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User talk:Charmquark

Welcome to my talk page!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Charmquark


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AI Art Generation Handbook/Extension

This chapter is more to Auto1111 or any of it's fork (like SD.Next)

Extension is seen as the specialized functions that provide more functions to the base of AI Art generation provided by the base software.

To start with click on main tab's "Extension", you may see both "Installed ' and "Available From"

There are two things :

(1) To install new extension: Select "Available Fo rm" tab, ensure the extension index URL is same as this one:

Click "Load From:" big orange button on the left.

At Search bar, type the extension that you wanted to install

Here are the list of recommended Extensions that you may want to install

List of recommended extensions

(2) To update the already installed extension :

Select "Installed" tab it   shows what you have already been installed in your AI Generative software meanwhile "Available From" is list of "approved" extensions by Auto1111 (and the contributors).

Click "Check for updates" and wait for a moment for it to finish to download the necessary updates

Click "Apply and re-start UI" orange button

If necessary, close the terminal and webpages and restart the whole process again.

title: AI Art Generation Handbook/Extension


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AI Art Generation Handbook/List of recommended extensions

Recommended must have:

ControlNet

webui-controlnet - A method that are useful for guiding AI to generate (especially human) with a pose that you wanted. See more info here: AI Art Generation Handbook/ControlNet

3D Model Pose Editor - A extension to edit the 3D model

ComfyUI

webui-comfyui - A method to intergrate node based comfyui into Auto1111 (Must have comfyui installed)


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Rugby Union/Centre

In rugby union, centres are a pair of back line players that are the back bone of the back line.

Responsibilities

 * Tackling opposite centres
 * Calling out space to play the ball
 * Breaking defensive lines

title: Rugby Union/Centre


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Talk:Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Lethifold

Lethifold/Fantastic beasts
Where are Lethifolds in the movies if fantastic beats, or Harry Potter movies. 2.101.14.174 (discuss) 18:06, 12 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
User talk:71.221.230.193

--Xania   talk 01:45, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

Blocked
You cannot edit for 3 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 01:40, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Blocked
You cannot edit for 7 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 03:04, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:71.221.230.193


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Public Digital Backbone/References

= References =

1. Digital Public Infrastructure – lessons from India. (07 Feb 2023) by Sharad Sharma and Samir Saran. https://en.unesco.org/inclusivepolicylab/analytics/digital-public-infrastructure-%E2%80%93-lessons-india

2. DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE https://www.undp.org/digital/digital-public-infrastructure

3. Azadi Ka Amrut Mahostav https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1894920

4.

5.

6. Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture: NITI Aayog https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/draft-data-empowerment-and-protection-architecture-niti-aayog

7. 'Inevitable India' rings especially true in the sphere of technology By Debjani Ghosh, President of Nasscom https://www.htsyndication.com/mint/article/-inevitable-india--rings-especially-true-in-the-world-of-technology/77459071

8. Deep Tech: Demystifying the Breakthrough Technologies That Will Revolutionize Everything https://g.co/kgs/jHv8f6

9. DPI could help unlock a massive opportunity in the purple sector. Author: Shanti Raghavan https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/dpi-in-the-purple-sector-disability-inclusive-infrastructure-can-spark-a-boom-11700997206676.html

10. Mint Al Summit on 8th December 2023, New Delhi https://www.bharatexhibitions.com/en/AIS2023/

11. India needs it, India is ready for it, India will do it: Nandan Nilekani, Tanuj Bhojwani on country's AI potential. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/india-to-become-worlds-foremost-ai-user-by-the-end-of-this-decade-nandan-nilekani-tanuj-bhojwani-11862641.html

12. 'Unlocking India's Potential with AI', Nilekani and Bhojwani : https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/12/POV-unlocking-india-potential-with-AI-Nilekani-Bhojwani

title: Public Digital Backbone/References


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Public Digital Backbone/Bibliography

= Bibliography =

1. Nandan Mohan Nilekani (2009). Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation https://archive.org/details/imaginingindiaid00nile/page/n6/mode/1up

2. Nandan Nilekani; Viral Shah (2015). Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kovICgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

3. Nandan Nilekani; Tanuj Bhojwani (2022). The Art of Bitfulness: Keeping Calm in the Digital World https://amzn.eu/d/bBZslnR

title: Public Digital Backbone/Bibliography


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Cookbook:Pinza Mostarda Bolognese

Pinza Mostarda Bolognese is a jam-filled rolled pastry that originated in Bologna. Serve warm or at room temperature with coffee. Store at room temperature. It keeps well for about a week.

Procedure

 * 1) Stir together the dry ingredients in a large mixing bowl.
 * 2) Cut the cold butter into smaller pieces.
 * 3) Put the butter pieces into the bowl with the dry ingredients, and blend the ingredients together. You can do this by hand or with an electric mixer.
 * 4) Add the eggs, stirring briefly after each one.
 * 5) Mix gently until dough holds together. Add a splash of milk as needed, until you get a thick dough, similar to what you would expect for scones.
 * 6) Cover the dough tightly and put it in the refrigerator to rest for about an hour.
 * 7) Preheat oven to 350 °F (175 °C, gas mark 4—medium).
 * 8) Turn the dough out onto the counter or a flat board and form into a thick disk.
 * 9) * If you are working on a counter or board, sprinkle a large spoonful of flour on the surface before taking the dough out of the mixing bowl, and then another spoonful on top. Use just enough flour to keep the dough from sticking too much.
 * 10) * If you cover your work area with plastic cling wrap, you do not need to put any flour on the surface. Cover the top of the dough with another layer of plastic wrap to keep your hands or rolling pin clean.
 * 11) Roll the dough out into a rectangle about ½ inch (1.25 cm) thick.
 * 12) Spread the mostarda bolognese filling nearly to the edge.png Spread a generous layer of Mostarda Bolognese over the surface, leaving a clear border of 1 inch (2.5 cm) around the edges. This will reduce the risk of the jam leaking during the baking process.
 * 13) Folding rectangle into thirds, along the longer sides.png the dough along the longer side, letting the edges overlap (see illustration).
 * 14) Put parchment paper on a large, ungreased baking sheet. Place the roll on the baking sheet, seam side down. Tuck the ends underneath to seal in the jam.
 * 15) Brush the top with a little bit of milk, and sprinkle with sugar crystals.
 * 16) Bake at 350 °F (175°C) for 30–35 minutes, until the roll is golden brown and the internal temperature is at least 190 °F (about 90 °C).

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Mostarda Bolognese or Marmellata Sapore is a type of preserves or jam from Bologna. Despite the name, and unlike the similarly named Mostarda di Cremona (also called Mostarda di frutti), it contains no mustard at all. The main ingredients are some combination of apples, pears, or quinces with some type of citrus or zest, and it is cooked and pureed until it has a dark, smooth, thick, fine texture similar to apple butter. Cavazza is one brand, but if you can't find it locally, you can substitute plum jam, or take the flavor in a different direction with raspberry jam, or your favorite flavor of thick preserves.
 * You can use gluten-free flour substitutes.
 * White granulated sugar is the most typical, but any type of sugar and most sugar substitutes will work.
 * If you want a sweet cake, you can increase the amount of sugar by up to 50%.
 * Luigi Lepri's cookbook in the Bolognese dialect gives a very similar recipe as the traditional one, with the higher amount of sugar and using yeast instead of baking powder. He also makes his own Mostarda, from equal amounts of quince, grapes, and autumnal fruits (apples, pears, figs, plums, apricots, peaches, etc.), plus a small amount of sugar, cooked for about 8 hours and then bottled hot.
 * The large-crystal sugar may also be called "sanding sugar" or "sparkling sugar".

title: Cookbook:Pinza Mostarda Bolognese


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Supplementary Physics and Chemistry

Welcome to the Wikibook of SUPPLEMENTARY PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY

= Physics =

Laws of Physics

 * 1) Stoichiometry

Physics Topics

 * 1) Atomic Physics
 * 2) Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
 * 3) Basic Physics
 * 4) Medical Physics
 * 5) Physics of Plasma
 * 6) Experimental Physics
 * 7) Physics of Margins
 * 8) Solid State Physics
 * 9) Physics of Fundamental Particles
 * 10) Applied Physics
 * 11) Quantum Physics
 * 12) Computational Physics
 * 13) Introductory Physics
 * 14) Molecular Physics
 * 15) Physics of Light
 * 16) Nuclear Physics

Practical and Theoretical Physics
= Chemistry =

Chemistry Topics

 * Organic chemistry
 * Acid and base chemistry
 * Submit chemistry
 * Analytical chemistry
 * Atmospheric chemistry
 * Solid state chemistry
 * Food chemistry
 * Medicinal chemistry
 * Supramolecular chemistry
 * Space chemistry
 * Chemistry of carbohydrates
 * Colloid chemistry
 * Pure chemistry
 * Environmental chemistry
 * Mineral chemistry
 * Textile chemistry
 * Theoretical chemistry
 * Nuclear chemistry
 * Cheminformatics

title: Supplementary Physics and Chemistry


text: Category:Cornmeal recipes

title: Category:Cornmeal recipes


text: Category:Cauliflower recipes

title: Category:Cauliflower recipes


text: Category:Goat recipes

title: Category:Goat recipes


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A-level Physics/Health Physics/Radiological Engineering

Radiological Engineering, also known as Radiation Protection Engineering, is a specialized field that focuses on the safe and controlled use of radiation in various applications, while minimizing potential risks to human health, the environment, and equipment. This field encompasses a wide range of industries, including medical, industrial, research, nuclear power, and more. Radiological engineers play a crucial role in designing, implementing, and maintaining systems and practices that ensure the safe use of radiation.

Key aspects of Radiological Engineering include:

 * Radiation Safety: Radiological engineers develop and implement safety protocols to ensure that radiation workers, patients, and the general public are not exposed to excessive radiation levels. This involves monitoring radiation levels, designing shielding and containment measures, and establishing safety procedures.

 * Radiation Detection and Measurement: Radiological engineers design and utilize instruments to measure and monitor radiation levels. They work with devices like Geiger-Muller counters, scintillation detectors, and dosimeters to accurately assess radiation exposure.

 * Radiation Shielding: In environments where radiation is used or produced, such as medical facilities or nuclear power plants, radiological engineers design shielding materials and structures to effectively block or reduce radiation exposure to safe levels.

 * Regulatory Compliance: Radiological engineers are responsible for ensuring that radiation-related practices and facilities comply with local, national, and international regulations and guidelines. They often work closely with regulatory bodies to maintain compliance and obtain necessary licenses.

 * Emergency Preparedness: Radiological engineers are involved in planning and preparedness for radiological emergencies. This includes developing strategies to respond to accidents, leaks, or other incidents that may lead to increased radiation exposure.

 * Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy: Radiological engineers play a role in the development and optimization of medical imaging technologies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI machines. They also contribute to radiation therapy treatments for cancer patients.

 * Nuclear Power: Radiological engineers working in the nuclear power industry are responsible for designing and maintaining systems that control and manage radioactive materials, ensuring the safety of personnel and the surrounding environment.

 * Environmental Impact Assessment: When new facilities or technologies involving radiation are proposed, radiological engineers assess their potential impact on the environment and public health, and propose mitigation measures if necessary.

Overall, radiological engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge of physics, engineering principles, biology, and regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe and responsible use of radiation across various applications. It is a critical field for maintaining the balance between the benefits of radiation-based technologies and the potential risks associated with them.

Nuclear Power Generation
Nuclear power, also known as nuclear energy, is a form of energy generated by the controlled nuclear fission of certain atomic nuclei. This process releases a significant amount of heat, which is then used to produce electricity. Here are key aspects of nuclear power:

 * Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear power plants, or nuclear reactors, are facilities designed to harness the energy from nuclear fission. These reactors use fissile materials, such as uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239), to sustain a controlled chain reaction of nuclear fission.

 * Electricity Generation: In a nuclear reactor, controlled fission reactions release a tremendous amount of heat. This heat is used to produce steam from water, which drives turbines connected to generators. The generators then convert the mechanical energy of the turbines into electricity.

 * Fuel Supply: Fissile materials serve as the fuel for nuclear reactors. Uranium fuel rods, enriched in U-235, are a common choice for many nuclear reactors. Depending on the reactor type and design, the fuel rods may need to be replaced periodically.

 * Control and Safety Systems: Nuclear reactors are equipped with control systems and safety mechanisms to ensure that the fission reactions are maintained at a stable and controlled level. Control rods, made of materials that absorb neutrons, can be inserted into the reactor core to regulate the rate of fission.

 * Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Nuclear power is considered a low-carbon energy source because it does not produce carbon dioxide (CO2) or other greenhouse gases during electricity generation. This makes it attractive for addressing climate change concerns.

 * Steady and Reliable Source: Nuclear power plants provide a steady and reliable source of electricity, often operating continuously for extended periods without interruptions. They are typically used for baseload electricity generation.

 * Long-Term Fuel Supply: Uranium, one of the primary fuels for nuclear reactors, is relatively abundant, and there are known reserves that can last for many decades. Advanced reactor designs, such as fast-breeder reactors, can potentially extend the fuel supply further.

 * Nuclear Waste Management: One significant challenge associated with nuclear power is the generation of radioactive waste, including spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive byproducts. Proper storage, disposal, and management of nuclear waste are essential for long-term safety.

 * Safety Measures: Nuclear power plants are designed with multiple safety systems and redundancies to prevent accidents and protect workers and the public. Strict regulatory oversight is in place to ensure compliance with safety standards.

 * Nuclear Proliferation Concerns: The use of nuclear materials and technology in nuclear power also raises concerns about nuclear proliferation, as some of the same materials and knowledge can be used to develop nuclear weapons.

 * Economic Considerations: The construction and operation of nuclear power plants can be capital-intensive and subject to regulatory and political factors that can affect the economics of nuclear energy.

Nuclear power has both advantages, such as low greenhouse gas emissions and a reliable energy supply, and disadvantages, including concerns about nuclear waste and safety. The role of nuclear power in the global energy mix is a topic of ongoing debate and policy decisions, with some countries expanding their nuclear energy programs, while others are phasing out or reducing their reliance on nuclear power.

Nuclear Power Systems
Nuclear power systems are complex and sophisticated setups designed to harness the energy released during nuclear reactions for various applications, primarily electricity generation. These systems are typically found in nuclear power plants, submarines, and some spacecraft. Here are a few types of nuclear power systems:

 * Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):
 * A type of nuclear reactor used for electricity generation in power plants.
 * Water serves as both the coolant and the neutron moderator.
 * Pressurized water in the primary loop doesn't boil due to high pressure, transferring heat to a secondary loop that produces steam for turbine-driven electricity generation.
 * Widely used in many countries' commercial nuclear power plants.

 * Boiling Water Reactor (BWR):
 * Similar to PWR, but water in the primary loop is allowed to boil and produce steam directly for the turbine.
 * Water serves as both the coolant and the moderator.
 * Used for electricity generation in nuclear power plants.

 * Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR):
 * Uses carbon dioxide gas as a coolant.
 * Graphite blocks serve as both the moderator and structural elements.
 * Used for electricity generation and was developed in the UK.

 * CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) Reactor:
 * Uses heavy water (deuterium oxide) as both the coolant and the moderator.
 * Fuel can be natural uranium or enriched uranium.
 * Known for its flexibility in fuel use and is used in several countries.

 * Molten Salt Reactor (MSR):
 * Uses a liquid mixture of salts as the coolant and often as the fuel carrier.
 * Offers potential benefits like inherent safety features and reduced waste.
 * Still in experimental stages but gaining renewed interest.

 * Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):
 * Compact, relatively smaller reactors designed for easier construction and deployment.
 * Aim to provide flexibility in power output and can be used in various applications, including remote areas and industrial processes.

 * Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) Systems:
 * Used in nuclear-powered spacecraft and submarines.
 * Heat from nuclear reactions is used to heat a propellant (often hydrogen) to high temperatures, producing thrust.
 * Used for long-duration missions in space due to their high specific impulse.

 * Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs):
 * Used in deep space probes and some remote or robotic missions.
 * Generate electricity from the heat produced by the natural radioactive decay of isotopes.
 * Typically use plutonium-238 as the heat source.

Each type of nuclear power system has its own advantages and challenges, and their design and operation require careful consideration of safety, efficiency, waste management, and environmental impact. Nuclear power systems play a crucial role in various sectors, from providing a significant portion of the world's electricity to enabling space exploration in the most extreme environments.

Radiation in Research
Radiation is used in various fields of research for a wide range of purposes, including scientific discovery, medical applications, and industrial processes. It's essential to use radiation safely and responsibly in research to minimize risks to both researchers and the environment. Here are some key aspects of radiation in research:

Types of Radiation: There are several types of radiation commonly used in research, including:

 * Ionizing Radiation: This includes X-rays, gamma rays, and certain particles (e.g., alpha and beta particles) that have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, leading to ionization. Ionizing radiation is commonly used in medical imaging, nuclear physics, and material science research.

 * Non-Ionizing Radiation: This includes radio waves, microwaves, and visible light. Non-ionizing radiation has lower energy and does not typically have enough energy to ionize atoms. It's used in various fields, such as telecommunications and spectroscopy.

Research Applications:

 * Medical Research: Radiation is used in medical research for diagnostic imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans. Radioactive tracers are also employed for medical research to study biological processes, like metabolism and blood flow.

 * Nuclear Physics: Researchers use high-energy particle accelerators to study subatomic particles and the fundamental forces of the universe.

 * Material Science: Radiation is used to study the structure and properties of materials through techniques like X-ray diffraction and neutron scattering.

 * Environmental Research: Radiation monitoring and measurements are conducted to assess environmental radioactivity levels and their impact on ecosystems.

 * Space Research: Radiation is a significant concern in space exploration, and research in this area includes understanding the effects of cosmic radiation on astronauts and spacecraft.

Safety Protocols:

 * Radiation Safety Training: Researchers working with radiation must undergo proper training to understand the risks and safety measures associated with radiation.

 * Radiation Shielding: Laboratories and facilities where radiation research takes place should have appropriate shielding materials in place to protect researchers and the surrounding environment.

 * Dosimetry: Dosimetry involves measuring the radiation dose received by individuals working with radiation. This helps ensure that exposure remains within safe limits.

 * Regulatory Compliance: Research involving radiation is subject to strict regulations and guidelines established by governmental agencies to protect public health and safety.

 * Waste Management: Proper disposal of radioactive materials and waste is crucial to prevent environmental contamination.

 * Ethical Considerations: Researchers using radiation must consider the ethical implications of their work, especially in areas such as nuclear weapons research and human experimentation.

 * Collaboration: Collaborative efforts between researchers, institutions, and regulatory bodies are essential to ensure the safe and responsible use of radiation in research.

In summary, radiation plays a vital role in various research fields, but it must be used responsibly and safely. Researchers must adhere to strict safety protocols, follow regulatory guidelines, and stay informed about the latest developments in radiation safety to mitigate risks and maximize the benefits of their work.

Radiation Shielding
Radiation shielding is the practice of using materials to block or attenuate the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This is essential in various contexts, including nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial applications, and even space exploration, where exposure to radiation can pose significant risks to human health and sensitive equipment. The goal of radiation shielding is to reduce the amount of radiation that reaches personnel or sensitive equipment to safe levels.

Here are some common materials and techniques used for radiation shielding:

 * Lead: Lead is a dense and effective material for shielding against gamma rays and X-rays. Its high atomic number and density allow it to absorb and scatter radiation effectively.

 * Concrete: Reinforced concrete, which contains heavy aggregates like lead or boron, is often used as shielding in nuclear facilities. Its density helps attenuate radiation.

 * Steel: Steel is commonly used to shield against gamma rays and neutron radiation due to its dense composition.

 * Boron: Boron-containing materials, such as borated polyethylene or borated water, are effective at absorbing neutrons.

 * Water: Water is an excellent shield against neutrons and gamma rays due to its hydrogen content, which helps scatter and absorb radiation.

 * Polyethylene: Polyethylene is used for shielding against neutrons and other forms of radiation due to its hydrogen-rich composition.

 * Lead Aprons: Lead aprons are commonly used in medical settings to shield patients and healthcare workers from X-rays during procedures like diagnostic imaging.

 * Thick Concrete Walls: Nuclear power plants often have thick concrete walls and structures to provide shielding against radiation.

 * Shielded Containers: Radioactive materials are often transported and stored in shielded containers designed to minimize radiation exposure to personnel.

 * Radiation-Resistant Clothing: Specialized clothing and suits made from materials that provide radiation protection are used in environments with radiation hazards.

 * Remote Handling: In some cases, radiation sources are handled remotely using robotic systems to reduce human exposure.

It's important to note that the type and thickness of shielding required depend on the type of radiation being encountered, its energy level, and the specific context. Designing effective shielding requires considering factors like radiation intensity, duration of exposure, and the distance between the radiation source and the target.

Radiation shielding is a crucial aspect of ensuring the safety of workers, patients, and the environment in areas where ionizing radiation is present. Proper shielding measures are a fundamental part of radiation safety protocols in various industries.

Radiation Contamination Control
Radiation contamination control involves a set of measures and procedures aimed at preventing, mitigating, and managing the spread of radioactive contamination in order to protect human health, the environment, and ensure safety. It is particularly important in situations involving radioactive materials, nuclear facilities, and radiological emergencies. Here are key principles and actions related to radiation contamination control:

 * Prevention:
 * Implement strict safety protocols and procedures to minimize the risk of radioactive contamination in facilities where radioactive materials are handled, such as nuclear power plants, research laboratories, and medical facilities.
 * Properly store, handle, and transport radioactive materials following established guidelines and regulations.
 * Conduct regular maintenance and inspections of equipment and facilities to identify and address potential sources of contamination.

 * Containment:
 * Use appropriate containment structures and barriers to prevent the release of radioactive materials into the environment. This includes containment vessels in nuclear reactors and containment units for radioactive waste.

 * Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 * Provide workers with suitable PPE, such as protective clothing, gloves, respirators, and safety glasses, to prevent direct contact with radioactive materials and contamination of skin or clothing.

 * Radiation Monitoring:
 * Employ radiation monitoring devices, including radiation detectors, dosimeters, and air samplers, to continuously assess radiation levels and detect the presence of radioactive contaminants in the environment.

 * Decontamination:
 * Develop and implement decontamination procedures to remove radioactive substances from surfaces, equipment, and personnel.
 * Decontaminate affected areas promptly and efficiently using appropriate decontamination agents and techniques.

 * Waste Management:
 * Properly manage and dispose of radioactive waste in accordance with regulatory requirements. This may involve the segregation, packaging, and storage of radioactive waste before it is transported to a licensed disposal facility.

 * Emergency Response:
 * Establish emergency response plans and procedures to address radiological incidents and accidents. Ensure that personnel are trained and equipped to respond effectively to emergencies.

 * Evacuation and Sheltering:
 * In the event of a radiological emergency, consider measures such as evacuating affected areas and sheltering in place to protect the public from exposure to radioactive contamination.

 * Communication:
 * Maintain clear and effective communication channels among all relevant stakeholders, including emergency responders, government agencies, the public, and affected personnel.
 * Provide timely and accurate information to the public regarding radiological incidents and contamination control measures.

 * Regulatory Compliance:
 * Comply with national and international regulations and guidelines related to radiation protection, safety, and contamination control.
 * Cooperate with regulatory authorities to ensure that radiation contamination control measures meet required standards.

 * Education and Training:
 * Provide comprehensive training and education for personnel working with radioactive materials or in environments with potential radiation hazards.
 * Promote a strong safety culture that emphasizes contamination control practices.

Radiation contamination control is a critical aspect of ensuring the safe use of radioactive materials and responding to radiological emergencies. Effective contamination control measures help prevent the spread of radioactive contamination, minimize health risks, and protect the environment. Contingency planning, regular drills and exercises, and continuous improvement in contamination control practices are essential components of radiation safety programs in industries and facilities dealing with radiation hazards.

Transportation of Radioactive Materials
The transportation of radioactive materials is a specialized process that involves the movement of substances that emit ionizing radiation. These materials can include radioactive isotopes used in medicine, industrial applications, research, and nuclear power generation. Transporting radioactive materials requires careful planning, adherence to regulations, and safety measures to ensure the protection of both human health and the environment.

Key considerations for the transportation of radioactive materials include:

 * Regulations and Standards: International and national regulations govern the transport of radioactive materials to ensure safety. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provides guidelines through the International Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6), which detail packaging, labeling, and transport requirements.

 * Packaging: Radioactive materials must be packaged in containers that provide adequate shielding to minimize radiation exposure to transport workers, the public, and the environment. These packages are designed to prevent leakage and withstand accidents.

 * Labeling and Marking: Packages containing radioactive materials are required to be clearly labeled with appropriate symbols, hazard labels, and information indicating the type and level of radioactivity. This ensures that emergency responders and transport personnel can identify the contents quickly.

 * Transport Modes: Radioactive materials can be transported by various means, including ground, air, and sea. Each mode has specific regulations and considerations to ensure safety during transit.

 * Route Planning and Security: Transport routes are carefully planned to avoid densely populated areas, sensitive sites, and areas prone to accidents. Security measures are put in place to prevent theft, sabotage, or unauthorized access to radioactive materials.

 * Emergency Response Plans: Transport companies and authorities develop comprehensive emergency response plans to address accidents or incidents during transportation. These plans include procedures for notifying emergency services, managing accidents, and protecting personnel and the public.

 * Communication: Transport personnel and relevant authorities should maintain clear communication during transport, especially in case of unexpected events or emergencies.

 * Training and Qualification: Personnel involved in the transportation of radioactive materials receive specialized training to ensure they understand the hazards, safety measures, and protocols associated with these materials.

 * Monitoring and Inspection: Packages containing radioactive materials are routinely inspected to ensure they meet regulatory requirements and are in proper condition. Radiation levels are also monitored during transport to ensure they remain within safe limits.

 * Documentation: Comprehensive documentation accompanies each shipment of radioactive materials. This includes details about the contents, radioactivity levels, packaging, and emergency response information.

The transportation of radioactive materials is subject to stringent regulations and oversight to prevent accidents, minimize radiation exposure, and protect the environment. Governments, regulatory agencies, transport companies, and the nuclear industry collaborate to ensure that these materials are transported safely and securely.

Radioactive Waste Management
Radioactive waste management involves the safe and responsible handling, storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal of materials that contain radioactive substances. These materials can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial processes, research institutions, and decommissioning activities. Proper radioactive waste management is essential to protect human health, the environment, and future generations from potential radiation hazards.

Key aspects of radioactive waste management include:

 * Waste Classification: Radioactive waste is categorized into different classes based on factors such as radioactivity level, physical form, and half-life of the radioactive isotopes. This classification helps determine the appropriate handling, storage, and disposal methods.

 * Segregation and Packaging: Radioactive waste is segregated and packaged in containers that are designed to prevent leakage, protect against external impacts, and provide radiation shielding. Packaging must adhere to specific standards to ensure safety during storage and transport.

 * Temporary Storage: Short-term storage facilities are used to hold radioactive waste until it decays to a lower level of radioactivity. These facilities must be designed to prevent contamination of the environment and ensure the safety of workers.

 * Intermediate Storage: Some types of radioactive waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, require longer-term storage in specialized facilities. These facilities provide more robust containment and shielding to manage the higher levels of radioactivity.

 * Treatment and Conditioning: Some radioactive waste may undergo treatment processes to reduce its volume, change its physical form, or immobilize the radioactive components. Treatment methods can include incineration, compaction, encapsulation, and vitrification.

 * Transportation: The transportation of radioactive waste is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to prevent accidents and minimize radiation exposure to transport personnel, the public, and the environment.

 * Disposal: The ultimate goal of radioactive waste management is safe disposal. Disposal methods vary depending on the characteristics of the waste. Low-level radioactive waste may be suitable for near-surface disposal in engineered facilities, while high-level waste and long-lived intermediate-level waste often require deep geological repositories, located deep underground.

 * Regulations and Compliance: Radioactive waste management is heavily regulated by national and international authorities to ensure that proper safety measures are followed throughout the waste lifecycle.

 * Public Engagement and Transparency: Effective communication and engagement with the public are important to build trust and provide information about the safety measures in place for radioactive waste management.

 * Research and Development: Ongoing research is conducted to improve radioactive waste management technologies, including more efficient treatment methods, advanced containment solutions, and safer disposal options.

Radioactive waste management is a complex and interdisciplinary field that requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, regulatory bodies, waste producers, technical experts, and local communities. The primary goal is to minimize the potential risks associated with radioactive waste while ensuring the long-term protection of human health and the environment.

External Resources

 * Radioactive Waste Management


text:
Internal Medicine/Cancer Therapeutics

Cancer therapeutics refer to the various treatments and approaches used to treat cancer, a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. The goal of cancer therapeutics is to eliminate or control cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal, healthy cells. Cancer therapeutics can be broadly categorized into several main types:

 * Surgery: Surgical procedures involve physically removing tumors or cancerous tissue from the body. Surgery is often used to treat localized cancers and can be curative if the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

 * Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high doses of radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy) depending on the type and location of the cancer.

 * Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. These drugs can be administered orally or intravenously and circulate throughout the body, targeting cancer cells wherever they are present. Chemotherapy is commonly used for systemic treatment to reach cancer cells that may have spread throughout the body.

 * Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies are drugs that are designed to specifically target the molecular and genetic abnormalities that drive the growth of certain types of cancer. These therapies aim to block specific proteins or pathways that are essential for cancer cell survival and growth, while minimizing damage to normal cells.

 * Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy harnesses the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. This includes checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and cancer vaccines, among others. Immunotherapy can be effective in treating certain types of cancer by boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

 * Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer. It involves blocking or interfering with hormones that fuel the growth of these cancers.

 * Precision Medicine: This approach involves analyzing the genetic and molecular characteristics of a patient's tumor to tailor treatment decisions. It aims to select the most effective therapies based on the unique features of the individual's cancer.

 * Angiogenesis Inhibitors: These drugs target the development of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and spread. By inhibiting angiogenesis, these drugs can starve the tumor of its blood supply.

 * Gene Therapy: Gene therapy involves altering the genetic material of cancer cells to either suppress their growth or enhance the body's ability to fight them.

 * Nanotechnology: Nanoparticles can be designed to deliver drugs or other therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

 * Combination Therapies: Often, a combination of different treatment approaches is used to maximize effectiveness and minimize resistance.

Cancer therapeutics have evolved significantly over the years, and ongoing research continues to uncover new treatment options and strategies. The choice of therapy depends on factors such as the type of cancer, its stage, the patient's overall health, and the potential side effects of treatment. It's important for patients to work closely with their healthcare team to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for their individual situation.

title: Internal Medicine/Cancer Therapeutics


text:
Talk:Peeragogy Handbook/Revised Intro

Merge this into the bigger Peeragogy Handbook on Wikibooks?
Hi! I think we should merge this single page into the bigger Peeragogy Handbook V1.0 here on Wikibooks. Is anyone opposed?

I also suggested this on the talk page for that Wikibook.

-- Charles Jeffrey Danoff (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peeragogy Handbook/Revised Intro


text:
Public Digital Backbone/Additional Related Topics

= Uncover Hidden Treasures = To cover the multifaceted and complex topic like 'Public Digital Backbone' and a book on the topic we need to touch upon a number of related and cross connecting topics. This coverage and approach may help other contributors to think in various directions to enrich a book like this. So adding these topics. How much and how far deeper to go is of course optional and depends on tastes and choices of individual contributers and readers.

Financial Inclusion
Financial inclusion refers to the process of ensuring that individuals and businesses, regardless of their economic stature, have access to useful and affordable financial products and services, such as banking, credit, insurance, and pensions. It emphasizes the need to bridge the gap for those traditionally excluded from the formal financial system, ensuring they can participate in economic activities and safeguard their financial futures.

When it comes to Digital Public Infrastructure, the relevance of financial inclusion is pronounced. A well-developed digital infrastructure can facilitate seamless and cost-effective access to financial services, especially for those in remote or underserved areas. By integrating digital payment gateways, online banking platforms, and digital identification systems, public digital infrastructure can simplify and democratize access to financial resources. Furthermore, it can enable governments to directly transfer benefits to beneficiaries, reducing intermediaries and ensuring efficient delivery. Thus, robust Digital Public Infrastructure acts as a catalyst for financial inclusion, leveling the playing field for all citizens.

Public Distribution System
The Public Delivery System (PDS) pertains to the mechanism through which governments and public institutions offer essential services, goods, and benefits to the citizenry. It encompasses a range of services, from healthcare and education to welfare programs and public transportation.

Relevance to Digital Public Infrastructure is paramount. As we transition into an era where digital interfaces become integral to everyday life, an efficient and user-friendly digital infrastructure can drastically enhance the efficacy and reach of the PDS. Integrating digital tools can streamline service delivery, reduce bureaucratic delays, increase transparency, and ensure that benefits reach the intended recipients without leakage or corruption. Furthermore, digital platforms can offer real-time data and feedback, allowing governments to adapt and improve their service delivery mechanisms. In essence, a robust Digital Public Infrastructure can revolutionize the PDS, making it more responsive, accountable, and effective in meeting the needs of the public.

Economic empowerment
Economic empowerment refers to the process of giving individuals, particularly marginalized or underrepresented groups, the means to achieve financial independence, increase their economic resources, and participate meaningfully in economic decision-making. It often involves measures to improve access to resources, education, and opportunities, allowing people to improve their quality of life and contribute more significantly to their communities.

Regarding Digital Public Infrastructure, economic empowerment is crucial. As the digital revolution continues, having accessible and inclusive digital infrastructure can provide individuals with the tools, resources, and opportunities they need to participate in the digital economy. This includes accessing online educational resources, engaging in e-commerce, or even availing government services efficiently. By ensuring that digital public infrastructure is universally accessible and designed with economic empowerment in mind, societies can bridge the digital divide and offer broader sections of the population the chance to thrive in a digitally-driven world.

Innovation
Innovation refers to the process of introducing new ideas, methodologies, or products, fundamentally improving existing systems or creating entirely novel solutions. It is often driven by a combination of creativity, research, and the desire to address specific challenges.

When considering Digital Public Infrastructure, innovation plays a pivotal role. As societies evolve, so do their needs and challenges. To ensure that digital infrastructures remain relevant, efficient, and capable of meeting the ever-changing demands of the public, continuous innovation is essential. By fostering a culture of innovation, governments and public institutions can ensure that their digital platforms and services are not only up-to-date but also adaptable and forward-looking. This proactive approach can lead to better resource utilization, enhanced service delivery, and the anticipation of future challenges, ensuring a resilient and responsive digital backbone for public services.

Public sphere
The "Public Sphere" is a concept introduced by philosopher Jürgen Habermas, referring to the space in society where individuals come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discourse, influence political action. It's essentially the arena for democratic deliberation and civic engagement.

In the context of Digital Public Infrastructure, the idea of the Public Sphere is especially salient. As societies become increasingly digitized, the digital realm becomes a significant platform for public discourse, collaboration, and decision-making. Properly designed and implemented digital public infrastructures can facilitate a thriving digital public sphere, enabling transparent government-citizen interaction, fostering open dialogue, and enhancing civic participation. Ensuring that these digital platforms are accessible, inclusive, and free from undue influences becomes vital in preserving the integrity of the modern Public Sphere and promoting genuine democratic processes in the digital age.

Commons
The concept of "Commons" refers to resources that are collectively owned or shared between or among populations. These resources are typically managed and sustained by the community for the good of all. The Commons can be tangible, like public parks, or intangible, such as knowledge and digital assets.

For Digital Public Infrastructure, the idea of the Commons is especially pertinent. Just as a public park serves everyone without discrimination, digital infrastructures should be designed to be open, accessible, and beneficial for all members of society. Implementing the principles of the Commons in digital public infrastructure emphasizes the importance of shared ownership, decentralized control, and collaborative maintenance. By treating digital resources as a Commons, we ensure that technology serves the broader public interest, rather than being confined to proprietary interests or monopolistic control, thereby democratizing access and ensuring equitable benefits.

Open-source software
Open Source Software (OSS) refers to software whose source code is made available to the public, allowing anyone to view, modify, and distribute it. This contrasts with proprietary software, where the software's source code remains undisclosed and its use and distribution are subject to licensing conditions.

The relevance of OSS for Digital Public Infrastructure is multifaceted. Firstly, it fosters transparency, allowing stakeholders to scrutinize and verify the security and functionality of digital systems. Secondly, being open to modification, OSS can be tailored to cater to specific needs of communities, enhancing the adaptability of public digital solutions. Furthermore, OSS promotes collaboration, enabling a pooling of global expertise for continuous improvement. Economically, it can also reduce costs, as governments aren't bound to expensive proprietary licenses and can benefit from community-driven updates and patches. In essence, OSS aligns with the principles of public infrastructure – accessibility, transparency, and collective benefit.

e-governance
E-Governance refers to the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchanging information, communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services, and ensuring transparency in government processes. It encompasses a wide range of activities and services, from online voter registration to e-tax filing.

Relevant to Digital Public Infrastructure, e-governance stands as a testament to the transformative power of digital tools in public service delivery. Incorporating e-governance within digital public infrastructure can ensure more streamlined, efficient, and user-friendly processes, reducing bureaucratic red tape and enhancing transparency. Furthermore, it fosters a participatory environment, allowing citizens direct access and engagement with their governments, which can lead to more informed decision-making and greater trust in public institutions.

Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship refers to the use of start-up and business principles to develop, fund, and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. Unlike traditional business entrepreneurs who primarily aim to generate profits, social entrepreneurs focus on creating social capital, emphasizing sustainable solutions to pressing societal challenges.

When it comes to Digital Public Infrastructure, social entrepreneurship is highly relevant. As governments and public institutions move towards digitization, there's an increasing need for solutions that not only incorporate cutting-edge technology but also prioritize public welfare, accessibility, and inclusion. Social entrepreneurs can bridge the gap between technological innovation and societal needs, ensuring that digital public infrastructures serve all members of society efficiently, equitably, and ethically.


text:
User talk:Laticiagibsonss

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 07:03, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laticiagibsonss


text:
Cookbook talk:Pinza Mostarda Bolognese

Images
Kittycataclysm, I notice that you moved the images, so that they're still in the list, but they're at the wrong point. This means that someone who is using a screen reader will hear:

"A list of 14 items. One.  Mostarda Bolognese spread on the dough before baking.  Fold the dough approximately into thirds, along the longer sides.  Stir together the dry ingredients in a large mixing bowl.  Two.  Cut the cold butter into smaller pieces...."

That will be confusing. Do you mind if I move them back to the items that they're actually related to? WhatamIdoing (discuss • contribs) 15:21, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

 * @WhatamIdoing That's a great point! I was moving them for visual appeal and balanced design, but I hadn't realized that screen readers parsed the images this way. Do the images have the appropriate alt text so that they are functional and useful for those using screen readers? —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:33, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I haven't added alt text, because I'm not sure what would be both useful and not redundant to the existing text (caption+instructions).  WhatamIdoing (discuss • contribs) 15:12, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Cookbook talk:Pinza Mostarda Bolognese


text: User talk:Fenucu

title: User talk:Fenucu


text:
User:JJGameti

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Citizenship (Ghana)

title: User:JJGameti


text:
User:Gaonia

This is Gaonia. Hope you have a nice day

title: User:Gaonia


text:
User talk:JJGameti

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Christian Citizenship (Ghana)
Christian Citizenship (United Kingdom) Outreach General Conference Skill Level 1

Year of Introduction: 1938 JJGameti (discuss • contribs) 10:26, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:JJGameti


text:
Sensory Systems/Bats

Introduction
The order of bats (chiroptera), which is made up by the suborders of microbats (microchiroptera) and megabats (megachiroptera), are the only mammals that possess the ability to actively fly. This aerial lifestyle, coupled with the fact that bats are mostly active during the night, brings with it the necessity for a sensory system that is very different from that of mammals living and walking on land. It is important that bats can spot objects that are in their way to not fly into them. Additionally, bats must be able to find the prey they hunt and predators that could become dangerous to them in the dark. This means that while most mammals rely mostly on their vision for movement and navigation, bats do not rely only on their eyes to scan their surroundings. Many bats navigate relying heavily on their auditory system, as they use echolocation, or biosonar, to detect objects. But these bats do not only rely on their auditory sense. In fact, they understand their environment through a combination of echolocation and vision, as well as other senses. This combination of echolocation and vision for movements is not used in all bats, as all megabats (with the exception of Rousettus) and some microbats do not possess the ability to echolocate, but rely on vision and other senses, as well as their memory for navigation and object recognition.

Animals use echolocation by producing sounds and interpreting the returning echoes that occur when the sound waves hit objects. Most animals use echolocation to locate other animals, such as prey or predators. Additionally, animals can detect objects in their surroundings with the help of echolocation and move around these objects.

But echolocation is not only used by bats. Many birds, such as cave swiftlets, also possess the ability to echolocate. Echolocation is not only useful for animals that can fly, but is also used by many animals living in the sea and by some nocturnal land mammals, such as shrews and rats. Some mammals and fish living in water, for example dolphins and whales, echolocate, as sound travels efficiently and over long distances in water, and relying on vision is often not possible in the darkness and vastness of the ocean.

The Auditory System of Bats: Echolocation
As explained in the introduction, echolocation is mostly used when vision is not effective, for example in the dark or in water. The animal produces a sound, and then receives and interprets the echoes that return from objects. The outgoing pulse is then compared with the returning echo, and this information is used by the brain to produce an image of the objects in the animal’s surroundings. As there are many different bat species, there are many different echolocation strategies, although all strategies have similar underlying mechanisms.

Very good hearing is necessary to be able to process sounds during echolocation. Bats even hear frequencies in the ultrasonic range above 20kHz, which is far beyond the human range. This is also the range in which they emit the sounds used for echolocation. The very high ultrasonic frequencies are reflected not only by big obstacles, but also by small targets such as insects. This makes them very useful for bats when hunting.

A Short History of Echolocation
In 1793, Lazzaro Spallanzani found out that if he took away the sense of vision by blinding bats, they could still move around obstacles. A year later, Charles Jurine observed that if the auditory sense was taken away, bats flew into objects. These two experiments led to the believe that bats somehow “see” with their ears instead of their eyes. The term “echolocation” was first used by Donald Griffin in 1938, when he detected the ultrasonic sounds produced by bats via a microphone. In the following decades, the principle of echolocation was found to be used in other animals, for example in dolphins.

Ear Anatomy
The ears of echolocating bats have a similar anatomy to those in most other mammals. Their outer ear has a very large pinna to be able to detect incoming sounds from echolocation, and some bats even use the pinna to actively listen for sounds emitted by predators or prey. The tragus, a flap of skin in the external ear, is used to interpret the direction of an incoming echo during echolocation. The ear canal of bats, the tympanic membrane, the three middle ear bones and their cochlea have a similar structure to most mammals, including humans. The cochlea in the bat’s inner ear is covered by sensory cells, which connect to the brain via the auditory nerve. When sound waves enter the cochlea, the sensory cells convert the resulting vibration into neural signals and pass them to the auditory neurons to be transmitted to the brain. A recent study has found the anatomy of the inner ear of bats, namely the wall structure of the ganglion canal around the ganglion neurons, to be connected to their ability to use echolocation and to the frequencies they use for echolocation.

Sound Production and Propagation
Bats produce sounds via a continuous emission of high-frequency, ultrasonic sound waves produced in their larynx. These sounds are then emitted through the animal’s mouth or nose, depending on the bat species. Many bats can vary their calling rate depending on what they are calling out for, and different species of bats produce signals with different frequencies across the duration of the sound. The produced sound waves are then carried in all directions through the air in the form of sound pulses, as is shown by the orange wave in Figure 3.

Echo Reception and Sound Processing in Ear and Brain
If the sound waves released by the bat come into contact with an object, some of the waves are reflected, as is shown by the green wave in Figure 3. The incoming echo is received by the bat via their relatively big ear flaps, the pinnae. When receiving the echo, bats can extract information about the size, distance, shape, and texture of the object.

The time delay between the production of a call and the reception of the returning signal is measured to find the distance to an object. The vertical direction of an object is found via interpretation of vertical angles, which in bats is done using the tragus. The horizontal direction is determined by differences in the sound intensity received in each ear. The size of an object can be determined via the strength of the echo, and the peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum of the echo give cues about surface texture. Effects such as the Doppler effect, as well as different pitches during sound production, also help bats detect the distance between them and a detected object. The bat’s auditory nervous system processes the information received by the ears and a mental map of the bat’s surroundings is constructed in the bat’s brain. The bat can thus avoid obstacles and predators and locate prey using echolocation.

During their evolution, bats have developed a “send-receive-switch” system. When they produce their very loud calling sounds, the receiver function is disconnected momentarily to make sure it is not damaged by the loud sound, and then connected again to receive the returning signal, which separates the call and echo in time. This switching is done via middle ear muscles attached to the bones of the inner ear. When a bat emits a loud sound, these muscles contract, and the bones cannot transmit sounds well, leading to sounds not being received while the muscles are contracted, which is an active reflex in humans as well. Most bats only make another call once echoes from the last call have been received, as this makes sure the outgoing and incoming waves do not disrupt each other.

The Role of Echolocation in Hunting
As mentioned before, bats continuously emit sound pulses and interpret echoes in real time, to be able to change their flight speed and trajectory very fast to move around objects. But this is not all echolocation is helpful for. While echolocation is mostly used for orientation during movement, it can additionally be useful for detection and classification of prey and predators. Some bats can even adjust the frequency of their calls depending on the circumstances, for greater hunting efficiency and adaptability.

When on a routine flight, bats produce about 5 to 10 calls per second, and when prey, such as an insect, is located, the calling rate will increase to find the exact location of the insect, and can reach up to 200 calls per second. A noctule bat hunting insects for example will thus use relatively long narrowband signals to detect prey, and once an insect has been detected, will switch to shorter broadband signals with an increasing calling rate to find the exact localization of the insect, leading to a so-called “feeding buzz”. If an animal or object is still far away, a too high calling rate is not preferable, as outgoing signals can mix with returning signals and lead to wrong interpretation of the object’s location. Additionally, calling also needs a lot of energy, so a lower calling rate is better when no near prey or object has been located.

Vision
Even though most bats use echolocation to understand their surroundings, they also possess the ability to see. Bats are said to have high spatial acuity, sensitivity and even possess the ability for depth perception. They have the best vision in low-light conditions, as they mostly move in the dark. Their vision is mostly black and white, and they only possess limited colour vision.

Touch
While research about the sensory system of bats mostly focuses on the role of echolocation, some studies show that bats have hairs on their flight membranes that act as airflow sensors. This means that bats feel air flow when they fly and can respond to changes in aerodynamic conditions as well as to echoes returning from objects. The hair cells on the wings seem to play a role especially in the adaptation of flight speed. Additionally, bats can use the sense of touch for object detection, which can help them capture prey in situations where echolocation is not effective.

Smell and Taste
The olfactory and gustatory senses are the least important senses for bats. The sense of taste, like in humans, is mostly active when tasting food. The sense of smell is used for identification of possible mates, as well as prey and predator detection. Additionally, bats make use of their sense of smell to communicate.

Multisensory Integration
The combination of vision and echolocation bats use during their flight makes them ideal animals to study multisensory integration. Although this might not be possible for a long time anymore, as bat populations have declined over the last years, leading many bat species to be classified as endangered. Danilovich et al. found bats to use their sense of vision to learn the three-dimensional shapes of objects in their surroundings and when deciding where to fly. Meanwhile, echolocation seems to be more important when approaching an obstacle or classifying an object. They have additionally found bats to be able to translate information received via echolocation into a visual representation in their brain. Not only vision and hearing are important, as the sense of touch seems to play a role in flight navigation, although the importance of the tactile sense in comparison to the visual and auditory sense is debated.

title: Sensory Systems/Bats


text:
User talk:73.162.92.36

Recent changes to OpenSCAD User Manual/Other Language Features  have been undone. Please use the Edit Summary to explain your edits in future.--Xania   talk 01:17, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:73.162.92.36


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Nc3

Caro-Kann Defence, Two Knights Variation
Instead of committing to a pawn to d4 move, White is attempting a more cautious approach by placing a knight on c3 first. The vast majority of players play /2...d5/ with white usually continuing with 3. Nf3. By placing the knight first, White is giving itself more flexibility over when to commit to a d pawn advance.


text: User talk:Epicyatra1234

title: User talk:Epicyatra1234


text:
User talk:2401:4900:1C88:387F:40A8:6926:A15F:9F4C

You cannot edit for 3 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 06:58, 17 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max/HDRI Maps

English
You have a chance to get the kids. Danstun chaguolako (discuss • contribs) 07:42, 17 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
The Encyclopedia of Australian Law

Welcome to The Encyclopedia of Australian law! The goal of this project is to create a comprehensive encyclopedia of the Australian legal system. We need contributors who are happy to add information regarding Australian legal topics, if someone would like to help out, that would be great. Feel free to incorporate information already added onto Wikipedia here.

Advice for editing The Encyclopedia of Australian Law
If you feel that something is missing or may be improved in this book you may modify it. This is done by pressing edit to the right of the section that you want to modify. If you need general directions on how to edit the Wiki, please visit How to edit a page and the User's Guide. Try to make your contribution fit into the context.

Notice that everything you contribute has to be under the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This means that you are not allowed to simply cut and paste things without permission from the author. It is usually better to rewrite it for this Encyclopedia anyway. If you add something anyone is free to further improve it later!

Do not hesitate to make small improvements such as correcting problems in grammar and spelling. If you feel that a section is missing but don't know what to write, just create an empty section!

Last but not least, do not forget to post in the forum about your additions, it will inspire others to do the same thing!

Thank you for helping us improve this Encyclopedia. Only together can we fully develop this project.

title: The Encyclopedia of Australian Law


text:
Talk:The Encyclopedia of Australian Law

Attribution
The introduction on this page was adapted from the introduction to the The Unicyclopedia, which I thought was well expressed. Jack4576 (discuss • contribs) 09:22, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Encyclopedia of Australian Law


text:
User:Ink stained hand

Putting it here so that my name wont be irritatingly red

title: User:Ink stained hand


text:
Sensory Systems/Olfactory System/Pheromones and Vomeronasal System

Pheromones
Pheromones are a distinct class of species and gender specific chemical cues that provide information about sexual and social status. These airborne chemical signals are released by individuals into the environment. Pheromones can influence the physiology and behavior of other members of the same species, and play a crucial role in various biological processes, including communication, reproduction, territorial marking, and social organization. Indeed, there are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones and sex pheromones.

For example, in adult male silkmoth (Bombyx mori), the antennae act as a sensing organ both for odors and sex pheromones. When the latter bind, it evokes courtship behaviour. .

It is important to note that while pheromones can have significant effects on individuals within a species, they generally do not cross species boundaries. Each species has its own unique set of pheromones that are specific to their reproductive and behavioral needs.

Vomeronasal System
The system allowing the perception of pheromones in mammals is called the vomeronasal system or Jacobson-organ. The sensory neurons found in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) contain cell bodies that house receptors capable of detecting pheromones from the surrounding environment. Although very close and similar, this system is independent from the olfactory system. In fact, it projects to a separate bulb, called the accessory olfactory bulb, and from there to the hypothalamus via the vomeronasal amygdala. It also has a distinct class of genes, the vomeronasal receptors (V1R and V2R), along with Trp receptors. Those genes sustain the production and maintenance of the vomeronasal system receptors and proteins, allowing its functioning as a whole system. For example, it has been shown that Trp2 knockout mice males do not present the territorial behaviour (urine marking), a normal behavior provoked by pheromones contained in the urine of other males: by inactivating the vomeronasal organ, the mice changed behavior. In addition, this shows that Trp2 channel is required in the vomeronasal organ to detect male specific pheromones and elicit an aggressive, territorial behavior in mice.

In humans it is yet still unclear if the behaviour is affected by pheromones. There is an extensive ongoing debate between experts. There are VR genes in human genome, but they seem to be non-functional. We even have an embryonic structure that resembles the vomeronasal organ and a foetal accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) but it regresses with growth. In addition, primates have responses that can be attributed to pheromone or pheromone-like-hormones. As of today, these issues are still unresolved.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5/3. cxd5

= Austrian Defense =

3. cxd5
The a logical and principled way of dealing with this central tension, using a flank pawn to exchange a center pawn. Black usually replies with 3...Qxd5, although 3...Nf6, the so called Gusev Countergambit, tries to complicate the position

Theory table
'''1. d4 d5 2. c4 c5 3. cxd5'''


text:
User talk:Joschtony

Wikibooks is not...
a place to publish fiction. The "book" you appear to be developing is out of scope and is likely to be deleted. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 07:37, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

 * In thanksgiving for your informative caution, in that in the learning curve I had though "prose fiction" had been of the rules of en.wikibooks.org system, - now the "prose fiction" as been eliminated from the sandbox drafting page of a place holder.
 * This has been replaced by a drafting of a book on current events and the Creator Granted rights of the individual.
 * In that just peace of Creator Granted impartial right, good will of blessings today of days. Again, thank you, @MarcGarver for the informative caution. Joschtony (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joschtony


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2023/June

List of postal codes
Found w:Special:Diff/1073094258, w:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of postal codes in Barbados, and w:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of postal codes in Egypt against mere lists of postal codes, do they fit here, please?--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 05:06, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi @Jusjih! Unfortunately, I don't think they would fit here. I can't really see lists of postal codes as educational book content that fits under the Wikibooks scope. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:10, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Would postal codes be associated with philately? What Wikipedia did would be a "snowball" as postal codes are also geographic codes.--Jusjih (discuss • contribs) 00:22, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Announcing the new Elections Committee members

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.
 *  m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members •

Hello there,

We are glad to announce the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee. The Elections Committee assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors.

Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,

RamzyM (WMF) 17:59, 28 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5/3. cxd5/3... Nf6

= Gusev Countergambit (3...Nf6!?) = By Arising from the Austrian Defense, the Gusev Countergambit, named after the Soviet Master of Sports Nikolai Nikolaevich Gusev, is represented by the gambit of a pawn on c5 with 3...Nf6. In distinction to traditional openings that prioritize immediate control, Black elects to relinquish central pawns for active piece play. By offering the pawn on c5 as a gambit, Black aims to swiftly develop their pieces and pinch the action from White. The position's dynamic nature places emphasis on sharpness and quick development.

White's responses
White will probably reply with one of the following options:

 * 4. e4 - The critical approach for white.
 * 4. dxc5 - Accepting the gambit and the further complications.
 * 4. Nf3 - Inviting a transposition to one of the main Austrian Defense lines.
 * 4. Nc3 - Trying to consolidate the position while keeping the central tension.

Theory table

'''1. d4 d5 2. c4 c5 3.'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5/3. cxd5/3...Nf6

= Gusev Countergambit (3...Nf6!?) = Arising from the Austrian Defense, the Gusev Countergambit, named after the Soviet Master of Sports Nikolai Nikolaevich Gusev, is represented by the gambit of a pawn on c5 with 3...Nf6. In distinction to traditional openings that prioritize immediate control, Black elects to relinquish central pawns for active piece play. By offering the pawn on c5 as a gambit, Black aims to swiftly develop their pieces and pinch the action from White. The position's dynamic nature places emphasis on sharpness and quick development.

White's responses
White will probably reply with one of the following options:

4. e4 - The critical approach for white.

4. dxc5 - Accepting the gambit and the further complications.

4. Nf3 - Inviting a transposition to one of the main Austrian Defense lines.

4. Nc3 - Trying to consolidate the position while keeping the central tension.

Theory table

'''1. d4 d5 2. c4 c5 3. cxd5 Nf6'''


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User:LZorrer

I am Zorrer, that's all you need to know :)

title: User:LZorrer


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User talk:Damian oko

—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:55, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Damian oko


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User talk:2600:8800:179A:400:930:6F68:B46E:720A

Good morning,

Could you send me a scan of this item? My contact details are shown on the home page of the catalogue above the ‘Recent Changes’ section.

Thanks very much,

Jim Jim Ashby (discuss • contribs) 02:14, 19 August 2023 (UTC)


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Oswald Francis Mingay

Summary

 * Mingay, Oswald Francis "Ossie" - 1895(NSW)-1973(NSW) - Licences: 2XX Sydney (Turramurra, 1923-1926; Sydney, 1931-1933) -  Qualifications: cc; Nil yet identified - amateur operator; amateur broadcaster; broadcast engineer; journalist; publisher; WW1; WW2 - Electoral Rolls: engineer (Collaroy, 1930); managing editor (Pymble, 1930-1932); radio engineer (Lindfield, 1933-1934); publisher (Lindfield, 1937-1963; St Ives, 1963-1968) - Comment: licensed operator of 2WV Burgin Electric Co. (1923) ADB; MacKinnon

Oswald Francis Mingay
A comprehensive biography of Oswald Francis "Ossie" Mingay has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Research - Oswald Francis Mingay - Summary of research to date

 * Transcriptions and Notes - Oswald Francis Mingay - More than 40 transcriptions

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Oswald Francis Mingay - Nothing uploaded as yet, but many relevant QSLs held

 * Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Oswald Francis Mingay - Coming real soon now!

Key internet links:

Australian Dictionary of Biography

Oswald Francis Mingay

Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely article from has kindly been donated by Richard Begbie, long time president of the ACT Branch of the Historical Radio Society of Australia.

'''On the Circuit. MINGAY - THE MOVER AND SHAKER OF AUSTRALIAN RADIO.''' by Richard Begbie.

[Few names in the story of Australian radio resonate like Oswald Francis Mingay’s. Known universally as Ossie, he was indeed an Aussie we can all celebrate.] A year or two after his retirement I came to know him well. He was short and dapper, with the salt-and-pepper moustache of an old military man. Perhaps he had mellowed a little, but he was still fiery, quick with an opinion on most subjects, often provocative. He also had a great heart, a sense of obligation to the wider world, and firm confidence in the future. One thing you could be sure of with O.F. Mingay – he would never step back from a stoush.

Sir Arthur Warner, chairman of Electronic Industries, had long known this. “There has always been some sort of barney going on in our field, and Os has always been right there in the thick of it,” said Sir Arthur, at one of the many farewell functions organised in 1964-5 to mark Mingay’s retirement. Or, as O.F. himself put it in an interview later still, “I was a rabble-rouser and a stirrer….. I stirred up a good deal of action. I got things done.”

The outspoken Mingay, like Nellie Melba, enjoyed farewells aplenty. But unlike the Dame, this dynamic and diminutive figure had a tough start in life. Born to 17-year-old Elizabeth Mingay in 1895, he was raised in Lithgow by his maternal grandmother. Leaving school at twelve, he became a telegraph messenger for the PMG in 1908. As for many of his generation who began in the PMG’s Department, his life course was to be shaped by the rapid advances of the new century.

By 1914 he was based in Sydney as a junior mechanic in the Department’s electrical engineers’ branch. The following year saw him enlisting for the war to end wars. He would serve with the 2nd Division Signals in Egypt and on the Western Front, with the rank of corporal. Half a century on, at another of those long farewell luncheons, the words of his old CO were recalled:

“Of course we should have given Mingay a commission,” reported Major Stan Watson some years after the war, “but officers were two a penny then, while good competent technical corporals were damned hard to get. Therefore Mingay remained a corporal.”

Unlike another “little corporal” from that conflict, Corporal Mingay would direct his considerable energies towards building a better post-war world. After the Armistice he began by organising the reconstruction of the shattered telephone exchange in the Belgian town of Charleroi. The following year In London he worked with engineers of the GPO - and incidentally with compatriot Jim Malone, a future PMG Head of Wireless & Telegraphs. He came home with a keen interest in wireless, and was discharged from the AIF in January 1920.

While in England he had met Winifred Esdon. Such were the young man’s powers of persuasion that Winifred and the Esdon family followed him back to Sydney, where Os and Winifred were married in mid-1920. She had taken on a handful.

Although he resumed work as a PMG mechanic, the challenge of the new was never far off. The now Lieutenant Mingay (he was back in the CMF) became secretary of the Military Radio Association, while moonlighting as wireless columnist for the Daily Telegraph. He was already combining the two interests that would drive his life – a boundless enthusiasm for the new medium, and the spread of its gospel through writing and publishing. By 1922 he had seen the future, and left the PMG to become Radio Manager of the Burgin Electric Co.

He embraced the world of radio and commerce with characteristic gusto. Having gained his own amateur licence, he started the Burgin Radio College at nights (O. Mingay, Principal), while on another front leading the push to open up broadcast radio. Independent retailers like Rowley Burgin had long feared that the cosy relationship between AWA and the Federal Government would see an AWA broadcasting monopoly. But `fear’ was a word unknown in the lexicon of O.F. Mingay.

Using his Telegraph connections, he announced “a full program” of experimental broadcast to be conducted from his Turramurra home, launched on the evening of March 23, 1923. On March 24, AWA responded to Mingay’s lone challenge with a legal sledgehammer, and in so doing was forced to show its hand. From that point on the radio giant was never able to gain the monopoly it had once fancied was in its grasp.

It comes as no surprise that as soon as the second Broadcast Conference in 1924 had decided on the division between A and B class stations, Mingay was pressing Burgin to finance a B class (commercial) station. “The hardest part,” he remembered decades later, “was getting Rowley to part with the £5 licence fee!”

With the fee paid, Os Mingay had the station up and away. On November 7, 1924 station 2BE (Burgin Electric) would go to air, immortalised as Australia’s first ever B-class broadcast station. (The station lasted only until 1929, when the lack of advertising revenue – and perhaps the lack of Mingay - forced its closure. Its call sign ultimately went to the South Coast town of Bega.)

Meanwhile in 1925 the non-stop entrepreneur resigned from Burgin’s, and took work as Radio Manager of Harrington’s Electrical while setting up his own company in Alma Street, Darlington. Mingay’s Wireless Manufacturing Ltd, like every Mingay project, aimed high. The journals and weeklies of 1926 are peppered with advertisements for what was in truth a very basic five-valve TRF receiver. But this one was made by Mingay, and was headlined as THE MINGAY (UNIQUE) SUPER-FIVE  - `Altogether finer in appearance and more fascinating in its instant response’.

Alas, like so many bright radio enterprises of the day, it did not survive, though fortunately a few of its products do. Each is indeed “unique” in that it is likely to have yet another configuration of knobs, sockets and other components, depending on what was the best value available that week to MWM Ltd.

By 1929 he had spotted another niche even better suited to his talents. Despite a plethora of weeklies for the amateur, there was no regular radio trade paper, so OFM approached his editor at the Telegraph, R.J.D. MacCallum. Yes, MacCallum agreed, he would employ Mingay as editor of a new magazine, the Radio Retailer of Australia.

The first number appeared in early 1930, but within a few issues an irrepressible voice was editorialising on subjects far beyond the magazine’s remit – politics, education, economics & society – all were grist to the Mingay mill. Many in the industry were incensed, MacCallum pressured him to desist, and Mingay resigned.

“He told me that the advertisers thought I was too opinionated,” recalled Ossie years later, “so I went out and got my own advertising, and he sold me the magazine for 25 quid.” In less than a year the Mingay publishing empire had been launched. Eighty years on, vintage radio enthusiasts would be forever grateful.

For 65 years Mingay publications, in a bewildering succession of formats, would serve the radio, electrical and television industries. In 1931 Mingay began The Radio Review of Australia, reporting new models and offering technical information to the public. The print demands of his growing stable saw him set up the Radio Print Press the following year. In 1933 the Radio Retailer became the Radio and Electrical Merchant to cope with expansion into the wider electrical contracting field.

His umbrella company - Australian Radio Publications Ltd - covered not only these imprints, but also indispensable publications like Mingay’s Intermediate Frequency Index, his Technical Topics Radio Handbooks, and the Radio Trade Annual of Australia. Publications like Broadcasting Business, magazines, and one-off booklets too numerous to detail turned Mingay into the most prolific publisher of radio & electrical material of the era.

This wealth of detail has proved to be solid gold for the vintage radio community. In his widely read books John Stokes acknowledges the debt handsomely:  “Present day vintage radio enthusiasts owe a lot to Mr Mingay for recording almost every facet of Australia’s radio history in his encyclopaedic series of the Radio Trade Annual of Australia.” And in a 1996 letter HRSA founder Ray Kelly echoed the sentiment:  “…more than anybody else he recorded Australian radio manufacturing history and circuits for early 1930s radios. I am sure this was not done with us in mind, but. . . this does not lessen the debt we owe him.”

Was all of this enough for Oswald Mingay? Well, no. Extra-curricular activities for 1932 alone included setting up The Australian Radio College and (with Ernest Fisk) founding the Australian Institute of Radio Engineers. As principal and proprietor of the one, and long-term secretary of the other, he was closely involved in steering a healthy radio industry through the Depression years and beyond.

In 1925 he had organised the first great Wireless Exhibition in the Sydney Town Hall, handing over an £800 profit to the WIA. In 1938 he organised the even more ambitious World Radio Convention in Sydney as part of Australia’s sesquicentennial celebrations. He was indefatigable.

Enlisting again for World War II, he ended up as Australia’s representative in Washington where Lend Lease arrangements were being made. STC Managing Director Sam Jones once commented on the value of Mingay’s experience, pertinacity and irrepressible attitude in this role. “I can say now with complete certitude that had he not been there, the wartime radio industry of Australia would not have acquitted itself nearly so well as it did”.

And what of Winifred Esdon, who we last heard of in 1920? Behind most great men stands a great woman, and this was emphatically so in Mrs Mingay’s case. Calm, reserved and softly spoken, she was the opposite of (and complement to) her dynamo husband in many ways. Although a lady of grace and quiet charm, she had definite views, firmly expressed, which both softened and shaped her husband. And she was just as strong-willed.

When I knew them both they would play Scrabble on most nights. In play as in life he was a fierce competitor; she was equally determined. Just when he thought he had the game stitched up, she would produce a crushing seven-letter demoraliser. At one stage I had a lengthy correspondence with them, and it was Mrs Mingay who (in the kindest way possible) pointed out my defects in style. “The excessive use of the exclamation mark,” she once wrote, “is merely the sign of a poor vocabulary.” If their public face was any guide, she was surely as direct with him in private on issues far more significant than punctuation, leaving O.F. Mingay a better man for her influence.

To the end he remained engaged with the world around him, simultaneously critical and encouraging of all he observed. Certain views were fixed – he once told me that “90% of the world are followers, and 10% are leaders, and that 10% had better lead.” There was no doubting which category he believed O.F. Mingay to occupy. But he used his position wisely and well. Before ever “industrial democracy” had been invented, Mingay involved every level of his organisation in decisions great and small. Each employee was also initiated as a shareholder in Mingay’s Electrical Enterprises, “and so”, he told me, “you can see why we’ve never had a day’s industrial dispute in the Company’s history.”

He was generous to the underprivileged, as well as to his peers. In 1952 he organised a dinner at Sydney’s Trocadero to commemorate the 51st anniversary of Marconi’s first signal across the Atlantic. The guest list was long, and read like a Who’s Who of early Australian radio, with revered names like Dave Wiles, Ray Allsopp, Bert Beaver, Lionel Hooke, Murray Stevenson, and a host of others. None had paid a penny:  the entire event was Os Mingay’s thank you to the industry.

Which brings us full circle to that chain of farewells on his 1964 retirement, when countless tributes and affectionate jokes flowed from key figures in our radio history. “You could always hear him,” said Mullard’s General Manager Maurie Brown at the Menzies Hotel, “even though you couldn’t see him.” Every speech was laced with acknowledgment of Mingay’s incalculable contributions to Australian radio and to the wider society.

For a final endearing word we should return to Sir Arthur Warner at the Hotel Australia in Melbourne. “He is a cheerful arguer;” commented Sir Arthur, “ you can argue with him and still keep smiling. . . He has been a great personality in our industry, and for this I have loved him.”

[''Of all the resources used for this memoir, the majority come from the Mingay family’s private papers. Other details rely on a few vivid memories from R. Begbie’s youth.]''

BILL – here are some picture caps, as numbered on the picture IDs:

 * 1) Announcing the new MD of Mingay’s Wireless Manufacturing Ltd. - Wireless Weekly, 22/10/26.

 * 1) The large ad in the same edition of Wireless Weekly.

 * 1) The radio in question. Its only unique feature was the accessory – a thumping “portable” battery box.

 * 1) The warranty makes interesting reading, as do the handwritten tuning calibrations.

 * 1) A confident and content Mingay approaches retirement.

 * 1) Mr & Mrs Mingay celebrate his 73rd birthday with a youthful R. Begbie at Sydney’s newly opened Summit Restaurant – 1/7/68.