

 * WHO statistics on Falls
 * Australian physical activity guidelines for older adults
 * Introduction To Weights For Seniors - Youtube video
 * CDC: strength training for older adults; 'Growing Stronger' guide


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User:Ch3107

Ch3107 is a high school student working on a class project

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User:Chemstudent32

student studying chemistry

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Exercise as it relates to Disease/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome

The article that is being critically appraised is 'The response of the QT interval to mental and physical stress in types LQTS1 and LQTS2 of the long QT syndrome', researched by K J Paavonen, H Swan, K Piippo, L Hokkanen, P Laitinen, M Viitasalo, L Toivonen, K Kontula.

What is the background to this research?
The article looks into a minor population of inherited long QT syndrome type 1 and 2 to understand what type of stress either mental or physical can cause an episode. Long QT syndrome is "characterised by prolongation of the QT interval". The prolonged QT interval in the cardiac contraction is a serious condition that causes serve symptoms of sudden fainting, seizures or sudden death. The study has 3 groups of participants long QT syndrome 1 (LQTS1), long QT syndrome 2 (LQTS2), a control group without any heart conditions. LQTS1 is caused by KCNQ1 gene which influences potassium channels and LQTS2 is caused by HERG mutations which is a protein that affects the potassium ion channel.

This research was attempting to understand what causes episodes in long QT syndrome sufferers, whether it is an increased effect from either mental or physical stress. This research is important to understand what can cause an episode in long QT syndrome sufferers and can increase research into management of the disease as they cannot be cured.

Where is the research from?
The group used in this study was important to share as the non-infectious disease is a rare disease and is not very common. Long QT syndrome doesn't have lots of research in regards to what causes the cardiac abnormality to occur and how to prevent serious symptoms occurring.

The author K J Paavonen has a high reputation in the medical world of research especially in studies around the heart. She has conducted lots of study into long QT syndrome and how that condition occurs and what it is caused by. K J Paavonen was sponsored by University of Helsinki where most of her studies occurred. This could potentially cause concern for conflict of interest however there are lots of study completed by K J Paavonen on long QT syndrome, meaning that there is less likely to be biases on the study. However they did create the bias of only asymptomatic participants because of ethical objections and avoid any episodes occurring.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a case-control study where there were 16 participants with LQTS1, 14 participants with LQTS2 where the participants are both asymptomatic and there was 14 control subjects with no health conditions.

Research completed by K Takenaka and research crew found that exercise in LQTS1 had significant affect to the Tpec during exercise and there was a decrease in the Tpec response. Showing a similar response as the study by K J Paavonen having LQTS1 patients showing beneficial results. The studies are both case-control study type.

What did the research involve?
Before any test proceeded the participants had to produce baseline data where an intravenous cannula was inserted and they rested in a supine position for 30 minutes where an ECG was taken and a blood sample. They also have the restrictions of only drinking water 4 hours before the study.

The study included the participants completing 3 mental tests being serial subtraction test, Stroop-colour word test, and serial addition test, where they were told that they were being compared to other people in the study in the first 2 tests and for the serial addition test they were told that the mistakes that they made were being compared. There were no rest periods between the tests other than to explain the next test they were going to complete and the participants also got encouraged to increase the speed at which they answered to increase the stress level. When the participants reached maximal heart for over 3 minutes a blood sample was taken. The patients then were required to rest until heart rate and blood pressure recovered.

The next testing condition was a bicycle ergometer test which started at a workload of 30 W and an increase of 15 W with each minute thereafter once maximal heart rate was achieved a third blood sample was taken.

The methodology of the study was appropriate for the order, as it allows the study to be conducted in a similar time period. Having the mental stress tests first allows for a smaller recovery duration compared to the physical stress test. A limitation of the study was that it could have shown more results if there was a continuous ECG over the duration of the patient at the study.

What were the basic results?
The results of the study found that during mental stress caused an increase in serum potassium concentrate in any of the groups and found an increase in serum potassium during exercise for all 3 groups. The study also found QT intervals were longer at rest and both stressors for LQTS1 and LQTS2 compared to the control group, however LQTS1 and LQTS2 results didn't differ.

The researcher found they had an increase in heart rate compared to other studies, and the over-emphasis on the serum potassium release during physical stress due to muscle contraction.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The conclusion from this study is that there are increased QT adaptations to physical stress than mental stress in LTQS1 and LQTS2.

In a more recent paper conduct in 2018 by K Takenaka into ' Type 1 long QT syndrome and psychological stress in a laboratory setting' found that there is minimal abnormality to reactions of stress when comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic LQTS1 patients.

Practical advice
This research helps to understand the impacts of stress whether mental or physical stress caused episodes. The results discovered that there are more health benefits from physical ativity on the heart helping to reduce health risks of long QT syndrome, especially during aerobic exercise.

It is best to refer to a doctor for diagnoses as it is a rare disease, however through exercise it can help decrease the health burden.

Further information/resources
Further reading on the subject around Long-QT syndrome from the researcher K Paavonen can be found in this link here and in references. Additional reading that was interesting was referred in the critically acclaimed study by S G Priori and research crew about genetic and molecular basis or cardiac arrhythmias.


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User talk:JamesHynes32

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If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

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User talk:Nhlash

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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of a swim program for children with ASD

The following is a critique on the scientific study Effects of a swim program for children with autsm spectrum disorder on skills, interest, and participation in swimming, published in the American Journal of Recreational Therapy, 2014.

What is the background to this research?
ASD is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how an individual thinks, feels and interacts with others. Behavioural Symptoms of ASD generally appear early on in a child’s development, with many children displaying symptoms between 12-18 months. Early signs of ASD include:

 * Delayed speech and communication skills

 * Difficulty maintaining eye contact
 * Repetitive and restricted behaviour patterns

In 2018 approximately 1 in 44 children under the age of 8-years-old were diagnosed with ASD in the US. The characteristics and behavioural nature of ASD creates barriers that can deter a child’s participation in physical and recreational activities which can lead to chronic health issues and encourage sedentary behaviour. Children with ASD are up to 40% more prone to becoming obese compared to children without ASD. Swimming is a popular physical activity for children with ASD as the water provides buoyancy and postural support by reducing the effects of gravity. This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of a sensory-supported swim program for children with ASD focusing on skill development, interest rate, and increase in physical activity.

Where is the research from?
This study was published in 2014 as part of a project conducted by Kansas University (KU) for Sensory Enhanced Aquatics (formerly sensory-supported swimming). The authors of this study are a part of the KU Medical Centre. The lead author Lisa Lawson has a PhD in Occupational Therapy Education, has been a part of 50 publications, and has expertise in developmental disabilities and recreational therapy. The project Log for the KU Sensory Enhanced Aquatics was updated regularly throughout 2017-2018, ensuring up-to-date information and studies were conducted.

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB review and monitor biomedical research studies that involve human subjects

What kind of research was this?
This study used a quasi-experimental design in the form of a pre-post and survey design to analyse the effectiveness of the intervention of a swim program on the skill, interest, and physical activity levels of children with ASD. This study design is advantageous in determining whether there is a difference between pre and post-intervention data and capturing comparable measurements between pre and post-intervention which eliminates the possibility of bias when interpreting results.

A limitation of the pre-post design during this study is that the activities conducted outside of the experimental environment (swimming pool) are unable to be monitored. Especially when using a survey design to measure parent satisfaction, the responses may become invalid due to differences in opinions and perceptions regarding the child’s behaviour.

What did the research involve?
Participants were recruited through program notices that were distributed throughout community centers in Kansas, US. Participants needed to meet three criteria to be chosen for the study: ASD diagnosis, age (4-18 years of age), and order of enrolment. Forty-two children with ASD participated in the study (39 male and 3 female) and ages ranged from 4-15 years-of-age.

For this study, the adolescent/adult sensory profile, American Red Cross learn-to-swim levels and parent satisfaction questionnaire were used to compare pre-post data. During the first swimming lesson, the parents of participants were asked to fill out a sensory profile. If the participant was over the age of 11-years-old and competent enough, they were to complete their own sensory profile. Instructors holding current or previous Red Cross water safety instructor training recorded the participants beginning swim levels. Each participant completed eight 30-minute sensory-supported swimming lessons and the swimming level was retested. Parents then completed a Parent Satisfaction Questionnaire after their child’s last swimming lesson.

The methodology of this study was conducted well as the measures for pre-post intervention were kept the same and descriptions of each measure were provided. Important information such as diagnosis, previous formal and informal participation in recreational activities and services commonly utilized by the participants such as occupational therapy and speech therapy were recorded.

The diagnosis of each participant was categorised into either having Autsm, Asperger’s, other or missing. 4 participants recorded a missing diagnosis and 3 recorded other. This missing information may affect the validity of the data collected as the purpose of the study was focused on children with ASD. This study also did not specify the ratio of teachers to students in the class

What were the basic results?
Main Findings:

 * 11 participants improved skills within the level they started in, 25 participants advanced one swimming level and 4 participants advanced two swimming levels.
 * 75% of participants advanced at least one level after the eight-lesson sensory-supported swimming program.
 * 85% of parents either “agreed” or “strongly agreed” their child’s physical activity levels increased
 * 91% of parents reported their child’s interest in swimming had increased

The results of the study were interpreted through the responses in pre-post tests conducted at the start and end of the swimming program. The use of surveys for improvements in physical activity and interest in swimming may be over-emphasised due to the personal opinions of the parents whereas improvements in skill progression can be effectively tracked as curriculum testing was conducted.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study has effectively demonstrated the positive effects a swimming program can have on children with ASD. Overall, there was an increase in the swimming skills, interest from the children, and physical activity. Sensory-supported swimming also had a positive effect on parent satisfaction.

The findings of this study align with previous research studies conducted to analyse the effects of swimming on children with ASD. One other study conducted compared the effects of technical vs. game-based aquatic training. Both training interventions were found to have improvements in locomotors and control skills. The technical vs. game-based study also analysed emotional regulation but little to no improvements were found. Another study reported that an aquatic therapy program showed positive effects on social interactions and one-on-one teaching was most effective.

Practical advice

 * Physical exercise such as swimming improves motor skills, physical activity, social interactions, and communication. skills of children with ASD.
 * One-on-one lesson formats were found to be more effective in improving motor skills faster.
 * Technical and game-based swimming training can be used to increase physical activity
 * Safe pool environments should be used when conducting a swim program, and with qualified swimming instructors.

Further information/resources
For Further information on this topic:

Autism Swim

Autism Awareness Australia

The Key Benefits of Swimming for Children on the Autism Spectrum