text:
User:Prahlad balaji/common.js

//QuickNote

mw.loader.load("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Awesome Aasim/quicknote.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); $.when(mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util'], $.ready)).done( function {	mw.util.addPortletLink("p-tb", mw.config.get('wgArticlePath').replace('$1', "Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script"), "JS Wiki Browser", "tb-awbscript", "Run Javascript Wiki Browser"); });

if (mw.config.get('wgCanonicalNamespace')+':'+mw.config.get('wgTitle') === 'Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script' && mw.config.get('wgAction') == 'view') mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api'], function {

var config = mw.config.get([	'debug',	'wgAction',	'wgArticleId',	'wgCategories',	'wgMonthNames',

'wgNamespaceNumber', 'wgPageName', 'wgRelevantUserName' ]);

$( document ).ready( function {	if ( ( $( '#ca-addsection' ).length > 0 ||		$.inArray( 'Non-talk pages that are automatically signed', config.wgCategories )  >= 0 ) && config.wgAction === 'view' && $.inArray( 'Pages that should not be manually archived', config.wgCategories ) === -1 ) {		var OCAstate = mw.user.options.get( 'userjs-OCA-enabled', 'true' );		var pageid = config.wgArticleId;		var errorLog = { errorCount: 0 };		new mw.Api.get( { action: 'query', prop: [ 'revisions', 'info' ], rvsection: 0, rvprop: 'content', pageids: pageid, indexpageids: 1, rawcontinue: '' } ).done( function ( response0 ) { var thisMonthNum, thisMonthFullName, monthNamesShort, thisMonthShortName, thisYear, archiveNum; var content0 = response0.query.pages[ pageid ].revisions[ 0 ][ '*' ]; /* archiveme */// Find out if there is already an request, and if it is between 1-2 months old if ( config.wgNamespaceNumber === 3 ) { thisMonthNum = new Date.getMonth; thisMonthFullName = config.wgMonthNames[ thisMonthNum + 1 ]; monthNamesShort = [ "", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" ]; thisMonthShortName = monthNamesShort[ thisMonthNum + 1 ]; thisYear = new Date.getFullYear; var nowOcto = parseInt( ( ( thisYear * 12 ) + thisMonthNum + 1 ), 10 ); var archiveme = content0.match( /\{\{Archive ?me(\| *date *= *(January|February|March|April|May|June|July|August|September|October|November|December) ([\d]{4}))?\}\}/i ); if ( archiveme === null || archiveme === undefined ) { errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.archiveme = ' not found.'; } else { /* Archive me found - how old is it? */					var archivemeMonth = archiveme[ 2 ]; var archivemeMonthNum = 0; if ( typeof archivemeMonth === 'number' ) { archivemeMonthNum = parseInt( archivemeMonth, 10 ); } else { for ( var i in config.wgMonthNames ) { if ( archivemeMonth === config.wgMonthNames[ i ] ) { archivemeMonthNum = parseInt( i, 10 ); } else if ( archivemeMonth === monthNamesShort[ i ] ) { archivemeMonthNum = parseInt( i, 10 ); }						}					}					var archivemeYear = parseInt( archiveme[ 3 ], 10 ); var archivemeOcto = parseInt( ( ( archivemeYear * 12 ) + archivemeMonthNum ), 10 ); var archivemeSafe = parseInt( ( nowOcto - 2 ), 10 ); archiveme = archiveme[ 0 ]; }			}			/* counter */// Get the counter value var counterRegEx = new RegExp( '\\| *counter *= *(\\d+)' ); var counter = counterRegEx.exec( content0 ); if ( counter === null || counter === undefined ) { counter = 1; errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.counter = counter; } else { counter = counter[ 1 ]; archiveNum = counter; }			/* archiveName */// Get the archiveName value var archiveNameRegEx = /\| *archive *= *(.*\%\(counter\)d.*) *(-->)?/; var archiveName = archiveNameRegEx.exec( content0 ); var rootBase = config.wgPageName .replace( /\/.*/g, '' )// Chop off the subpages .replace( /_/g, ' ' );// Replace underscores with spaces if ( archiveName === null || archiveName === undefined ) { archiveName = rootBase + '/Archive ' + counter; errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.archiveName = archiveName; } else { archiveName = archiveName[ 1 ] .replace( /\| *archive *= */, '' ) .replace( /\%\(year\)d/g, thisYear ) .replace( /\%\(month\)d/g, thisMonthNum ) .replace( /\%\(monthname\)s/g, thisMonthFullName ) .replace( /\%\(monthnameshort\)s/g, thisMonthShortName ) .replace( /\%\(counter\)d/g, archiveNum ); var archiveBase = archiveName .replace( /\/.*/, '' )// Chop off the subpages .replace( /_/g, ' ' );// Replace underscores with spaces var archiveSub = archiveName .replace( /_/g, ' ' )// Replace underscores with spaces .replace( archiveBase, '' );// Chop off the base pagename if ( archiveBase != rootBase ) { errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.archiveName = 'Archive name mismatch:

Found: ' + archiveName; errorLog.archiveName += ' Expected: ' + rootBase.replace( '_', ' ' ) + archiveSub + '

';				}			}			/* archivepagesize */// Get the size of the destination archive from the API new mw.Api.get( {				action: 'query',				prop: 'revisions',rvlimit: 1,				rvprop: [ 'size', 'content' ],				titles: archiveName,				list: 'usercontribs',				uclimit: 1,				ucprop: 'timestamp',				ucuser: ( ( config.wgRelevantUserName ) ? config.wgRelevantUserName : 'Example' ),				rawcontinue: '',			} ).done( function ( archivePageData ) {				var archivePageSize = 0;				if ( archivePageData.query.pages[ -1 ] === undefined ) {					for ( var a in archivePageData.query.pages ) {						archivePageSize = parseInt( archivePageData.query.pages[ a ].revisions[ 0 ].size, 10 );						archiveName = archivePageData.query.pages[ a ].title;					}				} else {					archivePageSize = -1;					archiveName = archivePageData.query.pages[ archivePageSize ].title;					errorLog.errorCount++;					errorLog.archivePageSize = -1;					errorLog.archiveName = '' + archiveName + '';				}				/* maxarchivesize */// Get the defined max archive size from template				var maxArchiveSizeRegEx = new RegExp( '\\| *maxarchivesize *= *(\\d+K?)' ); var maxArchiveSize = maxArchiveSizeRegEx.exec( content0 ); if ( maxArchiveSize === null || maxArchiveSize[ 1 ] === undefined ) { maxArchiveSize = parseInt( 153600, 10 ); errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.maxArchiveSize = maxArchiveSize; } else if ( maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].slice( -1 ) === "K" && $.isNumeric( maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].slice( 0, maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].length-1 ) ) ) { maxArchiveSize = parseInt( maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].slice( 0, maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].length - 1 ), 10 ) * 1024; } else if ( $.isNumeric( maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].slice ) ) { maxArchiveSize = parseInt( maxArchiveSize[ 1 ].slice, 10 ); }				/* pslimit */// If maxArchiveSize is defined, and archivePageSize >= maxArchiveSize increment counter and redfine page name. if ( !errorLog.maxArchiveSize && archivePageSize >= maxArchiveSize ) { counter++; archiveName = archiveNameRegEx.exec( content0 ); archiveName = archiveName[ 1 ] .replace( /\| *archive *= */, '' ) .replace( /\%\(year\)d/g, thisYear ) .replace( /\%\(month\)d/g, thisMonthNum ) .replace( /\%\(monthname\)s/g, thisMonthFullName ) .replace( /\%\(monthnameshort\)s/g, thisMonthShortName ) .replace( /\%\(counter\)d/g, counter ); var oldCounter = counterRegEx.exec( content0 ); var newCounter = '|counter=1'; if ( oldCounter !== null && oldCounter !== undefined ) { newCounter = oldCounter[ 0 ].replace( oldCounter[ 1 ], counter ); oldCounter = oldCounter[ 0 ]; } else { errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.newCounter = newCounter; }				}				/* archiveheader */// Get the defined archive header to place on archive page if it doesn't exist var archiveHeaderRegEx = new RegExp( '\\| *archiveheader *= *(\{\{[^\r\n]*\}\})' ); var archiveHeader = archiveHeaderRegEx.exec( content0 ); if ( archiveHeader === null || archiveHeader === undefined ) { archiveHeader = ""; errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.archiveHeader = archiveHeader; } else { archiveHeader = archiveHeader[ 1 ]; }				/* headerlevel */// Get the headerlevel value or default to '2' var headerLevelRegEx = new RegExp( '\\| *headerlevel *= *(\\d+)' ); var headerLevel = headerLevelRegEx.exec( content0 ); if ( headerLevel === null || headerLevel === undefined ) { headerLevel = 2; errorLog.errorCount++; errorLog.headerLevel = headerLevel; } else { headerLevel = parseInt( headerLevel[ 1 ] ); }				/* debug */// Table to report the values found. if ( config.debug === true ) { var OCAreport = ' '; mw.notify( $( OCAreport ), { title: 'OneClickArchiver report!', tag: 'OCA', autoHide: false } ); }				var OCAerror = ' The following errors detected: ';				if ( errorLog.counter ) { OCAerror += '• Unable to find |counter= Default value: 1 '; }				if ( errorLog.archiveName && errorLog.archiveName.search( 'defaulted to' ) !== -1 ) { OCAerror += '• Unable to find |archive= Default value: ' + archiveName + ' '; }				if ( errorLog.archiveName && errorLog.archiveName.search( 'mismatch' ) !== -1 ) { OCAerror += '• Archive name mismatch detected. '; }				if ( errorLog.headerLevel ) { OCAerror += ' Unable to find |headerlevel= Default value: 2 '; }				if ( errorLog.archiveHeader ) { OCAerror += ' Unable to find |archiveheader= Default value: "" '; }				if ( errorLog.maxArchiveSize ) { OCAerror += ' Unable to find |maxarchivesize= Default value: 153600 '; }				if ( errorLog.counter || errorLog.archiveName ) { OCAerror += ' • Causing the script to abort. '; }				OCAerror += ' Please, see the documentation for details. ';				var archiverReport = mw.util.addPortletLink(					'p-cactions',					'#archiverNoLink',					'|Archive',					'pt-OCA-report',					'Report for why there are no |Archive links on this page',					null,					null				); $( archiverReport ).click( function ( e ) {					e.preventDefault;					mw.notify( $( OCAerror ), { title: 'OneClickArchiver errors!', tag: 'OCAerr', autoHide: false } );				} ); if ( config.wgNamespaceNumber === 3 && ( errorLog.counter || errorLog.archiveName ) &&				config.debug === true && errorLog.archiveme ) { if ( confirm( 'Click [OK] to post to the top of the page and abort or\n\t[Cancel] to attempt running with default values.' ) === true ) { new mw.Api.postWithToken( 'edit', {							action: 'edit',							section: 0,							pageid: pageid,							text: '\n' + content0,							summary: ' posted with OneClickArchiver.'						} ).done( function {							alert( 'Request for user to set up archiving posted.' );							location.reload;						} ); }				} else if ( config.wgNamespaceNumber === 3 && archivemeOcto >= archivemeSafe ) { /* Archive me request was made, give the user a chance to comply */ } else if ( config.wgNamespaceNumber === 3 && ( errorLog.counter || errorLog.archiveName ) && config.debug === true && confirm( ' found on the top of the page:\n\n\t Click [OK] abort or\n\t[Cancel] to attempt running with default values.' ) === true ) { /* User aborted script */ } else { $( 'h' + headerLevel + ' span.mw-headline' ).each( function {						var sectionName = $( this ).text;						var editSectionUrl = $( this ).parent.find('.mw-editsection a').not('.mw-editsection-visualeditor').first.attr( 'href' );						var sectionReg = /&section=(.*)/;						var sectionRaw = sectionReg.exec( editSectionUrl );						if ( sectionRaw != null && sectionRaw[ 1 ].indexOf( 'T' ) < 0 ) {							var sectionNumber = parseInt( sectionRaw[ 1 ] );							if ( $( this ).parent.prop( 'tagName' ) === 'H' + headerLevel ) {								$( this ).parent( 'h' + headerLevel ).append( ' | ' + 'Archive' + ' ' );								$(this).parent('h' + headerLevel).find('a.archiverLink').attr('title', 'Archive to: "'+archiveName+'"');								$( this ).parent( 'h' + headerLevel ).find( 'a.archiverLink' ).click( function { var mHeaders = ' Retrieving headers... ';									var mSection = 'retrieving section content...'; var mPosting = ' Content retrieved, performing edits...'; var mPosted = ' Archive appended... ';									var mCleared = ' Section cleared... ';									var mReloading = ' All done! Reloading...'; $( 'body' ).append( '
 ' ); $( 'body' ).prepend( '
 ' ); $( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mHeaders + ' ' ); $( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + 'Archive name ' + archiveName + ' found, ' + mSection + ' (' + archivePageSize + 'b) ' ); new mw.Api.get( {										action: 'query',										pageids: pageid,										rvsection: sectionNumber,										prop: [ 'revisions', 'info' ],										rvprop: 'content',										indexpageids: 1,										rawcontinue: ''									} ).done( function ( responseSection ) {										var sectionContent = responseSection.query.pages[ pageid ].revisions[ 0 ][ '*' ];										$( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mPosting + ' ' );										var dnau = sectionContent.match( // );										var dnauDate;										if ( dnau === null || dnau === undefined ) {											dnauDate = Date.now;											dnau = null;										} else {											dnau = dnau[ 1 ] + ':' + dnau[ 2 ] + ' ' + dnau[ 3 ] + ' ' + dnau[ 4 ] + ' ' + dnau[ 5 ];											dnauDate = new Date( dnau );											dnauDate = dnauDate.valueOf;										}										if ( dnauDate > Date.now ) {											$( '.arcProg' ).remove;											$( '.overlay' ).remove; var dnauAbortMsg = ' This section has been marked \"Do Not Archive Until\" ' + dnau + ', so archiving was aborted.

Please, see the documentation for details. ';											mw.notify( $( dnauAbortMsg ), { title: 'OneClickArchiver aborted!', tag: 'OCAdnau', autoHide: false } ); } else { var archiveAction = 'adding section'; if ( archivePageSize <= 0 || ( archivePageSize >= maxArchiveSize && !errorLog.maxArchiveSize ) ) { sectionContent = archiveHeader + '\n\n' + sectionContent; archiveAction = 'creating'; mPosted = ' Archive created... ';											} else { sectionContent = '\n\n

\n' + sectionContent; }											if ( dnau != null ) { sectionContent = sectionContent.replace( //g, '' ); }											new mw.Api.postWithToken( 'edit', {												action: 'edit',												title: archiveName,												appendtext: sectionContent,												summary: '/* '+sectionName+' */ archived using OneClickArchiver)' } ).done( function { $( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mPosted + ' ' ); new mw.Api.postWithToken( 'edit', {													action: 'edit',													section: sectionNumber,													pageid: pageid,													text: ,													summary: 'OneClickArchived "' + sectionName + '" to ' + archiveName + 												} ).done( function {													$( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mCleared + ' ' );													if ( archivePageSize >= maxArchiveSize && !errorLog.maxArchiveSize ) {														var mUpdated = ' Counter updated... ';														new mw.Api.postWithToken( 'edit', { action: 'edit', section: 0, pageid: pageid, text: content0.replace( oldCounter, newCounter ), summary: 'OneClickArchiver updating counter.' } ).done( function { $( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mUpdated + ' ' ); $( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mReloading + ' ' ); location.reload; } );													} else {														$( '.arcProg' ).append( ' ' + mReloading + ' ' );														location.reload;													}												} ); } );										}									} );								} );							}						}					} );				}			} );		} );		var linkTextD = '1CA is on', linkDescD = 'Disable OneClickArchiver'; var linkTextE = '1CA is off', linkDescE = 'Enable OneClickArchiver'; var linkText = linkTextD, linkDesc = linkDescD; if ( OCAstate === 'false' ) { linkText = linkTextE; linkDesc = linkDescE; $( 'div.archiverDiv, li#pt-OCA-report' ).css( 'display', 'none' ); }		var archiverToggle = mw.util.addPortletLink(			'p-cactions',			'#archiverLink',			linkText,			'pt-OCA',			linkDesc,			'o',			null		); $( archiverToggle ).click( function ( e ) {			e.preventDefault;			/* Toggle the archiveLinks */			$( 'div.archiverDiv' ).css( 'display', function ( _i, val ) { return val === 'none' ? '' : 'none'; });			/* Toggle the toggle link */			$( 'li#pt-OCA a' ).html( function ( _i, val ) { return val === linkTextD ? linkTextE : linkTextD; });			/* Toggle the toggle description */			$( 'li#pt-OCA a' ).attr( 'title', function ( _i, val ) { return val === linkDescD ? linkDescE : linkDescD; });			/* Toggle the error report link */			if ( ( errorLog.counter || errorLog.archiveName ) ) {				$( 'li#pt-OCA-report' ).css( 'display', function ( _i, val ) { return val === 'none' ? '' : 'none'; });			}			/* Toggle default state */			new mw.Api.postWithToken( 'options', { action: 'options', optionname: 'userjs-OCA-enabled', optionvalue: OCAstate === 'true' ? 'false' : 'true' } ).done( function { var resultMsg = 'OneClickArchiver is now ' + ( OCAstate === 'true' ? 'disabled' : 'enabled' ) + ' by default.'; mw.notify(resultMsg); OCAstate = OCAstate === 'true' ? 'false' : 'true'; } );		} );	} } );

}); //

title: User:Prahlad balaji/common.js


text:
User:Kingdom(Hearts)Come

I'm an aspiring librarian whose main project here is to improve the books related to Library and Information Science.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kingdom(Hearts)Come


text:
Cataloging and Classification/Introduction

Audience
This text book aims to introduce the subject in simple, understandable language for the beginner. The aim here is to provide the beginner with a basic understanding of the library practices and concepts in use today, which are introduced in a progressive manager, as well as an introduction to most of the topics the beginner may encounter.

Purpose
The purpose of this textbook is to provide an overview of cataloging and classification, as it applies to libraries, both public and academic. This knowledge applies equally with a few changes to the items in any other kind of educational or heritage collection, such as museums, archives and galleries. The principles apply equally regardless of whether the catalog is in print or accessed through a computer, or whether within a computer, local network, or on the internet.

While it aims to cover issues reasonably in-depth, it is in no way meant to be all-encompassing, as the rules and applications of cataloging are constantly updated.

Approach
This textbook uses a generic approach towards all resources held in a library. In today's world, libraries are often just one component of an institution that may have other such heritage-cum-knowledge components which have collections of objects, such as galleries, archives, and museums, besides academic departments, research initiatives, preservation facilities, and so on, all of which would be stakeholders as users and contributors.

While library cataloguing is basically about books, there are a wide variety of formats in which information is held in libraries. These range from video and audio clips, and a variety of image-based resources, such as pictures, maps, annotated music and so on. In addition, paper-based resources such as manuscripts, annotated texts, glossaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, posters, pamphlets, magazines, journals and so on are found in addition to books. Many resources may be digital as well. All of these resources would need to be catalogued along with books in the modern library.

Modern day libraries have access to collections through the internet other than their own local holdings. In addition, there are a large number of public catalogs of various kinds online. Some of these are aggregators that are linked to a number of catalogs in colleges and universities, media centers, national and public libraries, special libraries, state and provincial libraries, thus increasing the reach of users to a much broader geography and diversity.

Hence we use the generic term "resource" or "information resource" instead of "book" or "item".

In addition, this textbook would be useful, not just to those cataloguing books and so on, but also in the cataloguing of objects in these other collections.


text:
User talk:Prahlad balaji/Archive 1

Belated welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Prahlad balaji!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

Hi I know you've been here for quite awhile, but were never welcomed, so here it is. Cheers -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:48, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the welcome! I would like to find a list of articles that need improvement. Any suggestions? Thanks, --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 22:50, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

Well I think the main thing to do is something you find interesting, we're all volunteers so what we do should be fun. Without knowing what your interests are it is difficult to say, but here are some general pointers: At the moment I do mainly page review and anti-vandalism; if you can get the reviewer flag this is good to do. Anyway I hope this gives you some ideas. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 23:20, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Obviously you could create content, either by starting a book or contributing to an existing one. You could pick a shelf at Wikibooks Stacks/Departments that looks interesting, and see if you can improve a book there.
 * The other thing to do is maintenance, see Maintenance and Category:Wikibooks maintenance. For example Category:Pages needing attention has a list of pages that need attention.
 * If you're interested in history I wrote Brief History of Europe, feedback would be welcome, but please agree with me for major changes.
 * , thanks! I'll take your word. With regards, --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 23:21, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

AWB check page
Hello Prahlad, welcome to Wikibooks good to see you here. I noticed you added your name to the check page and wanted to use JBW. Well I have good news, I have configured Regex typos here and made the JBW script and AWB both work here. I am still working on improving it but it will take some time. For question ping me or leave me a message. Best regards Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 06:34, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , thank you! Where can I find the page needed for running JWB? Thanks, --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, check User:Synoman Barris/JWBscript.js, I have also added your name to the check page. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:38, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , thank you! Now I can fix refs better :) --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 14:40, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , I went to AutoWikiBrowser/Script but it doesn't seem to load (even though it's in my common.js). Please tell me the problem. Thanks, --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 14:43, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I misspelled your name at the check page. Try again ? --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:55, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , still not working... does it work for you? --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

mw.util.addPortletLink("p-tb", mw.config.get('wgArticlePath').replace('$1', "Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script"), "JS Wiki Browser", "tb-awbscript", "Run Javascript Wiki Browser"); });

if (mw.config.get('wgCanonicalNamespace')+':'+mw.config.get('wgTitle') === 'Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script' && mw.config.get('wgAction') == 'view') mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api'], function {
 * Mine works perfectly fine, try adding the code above directly to your common.js, I don’t think Import will work here that well --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * thanks, how do I indent it? --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 15:17, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Alright, looks like it's just my computer then :| --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 15:46, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Now I am not sure where the problem is, it was all easy for me though. You can copy my common.js page and see if it will work for you before I am able to track the problem. Also I suggest when running the script, it should not make a lot of edits per minute. This can flood recent changes. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 18:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * nah it's probably my computer. It's very trashy. I'll use my other one and see how it goes. --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * No problem Prahlad, thanks for helping out here. Hope to see you around and once again welcome --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 18:26, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

A new proposal
Hi, there is currently a proposal at Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals for non-admins to be given the ability of    and. Since you’ve been an active user on Wikibooks for the last thirty day, I thought you might join in by giving feedback/opinion or amendments. Thank you so much for your time Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 12:56, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

 * voted support for proposal 1 Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 14:34, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Good to see you back Prahlad. Cheers --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 15:22, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * , thanks! What happened is that I ran out of errors to fix ;-) --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 15:23, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Well you’re in the right place, Wikijunior is a good place to edit and expand. I actually edit there most of the time and maybe the cookbook (trying to show my mum I can cook). If you want you can also help over at my book |WorldCultures. I am currently importing pages from Wikipedia and simplifying them to fit in the book. It is an easy book to write and maybe it may be a featured book one day, it also helps me get over my PTSD. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 15:49, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * sure thanks for the suggestion. I will keep this in mind and practice more. --Prahlad balaji (discuss • contribs) 16:29, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

Culture of the world
Hello Prahlad, thank you so much for helping out with my book. I can not fill it alone with school and all. Do you have any idea of a constant styling and local MOS we may apply to the book. Best regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 17:21, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

 * sure. I'm mostly doing copyediting around here, so what I'd first do is of course dewikify it. Then I'd remove encyclopedic and POV stuff (for example "The architecture of South Africa mirrors the vast ethnic and cultural diversity of the country and its historical colonial period. In addition, influences from other, distant, countries, have contributed to the variety of the South African architectural landscape") and also vandalism. Then I would remove templates like and other encyclopedic things (I dunno why the main template exists here tbh). Let me know if you have any more questions. Thanks and happy editing! Cheers, --Prahlad balaji (T / C) 17:26, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I mean a manual of style that can be used to make it look more like a book than an encyclopedic article --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 17:30, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * what I'd do is take the sections, split them into subpages, and direct each section to the appropriate subpage. --Prahlad balaji (T / C) 17:32, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Good idea, let me see if I can import more pages. --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 17:35, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prahlad balaji/Archive 1


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User:Prahlad balaji/Tasks

 * World Cultures/Culture in Africa/Culture of Tunisia - remove

title: User:Prahlad balaji/Tasks


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User talk:Prahlad balaji/Archive

 * User talk:Prahlad balaji/Archive 1

title: User talk:Prahlad balaji/Archive


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Pascal Programming/Print Version

__NOINDEX__

Part Ⅰ

Standard Pascal

Part Ⅱ

Extensions

Appendix

title: Pascal Programming/Print Version


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Harry Keith Burbury

Harry Keith Burbury
Harry Keith "Keith" Burbury (1897-1986) was an early wireless experimenter in Tasmania in the early 1910s though (like many youngsters of the time) there appears to be no record of a licence having been issued. He joined AWA in 1914 and was trained at the Marconi School of Wireless in Sydney. Like his older brother Eric Alfred Burbury, he commenced his professional career in AWA's marine division as a ship wireless officer. He served on the RMS Makura, RMS Marama, Niagara, Maheno, Maitai, Kapunda, SS Loongana, Pateena, South Africa, Katoomba, Yankalilla, Cooma and Bundarra. He returned to shore in 1920 and continued with AWA as the Instructor and Superintendent of the Marconi School of Wireless in Melbourne. During this period he also was engaged at the AWA Koo-we-rup station (established by his brother) and engaged in pioneering shortwave propagation research at the behest of Ernest Thomas Fisk which was crucial to the subsequent development of the Beam Wireless service. He joined the Postmaster-General's Department in 1925, initially managing the Wave Hill land station. In 1929 he was appointed as a radio inspector based in the Sydney state office. He was promoted to Superintendent Radio Branch, Tasmania in 1941. Again promoted to similar position for South Australia in 1947. He retired in 1957 and returned to Sydney, where he passed in 1986. (Much credit to OTC Veteran's newsletter of April 1987)

A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Harry Keith Burbury - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Harry Keith Burbury - Nothing uploaded as yet


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Talk:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Donald Brader Knock

G'day Guys Don had a fascinating, if patchwork career, both hobby and professional. Bit surprised that as a major figure in Australian radio history for over two decades, he had not already made it to Wikipedia. I have been working on a draft of this article in my Wikibook for the last few weeks. It's heavily based upon a detailed autobiography published in Australasian Radio World in 9 parts in 1937 and 1938, also a brief autobiography for the ARW 10th anniversary in May 1946. The novelty is wearing a little thin, so I posted this article some hours ago, in case I move on to greener fields. It needs more work, especially in-line citations. VK2NO tended to gloss over some aspects of his life (don't we all?). If anyone else wants to jump in and help with more citations, you may wish to start with these:

Enjoy--Samuel.dellit (talk) 09:50, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Articles tagged 2NO in Trove, just search on publictag:2NO to see the articles I've already spotted there (and mostly text corrected)
 * Genealogical stuff is mostly already entered in FamilySearch Family Tree: https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/GWWR-L62
 * Australians in the RNAS: http://ozrnas.org.au/The%20Men/K/KNOCK%20DB.html
 * Honouring Anzacs: https://honouringveterans.org/vet_profile.php?id=254434
 * WIA Amateur Radio Magazine: https://worldradiohistory.com/Australian-Amateur-Radio.htm (numerous mentions in the late 1920s & 1930s, also detailed obituary in 1966)
 * Australasian Radio World: https://worldradiohistory.com/Australian-Radio-World.htm (the autobiographies & also both technical articles and hobby commentary)
 * Colin MacKinnon: https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/AU-magazines.htm (documents fairly fully his journalistic career, though piecemeal)
 * Several mentions at the National Archives of Australia, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/SearchScreens/BasicSearch.aspx (sadly nothing digitised yet, I have emailed NAA asking how to link to an individual item, the trick they showed me a few years ago doesn't work anymore and they are yet to implement digital object identifiers)


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes

This page is critiquing the article 'Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity of type 2 diabetes' conducted by Loreto C and her associates, published in the Diabetes Care Journal in 2005.

What is the background to this research?
Diabetes Mellitus is becoming increasingly prevalent with the number of people suffering from this disease rising from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. This chronic disease occurs when either the pancreas does not produce sufficient levels of insulin or when the body cannot use the insulin effectively. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of major complications, such as; blindness, kidney failure and cardiovascular diseases. As the number of people around the world being diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes continues to grow, the availability and research into treatments and preventions for this disease is a major focus in the medical community. Using exercise as a management tool has been well recognised in the research community and is one of the first treatments they recommend their patients to implement. In the article; Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity of type 2 diabetes', they determine what are the physiological and biochemical benefits of different increments of aerobic exercise on Type 2 Diabetes.

Where is the research from?
The research was undertaken at the University of Perugia, in Italy. The two year study began in October 1999 and ceased in December 2002. Chiara Loreto, the lead researcher, is a diabetic specialist that focuses on out-patient care. She has completed 9 publications, with 8 of these concentrating on Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance. She has 859 citations, with 36 of these being in highly influential articles.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT), examining the 2-year impact of an exercise counselling intervention and different increments in energy expenditure on several physiological and biochemical outcomes. RCTs are most commonly used to estimate the effectiveness of a new intervention/treatment on a particular population, such as the intervention on physical activity on Type 2 Diabetic patients. This type of study minimises the risk of bias, providing an accurate tool to effectively examine the cause-effect relationships between an intervention and the outcome. RCTs are original research studies that contain unfiltered information, without appraisal and analysis by fellow researchers, the results are more difficult to apply into practice.

What did the research involve?
The research was conducted on 179 participants that fit into the following criteria:

Eligibility Criteria

 * Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes of at-least 2 years
 * Over the age of 40 years

Exclusion Criteria

 * Suffering from an illness that could reduce life expectancy or cause cardiac, liver or renal failure

Summary of the Research Design and Methods

 * 1) Once these participants had been deemed eligible, they were admitted into an unspecified outpatient diabetes clinic from October of 1999 to the following January of 2000.
 * 2) Each participant was provided with a 30 minute counselling session with a physician. This session provided participants with general guidelines in regard to exercise intensity, frequency and duration that was safe for them to participate in. Majority of participants were cleared to complete aerobic activity that was 40-60% of their Heart Rate Reserve.
 * 3) All participants were provided with a structured meal plan, consisting of 55% complex carbohydrates, 30% fat and 15% protein. Furthermore, all overweight and obese participants were placed on a daily 300kcal deficit meal plan.
 * 4) The participants voluntary physical activity was evaluated every three months via a Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ), they recorded the duration (hours per week) of various physical activities. However, they were instructed to record the type, intensity and duration performed of all physical activity daily in order to minimise recall bias.
 * 5) From the data collected via the MAQ, the researchers were able to estimate the amount of metabolic equivalent (METS) that each participant was completing each week. They then split the participants into 6 groups: 0 METs, 1-10 METs, 11-20 METs, 21-30 METs, 31-40 METs, >40 METS.

Strengths

 * By allowing the participants to complete voluntary exercise, rather than assigning certain METs to each individual, conveys that the exercise is maintainable to fellow diabetic patients.

 * The selection criteria and sample size allowed for a greater range of participants, allowing for the results to be more applicable for the greater diabetic population.

 * The researchers acknowledged their limitations and did not overemphasise the significance of their results.

Limitations

 * Exercise intensity and duration was self-reported by the participants through a MAQ. This is important to consider as self-reported questionnaires can cause bias, where participants may overestimate their exercise, causing limited validity and reliability . This could be rectified by supplying each participant with an accelerometer, providing more accurate physical activity data.

 * Placing the participants on structured meal plans tailored to their disease may have contributed to the results. Therefore, it is understandable to question whether these results were due to physical activity or the combination of physical activity and the meal plan.

What were the basic results?

 * In Table 1, we can see gradual improvements through increased increments of physical activity, with considerate to Group >40 METs, where we begin to see a decline in the benefits.

 * We see the most benefits in Group 31-40, who completed around 36-38.6METs/h/week, with greater improvements in weight, HbA1C and 10 year CHD risk.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
From the results provided from this study, we can conclude that participating in physical activity does have benefits on the health of Type 2 Diabetic patients. Several scientific societies recommend completing 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise daily, equating to >20 METs/h/week, which from the results of this study does show benefits. However, the results from this study would suggest that in order to encompass the full health benefits that exercise can provide, a target of 27 METs/h/week is suggested, which corresponds to a 5km walk (1 hr) each day.

Although, multiple studies show that the incorporation of both aerobic and resistance training reap more benefits than solely completing aerobic exercise. With improvements in glycemic control, insulin resistance, fat mass, blood pressure, strength and lean body mass being observed in Type 2 Diabetics engaging in resistance training.

Practical advice
Recommendations of lifestyle measures that should be included in the management of Type 2 Diabetics include;

 * Complete at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each day, however aim for one hour

 * Complete a combination of aerobic and resistance training

 * Remember than any exercise is better than no exercise

Further information/resources
For further information regarding Diabetes Mellitus:

Diabetes Australia

World Health Organisation - Type 2 Diabetes

Nutritious Recipes for Diabetic Patients

National Diabetes Services Scheme


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?

The following is a critique of the research article: Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA, et al.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of High Versus Low Intensity Weight Training Versus General Practitioner Care for Clinical Depression in Older Adults.

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A.

Created as an assessment requirement for the University of Canberra unit: Health Disease and Exercise (August–September 2020).

What is the background to this research?
Exercise has a beneficial effect in the treatment of depression, although there is little knowledge of how to prescribe exercise for symptoms of depression and its dose response relationship.

The research article in focus improves our understanding of the intensity in which resistance training should be performed for depressed older adults to help alleviate symptoms of depression.

The older-adult demographic is of significance to this research as they are less tolerant to antidepressants. Experiencing higher rates of adverse events. Antidepressants are associated with negative side-effects, some particularly concerning for older-adults include: Depression is a major risk-factor of falls, a study showing high prevalence (66.7%) of depression in those hospitalized due to falls, antidepressants contributing to this.
 * Sedation, dizziness, tachycardia and cognitive decline.

A less 'toxic' treatment option is of interest. Exercise providing a promising alternative with minimal side-effects.

Where is the research from?
The research took place in the Central Sydney area, NSW Australia.

Nalin A. Singh is the author of this article. Singh is an Associate Professor at his exercise and rehabilitation practice The Centre for Strong Medicine. He has a reputable portfolio of published literature, in the area or exercise and the older-adult population.published articles.

While the researchers did not mention any sponsorship, the perspective of the paper is to promote exercise which could be a reporting bias. The efficacy of traditional depression treatment is not negated, rather an alternative option is suggested.

What kind of research was this?
The study design was an 8-week Randomized-Controlled-Trial (RCT).

Generally, RCTs are deemed to be a powerful influence on research and our understanding of the relationship between interventions on subject populations. This article has used the controlled study design to make a case for the use of exercise as a depression intervention.

Available literature suggests exercise is moderately effective when compared to a control but no more effective than traditional treatment. Although, some information is conflicting. A 2015 meta-analysis of exercise's effect on depressed older-adults concluded that exercise may serve as a "feasible additional intervention". Stating that all types of exercise can show a significant effect. Whereas another meta-analysis expressed its lack of confidence in exercise as a depression treatment. Inferring that bias is present in trials reporting positive effects.

Further studies with larger sample populations are needed to better understand exercise as a depression intervention, particularly on resistance training's dose-response for depression.

What did the research involve?
Sixty (n=60) depressed older-adults were allocated to 1 of 3 intervention groups: (protocols supplied below)
 * High intensity resistance training (HIGH),
 * Low intensity resistance training (LOW), or
 * General care by usual GP (GP).

Participants were monitored over 8 weeks by a psychiatrist that was unaware of the intervention allocation. The psychiatrist assessed their level of depression by specific outcome measures. After 8-weeks the participant's results were compared to baseline (starting depression). Change in depression ratings help to understanding the effect of different exercise intensities when compared to traditional GP treatment.
 * The trial's design was well controlled ensuring blinding of the psychiatrist completing the assessments was maintained throughout.
 * The use of well validated outcome measures was also a key strength of the study, for example the GDS is validated for the subject population and is sensitive to change, allowing us to correlate improvements with intervention effectiveness.
 * The sample size (n=60) is small. A larger group of participants would have added weight to the results.
 * The possibility of bias is also high in this study, which may lead to an exaggerated report of positive effects.

What were the basic results?
All groups improved in self-rated GDS and therapist assessed HRSD over time. HIGH was significantly more effective than the other groups in reducing GDS ratings (p<0.006), HRSD scores also improved more in HIGH, although not deemed statistically significant (p=0.14). The discussion is largely focused on the high intensity resistance training aspect of the trial. Mostly reporting the results of that group, emphasizing improvements in muscle strength, quality of life and sleep, although all groups experienced significant improvements in these areas. Excluding muscle strength, of which is expected when compared to a sub-optimal training regimen and a non-exercise intervention. Nevertheless, the improvements help discern the effects of all interventions.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Resistance training has potential to help alleviate depression in older adults. Although further research is required to better understand what is optimal. This study creates a case that resistance training should be performed at a high intensity to help treat depression in older-adults. Suggesting a dose-response and the possibility of an intensity threshold to see improved symptoms of depression. This study alone is insufficient to conclude this indefinitely and no recent studies added to this argument. Studies suggest a dose-response of aerobic exercise for depression, favouring higher intensities. However, there is no consensus of its prescription for depression either.

Practical advice
Meeting the physical activity guidelines is supported overwhelmingly with evidence for health and longevity. This should be a starting point for healthy individuals. While there are no guidelines for resistance training in depressed older adults specifically. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has general recommendations for older adults which would serve as a useful guideline when starting an exercise regimen.

Exercise should be prescribed based on the individual's own capabilities and screening is advised before engaging in a new program. (see links below for professional help)

Further information/resources
Depression in older people - Black Dog Institute

Exercise and Depression - Black Dog Institute

[https://order.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017-07/workout-to-go_508.pdf Limited exercise experience? - try this!]

An enjoyable read that might get you moving!

Follow the link: Exercise Right by ESSA to find an expert


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?

This is a critique of the article ‘A former career as a male elite athlete- does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?' written by M. K. Laine et al. and published in Diabetologia in 2014

What is the background to this research?
 is common among those who are overweight and physically inactive. It has been found that an increase in physical activity (PA), whether it be leisurely, occupation related PA, or an active transport method of 30 minutes or longer, have shown to significantly decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes. There was, however, little evidence on the effects of frequent, vigorous PA, such as that of an elite athlete in training, on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes later in life. Understanding the role that PA plays in the onset of diabetes later in life is beneficial as it can help to identify factors that can be modified to prevent the onset of diabetes or other health conditions, which may lead to more chronic health problems later in life.

Where is the research from?
The group that the research was conducted on included 392 former athletes from Finland, who had competed in at least one international competition in or  based sports, or a sport which used a mixture of both. The control group included age and area matched controls. The authors of this particular study have undertaken many others, looking at the effects of vigorous PA, specifically that of former athletes, on the effects of a range of health factors including but not limited to length,  (BCAA) as a surrogate for disturbed  and, all using similar participant criteria which included the age and area matched controls. Considering each study commented on was published in different journals, under different organisations, there should be no bias or conflict of interest regarded in this study.

What kind of research was this?
This particular paper completed a, looking at former athletes who had competed at an international competition. Cohort studies are the second highest level of unfiltered information on the evidence hierarchy, topped by randomised controlled trials, with case controlled studies following. This means that the study is original and unfiltered, in comparison to unoriginal or filtered, which reviews unfiltered information and validates the use of its methods for collecting unfiltered information. Filtered information can include systematic reviews, critically appraised topics and critically appraised articles. Filtered information sits at the top of the evidence hierarchy as these types of articles review and critique unfiltered information. Selecting the type of study to complete is dependent on the research question posed. The study design that is chosen should be the one that will obtain the best information to answer the question.

What did the research involve?
The participants in this study completed a questionnaire in 1985 with additional questionnaires sent to the same cohort in 1995 and 2001. The participants who completed at least one survey and were still alive at the time, were invited to participate in a clinical study in 2008. The questionnaire included self-reported levels of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) as well as other lifestyle questions. LTPA recorded included intensity, duration and frequency of exercise over the previous three-month period for each survey. Given the question being asked; 'does a career as an elite athlete protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?' it was significant to gain multiple responses from each participant. To follow a group of participants over a period of almost 25 years, it would be important to ensure there is not a huge amount of effort required to participate, especially given the age of some participants. The questionnaire would have been easy to administer with one completed every 10 years and would not have required frequent thought about completion or constant contact with participants. The collection of self-reported data however, is one of the limitations of the study as there are many factors to accuracy that some people may have over/underestimated such as intensity, duration, whether they included active transport or an active occupation in their overall physical activity levels.

What were the basic results?
The results of this cohort study showed that former athletes reported higher levels of LTPA than non-athletes, completing 31.4 (MET) hours/week, compared to 20.5 MET hours/week. This correlates to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance being significantly lower in former athletes, with endurance athletes showing the lowest prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance among the former athlete group. The study also found that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes decreased, with an increase of 1 MET hour/week of exercise. This emphasises that exercise intensity is more important than total number of hours of PA completed. It was also stated that former athletes maintained long term physical activity better than non-athletes.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
From this particular research it seems to be quite clear that while exercise guidelines for combatting chronic health problems in the long term are provided and studied, the exercise intensity during those recommended PA guidelines is more important than the total time spent exercising. The findings from this paper align well with the information reviewed in a meta-analysis completed by Liubaoerjijin et al. in 2016 which reviewed 8 studies where exercise intensity ranged from short bouts of (HIIT) to  exercise where higher intensity exercise resulted in lower blood glucose over the duration of the study compared to the lower intensity exercise.

Practical advice

 * Before undertaking any form of high intensity exercise, it is important to undertake an exercise pre-screening and get a referral to an appropriate al if necessary.
 * After being cleared to exercise, LTPA including and  plays a major role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes
 * Exercise intensity is favoured over duration.
 * If you are new to exercise or unsure how to gain the benefits of exercise safely, seek out an appropriate allied health professional, who will be able to provide safe exercises and environments

Further information/resources

 * Diabetes Australia
 * Exercise Pre-Screening Tool


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?

What is the background to this research?
Parkinson’s disease is a neurological condition that progressively affects the persons control of their movements and motor control. It can cause shaking of the hands, arms, legs, and face, it can cause the persons movements to become very slow and unstable. This decline in motor control is caused by a lack of dopamine, a chemical in the brain responsible for fine tuning movement. Dopamine would normally be produced by neurons in the brain however these neurons begin to die off in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. This study attempts to show the short and long term benefits that physical activity can provide for people suffering from early- to mid-stage Parkinson’s Disease, the study was run over 16-months on 121 patients with assessments being done at 4, 10 and 16 months. They used three different types of exercise, flexibility/ balance/ function exercises, aerobic exercises and a control group that did basic exercises at home.

What makes this study different to the ones done previously is that this study was done over a longer period of time into order to determine the long-term benefits of physical activity. There has been previous research done on Parkinson’s disease and physical activity, however they were run over a far shorter period.

If physical activity can reduce or even just slow down the progressive nature of Parkinson’s disease it would increase the indepedance of someone suffering for Parkinson's disease meaning they could live a normal life for longer. This would also take pressure off the patients family and the health care system.

Where is the research from?
The research was done in Colorado, US. All baseline testing was completed at the University of Colorado. Majority of the exercises throughout the 16 months were done at the University of Colorado. This may be of some significance as Colorado is the fittest state in America, having the lowest rate of adult obesity and highest rate of physical activity.

Margaret Schenkman is a Professor and Associate Dean at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Rehabilitation Sciences Program in Colorado. Margaret’s research has been around the rehabilitation of individuals who suffer from a neurological impairment, including Parkinson’s disease. She has done multiple other studies based around exercise and Parkinson’s disease.

What kind of research was this?
This research was a 16-month randomized controlled intervention. The benefits of this type of research is that having the three groups selected randomly means that there is no bias when assigning the groups. Bias could skew the research results in the favour of the study. One limitation with randomised control trials when done with individuals suffering from chronic diseases such as Parkinson’s disease is that it can be unethical to have a true placebo group (no exercise in this case).

What did the research involve?
The study involved randomly assigning the 121 patients into three separate groups, each group was given a different type of exercise to complete over the course of 16-months. These three exercise types were flexibility/ balance/ function (FBF), aerobic exercise (AE) and a control group. The FBF and AE groups participated in a supervised exercise session three time a week for the first four months, from month five the supervised sessions were eased back to one per month. The control group participated in supervised exercise sessions once a month for all 16 months. All groups were encouraged to exercise five to seven times per week. The FBF group spent the first two months doing one on one sessions and the next two months participating in small group exercises. The FBF exercises focused on balance and flexibility as well as movements that aid in movements that will be able to directly transfer into daily task. The AE groups exercise session consisted of a five to ten-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of conditioning (65-80% of heart rate max) followed by a five to ten-minute cool-down. Participants in the AE group were encouraged to use a treadmill but a stationary bike and elliptical were also allowed. The control group did home-exercises from the National Parkinson Foundation Fitness Counts Program, after the initial induction they only participated in supervised exercise once a month.

Prior to the start of exercise all participants sat down with their trainers to discuss what barriers and motivations struggles they think they may have to build good exercise habits. As one of the goals of this stud was to build long-term exercise habits this is a good way to build exercise habits.

Throughout the research the participants were asked to record their exercises in a diary.

A clear limitation of this study is adherence. Although exercise diaries were used the accuracy was inefficient to determine exact adherence from participants. This research did not include any resistance training, a type of training that has been shown to reduce UPDRS scores over long periods of time.

What were the basic results?
The results for this research were looked at according to a few different criteria's. The FBF exercise programs had substantial improvements on functional ability at the 4-month assessment however experienced a decline at the 10- and 16-month assessment for functional ability. The decline is thought to be due to lack of adherence when the supervised exercise sessions tapered off. In regard to balance all exercise groups experienced a slight increase over the 16-months. Due to the stiffness and poor motor control associated with Parkinson’s disease the energy expenditure of walking is greater than average. The AE group experienced a substantial improvement in walking economy at the 4-, 10- and 16-month assessments, however the other two groups did not see this improvement. The research used the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) as a measure of effectiveness for each intervention, this a score that takes all aspects of Parkinson’s disease into account to determine its severity and progression. There was very little to no improvement in the UPDRS score. However due to the progressive nature of Parkinson’s disease the estimated score progression for an individual taking Levodopa (a medication commonly used for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease) is an increase of two to three points per year. Therefore, an having no increase in the score is a good sign.

What conclusion can we take from this?
Based on the research and data provided we can determine that a long-term exercise program would be beneficial for people who are suffering from early- to mid-stage Parkinson’s disease. All three groups experienced some form of benefit in different ways and levels of significance. A combination of flexibility/ balance/ function and aerobic exercise seems to be effective for improving walking economy, UPDRS scores and functional ability.

Practical advice
Although this study has shown that exercise can be beneficial for people suffering from Parkinson's disease there are some precautions that need to be taken. Due to decreased motor control and stiffness associated with Parkinson’s disease there is an increase risk of falls and tumbles. This means that exercise, especially on a machine such as a treadmill needs to be done with care. The reduction in motor control means that all exercises need to be simple and effective in order to ellicit benefits without overwhelming the patient.

Further information and resources
Further information on Parkinson's Disease

Further information about the UPDRS

Further information for what you can do if you are, know or are a career for someone with Parkinson's Disease


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?

This is a critique of the original research article by The Diabetes Research in Children Network, DirecNet Study group, Impact of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus submitted to the Journal of Pediatrics in 2005.

This was completed as part of the Health, Disease and Exercise unit at the University of Canberra.

What is the Background to this Research?
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the insulin producing Beta cells of the pancreas. There is currently no cure and is not preventable with medical or lifestyle changes(1). Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common childhood chronic conditions and represents about 10 percent of all diabetes incidents(1). Type 1 diabetes requires the person to take their own blood glucose levels and administer an insulin injection several times across a day or through the use of an automatic insulin pump(1).

It has been shown that various types of exercise effect a type 1 diabetics blood glucose levels in different ways and at different times. It is shown that resistance exercise continues to effect blood glucose levels for hours after the cessation of exercise and that after aerobic exercise is performed there is a spike in blood glucose levels(2). Therefore, it is important to understand the type of exercise that is being performed and how it will affect Blood glucose levels in order for type 1 diabetics to better control their overnight Glycaemic levels.

Where is the research from?
This study was conducted by The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet), which is multi-centre study group. The DirecNet network consists of 5 clinical centres and a singular coordinating centre(3). The primary funding resources for DirecNet are the National Institute of Health (NIH) special Type 1 Diabetes Funds and the NICHD. The main objectives of this group are to examine possible risks and preventions of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic children. This study uses the Jaeb centre for health research in Tampa, FL as the coordinating centre for this study(4).

What kind of research was this?
This was a Randomised Control Trial, which is considered to give the best results when looking at a cause-and-effect Relationship(5). Due to the age of the participants the DirecNet group had to get their Consent form and assent form approved by an institutional review board before it was signed by the participants and a Parent or Guardian. The weakness of this trial is that it took place at 5 different centres across America and therefore may have been susceptible to minor changes in the administration of the trial and taking of measurements and results. However, because the trial was run by one overlying group (DirecNet) this would be unlikely as all researchers would have agreed to the same methods(4).

What did the research involve?
The participants for this study had to meet a specific range of variables in order to be eligible to complete the study. These Variables included: Participants were not allowed to participate if they had one of the following; asthma that was medically treated in the previous year, were currently using glucocorticoids or beta blockers, used pseudoephedrine within 48 hours, experienced severe hypoglycaemia (seizure or loss of consciousness) within the previous 2 weeks, an active infection, anticipated a significant change in exercise regimen between admissions, or had another medical condition or were using a medication that in the judgment of the investigator could affect completion of the exercise protocol. The 50 participants completed two overnight stays at a centre, one consisted of a 75minute exercise session in the late afternoon and the other day was the ‘sedentary’ day in which no exercise was completed in the late afternoon. On the Exercise day the participants BGL levels were take at 2 and 3 pm to determine if short-acting insulin or an oral carbohydrate should be administered so that the 4pm/Pre-exercise BGL was between 100 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L-11.1 mmol/L).
 * Age of 10-18yrs
 * Clinical Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes of ≥18 months
 * No changes to their insulin regime for at least 1 Month, involving the use of insulin injections or an insulin pump
 * A HbA1c level of ≤10.0%
 * A BMI in between the 5th and 9th percentile for their age and gender.

The exercise session consisted of 4x15-minute exercise periods with a 5-minute rest in between each session. During the exercise periods the participants walked on a treadmill at a target heart rate of 140bpm. The overnight procedures consisted of dinner at 6:15pm and blood glucose levels taken at 7:00pm, 8:00pm and 9:00pm. The participants were instructed to go to sleep at 10:00pm and utilising an intravenous catheter BGL levels were taken every half hour between 10:00pm and 6:00am. For this study hypoglycaemia was defined as a lab result of ≤60mmg/dL or 3.3 mmol/L.

What were the basic results?
Comparing the results of the exercise night to the sedentary night it is clear that late afternoon exercise can increase the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. 26% of the participants experienced hypoglycaemia on the exercise night as well as 22% who experienced nocturnal hypoglycaemia on both of the nights. The average half hourly BGL indicated that throughout the exercise night BGL levels were around 23mmg/dL (1.265 mmol/L) lower than on the sedentary night.

Going further on the self-reported nights in which the same participants gave information on their physical activity levels and nocturnal glycaemic levels during a normal week. It was found that those who participated in more exercise throughout the week were at an increased risk to nocturnal hypoglycaemia.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This research shows that a bout of aerobic exercise in the late afternoon does increase your risk of nocturnal Hypoglycaemia. However, given that this research only tests aerobic exercise it is important to consider the different effects that a resistance training program or another different training program may have on overnight glycaemic control. This study does prove that when exercising it is important to consider making changes to overnight insulin regimes as well as food intake. Utilising the weekly report of exercise from this study we can assume the more you exercise during the week that someone partakes in does increase their risk of having more overnight hypoglaecemic incidences.

Practical advice
If you are a Type 1 Diabetic considering starting an exercise program it is important to do some research into the type of exercise you wish to undertake. If you plan on doing exercise in the late afternoon or evening, altering any insulin or food intake to mitigate the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia would greatly benefit your well-being. The more exercise that any type 1 diabetic wishes to partake in across the week needs more attention. Nocturnal Hypoglycaemic levels can interrupt sleep and result in feeling unwell if they are reoccurring, in order for a proper recovery post-exercise ensuring good pre and post exercise insulin and eating routines are extremely beneficial to recovery. Before commencing any sort of exercise regime as a Type 1 Diabetic contacting your Endocrinologist or gp for advice on changing your insulin and diet regime to accommodate the exercise.

Further information/resources
General Diabetes Advice: Visit Diabetes Australia, Visit Diabetes America] Resistance exercise versus Aerobic Exercise, Diabetes Care Journal. 2013


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus

This is a critique of the research article: Ramsey‐Goldman R, Schilling EM, Dunlop D, Langman C, Greenland P, Thomas RJ, et al. A pilot study on the effects of exercise in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care & Research. 2000;13(5):262-9.

The critique was written as an assignment in the unit; Health, Disease and Exercise at University of Canberra, August–September 2020.

What is the background to this research?
Patients who suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus, a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, are risk to co-morbidities such as hyper-tension, obesity and disability. These risk factors are mostly a product of the fatigue and reduced functional status the disease causes. Fatigue is a major contributor of health problems with 50-83% of SLE patients reporting it as a primary symptom.

Previous articles have investigated the effects of aerobic exercise and the improvements on fatigue, psychological and physical well-being on disease states. Aware of the primary symptom and the cause of many of the comorbidities, as well as the benefits of exercise on disease states and fatigue itself, the paper had a clear research objective.

This study aimed to assess the effects, and safety, of exercise therapies on SLE patients on self-reported fatigue and functional status - as well the effect on the disease itself. The two methods of exercise therapies; aerobic exercise and range of motion/strengthening, were delivered to two groups of 10 patients.

Where is the research from?
This researched was published by the ‘American College of Rheumatology’ in June 2001 after revision of the publication in April of that year. The ACR publishes peer-reviewed articles that focus on all aspects, and improvement in care of patients with rhematic diseases, understanding that patients who suffer from arthritis battle chronic fatigue; sharing similarities with SLE patients.

The research was conducted in a women’s hospital in the North-western University in Chicago, Illinoi in a ward 3-315. All the patients who volunteered for the study were female. The study was backed by grants from the University, the Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center and the Lupus Foundation of America. These organisations have clear motives and goals to support research that promotes care and treatment of persons afflicted with these diseases.

The leading author of the study, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman had published 17 articles relating to SLE prior to this article in critique. Ramsey-Goldman has a huge reputation in the field of SLE as this comprises of a large majority of her research.

What kind of research was this?
This study was a randomised control pilot trial that involved two groups of patients. Each member who volunteered underwent physical testing to assess exercise capacity, measured in metabolic equivalents. Subjects with similar MET values were paired with a similar ranking participant and then randomly assigned to either the aerobic exercise group or the range of motion group. The range of motion group were used as the control as there was no cardiovascular influence.

What did the research involve?
The research involved 10 female SLE patients that were split evenly into group 1: the aerobic exercise group or group 2: the ROM group. Both groups engaged in two phases of the program, phase I and phase II lasting 2 and then 6 months, respectively. Phase I was delivered and monitored by health professionals who managed the intensity and duration of the aerobic exercise session. Also ensuring ample rest periods for the ROM group to dismiss cardiovascular influence. Phase II began when patients were asked to continue these programs at home unsupervised but were monitored by telephone and exercise logs.

Range of Motion Group: This group practiced movement patterns and isolated upper and lower body extremity range of motion for 50 minutes, 3 times a week in Phase I. In Phase II, a muscle strengthening was added to test safety of common exercises and the effect on their fatigue.

The obvious limitations of the methodology came from the unsupervised exercise at home. Not only because of the self-reported data, as is often over-estimated, but the adherence to the specific types of exercise or intensity as well. The exercise may potentially be governed by the participants own motivation, which may differ from the parameters that health professionals made sure were met.

What were the basic results?
The study looked at several outcome measures and those of importance were:
 * Fatigue: By a questionnaire called the ‘Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)’. It consisted of 9 statements that were scaled from 1 (strong disagreement) to 7 (strong agreement).
 * Functional Status: By a self-administered survey called ‘The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). Physical function subscales were measured to maximum value of 100.
 * Lupus Disease and Activity: By a measurement index called ‘Systemic Lupus Activity Measure’ (SLAM) that looked at the severity and activity for individual organ systems as well as combined.

There were no significant increases in the SLAM scores meaning that disease activity did not increase. Patients showed some improvement in fatigue with a decrease of 0.70 and 0.68 in FSS scores as well as improved functional status with scores going from 80 and 73 to 87 and 75.5.

Although there were some improvements, the results do not represent a significant difference between the two very different exercise therapies. The two therapies yielded similar results in fatigue and functional status even at the end of Phase I, where exercise was professionally supervised, and Phase II was not. This may suggest that the two exercise therapies had little effect in general.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The finding of this study indicates that these exercise therapies offer a safe intervention for patients with SLE as their fatigue and disease activity did not increase. While the results were not statistically great, as this was a small pilot study, the benefits of exercise are still evident. Additional larger studies have yielded better results in demonstrating a significant improvement in fatigue and physical well-being in SLE patients through intervention of aerobic exercise.

Practical advice
The risk factors associated with the fatigue SLE patients suffer from are still modifiable through exercise. Along with improvement of health conditions, there is evidence to support the improvements in mood, fatigue and functional status through aerobic exercise. Studies suggest an exercise intensity at 60-80% of heart rate maximum 3 times a week while performing activities such as:
 * walking
 * cycling
 * jogging
 * swimming

Noncompliance to exercise routines in vulnerable populations is quite common, as is with the rest of the population. This study ends with the advice to make exercise a routine part of check-ups, and to educate SLE patients to change their view on exercise. A change in perception may provide motivation and increased adherence to physical activity guidelines.

Further information/resources

 * Lupus Foundation of America
 * Australiasian Lupus Foundation
 * Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman - Scholar Profile
 * Effectiveness of non‐pharmacological interventions for systemic lupus erythematosus


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients

This is a critique of the article: [https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57318/1/The_Impact_of_a_Ten-Week_Physical_Exercise_Program.pdf The Impact of a Ten-Week Physical Exercise Program on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) by Peter Klare et. al]

What is the background to this research?
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) groups together two chronic diseases that inflame the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis. Most research suggests the main factors leading to contracting IBD are environmental and genetic, IBD can't be cured and has a relapsing course. Most studies involving exercise and IBD focus on whether disease activity can be changed by physical activity, research suggests that it can't. This paper fills a gap in the research as it is geared towards the psychological side of living with IBD. There is a high prevalence of depression in IBD patients, increasing the importance of this study.

Where is the research from?
The study was conducted by German researchers from multiple universities based out of a Munich medical clinic. The study was supported by the German institutes of immunology and clinical medical statistics, suggesting no bias and strong credibility. It is clear throughout the paper that there is no agenda, they are only looking for ways to improve quality of life for sufferers of this chronic disease.

Peter Klare led the study, he is a highly respected gastroenterologist who specialises in endoscopy and internal medicine. He is experienced and highly respected in the field of bowel disease further adding to the credibility of the paper.

What kind of research was this?
The study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that took place over 10 weeks, with a baseline data set and post intervention data set collected. RCT's are considered the gold standard for clinical research as the data sets display the effectiveness of a treatment or method against a control group. This type of research is credible due to it's propensity to eliminate biases and variables. In this paper it allows the researchers to look for a clear cause-effect relationship.

What did the research involve?
The study took place over 10 weeks and 30 subjects were included, at random 15 were prescribed moderate intensity running 3 times a week, the other 15 were the control group. The subjects were recruited over two months from the Munich university hospital of gastroenterology and Crohn's and Colitis association meetings. Subjects were given Health related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires at baseline and after the intervention, blood tests for disease activity were also conducted, although the article was more concerned with HRQOL.

Study strengths
The strengths of the study come through the research done by the authors. The authors have found a clear gap in previous research and directly attempted to fill that with credible and useful data. For a study of this nature the authors also did a good job of removing as many variables as possible.

Study limitations
In the article it is acknowledged that this study has many limitations however this is understandable as it is one of the earliest studies on this concept. Although RCT's are the gold standard for clinical research the main outcome measures in this paper were secondary, this means bias can impact results. The sample population had some limitations and may not be representative of IBD patients worldwide. Only patients who had mild scores on the Crohn's disease activity index and Rachmilewitz index were included, patients who already exercised regularly were excluded from the study. The population in the study was 73% female which is not a true representation of the statistics, these factors make it important that the results are interpreted circumspectly.

What were the basic results?
The results showed a 19% increase in HRQOL for the intervention group and 8% increase for control. There was no significant change in disease activity measures. These results are encouraging for IBD patients but the authors were cautious when interpreting these findings due to the previously listed limitations. This does appear to be an encouraging start to this area of research but the results must be kept in perspective. Another encouraging result was that out of 89 reported missed exercise sessions only one was IBD related.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Even with the study limitations it's fair to assume that regular exercise will improve HRQOL in IBD patients. Although there are many limitations to the methodology the resultant increase in the intervention groups results is hard to ignore. Crucial to this is previous research indicating the same effect of exercise on people with other diseases or even healthy subjects. Further research on this topic would help to build on this and create clear path to avoiding depression for IBD patients.

The article shows IBD sufferers that exercise helps deal with the mental side of having a chronic disease. It also helps erase the stigma that IBD is a contraindication or excuse to avoid exercise. None of the subjects were partaking in regular exercise and all 15 managed to complete the ten week program of moderate intensity running. There were no adverse events and only one missed session due to IBD related reasons.

Patients with IBD are not encouraged to avoid exercise however there is a lack of guidelines and recommendations for the amount or type of exercise they should be doing. This results in patients believing it is a barrier and often self limiting physical activity, which results in some alarming physical inactivity statistics, with IBD sufferers 5% more likely to be inactive than a healthy person. Unfortunately in the six years after this article was published not much more evidence has come out on this topic, this could be due to the relatively low profile of IBD as a chronic disease.

Practical advice

 * The evidence provided in this paper and other research suggests that IBD patients should aim to meet the Australian government's physical activity guidelines of 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity a week.
 * Only moderate intensity running was prescribed in the study, however it is important to find exercise types that you personally enjoy to increase the chances of performing exercise regularly.
 * Patients who are struggling with the physical effects or are finding IBD as a barrier to exercise should consult their doctor or gastroenterologist for further advice.

Further information/resources
The following links provide information about IBD and offer support to patients: The following article discusses the relationship of IBD and depression:
 * https://www.crohnsandcolitis.com.au/
 * http://crohnsandcolitishub.com.au/
 * https://guts4life.com.my/en/
 * https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/
 * Considering the Bidirectional Pathways Between Depression and IBD: Recommendations for Comprehensive IBD Care


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Your page Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients
Hello Julensanchez, I came across your pageExercise as it relates to Disease/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients and thought it may go against policy, so tagged it for speedy deletion.Please do all tests in your sandbox and not mainspace. Otherwise Welcome to Wikibooks. Best regards Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 09:14, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

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English-Hanzi/Working in bad posture for a long time can strain muscles

Working in bad posture for a long time can strain muscles. Neck pain can also be caused by an injury caused by a traffic accident, or even an overstretched muscle during exercise.

长时间以不良姿势工作会拉伤肌肉. 颈部疼痛也可能是由于交通事故造成的伤害，甚至是运动过程中肌肉过度拉伸所致.


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Cookbook:Cuisine of Libya

| African Cuisines

Libyan asida served with rub and molten sheep ghee; the traditional way to eat Libyan asida is to do so using the index and middle fingers of the right hand. Libyan cuisine derives much from the traditions of Mediterranean, North African, and Berber cuisines. One of the most popular Libyan dishes is Bazin, an unleavened bread prepared with barley, water and salt. Bazin is prepared by boiling barley flour in water and then beating it to create a dough using a magraf, which is a unique stick designed for this purpose. Pork consumption is forbidden, in accordance with Sharia, the religious laws of Islam. Tripoli is Libya's capital, and the cuisine is particularly influenced by Italian cuisine. Pasta is common, and many seafood dishes are available. Southern Libyan cuisine is more traditionally Arab and Berber. Common fruits and vegetables include figs, dates, oranges, apricots and olives.

Common foods and dishes
Bazin is a common Libyan food made with Barley flour and a little plain flour, which is boiled in salted water to make a hard dough, and then formed into a rounded, smooth dome placed in the middle of the dish. The sauce around the dough is made by frying chopped onions with lamb meat, turmeric, salt, cayenne pepper, black pepper, fenugreek, sweet paprika, and tomato paste. Potatoes can also be added. Finally, eggs are boiled and arranged around the dome. The dish is then served with lemon and fresh or pickled chili peppers, known as amsyar. Batata mubattana (filled potato) is another popular dish that consists of fried potato pieces filled with spiced minced meat and covered with egg and breadcrumbs.

Additional common foods and dishes include:

 * 1) Asida is a dish made up of a cooked wheat flour lump of dough, sometimes with added butter, honey or rub.
 * 2) Breads, including flatbreads
 * 3) Bureek, turnovers
 * 4) Couscous, a North African dish of semolina
 * 5) Filfel chuma or maseer, hot sauce made from powdered sweet and hot peppers and crushed garlic.
 * 6) Ghreyba, butter cookies
 * 7) Harissa is hot chili sauce commonly eaten in North Africa. Main ingredients include chili peppers, such as bird's eye chili and serrano peppers, and spices such as garlic paste, coriander, red chili powder, caraway and olive oil.
 * 8) Hassaa, type of gravy
 * 9) Magrood, date-filled cookies
 * 10) Mhalbiya, type of rice pudding
 * 11) Mutton, meat of an adult sheep
 * 12) Rub is a thick dark brown, very sweet syrup extracted from dates or carob that is widely used in Libya, usually with Asida.
 * 13) Shakshouka is prepared using aged mutton or lamb jerky as the meat base of the meal, and is considered a traditional breakfast dish.
 * 14) Shorba, lamb and vegetable soup with mint and tomato paste
 * 15) Tajine, spiced lamb with a tomato and paprika sauce
 * 16) Usban, a traditional Libyan sausage

Desserts and beverages
Makroudh Ghoriba Maakroun Drua - (Libyan Salep made from Millet) Mafruka Kunafa Cold cake or Teramisu Mhalbiya Libyan tea, the Libyan tea is a thick beverage served in a small glass, often accompanied by peanuts. Regular American/British coffee is available in Libya, and is known as "Nescafé" (a misnomer). Soft drinks and bottled water are also consumed. The Maghrebi mint tea is also a popular drink. All alcoholic drinks have been banned in Libya since 1969, in accordance with Sharia, the religious laws of Islam. However, illegally imported alcohol is available on the black market, alongside a homemade spirit called Bokha. Bokha is often consumed with soft drinks

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Cookbook:Cuisine of Gambia

| African Cuisines

Gambian cuisine is part of West African cuisine and includes the culinary practices and traditions of the nation of The Gambia. Common ingredients include fish, rice, peanuts, tomato, black eyed peas, lemon, cassava, cabbage, salt, pepper, onion, chili, and various herbs. Oysters are also a popular food from the River Gambia, and are harvested by women.

Dishes

 * Benachin: Wolof dish traditionally cooked in one pot (the practice giving it its name) Various ingredients including fish or meat are added, seasoned with herbs, lemon juice, basil, aubergine, parsley, onion, chili, tomato, pumpkin, carrot, cabbage, vegetable oil, and water, with tomato paste sometimes added for color
 * Caldo: lemon flavored steamed whole fish dish, a variation of Yassa. Jorto or sompat are usually used
 * Domoda: Mandinka dish made with concentrated peanut paste (groundnuts), meat or fish seasoned with salt, small medium onion, fresh tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, medium cabbage, water, tomato paste, lemon juice, soup stock, and white rice. Domo means eating and Dait the word for a stew pot
 * Mbahal: smoked and salted fish dish prepared with groundnuts, locust bean or black-eyed beans, spring onion, fresh chilies, white rice, and bitter tomato or Jattoo
 * Nyambeh Nyebbeh: cassava and bean dish made with oils, onion, chili, soup stock, salt, pepper water and fried snapper
 * Peppersoup: spicy fish stew and cow leg or foot stew
 * Yassa: lemon whole chicken or fish dish made with salt, pepper, onion, clove, garlic, mustard, chili sauce, lime juice, rice and water (if making it with chicken)
 * Fish balls made with ground bonga, onion, tomato, breadcrumbs, parsley, black pepper, oil, soup stock, tomato paste, chilis and white rice
 * Jollof rice: known as 'Benachin' in the Wolof language, dish made with rice, onion, tomato and red pepper and seasoned with ingredients such as nutmeg, ginger root, Scotch bonnet, cumin and chili peppers. It can include meat, fish and vegetables
 * Maafe: a peanut stew
 * Oyster stew: stew made with oysters
 * Thiakry: sweet dish made from couscous (wheat or millet), milk (or sweetened condensed milk or yogurt), and spices. Chakery is a couscous pudding.

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Cookbook:Cuisine of Senegal

| African Cuisines

Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, fish is very important in Senegalese cooking. Chicken, lamb, peas, eggs, and beef are also used, but pork is not due to the nation’s largely Muslim population. Peanuts, the primary crop of Senegal, as well as couscous, white rice, sweet potatoes, lentils, black-eyed peas and various vegetables, are also incorporated into many recipes. Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices, and then poured over rice or couscous, or eaten with bread.

Popular fresh juices are made from bissap, ginger, bouye (pronounced 'buoy', which is the fruit of the baobab tree, also known as "monkey bread fruit"), mango, or other fruit or wild trees (most famously soursop, which is called corossol in French). Desserts are very rich and sweet, combining native ingredients with the extravagance and style characteristic of the French impact on Senegal’s culinary methods. They are often served with fresh fruit and are traditionally followed by coffee or tea. Tea, known as Attaya, is served in a ritualistic fashion

 * Thieboudienne or chebu jën (among other names): The literal English translation of the dish is “The Rice of Fish.” Dubbed as the national dish of Senegal, it consists of flavoursome fish that has been marinated with parsley, lemon, garlic, onions (and other herbs), and then later cooked with tomato paste and a variety of vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage, and carrots. Rice is later added to the mix giving it a reddish look.
 * Thiébou yapp or chebu yap: The literal English translation of the dish is “The Rice of Meat.” It is very popular with the Senegalese and is usually cooked with beef (or lamb) that is first fried and garnished with onions, garlic, black pepper, red pepper, and salt (and other ingredients). Mustard and water are later added to the mix for the meat to tenderize and soak up all the flavours. Like Chebu Jën, rice is then added to the mix and tends to be garnished with either green olives or cooked black-eyed peas.
 * Thiébou guinar or chebu ginaar: The literal English translation of the dish is “The Rice of Chicken.” The preparation and procedures are similar to that of Ceebu Yapp; the chicken is first fried with herbs and spices, and later soaked in water and mustard. When the rice is to be added, it is usually garnished with carrots.[1]
 * Thiébou guerté or chebu gerte: The literal English translation of the dish is “The Rice of Peanut.” Peanuts are known to be Senegal's cash crop. It too follows the same preparations and procedures as Ceebu Yapp and Ceebu Guinaar, where the meat is first fried with herbs and spices. However, peanut butter is added to the dish, replacing mustard, which is added with water to allow the meat to soak up all the flavour. Creating a thick paste, rice is then added to the mix. This dish is not very well known and is rarely cooked by the Senegalese, but if so, only on special occasions.
 * Yassa: Now popular with other West African countries, Yassa is either chicken or fish that is first marinated with spices, and then simmered in a pan with onion, garlic, mustard, and lemon juice. This creates a chicken and onion sauce side-dish that is served with plain white rice.
 * Chere, a millet couscous found in Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania.
 * Maafe, seasoned fish, chicken, lamb, or beef cooked with vegetables in a tomato and peanut butter sauce.
 * Bassi-salté, seasoned meat cooked with tomato paste and vegetables over the local couscous called chere.
 * Sombi, sweet milk-rice soup.
 * Capitaine à la Saint-Louisienne, perch stuffed with spices.
 * Footi, a vegetable sauce
 * Ndambé or ndambe, beans that are cooked in a spiced tomato paste, typically served on bread as a breakfast sandwich.
 * Fattaya, most often a street food, fried dough filled with French fries, a thick yassa onion sauce, a fried egg, a little bit of ketchup and hot sauce.

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Senegal


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Cookbook:Cuisine of Burundi

| African Cuisines

Burundi is situated in East Africa and has a territory full of mountains, savannas and agricultural fields, with forests, rivers and waters. Agriculture takes up 80% of the country's surface and it especially includes coffee, tea, corn, beans and manioc. Due to these characteristics, the Burundi cuisine is very representative of the African culinary culture, as it includes beans, which are the staple of Burundi cooking, exotic fruits (mainly bananas) plantains, sweet potatoes, cassava, peas, maize and cereals, like corn and wheat. A major aspect when discussing Burundian cuisine is based on the economic conditions of the country: the Burundian people usually eat homemade food, from homemade vessels also used for drinking, carrying water and storing grain. Food security remains a major problem in Burundi.Most of Burundi's dishes are soups that consists of a variety of foods, spices, and herbs such as: banana, beans, cabbage, corn, Plantains, sweet potato, goat, sheep, fish, onions, palm oil, pepper, and salt.

title: Cookbook:Cuisine of Burundi