text:
Wikibooks talk:Requests for deletion/Hebrew Roots

There is a lot of verbiage here. Anonymous, unverifiable information. The commentary on Ishtar resembles the urban legend that candy canes are colored a certain way because of a Christian belief of the original maker. Cite resources or it is urban legend and hearsay with an agenda.

It reads like propaganda. It reads like so many pages that want to shock you with haughty facts until you discover the author has done little to no study, and is out of bounds with other Christians.

We do not know who that author is — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.118.161.59 (talk • contribs)

 * If you want it deleted bring it to WB:RFD. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:24, 4 April 2021 (UTC)


text: Department:Recreational activities

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Department:Recreational activities


text: Category:Department:Recreational activities


text: Category:Department:Recreational activities/all books


text: Category:Shelf:Shogi

title: Category:Shelf:Shogi


text: Shelf:Shogi

title: Shelf:Shogi


text:
Wikibooks Stacks/Detailed structure

This section details the structure of Wikibooks Stacks

Departments
Departments are the top-level structure of Wikibook Stacks. They are broad subject areas listed at Card Catalog Office and Wikibooks Stacks/Departments. No books are found on them, but rather shelves on which books can be found. All books in Wikibooks can be found on shelves, other than the Cookbook.

Department pages are generated by following a link to a department, for example Department:Computing:

 * At the top of the page is a department description.
 * On the left side is a list of the top-level shelves of the department (see below).
 * On the right side is a list of the featured books for that department (see below).

An automatically generated list of departments is as follows:

Shelves
Shelves are found within departments, and are narrow subject areas that contain books. Shelf pages are generated by following a link to a shelf; an example is Shelf:Computer programming (in Department:Computing):

 * At the top of the page is a shelf description.
 * On the left side of the page is a list of books. They are divided by completion status (completed books, books nearing completion, half-finished books, partly developed books, freshly started books, or unknown completion), depending upon how far the book has been developed (if known). Within each completion status, books are further divided, depending upon whether the books are also found on subsection shelves of the shelf.
 * On the right side is a list of subsection shelves for that shelf, and featured books for that shelf (see below).

Shelves can be divided into top-level shelves and subsection shelves.

Top-level shelves

Top-level shelves are the shelves found first within departments. They are listed at Card Catalog Office and Wikibooks Stacks/Departments below the name of departments, and in the department pages.

They may contain further shelves, called subsection shelves, which filter the results of top-level shelves.

For example, the top-level shelves found within Department:Standard curricula are:

General references shelves
General references shelves are top-level shelves found in most departments. They contain books that relate to the subject as a whole, and are not placed on more specific top-level shelves within departments.

For example, Department:Computing contains various top-level shelves, including the general reference shelf Shelf:Computing. Shelf:Computing contains general reference computing books which are not found on the other top-level shelves of Department:Computing.

Promoted shelves
Promoted shelves are top-level shelves that contain some of the most popular books at Wikibooks. So the two criteria are;

 * It must be a top-level shelf (that is, a shelf directly below a department).
 * It must have popular books on the shelf. This can be determined by page-view analysis on sites such as Wikistats and Pageviews.

Subsection shelves
Subsection shelves are filtered shelves found within top-level shelves. While top-level shelves show all the results for a subject area, subsection shelves contain fewer books than the top-level shelves, as they only contain books for a more specific subject area. In other words, they show a filtered list of books from the shelf above. Subsection shelves may contain further subsection shelves, which will further filter books from the subsection shelves above.

An example is the top-level Shelf:Games, which contains subsection shelves such as Shelf:Board games; Shelf:Board games contains only the board game books listed at Shelf:Games. Shelf:Board games has further subsection shelves, such as Shelf:Chess; Shelf:Chess only shows the chess books listed at Shelf:Board games and Shelf:Games.

Books
All books are found on shelves, with the exception of the Cookbook.

Books are the basic unit of educational content on Wikibooks. They consist of book pages; typically a title page, for example Example book; and subpages, for example Example book/Example chapter. This naming convention is in accordance with Naming policy. Sometimes books may consist of a single page (see One-page book).

Book pages will also have category pages created for the sorting of book pages via categories; book pages (and sometimes category pages) may also have corresponding discussion pages created for discussing changes.

For creating new books, see the help pages listed at Help:Contents, and the books at Shelf:Help. See Wikibooks Stacks/Adding books on how to add books to Wikibooks Stacks.

Featured books
Featured books are quality books that the community believes to be the best of what Wikibooks has to offer. On department pages and shelf pages, they show the featured books for that particular department or shelf. The criteria for nomination can be found at Good books; you can nominate books at Featured books/Nominations.

Adding books to shelves
To learn how to add books to Wikibooks Stacks, see Wikibooks Stacks/Adding books and CCO Resources.

title: Wikibooks Stacks/Detailed structure


text:
Oberon/ETH Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool

ETH Oberon / PC Native Build Tool Package: [ System  |  Gadgets  |  Apps  |  Documentation  |  Build  |  Lab  |  Eamon  |  Tutorials  |  Pr3Fonts  |  Pr6Fonts  ] Index: [ Generate  |  Build  |  Upload  |  Compiler  |  Backup  |  Web  |  Link kernel  ] -- Generate Release.Tool -- Release.Build COMPILER "Compiler.Compile \s.Obj" OBJ "Obj" PRIVATEARC "SourceP.zip" PREFIX "~" TOOL "Release.Tool" PACKAGE System ARCHIVE "System.zip" SOURCE "Source1.zip" Kernel.Mod Disks.Mod OFS.Mod OFSDiskVolumes.Mod OFSN2KFiles.Mod 	# Inner core OFSCacheVolumes.Mod Files.Mod Modules.Mod OFSBoot.Mod Unicode.Mod OFSFATVolumes.Mod OFSFATFiles.Mod 	# FAT support (be) OFSFileBasedDevices.Mod OFSVBoot.Mod OFSAosFiles.Mod # OFSAosBoot.Mod OFSN2KBoot.Mod OFSLabBoot.Mod 	# Aos file system OFSRAMVolumes.Mod 	# RAM disks PCI.Mod 	# Low-level drivers NCRScript.Mod- ASPI.Mod- NCR810Disks.Mod- 	# NCR 810 disk driver ATADisks.Mod-	# ATA disk driver (cp/pjm) SCSI.Mod- Adaptec7Script.Mod- Adaptec7.Mod- 	# Adaptec 7xxx disk driver (prk) Usb.Mod UsbUhci.Mod UsbStorage.Mod UsbBoot.Mod 	# Usb base & disks Objects.Mod Empty.Display.Mod V24.Mod Input.Mod Viewers.Mod Fonts.Mod	# Outer core Reals.Mod Texts.Mod Oberon.Mod MenuViewers.Mod TextFrames.Mod System.Mod UsbMouse.Mod UsbKeyboard.Mod 	# Usb Input FPA.Mod-\xp	# FPU emulator In.Mod Out.Mod Dates.Mod Strings.Mod BIT.Mod Centronics.Mod Math.Mod 	# Utility modules MathL.Mod MathH.Mod Bitmaps.Mod Pictures.Mod Printer.Mod RandomNumbers.Mod Compiler.Tool OPM.Mod- OPS.Mod- OPT.Mod- OPB.Mod- OPA.Mod- OPP.Mod- 	# Compiler OPO.Mod- OPL.Mod- OPC.Mod- OPV.Mod- Compiler.Mod OPAData.Mod- OPA.Data Edit.Tool Edit.Mod- 	# Edit Script.Tool Styles.Mod ScriptFrames.Mod Script.Mod 	# Script Diskettes.Mod 	# Diskette driver Backup.Tool Diskette.Mod Backup.Mod 	# Backup Partitions.Tool OBL.Bin Partitions.Mod 	# Partition Miscellaneous.Tool Miscellaneous.Mod 	# Miscellaneous Browser.Mod 	# Browser (Compiler.Tool) FileDir.Mod 	# emulation modules CompressTools.Mod- 	# CompressTools (install) Hello.Mod* 	# Demo program (UserGuide.Text) OGLDisplay.Mod 	# For display drivers supporting OGL S3C805.Display.Mod\X S3C924.Display.Mod\X 	# Display drivers VGA.Display.Mod\X W32.Display.Mod\X GD54xx.Display.Mod\X Empty.Display.Mod\X SVGA.Display.Mod\X S3Trio.Display.Mod\X Displays.Mod Displays.Display.Mod\X Displays.Pal 	# New display drivers V86.Mod- CLUTs.Mod DisplayLinear.Mod DisplayPermedia2.Mod PSPrinter.Mod PSHeader.Text HPLaserPrinter.Mod HPPCL.Mod 	# Printer drivers Oberon8.Scn.Fnt Oberon8b.Scn.Fnt Oberon8i.Scn.Fnt 	# Fonts Oberon10.Scn.Fnt Oberon10b.Scn.Fnt Oberon10i.Scn.Fnt Oberon12.Scn.Fnt Oberon12b.Scn.Fnt Oberon12i.Scn.Fnt Oberon14.Scn.Fnt Oberon14b.Scn.Fnt Oberon14i.Scn.Fnt Oberon16.Scn.Fnt Oberon16b.Scn.Fnt Oberon16i.Scn.Fnt Oberon20.Scn.Fnt Oberon20b.Scn.Fnt Oberon20i.Scn.Fnt Oberon24.Scn.Fnt Oberon24b.Scn.Fnt Oberon24i.Scn.Fnt Courier8.Scn.Fnt Courier10.Scn.Fnt Courier12.Scn.Fnt KeyUK.Bin KeyCA.Bin KeyCH.Bin KeyD.Bin KeyN.Bin KeyTR.Bin KeyPL.Bin KeyDV.Bin 	# Keyboard tables KeyFR.Bin KeyBE.Bin KeySF.Bin Default.Pal Light.Pal Dark.Pal White.Pal Black.Pal 	# Palettes System.Text UserGuide.Text Feedback.Text Rel.Oberon.Text 	# Texts System.Tool LoadGadgets.Text Rel.Network.Tool 	# Tools Configuration.Tool Configuration.Mod 	# Configuration ConfigInput.Mod- ConfigV24.Mod- 	# Config Input and V24 Tools.Tool NetSystem.Tool NetBase.Mod\z NetIP.Mod-\z NetPorts.Mod-\z NetUDP.Mod-\z 	# NetSystem TCP/IP NetTCP.Mod-\z NetDNS.Mod-\z NetSystem.Mod\z Net3Com509.Mod-\z Net3Com90x.Mod-\z # EmptyNet.Mod 	# 3Com EtherLink III driver NetNe2000.Mod-\z 	# NE2000 driver SLIP.Mod-\z Dialer.Mod- 	# SLIP driver PPP.Tool PPPDebug.Mod PPPTools.Mod PPPHDLC.Mod PPPFSM.Mod PPPIPCP.Mod 	# PPP driver PPPPAP.Mod PPPLCP.Mod PPPMain.Mod PPPTest.Mod Terminals.Mod TerminalFrames.Mod Telnet.Mod 	# Telnet TextMail.Mod- 	# TextMail FTP.Mod 	# FTP IFS.Tool XYplane.Mod IFS.Mod- 	# IFS Greek.Tool Math.Tool 	# Greek & Math fonts Math10.Scn.Fnt Math12.Scn.Fnt Math14.Scn.Fnt 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(cplattne@sioux.ch) Config.Mod- 	# Config Oberon0Files.Text OberonDrivers.Text Install.Tool InstallFiles.Tool Configure.Tool Introduction.Text Native.Bat Noboot.Exe license.txt 	# EditTools.OpenUnix license.txt PACKAGE Gadgets ARCHIVE "Gadgets.zip" SOURCE "Source2.zip" Display3.Mod Printer3.Mod Effects.Mod Attributes.Mod Links.Mod Gadgets.Mod 	# Gadget core BasicGadgets.Mod TextFields.Mod ListRiders.Mod ListModels.Mod ListDags.Mod 	# Gadget catalog in Gadgets.Panel ListGadgets.Mod Lists.Mod Panels.Mod TextGadgets0.Mod TextGadgets.Mod BasicFigures.Mod Scrollbars.Mod Directories.Mod Clocks.Mod Organizers.Mod* Complex.Mod* SetGadgets.Mod TimeStamps.Mod Gages.Mod AudioGadgets.Mod- ProgressMeters.Mod- Sisiphus.Mod Sisyphus.Data Documents.Mod Views.Mod Desktops.Mod TextDocs.Mod TextDocs.Lib PanelDocs.Mod 	# Document catalog Icons.Mod ColorTools.Mod NamePlates.Mod Navigators.Mod NoteBooks.Mod Finder.Mod GadgetsIn.Mod GadgetsOut.Mod Libraries.Panel ScrollViews.Mod RefGadgets.Mod Columbus.Mod Columbus.Lib 	# Columbus in Popups.Tool ObjExplorer.Panel ObjExplorer.Mod 	# ObjExplorer in Popups.Tool Compress.Tool Compress.Mod CompressCrypt.Mod 	# Compress in Popups.Tool AsciiCoder.Tool AsciiCoder.Mod 	# AsciiCoder in Popups.Tool Decoders.Tool Base64.Mod UUDecoder.Mod BinHex.Mod Rot13.Mod 	# Decoders in Popups.Tool Tar.Mod QuotedPrintable.Mod Builder.Tool Builder.Mod 	# Builder in Popups.Tool Watson.Panel Definitions.Tool Watson0.Mod Watson.Mod Watson.Lib 	# Watson in Popups.Tool EditTools.Tool EditTools.Mod 	# EditTools in Popups.Tool Outlines.Tool Outlines.Mod 	# Outlines in Popups.Tool Rembrandt.Panel Rembrandt0.Mod Rembrandt.Mod RembrandtDocs.Mod 	# Rembrandt in Popups.Tool RembrandtTools.Mod Rembrandt.Lib Clown.Pict Grapes.Pict Gadgets.Pict Default.Pict 	# Default.Pict used in Scramble JPEG.Mod GIF.Mod XBM.Mod BMP.Mod ICO.Mod PCX.Mod TGA.Mod IFF.Mod 	# Picture converters ColorModels.Mod XPM.Mod PPM.Mod PSD.Mod Colors.Tool Displays.Colors.Mod 	# Color models Images.Tool Images.Mod ImageGadgets.Mod ImageDocs.Mod 	# Images PictImages.Mod BMPImages.Mod JPEGImages.Mod GIFImages.Mod PSDImages.Mod PCXImages.Mod Colors.Panel ColorGadgets.Mod 	# Color views ColorWells.Mod 	# Leonardo legacy System3.Tool Applications.Tool Documentation.Tool Popups.Tool 	# Hypertools in Popups.Tool Desktops.Tool Gadgets.Tool 	# in Popups.Tool Gadgets.Panel Documents.Panel TextDocs.Panel 	# Panels in Popups.Tool Oberon.Desk 	# in Popups.Tool Backdrop.Pict 	# in Popups.Tool TextDocs.Tool 	# in Popups.Tool Icons.Lib Symbols.Lib 	# Symbols.Lib used in DirectoryView Network.Tool NetDocs.Lib Streams.Mod TextStreams.Mod BTrees.Mod MIME.Mod HyperDocs.Mod 	# Utility modules NetTools.Mod PasswordFields.Mod- HyperDocs.Tool HyperDocs.Panel HyperLinks.Panel HyperDocTools.Mod 	# HyperDocs Mail.Tool Mail.Panel MD5.Mod Mail.Mod 	# Mail FTP.Tool FTPDocs.Mod 	# FTP Finger.Tool Finger.Mod 	# Finger News.Tool News.Mod 	# News Gopher.Tool Gopher.Mod 	# Gopher Telnet.Panel TerminalGadgets.Mod TelnetGadgets.Mod 	# Telnet HTTP.Tool HTTPDocs0.Mod HTMLDocs.Mod HTTPDocs.Mod Authorization.html 	# HTTP/HTML HTMLForms.Mod HTMLImages.Mod HTMLTables.Mod ZipDocs.Mod 	# .zip reader Native.Packages.Mod PlugIns.Mod HTMLPlugIns.Mod 	# Packages PACKAGE Apps1 ARCHIVE "Apps1.zip" SOURCE "Source3.zip"	# Gadgets Applications OTInt.Mod- OTScan.Mod- OType.Mod- OTFonts.Mod- OType.Text 	# OpenType OTSim.Mod- OTSim.Panel 	# OType in Applications.Tool Gfx.Tool GfxMatrix.Mod GfxImages.Mod GfxPaths.Mod GfxRegions.Mod 	# Gfx library Native.GfxFonts0.Mod GfxFonts.Mod Gfx.Mod GfxRaster.Mod GfxPrinter.Mod GfxBuffer.Mod GfxDisplay.Mod GfxPS.Mod GfxOType.Mod Native.GfxPKFonts.Mod GfxProlog.ps 	GfxHowto.html GfxOverview.html GfxTest.Mod* GfxDemo.Mod* 	# Gfx documentation Leonardo.Panel Leonardo.Lib LeoConfig.Text Leonardo.Fig 	# Leonardo in Popups.Tool Leonardo.Mod LeoFrames.Mod LeoTools.Mod LeoDocs.Mod LeoPanels.Mod LeoLists.Mod LeoPens.Mod LeoOutliners.Mod LeoPenEditors.Mod LeoPaths.Mod LeoPathEditors.Mod LeoSplines.Mod LeoSplineEditors.Mod LeoCaptions.Mod LeoCaptionEditors.Mod LeoBasic.Mod LeoBasicEditors.Mod LeoImages.Mod LeoImageEditors.Mod LeoDraw.Mod Leonardo.Text 	# Leonardo documentation Scheme.Mod SchemeOps.Mod Vinci.Mod VinciGadgets.Mod 	# Vinci VinciDocs.Mod VinciShapes.Mod VinciPens.Mod VinciEditors.Mod Scheme.Init Vinci.Init Clip.Vinci Labels.Vinci Smiley.Vinci Stars.Vinci Test.Vinci Test1.Vinci Test2.Vinci Rect2.Shape NGon.Shape Distance.Shape CoordSys.Shape YinYang.Shape Vinci.Text 	# Vinci documentation VNC.Tool VNCTask.Mod VNCViewers.Mod DES.Mod VNC.Mod VNCViewerDocs.Mod 	# VNC in Applications.Tool TextPopups.Tool TextPopups.Mod- TextPopups.Text 	# TextPopups in Applications.Tool V24.Panel V24Gadgets.Mod-	# V24Gadgets in Applications.Tool Hex.Tool Hex.Mod 	# Binary file editor in Applications.Tool HPCalc.Panel Conversions.Mod HPCalc.Mod 	# HPCalc in Applications.Tool Snapshot.Tool Snapshot.Mod-	# SnapShot in Applications.Tool EditKeys.Tool EditKeys.Mod- EditKeys.Text 	# EditKeys in Applications.Tool Find.Tool Find.Panel Find.Mod- 	# Find in Applications.Tool TeXTools.Mod 	# TeXTools in TextPopups.Text SaveScreen.Tool SaveScreen.Mod- SaveTiles.Mod- SaveParticles.Mod- 	# SaveScreen in Applications.Tool SaveDecay.Mod- SaveSisyphus.Mod- SaveSwarm.Mod- SaveScreen.Text SavePoints.Text SavePoints.Mod- SavePoints.Data MakePoints.Mod- SaveLife.html SaveLife.gif SaveLife.Mod LPRPrinter.Tool LPRPrinter.Mod 	# LPRPrinter DayTime.Mod 	# DayTime client PACKAGE Apps2 ARCHIVE "Apps2.zip" SOURCE "Source3.zip"	# Gadgets Applications Sound.Tool Empty.CD.Mod- DMA.Mod DSP.Mod Sound.Mod 	# CD & Audio in Applications.Tool CDAudio.Panel CDAudioPlayer.Mod- Wave.Panel Au.Panel Wave.Mod Au.Mod MixerSB.Panel MixerSB16.Panel MixerSBPro.Panel MixerPanel.Mod MixerSB.Lib MixerSB16.Lib MixerSBPro.Lib Sound.Lib Empty.CD.Mod\X # Mitsumi.CD.Mod\X Atapi.CD.Mod\X NCR810.CD.Mod\X Backdrops.Panel Backdrops.Mod Backdrops.Book Bows.Pict Bricks.Pict Cells.Pict 	# Backdrops in Applications.Tool Clouds.Pict Coins.Pict Fractal.Pict Molecules.Pict Plasma.Pict Spirals.Pict Surface.Pict 	# (used by Tetris) Textils.Pict Threads.Pict Trees.Pict Marble.Pict Crochet.Pict Flock.Pict Pebbles.Pict Layout.Tool LayoutEdit.Panel LayoutPanels0.Mod LayoutPanels.Mod 	# LayoutEditor in Applications.Tool LayoutSamples.Arc LayLa.Tool Layouts.Mod LayLaS.Mod LayLa.Mod LayLa2S.Mod LayLa2.Mod 	# LayLa in Applications.Tool LayLaDemo.Mod LayLa.QuickGuide.Text LayLa.Guide.Eng.Text # LayLa.Guide.De.Text LayLa.Demo.Config LayLa.Include.Config LayLa2.Demo.Config LayLa2.Include.Config LayLaTest.Lib Dim3.Panel Dim3Base.Mod Dim3Paint.Mod Dim3Engine.Mod Dim3Read.Mod 	# Dim3 in Applications.Tool Dim3Frames.Mod City.poly Cube.poly Example.poly Gadgets.poly Room.poly Sphere.poly Tetra.poly Tree.poly XMas.poly Tree1.Pict X29Plane.poly Dim3Guide.Text BooksDev.Panel BooksUser.Panel Tutorials.Book	# Book tutorials (not linked) Books0.Mod- Books.Mod- BooksHelp.Mod- BookDocs.Mod- BookCompiler.Mod- Coco.Tool Sets.Mod- CRS.Mod- CRT.Mod- CRA.Mod- CRX.Mod- CRP.Mod- 	# Coco in Applications.Tool Coco.Mod- CR.ATG Scanner.FRM Parser.FRM Coco.Report.ps 	FontEditor.Panel FontEditor.Mod 	# FontEditor in Applications.Tool ASCIITab.Tool ASCIITab.Mod- 	# ASCIITab in Applications.Tool Magnifier.Mod 	# Magnifier in Applications.Tool Games.Tool Icons2.Lib Icons3.Lib CardGames.Panel Cards.Mod Solitaire.Mod Spider.Mod Freecell.Mod Cards.Pict 	# CardGames in Games.Tool CardGames.Book MineSweeper.Mod- MineSweeperBD.Pict 	# MineSweeper in Games.Tool Sokoban.Mod- Sokoban.Data	# Sokoban in Games.Tool Scramble.Mod- 	# Scramble (uses Default.Pict) in Games.Tool Shanghai.Mod- Shanghai.Scn.Fnt 	# Shanghai in Games.Tool Tetris.Panel Tetris.Mod- 	# Tetris (uses Backdrops) in Games.Tool Asteroids.Mod-\"2" 	# Asteroids in Games.Tool HTML.Tool HTML.Mod- TestHTML.Text	# HTML in Applications.Tool WTS.Tool WTS.Mod- WTSFold.Mod- WTSPict.Mod- WTSStamp.Mod- WTSDraw.Mod- 	# WTS in Applications.Tool CUSeeMe.Panel CUSM.Mod- 	# CuSeeMe in 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Chapter5.Text Chapter6.Text Chapter7.Text AppendA.Text AppendB.Text AppendC.Text Biblio.Text # WebInfo.html Release.html Tech.html HeapBlks.gif 	# Selected web pages Images.Text 	# Images documentation ScriptGuide.Text ETGuide.Text 	# Script and ET documentation Turtle.Mod* Composer.Mod* 	# Turtle graphics GameSummary.Text AfiAllLights.Mod* Afi521.Mod* Afi521Big.Mod* ButtonField.Mod* 	# Example games Connect4.Lib l038102.jpg Marble.Mod* MasterMind.Mod* MasterMindG.Mod* PuzzleLayLaP.Mod* PuzzleLayLaP.Desc PuzzleXY.Mod* Slide5.Mod* PowerDoc.Tool PowerDoc.Mod* PowerDoc.Text PowerDoc1.Text PowerDoc2.Text 	# PowerDoc PowerDoc.Lib Index.Text Pop0.Pict Pop1.Pict Pop2.Pict Pop3.Pict Pop4.Pict Pop5.Pict Pop6.Pict Egypt2.Pict Egypt3.Pict Egypt5.Pict Egypt6.Pict Egypt7.Pict Egypt9.Pict Egypt10.Pict Egypt11.Pict Egypt12.Pict Egypt13.Pict Egypt14.Pict Egypt15.Pict Egypt16.Pict Egypt.Pict IbnTulun.Pict Kornkreise.Tool Kornkreise.Title Kornkreise.Text Kornkreise.Lib 	# PowerDoc demo PACKAGE Build ARCHIVE "Build.zip" SOURCE "SourceB.zip" Native.Tool SourceLicense.Text 	# Build tool Release.Mod- 	# Build release tool ReleaseDocs.Mod-	# Build release documents Text2Txt.Mod-	# Text to txt converter Copyright.Mod- Copyright.Text 	# Add/remove copyright OBL.Asm	# Boot loader PrinterInfo.Panel PrinterInfo.Mod-	# PrinterInfo EmptyPrinter.Mod- DisplayTool.Mod- SVGAL.Display.Mod-\X 	# Experimental VESA 3.0 driver S3TrioC.Display.Mod-\X TestV86.Mod- 	# Experimental Display driver Hyphen.Mod- Publisher.Mod- Publisher.Tool HyphenES.Text HyphenDS.Text	# Publisher Backup.Panel 	# Backup panel TestHalt.Mod-	# TestHalt Strip.Mod-	# Strip .Sym/.Obj Binkley.Mod- ProgTools.Mod-	# General tools System3Menus.Text NativeIntro.Mod- 	# Sierpinski carpet NetBackup.Mod- FTPBackup.Mod- 	# Backup tools TestTGZ.Mod- 	# Tgz tester IFWC31.Display.Mod-\X 	# special lab display driver SysLog.Mod 	# Unix-like syslog Displays.Display.Text 	# Documentation CvsClient.Mod 	# Cvs client Draw.Tool Graphics.Mod- GraphicFrames.Mod- Rectangles.Mod- Curves.Mod- 	# Draw tool Splines.Mod- Draw.Mod- Elektra.Graph Elektra.Pr3.Fnt Elektra.Scn.Fnt TTL0.Graph TTL0.Lib TTL1.Graph TTL1.Lib DrawGuide.Text Log.Mod-	# Log module Info.Mod- 	# Low-level system information HSV.Mod- 	# Palette editor Trace.Display.Mod\X SVGAH.Display.Mod\X 	# Additional display drivers OFSBoot0.Mod- 	# boot module Install.Oberon.Text SCSI1.Mod- Adaptec71.Mod- 	# Adaptec 7xxx disk driver old (prk) DisplayVGA4.Mod- DisplayMach64.Mod- 	# Experimental display drivers Native.ReadMe.Text Dummy.ReadMe.Text 	# Readme files PACKAGE Lab ARCHIVE "Lab.zip" SOURCE "SourceB.zip" Lab.System.Tool Lab.System.Text Lab.System3.Tool Lab.Oberon.Text Lab.Mail.Panel DisplayBackdrop.Mod- bulb.gif 	# Display backdrop # 	 # #  #  #  # 	 # 	 # 	 PRIVATE IFWC31.Display.Mod DisplayPermedia2.Mod 	# NDA 3Dlabs MOVE ^ Oberon0Files.Text System Build MOVE OPAData.Obj System Build MOVE Keyboard.Obj System Build MOVE TestTransferBlock.Obj System Build MOVE Hello.Obj System Build MOVE Organizers.Mod Gadgets Documentation	# source in documentation MOVE Complex.Mod Gadgets Documentation	# see SamplePrograms.Tool END -- Build everything -- Load required modules first, as they may change Configuration.DoCommands Compiler.ok BootLinker.ok Backup.ok OFSFATTools.ok Miscellaneous.ok ET.ok System.Watch ~ Release.Tool - execute Configuration.DoCommands at # Compile all modules -- Update local kernel -- From Install.Tool - execute correct Config.Disk command to link Native.Bin bootfile Config.Disk Standard ATA/EIDE Config.Disk Adaptec AIC7xxx SCSI Config.Disk NCR 810 SCSI Config.Disk Standard USB Update boot file in boot partition (if used) FileSystem.Watch 	# Show boot partition Partitions.UpdateBootFile ^	# Update boot file (select partition) Partitions.GetConfig ^	# Edit config (optional) Update boot file for noboot (if used) Partitions.Show 	# Show partitions FileSystem.Mount FAT FatFS ^	# Select FAT boot partition (optional) System.CopyFiles FAT:/oberon/oberon.bin => FAT:/oberon/oberon.bk Native.Bin => FAT:/oberon/oberon.bin ~ FileSystem.Unmount FAT -- Generate tool texts -- ReleaseDocs.GenDefinitionsTool "Basic System" Files Modules Objects Empty.Display V24 Input Viewers Fonts Reals Texts Oberon MenuViewers TextFrames System In Out Dates Strings BIT Math MathL Pictures Printer RandomNumbers Compiler Edit Styles ScriptFrames Script Backup Miscellaneous Browser Configuration "Basic Tools" Graphics GraphicFrames Rectangles Curves Splines Draw NetSystem Terminals TerminalFrames Telnet TextMail UDPExample TCPExample XYplane IFS ET Menu Log HSV V24Log Zlib ZlibBuffers ZlibDeflate ZlibWriters ZlibInflate ZlibReaders Zip ZipTool GZWriters GZReaders GZip "Gadgets" Display3 Printer3 Effects Attributes Links Gadgets BasicGadgets TextFields ListRiders ListModels ListDags List/GGadgets Lists Panels TextGadgets0 TextGadgets BasicFigures Scrollbars Directories Clocks Organizers Complex SetGadgets TimeStamps Gages AudioGadgets ProgressMeters Sisiphus Documents Views Desktops TextDocs PanelDocs Icons ColorTools NamePlates Navigators NoteBooks Finder GadgetsIn GadgetsOut ScrollViews RefGadgets "Gadgets Tools" Columbus Compress AsciiCoder Base64 UUDecoder BinHex Rot13 Tar Builder Watson0 Watson EditTools Outlines Rembrandt0 Rembrandt RembrandtDocs RembrandtTools Displays.Colors Images ImageGadgets ImageDocs ColorGadgets "Network Tools" Streams TextStreams BTrees MIME HyperDocs NetTools PasswordFields JPEG GIF XBM BMP ICO PCX TGA IFF ColorModels XPM PPM HyperDocTools MD5 Mail FTPDocs FTP Finger News Gopher TerminalGadgets TelnetGadgets HTTPDocs0 HTMLDocs HTTPDocs HTMLForms HTMLImages HTMLTables "Applications" Cards Solitaire Spider Freecell CDAudioPlayer LayoutPanels0 LayoutPanels Layouts LayLaS LayLa LayLa2S LayLa2 LayLaDemo Dim3Base Dim3Paint Dim3Engine Dim3Read Dim3Frames Books0 Books BooksHelp BookDocs BookCompiler Sets CRS CRT CRA CRX CRP Coco TextPopups FontEditor ASCIITab Magnifier MineSweeper Sokoban Scramble Shanghai Tetris Asteroids Hex LPRPrinter HTML WTS WTSFold WTSPict WTSStamp WTSDraw V24Gadgets CUSM Conversions HPCalc DiffGadgets Diff Sort RXA RX PictConverters PS Snapshot Histogram EditKeys Find MultiMail Calc Calculator CalculatorGadgets ~ !ReleaseDocs.GenLinkReport 	# optional !ReleaseDocs.GenNameReport 	# optional NetSystem.SetUser ftp:wwwobero@ice ~ Configuration.DoCommands FTP.Open "wwwobero@ice" FTP.ChangeDir /home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/ethoberon/defs/ FTP.PutFiles Rel.Definitions.html=>index.html ~ System.Directory *.Def.html ~ ~ FTP.PutFiles ~ System.DeleteFiles ~ FTP.Close -- Installation docs -- Script.Open ^ System.Text UserGuide.Text 	# final editing Edit.Open Install.Tool -- Generate Oberon0.zip -- 	Oberon0Files.Text Configuration.DoCommands System.DeleteFiles SYS:Oberon0.zip ~ ZipTool.Add \9 SYS:Oberon0.zip ASPI.Obj ATADisks.Obj Adaptec7.Obj Adaptec7Script.Obj Backup.Obj Bitmaps.Obj BootLinker.Obj CLUTs.Obj Centronics.Obj Config.Obj ConfigInput.Obj Configuration.Obj Configure.Tool Courier10.Scn.Fnt Default.Pal Diskette.Obj Diskettes.Obj Disks.Obj VGA.Display.Obj=>Display.Obj DisplayLinear.Obj Displays.Display.Obj Displays.Obj Displays.Pal ET.Obj Edit.Obj Empty.Display.Obj FPA.Obj FileDir.Obj FileSystem.Obj Files.Obj Fonts.Obj GZReaders.Obj GZWriters.Obj GZip.Obj In.Obj Input.Obj Install.Tool InstallFiles.Tool Introduction.Text Kernel.Obj MathL.Obj MenuViewers.Obj Modules.Obj NCR810Disks.Obj NCRScript.Obj Native.Bat Noboot.Exe OBL.Bin OFS.Obj OFSAosFiles.Obj OFSBoot.Obj OFSCacheVolumes.Obj OFSDiskVolumes.Obj OFSFATFiles.Obj OFSFATTools.Obj OFSFATVolumes.Obj OFSFileBasedDeviceTools.Obj OFSFileVolumes.Obj OFSISO9660Files.Obj OFSISO9660Volumes.Obj OFSRAMVolumes.Obj Oberon.Obj Oberon0Files.Text Oberon10.Scn.Fnt Oberon10b.Scn.Fnt Oberon10i.Scn.Fnt OberonDrivers.Text Objects.Obj Out.Obj PCI.Obj PCITools.Obj Partitions.Obj Pictures.Obj Printer.Obj Reals.Obj SCSI.Obj System.Obj TGZ.Obj TextFrames.Obj Texts.Obj Unicode.Obj Usb.Obj UsbBoot.Obj UsbKeyboard.Obj UsbMouse.Obj UsbStorage.Obj UsbSystem.Obj UsbUhci.Obj V24.Obj V86.Obj Viewers.Obj Zip.Obj ZipTool.Obj Zlib.Obj ZlibBuffers.Obj ZlibDeflate.Obj ZlibInflate.Obj ZlibReaders.Obj ZlibWriters.Obj pci.ids Install.Oberon.Text=>Oberon.Text Partitions.Tool ~ MBR.Bin ~ -- Generate other zip files -- Note: Make sure all "public" tools and texts do not contain personal edits! Release.Tool - execute Configuration.DoCommands at # Package System -- Installation diskette -- Configuration.DoCommands BootLinker.Link ram.bin \refs \integrate 1000H Kernel FPA Disks Diskettes OFS Files Modules OFSDiskVolumes OFSRAMVolumes OFSN2KFiles Zlib ZlibBuffers ZlibInflate ZlibReaders ZlibDeflate ZlibWriters Zip OFSCacheVolumes OFSBoot0 ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:Oberon0.Dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:Oberon0.Dsk ~ Partitions.Format SYS:Oberon0.Dsk#0 NatFS -1 ram.bin ~ FileSystem.Mount A NatFS SYS:Oberon0.Dsk ~ System.CopyFiles Oberon0.zip => A:Oberon0.zip System.zip => A:System.zip ~ System.Watch System.CopyFiles Lab.zip => A:Lab.zip ~ FileSystem.Unmount A Partitions.SetConfig SYS:Oberon0.Dsk#0 A00="%0DWelcome to the Native Oberon installer%0A" A01="%0DTo continue booting, enter 'c'. The screen will go blank, and after about" A02="%0Da minute, the mouse configuration program will appear." A03="%0DSee install.txt for more information.%0A" A04="%0DCurrent settings:" Init="b81200cd10bb003fb80110cd10" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:Oberon0.Dsk ~ ~ Partitions.FileToPartition Diskette0#0 SYS:Oberon0.Dsk ~ -- Upload distribution -- telnet:muller@ice.ethz.ch NetSystem.SetUser ftp:muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ System.Directory *.zip\fd  System.Directory *.Dsk\fd Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start Text2Txt.Convert Native.ReadMe.Text Temp.readme.txt 64 ~ FTP.Open muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ FTP.ChangeDir "~muller/ftp.inf/pub/ETHOberon/Native/Update/Alpha/" FTP.PutFiles Oberon0.Dsk Gadgets.zip Docu.zip Apps1.zip Apps2.zip ~ Eamon.zip ~ FTP.PutFiles Temp.readme.txt => readme.txt Source1.zip Source2.zip Source3.zip ~ FTP.ChangeDir "Build" FTP.PutFiles Build.zip System.zip SourceB.zip ~ FTP.Close System.Time lap ~ 	FTP.PutFiles SourceE.zip SourceP.zip Eamon.zip ~ FTP.PutFiles Pr3Fonts.zip Pr6Fonts.zip ~ mkdir Alpha Alpha/Build cd Alpha ln -s ../../StdAlone/rawrite.exe rawrite.exe ln -s ../Pr3Fonts.zip Pr3Fonts.zip ln -s ../Pr6Fonts.zip Pr6Fonts.zip Configuration.DoCommands Text2Txt.Convert Native.Description.Text install.txt 67 ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.Install.Text install.txt 67 ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.Index.Text Temp.index.txt 75 ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.StdReadMe.Text Temp.stdreadme.txt 75 ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.DosReadMe.Text Temp.dosreadme.txt 75 ~ Temp.dosreadme.txt=>readme.txt ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.DOSInstall.Text Temp.dosinstall.txt 75 ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.LinuxReadMe.Text Temp.linuxreadme.txt 75 ~ Temp.linuxreadme.txt=>readme.txt ~ Text2Txt.Convert Native.Beta.Text Temp.betareadme.txt 75 ~ Temp.betareadme.txt=>readme.txt ~ Desktops.PrintDoc install.ps Native.Install.Text ~ ~ -- Installation image for bootable CD -- Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start BootLinker.Link SYS:TempCD.Bin \refs \integrate 1000H Kernel Disks PCI ATADisks SCSI Adaptec7Script Adaptec7 NCRScript ASPI NCR810Disks Usb UsbStorage UsbUhci OFS Files Modules OFSDiskVolumes OFSRAMVolumes OFSAosFiles OFSCacheVolumes OFSBoot ~ System.DeleteFiles SYS:OberonCD.Dsk ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:OberonCD.Dsk 100352 80 2 18 ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:OberonCD.Dsk ~ (image size in 512B blocks) Partitions.Format SYS:OberonCD.Dsk#0 AosFS 700 SYS:TempCD.Bin ~ (boot file reserve size must be multiple of 4) FileSystem.Mount A AosFS SYS:OberonCD.Dsk ~ ZipTool.ExtractAll \p A: \o Build.zip Oberon0.zip System.zip Gadgets.zip Apps1.zip Apps2.zip Docu.zip Pr3Fonts.zip Pr6Fonts.zip Source1.zip Source2.zip Source3.zip SourceB.zip ~ Eamon.zip ~ System.CopyFiles VGA.Display.Obj=>A:VGA.Display.Obj VGA.Display.Obj=>A:Display.Obj SYS:Rel.Oberon.Text => A:Oberon.Text ~ FileSystem.CopyTo A: SYS: Oberon0.Dsk Gadgets.zip Apps1.zip Apps2.zip Docu.zip Pr3Fonts.zip Pr6Fonts.zip Source1.zip Source2.zip Source3.zip Build.zip Oberon0.zip System.zip SourceB.zip Lab.zip ~ Eamon.zip ~ System.Watch FileSystem.Unmount A Partitions.SetConfig SYS:OberonCD.Dsk#0 A00="%0DWelcome to the Native Oberon installer%0A" A01="%0DTo continue booting, enter 'c'. The screen will go blank, and after about" A02="%0Da minute, the mouse configuration program will appear." A03="%0DSee install.txt for more information.%0A" A04="%0DCurrent settings:" Init="b81200cd10bb003fb80110cd10" BootVol="RAM RamFS -50 4096" BootVol1="SYS 500 1000 AosFS #0,R" AosFS="OFSDiskVolumes.New OFSAosFiles.NewFS" RamFS="OFSRAMVolumes.New OFSAosFiles.NewFS" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:OberonCD.Dsk ~ System.Time lap ~ -- Upload for bootable CD -- NetSystem.SetUser ftp:muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start FTP.Open muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ FTP.ChangeDir "~muller/ftp.inf/pub/ETHOberon/Native/Update/CD/" FTP.PutFiles SYS:OberonCD.Dsk => OberonCD.Dsk ~ FTP.Close System.Time lap ~ Now burn OberonCD.Dsk on bootable CD using Nero (emulate 1.44MB diskette) -- Installation image for Dummies CD -- Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start FileSystem.Mount FAT FatFS IDE0#1 ~ System.DeleteFiles FAT:/Oberon.Dsk ~ OFSFATTools.CreateFile FAT:/Oberon.Dsk 25 OFSFileBasedDeviceTools.Open VIRT FAT /Oberon.Dsk ~ 	# mount the file as a virual device System.DeleteFiles SYS:Oberon.Dsk ~ OFSFATTools.CreateFile SYS:Oberon.Dsk 25 OFSFATTools.ExtendFile SYS:Oberon.Dsk 25 new OFSFileBasedDeviceTools.Open VIRT SYS Oberon.Dsk ~ Partitions.Show detail	# you can now see the device "VIRT" Partitions.Format VIRT#01 AosFS ~	# format partition 1 with AosFS FileSystem.Mount A AosFS VIRT#01 ~	# mount it as 'A' ZipTool.ExtractAll \p A: \o Build.zip System.zip Gadgets.zip Apps1.zip Apps2.zip Docu.zip ~	# extract the files of the new release to 'A' 	ZipTool.ExtractAll \p A: \o Source1.zip Source2.zip Source3.zip SourceB.zip SourceP.zip ~	# optional FileSystem.CopyTo A: SYS: Source1.zip Source2.zip Source3.zip SourceB.zip SourceP.zip ~ System.CopyFiles SYS:Rel.Oberon.Text => A:Oberon.Text ~	# configuration file System.Watch FileSystem.Unmount A ~	# unmount 'A' OFSFileBasedDeviceTools.Close VIRT ~ 	# and unregister the device. FileSystem.Unmount FAT ~ System.Time lap ~ -- Boot diskette images for Dummies CD -- Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start BootLinker.Link TempDummy.Bin \refs \integrate 1000H Kernel Disks PCI ATADisks SCSI Adaptec7Script Adaptec7 OFS Files Modules OFSDiskVolumes OFSN2KFiles OFSAosFiles OFSCacheVolumes Unicode OFSFATVolumes OFSFATFiles OFSFileBasedDevices OFSVBoot ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:BootVGA.Dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ Partitions.Format SYS:BootVGA.Dsk#0 AosFS -1 TempDummy.Bin ~ Partitions.SetConfig SYS:BootVGA.Dsk#0 VirtualDevice="VIRT Oberon.Dsk FAT FatFS PROBE" BootVol="SYS 200 1000 AosFS VIRT#1" AosFS="OFSDiskVolumes.New OFSAosFiles.NewFS" FatFS="OFSFATVolumes.New OFSFATFiles.NewFS" DMASize="14800H" Init="b81200cd10bb003fb80110cd10" Display="VGA." DWidth="640" DHeight="480" DDepth="4" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:BootVGA.Dsk ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:BootVBE2.Dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ Partitions.Format SYS:BootVBE2.Dsk#0 AosFS -1 TempDummy.Bin ~ Partitions.SetConfig SYS:BootVBE2.Dsk#0 VirtualDevice="VIRT Oberon.Dsk FAT FatFS PROBE" BootVol="SYS 200 1000 AosFS VIRT#1" AosFS="OFSDiskVolumes.New OFSAosFiles.NewFS" FatFS="OFSFATVolumes.New OFSFATFiles.NewFS" DMASize="14800H" Init="b8024fbb0541cd10b8014fb90501cd10268b4d28268b552a" Display="Displays." DDriver="DisplayLinear" DWidth="1024" DHeight="768" DDepth="8" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:BootVBE2.Dsk ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:BootVBE3.Dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ Partitions.Format SYS:BootVBE3.Dsk#0 AosFS -1 TempDummy.Bin ~ Partitions.SetConfig SYS:BootVBE3.Dsk#0 VirtualDevice="VIRT Oberon.Dsk FAT FatFS PROBE" BootVol="SYS 200 1000 AosFS VIRT#1" AosFS="OFSDiskVolumes.New OFSAosFiles.NewFS" FatFS="OFSFATVolumes.New OFSFATFiles.NewFS" DMASize="14800H" Init="b80b4fbb0000ba050166b99092e704cd1026c705580526c74502380426c74504a80426c74506220326c74508010326c7450a040326c6450c042666894d0d26c745114c1db8024fbb0549cd10b8014fb90501cd10268b4d28268b552a" Display="Displays." DDriver="DisplayLinear" DWidth="1024" DHeight="768" DDepth="8" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:BootVBE3.Dsk ~ System.Time lap ~ Partitions.FileToPartition Diskette0#0 SYS:BootVGA.Dsk ~ System.Directory *.Dsk\d -- Upload for Dummies CD -- NetSystem.SetUser ftp:muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start Text2Txt.Convert Dummy.ReadMe.Text Temp.dummy.txt 64 ~ FTP.Open muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ FTP.ChangeDir "~muller/ftp.inf/pub/ETHOberon/Native/Update/Dummies/" FTP.PutFiles SYS:BootVGA.Dsk => BootVGA.Dsk SYS:BootVBE2.Dsk => BootVBE2.Dsk SYS:BootVBE3.Dsk => BootVBE3.Dsk SYS:Oberon.Dsk => Oberon.Dsk Temp.dummy.txt => readme.txt ~ FTP.Close System.Time lap ~ -- Compiler -- (update compiler) Compiler.Compile \s OPM.Mod OPS.Mod OPT.Mod OPB.Mod OPA.Mod OPP.Mod OPO.Mod OPL.Mod OPC.Mod OPV.Mod Compiler.Mod Browser.Mod OPAData.Mod ~ BootLinker.Mod ~ System.Free Release TextPopups Watson Watson0 Builder Browser Compiler OPV OPC OPL OPO OPP OPA OPB OPT OPS OPM ~ TextPopups.Install compiler interface changed: Compiler.Compile Builder.Mod Watson0.Mod TextPopups.Mod Release.Mod ~ Analyzer.Mod assembler data changed: OPAData.FillTable 898 741 OPAData.ExportTables ET.Para ET.Call System.CopyFiles "*.Obj=>New.*.Obj *.Sym=>New.*.Sym" ~ OPM OPS OPT OPB OPA OPP OPO OPL OPC OPV Compiler Browser Builder Analyzer Watson0 TextPopups FileSystem.Mount RAM RamFS 2000 4096 ~ Configuration.DoCommands FTP.Open muller@lillian FTP.ChangeDir /export/project/oberon/system3/compiler/native/ FTP.GetFiles OP2.zip => Temp.FTP.zip ~ FTP.Close ZipTool.ExtractAll \p RAM: \o Temp.FTP.zip ~ ~ TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPM.Mod OPM.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPS.Mod OPS.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPT.Mod OPT.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPB.Mod OPB.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPA.Mod OPA.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPP.Mod OPP.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPO.Mod OPO.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPL.Mod OPL.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPC.Mod OPC.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPV.Mod OPV.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:Compiler.Mod Compiler.Mod TextDocs.SearchDiff \w RAM:OPAData.Mod OPAData.Mod ET.ClearTrack -- EXPERIMENTAL Special lab notes: o IFWC31.Display.Mod - 8-bit mode for no snow o Remember to delete MailMessages* on SYS: volume! -- USB Oberon0 diskette -- Configuration.DoCommands BootLinker.Link usb.bin \refs \integrate 1000H Kernel Disks OFS Files OFSDiskVolumes OFSRAMVolumes OFSN2KFiles Inflate GZReaders PCI Usb UsbStorage UsbUhci UsbBoot OFSBoot0 Modules ~ USBUFI0 FileDisks.Open SYS:usb.dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:usb.dsk ~ Partitions.Format SYS:usb.dsk#0 NatFS -1 usb.bin ~ FileSystem.Mount A NatFS SYS:usb.dsk ~ System.CopyFiles Oberon0.tgz => A:Oberon0.tgz ~ FileSystem.Unmount A Partitions.SetConfig SYS:usb.dsk#0 A00="%0DWelcome to the Native Oberon installer%0A" A01="%0DTo continue booting, enter 'c'. The screen will go blank, and after about" A02="%0Da minute, the mouse configuration program will appear." A03="%0DSee install.txt for more information.%0A" A04="%0DCurrent settings:" Init="b81200cd10bb003fb80110cd10" BootVol0="USBUFI0#0" TraceBPS="38400" ~ FileDisks.Close SYS:usb.dsk ~ ~ Partitions.FileToPartition Diskette0#0 SYS:usb.dsk ~ -- Utility diskette -- telnet:muller@ice.ethz.ch cd ~/tmp/oberon0; ls -al Configuration.DoCommands FTP.Open muller@ice.ethz.ch ~ FTP.ChangeDir "tmp/oberon0"	# Black.Pal=> System.CopyFiles VGA.Display.Obj=>Display.Obj ~	# for compare only FTP.PutFiles ASPI.Obj ATADisks.Obj Adaptec7.Obj Adaptec7Script.Obj Backup.Obj Bitmaps.Obj BootLinker.Obj CLUTs.Obj Centronics.Obj CompressTools.Obj ConfigInput.Obj Configuration.Obj Courier10.Scn.Fnt DOS.Obj Black.Pal=>Default.Pal Diskette.Obj Diskettes.Obj Disks.Obj VGA.Display.Obj=>Display.Obj DisplayLinear.Obj Displays.Display.Obj Displays.Obj ET.Obj Edit.Obj Empty.Display.Obj FATFiles.Obj FPA.Obj FileDir.Obj FileSystem.Obj Files.Obj Fonts.Obj GZReaders.Obj GZWriters.Obj GZip.Obj In.Obj Input.Obj Kernel.Obj MathL.Obj MenuViewers.Obj Modules.Obj NCR810Disks.Obj NCRScript.Obj OBL.Bin OFS.Obj OFSAosFiles.Obj OFSBoot.Obj OFSCacheVolumes.Obj OFSDiskVolumes.Obj OFSISO9660Files.Obj OFSISO9660Volumes.Obj OFSN2KFiles.Obj OFSRAMVolumes.Obj Oberon.Obj Oberon10.Scn.Fnt Oberon10b.Scn.Fnt Oberon10i.Scn.Fnt Objects.Obj Out.Obj PCI.Obj pci.ids PCITools.Obj Partitions.Obj Pictures.Obj Printer.Obj Reals.Obj SCSI.Obj System.Obj TGZ.Obj TextFrames.Obj Texts.Obj Usb.Obj UsbBoot.Obj UsbKeyboard.Obj UsbMouse.Obj UsbStorage.Obj UsbSystem.Obj UsbUhci.Obj V24.Obj V86.Obj Viewers.Obj Zip.Obj ZipTool.Obj Zlib.Obj ZlibBuffers.Obj ZlibDeflate.Obj ZlibInflate.Obj ZlibReaders.Obj ZlibWriters.Obj Utility.Tool Util.Oberon.Text=>Oberon.Text ~ cd ~/tmp/oberon0; gtar --remove-files -c -z -f Util.tgz *; ls -al Configuration.DoCommands FTP.GetFiles Util.tgz ~ FTP.DeleteFiles Util.tgz ~ FTP.Close TestTGZ.Test Util.tgz Temp.	# Note: Oberon.Text, Default.Pal compare fails BootLinker.Link util.bin \refs \integrate 1000H Kernel Disks Diskettes OFS Files OFSDiskVolumes OFSRAMVolumes OFSN2KFiles Inflate GZReaders OFSBoot0 Modules ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:util.dsk 2880 80 2 18 ~ FileDisks.Open SYS:util.dsk ~ Partitions.Format SYS:util.dsk#0 NatFS -1 util.bin ~ FileSystem.Mount A NatFS SYS:util.dsk ~ System.CopyFiles Util.tgz => A:Util.tgz ~ FileSystem.Unmount A Partitions.SetConfig SYS:util.dsk#0 A00="%0DWelcome to the Native Oberon utility disk%0A" A01="%0DTo continue booting, enter 'c'. The screen will go blank, and after about" A02="%0Da minute, the mouse configuration program will appear." A04="%0DCurrent settings:" Init="b81200cd10bb003fb80110cd10" Archive="Util.tgz" RamDiskSize="1024" Color="0" ~ 	Display="Displays." DDriver="DisplayLinear" TracePort="1" DWidth="1024" DHeight="768" DDepth="32" DMem="4096" Init="bb2240b8024fcd10b8014fb92200cd10268b4d28268b552a" ~ 	DWidth="320" DHeight="200" DDepth="8" DMem="64" Init="b81300cd10ba0a00b90000" TracePort="1" Display="Displays." DDriver="DisplayLinear" DWidth="1024" DHeight="768" DDepth="32" DMem="4096" Init="b8014fb91801cd10268b4d28268b552abb1841b8024fcd10ba00e0b90000" FileDisks.Close SYS:util.dsk ~ ~ Partitions.FileToPartition Diskette0#0 SYS:util.dsk ~ -- LNO -- BootLinker.Link oberon.lno \refs \integrate 8050000H Linux0 Kernel Disks LinuxDisks OFS Files OFSDiskVolumes OFSAosFiles OFSLinuxFiles OFSN2KFiles OFSLNOBoot Diskettes Centronics CD Sound Input V24 Modules ~ BootLinker.Link install \refs \integrate 8050000H Linux0 Kernel Disks LinuxDisks OFS Files OFSDiskVolumes OFSRAMVolumes OFSN2KFiles OFSLinuxFiles Inflate GZReaders OFSLNOBoot0 Input Diskettes Centronics V24 Modules ~ -- Gadget list -- -- BACKUP -- Copy sources and tools from DOS Configuration.DoCommands OFSFATTools.ChangeDir "FAT:/gneiss/asm/" System.CopyFiles FAT:OBL.Bin => OBL.Bin ~ Miscellaneous.MakeOberonText FAT:OBL.Asm => OBL.Asm FAT:OBL.Lst => OBL.Lst ~ OFSFATTools.ChangeDir "FAT:/gneiss/noboot/" System.CopyFiles FAT:noboot.exe => Noboot.Exe FAT:noboot.pr => noboot.pr FAT:const.mod => const.mod FAT:bootasm.asm => bootasm.asm FAT:boot.def => boot.def FAT:boot.mod => boot.mod FAT:noboot.mod => noboot.mod FAT:noconfig.pr => noconfig.pr FAT:noconfig.mod => noconfig.mod FAT:install.dat => install.dat FAT:rawrite.pr => rawrite.pr FAT:rawrite.mod => rawrite.mod FAT:rawrite.exe => rawrite.exe FAT:vesainfo.pr => vesainfo.pr FAT:vesainfo.mod => vesainfo.mod FAT:vesainfo.exe => vesainfo.exe FAT:noimage.pr => noimage.pr FAT:noimage.mod => noimage.mod ~ OFSFATTools.ChangeDir "FAT:/" Clean up files and backup System.Directory Temp* ~ System.DeleteFiles t ~  FTPBackup.SendOff  FTPBackup.SendOn !Configuration.DoCommands System.Time start FTPBackup.SetServer muller lillian fbackup ~ FTPBackup.Suppress Bak DB Obj Sym Obc Arc ARC arc dsk bin ~ FTPBackup.Incremental System.RenameFiles Incremental.Old => Incremental ~ System.Time lap ~ !System.DeleteFiles Incremental.Log ~	# for full backup cd ~/backup/meadow;nohup ~/c/bsrv >../backup.log & 	# on lillian NetBackup.Incremental lillian Incremental.Log ~	# store the log text if ok! ! NetBackup.LogSnapshot Incremental.Log ~ --- WEB --- Old pages with links to new pages Configuration.DoCommands HTML.Compile Native.Text Release.Text History.Text Tech.Text Screen.Text ~ Registry.Text Installation.Text HTML.Compile WebInfo.Text Lab.Text ~ FTP.Open "wwwobero@ice" FTP.ChangeDir "/home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/native/" FTP.PutFiles Native.html Release.html History.html Tech.html Screen.html ~ FTP.ChangeDir "/home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/internal/" FTP.PutFiles Lab.html ~ FTP.Close System.DeleteFiles Native.html History.html Screen.html Lab.html ~ HyperDocs.ClearCache ~ HTML.Compile NativeIndex.Text ~ Native site Configuration.DoCommands HTML.Compile WebNative.Text WebDisplays.Text WebDisks.Text WebTraps.Text WebTrace.Text WebBoot.Text WebConfig.Text WebHeap.Text WebReferences.Text WebAlpha.Text WebBeta.Text WebRelease.Text WebScreen.Text WebProject.Text WebVNC.Text WebOldnews.Text WebCheck.Text Registry.Text ~ FTP.Open "wwwobero@ice.ethz.ch" FTP.ChangeDir "/home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/native/" FTP.PutFiles WebNative.html WebDisplays.html WebDisks.html WebTraps.html WebTrace.html WebBoot.html WebConfig.html WebHeap.html WebReferences.html WebAlpha.html WebBeta.html WebRelease.html WebScreen.html WebProject.html WebVNC.html WebOldnews.html WebCheck.html Registry.html WebNative.Text WebDisplays.Text WebDisks.Text WebTraps.Text WebTrace.Text WebBoot.Text WebConfig.Text WebHeap.Text WebReferences.Text WebAlpha.Text WebBeta.Text WebRelease.Text WebScreen.Text WebProject.Text WebVNC.Text WebOldnews.Text WebCheck.Text Registry.Text ~ FTP.Close System.DeleteFiles WebNative.html WebDisplays.html WebDisks.html WebTraps.html WebTrace.html WebBoot.html WebConfig.html WebHeap.html WebReferences.html WebAlpha.html WebBeta.html WebRelease.html WebScreen.html WebProject.html WebVNC.html WebOldnews.html WebCheck.html Registry.html ~ HyperDocs.ClearCache ~ http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/native/ http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/native/WebCheck.html Pieter Muller personal site Configuration.DoCommands FTP.Open "muller@ice.ethz.ch" FTP.ChangeDir "~/public_html" FTP.PutTexts WebMuller.Text=>index.html ~ FTP.Close HyperDocs.ClearCache ~ native.gif new.gif ETH.de.gif anybrow3.gif vh20.gif HeapBlks.gif HeapBlks.ps.gz Alpha version change log only NetSystem.SetUser ftp:wwwobero@ice.ethz.ch ~ Configuration.DoCommands HTML.Compile WebAlpha.Text ~ FTP.Open "wwwobero@ice.ethz.ch" FTP.ChangeDir "/home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/native/" FTP.PutFiles WebAlpha.html ~ FTP.Close HyperDocs.ClearCache ~ http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/native/WebAlpha.html Module registry only Configuration.DoCommands HTML.Compile Registry.Text ~ FTP.Open "wwwobero@ice.ethz.ch" FTP.ChangeDir "/home/wwwobero/www/htdocs/native/" FTP.PutFiles Registry.html ~ FTP.Close HyperDocs.ClearCache ~ http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/native/Registry.html !HyperDocTools.Fetch http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/native/WebAlpha.Text => WebAlpha.Text ~ pjm
 * 1) Basic Oberon System 3.  Editing/Compiling Oberon code and texts.  Fits on installation diskette.
 * 1) 	 DOS.Tool FATFiles.Mod DOS.Mod 	# DOS
 * 1) Basic Tools.  NetSystem, Telnet, TextMail, ET, developer's tools, OpenType.
 * 1) 	OFSDosBasedVolumes.Mod 	# Old Dos-based FS (jsedlacek)
 * 1) 	Inflate.Mod-\"2" GZReaders.Mod-\"2" 	# zlib
 * 1) Basic Gadgets.  Gadgets programming and basic tools.
 * 1) Gadgets Networking
 * 1) Additional/contributed Gadgets applications.
 * 1) Builder.Preprocess GfxFonts0.Mod => Native.GfxFonts0.Mod GfxPKFonts.Mod => Native.GfxPKFonts.Mod ~
 * 1) 	FindFile.Panel FindFile.Mod- 	# FindFile in Applications.Tool
 * 1) Additional/contributed Gadgets applications.
 * 1) Gadgets examples & documentation.  All internal links valid.
 * 1) FigureGadgets no longer exist, but referenced by Leonardo objects in Kornkreise.Lib
 * 1) Build tools and miscellaneous.
 * 1) 	 GZip.Mod- 	# Experimental GZip
 * 1) 	 UnZip.Mod- 	# unreliable
 * 1) 	 SourceCoder.Mod SourceDecoder.Mod 	# Source coder
 * 1) ETH Lab config
 * 1) # ETH Eamon & NCFS services
 * 2) PACKAGE Eamon ARCHIVE "Eamon.zip" SOURCE "SourceE.zip"	# Eamon services
 * 3) 	Client.Tool Services.Mod- Net.Mod- FileServer.Mod- 	# Basic services
 * 4) 	Teletext.Panel Teletext.Mod- TeleGadget.Mod- Teletext10.Scn.Fnt Teletext20.Scn.Fnt 	# Teletext
 * 5) 	TeleNews.Panel Gateways.Mod- ActiveLinks.Mod- TeleNews.Mod- 	# TeleNews
 * 6) 	StyleGadgets.Mod- ScriptGadgets.Mod- TVDates.Mod- TV.Mod- 	# TV
 * 7) 	Dictionary.Panel InformationG.Mod- 	# Dictionary
 * 8) 	EamonPrinter.Mod- 	# Printer
 * 1) 	NCFS.Tool NCFSVolumes.Mod NCFSRamVolumes.Mod CRC32.Mod 	# NCFS
 * 2) 	NCFSNetVolumes.Mod NCFSFileDir.Mod NCFSFiles.Mod NCFSRemoteFileDir.Mod
 * 3) 	NCFSRemoteFiles.Mod NCFS.Mod
 * 1) # Gadgets tutorials.  All internal links valid.
 * 2) PACKAGE Tutorials ARCHIVE "Tutorial.zip"
 * 3) 	Tutorials.Tool
 * 4) 	Big.Index.html	# Master index
 * 5) 	Applic.Index.html Applic.Contents.html Applic.html 	# Oberon System 3 applications
 * 6) 	Columbus.Index.html Columbus.Contents.html Columbus.html ColumbusObjs.Lib 	# Columbus User's Guide
 * 7) 	Compiler.Index.html Compiler.Contents.html Compiler.html CompilerObjs.Lib 	# Compiler, Builder and Analyzer User Guide
 * 8) 	Compress.Index.html Compress.Contents.html Compress.html CompressObjs.Lib 	# Compression and Archiving Tools
 * 9) 	DataConverter.Index.html DataConverter.Contents.html DataConverter.html 	# Data conversion tools
 * 10) 	FontEditor.Index.html FontEditor.Contents.html FontEditor.html FontEditorObjs.Lib 	# Font Editor User's Guide
 * 11) 	GadgetsIntro.Index.html GadgetsIntro.Contents.html GadgetsIntro.html 	# Introduction to Gadgets
 * 12) 	GadgetsIntroObjs.Lib
 * 13) 	GadgetsOberon.Index.html GadgetsOberon.Contents.html GadgetsOberon.html 	# Using Gadgets from within Oberon
 * 14) 	GadgetsOberonObjs.Lib
 * 15) 	GadgetsProg.Index.html GadgetsProg.Contents.html GadgetsProg.html 	# Oberon - Programming new gadgets
 * 16) 	GadgetsProgObjs.Lib
 * 17) 	GadgetsUse.Index.html GadgetsUse.Contents.html GadgetsUse.html 	# Using Gadgets
 * 18) 	GadgetsUseObjs.Lib BasicGadgets.Panel
 * 19) 	Games.Index.html Games.Contents.html Games.html GamesObjs.Lib 	# Oberon System 3 Games
 * 20) 	Internet.Index.html Internet.Contents.html Internet.html InternetObjs.Lib 	# Guide to Internet
 * 21) 	Main.Contents.html Main.html MainObjs.Lib 	# Oberon System 3 - Main Tutorial
 * 22) 	#Mouse.Index.html Mouse.Contents.html Mouse.html MouseObjs.Lib 	# Using the mouse and the keyboard
 * 23) 	Oberon3TUI.Index.html Oberon3TUI.Contents.html Oberon3TUI.html 	# Using the textual interface of Oberon
 * 24) 	Oberon3TUIObjs.Lib
 * 25) 	Profiler.Index.html Profiler.Contents.html Profiler.html 	# Profiler User's Guide
 * 26) 	Rembrandt.Index.html Rembrandt.Contents.html Rembrandt.html 	# Rembrandt User's Guide
 * 27) 	Tutorials.Index.html Tutorials.Contents.html Tutorials.html 	# HTML tutorial developer guide
 * 28) 	Watson.Index.html Watson.Contents.html Watson.html WatsonObjs.Lib 	# Browser and Watson User's Guide
 * 1) #300-dpi Printer Fonts
 * 2) PACKAGE Pr3Fonts ARCHIVE "Pr3Fonts.zip"	# 300 dpi printer fonts
 * 3) 	Oberon8.Pr3.Fnt Oberon8b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon8i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 4) 	Oberon10.Pr3.Fnt Oberon10b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon10i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 5) 	Oberon12.Pr3.Fnt Oberon12b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon12i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 6) 	Oberon14.Pr3.Fnt Oberon14b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon14i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 7) 	Oberon16.Pr3.Fnt Oberon16b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon16i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 8) 	Oberon20.Pr3.Fnt Oberon20b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon20i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 9) 	Oberon24.Pr3.Fnt Oberon24b.Pr3.Fnt Oberon24i.Pr3.Fnt
 * 10) 	Courier8.Pr3.Fnt Courier10.Pr3.Fnt Courier12.Pr3.Fnt
 * 11) 	Math10.Pr3.Fnt Math12.Pr3.Fnt Math14.Pr3.Fnt
 * 12) 	Math16.Pr3.Fnt Math20.Pr3.Fnt Math24.Pr3.Fnt
 * 13) 	Greek10.Pr3.Fnt Greek12.Pr3.Fnt Greek14.Pr3.Fnt
 * 14) 	Greek16.Pr3.Fnt Greek20.Pr3.Fnt Greek24.Pr3.Fnt
 * 1) #600-dpi Printer Fonts
 * 2) PACKAGE Pr6Fonts ARCHIVE "Pr6Fonts.zip"	# 600 dpi printer fonts
 * 3) 	Oberon8.Pr6.Fnt Oberon8b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon8i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 4) 	Oberon10.Pr6.Fnt Oberon10b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon10i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 5) 	Oberon12.Pr6.Fnt Oberon12b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon12i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 6) 	Oberon14.Pr6.Fnt Oberon14b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon14i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 7) 	Oberon16.Pr6.Fnt Oberon16b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon16i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 8) 	Oberon20.Pr6.Fnt Oberon20b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon20i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 9) 	Oberon24.Pr6.Fnt Oberon24b.Pr6.Fnt Oberon24i.Pr6.Fnt
 * 10) 	Courier8.Pr6.Fnt Courier10.Pr6.Fnt Courier12.Pr6.Fnt
 * 11) 	Math10.Pr6.Fnt Math12.Pr6.Fnt Math14.Pr6.Fnt
 * 12) 	Math16.Pr6.Fnt Math20.Pr6.Fnt Math24.Pr6.Fnt
 * 13) 	# Greek10.Pr6.Fnt Greek12.Pr6.Fnt Greek14.Pr6.Fnt 	# Greek fonts missing
 * 14) 	# Greek16.Pr6.Fnt Greek20.Pr6.Fnt Greek24.Pr6.Fnt
 * 1) # Additional applications
 * 2) PACKAGE Apps3 ARCHIVE "Apps3.zip" SOURCE "Source5.zip"	# Additional Applications
 * 3) 	TDD.Panel TDDUserGuide.Text  TDDTypes.Mod- TDDLinalg.Mod- TDDGraphics.Mod- 	# TDD in Applications.Tool
 * 4) 	TDDSelect.Mod- TDDDoc.Mod- TDDComplex.Mod- TDDRealPolyEquations.Mod-
 * 5) 	TDDIntersect.Mod- TDDTarga.Mod- TDDTextures.Mod- TDDRender.Mod- TDD.Mod-
 * 6) 	TDDView.Mod- TDDTrianglemesh.Mod- TDDBlock.Mod- TDDListview.Mod-
 * 7) 	TDDSphere.Mod-  TDDSmoothBlock.Mod- TDDNewPrimitive.Mod-
 * 8) 	TDDCoordinateSystem.Mod- TDDCamera.Mod- TDDHermite.Mod- TDDSpline.Mod-
 * 9) 	TDDShapedoc.Mod- TDDLofter.Mod- TDDLight.Mod- TDDCylinder.Mod-
 * 10) 	TDDRevolute.Mod- TDDShapeview.Mod- TDDBezier.Mod-
 * 1) 	TeX.Tool TeXOut.Mod- TeXGlobals.Mod- TeXError.Mod- TeXIO.Mod- TeXRest.Mod- 	# TeX
 * 2) 	TeXMCU.Mod- TeXMC.Mod- TeX.Mod- tex.pool plain.fmt lplain.fmt report.tex
 * 3) 	TeXViewAdmin.Mod- TeXViewPK.Mod- TeXView.Mod- 	# DVI viewer
 * 1) 	DVIFiles.Mod- DVIViewers.Mod- DVIDocs.Mod- DVI.Lib 	# DVI viewer
 * 1) 	OGL.Tool OGLLinAlg.Mod- Permedia2.OGL.Mod- OGLDisplayLists.Mod- 	# OGL
 * 2) 	OGLDemo.Mod- OGLTest.Mod-
 * 1) Source code not released.
 * 1) files copied from Oberon-0, see Oberon0Files.Text and Oberon0.zip
 * 1) unreleased .Obj files
 * 1) Object file in Gadgets, source in Documentation

title: Oberon/ETH Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool


text: Trainz/Trainz 1

title: Trainz/Trainz 1


text:
Transportation Deployment Casebook/2021/Idaho Streetcar

= Quantitative Analysis =

Streetcars in the United States and Idaho
Streetcars are a mode of transport that are set apart from other modes as they travel on rail with a dedicated right of way (Britannica, 2018). They have been fueled by many different methods; first by horses; then by cables running between a slot in the road; and then, with technological advancement, by electric poles connected to overhead wires. Its progress through the different methods bought about major social, economic and commercial changes and development. It is important to note that streetcars and light rails have significant differences between them, despite them being commonly interchanged. An important technological characteristic of the streetcar is the trolley pole connected to overhead wires, which also brought about its uniqueness. It drew electricity from the connected wires above it and provided electrical power to the traction motors to operate (Dell et al., 2014). There is a myriad of advantages to the streetcar, with some of the major benefits being the longer distances they could travel and their lower fare/operating costs, of which both have direct impacts on the citizens. The horse car, which was the mode of transport prior to the electric streetcars, had operated at a much higher cost due to the costs of feeding and catering of the horses (Cameron, 2017). Moreover, due to them being animal driven, they were limited to the distances they could travel to and speeds they could travel at. The cable cars that were propelled by steam engines also had disadvantages with regards to its method of operation. It released a lot of pollution into the atmosphere and had constantly malfunctioned, jamming the street rail tracks (Britannica, 2018). The electrification streetcars were by far a more efficient, cheaper and greener alternative compared to other modes. Their main markets were the commuters that needed o travel to work. A great number of citizens did not live near their workplaces and lived-in communities and towns further away. Due to the lower cost of the fares, the streetcars were hence available to most working-class citizens and exposed them to more job opportunities (Boise State University, 2021). Another of their markets was tourism; The Natatorium, a touristic hot spot, saw a significant increase of tourists when streetcars started operating (Boise State University, 2021).

History of Streetcars
The history of streetcars in the US dates back to the early 19th century with the introduction of omnibuses (horse buses). Omnibuses were a type of carriage that had two axles and four wheels and was usually drawn by 2 horses (Charleston County Public Library, 2017). They followed predetermined schedules and travelled along pre-determined routes. Before omnibuses existed, passengers would walk to places by foot, and were hence limited by their physical stamina. The invention of omnibuses spared passengers fatigue and allowed them to carry cargo from one place to another. Unlike the rest of the inventions, omnibuses were not a result of technological innovation, rather they were a result of the evolvement of existing offerings (Charleston County Public Library, 2017). As new street rails and railways started developing, streetcars driven by horses became a smoother and faster alternative. Due to the growth of railways and track laying, horsecars could now operate on specific routes without interfering with other traffic. However, animal-powered transport had a lot of issues: they needed a great amount of care which required significant effort (Cameron, 2017), their manure polluted the streets (Morris, 2007), and they had a high operating cost (which meant they were out of reach for working class individuals). In 1873, a source claims that Andrew Hallidie witnessed the torture of horses while they struggled to pull carriages in areas with steep topographies and wet cobblestones, which mainly prompted the innovation of his steam engine-powered system. The rail system was cable driven and constituted of long cables that went through slots and passed over steam shafts located in powerhouses (Britannica, 2018). One of the major disadvantages of cable cars was that they all travelled at a constant speed, hence any malfunction that occurred resulted in shutting down the entire route Furthermore, as demand for cable cars increased, more construction of powerhouses was needed. This required a lot of investment from the government and communities and was not financially feasible (San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, n.d.). Despite no evidence that cable cars were used in Idaho, the limitations of cable cars prompted the invention of electric streetcars in 1888, and a streetcar system then opened shortly in Idaho in 1891 (Casner, 2002). It is important to note that in 1834, Thomas Davenport had created the battery-powered electric motor which led to the electrification of streetcars (Britannica, 2018). The electric streetcars worked very similarly to the cable cars but were powered by electricity via electric poles (trolley poles) that were connected to overhead wires rather than powered by mechanical pulleys (Dell et al., 2014).

Invention of Streetcars and it's Technology
As already mentioned, right before the electrification of streetcars, the public relied on steam engines and steam powered cable cars. The technological artefacts and creations of the cable car helped develop the electric streetcar. They both drew power, but from different sources and in different manners. Cables in a cable car were initially drawn by steam powers in powerhouses, but as electricity became more available, Figure 1: History of Streetcars in the United States electric motors had replaced steam powers for some locomotives. The cable car itself, however, had no engine or motor on it - unlike the streetcar, which was propelled by an onboard electric motor and drew power from a trolley pole that was connected to overheard wires. The cable car powered by the electric motor was not a popular alternative as it was a very expensive alternative. It is important to note that in 1834, when Thomas Davenport had developed the first battery-powered electric motor, he faced a lot of criticism from investors; they stated that the battery cannot hold its weight and it’s an impractical battery as it was costly (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, N.D.). The limitation of the cable car, as well as Davenport’s battery-powered electric motor, prompted the innovation of the streetcars. Moreover, electricity was initially transmitted through the street rails, but as that was a safety risk, overhead wires were the safer alternative (Popular Mechanics, 1929).

Early Market Development, Market Niches and Functional Development
Idaho was a state that relied on horsecars and horse buses right before the innovation of electrification. The market development in Idaho consisted of replacing horsecars with electric streetcars as they were seen as a “greener” alternative. The streetcar system in Boise, Idaho’s capital, started in 1890, and began operating in 1891 under the Boise Rapid Transit Company (GrizTech, N.D.). The streets cars ran on electricity harvested from a flour mill called Cyprus Jacobs, and in 1904 the Boise and Interurban Railway was introduced and powered by a dam at Swam Falls. A third streetcar company opened, the Boise Valley Railroad Company, and started operating on another route. All three ran on different tracks, but in 1912 the existing companies merged together into a company called Idaho Traction Company (GrizTech, N.D.). One of the most important niche markets in Idaho was the transportation of people from one part of the city to another. As the streetcars systems developed and started travelling along more routes, the citizens were able to travel quicker and more efficiently between places. When the companies merged as one and shared their tracks with each other, trolleys were able to “loop the loop” and connected many villages and towns with each other (GrizTech, N.D.). Hence, a major functional enhancement that was brought about by the development of streetcar companies in Idaho was that many people were now able to travel between each suburb quicker - in 30 to 90 minutes and costing them only 5 cents, especially as companies started to merge (Boise State University, N.D.). Both these advantageous features (faster travel time and lower cost) were not present in horsecars, and if they were, were only affordable by the upper class. Moreover, as streetcar companies travelled to more places and introduced more routes, citizens started settling in other areas of the city, especially in places closer to their work or their preferred suburbs (Boise State University, N.D.). This, in return, fed back into the system and increased functionality of streetcar systems and motivated companies to keep providing services more efficiently. Due to the increased demand and quality of streetcars system (that yielded economies of scale), streetcars can be referred to as a magic bullet (Levinson and Garrison, 2014).

Functional discovery was a huge factor in developing the market. Businessmen started to adopt new distribution systems to deliver goods and freight. For example, meat and fruits were now coming from the original stockyard to be regionally distributed, forming a larger and new network of distribution, and ultimately forcing streetcars to be bigger in size and travel at faster speeds to keep up (Smithsonian, N.D.). As the functionality of streetcars increased, it served a new market: tourism. One notable example in Idaho was the Natatorium mansion. The reason it was a very successful hot spring is because citizens could travel from their hometown to where its located (the Warm springs avenue) for just a nickel; they would enjoy the day and spend a day of leisure at the pool (Boise State University, N.D.

Role of Policy in Birthing Phase
In some areas in the united states, the operation of horsecars and horse trams were managed by the same companies that managed the introduction of streetcar systems into the city. In Boise city, the Boise Rapid Transit company initially managed the horsecars, and later the electrification of streetcars (Labbe, 1980). Both horse cars and electric streetcars ran on track and were run by two crew members, one collecting fares and the other operating the streetcar system. In 1890, franchise agreements, which consisted of the responsibilities and duties Figure 2: Trolley Loop running from Boise to Nampa to Caldwell and back. (Giztech, N.D.) companies are obliged to follow, were put into place. If they acted in accordance with the agreements, they would be allowed to provide their services on more than one route, giving them an opportunity to expand and plan a transport network that would enable citizens to travel from one area to another. Furthermore, they agreed on many controversial issues to secure their position as a monopoly in the state and to ensure that they pocketed all the profits of their services (Jones, 2010). They, therefore, agreed they will charge a constant fare of 5 cents and will take over the maintenance of the pavements around the tracks (Jones, 2010). As the fare was “locked” to 5 cents (a nickel), streetcar companies had made fortunes in the birthing phase of streetcar system, especially during the deflation period of the US. This caused disagreements later on with the local government as the streetcar companies did not want to renegotiate any fares. However, many franchise agreements later, the local government decided to impose policies that stated companies must provide discounts at peak hours and must operate late at night to compensate for the lack of fare renegotiation (Jones, 2010).

Growth/Mature and Decline of Streetcars
With the urbanization of cities, streetcars became the dominant mode to commute from one place to another. With their development and the streetcars businesses expanding, it enabled real-estate developers to build many towns (Cullingworth et al., 2013). They would invest in the streetcar companies and entrepreneurs in the surrounding suburbs would have the opportunity to develop the residential and commercial aspect of the city. Land speculators specifically invested in streetcars as that means they could influence companies to service their communities, and hence drive land prices up and grow their towns. It played a key role in the urbanization of the city and therefore they became attractive private enterprises for investors to invest in (Cullingworth et al., 2013). As mentioned above the public government sector was involved in agreements between what streetcar companies were allowed to do and what they weren’t allowed to do through franchise agreements. Streetcar companies agreed to a multitude of conditions set out by the government to ensure they are a monopoly in the city, and hence they saw tremendous growth in the early 1890s and 1990s. Right before world war began, as well as during the world war, the streetcar systems still increased but at a decreasing rate. To improve efficiency, as well as keep up with demand, streetcars were having 8 wheels installed rather than 4 wheels (Britannica, 2018). They also had wooden bodies of the cars being replaced with steel bodies, which included the replacement of open doors with enclosed doors (Britannica, 2018). Despite all these design changes, the streetcar faced huge constrains in 1920. The locked in fare was not able to match inflation and the other transport modes were competing (busses and automobiles). Streetcar services in small cities were being replaced with buses, especially if they were infrequent and did not carry huge load. Streetcars in that situation had much higher depreciation and interest costs per passenger compared to a bus that is carrying a heavier load that’s frequently serviced, and hence buses were much more cost effective (Slater, 1997). Other reasons why passengers opted for busses rather than streetcars include comfortability and faster travel times (Slater, 1997).

Opportunities to Re-Invent the Model
In modern day, the streetcar system sees its alternative as the light rail system, which as mentioned above, have different characteristics to streetcars despite functioning similarly. Streetcar systems in the early 19th century was privately owned and not government-owned, despite significant influence from the government in terms of policy and operation. An opportunity to re-invent the mode is for government is to implement, and take ownership of, the streetcar systems in high density urban areas where ownership of private vehicles may be costly. This would build a larger network, create a multitude of transportation options and would provide citizens with more job opportunities (Kurtzleben, 2015).

= Qualitative Analysis =

The Model and Results
As streetcars are a technological innovation, they follow a cycle of technology that consists of 4 major stages: birth, growth, maturity and decline. An S curve has been developed that best fits the data to identify the different stages of the cycle, with the assumption that the data follows a logistic shape (Garrison & Levinson, 2014). Using the McGraw Electric Manual Railway, the miles of the streetcars were recorded and are presented in Table 1 below. The Model used to calculate the status of measure (in this case the miles) is a three parameters logistic function defined as:

S(t) = K/[1+exp(-b(t-ti)]

where the technology size is proportional to the final market size and the following parameters defined as:

S(t) = status measure (length of track)

K = saturation status level b = coefficient to be estimated

t = time (in years)

t0 = inflection time (the year that half Smax is reached)

The model was transformed into a linear relationship for an easier estimate to determine the year where 50% deployment is reached, the final market size and a specific coefficient parameter. As the size of the market in any year is given, a projection of the final market size based on the curve that best fits the data can be made through iterating through various Ks using a solver type of routine. If K is known, then the inflection year can be deduced.

The model produced the following outputs: Table 1

where the K value is the saturated market value (that was determined based on the regression value closest to 1), the b value is the slope of the curve, and the t0 value is the year the point of inflection occurred (point of maximum growth).

The Actual and Predicted length of the Streetcar System in Idaho from 1894-1920:

Interpretation and Accuracy
As mentioned above, this model helps in predicting the different cycle stages as it approximates an S curve. From the graph, it can be seen that the birthing stage of the model is occurring between 1894-1904. Despite the introduction of streets cars in Idaho in 1891, Idaho was a very small city with a low population density, and hence the birthing phase did not experience much growth. Moreover, there is an evident period of exponential growth from 1905 up to the inflection year (1911) which represents the growth stage of the cycle. From 1911 onwards, the growth occurred at a decreasing rate, indicating the maturity stage of the cycle. As the R-squared value of this model is 0.94 and the T-state value is larger than 2, the results can be considered statistically significant (at the 95% confidence level). However, despite the model being a good fit, it does not fully capture the reality of the situation. During the growth phase in 1905-1911, the track length fluctuated with growth declining and increasing between the years and that is not represented in the S curve. Furthermore, the data from 1895, 1896, 1915 and 1916 were not recorded and their values were assumed based on a trend, and hence any growth decline will not be depicted and will raise validity issues.


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Transportation Deployment Casebook/2021/Florida Streetcar

= The early historic life-cycle of the Florida streetcar system =

= 0. Introduction = Streetcar, or tram/trolley, is a major passenger transport mode in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century urban cities and has become one of the icons of the cities in that time. Now, it can only be seen in a few cities as a heritage railway for tourist attraction or in museums.

First introduced to America in the form of “omnibus”, then after electrification, streetcar networks rapidly expanded in many cities in the United States and peaked in the early 1900s, and then declined after 1930. In Florida, between the period of 1894-1920, 15 urban areas developed streetcar systems.

This article looks into this period of time to provide a detailed life-cycle analysis of the streetcar system in Florida, United States, by conducting both qualitative analysis (US) and quantitative analysis. (dedicated to the state of Florida)

1.1 Before Streetcars
Before the invention of streetcars, the most common urban public transport in North American urban cities is horsebus or so-called omnibus driven by horses operating in regular lines in the city, it is regarded as the first kind of public transportation. While other stagecoaches or carriages are mostly private, the enlarged stagecoach adopted a hop-and-go mode. In 1827, the horsebus/omnibus service emerged in New York, operating on Broadway between Posh Bond St and the Battery (Ephemeral New York, 2011). However, despite the success of omnibus, it still can not fully satisfy the needs of public transport in urban areas. The maintenance of horses or other animals and the limited working hours of horses all limited the business. The industrial revolution prompts urban sprawl and population growth in 19th-century cities, which urges an improved service of public transport. To overcome this, omnibus operators were in the look of refinements that helped to cater for the demand, which propelled the invention of the streetcar. Meanwhile, the technology of the railway is advanced by the introduction of metal rail, and the invention of the steam engine provides the building blocks for the invention of the streetcar. From this, two pathways are developed to advance omnibus: elevated rails and locomotives powered. (Schultz)

1.2 Invention and Technology Evolution
1.2.1 First recognized streetcar in the US

Based on the success of the omnibus, in 1832 John Stephenson introduced the first streetcar to New York. It was still driven by horses but running on a rail laid in the street on The Bowery. This innovative refinement allows streetcars to carry more passengers, increase the travel distance, and make the journey smoother. This improvement led to a rail network that had a larger coverage of the city. (Builders of Wooden Railway Cars, 2006)

1.2.2 Steam-powered streetcar

To substitute the primitive animal power, the steam engine was transplanted from rail locomotive to streetcar and defined as a tram dummy. Certain standards were established to ensure the operation of steam-powered trams will not cause disruption in the urban setting where lots of horses were still on-street. Safety prevention is done by enclosing the wheels, and the engine is confined to decrease the noise. To avoid generating a black fume of smoke, coke instead of coal is used as fuel. And to decrease the disruption of another emission steam, devices such as superheating and condenser were deployed to make it invisible. Despite all these efforts, steam-powered streetcars or steam dummies were hard to popularize due to the underpower issued caused by the limited engine room and the higher operating cost than traditional horse-powered ones. It is gradually replaced by electric power. (Wingler, 2019)

1.2.3 Cable-hauled streetcar

The cable-hauled streetcar is another motive alternation to improve the streetcar at the time. The cable technology has been employed by Andrew Hallidie in mines to transport ores and coals. But the idea of controlling the grip and release of the constantly rolling cable is an innovation that makes it possible to stop at the stations and to be used on streetcars in the city. After being designed by Andrew Hallidie, San Francisco was the first city in the world that owns a cable car. A powerhouse where steam engines are burning coals to provide power to drive the cable. The moving cable was put underground inside a channel, and the streetcar pulls on this cable through slots with the grip. (Cable Car Museum San Francisco) The hilly terrains in San Francisco make it an ideal operating environment for the cable car. However, the downside of the cable car system is the expensive construction cost. Hence, it is only feasible in highly demanded lines. (Schultz)

1.2.4 Elevated railway

The elevated railway is an exclusive track that is elevated above street level for streetcars to operate in order to separate the streetcars and other traffic flows on the street. This method could eliminate the mutual disruption of streetcars and other street users such as horsecars, and pedestrians. While the capacity for streetcars operating in elevated railway is increased, the construction cost also goes up. Therefore, it is only economically possible in major cities such as New York and Chicago. (Schultz)

1.2.5 Electrified streetcar

Electrification is a game-changer in the streetcar market which facilitated the blossom of the streetcar in the US. The first attempt to electrify the streetcar was through the use of batteries by Thomas Davenport in 1835. But the short range of this type of electric power tram limits its practicality. Then only after the technology development of dynamo and motor, the electrified streetcar is feasible. In 1888, Frank Sprague constructed the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Virginia with the technology of electric cars. His streetcar is powered by a mounted motor and collects the needed electricity from the hanging cables with a trolley pole. He further refined his streetcar by his multi-unit control invention, which combined various rolling stocks together as one unit, this inspired today's subway. His streetcar system came out as a huge success which soon spread all over the US, in 12 years time, the electric streetcar took over almost the entire streetcar market. (Streetcars in The USA (Trains): Definition & history)

Originating from the omnibus, the evolution of streetcars took around a century. From driven by animals such as horses and mules to powered by electricity. The evolution of streetcars also reflects the industrialisation of 19th-century cities. Engineers from different fields propelled the evolution of streetcars with various technology and improved them from different pathways. To improve the operating environment, steel tracks are laid and elevated railways are built. To find the best power unit, several attempts are made such as steam-powered, cable-hauled, battery-powered, gas-powered, and then electrified streetcar turns out to be the optimal solution.

1.3 Market development
The early market niche of the streetcar system is discovered by the omnibus system. After industrialisation, urban populations fastly grew, and the urban sprawl separated and increased the distance of the industrial/business zone and residential zone. A public transport mode that can be economically practical for passengers to conduct their daily intra-urban trips was in great need. The emergence of the omnibus in New York in 1827, filled the blank of mass public transport and changed the lifestyle of many middle-class people in New York City. And then the first streetcar opened five years later in the same city, the metal rail allowing the horse-pulled car to carry more people thus increasing the supply of streetcar. The streetcar network was also expanded in the city. The later technology improvement on the motive parts such as steam engine and cable also increased the capacity, working hours, and speed of streetcar, which furtherly increased the supply of streetcar systems. However, only routes in major cities that have great demand can match the supply due to the expensive construction cost of these systems. Hence, these systems only expand the streetcar markets in major cities such as New York, and Chicago. It is not until the late 19th century after the electrification of the streetcar system, the streetcar market finds its revolutionary change. The electrified streetcar is not only quieter, cleaner, more efficient than the other old streetcar systems, which makes it the most ideal to operate in the urban area, but also more economically practical. More routes that have less demand can be covered in the streetcar network, and more people can use the streetcar service because of the lower fare cost. Furthermore, more cities that own a smaller population now are economically feasible to develop streetcars. This advancement of the streetcar system also shapes the way urban cities grow, people now can live further away from the city centre.

1.4 Policy and Growth of the Mode
Sprague’s great invention in 1888 marks the wild growth of the electric streetcar, in around a decade, 15,000 miles of track was laid and took over the entire market share of the streetcar system. (Streetcars in The USA (Trains): Definition & history)

And the annual patronage rapidly increased from two billion to five billion, which is a 250% increase in the period of 1890-1905. (Young, 2015)

In those days, the streetcar was a very profitable industry owned by private investors such as streetcar builders, private bankers and so on. And later the improved accessibility which could raise the land value got real-estate developers interested in investing streetcar business. At the raising phase of streetcars, all streetcar systems no matter cable-driven, steam-powered or electrified require a large amount of upfront investment to build the infrastructure. To scale up the investment return, these streetcar owners turned into “traction magnets” that developed monopolies on the streetcar network in each city. Some monopolies were achieved by contracting with the local government and becoming municipal franchises. The contract with governments often included terms such as constant fare price, the obligation of maintaining trackside pavements.

This kind of business model foreshadowed the fading of the streetcar in the later competition of automobiles. (Stromberg, 2015)

1.5 Development at the mature phase and revival.
The development of streetcars started to slow down in the 1910s and go downslope in the 1920s, which is the time that automobiles became common. The strong competition from automobiles was reflected in the drop in ridership. The inflation from 1910 forced street companies to reduce investment due to the raised raw-material cost, labour cost, and maintenance cost. And even worse, many franchises can’t adjust the fare price due to the constant fare rate agreement with the governments. And based on the fact that since the invention, the streetcar has been mostly a private sector instead of public, and it was perceived as an often corrupted business with the government, hence no subsidy or support from the public side was provided. And after the development of economics and mass transport, the market was rather mature and demanding better services from different user groups. All these factors contributed to the decades-long decline of streetcars. After the introduction of automobiles in the 1920s, automobiles, in comparison to streetcars, provided much higher mobility and degree of freedom, and they did not need to pay any fees for using the road. And politics also impacted the streetcars cruelly. In 1924, an official policy of buses over streetcars was established, despite the given technical facts that streetcar might be more advantageous than the bus in easing congestion and solving other urban transport issues. After 1924 even the streetcar companies shifted to buses because of the flexibility of buses and the cheaper investment in the bus fleet, and another important reason is that it is regarded as a way to bypass the fixed fare rule and the pavement maintenance obligation. (Schrag, 2000). The great depression in the 1920s accelerated these transitions. Then during World War II, streetcar ridership reached its highest ridership record in history due to fuel control, and the halt in automobile and tires production. Yet this can not save streetcar transit from its doom, instead, it strengthened the public’s determination to own an automobile due to the horrible travel experience on crowded streetcars. The government took over the streetcar business in the 1950s but failed to recover. (Young, 2015). Meanwhile, all government levels were prioritizing motorways in urban planning, which promoted the automobile mode (Stromberg, 2015).

Barely any street system survived today, and the ones do mostly serve as heritage trolleys that attract tourists and remain as a symbol of city history.

After the subsidy by the federal government, collaborations between city mayors and railway companies started to happen. And in 1964 President Lyndon Johnson established the Urban Mass Transportation Act (UMTA) which allows the federal government to invest in transit projects for the value of up to two-thirds of the total project cost. Using the fund provided by the federal government, local cities started the wave of buying up private systems. When it comes to the 1970s, the growing concern of the environmental impact of automobiles, and the revisiting the priority of cars, roads in urban design enlightens the new vision of mass transit. (Young, 2015)

Since the 1980s the streetcar is making a comeback in some cities in a slightly new form, “Light Rail Transit” to tackle the urban transport issues again and compete with automobiles again on this same battlefield. Thanks to its cleaner energy, quiet operation, and high capacity. Light rail is adopted by many cites to be the solution for urban congestion, motor vehicle pollution and a favourable option of urban mobility.

= 2. Quantitative Analysis = A quantitative analysis has been conducted to evaluate the life-cycle of streetcar systems in Florida. The analysis period is from 1894 to 1920. In this period of time, 14 streetcar systems in various urban areas in Florida had been developed. Among these systems, there were horse-pulled tracks in small population areas such as Fernandina, Fort Meade, Daytona, Palatka, Orlando. And in major urban areas such as Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Tempa electrified streetcar networks were developed.

2.1 Data Source
The data input for this analysis (Track Miles) is extracted from “Mcgraw Electric Railway Manual: The Red Book Of American Street Railway Investment 1894 - 1920”.

2.2 Methodology
To distinguish the four different phases: birthing, growth, and maturity, S-curve is used to fit the data. The S-curve is a logistic function that contains three parameters: S(t) reflects the status in this case the track miles, t is the year, and t0 is the year when 1/2k(half of the total market size), K which is the total developed market size, and b is the coefficient.

S(t) = K/[1+exp(-b(t-t0)]

To perform the regression analysis that finds the best-fit K value, the above function is derived into this linear form:

Y = bX + c

Where

Y = LN(Track/(K-Track Miles))

X = Year

b is the intercept

c is the constant

K values are assumed based on the final year market size (Track Miles). After linear regression analysis, the best-fit K value (which owns the highest R-square value) is picked, and the coefficients of b and c are then calculated. (Garrison & Levinson, 2006)

2.3 Results
Jacksonville Comments:

The prediction has a good fit. The prediction plot reflects the overall trend, and only some discrepancies at the birthing and mature phase.

Tampa Comments:

The prediction has a good fit, with several major discrepancies at the birthing and sudden increase at 1907, but accurately reflects the overall trend.

Pensacola Comments:

The prediction has a good fit.

St. Augustine Comments:

The prediction does not fit with the record data that well, possible reason for this is maybe the St. Augustine is already in a mature phase, the track mile is in stagnation, hence the s-curve can not fit too well.St. Petersburg Comments:

The prediction fits okay, with some discrepancy at the growth phase, but converges with the recorded data at the mature phase. Possible reason for the discrepancy is the insufficient record years.

Key West Comments:

The prediction has a bad fit, possible reason is that the Key West system is quite extreme: mainly in stagnant phase stays at five miles and then a sudden increase at 1907, then back to five miles. S-curve can not fit into this untypical development mode just like the St. Augustine scenario.

2.4 Conclusion
The development of streetcar systems in Florida generally accords with the entire US trend, especially in the major urban regions with track networks that have more than 50 miles, such as Jacksonville and Tampa. And in the cities that have relatively small streetcar networks - track miles less than 20 miles, and small populations such as Key West, St Augustine. The streetcar systems were less in accord with nationwide trends, and more catered to the local special needs such as tourism/sightseeing.

By the US nation trend, it means after the “birthing phase” in the 1890s, the streetcar networks in all major urban cities in the nation entered the rapid growth phase after electrification. And till World War, I in 1914, and the generalization of automobiles, the streetcars systems in Florida entered the mature phase and slowed down in growth rate. Then by the end of 1920, most of these streetcars except Tampa, and Jacksonville all went into a slow decline.

3. Reference
Garrison, W. L., &amp; Levinson, D. M. (2006). The transportation experience: Policy, planning, and deployment. New York: Oxford University Press.

How cable cars work. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from http://www.cablecarmuseum.org/mechanical070714.html

How New YORKERS commuted to work in 1830. (2011, October 27). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2011/10/27/manhattans-earliest-form-of-mass-transit/

John Stephenson car Co. - page 3. (2006, April 11). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/builders/stephenson3.htm

Schrag, Z. M. (2000, January). The bus is young and honest. Retrieved March 23, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25147453

Schultz, C. (n.d.). Trolley: The cars that built our cities - narration script. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from http://www.transitgloriamundi.com/trolley_videos/trolley/narration.html

Streetcars in The USA (Trains): Definition & amp; history. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.american-rails.com/streetcars.html

Stromberg, J. (2015, May 07). The real story behind the demise of AMERICA'S once-mighty streetcars. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.vox.com/2015/5/7/8562007/streetcar-history-demise

Wingler, F. A. (2019, September). From the 1832 Horse pulled Tramway to 21th Century Light Rail Transit/Light Metro Rail - a short History of the Evolution in Pictures. Retrieved March 23, 2021, from http://www.drwingler.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FROM-HORSE-PULLED-TRAMWAY-TO-METROLIGHT.pdf

Young, J. (2015, March 02). Infrastructure: Mass transit IN 19th- and 20th-Century Urban America. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-28?mediaType=Article