text:
Lentis/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming

Street Reclaiming: Creating Livable Streets and Vibrant Communities (1999) is a book by Australian urban planner David Engwicht. The street reclaiming movement aims to reduce vehicle traffic and convert streets into communal spaces.

Motivation of Street Reclaiming
Engwicht argues that streets are an extension of the home. They should be viewed as communal, outdoor living space. At their core, streets serve as connectors. In neighborhoods, they connect houses, and in cities, they connect neighborhoods, work places, and shops. Streets have traditionally facilitated essential community building: they were a place where children played, people met, local businesses operated, and ideas were exchanged. After the introduction of automobiles, streets have shifted from a place of community to a place for cars. The street reclaiming movement aims to restore streets to community centers.

Street Reclaiming Philosophy
Engwicht believes congestion is a social problem that requires a social solution. He contends that societies today employ engineering to solve social problems because we have shifted from a civic model of government to a consumer model of government. In the civic model, citizens take active responsibility for the culture and wellbeing of their towns and cities. In the consumer model, we outsource civic responsibility to officials who use tax money to solve complaints. To return to the citizen model, Engwicht suggests people learn to enact positive change within their own sphere of influence. His strategies for street reclaiming are all actions average citizens can take to reduce congestion in their neighborhoods. His citizen-based approach to street reclaiming can be broken into three components: (1) reducing traffic, (2) psychologically reclaiming, and (3) physical reclaiming.

Reducing Traffic
Engwicht believes that individuals enacting positive change within their own spheres of influence moves society forward. His application of this idea to street reclaiming is based on the idea that car trips are another kind of waste. Like the packaging around products, there is typically no inherent value in the trip itself. The value comes from the people, places, and things to which the car gives access. Thus, citizens can reduce congestion the same way they reduce trash: by reducing, reusing, and recycling. Engwicht expands the 3 R's of Recycling to the 5 R's of traffic reduction: replace, remove, reduce, reuse, and reciprocate.

Citizens should replace car trips with walking, cycling, and public transport; remove unnecessary car trips by saving and combining trips, and utilizing carpools, ride shares, telecommuting, telephones, email, and home or office deliveries; reduce trip lengths by shopping and employing locally; reuse saved space by reclaiming streets for social, cultural, and economic activity, reallocating street space to alternative transport modes, and creating facilities closer to home and workplace; and finally reciprocate through initiatives like bike maintenance clinics, car sharing clubs, incentive schemes for shopping and employing locally, or universal transit passes. Average citizens and their neighbors can adopt the 5 R's to reclaim the streets in their neighborhoods.

Psychological Reclaiming
By building fences and barriers between their homes and the streets, people have surrendered the space to cars. Engwicht believes that to psychological reclaim their streets, citizens should begin living by the philosophy that streets are communal spaces. Rather than waiting for government intervention, citizens can jumpstart reclamation by changing their mindset. Engwicht encourages his readers to use their yards and neighborhood roads as social spaces. Sitting in their front yards or adding outdoor furniture and toys for children makes a difference. These actions stretch residents' zone of influence from outside the home and into the street. Engwicht contends that drivers will automatically respond to these changes by slowing down. Psychological reclaiming empowers citizens to take an active role in improving their communities. It paves the way for physical reclaiming, which provides the infrastructure to further support community needs.

Physical Reclaiming
Physical street reclaiming involves redesigning roads to be public gathering spaces. Examples include increasing sidewalk space and adding bike lanes, outdoor seating, or store fronts. By adding structures that promote social activity, physical reclaiming cements streets as a place for exchange. Engwicht's Seven Day Makeovers are an example of physically reclaiming streets.

Seven Day Makeover
Engwicht's creation of the Seven Day Makeover is one of his most important contributions to the street reclaiming movement. The seven day makeover is an agile project management approach to street reclaiming and, more generally, placemaking. Engwicht receives bids from different communities around Australia and New Zealand justifying why they should be the recipient of the next makeover. Once the winner is selected, Engwicht and his team at Creative Communities International travel to the town and form a committee composed of members from around the community, where the makeover plan is briefly brainstormed then documented. This initial plan is nascent as the agile management approach allows for quick changes on an as-needed basis. Engwicht emphasizes that his makeover process is less about planning and much more about doing, citing that "the traditional approach starts by creating a master plan, and then consulting the community. But this often gets bogged down in endless debate, or the report ends up on a shelf gathering dust, or if anything does happen, it can take years, and the result is often disappointing."

The Seven Day Makeover is a quintessential example of the power of Engwicht's civic model of government. The process is citizen driven, and success is dependent on their willingness to take action to improve their community. In his project for the town of Tuncurry, Australia, Engwicht explained to the committee that "everything we do sends messages and tells stories to people. What town would have a bloody yellow safety fence telling me not to go to the shops in that town?  So, the [town] council have agreed to let us take it out," making a rhetorical reference to the unappealing, iron fence blocking (both physically, and psychologically) a row of shops from the street, outside of which he stood with the team of local makeover artists. This serves as one of many examples of how Engwicht employs the use of socio-technical tools such as choice architecture in his Seven Day Makeovers to help communities psychologically reclaim their streets.

The Seven Day Makeover project functions on an extremely local level, helping individuals make a meaningful impact within their sphere of influence. It aims to build community by inviting collaboration between local authorities, citizens, and businesses. It returns the streets and town centers to places of gathering and exchange, rather than a means of travel for cars.

In alignment with his philosophy that the street and community is an extension of the home, Engwicht has performed a makeover of his own on his backyard into a public neighborhood park.

Funky Toilet Tour
The "Funky Toilet Tour" is a thought experiment conducted by Engwicht : A town wants to install a new public toilet block downtown, which they estimate will cost $250,000. The city planners notice that the local businesses in the area all have signs saying "restrooms for costumers only!" They decide that instead of building a new public toilet block, they will give 10 businesses $10,000 each to have an artist remodel their restroom into a funky, one of a kind toilet, with the stipulation that the business must open it to the public. The impacts of this strategy are threefold:

The "Funky Toilet Tour" highlights Engwicht's belief in the strength of social as opposed to technical solutions, particularly for the purpose of community building.
 * 1) The city saves 60% of the proposed budget for the project.
 * 2) The 10 local businesses will collaborate to increase customer traffic by promoting their new "Funky Toilet Tour" as a tourist attraction.
 * 3) Downtown streets can begin to be reclaimed, as travelers who would normally just be passing by may stop and participate in the "Funky Toilet Tour."

Equal Streets
The Equal Streets movement in Mumbai, India, has been underway since 2014. The movement's purpose "is to address the mobility and safety concerns for pedestrians and cyclists, by seeking the provision of continuous and well-maintained footpaths and non-motorized transport-specific infrastructure." Much like Engwicht's efforts, Equal Streets seeks to reclaim their spaces with little use of technical tools, instead organizing community events in the street every Sunday morning such as yoga, street dancing, sports, and arts and crafts for all ages. As with the Seven Day Makeover, the psychological retreat is combatted by the high level of community involvement, which shows each individual that they have ownership of the street and a right to use it.

Conclusion
The proposed solution to congestion is typically bigger roads, but Engwicht views car-dominated streets as a social problem. His philosophy of street reclaiming exemplifies his belief that social problems are best solved with social solutions. Engwicht empowers locals to take back their streets from cars and repurpose the space for their communities. He believes that citizens must make personal investments in the safety and prosperity of their local communities. In short, if a community want to reduce congestion, each member should begin with the road in front of their house.

References


text: User:Vengstro/sandbox

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Vengstro/sandbox


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. g3/1...b6

= Benko Opening=

1...b6
With this rather rare choice, Black is trying to put their queen’s bishop on the very same diagonal that White is trying to control with Bg2. Of course, 2. Bg2 Bb7?? is out of the question since White can respond simply with 3. Bxb7, winning a free bishop (and rook!). However, with a move like 2…Nc6, Black can safely fianchetto the bishop. A thematic struggle on the a8-h1 diagonal is to be expected.

Theory table
.

1.g3 b6

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. g3/1...b6


text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2021/October

Heading styles
Just initialized the Compiler page in the Oberon tutorial. I expect higher level headings to be more prominent than lower level headings. For example, "Tutorial objective" and "Introduction" (level 2) should be more prominent than the subsection heading "A first example" (level 3). In appearance, prominence is reversed. The two levels are rendered in a similar font size but level 3 is bold. Can someone explain? Can this be corrected in MediaWiki? Thx, ... PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 02:14, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Possible Copyvio?
Possible copyvio involving Introductory Tourism.
 * Latest revision from 2021 results
 * Earliest revision from 2006 results yields a similar level of copying.

I'm unsure if this is due to being copied from Wikibooks, or vice versa.--Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 03:31, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements
Hello!

Have you noticed that some wikis have a different desktop interface? Are you curious about the next steps? Maybe you have questions or ideas regarding the design or technical matters?

Join an online meeting with the team working on the Desktop Improvements! It will take place on October 12th, 16:00 UTC on Zoom. It will last an hour. Click here to join.

Agenda
 * Update on the recent developments
 * Sticky header - presentation of the demo version
 * Questions and answers, discussion

Format

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes will be taken in a Google Docs file. The presentation part (first two points in the agenda) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them on the talk page or send them to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

Olga Vasileva (the team manager) will be hosting this meeting.

Invitation link We hope to see you! SGrabarczuk (WMF) 15:09, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Join online
 * Meeting ID: 829 3670 1376
 * Dial by your location

What is "Chess spam" ???
Ok,i got blocked for 24 hours for saying something about an ogre from Dreamworks being "love" and "life". for Chess spam what is that??? 96.18.219.55 (discuss) 14:08, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It's the description in the edit filter that blocked you as it detected a potential piece of vandalism. Looks like a false positive unfortunately. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 15:11, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Why is it called "Chess" spam when it has nothing to do with Chess? 96.18.219.55 (discuss) 15:52, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Coolest Tool Award 2021: Call for nominations
The third edition of the Coolest Tool Award is looking for nominations!

Tools play an essential role for the Wikimedia projects, and so do the many volunteer developers who experiment with new ideas and develop and maintain local and global solutions to support the Wikimedia communities. The Coolest Tool Award aims to recognize and celebrate the coolest tools in a variety of categories.

The awarded projects will be announced and showcased in a virtual ceremony in December. Deadline to submit nominations is October 27. More information: Coolest Tool Award. Thanks for your recommendations! -- SSethi (WMF) for the 2021 Coolest Tool Academy team 05:57, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Talk to the Community Tech
Read this message in another language

Hello!

We, the team working on the Community Wishlist Survey, would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will begin on  at  on Zoom, and will last an hour. Click here to join.

Agenda

 * Become a Community Wishlist Survey Ambassador. Help us spread the word about the CWS in your community.
 * Update on the disambiguation and the real-time preview wishes
 * Questions and answers

Format

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (all points in the agenda except for the questions and answers) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, Spanish, German, and Italian. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

Natalia Rodriguez (the Community Tech manager) will be hosting this meeting.

Invitation link

We hope to see you! SGrabarczuk (WMF) (talk) 23:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Join online
 * Meeting ID: 83847343544
 * Dial by your location

Editing restrictions on a book
I recently noticed that the wikibook Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts has editing restrictions appended to it, which seem quite strange to me.

Sutton Publishing authorise this work not to be copy-written or deleted in anyway. From Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Author

Perhaps the author would find their work better suited for a website which allows works under a CC-BY-ND licence, or was unaware that Wikibooks are typically editable by anyone?

I'm unsure what should be done, if anything, so I'm posting about it here. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 06:12, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Ownership answers this, never mind. Sorry for my confusion. Is it OK to remove or amend the notice on the book? --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 01:56, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like a violation of the terms of use. The notice can be removed because when they hit save they agreed to the site license. I will warn the editor that they cannot apply editing restrictions. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 11:39, 26 October 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:JrandWP/sandbox

Here is my pages, allocating all of my drafts.

title: User:JrandWP/sandbox


text:
User:JrandWP/sandbox/5

1

title: User:JrandWP/sandbox/5


text:
User:Gffsgeys/Collections/Mathematical symbols/Collections/

Mathematical symbols collection all

 * Mathematical symbols


text:
Wikibooks:Collections/Mathematical symbols/

Mathematical symbols collection

 * Mathematical symbols


text:
Wikibooks:Collections/Mathematical symbols/Mathematical symbols collection

Mathematical symbols collection

 * Mathematical symbols


text:
Cookbook:Koesisters with Coconut

Koesisters are a South African Cape Malay doughnut soaked in syrup and sprinkled with coconut.

Fritters

 * 6 cups (700 g) cake flour
 * 1 tablespoon castor sugar
 * 1 teaspoon baking powder
 * 3 teaspoon ground cinnamon
 * 2 tablespoon ground ginger
 * 2 teaspoon ground aniseed
 * 1 teaspoon ground cardamom
 * 1 teaspoon salt
 * 10 g instant yeast
 * 1 tablespoon dried and ground tangerine peel (optional; can use orange zest instead)
 * 250 ml lukewarm milk
 * 100 g butter or margarine
 * 1 egg, beaten
 * About 2 cups lukewarm water
 * Oil for deep frying

Syrup

 * 5 pieces cinnamon stick
 * 1 cup sugar
 * 2 cups water
 * 1 cup desiccated coconut

Procedure

 * 1) Sift the dry ingredients together into a bowl, and make a well in the centre.
 * 2) Warm milk and butter until lukewarm and then add the beaten egg. Pour mixture into dry ingredients along with enough lukewarm water, and mix to form a soft dough.
 * 3) Cover and leave the dough to rise in warm place until doubled in size.
 * 4) Take small amounts of dough and form into oval-shaped balls.
 * 5) Deep fry dough in oil on medium heat (180 °C) until evenly browned. Remove onto paper towels to cool (around 30 minutes).
 * 6) Heat the sugar, cinnamon sticks, and water on a low heat, stirring continuously until a thick syrup forms.
 * 7) Once the koesisters are cool, soak in bubbling syrup for 1 minute.
 * 8) Take them out of the syrup and sprinkle with coconut.

title: Cookbook:Koesisters with Coconut


text:
Cookbook talk:Green bean casserole

yes, merge. The other recipe isn't the original.

title: Cookbook talk:Green bean casserole


text:
Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Bignoniaceae

Catalpa species
Three Catalpa species have naturalized in New York State:
 * Catalpa ovata (Chinese or yellow catalpa), native to parts of China.
 * Catalpa speciosa (northern or hardy catalpa), native to IL, IN, MO, KY, AR, TN,
 * Catalpa bignonioides (southern or common catalpa), native to MS, AL, GA, FL,

Chinese catalpa and northern catalpa are currently listed as Tier 4 invasives within the Finger Lakes PRISM, though their Invasiveness Ranks have not been assessed for the state. Southern catalpa has primarily naturalized in the southeastern part of New York and has not been assigned a tier number by any New York PRISM.


text:
User:LodestarChariot2/Collections/The Lyrics of Henry VIII

 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Acknowledgements
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Lyrics
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Benedictus (Isaac, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Fortune esperee (Busnois, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Alles regretz uuidez dema presence (van Ghizeghem / Jean II of Bourbon, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/En frolyk weson (Barbireau, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Pastyme with good companye, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Adew mes amours et mon desyre, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Adew madam et ma mastress, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/HElas madam cel que ie metant, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Alas what shall I do for love, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Hey nowe nowe, Kempe (Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Alone I leffe alone, Cooper
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/O my hart and o my hart, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Adew adew my hartis lust, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Aboffe all thynge, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Downbery down, Daggere
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Hey now now, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/In may that lusty sesoun, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Whoso that wyll hym selff applye, Rysby
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/The tyme of youthe is to be spent, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/The thowghtes within my brest, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/My loue sche morneth for me, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/A the syghes that cum fro my hart, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/With sorowfull syghs and greuos payne, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Iff I had wytt for to endyght (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Alac alac what shall I do, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Hey nony nony nony nony no (Unattributed, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Grene growith the holy, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Whoso that wyll all feattes optayne, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Blow thi hornne hunter, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/De tous bien plane (van Ghizeghem, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Iay pryse amours (Unattributed, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Adew corage adew, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Trolly lolly loly lo, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/I love trewly withowt feynyng, Farthing
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Yow and I and amyas, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Ough warder mount (Unattributed, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/La season (Compère / Agricola, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/If love now reynyd as it hath bene, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Gentyl prince de renom, Henry VIII (Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Sy fortune mace bien purchase (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Wherto shuld I expresse, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/A robyn gentyl robyn, Cornish (Wyatt)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Whilles lyue or breth is in my brest, Cornish
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Thow that men do call it dotage, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Departure is my chef payne, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/It is to me a ryght gret Ioy, Henry VIII (Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/I haue bene a foster, Cooper
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Fare well my Ioy and my swete hart, Cooper
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Withowt dyscord, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/I am a joly foster (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Though sum saith that yough rulyth me (Henry VIII)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/MAdame damours (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Adew adew le company (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Deme the best of euery dowt, Lloyd
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Hey troly loly loly (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Taunder Naken, Henry VIII (Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Whoso that wyll for grace sew, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/En vray Amoure, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Let not vs that yongmen be (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Dulcis amica (Prioris, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Lusti yough shuld vs ensue, Henry VIII
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Now (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Belle sur tautes (Agricola, Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/ENglond be glad pluk vp thy lusty hart (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Pray we to god that all may gyde (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Ffors solemant (de Févin, after Ockeghem / Incipit)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/And I war a maydyn (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Why shall not I (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/What remedy what remedy (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Wher be ye (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/QUid petis o fily, Pygott
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/My thought oppressed my mynd in trouble (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Svmwhat musyng (Fayrfax / Woodville)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/I loue vnloued suche is myn aduenture (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Hey troly loly lo (Unattributed)
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Manuscript
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Authors and Composers
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Appendix 1
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Appendix 2
 * The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Appendix 3


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Bc5/3. fxe5/3...Qh4/4. g3

I think the theory table is incorrect in various regards: I'm new here so I don't want to make further edits (I just fixed 2 links), would appreciate any explanation / pointer to help. MFH (discuss • contribs) 02:31, 27 November 2021 (UTC)
 * shouldn't columns be "4" and "5" ?
 * shouldn't the first col. have only Qxe4, and ...Qe2 go in second col. ?
 * what's that " Qxe5+ " which is here (and also already in the superior levels)?? I can't see what that would refer to.


text:
Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Bc5/3. fxe5

I think there's many things wrong here: the same as in /3...Qh4/4._g3, please see there. MFH (discuss • contribs) 02:34, 27 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
User:Agustín cuela/sandbox

Downloading Files from IRC/XDCC Bot Guide

title: User:Agustín cuela/sandbox


text: Category:Book:Infiltrator II

title: Category:Book:Infiltrator II


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nf3/4...e6/5. Be2/5...Nd7/6. O-O/6...Ne7/7. Nh4/7...Bg6/8. Nd2/8...c5/9. c3/9...Nc6

= Caro-Kann Advance Variation = White's h4-knight is under attack, making /10. Nxg6/ the most natural move.

Theory table
.

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4. Nf3 e6 5. Be2 Nd7 6. O-O Ne7 7. Nh4 Bg6 8. Nd2 c5 9. c3 Nc6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. Bxc6/7...dxc6/8. d3/8...Ng4/9. Nh3/9...Nxf2/10. Bg5/10...Ke8

=Traxler Counterattack=

10... Ke8? This move is a mistake as it allows white get the advantage after Qh5+.

Theory table

 * 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4 9. Nh3 Nxf2 Nxf2 10 Bg5+ Ke8


text:
User talk:Library4pdf

مكتبتي pdf : مدونة تهتم بنشر الكتب التعليمية والروايات الهادفة

title: User talk:Library4pdf


text:
Toki a, jan Jonatan!

Toki a!

This is the start of the Toki Pona translation of "Salute, Jonathan!", a book by Mithridates which teaches a language in a the language, using easy vocab and building up in a fun way. This is work in progress, so please be patient.

Begin Reading

lipu lili
Chapter 1

Symbols Used
Symbols are used to quickly show the meaning of new vocab. The main are as follows:
 * ↔ The two words are opposites. big ↔ small
 * · An interpunct, used to show the makeup of a word. For example: the English words inter·nation·al and one·up·man·ship.
 * → A right arrow, used to show the relation and progression from word to word. For example: the English words scribe → scripture → scriptural.

title: Toki a, jan Jonatan!


text:
Toki a, jan Jonatan!/lipu lili nanpa wan

lili lipu nanpa wan
Unesim may (1 may)

jan mije li awen sewi lon ma tomo. jan lukin e ma tomo.

jan li awen sewi lon ma tomo? pona, ona li lon ma tomo.

jan li awen sewi lon... jan anu seme? ala, ona li awen sewi ala lon jan. Ona li awen sewi lon ma tomo.

jan li awen sewi lon tomo tawa linja? ala, ona li awen sewi ala lon tomo tawa linja. Ona li awen sewi lon ma tomo. jan li awen sewi lon ma tomo.

jan li sitelen lon lipu pi suno ale? pona, ona li sitelen e lipu pi suno ale.

lipu pi suno ale li sitelen e jan? ala, lipu pi suno ale li sitelen ala. jan li sitelen. jan mije li sitelen lon lipu pi suno ale.

ma tomo li lukin e jan? ala, ma tomo li lukin ala e jan. ma tomo li lukin ala. jan li lukin. jan li lukin e ma tomo? pona, jan li lukin e ma tomo.

jan li awen sewi lon ma seme? ona li awen sewi lon ma tomo. jan li sitelen e seme? ona li sitelen e lipu pi suno ale. jan li lukin e seme? ona li lukin e ma tomo. ona li awen sewi lon ma tomo, e ona li sitelen e lipu pi suno ale, e ona li lukin e ma tomo.

jan li awen sewin lon lipu pi suno ale? ala, ona li sitelen lon lipu pi suno ale. jan li lukin e jan? ala, ona li lukin ala e jan; ona li lukin e ma tomo.

jan li suli. jan li pona, e jan jo e sona mute. ona li pilin. ona li pilin e ijo ken pi ma tomo. ona li pilin: “ma tomo li seme? ma tomo li pona? ma tomo li suli?”

jan li sitelen e ma tomo? ala, ona li sitelen ala e ma tomo; ma tomo li suli. ona li sitelen e lipu pi suno ale; lipu pi suno ale li ala suli.

lipu pi suno ale li pilin e ijo ken jan? ale, lipu pi suno ale li pilin ala. jan li pilin. ona li pilin e ijo ken lipu pi suno ale, e pilin e ijo ken ma tomo.

e ona li sitelen lon lipu pi suno ale. ona li sitelen e ijo ken ma tomo. ona li sitelen: “ma tomo li pona, e ma tomo li suli.”

ona li pilin: “ma tomo li pona”; ona li pilin e ni: ma tomo li pona. ona li pilin “ma tomo li suli”; ona li pilin e ni: ma tomo li suli. ona li pilin lon ma tomo, e ona li pilin lon lipu pi suno ale.

lipu pi suno ale li seme? lipu pi suno ale li ma pi jan li sitelen. lon lipu pi suno ale, jan sitelen e ijo ken ma tomo. lon lipu pi suno ale, jan li sitelen ala e ijo ken tomo tawa linja; jan li awen sewi lon ma tomo, ala lon tomo tawa linja. ona li pilin ala e ijo ken tomo tawa linja, li pilin e ijo ken ma tomo, ma tomo li ma tomo Minsen.

ma tomo li seme? ona li ma tomo Minsen. ma tomo Minsen li ma seme? ona li ma pi jan li awen sewi. jan li ma seme? ona li lon ma tomo Minsen.

pona, ma tomo Minsen li ma tomo pona, li ma tomo suli. jan li pilin e ijo ken ma tomo Minsen li ma tomo pona, e ona li pilin e ijo ken ona li ma tomo suli. jan jo e sona mute. ona li toki: “toki a, ma tomo Minsen!” ona li jan pona!

jan li awen sewi e li pilin: “tomo tawa linja li ma seme?” ona li lukin...ona li lukin e tomo tawa linja! ona li pilin : "tomo tawa linja!" tenpo ni, ona li pilin ala e ijo ken ma tomo anu pilin e ijo ken lipu pi suno ale; ona li pilin e ijo ken tomo tawa linja!

Grammar
 li:

 * ona li lukin

 * jan li lon

 * tomo tawa linja li pilin

taso....

 * mi lukin

 * sina lon

 * mi mute pilin

 e:

 * mi lukin e tomo tawa linja
 * mi sitelen e lipu

taso...

 * mi pilin pona


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/GadgetsIntro

Introduction to Gadgets

[ Text | Contents | Index | Master index]

Tutorial objective
Introduce you to the Oberon System 3 graphical user interface (GUI) named Gadgets. The notions of visual and model gadgets are presented. Then gadgets such as panels, documents and desktops are described.

Estimated time: 60 minutes.

Introduction
Gadgets is a graphical user interface management system for Oberon System 3. It consists of a set of end-user objects for building graphical user interfaces. This construction process is done at run-time, hence end-user objects. These end-user objects are called gadgets. Gadgets range from typical dialog elements like buttons and check boxes, to more complicated ones like text and drawing editors. Not only do you have the possibility of using applications that have been built with the Gadgets system, but you can also build your own graphical user interfaces from the provided parts. Also, should the provided gadgets not fulfill your needs, you may program your own, either by extending existing ones, or by building completely new ones. You may also borrow parts from other applications.

Technically, a gadget is a user interface component of varying granularity. For example, a line or a figure in a drawing is a gadget, just as the drawing itself is a (composite) gadget. Later on, we shall introduce the term container gadget to express this. Each gadget knows a well-defined communication protocol that allows it to act as an independent functional unit with a life of its own, and it can be integrated into any environment that provides the communication protocol to it. Gadgets can flow along in text, they may be integrated into panels (somewhat equivalent to windows in other systems) or be used in a page layout system. As they are active objects, their editors are built-in, allowing them to be edited or used where they appear. Each gadget instance behaves in its own special way. However, all of them follow a set of guidelines that are already well-known to Oberon users. Most important, they respond to certain mouse clicks and to keyboard input.

Gadgets classes
There are several gadget classes in the Oberon System 3. The gadget class determines what role the gadget plays in the system, its appearance and its behaviour. We shall now review of a few of them, starting with some of the more interesting visual gadgets, followed by the somewhat more abstract #|model gadgets. The entire collection of gadgets provided with this Oberon System 3 delivery is reviewed in #|Using Gadgets. Other important gadgets such as panels, documents and desktops are introduced in later chapters.

Visual gadgets
A visual gadget is represented on your screen by a graphical symbol, most often with a 3-dimensional look (see the button below), which serves as communication agent between you and your computer. In addition, such an agent will demonstrate a simple behaviour when solicited by mouse clicks. Oberon introduces a new way to interact with your computer.

Button
A button can be pressed and released by clicking the middle mouse key on it. Try it now. The button is pressed, displays a rectangular red mark simulating an LED and pops back to its original state when the key is released. Clicking on the button causes the execution of an Oberon command, if so defined. The caption should (preferably) denote the button's function or action.

Alternatively, a button can be defined as a toggling button with two states. In that case the button must be clicked twice for cycling through the two states.

Check box
A check box is very similar to a toggling button but it has no caption and the two states are identified by the presence or the absence of a check mark. Try that with a middle mouse key click. Clicking on the check box causes the execution of an Oberon command, if so defined.

Slider

A slider is used to set a (hidden) numerical value depending on the relative position of the knob which is positioned by dragging on the middle mouse key. The minimum and the maximum values are part of the slider's specification (also hidden).

When the slider is manipulated an Oberon command is executed, if so defined.

List

A list displays a set of strings in alphabetical order without duplicate, as is the case here. Alternatively, the list may be left unsorted in which case duplicate entries are allowed. The control and the behaviour of a list is not so simple anymore compared to that of a button or a check box.

Clicking the left key anywhere in the list focuses the list: a vertical line appears at the left margin. When focused, quick positioning in a longer sorted list is achieved by typing a few initial characters. The list is scrolled to the effect that the list item with matching initial characters is positioned on the first line. Hitting the return key clears the typed word. Also when focused, a selected text may be copied into the list with a right and middle key interclick. In a sorted list, new items are inserted in alphabetical order and are unique. In an unsorted list, new items are inserted at the end of the list.

Clicking the right key on a list item selects it. Clicking again on the selected item deselects it. Dragging on the right key upward or downward extends the selection to several consecutive items. The list will automatically scroll forward or backward if need be. Clicking on a non-selected item starts a new selection. Scrolling may also be controlled with the scroll bar, if present.

Clicking the middle mouse key on a list item causes the execution of an Oberon command, if so defined.

Text field

A text field allows the editing of a single line of text. The focus point is set with a left key click. The text field enters then a local editing mode and full swung Oberon text editing capabilities are available. As soon as the cursor is removed (e.g. when pressing the Esc key) or the Return key is pressed, this local editing mode is left. This is made visible by the changing 3D aspect of the field.

Pressing the Return key causes the execution of an Oberon command, if so defined.

Controlling gadgets with the mouse
One of the interesting and novel aspects of gadgets is that they can be changed in size and position, in addition to being used, from creation onwards until they are eventually explicitly locked by the user. This is in contrast to other systems where the user receives his user interface locked, and must "take it or leave it". A significant part of a Gadgets system user's time is spent organizing and building new user interfaces. In this section we explain how interactive composition of gadgets is done at run-time.

Basic mouse key actions
Visual gadgets are, with a few exceptions, rectangular in shape. The rectangular area that a gadget occupies can be conceptually divided into a control area, a few pixels wide on the inside border, and an active area. The width of the control area varies according to the size and the state of the gadget.

When the mouse focus is located in one or the other of these areas, the gadget responds to mouse events differently.

In the active area, the gadget normally adheres to the Oberon conventions or stays close to them; that is, if you already have a good practice of controlling text with the mouse, you will immediately recognize the similarities so that controlling gadgets will soon be a child's play.

■ _ _ Point key: set the caret, the insertion point for a new gadget. Placing the caret in a gadget is called focusing a gadget. There is only one focused gadget at any one time. _ ■ _ Execute key: a button is pressed, a check box is toggled (checked/unchecked), a slider moved, etc. If a Cmd attribute is defined, that command is executed. _ _ ■ Select key: select a gadget. A selected gadget is covered by a white semi-transparent pattern.

Try those three single key clicks to convince yourself:

Set the caret in the panel and execute the command Gadgets.Insert Clock ~.

Special attention should be paid to the use of the right mouse key:
 * Several gadgets located in the same container may be selected in succession. The group of selected gadgets becomes the selection.
 * Pressing that key and dragging causes a spanning rectangle to appear. All the gadgets entirely contained in this rectangle become selected: the group also becomes the selection. This is similar to selecting a text.
 * Clicking in an empty area clears the selection.
 * Clicking on a selected gadget deselects it.

Exceptions: some gadgets can be selected only when the mouse focus is positioned in the control area. That is the case for panels, name plates, text fields and text gadgets (except for the scroll bar at the left). For the latter three, in the active area the selection operates on the contained text.

Finally, remember this: ■ ■ ■ neutralize the click or interclick.

Copying and deleting the selection
□ _ ■ select gadget(s) and delete the selection. _ □ ■ select gadget(s) and copy the selection over to caret. ■ □ _ set the caret and copy the selection to caret.

Practice with the gadgets in this panel:

The selection is often the target of Oberon commands and reacts to middle mouse clicks as explained below.

Some gadgets do not respond to all of these mouse key clicks.

Moving and resizing a gadget - MM key
Depending on where the mouse focus is located in the control area, the middle mouse key is interpreted differently: the sides are used to move the gadget and the corners to change its size. Thus, placing the mouse focus:

_ ■ _ on a side and dragging on the middle key moves the gadget (the mouse pointer changes into a grabbing hand). Movement is restricted to the current container and may be rejected when attempting to move the gadget completely out of its current container.

_ ■ _ in a corner and dragging on the middle key resizes the gadget (the mouse pointer changes into a hand with a pointing index).

In both cases when the key is released, the new location or size is set.

Practice resizing and moving with the three gadgets in this colored panel:

You can easily verify the existence of the control area (or its absence) by slowly moving the mouse across a gadget whilst clicking the middle mouse key repeatedly. The control area is absent if the gadget cannot be resized or moved as described.

Movement to another container can only be done with an explicit left or right key interclick as described below.

Moving and copying a gadget - Drag-and-drop with MM key
When moving a gadget, i.e. grabbing it by its side, if at the end of the mouse movement you interclick with the:

□ ■ _ left key: the gadget is moved to a new container at the mouse focus or when it remains in the current container, it is brought to the front of overlapping gadgets. _ ■ □ right key: a copy of the gadget is inserted at the mouse focus (in the same or in a different container).

Practice with the three gadgets in this colored panel:

Moving a gadget from one container to another is called a consume operation. The new container consumes the gadget and the gadget is removed from its old location. Not only is this used to move an object from one panel to another, but also to provide a general drag-and-drop facility. The consumer (called the receiver or recipient) may interpret the drop event in different ways: it may either absorb the consumee (which is called the sender or initiator) as a descendant (like most containers do), or it may initiate some other event. For example, a trash can may delete the file gadgets that it consumes, or a compiler may compile source texts. Some (receiver) gadgets may execute a user-defined command on a consume event. The Icon gadget is such a receiver.

Moving and copying the selection: an alternative way
When a gadget is selected, the control area is extended to the entire area covered by the gadget and it has the same functionality as the borders.

There exists an alternative way to move or to copy the selection: press the middle mouse key on any selected gadget and drag the selection to a new location. If more than one gadget was selected, a rectangle spanning all the gadgets appears. An interclick with the left or the right mouse key has the same meaning as for a drag-and-drop operation.

Gadget locking
A flexible mechanism exists that allows the user to lock a gadget and so prevent inadvertent changes to a gadget.

A locked container such as an iconizer, a note book or a panel cannot be resized. It can be moved with the middle mouse key when the mouse focus is positioned anywhere in the control area and it can be selected with a right move click anywhere in the gadget.

Most application interfaces are supplied locked, but they can be unlocked at any time to be customized to the user's requirements or personal taste.

Model gadgets
A model gadget stores a data value useful to an application. It is quite simple in structure and behavior and it cannot visualize itself on the display. The Gadgets system only provides a limited set of model gadgets that can store the basic Oberon data types namely BOOLEAN, LONGINT, LONGREAL and string (ARRAY 64 OF CHAR).

To visualize the value stored in a model gadget the help of a visual gadget like the ones presented above is required. This is the well-known Smalltalk Model-Viewer-Controller framework ( MVC). The model gadget contains the data vizualised by a visual gadget.

In practice, several visual gadgets can show the value of the same model gadget - an example in given below. Each view ensures that it remains consistent with the model it represents. We also say that the visual gadget is linked to a specific model gadget.

The idea behind a model gadget is that it can easily be manipulated by an Oberon program. In return, the visualization of the model is updated accordingly without the application program knowing that or how many such linked visual gadgets exist. This allows application programmers to insulate code against changes made to a user interface.

You should however clearly understand that many visual gadgets (those described earlier are only a small subset of them) are programmed in such a way that they can also function without being linked to a model gadget.

Boolean
Stores a BOOLEAN value. It may be linked to a button or a check box.

Integer
Stores a LONGINT value. It may be linked to a button, a check box, a slider or a text field.

Real
Stores a LONGREAL value. It may be linked to a slider and a text field.

String
Stores an ARRAY OF CHAR of up to 64 characters. It may be linked to a slider or a text field.

Radio buttons
Select a channel

Here are three radio buttons. Like the buttons on a radio or TV tuner, clicking on a radio button selects only one of several (here 3) mutually exclusive options. When an option is selected its associated LED is lit.

This effect is obtained by linking the set of radio buttons to a single integer gadget. Each button is given the specification of an integer value, and when the model gadget has that value, that button appears pressed.

Check boxes as radio buttons
Here is another form of radio buttons using check boxes. In this mode, the check mark is replaced by a rectangular mark.

Here also, this effect is obtained by linking the set of check boxes to a single integer gadget. Each check box is given the specification of an integer value, and when the model gadget has that value, that box is checked.

A model gadget with two views
Here is an example of a gadget constellation where a slider and a text field are both linked to the same integer model gadget. The two visual gadgets act as views of the same invisible object. Behind the scene, things are organised as follows:

Changing the position of the slider cause the integer gadget to be updated accordingly, which in turn causes the text field to be informed that the value of its model has changed. No programming is required to obtain this effect. It suffices to specify the gadgets and their linking.

Now, look at this similar example in which the integer gadget's value is manipulated by a (very simple!) program capable of only just incrementing and decrementing that value by 1. You can observe that by clicking on either blue triangle.

Extending the set of model gadgets
Typically application programmers would add their own model gadgets according to their needs. This requires programming. For example, it is often useful to construct compound models that store more than one data value. The only such compound model that is delivered with the standard gadget collection is the complex gadget which stores the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number. The source code for this gadget is supplied in the module Complex.Mod and an example of its use in an application is given in the module Lissajous.Mod.

Panel
A panel is a two-dimensional organizer of gadgets. It may be regarded as a sheet of paper, on which gadgets are organized in a two-dimensional fashion. The gadgets contained inside a panel are called descendant gadgets or its descendants and the panel itself is called the ancestor or also the context of any of these descendants. It is also adequate to categorize a panel as a container gadget. Since a panel is itself a gadget, panels may appear inside panels, nested to any depth.

A panel also supports operations on groups of descendant gadgets and operations providing for an optimal layout and alignment of its descendants. A snapping grid allows easy positioning of descendants. These can be aligned to the same baseline, height, size, or width, or organized vertically and horizontally. Operations on panels can be activated from the tools in the Gadgets.Panel. This panel is a user interface for creating and manipulating gadgets.

The descendants are organized in priority and may overlap each other. A descendant generally keeps its current priority after being moved. Oberon commands put a gadget behind or in front of other gadgets. Newly inserted gadgets are always placed in front. The simplest way to bring a gadget to the front is to pick it up and consuming it again (Middle + left mouse key interclick).

Mouse commands on panels
Mouse events in panels are, with a few exceptions, consistent with what has been said before about gadgets. A right key dragging ending with a middle key interclick makes a shallow copy of the selection and copies it over to the caret position.

Here is what is handled differently.

When the panel is not locked:

□ ■ □ Execute key: recognized by a descendant gadget when the mouse focus is positioned on it and without effect elsewhere in the active area. □ □ ■ Select key: recognized only when the mouse focus is positioned in the control area.

When the panel is locked:

□ ■ □ Execute key: recognized by a descendant gadget when the mouse focus is positioned on it and without effect elsewhere in the active area. □ □ ■ Select key: may be clicked anywhere to select it.

A locked panel cannot be resized, and it can be moved with the middle mouse key when the mouse focus is positioned anywhere in the control area.

Panel with a model gadget
A panel may be linked to a model gadget. In that case the panel is not used as a viewer of the model gadget but rather as a placeholder for important data which is then usually represented by descendants.

Definition
A document is a named collection of gadgets that can be stored to and loaded from disk in one atomic action. Look at the name plate at the top left corner of this document: it's name is "GadgetsIntro.Book". The disk file is given the same name as the document.

Documents can be opened and displayed in the well-known, familiar Oberon viewer system. In addition, documents can be inserted (i.e. opened) in what we call a 'desktop' as will be explained in the next chapter.

A document usually presents itself with a menu bar containing often used commands related to that document, e.g. 'Close', 'Search', 'Store', etc., and a name plate. This appearance is familiar to Oberon users. Alternatively, a document can be inserted on the desktop without a menu bar.

Document type
Documents have a primary type that is determined by the root frame they consist of. For example, there are text and panel document types. The document may contain further sub-frames of any type. Each document is stored in a file and can be reconstructed/loaded from disk by the document manager when just the file name is known. The document is self-contained and knows enough about itself to load, store and print. The main advantage is that the user need not know which application program is needed to open a certain document.

The document type is determined by what is called the document New procedure when a new document is opened (see below) which is also recorded in the file when the document is stored. This information is used again when the document is opened. Here is a correspondence table 'Document New Procedure' to 'Document type':
 * {| style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height:0.96rem;"

 * TextDocs.NewDoc
 * Text document
 * PanelDocs.NewDoc
 * Panel document
 * }
 * Panel document
 * }

Open an empty document - Desktops.OpenDoc
Desktops.OpenDoc "("documentNewProcedure")" opens an empty, unnamed document of the specified type and inserts it in the desktop.

Try this Desktops.OpenDoc (PanelDocs.NewDoc). Watch the name plate: it is empty.

Open an existing document - Desktops.OpenDoc
Desktops.OpenDoc fileName opens the document fileName. If a document with that name has previously been stored, it is loaded and the document is inserted in the display space. Otherwise, an empty document of a certain type is created. The type is implicitely determined by the file name's suffix:
 * {| style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height:0.96rem;"

 * .Text
 * Text document
 * .Panel
 * Panel document
 * .Pict
 * Picture document
 * anything else
 * Text document
 * }
 * anything else
 * Text document
 * }
 * }

Open and recast an existing document - Desktops.OpenDoc
Desktops.OpenDoc fileName "("documentNewProcedure")" does the same as above and attempts (not always successful) to cast the original document to a new type.

Insert an existing document at the caret - Desktops.InsertDoc
Desktops.InsertDoc fileName opens the document fileName. If a document with that name has previously been stored, it is loaded and the document is inserted in the display space at the caret, without a menu bar. Otherwise, an empty document is opened. The document type is determined by the rule described earlier for Desktops.OpenDoc.

Replace an existing document - Desktops.ReplaceDoc
Desktops.ReplaceDoc fileName replaces the document from which the command is executed with another document fileName. If a document with that name has previously been stored, it is loaded and it substitutes itself to the current document. Otherwise, an empty document is opened. The document type is determined by the rule described earlier for Desktops.OpenDoc. An in-place switching of documents takes place.

Example of application: this command is frequently used in the tool documents supplied with the system, such as Desktops.Tool, Programming.Tool, etc. The command is used there in the hypertext links such as [ Desktop ], [ Applications ], etc.

Store the marked document - Desktops.StoreDoc
Desktops.StoreDoc * stores the marked document in a file whose name is taken from the document's name plate. If executed from the document itself, the document from where the command is executed is implied. The document must then not necessarily be marked and the * parameter is also not required. The file is stored in the current directory. If a file with that name already exists, it is renamed: the suffix '.Bak' is appended to its original name.

Print the marked document - Desktops.PrintDoc
Desktops.PrintDoc printerName * prints the marked document on the named printer.

With the DOS version, you may choose between the name of a printer server or LPT1, LPT2, etc.

In Oberon for Windows, the printerName parameter is IGNORED and the default printer, defined in the Windows Print Manager, is used to print the document. Also, in Oberon for Windows, printing is indicated by a reverse video mouse pointer until the document has been placed on the printer queue.

In the MacOberon version, you may choose between the printer names QuickDraw, PostScript and EPS. QuickDraw prints to the printer selected in the chooser, PostScript generates a postscript file and EPS an encapsulated postscript file.

If executed from the document itself, the document from where the command is executed is implied. The document must then not necessarily be marked.

Recall a document - Desktops.Recall
Desktops.Recall reopens the last closed document in the desktop in which the command is executed. The document is opended in the state it had when it was closed and it is placed in the center, but if the star-shaped marker is set first, the marker focus determines the top left corner if the document.

Selection in a document
As indicated before, a document acts as an invisible "wrapper" for the main gadget it contains. To distinguish a selection of the main gadget from that of the wrapper a two-phase selection is used. Clicking with the right mouse key in the main gadget's control area selects it (appears in white), while a second click selects the document (appears in blue); that is, gadgets are selected in an inside-out manner and are identified by their color.

Definition
A desktop is a named work surface on which documents and a variety of other gadgets are organised in a two-dimensional fashion with overlapping objects. Look at the name plate at the top left corner of this desktop: it's name is most probably "Oberon.Desk". A desktop can be stored to and loaded from disk in one atomic action. The disk file is given the same name as the desktop. This certainly reminds you what has been said earlier about documents.

When a desktop is stored, only the layout of the work surface is recorded: the documents on the desktop are not stored, these have to be stored explicitely by the user. Later on the same desktop can be reloaded and recreated from the recorded information.

In this way a user can create many different work environments that are suited to the task at hand and to the display resolution available. Similarly, several users may share the same computer and open their personalised desktop. Like any other file, a desktop can be ported to other computers.

Open a desktop - Desktops.Open
Desktops.Open fileName opens a desktop fileName. If a desktop with that name has previously been stored, it is loaded and inserted in the display space. Otherwise, a new default desktop is created. Normally Gadgets uses the same strategy to place the desktop as Oberon's Edit.Open to place a viewer, i.e. in the user track. However, you can override this preference and indicate where the desktop should appear by placing the star-shaped marker. The desktop is placed in the track of the pointer and its top edge will be at the height of the pointer.

Layout and properties
A desktop presents itself as an Oberon viewer without menu bar. Although the menu bar is absent, it can be resized: positioning the mouse focus in a narrow invisible area at the top and pressing the left key cause a thick blue horizontal line to appear, telling you that a tracking mode has been entered. Dragging on the left key will determine the new top position in the track. On release of the key, the top edge moves to the height of the mouse focus and the desktop content is redrawn. The range of movement is restricted in the same manner as it is for Oberon viewers.

If the middle mouse key is interclicked while dragging, the desktop may be placed anywhere on the display. In particular, it may be relocated across track boundaries. That may of course only be the case in a hybrid (Oberon - Gadgets) display layout.

Try this Desktops.Open YourNewDT.

You have just realised that the display surface may contain more than one desktop at a time: a desktop is also a (container) gadget. In such a layout, gadgets and documents may be moved or copied across desktops.

Grow a desktop - Desktops.Grow
Desktops.Grow enlarges the desktop in which the command is executed. The desktop grows to cover the whole track in which it appears, or if it already fills a track, it grows to cover the whole display.

Copy a desktop - Desktops.Copy
Desktops.Copy opens a copy of the desktop in which the command is executed. The copy displays the same data as the original desktop It is a clone).

Close a desktop - Desktops.Close
Desktops.Close collapses or removes the desktop in which the command is executed.

Store a desktop - Desktops.Store
Desktops.Store fileName stores the desktop in which the command is executed in a disk file with the specified name, i.e. the name appearing in the name plate. If a file with that name already exists, it is renamed: the suffix .Bak is appended.

Change the backdrop - Desktops.ChangeBackdrop
Desktops.ChangeBackdrop picturefileName change the backdrop of the marked desktop. Use the name of a non-existing picture to reset the backdrop.

View
A view is a camera view with a variable perspective on a gadget which cannot easily be presented in its entirety on the display surface. Such may be the case with a large drawing. A second view of the same visual gadget could also show a different part of the same drawing. Even multiple views may be constructed: any of them may be edited since they all represent the same base gadget.

Behind the scene the situation is comparable to what you have experienced with the model with two views but here the model is a visual gadget (a picture).

Pressing the middle key when the mouse focus is positioned inside one of these views causes a spanning rectangle to appear showing the real dimension of the object being viewed. Dragging on that key in any direction causes the rectangle to move. When the key is released, the new view is drawn. The picture used here is named "Default.Pict" and is included in this Oberon System 3.

A view is also a gadget and views may be nested. A view may be empty, that is displays nothing. Dropping a gadget inside an empty view makes the view display the consumee.
 * [[File:OberonGadgetsIntro40.png]]    [[File:OberonGadgetsIntro41.png]]

The last example on the right shows a camera view of a panel with a button. The viewpoint can be changed by picking the panel by its border and dragging it a new location.

What's next?
Acquire a deeper knowledge in the use and the composition of gadgets and get to know an extended collection of gadgets in Using Gadgets.

Learn how to manipulate gadgets from within Oberon programs in Using Gadgets from within Oberon.

If you had liked to develop your own gadgets learn all about it in Programming new Gadgets.

Index
[ A | B | C | D | E | G | L | M | P | R | S | T | V ]

A

active area ancestor

B

Button

C

check box complex gadget consume operation container context control area copy selection

D

delete selection descendant Desktops.ChangeBackdrop Desktops.Close Desktops.Copy Desktops.Grow Desktops.InsertDoc Desktops.OpenDoc Desktops.Open Desktops.PrintDoc Desktops.Recall Desktops.ReplaceDoc Desktops.StoreDoc desktop Desktops.Store document New procedure document drag-and-drop drag-and-drop

E

end-user objects

G

gadgets graphical user interface

L

link list lock

M

menu bar model gadget Model-Viewer-Controller mouse key actions move MVC

P

panel

R

radio button radio button resize

S

slider Smalltalk

T

text field

V

view view visual gadget

Revised on July 6, 1996 Installed on 30 05 1997

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/GadgetsIntro


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Leslie Edward Tilney

Leslie Edward Tilney
Leslie Edward Tilney is most well known in the radio world as the officer in charge of the Applecross, WA wireless station (callsign MNS during testing, then POP, then VIP) from the time of handover from the Australasian Wireless Co to the Postmaster-General's Department 1912-1914. Only a year after the G. A. Taylor / Kirkby / Hannam military wireless tests at Easter 1910, Tilney was assisting Cox Taylor at South Head Fort signalling to pilot steamer Captain Cook at Easter 1911. More widely Tilney was renowned as a hero of Gallipoli in 1915. He left Australia with the original 16th Battalion and later commanded the 13th Battalion. He was badly injured and invalided home, but soon recovered to the point he could take charge of the Blackboy Hill training camp at Perth where new recruits learned their skills prior to despatch to the battlefields of Europe. After WW1 he was appointed Deputy-Commissioner of Repatriation for Western Australia, then transferred to a similar role in Victoria and held this role till retirement in 1932.

Resources
A comprehensive biography of Leslie Edward Tilney has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Research - Leslie Edward Tilney - Summary of research to date

 * Transcriptions and Notes - Leslie Edward Tilney - More than 10 transcriptions and notes

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Leslie Edward Tilney - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several photos identified

 * Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Leslie Edward Tilney - Coming real soon now!

Internet Material
A marvellous biography of Tilney has recently (2021) been prepared by the Maryborough Military Museum and needs only a little expansion on his wireless activities.


text: User talk:2001:56A:78E4:E300:547D:7FF0:F020:8F20


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Leslie Edward Tilney/Research

To date all research has been very largely limited to NLA's Trove, and further to Trove, Newspapers & Gazettes

In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, 394 articles (Newspapers & Gazettes) as at 28 November 2021 have been tagged as "Leslie Edward Tilney" (search publictag:Leslie Edward Tilney)

The main searches used to identify articles for tagging are as follows:
 * With phrase "Leslie Edward Tilney" (initially about 50 hits, now all tagged articles will be found)
 * With word "Tilney", category "Family Notices" (not yet fully researched)
 * With phrase "L. E. Tilney", about 774 hits, high proportion being duplicated war reports and advertisements by Tilney as Commissioner for Repatriation
 * With words "Tilney" and "Wireless", (about XXX hits)

Key articles relating to Watkins and wireless, also Watkins' family history, have been identified for text correcting and inclusion in Transcriptions and Notes - Leslie Edward Tilney. Articles transcribed for Notes are tagged: "!Wikibooks Tilney" (10+ articles). Articles reviewed and considered either duplicates of other articles or not of sufficient importance for inclusion are tagged: "!Wikibooks Tilney Not" (10+ articles).


text:
User:عبد الرحمن بن محمد ركن الدين

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title: User:عبد الرحمن بن محمد ركن الدين


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Leslie Edward Tilney/Notes

1889 10
Tilney promoted from junior operator at Bundarra to operator at Albury "GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. The following official notifications were published in yesterday's Government Gazette:— . . . APPOINTMENTS.— . . . Mr. Leslie Edward Tilney, junior operator at Bundarra, to be operator at Albury; . .."

1892 12
Tilney appointed a first lieutenant in NSW citizen forces "Government Gazette. The following announcements appeared in the Government Gazette of December 2 and 6:— Appointments.— . . . Mr. L. E. Tilney to be first lieutenant in the Young Corps, 1st Regiment Partially-paid Infantry; . .."

1894 05
Tilney passes theoretical exams for Lieutenant "MILITARY AND DEFENCE. . . . The undermentioned infantry officers have passed the qualifying theoretical examination for the ranks stated:— For major: Captain V. Le Gay Brereton, 1st Infantry Regiment (distinguished in 'C '); Captain S. Mal-larky, 2nd Infantry Regiment. For captain: Second Lieutenant J. J. Paine, 3rd Infantry Regiment; Lieutenant W. Holmes, 1st Infantry Regiment; Lieutenant W. C. Shipway, 2nd Infantry Regiment; Lieutenant J. G. Legge, 1st Infantry Regiment (distinguished in 'C'); Second Lieutenant G. Ramaciotti, 2nd Infantry Regiment. For Lieutenant: Second Lieutenant C. F. Airey, 2nd Infantry Regiment (distinguished in 'A'); Lieutenant L. E. Tilney, 1st Infantry Regiment; Second Lieutenant J. H. Ashwell, 1st Infantry Regiment; Second Lieutenant J. W. Howard, 1st Infantry Regiment. . .."

1895 04
Tilney enters in Easter sports cycling at Young "SPORTING NEWS. Cycling Notes. (By VOLVO.) I AM glad to say that the entries for the Easter Monday sports at Young are exceedingly satisfactory. Twenty two have entered for the mile and fourteen for the two mile. The entries are as follows:— One mile— T. McVeigh, N. Nielsen, W. Nielsen, L. E. Tilney, W. Hansen, A. Rogan, W. E. Browning, G. Spring, R. Cockburn, G. Warton, W. Beruie, J. S. Fisher, J. McLaughlin, H. P. Chew, P. Tunney, J. B. Phillips, R. W Everett, B. H. Bennett, M. Donges, T. J. Watson, A. D. Price and T. House. Two mile— T. J. Watson, B. H. Bennett, R. W. Everett, J. McLaughlin, J. S. Fisher, W. Bernie, G. Warton, R. Cockburn, A. Rogan, W. Hansen, D. N. Maher, W. Nielsen, N. Nielsen, and T. McVeigh."

1896 07
Tilney chairs a smoke social for his volunteer unit "Volunteer Smoke Concert. On Wednesday evening a large gathering of volunteers assembled in the Drill Hall, the occasion being a smoke concert to which invitations had been extended to civilians, and readily accepted. The acting commander, Lieutenant L. E . Tilney, occupied the chair, Lieutenant Ashwell being vicechairman. About two years ago the volunteers held a series of smoke concerts, which proved most enjoyable, but the events were allowed to cease. A new management has, however, been instituted, and this is the formation of a Social Club. This, as explained by Lieutenant Ashwell in responding to the toast of 'The Social Club,' had been organised for the purpose of carrying out amusements for the volunteers. Smoke concerts and socials will be regularly held, whilst between times the members of the corps will be able to pass their evenings at cards, chess, draughts, &c. According to the rules the hall will be open each evening, and the requisites necessary for the indulgence in the above games will be at the disposal of members of the club. The smoke concert on Wednesday night was the result of the efforts of the Social Club. On a table which ran nearly the length of the hall was laid a light repast, whilst on hand there was a good supply of that which is required to do justice to the toasts of the 'Queen,' &c. The band was in attendance and under Bandmaster Ward rendered selections at various stages throughout the proceedings. The following toasts were proposed:— 'The Queen' (Chairman), 'The I Company Social Club' (Chairman), responded to by Lieutenant Ashwell; 'The Visitors' (Vice Chairman), responded to by Messrs. Cooper, Jennings, Pedersen and Woodward, 'Staff Sergeants' (Vice Chairman), responded to by Staff Sergeant Shipley; 'The Press' (Sergeant McVeigh), responded to by Messrs. Reynolds and Bennett; 'Captain Millard' (Chairman) responded to by Mr. W. J. Millard; Our commanding officer Lieutenant Tilney' (Private H. Birks), responded to by Lieutenant Tilney; 'Our next merry meeting' (the Chairman). The following contributed songs and otherwise to the evenings amusement. Color Sergeant Reedy (song), Mr. B. Cooper (song), Mr. C. Jennings (song), Mr. Niell (song), Staff Sergeant Shipley (song), Private Pogron (song), Buglar Speer (song), Mr Woodward (recitation), Private Stumpf (step dance), Private S. Palmer (song), Private Dark (song), Mr. J. Slatyer (song). The singing by the company in a hearty manner of 'Auld Lang Syne' and 'God Save the Queen', brought a most enjoyable evening to a close."

Tilney subject to regrading for the whole of the Posts and Telegraph Department "The Public Service Act. ITS EFFECT ON THE POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT. A GOVERNMENT GAZETTE was issued, on Friday evening, giving the grading of the Post and Telegraph Department as fixed by the Public Service Board. The changes made, while sufficiently important, are not of so extensive a character as those effected in connection with the Justice Department. As there are 4956 officers in the department, and numerous branches to deal with, the board have had no light task in getting through their work. They have retired 96 officers, and, in addition, have decided not to fill eight vacancies which had occurred previously, so that there are no less than 204 fewer officers than there were formerly. The officers who have been retired are distributed in various parts of the colony, and not a few of them have reached an age which entitles them to come under the Superannuation Fund. About 35 officers retire who are over 60 years of age. The board have effected a saving of £51,789, made up a follows:— Salaries, £43,116; allowances, £5853; forage, travelling, and overtime, £2820. Mr. P. B. Walker (secretary, of the telegraph service) is in future to be known as Chief Electrician and Engineer-in-Chief of Telegraphs, his salary being fixed at £800, Mr. J. Dalgarno (secretary of the postal service) has been appointed chief clerk, with a salary of £600. Mr. S. H. Lambton remains Deputy Postmaster-General, with the old salary. The highest salary given to a post and telegraph master is £400 a year, and the various offices have been graded from this salary downwards, according to the amount of business transacted therein. There are at present five classes of offices — the first-class doing a business of £3500, and over, the second-class from £2000 to £3500, the third from £1000 to £2000, the fourth from £500 to £1000, and the fifth from £150 to £500. The highest salary granted to a Telegraph operator is £280, but there are only two paid this amount. The salaries of operators have hitherto run as high as £308, and a good many men were paid at this rate. Telegraph operators have now, however, been graded into classes, according to their ability and standing in the department, and for each class a stated salary will in future be paid. Another important change in regard to operators and one which will no doubt afford satisfaction, has been effected by placing them under the clerical division. The men have been asking for this for years past. They are now eligible for promotion throughout the whole service. This is a great improvement in the status of the operators; and will enable the board to draft the men into other departments. It is stated that during the last two and a half years a saving of £24,000 had been effected in the post-office by refraining from filling up vacancies. It is now asserted that the saving effected in this way amounts to £24,000 a year. Combining this with the saving of £51,000 a year effected by the Public Service Board, it will be seen that there is a total saving of £75,000 a year in the Post and Telegraph Department compared with two and a half years ago. The following is the classification and salaries of the officers employed at the Young Post and Telegraph Office :— W. McNab, 2nd Grade, A3, £320, £40 per annum to be charged for quarters. F. A. Muir, postal assistant, B3, £150. W. E. Browning, telegraph operator, B3, £150. L. E. Tilney, telegraph operator, B3, £130. C. Davie, postal assistant, B4, £91. H. Templeton, letter carrier, 1st grade, £144."

1911 04
Tilney assists Cox Taylor at the South Head wireless plant during Easter 1911 training (clearly the Easter 1910 wireless experiments by Taylor / Kirkby / Hannam had been followed up by the Army) "UNDER WAR CONDITIONS. THE CENSOR. ARTILLERY AT THE HEADS. The announced determination of the Defence Department to exercise a severe censorship over information given to members of the press in connection with the coast defence system of the Commonwealth robs the public of an opportunity of receiving any news of what is taking place during the period of continuous training, except that which is retailed through the officer commanding. The innovation renders independent report of the proceedings impossible. In the past it has been usual to issue permits to accredited and recognised representatives of the press to visit the forts and see for themselves what was taking place, and give the public the benefit of all happenings other than those always recognised as sacred to the department. There has never been any breach of trust on the part of those allowed the privilege of entry to the forts. The officer commanding the Sydney Fortress — Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, R.A.A. — is in no way responsible for this departure, and most readily affords information as to the work carried out in this annual course of training, but hard facts explained in military formula hardly convey to the lay mind all that might be written if ocular demonstration were possible. That the garrison forces are engaged in arduous instruction is undeniable, and that they enter into the task with a determination to make themselves thoroughly efficient in the important work allotted to them is equally apparent, but with regard to the details of their duty information is not available — officers and men strictly adhere to the fiat that has gone forth, and offer no particulars of any kind. So far the work, though strenuous, has not been of the kind to appeal to those privileged to visit the camps at Middle and South Heads. It has mostly been of a routine character with occasional practice at the targets with the aiming tubes — a contrivance which enables an accurate shooting with guns of big calibre up to a range of about 1000 yards. This practice has been considerably interrupted, if not nullified, by the careless indifference of owners and sellers of small craft, to the warning notices issued by the authorities. On Friday the work from the Middle Head and George's Heights batteries was badly obstructed, and on Saturday the practice was only possible after much waiting on the part of the gunners and considerable manoeuvring on the part of the target boat. The R.A.A. on Saturday was engaged in gun drill on the 6-pr. Q.F., the 9.2 B.L., and 6-inch B.L. Mark V. guns at South Head; while the A.G.A. on both sides was given elementary practice on the 6-inch Mark V. guns, the 6 inch Q.F.Cs., and battery drill on the 6-inch B.L. Mark VII. guns. Another instructive work carried out by the A.G.A. was the testing of gun-layers and practice on the heavy guns with aiming tubes at a target towed at a range of about a 1000 yards. During the afternoon the camps were visited by Major-General Hoad (Chief of the General Staff), and Brigadier-General Gordon (District Commandant), but no formal inspection was made. Later in the evening Major-General Hoad and Brigadier-General Gordon boarded the submarine steamer Miner, and went outside the Heads to witness operations carried out under cover of the darkness. The object was to see in what time the R A.A. and A.G.A. could man the forts. The alarm was sounded shortly after 8 p.m. and within a period of six minutes the garrison troops were in their positions on the batteries ready for any emergency. A hostile fleet was supposed to be working its way to Sydney from the south, and every preparation was made to give it a warm reception. The 'wireless' telegraphic plant on South Head, under Major Cox Taylor, assisted by Major Tilney and Lieutenant Daniels, and that on the pilot steamer Captain Cook, were the medium of information as to the approach of the enemy's fleet, which, for the purpose, was composed of all ships and steamers approaching the port. So as to perfect the arrangements the whole of the electric lights on both sides of the entrance were manned, and run during the period of the operations under the control of Lieutenant Thresher, C.A.E. The wireless installation proved equal to the test, and throughout was in communication with the Captain Cook, and got up a speed of 30 words a minute. As each vessel came within the light zone it was at once picked up, and followed in its course, thus enabling the gunners to lay directly upon their objective. The practice was carried out in the various batteries — all of which were managed as under service conditions — without firing, but it nevertheless was a highly instructive operation. The present 'wireless' apparatus operates only over a radius of 30 miles, but it is hoped that by today it will possess a radius of 400 miles. So far it has answered admirably the purpose for which it was installed. Yesterday was a quiet day, in which no laborious work was undertaken. In the morning church parades were held, and a minute inspection of the camp made by Lieutenant-Colonel Clerk (Fortress Commander), who was attended by his staff officer, Lieutenant B. A. G. Watts, R.A.A. At the conclusion of the inspection he spoke in high praise of the order and cleanliness of the camps, and in each awarded prizes for the best-kept tent."

1937 01
Lovely obituary for Tilney in Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer "Obituary. Colonel Leslie Edward Tilney. Many friends of past years on the Manning will regret to hear of the death of Colonel Leslie Edward Tilney, for as a youth he was a man among men and in adult life these characteristics never left him. A son of the late Mr. and Mrs. George Tilney, he was born at Tinonee, and when he was old enough entered the service of the postal Department, eventually becoming one of the finest telegraphists in the State. Amongst other places where he was stationed were Bundara, Narrabri, and Young, and then his ability as a telegraphist was recognised by him being called in to head office, Sydney, where he remained for a good number of years. He enlisted for the South African war and went through that campaign at the beginning of the present century. On returning to Australia, still with the military, he went to India on exchange for experience in military matters. Returning to Australia he was appointed chief telegraphist on one of the earliest wireless stations established on this continent, situated in West Australia. His patriotic instinct impelled him to volunteer for the Great War, and there his valor gained for him the D.S.O. He was wounded several times and invalided. He spent much of this time, during his recovery, in Scotland, and for many years after he kept up correspondence with friends he made in that country, which he considered had the finest and most hospitable people in the world. On returning to Australia, he was appointed Deputy-chairman of the Repatriation Commission, and in this position he visited every State in the Commonwealth, where his geniality and fair dealing with the matters which came under his consideration won for him an enviable popularity and the approval of his superiors. His home was in Melbourne, but for the last seven months he suffered from heart trouble and was confined to his bed for a lot of the time. His Taree sister, Mrs. P. W. Flett, spent nine weeks in Melbourne, with a sister, and during that time she saw much of her brother, who was then in very poor health. However, he rallied and on the 29th December he sailed in the Duntroon for West Australia on a health trip. He enjoyed the trip across immensely and appeared to be making splendid progress, but he had another attack and was forced to enter hospital, where he passed away on Thursday last, at the age of 66 years. A widow, two daughters and a son survive. Brothers and sisters of deceased who survive include the following: Mr. Leo Tilney, Sydney; Mr. Richard Tilney, Katoomba; Mr. Herbert Tilney, Sydney; Mrs. George Nowland, Manly; Mrs. Percy W. Flett, Taree, and Mrs. Homewood, Melbourne. Mr. George Nowland will be well remembered as having been on the staff of the Bank of New South Wales at Coopernook and Taree. He retired from the management of the Bank's Wellington branch some time ago, and is now living in retirement at Manly. The late Colonel Tilney visited the Manning frequently, the last being shortly before his mother died a little over two years ago last August. He was a fine stamp of British-born Australian, and whatever he had to do he did thoroughly."


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Quadratic Inequalities

Required data
Consider $$W\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, $$x, y\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$, and $$\gamma\in\mathbb{R}_{\geqslant0}$$, where $$W>0$$.

Matrix inequality
The inequality $$(x-y)^{T}W(x-y)\leq\gamma$$ is equivalent to the matrix inequality given by

$$\begin{bmatrix} \gamma & (x-y)^{T} \\ * & W^{ -1} \end{bmatrix}\geq0$$.

Required data
Consider $$W\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, $$A\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$, $$x$$, $$c\in\mathbb{R}^{m}$$, $$b\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$, and $$d\in\mathbb{R}$$, where $$W>0$$.

Matrix inequality
The quadratic inequality $$(Ax+b)^{T}W(Ax+b)-c^{T}x-d\leq0$$ with $$W>0$$ is equivalent to the matrix inequality given by

$$\begin{bmatrix} W^{ -1} & Ax+b \\ * & c^{T}x+d \end{bmatrix}\geq0$$.


text: Applied Mathematics/Printable version

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Asian Studies/Communism in Asia

During the Cold War, a number of conflicts in Asia lead to the rise of governments which are at least nominally communist. Notable current examples include the People's Republic of China, North Korea, Vietnam and Laos.

During the Cold War, more countries in Asia were also nominally communist. Notably, the USSR occupied much of northern Asia. Mongolia was also communist. Cambodia experienced a period of communism.

Nepal, a fully democratic nation, elected their communist party.

Some governments took on explicitly anticommunist stances, such as Malaysia during the cold war. These typically arose due to geopolitical alliances or local communist insurgencies. South Vietnam is a notable example of a government which fell to communist forces.

title: Asian Studies/Communism in Asia


text: Genetic Information/Printable version

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text:
Kirby Super Star/The Great Cave Offensive/Treasure locations

This is a list of all obtainable treasures in The Great Cave Offensive portion of Kirby Super Star. There are 60 treasures in all, each with its own value in "G". Background and cameo information follows each item when it is available.

Treasures

 * Gold Medal : Value - 10000G

 * Gold Coin : Value - 1000G The oval coin seen on the item screen is a Koban, an ancient Japanese gold coin.

 * Whip : Value - 6800G

 * Crystal Ball : Value - 200000G

 * Lucky Cat : Value - 5000G The white cat seen on the item screen is a common Japanese lucky charm, the Maneki Neko.

 * Seiryu Sword : Value - 142000G

 * Screw Ball : Value - 80000G The Screw Ball is a power-up item in the Metroid games that allows Samus to perform a jumping attack.

 * Echigo Candy : Value - 8000G

 * Zebra Mask : Value - 278000G

 * Star Stone : Value - 82100G

 * Beast's Fang : Value - 7300G

 * Bandanna : Value - 1990G

 * Springtime : Value - 250000G

 * Dime : Value - 10G An American dime.

 * Glass Slippers : Value - 120000G

 * Goblet : Value - 800G

 * Saucepan : Value - 10G

 * Brass Knuckle : Value - 20000G A brass knuckle, which is a hand-to-hand combat weapon.

 * Amber Rose : Value - 22100G

 * Fish Fossil : Value - 8250G

 * Beast Fossil : Value - 24220G

 * Nunchuks : Value - 55480G A nunchaku

 * Bucket : Value - 200G This bucket is from the Super Famicom game Mario and Wario, which was only released in Japan.

 * Summertime : Value - 250000G

 * 100 dollar coin : Value - 10000G

 * Ancient Gem : Value - 68000G

 * Falcon Helmet : Value - 41000G The helmet of Captain Falcon, the main protagonist of the F-Zero games.

 * Dud : Value - 30G

 * Truth Mirror : Value - 500000G

 * Star Tiara : Value - 408200G

 * Turtle Shell : Value - 800G The shell seen on the item screen is the shell of a green Koopa Troopa, a recurring enemy in the Mario games.

 * Sword : Value - 320000G Also known as Falchion Sword owned by the Fire Emblem character Marth.

 * Warrior Shield : Value - 50000G

 * Unicorn's Horn : Value - 80300G The horn of a unicorn, a type of mythical creature.

 * Autmntime : Value - 250000G

 * Rice Bowl : Value - 50G

 * Tut's Mask : Value - 160000G The mask of Tutankhamun's Mummy.

 * Mr. Saturn : Value - 120000G A member of a friendly species of beings named Mr. Saturn from the EarthBound series of video games.

 * Armor : Value - 212000G

 * Treasure Box : Value - 100000G

 * Mannequin : Value - 3000G

 * Gold Crown : Value - 528000G

 * King's Cape : Value - 508000G

 * Model Ship : Value - 800000G

 * Sun Ring : Value - 800000G

 * Wintertime : Value - 250000G

 * Katana : Value - 990000G A Japanese edged weapon, the Katana is the most valuable item in the Great Cave.

 * Charm : Value - 8000G The necklace seen on the item screen holds an Ankh.

 * Xmas Tree : Value - 40000G A Christmas tree

 * Kong's Barrel : Value - 1500G A barrel belonging to Donkey Kong, the main and titular character of the Donkey Kong series of video games.

 * Ramia's scale : Value - 12800G The scale of a mythical creature.

 * Shiny Bamboo : Value - 600000G

 * Tire : Value - 1100G

 * Spirit Charm : Value - 78500G

 * Pegasus Wing : Value - 42800G The wing of the mythical horse, Pegasus. One of the three important treasures in Kid Icarus.

 * Raccoon Doll : Value - 8150G

 * Shell Whistle : Value - 82000G

 * Orihalcon : Value - 512000G Orichalcum is a legendary metal commonly associated with stories of Atlantis.

 * Platinum Ring : Value - 40000G

 * Triforce : Value - 800000G The Triforce is one of the most powerful and well-known artifacts in The Legend of Zelda series. It is the last of the 60 Great Cave treasures.


text: Category:Book:Zhengma Input

title: Category:Book:Zhengma Input


text: Google Services And Products/Printable version


text:
LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Convexity of LMIs

Definition
A set, $$\mathcal{S}$$, in a real inner product space is convex if for all $$x, y\in\mathcal{S}$$ and $$\alpha\in\mathbb{R}$$, where $$0\leq\alpha\leq1$$, it holds that $$\alpha x+(1-\alpha)y\in\mathcal{S}$$.

Lemma 1.1
The set of solutions to an LMI is convex.

That is, the set $$\mathcal{S}=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{m}\mid F(x)\leq0\}$$ is a convex set, where $$F:\mathbb{R}^{m}\longrightarrow\mathbb{S}^{n}$$ is an LMI.

Lemma 1.2
An LMI, $$F:\mathbb{R}^{m}\longrightarrow\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, in the variable $$x\in\mathbb{R}^{m}$$ is an expression of the form

$$F(x)=F_{0}+\sum_{i=1}^m x_{i}F_{i}\leq0$$

where $$x^{T}=[x_{1}\cdots x_{m}]$$ and $$F_{i}\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, $$i=0,\ldots,m$$.

Proof
Consider $$x,y\in\mathbb{R}^{m}$$ and $$\alpha\in[0,1]$$, and suppose that $$x$$ and $$y$$ satisfy Lemma 1.2.

The LMI $$F:\mathbb{R}^{m}\longrightarrow\mathbb{S}^{n}$$ is convex, since

$$F(\alpha x+(1-\alpha)y)=F_{0}+\sum_{i=1}^m (\alpha x_{i}+(1-\alpha)y_{i})F_{i}$$

$$\begin{alignat}{2} F(\alpha x+(1-\alpha)y) & = F_{0}+\sum_{i=1}^m (\alpha x_{i}+(1-\alpha)y_{i})F_{i}

\\ & = F_{0}-\alpha F_{0}+\alpha F_{0}+\alpha\sum_{i=1}^m x_{i}F_{1}+(1-\alpha)\sum_{i=1}^m y_{i}F_{i} \\ & = \alpha F_{0}+\alpha\sum_{i=1}^m x_{i}F_{i}+(1-\alpha)F_{0}+(1-\alpha)\sum_{i=1}^m y_{i}F_{i} \\ & = \alpha F(x)+(1-\alpha)F(y) \\ \end{alignat}$$

Convexity of LMI
From Lemma 1.1, it is known that an optimization problem with a convex objective function and LMI constraints is convex.

The following is a non-exhaustive list of scalar convex objective functions involving matrix variables that can be minimized in conjunction with LMI constraints to yield a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem.

 * $$\mathcal{J}(x)=\frac{1}{2}x^{T}PX+q^{T}x+r$$, where $$x,q\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$, $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, $$P>0$$, and $$r\in\mathbb{R}$$.

 * 1) Special case when $$q=0$$ and $$r=0:\mathcal{J}(x)=\frac{1}{2}x^{T}Px$$, where$$x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$, $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, and $$P>0$$.
 * 2) Special case when $$P=$$2$$\cdot1$$, $$q=0$$, and $$r=0:\mathcal{J}(x)=x^{T}x=\|x\|^{2}_{2}$$, where $$x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$$.

 * $$\mathcal{J}(X)=tr(X^{T}PX+Q^{T}X+X^{T}R+S)$$, where $$X$$, $$Q$$, $$R\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$, $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, $$S\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$$, and $$P\geq0$$.

 * 1) Special case when $$Q=R=0$$ and $$S=0:\mathcal{J}(X)=tr(X^{T}PX)$$, where $$X\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$, $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, and $$P\geq0$$.
 * 2) Special case when $$P=1$$, $$Q=R=0$$ and $$S=0:\mathcal{J}(X)=tr(X^{T}X)=\|X\|^{2}_{F}$$, where $$X\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$.
 * 3) Special case when $$P=0$$, $$R=0$$ and $$S=0:\mathcal{J}(X)=tr(Q^{T}X)$$, where $$X$$, $$Q\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$.
 * 4) Special case when $$P=1$$, $$Q=R=0$$, $$S=0$$, and $$X\in\mathbb{S}^{n}:\mathcal{J}(X)=tr(X^{2})$$, where $$X\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$.

 * $$\mathcal{J}(X)=\log(\det(X^{ -1}))=\log(\det(X))$$, where $$X\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$ and $$X>0$$.

Relative Definition of a Matrix
The definiteness of a matrix can be found relative to another matrix.

For example,

Consider the matrices $$A\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$ and $$B\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$. The matrix inequality $$A0$$, when we know that $$B>0$$.

This follows from $$00$$ is implied by $$A\geq\epsilon1$$, where $$\epsilon\in\mathbb{R}_{>0}$$. Similarly, $$B<0$$ is implied by $$B\leq -\epsilon1$$, where $$\epsilon\in\mathbb{R}_{>0}$$

Converting a strict matrix inequality into a non-strict matrix inequality is useful when working with LMI solvers that cannot handle strict constraints.

Concatenation of LMIs
A useful property of LMIs is that multiple LMIs can be concatenated together to form a single LMI.

For example,

satisfying the LMIs $$A<0$$ and $$B<0$$ is equivalent to satisfying the concatenated LMI

$$\begin{bmatrix} A & 0 \\ 0 & B \end{bmatrix}<0$$

More generally, satisfying the LMIs $$A_{i}<0$$, $$i=1,\ldots,n$$ is equivalent to satisfying the concatenated LMI $$diag\{A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}\}<0$$.


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text:
LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/KYP Lemma With Feedthrough

Definition
Consider a square, continuous-time LTI system, $$\mathcal{G}:\mathcal{L}_{2e}\longrightarrow \mathcal{L}_{2e}$$, with minimal state-space realization ($$A$$, $$B$$, $$C$$, $$D$$), where $$A\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$$, $$B\in\mathbb{R}^{n \times m}$$, $$C\in\mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$$, and $$D\in\mathbb{R}^{m \times m}$$.

LMI 1.1
The system $$\mathcal{G}$$ is positive real (PR) under either of the following equivalent necessary and sufficient conditions.

 * 1) There exists $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, where $$P>0$$, such that $$\begin{bmatrix} PA+A^{T}P & PB-C^{T} \\ * & -(D+D^{T}) \end{bmatrix} \leq0$$.
 * 2) There exists $$Q\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, where $$Q>0$$, such that $$\begin{bmatrix} AQ+QA^{T} & B-QC^{T} \\ * & -(D+D^{T}) \end{bmatrix} \leq0$$

This is a special case of the KYP Lemma for QSR dissipative systems with $$Q=0$$, $$S=\frac{1}{2}\cdot1$$, and $$R=0$$.

LMIs 1.2
The system $$\mathcal{G}$$ is strictly positive real (SPR) under either of the following equivalent necessary and sufficient conditions.

 * 1) There exists $$P\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, where $$P>0$$, such that $$\begin{bmatrix} PA+A^{T}P & PB-C^{T} \\ * & -(D+D^{T}) \end{bmatrix} \leq0$$.
 * 2) There exists $$Q\in\mathbb{S}^{n}$$, where $$Q>0$$, such that $$\begin{bmatrix} AQ+QA^{T} & B-QC^{T} \\ * & -(D+D^{T}) \end{bmatrix} \leq0$$

This is a special case of the KYP Lemma for QSR dissipative systems with $$Q=\epsilon1$$, $$S=\frac{1}{2}\cdot1$$, and $$R=0$$, where $$\epsilon\in\mathbb{R}_{>0}$$.


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