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Computational Creativity

Introduction
This textbook explores means by which artificially intelligent systems exhibit behaviors that can be regarded as creative, in areas such as visual arts, music, storytelling, non-fiction narrative, architecture, product design, and computer programming. Such systems are tools for humans to advance human creativity, but increasingly these systems are better viewed as collaborators with humans in hybrid human-machine creation. Creativity will also be found in large collectives of agents, both human and machine, and creativity will be found in general AIs too.

The text is intended to support a standalone undergraduate course in computational creativity, or to augment a course in artificial intelligence, machine learning, cognitive science, and other disciplines. The book may also be used in conjunction with the Wikipedia entry on computational creativity and related pages, as well as a host of other sources, such as Veale, et al (2020). As a textbook, however, these pages include projects and exercises, sample syllabi, and other material and experiences relevant to the teaching and learning of computational creativity. The book can also be used for self-study or other informal education by motivated learners.

The philosophy behind the textbook includes an embrace of AI systems as tools for human creativity. Most notably, AIs such as chatGPT and Midjourney have changed the AI and societal landscape in the blink of an eye. The textbook seeks to provide materials that embrace these technologies as tools and collaborators for advancing student learning in still other creativity domains, as well as address the societal implications of computational creativity. It is our intent that exercises and projects include versions where AIs openly help design, implement, document, and evaluate a computationally creative system with student prompting, or an artifact in another creative domain such as visual art, music, dance, or narrative. We also include versions of exercises and projects that are intended to limit aid from an AI, just as instructors might limit aid from other people.

An example exercise, perhaps for a course in Computational Creativity, AI, or Software Engineering, is as follows.

Background: Read "A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT" (https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11382) or listen to an instructor lecture on its content. Assignment: Collaborate with a large language model to specify, design, implement, and document a game of logic that uses knowledge of Boolean operations. The implementation can be in a programming language of choice. The game is intended to practice players in the full breadth of Boolean operations, as well as concepts such as minimal sets of connectives for expressing all Boolean functions. Submit (a) a paragraph description of the game and its rules, (b) an architectural design of the game program that involves major functions (e.g., moving, display, win/loss) and header comments for these functions, (c) a well commented code listing, (d) sample plays between a user and an AI, or two humans, or two AIs, (e) a summary listing of critical prompts used throughout the development process and their relationship to the prompt patterns found in the reading, and (f) comments on issues of interest, such as the appearance and impact of any apparent misconceptions on the part of the AI.

Before launching into material on various areas where computational creativity are relevant, we touch on a general introduction to the wide-ranging field.

Characteristics of creativity
Creativity, of various types and degrees, characterizes processes of creation. Creativity is a characterization in a multidimensional space relating to the extent to which a process (as embodied by some kind of agent) explores alternatives through thought and action, evaluates those alternatives, imagines what are possible results of actions, and empathizes and otherwise mentalizes the goals, capabilities, and feelings of other agents. We will not treat creativity as binary valued, but we will often implicitly reduce the multiple dimensions of creativity into a single dimension to talk about creation processes as more or less creative.

The results of creativity can be objects or thoughts, and the results are often characterized by varying kinds and degrees of novelty and value – how distinct is a result relative to a collection of other objects and imaginings of similar function, and what is the result’s pragmatic utility, beauty, or interestingness. You will sometimes hear inanimate objects referred to as creative, like “that is a creative vase”. You can assume that this is shorthand for saying that the vase has high novelty or value; or that the process that created that vase did significant exploration or used novel evaluation metrics, etc. If we call an agent creative it suggests that the agent, a human or AI artist or engineer, often carries out creative processes of creation, or produces results that have high degrees of novelty and value. This is the sense in which you will hear 'creatives' as people who create.

Is it possible for a creative process to produce mundane results? Sure, in large part because creativity lies in the eye of the beholder as well as the creator, and the space of objects against which the spectator evaluates a creation in terms of novelty and value is perhaps wider than the creator’s experience. The creator may have carried out processes that were quite unique to them, but not to a larger society. This distinction has been referred to as individual creativity and historic creativity, and of course it generalizes to a continuum between the individual and society as extremes.

Creativity occurs at different scales of time and activity, as well as of agency. It occurs in the operations at an assembly line station, however small we think of it (remember, creativity isn’t a binary), and at the level of the entire assembly line or some alternative paradigm for holistic construction. Non-human animals are creative, both as individuals and collectives, as are AIs, or so that is the assumption of this text. The topics mentioned here – exploration (search) vs exploitation, evaluation using measures such as novelty and value, projection or imagination, and scales of agency, time, and space are all amenable to computational treatment.

Computational Creativity and AI
Computational creativity is an area of artificial intelligence (AI), though some would say understudied. Most AI systems today, including computational creativity systems, are very focused and narrow applications, such as creation of visual art from narrative prompts, story writing, and music composition. In principle, such functionality in human affairs are very broad, drawing from the human creators' wealth of experience, but it could be said that the AI systems that mimic the human artists may take "shortcuts" in the creative steps, extracting features of the end results of creative processing and using these features in the creations of the AI. Nonetheless, the processing of computational creativity systems is impressive, typically in its processing of massive data sets that are typically the results of human creation. Some systems are multi-modal (e.g., taking narrative prompts as input and producing visual art, or vice versa from images to captions), which places them a step towards systems-level AIs. Systems level AIs include "intelligent" vehicles, Watson, and home assistants like Alexa. Further up the dimension of autonomy are person-comparable AIs, and these are still the stuff of science fiction.

One reason that is often given to interrogate your own thinking as you work on creativity and computational creativity projects is so that you will develop insights into the component processes that you use and coordinate in completing each project, and tasks like them in other parts of your life. Each of the component processes may themselves be decomposed further, and implemented by existing AI tools, at least in part. The hope of course is that you will imagine ways of implementing the sub-processes and complete process computationally so that you can be leaders, and the wisdom, in the wave of systems-level and person-level creative AIs that will probably come.

Our assumption is that creativity pervades intelligent processes of all kinds in human systems, and we will be discussing ways that it might pervade AI systems too. Learning, like creativity, is also a pervasive capability in human systems, and AI systems too, but even now (machine learning has been explored since the 1950s), most machine learning lies on the narrow end of the generality dimension. But learning in humans and AIs is a process, albeit spread over longer time scales, by which an agent explores and evaluates alternatives. Cognitive architectures and cognitive systems are areas of AI that study the processes of system-level AIs. We will often structure our discussions of creativity in systems-level AIs by considering the requisite capabilities outlined in our cognitive architectures reading. It is the goal of the book to describe the computational underpinnings of computational creativity, as well as describing the wealth of application areas for computational creativity.

And now for areas of computational creativity!

Curation
We interpret ‘curation’ broadly, as concerning collections of many types of things by novices and experts alike. Curation includes component activities of selecting, displaying, and educating about collections. Curation is an act of creation, as in creating an exhibit, and it begs some degree of creativity. Because curation involves collections of discrete things it is a good class of activity for introducing the utility of computational approaches. Our goal is to not simply talk about existing computational tools for carrying out curation, if any, but to imagine how computational tools might be applied to curation subtasks. This theme of discussing “what is” and “what could be” will run through other topics as well, though we may be less likely to know how to imagine the “what is possible” with respect to other media, though you may know more and are encouraged to "speak up" here on Wikibooks.

Suppose that a building for curating artwork has already been created, like the West Building of the National Gallery of Art, and a collection of paintings and sculpture is on site. A curator knows the dimensions of rooms, heights of walls, measurements of paintings and sculptures, and lots of metadata like artist, year, region, etc. What are the ways to organize the collection? Can the same methods and metrics be used to display gardens, zoos, natural histories, etc?

A basic AI functionality that might be useful for a computational curator is state-space search, where the states can be vertices in an explicit graph like a road network, or the states can be nodes or vertices (aka states) that are generated on-demand from an implicit graph. The "vertices" or states in AI problems are most typically quite complicated knowledge structures that are part of an implicit graph. State-space search is most typically used to explore alternatives in the 'problem-solving and planning' and 'reasoning and belief maintenance' functionality classes of a cognitive architecture.

Another basic AI strategy is representation and learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are typically huge collections of simple interconnected processing units (akin to individual neurons). Powerful computation stems from the interconnection of these units and their coordinated activity. In our first treatment of ANNs the functionality that we discuss is most appropriate to three cognitive architectures functionality classes: 'recognition and categorization', 'perception and situation assessment', and 'prediction and monitoring'.

Interactive
Mark O. Riedl and Vadim Bulitko (2013). Interactive Narrative: An Intelligent Systems Approach, AI Magazine, Spring Issue, 67—77.

“The Story of Facade: The AI Interactive Drama“

Music
“Artificial Intelligence and Music Generation Systems: An Introduction to the State of the Art” (2020), Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3. (This is long, so start early, and its one reason you don’t have an actual quiz on Wednesday of this week.)

The DALL-E of Music?

Shimon improvisational drummer videos

Dance
AI Choreographer: Learn to Dance with AIST++ Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation

Performance Art
Affordance-based Generation of Pretend Object Interaction Variants For Human-Computer Improvisational Theater, pp. 140-147 of Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Creativity

title: Computational Creativity


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Talk:Human Physiology/Physiology Introduction

homeostasis
can i please be futher enlightened on homeostasis

154.160.19.1 (discuss) 23:39, 22 April 2023 (UTC)


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Supplementary mathematics/Applied mathematics

Applied mathematics is a science that is used to apply mathematical methods in various fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science and industry. Therefore, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical sciences and specialized sciences. The term "applied mathematics" also describes a professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical and scientific problems by formulating, studying, and thinking about mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have also motivated the development and progress of mathematical theories, which then led to the invention of the science of pure mathematics, where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake and have exceptional methods. Therefore, the activity of applied mathematics is closely related to research in pure mathematics. Applied mathematics has concepts that are used in specialized fields. This topic has even been used in mathematics itself, for example, physical objects in nature. can be mentioned in geometry, slope length in differential and integral calculus, etc. It can be said that applied mathematics by discovering in physics, theories, etc It can be used.


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Supplementary mathematics/Pure mathematics

Pure mathematics is the study of mathematical concepts independent of any application outside of mathematics. These kinds of concepts may originate in real-world concerns, and the results obtained may later be highly useful for practical applications, but pure mathematicians are not primarily motivated by such applications. Instead, the attraction is attributed to the intellectual challenge and the aesthetic beauty of working to the logical consequences of underlying principles.

While pure mathematics as an activity has existed at least since ancient Greece and has made effective progress, of course, these concepts can be seen in ancient Iran, ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon,And even in the golden period of Islam, etc. This concept was carried out around 1900, after the introduction of theories with counterintuitive features (such as non-Euclidean geometries and the theory of infinite contour sets) and complex concepts of calculus, and the theory was explained. The discovery of apparent paradoxes (such as continuous functions that are nowhere differentiable and Russell's paradox) was also discussed as an example in the scientific field. It introduced the need to renew the concept of mathematical precision and rewrite all mathematics based on it, with the systematic use of axiomatic methods. This led many mathematicians to focus on complete mathematics for its own sake, i.e. pure mathematics.

It follows that, presently, the distinction between pure and applied mathematics is more a philosophical point of view or a mathematician's preference rather than a rigid subdivision of mathematics. In particular, it is not uncommon that some members of a department of applied mathematics describe themselves as pure mathematicians.


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User:HariPrabhu111

= Introduction to system of linear equation: = System of linear equations is a set of equations thats are contain two or more variables with the same degree of power. It is an essential topic in algebra and has many real-life applications. Solving the system of linear equations helps us to determine the value of variables that satisfy all the given equations. It has various real-world applications such as finding the optimal solution for business problems, determining the location of a point in space, and solving problems in physics, engineering, and many other fields. In this article, we will discuss one such real-life example of the system of linear equations and how it is used in practice.

= Example: A Furniture Manufacturing Company = Suppose a furniture manufacturing company produces two types of chairs — chair A and chair B. The company has two factories — Factory 1 and Factory 2. Factory 1 produces both types of chairs, while Factory 2 produces only chair B. The cost of producing each type of chair is different in each factory. The company has a total budget of $50,000 for the production of these chairs. The company wants to maximize the profit earned by producing and selling these chairs. The profit earned by selling one unit of chair A is $200, and for chair B, it is $150. Using this information, we can form a system of linear equations that can help us find the number of chairs of each type that should be produced in each factory to maximize profit.

Let x and y be the number of chairs produced in Factory 1 for chair A and chair B, respectively, and let z be the number of chairs produced in Factory 2 for chair B. Then, we can write the following system of equations:

Equation 1: x + y = total number of chairs produced in Factory 1

Equation 2: y + z = total number of chairs produced in Factory 2

Equation 3: 100x + 80y + 90z <= 50,000 (total cost of production)

Equation 1 represents the total number of chairs produced in Factory 1, which is the sum of chairs A and B produced in the factory. Similarly, Equation 2 represents the total number of chairs produced in Factory 2, which is the sum of chairs B produced in the factory. Equation 3 represents the total cost of production, which should be less than or equal to the total budget of $50,000.

Now, let’s solve this system of equations to find the number of chairs that should be produced in each factory to maximize profit.

Solving the System of Linear Equations

To solve this system of equations, we can use the method of substitution. Let’s solve Equation 1 for y and Equation 2 for z:

Equation 1: y = -x + total number of chairs produced in Factory 1

Equation 2: z = -y + total number of chairs produced in Factory 2

Substituting these equations in Equation 3, we get:

100x + 80(-x + total number of chairs produced in Factory 1) + 90(-y + total number of chairs produced in Factory 2) <= 50,000

Simplifying this equation, we get:

20x + 8total number of chairs produced in Factory 1 + 9total number of chairs produced in Factory 2 <= 1250

Now, we need to maximize the profit earned by producing and selling these chairs. The profit earned by selling one unit of chair A is $200, and for chair B, it is $150. Therefore, the total profit earned can be represented as:

Total Profit = 200x + 150y + 150z

Substituting y and z in terms of x from Equations

title: User:HariPrabhu111


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2023/March

Protection request
Global Issues: Austria & Czech Republic/Case Reports/Cafes

Current target of GRP. JavaHurricane (discuss • contribs) 05:38, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Appears to be ✅ —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Please block 64.150.4.62 (talk · contribs)
User has been vandalizing various pages, creating nonsense pages, and leaving irritating messages at my talk page. Heavy Water (discuss • contribs) 15:28, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Apologies, I didn't realize this project uses warnings. I have now warned the IP. Heavy Water (discuss • contribs) 15:31, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I have given them a short 2-day block to interrupt their disruption. If it persists, a longer block makes sense! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism
Hi. User 64.150.4.62 have made smap on my discussion page ( see history). I have reverted edits. Should I do more ? Soul windsurfer (discuss • contribs) 15:47, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Warn them? I also requested a block above. Heavy Water (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ By Kittycataclysm. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 04:10, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism on my talk page
w:User:Jinnifer is editing on my talk page here asking me to make edits to web pages on Wikipedia. My talk page was previously locked, could it be locked here again? Thank you! Andrzejbanas (discuss • contribs) 21:25, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ – protected for one month. Let me know if it needs to be extended after this period. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 22:10, 10 March 2023 (UTC)


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Supplementary mathematics/Computational mathematics

Computational mathematics includes mathematical research in branches of science where calculation plays an important and key role. Calculation means algorithms, numerical methods and symbolic methods. Calculation is leading in research. Computational mathematics emerged in the 1950s as a different branch of applied mathematics.

Today, it is necessary to use a computer to perform calculations to solve various scientific problems. Computational mathematics includes or relates to:

 * Computing science, or scientific computing or computing engineering or engineering and computing science
 * Solving mathematical problems with computer simulation, unlike applied mathematical analytical methods
 * Numerical methods used in scientific calculations such as numerical linear algebra, numerical solution of partial differential equations
 * Stochastic methods such as Monte Carlo methods and other representations of uncertainty in scientific computing, for example random finite elements
 * Mathematics of scientific calculations, which from a mathematical point of view includes mathematical proofs, such as numerical analysis and the theory of numerical methods, and from the point of view of theoretical computer science, including the theory of calculations and computational complexity
 * Symbolic calculations and computer algebra devices
 * Research with the help of computer in various branches of mathematics such as logic (subsidized proof of proof), discrete mathematics, etc.
 * Computational linguistics, the use of mathematical and computer techniques in natural languages
 * Computational algebraic geometry
 * Computational group theory
 * Computational geometry
 * Computational number theory
 * Computational topology
 * Computational statistics
 * Algorithmic theory of information
 * Algorithmic theory of games


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Supplementary mathematics/Branches of mathematics

Mathematics covers various types and depth of subjects throughout history, and only by sorting and categorizing all these subjects in mathematical branches can they be understood and collected in one place. Several models emerged to categorize these issues and although there are commonalities between these models, each one is different from the others due to their purpose.

Traditionally, mathematics is divided into pure (the study of mathematics for its inherent beauty) and applied (the study of mathematics for its application in real-world problems). But this general division was not always clear and many subjects were first founded by pure mathematics only to find its applications later. Major divisions such as discrete mathematics, computational mathematics , etc. have emerged recently.

An ideal taxonomy would allow new branches to be added to previous knowledge, making surprising improvements and being able to accommodate unexpected connections between branches to previous classifications. For example, Langlands' program found unexpected connections between previously considered unrelated fields, such as connections between Galva groups, Riemannian procedures , and number theory.


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Supplementary mathematics/Riemannian geometry

Riemannian geometry is a branch of differential geometry that investigates and studies the contents of Riemannian manifolds, i.e. smooth manifolds equipped with Riemannian metric, this manifold structure is equipped with inner multiplication on the tangent space at any point, so that from one point to The other point changes smoothly. Also, this structure specifically acquires local concepts such as angle, bend length, surface area and volume. From these, some other global quantities can be obtained by integration.


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Cookbook:Chicken Bog I

Ingredients

 * 1 ea. (5–6 lb) fat hen
 * 1 small onion (about the size of a lemon or smaller)
 * 1 small green bell pepper, chopped small
 * 1 stick butter (¼ lb), if needed
 * 2 lb uncooked long grain white rice (not instant rice)
 * ¼ lb bacon
 * Salt
 * Black pepper

Procedure

 * 1) Put chicken in heavy aluminum pot and cover with hot water. Be sure there is enough water so that there will be at least 6 cups of broth after cooking chicken. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat, cover, and simmer until chicken is very tender (an hour or more).
 * 2) While the chicken is cooking, put 4 cups of rice into a bowl, cover with cold water, and let soak.
 * 3) When chicken is very tender, remove pot from stove and let cool until the chicken can be handled.
 * 4) Take chicken from pot, and pull meat from bones in large pieces; do not cut it up. Discard any fat-heavy skin.
 * 5) Pour broth from pot into a bowl. If chicken was very fat and broth is very fatty, pour off about 1 cup of fat from broth.
 * 6) Wash pot, then put bacon in pot and cook slowly until bacon is crisp.
 * 7) Take bacon from pot and drain; leave bacon grease in pot.
 * 8) Put in chopped onion, green pepper and brown slightly.
 * 9) Add 6 cups chicken broth to pot, and season to taste with salt and pepper (at least a tablespoon of each—use a heavy hand since rice will absorb salt).
 * 10) Increase heat, bring broth to a boil, and put chicken in pot.
 * 11) Drain rice and put rice in pot.
 * 12) Add a stick of butter and mix well. Reduce heat, cover with lid, and simmer very slowly for about an hour. To avoid gooey rice, avoid stirring.
 * 13) When rice is tender and has absorbed the liquids, remove from stove. Serve hot. You can crumble bacon for a topping, according to taste.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Chicken bog can be kept in refrigerator or frozen and later reheated.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Bog I


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Cookbook:Chicken Bog II

From Come and Get It! by Jr. Welfare League of Talladega

Ingredients

 * 6 cups water
 * 1 tbsp salt
 * 1 medium onion, finely chopped
 * 1 ea. (3 lb) whole chicken
 * 1 cup long-grain rice
 * ½ lb smoked sausage, sliced
 * 2 tbsp herb seasoning
 * 1 packet "chicken and herb" seasoning

Procedure

 * 1) Put water, salt, onion, and chicken in pot. Boil until tender (about 1 hour).
 * 2) Remove chicken, let cool, and remove bones.
 * 3) Chop meat into bite-sized pieces.
 * 4) Skim off fat from juices. Measure 3 ½ cups of this broth into a 6-quart saucepan. Add rice, chicken pieces and smoked sausage, herb seasoning and "chicken and herb" seasoning.
 * 5) Cook these ingredients for 30 minutes. Bring to a boil and reduce heat and simmer, keeping covered the entire time. If rice mixture is too wet, cook uncovered until desired consistency.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Bog II


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Cookbook:Chicken Bog III

Ingredients

 * 1 whole onion
 * 2 stalks celery, washed and snapped in halves or quarters (leaves and all)

 * 2 carrots, halved or quartered

 * 1 tablespoon poultry seasoning
 * 1 tablespoon dried parsley flakes
 * 2 bay leaves
 * Salt to taste
 * Freshly-ground black pepper, to taste
 * 1 ea. (3–3½ pounds) whole chicken
 * Water
 * 2 ½ cups long-grain rice
 * 2 tablespoons butter

Procedure

 * 1) In a large soup pot, kettle, or deep-sided heavy casserole with top, combine onion, celery, carrots, poultry seasoning, parsley flakes, bay leaves, salt, and pepper.
 * 2) Rinse the chicken and place on top of the other ingredients in the pot. Add enough water to cover the chicken and bring to a boil, uncovered, over medium-high heat.
 * 3) Reduce heat, cover, and simmer for about 1 hour, or until juices run clear when the chicken is pricked with a fork.
 * 4) Remove chicken to a platter to cool. Strain broth from pot (you should have about 8 cups; if you have more, set aside for another use).
 * 5) Return 8 cups broth to the pot and bring to a boil over high heat. Pour in rice and return to a boil. Adjust heat to lowest possible setting, stir and cover.
 * 6) Cook 20 minutes, stirring occasionally and keeping an eye on the pot to be sure it does not cook dry. Add more of the broth if necessary.
 * 7) While the rice is cooking, skin and remove chicken meat from the bones; discard bones and skin. Cut meat into bite-sized pieces and set aside.
 * 8) When the rice is cooked, add the boneless chicken and butter. Stir together carefully, taste to correct seasoning and serve. Or, keep pot covered over low heat until ready to serve.

Nutrition
Per serving (with 2 teaspoons butter per serving): 60 calories, 2 grams protein, 4 grams fat, 6 grams carbohydrates, 10 milligrams cholesterol, 43 milligrams sodium, 60 percent calories from fat.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Bog III


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Cookbook:Chicken Bog (Grand Strand)

Ingredients

 * 2 ½ lb chicken pieces
 * 1 cup chopped onion
 * 1 ½ lb smoked sausage
 * 1 tsp black pepper
 * 2 cups long-grain rice

Procedure

 * 1) Boil chicken and onions in 4 cups of water until tender. If desired, debone chicken.
 * 2) Slice sausage into ½-inch pieces. Add sausage, pepper and rice to chicken.
 * 3) Simmer until all broth is absorbed and rice is cooked.

title: Cookbook:Chicken Bog (Grand Strand)


title: Template:Ada/Style/95/RM


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Professionalism/FIU Pedestrian Bridge Collapse

Background
The new pedestrian bridge crossing over SW 8th St. at the SW 109th Ave. intersection broke ground in 2016. The money for the project came from a federal grant to fund the University City Prosperity Project. The goal of the project was to make crossing the busy SW 8th St. safer for pedestrians. Hundreds of Florida International University (FIU) students cross SW 8th St. to travel between the FIU campus and Sweetwater, Florida on a daily basis. On August 20, 2017 a student was killed while crossing SW 9th St. at SW 109th Ave. when they were hit by a car. The bridge project was being constructed through the Local Agency Program (LAP), meaning the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) did not directly oversee the project. The bridge was also being constructed using a technique called Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC), which FIU researches extensively. ABC involves assembling the bridge off site and subsequently moving the bridge into place. This method is meant to reduce traffic impacts and lane closures while improving worker safety.

Relevant Participants
The general contractor for the bridge was Munilla Construction Management (MCM). FIU retained Bolton Perez and Associates (BPA) to the Construction Engineering and Inspection (CEI) firm for the project. FIGG Bridge Engineers (FIGG) designed the bridge and were the Engineer of Record (EOR) for the project, responsible for designing a safe and constructable bridge. The Louis Berger Group were hired by FIGG to be an independent peer reviewer of FIGG's design work. Structural Technologies/VSL was the subcontractor responsible for post-tensioning on the bridge.

Design
FIGG designed the pedestrian bridge to be a 320-foot-long pre-stressed concrete, truss bridge. The truss span was designed to be entirely self-supporting while the central piers and cables provided stiffness against vibration. Many of the diagonal members were designed to be constructed with post-tensioning (PT) bars to keep them in compression during any stage of construction. The fatal design error of this bridge was incorrect load and capacity calculations which led to shear failure at a critical node. Once the shear failure disconnected the joint between members 11 and 12 of the truss and the deck of the bridge, failure was imminent.

February 28, 2018
Six photographs of cracks taken by BPA are forwarded to MCM, who subsequently forward the photos to FIGG.

March 7, 2018
FIGG responds to photos sent by MCM. FIGG did not find any structural concern with any of the cracks photographed by BPA.

March 10, 2018
The Pedestrian Bridge is moved into place on the roadway. VSL begins to destress the post-tension (PT) bars, and more cracks begin to appear. Kevin Hanson, a supervisor for VSL, regarded as very knowledgeable about PT systems, noticed the cracking and sent an image to his supervisor stating "it cracked like hell".

March 12, 2018
Rodrigo Isaza, the project manager for MCM, along with other MCM employees photographed the new cracking. Rodrigo Isaza stated in an email to Dwight Dempsey, a PE at FIGG: "some of these cracks are rather large and/or of concern".

March 13, 2018
FIGG confirmed to both MCM and FDOT that this new cracking was not a safety issue, and offered a temporary solution. MCM also tells FIGG they will be monitoring the cracks. FIGG then asked to be notified if the cracks increased in size.

March 14, 2018
MCM sends more photos of cracks to FIGG. FIGG analyzed the cracks further.

March 15, 2018
Two FIGG engineers go on the bridge to examine the cracks, along with employees from MCM and BPA. A morning meeting was then held, and FIGG again stated that the cracks presented no safety concern, despite not understanding how the cracks formed. BPA asked FIGG during the meeting if the analysis was peer reviewed. FIGG agreed that they should be peer reviewed, but they had not been at the time of the meeting. BPA also confirmed that the cracks had been growing in size.

Later that day, the bridge completely failed and collapsed killing 6 people and injuring almost a dozen others.

Professional Ethics
Every company involved with the creation of the FIU Pedestrian Bridge was in some way responsible for the casualties when the bridge collapsed. Specifically, there are breaches of professional ethics in the specific actions taken by involved engineers, while others are institutional failures from oversight and regulatory agencies.

Project Failures
The following are some of the specific failures in implementation and oversight that allowed a series of errors to occur ultimately leading to the bridge collapse:

 * FIGG and BPA failed to take the cracks seriously as a structural issue
 * Traffic wasn't diverted when problems were discovered
 * Louis Berger was erroneously was a unqualified independent reviewer
 * Federal Highway Administration classified the project as high risk, yet took no action
 * The project was classified as a Local Agency Project (LAP), meaning FIU was managing the project with minimal oversight from FDOT
 * Louis Berger lowered budget amount, thereby cutting their ability to check more in depth details of the bridge, including nodes like the node between members 11 and 12 where the main bridge failure occurred.

=== Recommendations === In their analysis, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) gave specific recommendations for the Federal Highway Administration, FDOT, American Association of State Highway and Transportation, and FIGG. Amount these recommendations are:

 * Changing oversight to accommodate uncommon or unique bridge designs to ensure these bridges have correct estimates
 * Adding review to nodal stress calculations in FDOT's Plans Preparation Manual
 * Ensure peer-review engineers are prequalified before they're able to approve plans
 * Change Local Agency Program policy to more closely monitor uncommon designs

The Standing Committee on Structural Safety (SCOSS) also published a report detailing more broad changes in the industry that contributed to the failure. SCOSS proposes the following changes to the design process:

 * Implementing contingency planning
 * Prevent non-engineers from making decisions without the consultation of engineers
 * Better train to detect early warnings of failure
 * Better vet the competency of participants
 * Changing workplace cultures that compromise safety and quality

Putting It All Together
There were many oversights that happened in this case starting with the designed load capacity oversight by FIGG. The peer-reviewer Louis Berger failed to look over the entirety of the plans due to their unqualified nature and their lowering of budget which led them to be unable to check thoroughly. These oversights manifested themselves into deficiencies within the bridge itself which caused cracking to occur. Once cracks were discovered on the bridge there were many oversights that made the potential of harm to humans greater. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics lists protecting the health and safety of the public as the first ethical responsibility of civil engineers. That is, every single one of these workers should have had safety for everyone first. They lacked the professional knowledge and judgment to see how dangerous these cracks were and shut down SW 8th St. to keep the public away from an imminent crash.

Company Lawsuits
Most settlements filed by the victims' families were settled in 2019, the total amount against the engineering firms amounted to over 100 million dollars. The last settlement was against Louis Berger and settled in January, 2022.

Company Blame
All involved parties, including FIGG, don't take full responsibility. Their own inquiry into the collapse found that it was not their design that was at fault for the collapse, but rather it was a failure of the MCM construction crews to follow procedures that led to the failure. FIGG lost two high profile jobs after the collapse, including an $803 million bridge replacement job on US 181. Even after evidence against them and deflection of blame, FIGG remains a well-respected name in the bridge design industry. After agreeing to a $9.5 million settlement with FIU, MCM placed Louis Berger's name on a lawsuit, effectively blaming the collapse on the independent consultant. Robert L. Sumwalt, chairman of the NTSB said he had never "seen [a project] where there’s more finger-pointing between the parties." Although, some companies, including MCM and BPA, have officially changed their name since the collapse.

Rebuilding
FIU still plans to build a pedestrian bridge in the planned location, although now the bridge will use more traditional building methods and have a memorial for the victims of the original bridge's collapse. FDOT will manage the construction of the bridge instead of FIU. The highway under the bridge will be closed while the bridge is under construction.

Teachings about Professional Ethics
Even before the bridge crashed there was a lack of professionalism from each company involved which was eventually revealed by the pointing of fingers. The inability to accept responsibility showcased by this deflection of blame was inherent when cracks were identified. It seemed that each company didn't want to see the cracks as dangerous because they didn't want to possibly take blame for them occurring. Engineers should learn from this case that even if a problem didn't come about because of you, it should still be reported with urgency.

Similar Projects
In 2010, a decking failure in Medford, MA prompted a project to replace a series of 14 dilapidated bridges along a corridor of I-93 outside Boston, MA using the same ABC methods. All the bridges were replaced in the summer of 2011 without any serious injuries. The 93 Fast 14 project was a huge success "without delays or costly overruns," according to MassDOT.

Recommendations for Future Work
The design is complicated and unique and it may be useful to understand why FIU decided to undertake such an ambitious bridge design. The aftermath section can also be expanded on, including but not limited to a detailed review of the filed lawsuits and how the companies deflected and explained away blame.


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User:Sai varun reddy

Sai Varun Reddy Bhemavarapu (Born September 13, 1999) is a Graduate Student Studying Masters in Cyber Forensics and Security at Illinois Institute of Technology.

title: User:Sai varun reddy


text:
User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)

Your help may be needed
Hi, Just to let you know I bumped into this Reading_room/Assistance. Cheers, Ottawahitech (discuss • contribs) 23:47, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 435

IBM code page 435 is an EBCDIC code page with full ISO 6937 support used in IBM mainframes. It is a superset of code page 1024, except that the underscore and underline are unified in this code page. Code page 1005 disunifies the underline from the underscore, moves characters around to match EBCDIC 500, and unifies the macron with the overline.

There are non-spacing diacritic characters. However, code page 435, as well as ISO/IEC 6937, defines a fully specified character repertoire, mapping a list of composition sequences to ISO/IEC 10646 character names. The isolated non-spacing bytes are not included in this repertoire, although spacing variants of the diacritics not otherwise present in ASCII are included, with the ASCII space being the trail byte. Hence, only certain combinations of lead byte and follow byte conform to the ISO/IEC standard.

This system also differs from the Unicode combining character system in that the diacritic code precedes the letter (as opposed to following it).

A little anomaly is that Latin Small Letter G with Cedilla is coded as if it were with an acute accent, that is, with a 0xC2 lead byte, since due to its descender interfering with a cedilla, the lowercase letter is usually with turned comma above.

In total 15 diacritical marks can be followed by the selected characters from the primary set (it is unknown if more characters are available):

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


text:
Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1024

IBM code page 1024 is an EBCDIC code page with full T.61 support used in IBM mainframes. Code page 435 encodes more characters and unifies the underscore with the combining underline.

There are non-spacing diacritic characters. However, code page 1024, as well as T.61, defines a fully specified character repertoire, mapping a list of composition sequences to ISO/IEC 10646 character names. The isolated non-spacing bytes are not included in this repertoire, although spacing variants of the diacritics not otherwise present in ASCII are included, with the ASCII space being the trail byte. Hence, only certain combinations of lead byte and follow byte conform to the ISO/IEC standard.

This system also differs from the Unicode combining character system in that the diacritic code precedes the letter (as opposed to following it).

A little anomaly is that Latin Small Letter G with Cedilla is coded as if it were with an acute accent, that is, with a 0xC2 lead byte, since due to its descender interfering with a cedilla, the lowercase letter is usually with turned comma above.

The underline at 0xAD can be inserted under any letter.

In total 13 diacritical marks can be followed by the selected characters from the primary set:

Codepage layout
Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.


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Information Technology and Ethics/Types of cryptocurrency

There are many types of cryptocurrencies. Since the launch of Bitcoin in 2009, many other cryptocurrencies, commonly referred to as "altcoins," have been developed.

1) Bitcoin(BTC): In the crypto industry, Bitcoin is without any questions in the lead. It was the first cryptocurrency, as well. 2009 saw the birth of Bitcoin, which was created by a single person (or potentially a group) using the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto. Compared to a cap of 21 million, there are probably more than 19 million Bitcoin tokens in use as of June 2022. Every day, over 1,000 new bitcoins are created, bringing the total number of bitcoins to a maximum level. A central bank or any other authority had no plans to control Bitcoin. Instead, it makes use of blockchain technology, a public record that is distributed and holds a digital record of each Bitcoin transaction. Peer-to-peer (P2P) verification, the fundamental cryptography and trust framework that Bitcoin built, is the basis for the majority of current cryptocurrencies. The immutability of the Bitcoin blockchain, which means it cannot be changed in any way, makes it an excellent choice for communicating between two or more people.

2) Ethereum(ETH): A blockchain network is part of Ethereum. Ethereum, however, was built as a flexible blockchain, which means it wasn't made to support a particular currency but rather to let users of the network build, publish, trade, and deploy decentralized applications (dApps). The Ethereum platform's native currency, ether (ETH), was created for use as a means of exchange. To understand ETH more clearly, think of it as the fuel that the Ethereum blockchain runs on. Due to the fact that many ICOs depend on the Ethereum blockchain, Ethereum has been useful in the launch of many ICOs. The growing number of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) is also a result of the Ethereum network. The Ethereum network provides an open-sourced digital architecture so that developers may build and execute applications, or "smart contracts," applying many kinds of system-compatible coins. ETH, the Ethereum network's native cryptocurrency, is used to process payments done on the network by applying various applications developed there.

3) Ripple(XRP): In 2012, the Ripple network and its digital currency, XRP, were introduced. Because it is owned by a single business and is not managed by an independent community, XRP differs from other cryptocurrencies. Also, it does not present itself as an option for standard currencies. Instead, XRP aims to function as a form of third-party currency for international trade between any type of unit of value, such as from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to the euro or other official currencies. The basic objective of Ripple is to build a network that allows the fastest and most single-word process for as many transactions as possible. Ripple is trying to draw in businesses interested in the technology, such as major banks, exchange services, and payment providers. With this in mind, it's clear that Ripple fights less with other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum and more with popular financial infrastructure services like SWIFT.

4) Litecoin(LTC): As one of the original altcoins (alternatives to bitcoin), Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was launched in 2011. Although LTC was developed to be better than BTC, particularly in terms of transaction speed, it is based on the original source code of Bitcoin and shares some features with BTC. Litecoin has changed in value over time, much like many cryptocurrencies (or even some securities and stocks), although being an originally well-liked acceptance into the crypto sector. The Bitcoin blockchain, which is the open-source, digital public ledger that most cryptocurrencies use, has been split to create Litecoin, an independent, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency. Litecoin was created to make it possible for anyone, anywhere in the world, to exchange money with quick, nearly cost-free payments.

5) Dogecoin(DOGE): In 2013, Dogecoin, which is called "dohj-coin," was introduced as a method for simulating Bitcoin. It is known as the first prank cryptocurrency. The currency managed to attract interest from the public as well as some investment. Dogecoin's reputation as a safe cryptocurrency increased after Elon Musk expressed support for the cryptocurrency in a tweet in April 2019. Dogecoin is another cryptocurrency that functions on a blockchain network with a PoW method, much like Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, unlike Bitcoin, which has a maximum of 21 million coins, there is no limit to the number of currencies that can be produced.

6) Solana(SOL): Solana(Sol) is the name of the native currency used by the unique blockchain system Solana. In the real world, one of the best-performing cryptocurrencies is called Sol. By 2021, it increased sharply from less than $5 to about 20 times its original value. Solana provides some of the best technologies for smart contracts, providing a variety of platform-based applications. The Degenerate Ape Academy, a well-known NFT that was introduced in 2021, was also designed by the Solana team.


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Information Technology and Ethics/Security Risks and Precautions

Security in the field of cryptocurrency is important. With decentralization and borderlessness come a range of security threats, including hacking, theft, scams, and fraud. This chapter will guide you through the risks and precautions you need to know to confidently navigate the cryptocurrency landscape. By understanding the dangers and taking appropriate measures, you can safeguard your investments and enjoy the exciting benefits of this rapidly evolving technology with peace of mind.

Hacking and Theft
Cryptocurrencies are at risk of hacking and theft, posing a major security threat. Online criminals are targeting crypto platforms, including exchanges and wallets, with the aim of stealing digital assets. Once these assets are stolen, untraceable blockchain technology makes a recovery nearly impossible.

Phishing Attacks
One common method of stealing cryptocurrencies is phishing attacks. Phishing involves the creation of fraudulent websites and emails by hackers who use social engineering tactics to make them seem genuine. Users are often deceived into giving their login information or private keys by these fake websites or emails. Hackers are able to use this data to get control of the user's digital currencies wallet and send the user's funds to their own accounts.

Malware
Hackers usually use malware because it has the ability to seriously damage computer systems. It poses a genuine danger to security since it is designed to interfere with regular operations or inflict harm. Once inside, the hackers can access the system and take the victims' secret keys and login information. To covertly mine cryptocurrency, they can even remotely take control of the computer. By becoming knowledgeable about how to protect your computer, you can defend yourself against these harmful threats.

Cryptocurrency Exchanges and Wallets
Investing in cryptocurrency requires security measures to protect against hacking and theft. Hence, it is important to use trusted cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets equipped with robust security features. This consists of encrypting data two-factor authorization, and frequent examinations of security. It is also essential to never share your private keys or login credentials with anyone and to keep them stored securely offline.

Scams and Frauds
Scams and fraud in the cryptocurrency industry have increased in frequency as a result of cryptocurrency's increasing acceptance. Fraudsters take advantage of the anonymity and decentralization of cryptocurrencies to scam investors out of their money. It is important to be aware of the most common cryptocurrency scams and frauds to protect yourself from financial loss.

Ponzi Schemes
With the money raised from younger investors, a Ponzi scheme, a deceptive investing plan, pays off previous investors. These scams are widely advertised via social media and many internet platforms with exaggerated claims of financial benefit. Before investing their money, investors perform checks on potential investments and verify their reliability.

Fake ICOs
Startups frequently use initial coin offerings (ICOs) to generate money by releasing new coins. However, there are many scam ICOs occurring with the goal to trick investors into trading with money for worthless tokens or coins. Those scam ICOs usually mimic real projects by creating fake websites, social media profiles, and whitepapers. This is why Investors should always do enough investigating to check the reliability of any ICO when setting up an investment.

Pump and Dump Schemes
A deceptive strategy designed to artificially boost the value of a specific cryptocurrency is known as a "pump-and-dump scheme," in which false or unclear information is used to spread. This strategy, which is usually made possible by social media platforms, is used to trick unaware buyers into buying cryptocurrencies at inflated rates. Before making an investment in any digital currency, investors should always exercise caution when following financial recommendations on social media.

Storing Cryptocurrencies Safely
Securing cryptocurrencies is a main component of the cryptocurrency industry, demanding the utmost attention. Unlike physical assets that can be held in banks or safes, cryptocurrencies require more advanced and secure storage methods to avoid theft or loss.

Hardware Wallets
Hardware wallets are actual items developed to secure the private information needed to access and transfer digital currency. This makes them an exceptionally safe way to store cryptocurrencies since they are offline and secure from online hacking attempts.

Cold Storage Methods
Securely storing cryptocurrencies offline can be achieved through cold storage methods. This approach refers to the offline storage of cryptocurrencies in order to prevent unauthorized access or hacking attempts. One popular method of cold storage is by creating paper wallets, which involve generating private keys and storing them in a safe physical location.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Securely storing cryptocurrencies demands the use of multi-factor authentication (MFA). MFA fortifies the protection of cryptocurrency wallets by requiring multiple verifications, such as a password and biometric scan, before providing access. This enhances the security of digital assets and significantly deters unauthorized intrusion. Maximize the security of your cryptocurrency storage with MFA.

Updated Software Wallets
Ensuring the safety of your digital assets is important. One way to achieve this is by regularly updating software wallets with the latest security patches and updates. Cybercriminals are constantly seeking out vulnerabilities in these wallets, but by staying up-to-date, their attacks can be avoided. Digital wealth can be secured by keeping the software wallets optimized for safety.

Password Security
Ensuring optimal password security is imperative when storing cryptocurrencies. Employing robust and elaborate passwords, utilizing password management tools for password generation and storage, and abstaining from using identical passwords for multiple accounts are all effective measures to forestall the threat of unauthorized access to cryptocurrency wallets.


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Supplementary mathematics/Discrete mathematics

Discrete mathematics is a part of mathematics dedicated to the study of discrete objects (discrete means distinct or unrelated elements); In other words, in response to the question of what is discrete mathematics, we can say that whenever objects are counted, relationships between finite (or countable) sets are studied, and in general, discrete mathematics is used in processes that involve a limited number of steps. Discrete mathematics study areas include counting, transformation (permutation), composition, graph theory, number theory, sets and relations, function and recursive relation.

From the time of the English scientist Isaac Newton until the late Renaissance period, almost 80% of all emphasis on the structures of branches of mathematical sciences such as applied mathematics and pure mathematics has been on continuously variable processes modeled by the mathematical continuum and derived from methods of calculus. Differential and integral and limits from branches of geometry such as: analytical geometry and spatial geometry) and statistics and probability are used. In contrast, discrete mathematics is mainly concerned with finite sets of discrete objects such as numbers and skeletal figures (such as graphs). With the growth of digital devices, especially computers, discrete mathematics has become more important.

Discrete structures can be counted, arranged, placed in collections, analysis can be done with mathematical logic, tabulation of numbers and calculations can be done and compared with each other. Although discrete mathematics is a broad and diverse discipline, it also has specific rules for mathematical, logical, physical, and geometrical formulas that exist in many subjects. The concept of independent events and resulting rules, sums, and PIEs is shared between compositions, set theory, and probability. In addition, De Morgan's laws are applicable to many areas of discrete mathematics.

Often, what makes discrete math problems interesting and challenging are the constraints placed on them. Although the discipline of discrete mathematics has many elegant formulas for applications, it is rare that a practical problem corresponds perfectly to a particular formula. Part of the fun of exploring discrete mathematics is learning about many different approaches to solving a problem, and then being able to creatively apply different strategies to a solution.


text: User talk:RickinBaltimore

title: User talk:RickinBaltimore


text:
Theory of Formal Languages, Automata, and Computation

Table of Contents

 * 1) Authors
 * 2) Preface
 * 3) Introduction
 * 4) Grammars and the Chomsky Hierarchy
 * 5) Automata and the Chomsky Hierarchy
 * 6) Properties of Language Classes
 * 7) Applications of Language Classes
 * 8) Additional Exercises


text:
Professionalism/The Hippocratic Oath for Technologists

Introduction
The Hippocratic Oath for Technologists is an "ethical creed" written in 2018 by Ali Abbas of USC, Max Senges of Stanford, and Ronald Howard of Google, Inc. The Oath is to be taken by students as they graduate universities, to be discussed by technology firms, and to lay a foundation for ethical use of technology. The Oath is written in response to unethical use of technology, such as inappropriate AI use by social media platforms, biased software, and other issues. The goal is that if technologists abide by the oath, these issues can be prevented. The Pillars of the Oath focus on considering "ethical, legal and prudential" factors, and the overarching goal is to "promote technology for human progress."

Pillars
The three pillars of the Hippocratic Oath are easily compared to the traditional Hippocratic Oath for the medical field, highlighting how consideration of ethics in technology is essential in human well-being as well.

Pillar 1: I will seek to understand the ethical implications of the use of technology when making decisions.
Pillar 1 echoes themes of responsibility, sympathy, understanding and care. A 2017 Nature article published a AI software for skin cancer diagnosis that was trained on a biased dataset, a case of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Of the 129,450 images used, less than 5% of those imaged were dark-skinned patients. This was a large miss by the research group, showing a lack of consideration for Pillar 1 of the Hippocratic Oath for Technologists. Errors such as this can have widespread impacts on the health of patients, especially since skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in America. Had the researchers thought more carefully about the context that their product would work within, they would have noticed just how many people they failed to reach with their design.

In the medical field's oath, similar themes are mentioned. Doctors pledge to remain humble in the face of a great duty, remember that each patient is a human being deserving of consideration, and fulfill their obligation as a member of society. This commitment allows practitioners to treat patients as more than just ailments, and think with care about the impact their decisions have.

Pillar 2: I will tell the truth.
Pillar 2 encompasses the importance of professionalism in a technological career, asserting that even if it may be a hard conversation, an ethical technologist will tell the truth and put their profession before their career. In the case of the Boeing 737 Max, engineers did not alert clients or regulators of their failed technology. They knew that the new system was dangerous, and that it was being sold with lies to pilots who would be unprepared when things went wrong. All engineers needed to do was share their information with the FAA or a similar regulatory body, and further investigation into the issue would have been highly likely. If those engineers adhered to the Hippocratic Oath for Technologists, many needless deaths would have been avoided. Instead, lives were lost, charges and fines were issued, and Boeing lost the trust of many after selling a failed product.

In the medical field's oath, the virtues of telling the truth are also highlighted. Doctors pledge to communicate with colleagues when they don't know an answer, respect patient privacy, and acknowledge their reliance on the scientific gains of others. These principles create an environment where doctors can all work together to better humanity and healthcare.

Pillar 3: I will act responsibly.
Pillar 3 reflects the idea of prevention rather than cure. In the Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984, civilians were exposed to toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) after a storage vessel containing the toxic chemical ruptured. The tank was a deadly hazard that had multiple systems in place to prevent a catastrophic release of gas, but the plant's impending shutdown paralyzed all maintenance of those systems. There was an air scrubbing tower meant to trap harmful gas, but it was down to save money. The flare system intended to burn off the gas as it escaped had a corroded pipe that wasn't replaced. Finally, water hoses could have been used to trap the gas and remove it from the air, but the hoses were too weak to reach the leak. Preventative maintenance could have been performed in accordance with the Hippocratic Oath for Technologists. If it had, this disaster that impacted tens of thousands could have been avoided.

In the medical field's oath, acting responsibly is a central theme. In particular, doctors pledge not to overprescribe, nor give in to nihilism, and commit to seek prevention of disease whenever possible. Doctors following this pillar will seek to avoid merely prescribing pharmaceuticals as a solution to patient problems. Instead, doctors will use tools like drugs carefully to aid their patient's health.

BetterHelp: a case study in technological ethics
Respondent BetterHelp, Inc. (BetterHelp) is an online counseling platform that connects clients with licensed mental health professionals. Founded in September of 2013, it self-identifies as the world’s largest counseling organization, employing over 23,000 licensed therapists and serving more than 3.8 million patients. As detailed in a complaint submitted to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on March 3rd, 2023, BetterHelp was cited for 8 violations of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 which outlaws unjust practices that affect commerce. The complaint details evidence of privacy practices in which BetterHelp illegally used and sold visitors' and users' data such as emails and IP addresses to third parties including Facebook, Snapchat, and Pinterest. Third parties used the information to target and optimize advertisements for both BetterHelp and their own platforms.

Important Events
BetterHelp launched in September 2013. At the time, its website displayed a seal incorrectly implying compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and its privacy policy claimed that visitor and users data was only accessible by BetterHelp itself. There was no mention of third-party involvement.

In 2017, BetterHelp wanted to improve its marketing strategy and began by delegating almost unilateral authority over the use of Facebook's advertising services to one of its Junior Marketing Analysts—a recent college graduate with no prior marketing experience. Consequently, BetterHelp's marketing practices became increasingly deceitful in the following years. In January, the company began selling user data to third-party platforms, providing over 170,000 user emails to Facebook, thereby violating its own privacy policy. Facebook used this data to target new and existing users with advertisements. In August, BetterHelp published an "Intake Questionnaire" to which users could submit information about their mental health histories for treatment advice. The questionnaire falsely stated that any user-provided information was kept confidential between patient and counselor. In October, the email addresses of all existing and former users—over 2 million individuals—were given to Facebook to optimize advertising practices.

Between January 2018 and October 2021, BetterHelp continued to supply sensitive user data to third parties, primarily Facebook, Snapchat, and Pinterest. This data included information on a user's relative financial status, previous therapy history, email, and IP address. At least 10 million visitors and users had their data given away. During that period, BetterHelp also revised the Intake Questionnaire privacy statement four separate times. Each revision made minor changes to wording that gave the company more freedom with its users' information, but never mentioned third-party involvement. The statement was removed completely in October 2021.

In December 2020, a Civil Investigative Demand was issued by the FTC. Prior to then, no government agency or third party has been brought in to review BetterHelp's information policies for HIPAA compliance. In addition, BetterHelp never recorded which of its providers were subject to HIPAA, meaning an unknown number of patients were unprotected while using the platform. In turn, BetterHelp was forced to remove the seal of HIPAA compliance from its website.

In March 2023, the FTC issued BetterHelp a $7.8 million fine and an official ban on disclosing user data for targeted advertisements.

Conclusion
Ethical consideration highlights shared principles between medicine and technology, such as professional responsibility, incident prevention and open communication. Medical ethics are a fairly familiar and well accepted concept to many, but technology impacts lives just as medicine impacts lives, only in different ways. It is important for professionals to consider how their technology may help or harm others, and follow the Hippocratic Oath for Technologists just as doctors follow their own Oath. Profound negative consequences are observed when the Hippocratic Oath for Technologists is not followed, such as the case of BetterHelp, Boeing 737, and the Bhopal gas tragedy. Technologies can have society-wide effects that should be treated with the all the reverence of a medical intervention. Following the ethics of the oath can help to prevent a repeat of historical issues with unethical technological uses. Furthermore, an oath is the basis for a professional society that upholds certain standards for everyone. Lone technologists with well defined principles will be discouraged from standing out amidst others who have no concern for ethics. A community with an ethical culture would reward those who uphold the standards, and allow ethical professionals to thrive without having to fight the system.


text:
User:Mr.B.PCHS/sandbox

Introduction
This is a wiki page to summarize all information covered in Biology at PCHS.

Scientific Investigation
1) what is life? 2) How do we study it?

title: User:Mr.B.PCHS/sandbox


text:
Talk:Information Technology and Ethics/Social Media and Conflicts

Chapter Creation Purpose
This chapter was created by the Spring 2023 ITMM 485/585 course at Illinois Institute of Technology. It was created through the combined works of: Michael Kaczowka, Alsan Dar, Lekhana Kikkeri Ramesh, Jakub Urbaniak, and Maitreya Waghmare. All of whom are students in the ITM department. IIT Jakub U (discuss • contribs) 19:15, 24 April 2023 (UTC)


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Information Technology and Ethics/Introduction to cryptocurrency

Introduction
Cryptocurrencies' experience revolutionized financial manufacturing by introducing a new way to conduct transactions without the want for intermediaries, such as banks or financial institutions. The decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies means that they are not controlled by any central authority, which has made them particularly attractive to individuals and businesses seeking a more unafraid, transparent, and really efficient method of conducting transactions. The concept of cryptocurrency is based on blockchain technology, which is a distributed book that records all transactions in a transparent and immutable way. Each deal is verified by a web of computers called nodes, which use complex algorithms to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the transaction. While Bitcoin was the world-class cryptocurrency, there are now thousands of very different cryptocurrencies uncommitted, apiece with its own unique features and use cases. Some cryptocurrencies are intentional for fasting and affordable transactions, others are unintentional to alleviate composite financial transactions, such as smart contracts. Despite their growing popularity, cryptocurrencies remain a controversial topic due to their association with illegal activities, such as money laundering and tax evasion. However, very many proponents argue that cryptocurrencies make the potential to transmute financial manufacture by providing greater accessibility, transparency, and protection

Definition of cryptocurrency:

Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that is secured and verified using encryption techniques and operates without the involvement of any central authority or government. This allows for greater transparency and autonomy in the network. Cryptocurrencies use decentralized ledger technology, such as blockchain, which creates a permanent and unalterable record of all transactions on the web. The creation of really new units of cryptocurrency is controlled by a protocol, which incentivizes participants to validate transactions and ensure the integrity of the network.

While the anonymity and decentralization of cryptocurrencies make them popular among users, these features also lift concerns about their potential use in very illegal activities. The want of regulation in the cryptocurrency industry has made it really difficult to address these concerns. Additionally, the value of cryptocurrencies can be highly volatile, making them risky investments. However, the really possible benefits of cryptocurrency, such as greater financial inclusivity and faster and cheaper transactions, have led to increasing interest and acceptance of these digital assets.

A brief history of cryptocurrencies:

Cryptocurrencies, which prioritize privacy and certificate in digital transactions, were first conceptualized by David Chaum in the early 1980s. This work paved the way for the creation of the real first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, which was introduced in 2009 by an unknown person or group known as "Satoshi Nakamoto." Bitcoin's groundbreaking innovation was the use of the decentralized blockchain ledger to verify and record transactions.

Since then, numerous other cryptocurrencies like Litecoin, Ethereum, and Ripple have emerged, sharing the same decentralized and digital characteristics that prioritize security. Despite challenges, including regulatory uncertainty, security concerns, and price volatility, proponents believe that cryptocurrencies represent a revolutionary new organization of money that can raise privacy, security, and financial freedom.

Benefits of using cryptocurrencies:

Cryptocurrencies offer several benefits that traditional banking systems do not. For example, cryptocurrencies use cryptographic algorithms to secure transactions and keep user entropy private, providing greater security. They also operate independently of a central authority, making them immune to government interference or manipulation. This decentralization allows for greater transparency, as transactions on the blockchain are publicly visible, providing accountability.

Additionally, cryptocurrency transactions typically have lower fees compared to traditional banking systems, making them a more cost-effective option. Cryptocurrencies are also accessible to anyone with an internet connection, making them particularly useful for people in underbanked or unbanked regions.

Finally, as cryptocurrencies become more mainstream, they have the potential to appreciate in value, making them a potentially lucrative investment opportunity.


text: Category:Chicken bog recipes

title: Category:Chicken bog recipes


text:
Cookbook:Coq au Vin III

Nearly all coq au vin recipes other than those altered for low-fat diets start with lardons, or their more available substitutes, unsmoked bacon or pancetta. The lardons are cooked, and the rendered fat used for browning the other ingredients, and (with the addition of the flour) to form the roux which thickens the sauce. Generally, a full bottle of red wine is used, and brandy may be added.

Porcini mushrooms, while not particularly authentic, are good in this dish. This is a difficult dish, but you've got to try it. The asafoetida is a novelty, but it does add pungency.

Ingredients

 * 1.5 kg (about 3.5 lbs) chicken, jointed (or drumsticks, thighs, breasts); get the giblets, and the blood if you can; season beforehand; marrow is important
 * Oil
 * Black peppercorns
 * 4 carrots, cut in thick lengths
 * 1 whole onion
 * 8 thick slices pancetta, cut into strips less than width of little finger
 * 1 strip of pork belly fat
 * 1 onion, chopped
 * 250 g button mushrooms, whole
 * 1 clove garlic, sliced
 * 2 measures of brandy
 * 1 bottle red burgundy wine (or côte du Rhône/Morgon)
 * 1 cup vegetable stock
 * 4 cloves garlic, crushed
 * 5 sprigs thyme (2 tsp)
 * 5 bay leaves
 * Butter
 * Selection of wild mushrooms, sliced (dried is okay; use the soaking liquor)
 * 12 small fresh pickling onions, peeled and whole
 * 2 stalks celery, roughly diced
 * ½ tsp ground asafoetida
 * Salt
 * Parsley

Procedure

 * 1) For chicken stock, sear the giblets in a bit of oil in a pan, and simmer in water with the whole onion, 1 carrot and some peppercorns. You should have 1 cup.
 * 2) In the skillet, fry pancetta and pork belly fat with butter until golden brown. Remove pancetta.
 * 3) To the skillet, add the seasoned chicken pieces skin side down and fry until honey-coloured, then flip. This is vital for the flavour; the skillet must be left sticky. There won't be enough room to do it in one go, so take it in turns. Remove, leaving the pork belly behind, snipped into pieces.
 * 4) To the skillet, add the chopped onion and the button mushrooms; fry for 5 minutes, then add the sliced garlic and immediately flame off one of the measures of brandy.
 * 5) To the skillet add the chicken pieces and pancetta, then pour over all the wine, chicken stock, and vegetable stock. Bring to the boil, then add garlic and herbs. Reduce the heat and simmer for 45 minutes. Turn the chicken pieces twice.
 * 6) Remove the chicken pieces to the pyrex lid and pour the skillet sauce into the jug; put the jug in the freezer for 30 minutes and then remove the fat. At this stage, it is recommended that you refrigerate the whole dish overnight.
 * 7) In the skillet, add some butter along with the wild mushrooms; then pickling onions, remaining carrots, and celery; fry until the mushrooms brown. Stir in the asafoetida and flame off the second measure of brandy.
 * 8) Add the jug ingredients to the skillet sauce, along with another crushed clove of garlic, and push the veg to the edge of the skillet; reduce the sauce in the skillet until glossy (about 15 minutes). It may need some flour stirred in, but it shouldn't be thick.
 * 9) Pour half the sauce into the pyrex bowl, then place the chicken pieces in, and pour the rest of the sauce on top; put the covered pyrex bowl in an oven on 170 °C for 90 minutes.
 * 10) Sprinkle parsley over each portion, and serve with asparagus/green beans, and steamed potatoes/flat noodles/rice/orzo/colcannon.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If you're doing breasts off the bone, sear on skin side only and do not put back into the dish until the oven stage—otherwise they will toughen up.

title: Cookbook:Coq au Vin III


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Information Technology and Ethics/GDPR Compliance

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Introduction

GDPR is a comprehensive privacy and security law in the world. It was drafted and implemented by the European Union on May 25, 2018. It aims to protect the data of EU citizens by imposing obligation and organization anywhere in the world collecting the data of EU citizens. Violating the terms of GDPR regulations can lead to fines of up to 20 million euro. According to the nytimes, google was fined 50 million euros for not properly disclosing to users how data is collected across its services like its own search engine like google and its services like maps and YouTube. This penalty is considered as one of the largest under the EU privacy law i.e., GDPR

There are some GDPR compliance checklists that the United States organization dealing with European citizens' data must followed.

GDPR Compliance Checklist for US Companies

● Should conduct information audit for EU personal data.

● Inform the customers about the reason behind the processing of their data.

● Assess the data processing activities and improve protection

● Data controllers should make sure that they have a data processing agreement with the vendors.

● A designated data protection officer should be appointed especially by the larger organization.

● Non-EU organizations are required to appoint a representative based in one of the EU member states.

● Duties should be known during the event of data breach.

● Organizations should comply with cross-border transfer laws.

GDPR Principles

1. lawfulness

2. fairness and transparency

3. purpose limitation

4. data minimization

5. accuracy

6. storage limitation

7. integrity and confidentiality and accountability

Top GDPR fines till date

1. Meta

It was fined a total of 405 million euros in the year 2022 for violating children privacy through the publication of email addresses and phone numbers.

2. Clearview AI Inc.

In 2022, a fine of 20 million euro was imposed on an AI company in America for collecting selfies and utilizing them to expand its database of approximately 10 billion faces. The company used to then sold its identity verification services to various industries, including law enforcement.

3. Google

After discovery of the search engine giant was giving the Lumen Project access to the personal information of EU individuals who were requesting their data be erased, AEDP, Spain's data protection body, penalized Google 10 million euros. The AEDP discovered that Google's form for material removal, which individuals used to exercise their right to be forgotten, was unclear.

4. Rewe

Rewe, a supermarket chain was imposed a fine a 8 million euro for breaching the GDPR in the year 2022.

References


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Information Technology and Ethics/SOC 2 Compliance

SOC 2 Compliance: As organizations continue to rely on technology to run their operations, the need for robust security measures becomes paramount. SOC 2 compliance has become one of the most important criteria for service providers and vendors to have controls in place to protect their customers' data. we take a closer look at the five Trust Service Principles of SOC 2 and the benefits of achieving compliance. This principle focuses on protecting data from unauthorized access, disclosure, and destruction. Controls based on this principle include access control, encryption, and auditing of security events. availability: This principle focuses on ensuring that the system can be operated and used as agreed with the customer. Management based on this principle includes plans for redundancy, backup, and disaster recovery.Principle:This principle focuses on ensuring that system processing is complete, accurate, timely,and authorized. Controls based on this principle include input validation, data reconciliation, and error handling. This principle focuses on ensuring sensitive data is protected from unauthorized access or disclosure. Controls based on this principle include access control, encryption, and data classification. This principle focuses on ensuring that personal information is collected, used, stored, and disclosed in accordance with the organization's privacy policy and relevant laws and regulations. Controls based on this principle include data minimization, consent management, and data subject rights.

SOC 2 compliance: demonstrates an organization's commitment to security and privacy and can enhance reputation and credibility with customers and partners. SOC 2 compliances can give companies a competitive advantage over competitors who may not have gone through the same rigorous review process. crisis management: SOC 2 compliance helps organizations identify and remediate potential security risks and vulnerabilities, thereby improving their overall security posture. SOC 2 compliance helps organizations meet the security and privacy requirements of industry-specific regulations such as HIPAA and PCI DSS. Being SOC 2 compliant can increase customer confidence in your organization's data protection capabilities, which can lead to increased customer loyalty and retention.


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Information Technology and Ethics/Compliance Management

Now that we have reviewed what cybersecurity compliance is, it is important to understand how to get started in making a Cybersecurity Compliance Program within your organization. Every cybersecurity compliance program is specific to an organization due to its versatility and depth it covers. However, the steps below should be a great starting point for any organization to begin developing its compliance program and gain the benefits to meet regulatory compliance requirements.

1. Assemble a Designated Compliance Team

The main power behind cybersecurity compliance is your IT staff, however when a comprehensive compliance program is put into place, a compliance team must be formed. For a business to have a strong cybersecurity posture and support compliance procedures, all departments must collaborate.

2. Make a Risk Analysis Process

You should adhere to the four fundamental phases of the risk analysis process in order to identify and evaluate risks. These include determining which information systems, assets, or networks have access to data, determining the risk level associated with each type of data, applying a formula to analyze the risk, and establishing tolerance by selecting whether to reduce, transfer, reject, or accept any identified hazards.

3. Enable Controls to Mitigate or Transfer Risk

Setting up security measures to reduce or transfer cybersecurity threats is the next stage. These measures include encryption, network firewalls, password restrictions, staff training, incident response plans, access control, and patch management schedules, among other technological and physical measures.

4. Create and Implement Policies

Document any policies or instructions that IT teams, staff, and other stakeholders need to follow controls have been put in place. These regulations will also be helpful for future internal and external audits.

5. Monitor and Respond Quickly

Maintain a constant eye on your compliance program as new laws or revised versions of old ones are passed. A compliance program's objective is to recognize and manage risks and stop cyber threats before they result in a significant data breach. Additionally, it's crucial to have business procedures in place that let you respond rapidly to threats.