text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Point-to-Point Wireless Link

An Internet connection from an ISP is not always available in the area where a community lives. In these cases, one of the ways to receive Internet connectivity is by wirelessly connecting to a nearby point where Internet connectivity is available. This connectivity can be over large distances of more than 10 km. It can either share the bandwidth of an existing Internet connection or obtain a new connection from an ISP to a point where they are able to provide the connectivity. Other alternatives include using Internet connections over 4G when available or laying out a community owned optical fibre cable to a point that can provide Internet connectivity. This section describes how to evaluate and setup a long distance point-to-point wireless connection. The reader should be able to do their own evaluations and if feasible, setup their own wireless links following the instructions provided here.

The technical knowledge for the setup is drawn from various sources and the reader is encouraged to read those sources. The primary among these sources is the book Wireless Networking in the Developing World. Other sources are provided as references in each subsection. This entire section is described with the example of a 2.6 km long wireless connection that the authors have established between the villages of Geesukonda and Gangadevipally in Telangana, India. This connection provides Gangadevipally with Internet connection from the neighboring village of Geesukonda.

Requirements
To establish a wireless link, the following conditions have to be met:

 * 1) There is no need to have a radio license. The link described here uses the technology and radio frequencies of a typical home Wi-Fi access point. In pretty much all countries there is no need to obtain a license for this. Check with your local regulations, just in case.
 * 2) There is typically a limit on how much power a Wi-Fi access point is allowed to emit. Lookup your local regulations and note the maximum power that can be emitted. For example, in India, 4 Watts of transmission power is allowed for Wi-Fi frequencies of 2.400 GHz to 2.483.5 GHz and 5.825 GHz to 5.875 GHz. This translates to a maximum power of 36 dBm. Many times there are safeguards in the Wi-Fi access point configure interface to not exceed the power output of a given region assuming the region has been configured properly.
 * 3) Access to two tall points on each side of the connection are required to install the Wi-Fi access points. These could be existing structures such as radio towers, water tanks or tall buildings. Alternatively, one may setup a tower of required height on both sides.
 * 4) The connection can only be established if there is a clear line of sight between the two points being connected.
 * 5) You will need to purchase two Wi-Fi access points with directional antennae such as dish antennae. This could cost as little as USD 150.
 * 6) You will need additional equipment to setup the Wi-Fi access points such as Ethernet cables to run down from the towers, hardware to fasten the access points to towers, etc.

Evaluation
Evaluate if the link between the two points is viable. Each of the following steps are described in more detail later.

 * 1) Determine the distance between the two points of connectivity.
 * 2) Calculate the height of the towers based on the height of the obstacles in between them and the curvature of the earth.
 * 3) Calculate the loss of signal strength for a Wi-Fi signal transmitted between these to points assuming just vacuum between them.
 * 4) Decide on whether to use 2.4Ghz frequency or 5Ghz.
 * 5) Choose a commercial Wi-Fi access point to use.
 * 6) Compute the miscellaneous loss that this link can tolerate. If this value is high enough, say 20 dBi, then the link can be thought of as viable. Otherwise, choose better equipment and repeat the computation.

Distance Measurement
Measure the aerial distance between the two points using mapping software. Use OpenStreetMap. There are several web based tools that use OpenStreetMap that let you measure the aerial distance between two points. If it is not helpful enough, use Google Maps.

In the example case, the aerial distance between the chosen points in Gangadevipally and Geesukonda villages is about 2.6 km.

Fresnel Zone Calculations
Point-to-point wireless transmission needs to have more than just line of sight. Depending on the frequency used, it also needs to have an ellipsoidal volume between the two connection points to be completely vacant (ideally) or at least 60% vacant. This ellipsoidal volume is known as a Fresnel Zone. There are multiple Fresnel Zones with varying importance but for the purpose of our wireless connection it sufficient to take into consideration only the first Fresnel Zone. Performing these calculations gives us the height of Wi-Fi towers on each end of the wireless link.

The radius of the ellipsoid $$r$$ at a point $$d_1$$ distance from first tower and $$d_2$$ distance from second tower is given by

$$r = \sqrt{\frac{n * L * d_1 * d_2}{d_1 * d_2}} $$

Where:

$$n

$$ is the number of Fresnel zones being calculated. First first Fresnel Zone, $$n = 1$$.

$$L

$$ is the wavelength of wave $$= \frac{c}{f}

$$

$$c $$ is the speed of light

$$f $$ is the frequency of the wave

For 2.4 GHz

 * Considering only the first Fresnel zone, $$n = 1$$.
 * Distance between points = 2.6 km
 * Height of earth due at mid point due to earth's curvature: 0.13 m (negligible).
 * Frequency = 2.44 GHz
 * At mid point: $$d_1 = 1.3 km, d_2 = 1.3km$$
 * No obstruction within 100% of Fresnel radius $$r$$= 9 m (30ft)
 * No obstruction within 60% of Fresnel radius $$r_{60%}$$= 7m (23ft)
 * Near houses on both sides: $$d_1 = 200 m, d_2 = 2.4km$$
 * No obstruction within 100% of Fresnel radius $$r$$= 5m (16ft)
 * No obstruction within 60% of Fresnel radius $$r_{60%}$$= 4m (13ft)
 * Minimum height of the towers
 * For having no obstruction within 100% in Fresnel radius $$h$$= 10 m
 * For having no obstruction within 60% in Fresnel radius $$h$$= 9 m

For 5GHz

 * Considering only the first Fresnel zone, $$n = 1$$
 * Distance between points = 2.6 km
 * Height of earth due at mid point due to earth's curvature: 0.13 m (negligible).
 * Frequency = 5 GHz
 * At mid point: $$d_1 = 1.3 km, d_2 = 1.3km$$
 * No obstruction within 100% of Fresnel radius $$r$$= 6 m (20ft)
 * No obstruction within 60% of Fresnel radius $$r_{60%}$$= 5m (16ft)
 * Near houses on both sides: $$d_1 = 200 m, d_2 = 2.4km$$
 * No obstruction within 100% of Fresnel radius $$r$$= 3m (10ft)
 * No obstruction within 60% of Fresnel radius $$r_{60%}$$= 3m (10ft)
 * Minimum height of the towers
 * For having no obstruction within 100% in Fresnel radius $$h$$= 8 m
 * For having no obstruction within 60% in Fresnel radius $$h$$= 8 m

Free space path loss
When a signal is send from one point to another there will be loss in strength of the signal as it travels distances even in perfect vacuum. This is known as free space path loss. We need to compute this value based on the distance between the points.

$$FSPL(dB) = 20\log_{10}(d) + 20\log_{10}(f) + 32.45

$$

Where:

$$d

$$ is the distance of the receiver from the transmitter in km

$$f

$$ is the signal frequency in Mhz

For the example case:

 * Distance $$d

$$ is 2.6 km
 * For Wi-Fi frequency $$f = 2.44 GHz

$$, $$FSPL(dB) = 48.48726dB

$$
 * For Wi-Fi frequency $$f = 5.8 GHz

$$, $$FSPL(dB) = 56.00803\ dB

$$

Wi-Fi Access Point Hardware
A commercial Wi-Fi access point must be selected for establishing a point-to-point Wi-Fi connection. These access points are very similar to typical access points used in homes. They use the same Wi-Fi technology and frequencies to transmit and receive data. However, they are different in following ways:

 * These access points can withstand outdoor weather and can be installed without and additional weather protection.
 * They can be powered using Power-Over-Ethernet technology so that power supply need not be provided to the top of the building or tower where they are installed.Instead the Ethernet cable that carries data from the access point also carries power for the access point.
 * Access points meant for point-to-point links come with a directional dish antenna instead of a typical omni directional antenna. This to facilitate focusing the radio signal in one direction rather than spreading it over an entire area such as a home.

When choosing an access point, the following factors may be of help.

 * The higher transmission power the better. In India, 4 Watts of transmission power is allowed for 2.400 GHz to 2.483.5 GHz and 5.825 GHz to 5.875 GHz. This translates to a maximum power of 36 dBm.
 * The higher the antenna gain, the better. 23 dBi to 30 dBi are typical.
 * Dish antennas are better than sector, omni, patch etc. antennas.
 * Dish antennas have optional weather proof covers.
 * Dish antennas with a grill can tolerate more wind than completely covered plate ones.
 * Antennas sold with radios may work out to be cheaper than buying antenna and radio separately.

Some of the commercial products suitable for point-to-point links evaluated by the authors at the time of the writing are:

 * Ubiquiti AirGridM
 * Ubiquiti LitebeanM5
 * Ubiquiti NanobeamM
 * Ubiquiti Powerbeam
 * Ubiquiti Nanobridge
 * TP-Link TL-ANT2424B
 * TP-Link TL-ANT2424MD
 * TP-Link TL-ANT5830B
 * TP-Link TL-ANT5830MD
 * TP-Link WBS510
 * TP-Link WBS210

Places to Buy
The following could be a place to buy the point-to-point radios and antennae:

 * 1) http://www.multilinkonline.com/Ubiquiti-LiteBeam-M5_p_810.html
 * 2) http://kc-india.com/

Link Budget Calculation
Link budget calculation must be done to determine if the link is viable. When a radio signal originates from the transmission radio, it under goes various losses and gains before it reaches the receiving radio. If the receiving radio has as a sensitivity greater than the signal strength received, the data can be understood by the receiver. Otherwise, the link won't work and is unviable. After the transmitting radio transmits the radio signal with power $$P_{TX}

$$, it suffers loss at transmission due to the cable $$L_{TX}

$$, gains due to transmitting antenna $$G_{TX}

$$, suffers free-space path loss $$L_{FS}

$$, suffers losses due to fading $$L_{FD}

$$, suffers other miscellaneous losses $$L_{M}

$$, gains due to receiving antenna $$G_{RX}

$$ and finally losses some in the receiving cable $$L_{RX}

$$ and finally results in the receiving power $$P_{RX}

$$. During our computation we will assume that receiving sensitivity of the access point is the minimum power it can receive. Then will be compute the miscellaneous $$L_{M}

$$is small enough. If it is, then we can assume that the link is viable.

$$P_{RX} = P_{TX} + G_{TX} - L_{TX} - L_{FS} - L_{FD} - L_{M} + G_{RX} - L_{RX}

$$

Ubitquiti Litebeam LBE-M5-23
Link budget calculation for Ubitquiti Litebeam LBE-M5-23 for the example case:

 * Transmission power (802.11n, MCS7, 150 Mbps) $$P_{TX}

$$= 19 dBm
 * Receiver sensitivity (802.11n, MCS7, 150 Mbps) $$P_{RX}

$$= -75 dBm
 * Transmission antenna gain $$G_{TX}

$$= 23 dBi
 * Transmission antenna gain $$G_{RX}

$$= 23 dBi
 * Loss at transmission (< .5m cable) $$L_{TX}

$$= < 2 dB (LMR 200 cable, a low quality coaxial cable has properties of 85 dB for 100 m of cable)
 * Loss at receiving (< .5m cable) $$L_{RX}

$$= < 2 dB (same as for transmission)
 * Free space loss for 2.6 km distance for 5.8 GHz signal $$L_{FS}

$$= 56 dB
 * Fading loss margin $$L_{FD}

$$= 15 dB
 * Miscellaneous loss $$L_M

$$= ?

Link budget equation:

$$\begin{array}{lcl} P_{RX} & = & P_{TX} & + G_{TX} & - L_{TX} & - L_{FS} & - L_{FD} & - L_{M} & + G_{RX} & - L_{RX} \\ -75 & = & 19 & + 23 & - 2 & - 56 & - 15 & - L_M & - 2 & + 23 \end{array}

$$

$$L_M = 65dB

$$

The value is very high and the link is comfortable viable. We have increased the distance by an order of magnitude and the link would still have been viable.

Ubitquiti AirGrid AG-HP-5G27
Link budget calculation for Ubitquiti AirGrid AG-HP-5G27 for the example case:

 * Transmission power (802.11n, MCS7, 150 Mbps) $$P_{TX}

$$= 19 dBm
 * Receiver sensitivity (802.11n, MCS7, 150 Mbps) $$P_{RX}

$$= -75 dBm
 * Transmission antenna gain $$G_{TX}

$$= 27 dBi
 * Transmission antenna gain $$G_{RX}

$$= 27 dBi
 * Loss at transmission (< .5m cable) $$L_{TX}

$$= < 2 dB (LMR 200 cable, a low quality coaxial cable has properties of 85 dB for 100 m of cable)
 * Loss at receiving (< .5m cable) $$L_{RX}

$$= < 2 dB (same as for transmission)
 * Free space loss for 2.6 km distance for 5.8 GHz signal $$L_{FS}

$$= 56 dB
 * Fading loss margin $$L_{FD}

$$= 15 dB
 * Miscellaneous loss $$L_M

$$= ?

Link budget equation:

$$\begin{array}{lcl} P_{RX} & = & P_{TX} & + G_{TX} & - L_{TX} & - L_{FS} & - L_{FD} & - L_{M} & + G_{RX} & - L_{RX} \\ -75 & = & 19 & + 27 & - 2 & - 56 & - 15 & - Lm & - 2 & + 27 \end{array}

$$

$$L_M = 73dB

$$

The value is very high and the link is comfortable viable. We have increased the distance by an order of magnitude and the link would still have been viable.

Choosing 5GHz vs. 2.4GHz
Most of the Wi-Fi access point equipment support both 5Ghz frequency range and 2.4Ghz frequency range. In general, lower frequencies are better for penetrating walls, buildings and vegetation. Higher frequencies are better for direction beams like in case of point-to-point links.

 * 5 GHz does not interfere with 2.4 GHz already used to provide Wi-Fi hotspots.
 * 5 GHz has a smaller Fresnel zone requiring shorter towers.
 * 5 GHz is more prone to losses with cables and connectors.
 * 5 GHz antennas are smaller for same sensitivity.
 * 5 GHz radio beam is more focused requiring better alignment.
 * 5 GHz can't penetrate obstacles (trees, buildings, fog, rain, smoke, etc.) as well as 2.4 GHz.
 * 5 GHz band in Wi-Fi supports higher throughput.

For the example case, given that there is good line of sight, 2.4 GHz is being used for hotspots and has a high tower for installation, 5 GHz is better choice.

Setup
Setup the link between the two points:

 * 1) Install and secure the two Wi-Fi access points both ends while making the antennae face each other approximately. The clamps needed for fastening are typically provided along with access points. Take precautions when scaling heights with safety equipment and employing trained and experienced personnel.
 * 2) Configure one of the access points in Wi-Fi access point mode and setup the SSID with a password. The access point should be configured in repeater mode so that it does not interfere with the IP address allocation in the network. This task is performed by FreedomBox. The access point should be given a static IP address in the same range as the rest of the hosts in the network.
 * 3) Configure the other access point in client mode and connect to the previously configured SSID with the password. The access point should be given a static IP address in the same range as the rest of the hosts in the network.
 * 4) Align the antennae to provide the maximum signal strength. Use the antenna alignment tool that is available in the web administration interface of the Wi-Fi access points. While observing the signal strength indicated in the antenna alignment tool, first move the antenna along the horizontal axis and find the point with the best signal strength. Then, fix the horizontal position and move the the antenna along the vertical axis and find the point with the best signal strength. Repeat the process with the second antenna.
 * 5) Test the setup to ensure that the access point on either end is able to ping the other using the ping tools provided in the Wi-Fi access point's web administration interface.
 * 6) Connect the WAN port of one of the access points to the Internet connection provided by the ISP. This means connecting a long Ethernet cable between access point at the top of the tower to the Ethernet switch of the ISP or to the ADSL modem if the ISP provides ADSL connections.
 * 7) On the other access point, connect the WAN port to the Internet port of the FreedomBox server.
 * 8) Test the setup by ensuring that FreedomBox server is able to ping both the access points, the ISP servers and the servers on the Internet. Debug accordingly if something does not work.
 * 9) Run a bandwidth test to determine that the speed of the Internet connection received by FreedomBox server. Compare it with the speed on the other side without the wireless link setup. Also compare it with ISP advertised speed for the subscription.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Noel James Clifford Medlin

Noel James Clifford Medlin rose through the ranks of the Postmaster General's Department, commencing as a junior mechanic. He transferred to the Australian Broadcasting Control Board upon its establishment in 1948 and retired circa 1970 as senior broadcast planner. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - Noel James Clifford Medlin - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Noel James Clifford Medlin - Nothing uploaded as yet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Noel James Clifford Medlin/Notes

1917 02
Vic birth registration for Noel Medlin
 * Vic BDM
 * Event: Births
 * Family name: MEDLIN
 * Given name(s)ː Noel Jas Clifford
 * Mother's given nameː Violet Miriam
 * Mother's family name at birthː TERRY
 * Father's Given Names: Norman
 * Place of event: SOUTH MELBOURNE
 * Registration yearː 1917
 * Registration numberː 5527/1917

Birth Notice for Noel Medlin "BIRTHS. . . . MEDLIN.— On the 10th February, at 14 Fraser-street, Middle Park, to Mr. and Mrs. Norman Medlin — a son (Noel James Clifford)."

1919 06
Birth Notice for Noel Medlin's sister Gladys Beatrice Pearl "BIRTHS. . . . MEDLIN.— On the 26th May, at 14 Fraser-street, Middle Park, to Mr. and Mrs. Norman Medlin — a daughter (Gladys, Beatrice, Pearl)."

1932 06
Death Notice for Noel Medlin's sister Gladys Beatrice Medlin "DEATHS. . . . MEDLIN.—On the 20th June, 1932, at Prahran, Gladys Beatrice, dearly beloved and only daughter of Norman and Violet Marian Medlin, of 34 Maitland street, East Malvern, and loving sister of Noel and Keith, aged 13 years."

1939
Noel Medlin's WW2 service record National Archives of Australia
 * Title: MEDLIN NOEL JAMES CLIFFORD : Service Number - 401241 : Date of birth - 10 Feb 1917 : Place of birth - MIDDLE PARK VIC : Place of enlistment - MELBOURNE : Next of Kin - MEDLIN
 * Contents date range: 1939 - 1948
 * Series number: A9300
 * Control symbol: MEDLIN N J C
 * Citation: NAA: A9300, MEDLIN N J C
 * Item barcode: 5242197
 * Location: Canberra
 * Access status: Open
 * Date of decision: 21 Aug 2015
 * Physical format: PAPER FILES AND DOCUMENTS (allocated at series level)
 * Records authority class number: 1010873
 * Date registered: 23 Sep 2002

1940 03
Noel Medlin gains entry to the PMGD and passes examination for appointment as Mechanic Grade 2. "Examination No. 2190. For Appointment, Transfer or Promotion as Mechanic, Grade 2, Broadcasting, Engineering Branch, Postmaster-General's Department. All States. Held 27th May, 1939, and subsequent dates. THE following are the names of the candidates who were successful at the above examination. Attention is directed to the conditions published in Commonwealth Gazette, No. 5, dated 26th January, 1939. The following information should be noted:— (i) Successful candidates who are designated Mechanic, Grade 1, will be advanced as Mechanic, Grade 2, as on 1st July, 1939. (ii) Vacancies will be filled by qualified officers to the extent to which they are available. Thereafter appointments will be made, as required, of qualified candidates from without the Service in their order of merit at this examination subject to preference to (a) returned soldiers temporarily employed in the Commonwealth Public Service, and (6) other returned soldiers. (iii) Successful candidates from outside the Service who are not returned soldiers will be eligible for appointment until and including 6th March, 1941, but the eligibility of any such successful candidate who attains the age of 51 years within the period of eligibility mentioned will thereupon cease. (iv) Mechanics, Grade 2, and the Senior Mechanic who were successful will be considered for transfer as Mechanic, Grade 2, Broadcasting, in accordance with the provisions of section 50 of the Commonwealth Public Service Act. (v) Where two or more successful candidates obtained the same total of marks in the Practical Tests and in-Theory, their order of merit has been determined by the number of marks gained in the Practical Tests, or, if those numbers were equal, by lot. . . . Victoria. . . . Persons not on the permanent staff. Medlin, Noel James. Order of Merit - 12, Total Marks - 451."

1943 09
Leading Aircraftman Noel Medlin promoted on probation to Pilot Officer in the Citizen Air Force, Administrative and Special Duties Branch "ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE. HIS Excellency the Governor-General in Council has approved of the following changes being made:— . . . CITIZEN AIR FORCE. . . . Administrative and Special Duties Branch. . . . The following are appointed to commissions on probation with the rank of Pilot Officer with effect from the dates indicated:— . . . No. 401241 Leading Aircraftman Noel James Clifford Medlin (1st July, 1943)."

1963 03
Index of Death Notice for Noel Medlin's father Norman Medlin
 * Surname: MEDLIN
 * Given Names: Norman
 * Notice Type: Death notice
 * Date: 03 MAR 1963
 * Event: Death
 * Age: blank
 * Other Details: blank
 * Publication: The Age (Melbourne)
 * Published: 05 MAR 1963

1966 06
Death Notice for Noel Medlin's brother Keith Norman Medlin
 * Surname: MEDLIN
 * Given Names: Keith Norman
 * Notice Type: Death notice
 * Date: 03 JUN 1966
 * Event: Death
 * Age: blank
 * Other Details: at Mitcham
 * Publication: The Age (Melbourne)
 * Published: 06 JUN 1966

1967 09
Index of Death Notice for Noel Medlin's mother Violet Miriam / Marion Medlin nee Terry
 * Surname: MEDLIN
 * Given Names: Violet Marion
 * Notice Type: Death notice
 * Date: 17 SEP 1967
 * Event: Death
 * Age: blank
 * Other Details: at 'Mayflower'
 * Publication: The Age (Melbourne)
 * Published: 19 SEP 1967

2004 04
Index of Death Notice for Noel Medlin
 * Surname: MEDLIN
 * Given Names: Noel James
 * Notice Type: Death notice
 * Date: 16 APR 2004
 * Event: Death
 * Age: blank
 * Other Details: at Mornington Private Nursing Home
 * Publication: Herald Sun (Melbourne)
 * Published: 19 APR 2004


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan) is a country in Eurasia. Azerbaijan was known as "Caucasian Albania" in ancient times. The name, "Azerbaijan", is widely believed to have originated from the Arabicized form of the old Persian word, “Atropatakan” (aka Atropatena or Atropatene) - the country of Atropatos”.

Azerbaijan was an independent nation from 1918 to 1920 but was then part of the Soviet Union. It became a constituent (union) republic in 1936. Azerbaijan declared sovereignty on September 23, 1989, and independence on August 30, 1999 (after the fall of the Soviet Union). Since 1991, Azerbaijan has been involved in a heated struggle with Armenia for the autonomous (self-govern) Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is officially considered part of Azerbaijan yet is populated mostly by ethnic Armenians. Azerbaijan is also known for its distinctive traditional exports of fine horses and caviar.

The currency of Azerbaijan is the Azerbaijani manat & the current president of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev (since October 2003).

Where is Azerbaijan?
Azerbaijan is a country located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is located in the Eurasian region bordering north to Russia and Georgia, west to Armenia and Turkey, and south to Iran. Bordering to the east is the Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world by surface area & the largest enclosed body of water on Earth.

The capital city of Azerbaijan is Baku (or Bakı in Azerbaijani). It is the largest city in the country and is located next to the Caspian Sea.

How many people live in Azerbaijan?
According to a 2023 estimate, Azerbaijan's population stands at 10,420,515 people. An estimated population of 91.6% are Azerbaijani natives, 2.0% are Lezgis, 1.3% are Armenians, 1.3% are Russians, 1.3% are Talyshs, and 2.4% of other minorities group (2009 census). The Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated by mostly ethnic Armenians.

What are the most common languages in Azerbaijan?
Azerbaijani, also called the Azeri, is the most widely spoken language in Azerbaijan. 93% of the population speaks Azeri. In modern times, the Azerbaijani alphabet has 32 letters, which is very similar to Latin letters except the following: ç, ə, ğ, ő, ş, ü.

It is a Turkic language, which means that it is related to languages such as Turkish, Kazakh, and Uzbek.

The Azerbaijani language has had a couple of major changes throughout history, where the Arabic script was introduced in the 7th century and was used until the early half of the 20th century. Movements aiming to reform the Azerbaijani alphabet are what caused the abolishment of the Arabic alphabet. In 1929, a new alphabet system based on the Latin script was introduced. This alphabet was used for Azerbaijani until 1939. The Cyrillic alphabet, Yanalif (new alphabet), was introduced by the Soviet Union. After independence, the Azerbaijani government switched Azerbaijani from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet.

There are 2 distinct branches of Azerbaijani languages, namely the north Azerbaijani branch and the south Azerbaijani branch. They are sometimes classified as separate languages, although there is a fair degree of understanding between them.

North Azerbaijani is spoken in Azerbaijan, where it is the official language. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan (a republic of Russia), in the southern Caucasus Mountains, and in parts of Central Asia. The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet.

South Azerbaijani is spoken mainly in the northwestern portion of Iran, where it is known as تورکی (Türki), and in parts of Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan and Syria. It is written with a version of the Arabic script and is known as Azeri Turk in Iran.

What is the most common religion in Azerbaijan?
According to a 2021 census, the most common religion practiced is Islam (96%), with 65% being Shia Muslims and 35% being Sunni Muslims. The remaining 4% are minority Christian sects, such as Russian Orthodox, Georgian Orthodox, and Armenian Apostolic. The ethnic Azerbaijanis mostly practice Islam, while the Christian sects constitute the minority ethnic population.

What is the sport of Azerbaijan?
The national sport of Azerbaijan is chovgan. Chovgan shares resemblances to polo and is played on horseback. The sport's name comes from a type of curved stick traditionally used to catch sheep.

The sports' rules are as follows: The game is made up of horse riders who are divided into two teams. Each team gets on horseback and tries to score more goals than its opposing team.

The entire game is divided into 2 half-times. The duration of the game consists of six periods lasting 7 minutes. Each time period is called a “chukka” or “chukker”.

To initiate the game, each team's players remain on their horses in a uniformed row behind a middle line in the middle of the field. Then, the referee throws the ball in between the two teams to begin the game (approximately 6.5 meters away from each team). Players begin riding towards the ball, trying to get the ball in the other team's net. If the other team commits a foul or a break has begun between the two "chukkas", the game is momentarily paused.

The most popular sport in Azerbaijan is football (or soccer).

The Palace of Shirvanshahs
The Palace of Shirvanshahs (The King of Shirvans, a royal title used during the medieval Islamic period) is an elegant palace located in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is composed of several distinct sections, the divanhane (main reception hall), the shah's mosque accompanied by a minaret, the tomb of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi (a 15th-century Azerbaijani philosopher), a portal in the eastern sphere of the palace known as Murad's Gate, a reservoir (a large ovdan that provided drinking-water) and the remnants of the bath-house.

In the 15th century, the Shirvanshah dynasty moved the country's capital from Shemakha to Baku. The palace's construction was done under Shirvanshah Ibrahim I, who ruled from 1411 to 1465, in the new capital. During his rule, the palace was used as a royal residence, center of government, and center of culture. Located in the inner city of Baku, it proved to be the perfect place for the king to rule over his domain. The multi-building complex would've been a great abode for the king, containing a mosque, a private hammam (bath), and a large cistern (water tank).

As of 2023, the palace is a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Maiden Tower (Qiz Qalasi)
The Maiden Tower is a round bastion tower. The tower is made of red brick and contains only one entrance, located right below the face of the tower. Once inside, the tower shows its spiral yet narrow staircase that leads to the top. Inside the tower, the central, cylindrical void is divided by shallow vaults into eight floors, each containing a single room. Once one goes up to the top of the tower, a ravishing view of Baku awaits.

Built in the 12th century, the tower was originally built on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Due to land reclamation (the process of making more land artificially), the tower is no longer within the eyesight of the Caspian Sea. It originally served as a watch tower. The importance of the Maiden Tower is evident in the country's currency notes, where it makes a noticeable appearance. The Azer name, Qiz Qalasi, contains a fascinating tale behind its unique name.

Legend says that a foreign prince fell in love with an Azerbaijani king's daughter & wanted to marry her. The princess was not on the same page as the prince, so she instructed her father to build the biggest tower he could build in order to delay the wedding. When the tower completed construction, the princess rose up the tower, taking in the breathtaking view of the sea, and threw herself into the passing waves crashing against the tower walls.

Gobustan Rock Art
The Gobustan Rock Art is a showcase of ancient artistic brilliance. It is a vast area of rocky outcrops covered in prehistoric rock art, including petroglyphs (rock carvings made by pecking away from the surface of the rock), pictograms (a picture that serves as a symbol), and geoglyphs (a large drawing made on the earth floor). The rock art dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period and provides a cool glimpse into the lives & culture of the people who inhabited the Gobustan region over 40,000 years ago.

The rock art shows a lot of subjects, including hunting, fishing, animal husbandry, and religious ceremonies. Other depictions include animals, such as bulls, goats, and deer. The art is surprisingly detailed and provides a lot of information about the people who lived in Gobustan.

The petroglyphs were accidentally discovered by stone quarry workers in the 1930s. In 1939, a group of Azerbaijani archaeologists began the first archeological study of rock art. From 1940 to 1965, various archeological teams identified and documented approximately 3,500 individual rock paintings on 750 different rocks. The most ancient petroglyph goes back to the 8th century BC.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Azerbaijan


text:
User talk:MOXOM

2001:861:3206:2C0:90B:733E:9EDC:5321 (discuss) 09:45, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:MOXOM


text:
Transportation Geography and Network Science/Hub and spoke network

The Introduction of Hub and Spoke Network
The hub-and-spoke system is the best known network system. The spokes in the network are linear services between regional terminals and the hubs. Hubs are terminals or, in railway systems, they may be marshalling yards. At the hub the transport units are transferred from one liner service to another connecting the hub with the destination terminal. Ideally, hubs are located near to the centre of gravity of transport demand. In this way detour distances and trip times between origin and destination terminals can be minimised. The dotted arrow in the picture indicates that two services (spokes) are needed to connect different regions. The total terminal-to-terminal trip time is increased because of the extra distance for the call at the hub and the time spent in the hub itself. A hub-and-spoke system is designed to combine small flows arriving and departing in different directions. In the case of railways the spokes can be of any type of liner service with any frequency Hub-and-Spoke Network

Hub and Spoke Network in Transport
In the hub-and-spoke case for air freight or passengers, the hub airport refers to an airport with dense international and domestic routes. Passengers can easily transfer to other airports, and it also can provide an efficient, convenient and low-cost service, allowing airlines to choose it as their own route destination, allowing passengers to choose it as a transit port for transiting other airports. The hub airport is both a demand for national economic development and a demand for the development of airport enterprises.

The hub and spoke network system is an advanced form of air transport production organisation commonly used by large airlines and airports in the world today. It has multiple functions such as optimising the route structure, rationally allocating resources, enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises, and promoting airport prosperity.

The History of Hub and Spoke Network
The Hob and Spoke airport network structure is a new route layout pattern first appeared in the United States in the 1970s. It is characterized by the fact that cities with smaller passenger flows are not directly navigable, but are all connected to a hub airport. Through the hub airport, the flight connection, transit passengers and goods are used to achieve the purpose of fast transportation of passengers and goods. The adoption of a central route structure has the following advantages for airlines:

 * Optimize configuration resources and reduce operating costs. The Hub and Spoke network system is more economical than the city's route structure in terms of the number of aircraft, crew, routes and ground maintenance personnel.

 * Improve the passenger load factor and load rate of aircraft and improve the economic efficiency of airlines. As the source of the feeder line is concentrated on the trunk line, it is possible to enable large and small airlines to develop their strengths and avoid weaknesses.

 * Play to the rapid advantages of air transportation and improve the competitiveness of the industry. Efficient flight connections shorten travel time and increase the attractiveness of air transportation.

The Main Features
The hub airport is the node of the Hub and Spoke network and the distribution centre of air passenger and cargo. Its main features are:
 * 1) A high proportion of transit business.
 * 2) Efficient flight connection capabilities.

The Main Advantages of Establishing a Hub Airport

 * 1) Promote the increase in airport traffic and attract more flights to the airport. Increase the aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues of the airport.
 * 2) Drive the development of the surrounding economy and related industries. For example, the development of tertiary industries such as restaurants, restaurants and tourism services.
 * 3) Created conditions for the development of the surrounding regional airport. Convenient service stimulates the demand for air transportation and brings vitality to small and medium airports.

Limitation of Hub and Spoke Network
The hub and spoke network system has both advantages and disadvantages. The shortcoming is that if the airport capacity is too small or inefficient, the airport and route are prone to congestion and congestion, which may cause flight delays and may affect the entire network. In order to solve these problems, in addition to paying attention to improving the level of airport management, some hub airports should also pay attention to the long-term planning of the airport and gradually expand the scale of the airport. In addition, some airports have adopted the method of constructing an auxiliary airport near the hub airport to divert the passenger and cargo volume of the hub airport, which has alleviated the flight delay caused by congestion.

Basic Conditions for Building a Hub Airport
The construction of hub airports requires certain conditions, which include the following aspects:
 * Excellent buried location. That is, the location of the airport should be favourable for airlines to adopt the central route layout mode. It should consider the economy of voyage, the potential development market and the future development strategy.

 * Huge air transport market and transit demand. One of the conditions for establishing a hub airport is that there should be a large market demand for air transportation and potential demand for transferring international passengers and goods. Foreign gateway airports, the proportion of international transfer passengers and goods generally to account for more than 30% of the airport throughput. High proportion of international passenger and cargo transfer is one of the important signs of hub airport.

 * Complete airport transit facilities. It includes several airstrips, reasonable transfer facilities, advanced flight information system, and related supporting services.

 * Strong base airline. The performance is, the capacity is sufficient, the fleet structure is reasonable and can satisfy the trunk line and the branch line need. It can have domestic and even foreign backbone airlines as partners. When one company is short of capacity, it can combine the strength of other airlines.

 * Stable and coordinated relationship between departments. Close coordination among hub airports, base airlines, air traffic control, customs, border inspection and other departments.

 * Loose policy and legal environment. It means that the government gives a loose operating environment, so that airlines have moderate decision-making power in the aspects of routes, fares, models and flight times, while airports enjoy certain autonomy in the design process, charging standards and operating projects.

Point-to-Point versus Hub-and-Spoke Networks
A point-to-point network connects directly a set of locations without any interruption of services (e.g. pick up or drop off) even if the route itself may not be direct. A (pure) hub-and-spoke network connects every location through a single intermediary location called a hub. Hub-and-spoke, as a network structure, allows for a greater flexibility within the transport system through a concentration of flows.

Many transportation services have adapted to include a hub-and-spoke structure. The most common examples involve air passenger and freight services which have developed global, national and regional hubs, such as those used by parcel carriers such as UPS.

Some Possible Issues of Hub and Spoke Network

 * Some airports and airlines have not reached a consensus on the construction of aviation hubs. In essence, the construction of an aviation hub is a development strategy of airlines. It is an effective means for air transport enterprises to obtain competitive advantages and survive and develop in a competitive environment. However, due to the limitation of subjective and objective conditions, some domestic airlines have little enthusiasm and an insufficient understanding of the construction of aviation hubs.

 * Transfer support capacity is insufficient. Although some governments have transformed some airports so that they have a certain transfer capacity, they cannot fundamentally meet the needs of future airport development. To improve the airport transit support capacity, it is necessary to design the transit process with the concept of hub aviation, improve the capacity of runway, apron, terminal building and boarding gate, strengthen the scientific management of airspace, improve flight connection capacity and shorten the transit time of passengers.

 * Base airline scale needs to be guaranteed. To implement a hub aviation system, airports must rely on base airlines. Throughout the world's large hub airports, the business volume of its base airlines generally accounts for more than 50% of the airport's business volume. For example, American airlines accounted for 73.5% of its Atlanta hub flights, northwest airlines accounted for 79.8% of its Detroit hub flights, and Lufthansa accounted for 60.8% of its Frankfurt hub flights. Air France handles more than 52 per cent of passenger and cargo traffic at its Paris hub.

Conclusion
In a word, the hub and spoke network system is an advanced mode of air transport organization. It is not only necessary but also urgent to continue the development of the hub aviation system. As the hub and spoke network is a complex and huge system project, it requires the cooperation of government departments at all levels, airlines, airports and other relevant units to create conditions, so as to promote the development of the hub and spoke network system.

Generally speaking, many transportation services have adapted to include a hub-and-spoke structure. The most common examples involve air passenger and freight services which have developed global, national and regional hubs, such as those used by parcel carriers such as UPS, FedEx and DHL. However, potential disadvantages may also occur such as additional transshipment as fewer point-to-point services are offered, which for some connections may involve delays and potential congestion as the hub becomes the major point of transshipment.

Reference

 * https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/en/opt/site/ilt/ibt/regionalportale/sadc/inhalt/logistics/module_01/231_hubandspoke_network.html [2019-Sep-03]


text:
Template:Cross

link=|alt=☒ N

title: Template:Cross


text:
User:27LB27/sandbox

This Wikibooks Page is a critical appraisal of the article ‘Heavy resistance training is safe and improves bone, function, and stature in postmenopausal women with low to very low bone mass: novel early findings from the LIFTMOR trial’ by Watson et al.

What is the background to this research?
Osteoporosis is a disease involving the loss of bone mineral density (BMD), instigating a lack of structural integrity in the body’s framework, increasing the risk of fractures. Common fracture sites of osteoporotic individuals are the hip and lumbar spine (main weight bearing areas). It affects nearly 10% of the world’s population and 30% of women after menopause.

During menopause, the ovaries cease functioning and 17beta-estradiol levels decrease causing accelerated bone loss (~ 2 - 6.5%). Therefore contributing to high incidence rates of osteoporotic postmenopausal women. A risk factor associated with these women is re-fracturing previously affected areas. After experiencing damage, a bone never returns to its original strength - making it more susceptible to re-injury.

To counteract the osteoporotic effects associated with menopause, women are prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and/or calcium supplementation by their GP’s or specialised doctors. HRT maintains BMD through artificially restoring oestrogen levels, whereas calcium supplementation replenishes calcium stores lost during menopause. However, research is beginning to associate bone strength with regular resistance training in this population.

Where is the research from?
This research was published in the journal ‘Osteoporosis International’ with Watson, Weeks, Weis, Horan, and Beck conducting research from Griffith University, Menzies Health Institute and the Bone Clinic in Queensland, Australia.

The study was led by Beck, B. who is a highly reputable Associate Professor at 'Griffith Health Institute's Centre for Musculoskeletal Research' and Watson who attained his PhD for 'Physiotherapy' following this research.

What kind of research was this?
The research by Watson et al. is a single-blind randomised controlled exercise intervention trial. RCT’s are commonly considered the gold standard for comprehending the dose-response outcomes of exercise and is therefore an appropriate study design for this intervention. It is through these highly specific studies that meta-analyses can be comprised on the overview of a treatment’s effectiveness in a target population.

What did the research involve?
Seventy-two postmenopausal women (>60 years old) with a low BMD at the hip and/or spine sites were randomised into 2 groups with there being a High intensity Progressive Resistance Training (HiPRT) group and a Control group (CON). HiPRT individuals performed 30 minute, supervised workouts twice weekly over 8 months involving high intensity resistance exercises (deadlift, squat, overhead press etc.) with progressions being added after 2 months. Control participants exercised at the same frequency however were un-supervised and home-based performing stretches and low resistance exercises (lunges, calf raises, shrugs etc.) with intensity mildly increasing over time. Only 28 individuals completed the full trial period with participants quitting due to reasons such as medical contraindications (n = 36), being unable to attend sessions (n = 28), currently conducting resistance or impact training (n = 23), and not having Osteopenia or Osteoporosis (n =10).

Post-trial, BMD was recorded at the Femoral Neck (FN) and Lumbar Spine (LS) using a Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), which is considered the gold standard for measuring body composition. A hand-held dynamometer and other performance-based tests were performed to analyse changes in strength also.

What were the basic results?
In the HiPRT group significant increases in BMD were present at both the LS (HiPRT = 1.6 ± 0.9 %, CON = -1.7 ± 0.6 %) and FN (HiPRT = 0.3 ± 0.5 %, CON = −2.5 ± 0.8 %) locations in comparison to the CON group. Presenting great evidence for resistance training as a treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

However, it continues on to deliver the message ‘HiPRT is safe’ and do not further extrapolate. This is true, although many factors must first be considered for this to be accurate. For example, if a novice began this exercise regime un-supervised, this could potentially be extremely dangerous – increasing the incidence of injury not only in the present but in the future. Therefore, for HiPRT to be deemed as ‘safe’ it must be supervised by an exercise professional (e.g. exercise physiologist) especially in the cognitive stage of the task with progressive overload being utilised correctly throughout.

Another limitation of this research is that they claimed to have 72 participants when only 28 were mentioned in the data. Either they have severely over-exaggerated their group size or data was not collected for each participant and is therefore insignificant.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Although this research had a small final group size, it shows strong evidence that high intensity resistance training does improve the BMD of post-menopausal women and could be implemented as a form of treatment for Osteoporosis. However, success of the intervention relies heavily on it being instructed by an exercise professional with increases in intensity being introduced periodically in regard to their stage of skill acquisition and physical ability. Further research should also be conducted to understand the specific exercises and load that provide the most significant results regarding Bone Mineral Density (BMD) / Bone strength at the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck respectively to reduce the prevalence of Osteoporotic fractures in this high risk target population.

Practical advice
Before postmenopausal women consider performing any high intensity exercise, a local GP or specialist should be approached to reduce the risk of serious injury. As mentioned above, if being introduced into an individual’s routine, correct technique and slow progressions must be utilised. This is safest when supervised by an exercise physiologist (or similar) as they are highly knowledgeable of the potential risk factors associated with exercise and can accurately prescribe protective measures to prevent injury. The combination of resistance and aerobic training should be considered also with research suggesting that both exercise modes can be extremely beneficial for BMD, aerobic capacity as well as anxiety and depression.

Further information/resources
[http://Chien%20M,%20Wu%20Y,%20Hsu%20A,%20Yang%20R,%20Lai%20J.%20Efficacy%20of%20a%2024-Week%20Aerobic%20Exercise%20Program%20for%20Osteopenic%20Postmenopausal%20Women.%20Calcified%20Tissue%20International.%202000;67(6):443-448. Aerobic Exercise and BMD in Postmenopausal Women]

[http://Exercise.%202nd%20ed.%20Osteoporosis%20Australia;%202013. Exercise - Osteoporosis Australia]

[http://Colado%20J,%20Triplett%20N,%20Tella%20V,%20Saucedo%20P,%20Abellán%20J.%20Effects%20of%20aquatic%20resistance%20training%20on%20health%20and%20fitness%20in%20postmenopausal%20women.%20European%20Journal%20of%20Applied%20Physiology.%202009;106(1):113-122. Aquatic Resistance Training and BMD]

[http://Segar%20M,%20Katch%20V,%20Roth%20R,%20Garcia%20A,%20Haslanger%20S,%20Wilkins%20E.%20AEROBIC%20EXERCISE%20REDUCES%20DEPRESSION%20AND%20ANXIETY,%20AND%20INCREASES%20SELF-ESTEEM%20AMONG%20BREAST%20CANCER%20SURVIVORS.%20Medicine%20&%20Science%20in%20Sports%20&%20Exercise.%201995;27(Supplement):S212. Aerobic Exercise Reduces Anxiety and Depression]

Resistance Training - Preventing Injury

title: User:27LB27/sandbox


text:
User:Sunil Mohan Adapa

I am contributor to the FreedomBox project.

I am currently working on WikiBook project FreedomBox for Communities.

title: User:Sunil Mohan Adapa


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health

This Wiki page is a critical analysis of the paper: M.H.M De Moor, A.L. Beem, J.H. Stubbe, D.I. Boomsma, E.J.C. Ge Geus (2006) 'Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: A population-based study', Preventive medicine, 42, pp. 273–279.

What is the background to this research?
A survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in 2007 estimated that 45 per cent of Australians had experienced a mental disorder in their lifetime, with 20 per cent experiencing a mental disorder in the previous year. When a person has a condition that affects their mental health, they may have a mental illness or mental health disorder. This includes conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Recent studies argue that regular exercise and physical activity can help improve minor to moderate mental health disorders.

The study was conducted to determine whether regular exercise is associated with lower levels of anxiety, depression and personality in a large population sample as a function of gender and age.

Where is the research from?
The study was conducted as part of an ongoing study of lifestyle and health of adolescent and adult twins and their families in The Netherlands. Western European countries, such as the Netherlands, share a similar culture with Australia. The research was attributed to the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and published in the peer-reviewed journal, Preventive Medicine. The University of Amsterdam has an excellent reputation for academics and research. Therefore, the studies credibility and validity can be relied upon.

What kind of research was this?
A population study was conducted to examine whether regular exercise is associated with anxiety, depression and personality. The population sample consisted of adolescent and adult twins and their families. Exercise participation, anxiety, depression and personality were assessed with self-report questionnaires every two years over and eleven-year period (1991–2002). Cross-sectional analysis was used to process the data. Analysis of cross-sectional data consists of comparing the differences among selected subjects, in this case subjects were separated into age and gender specific groups.

What did the research involve?
All subjects were volunteers and were asked to complete surveys on lifestyle every two years. The total number of participants in the study was 19,469. A number of subjects were excluded due to age (under 10 years) or if their exercise behaviour was unknown. Regrettably only 37.5% of participants (n=7,241) completed more than 3 surveys. Exercise participation was measured during each survey, this information was derived from exercise type, duration and frequency. Subjects were classified as an 'exerciser' if they exercised at least 60 minutes per week at or above 4 METs. Further to this, the survey measured four variables reflecting anxiety, depression and personality traits.

Limitations

 * Self reporting bias. Multiple studies have displayed subjects tend to over report the total exercise undertaken. Understanding self-reporting bias and how it can affect research conclusions is important to ensure the validity of findings.
 * The use of Metabolic Energy Expenditure Index (METs) in classifying a subject as an 'exerciser' or 'non-exerciser'. The METs method involves estimating intensity of exercise and physical activity, however most subjects have a different perception of exercise intensity. This estimation is quite subjective and varies widely across populations.
 * The exercise requirement of the participants (60 minutes per week at 4 METs) does not appear to be based on scientific evidence. The Government of the Netherlands recommends 30 minutes of exercise (intensity not specified) at least five times per week, this may have been a more standardised approach.

Strengths

 * The study consisted of a large cohort (n=19, 288) distributed across gender, age and socioeconomic backgrounds.
 * The study was conducted over an extended period of 11 years

What were the basic results?
Linear mixed modelling was used to test for differences in means on anxiety, depression and personality traits between exercisers and non-exercises. A summary of the results is displayed in the table below.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The research supports previous findings that exercise and physical activity are associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety. The subjects also displayed an improvement in social skills, a greater sense of sensation seeking and were further extraverted than the non-exercises. This research is useful for mental health practitioners and mentors who may be dealing with minor to moderate cases of degraded mental health. Although the findings between exercises and non-exercises was small, these differences were consistent across both age and gender. The study does not however, attempt to explain the reverse causality between mental health and exercise. Further studies are required to determine how much of an impact mental illnesses have on exercise. Finally, it is important to understand that this particular study was focused on the effects exercise can have on anxiety, depression and personality traits. There are many more types of mental illness such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia that require further research.

Practical advice
Subjects experiencing minor to moderate mental health issues should aim to incorporate regular exercise into their daily routine. The Word Health Organization recommends a minimum of 150 minutes with physical activity of moderate intensity during each week for adults 18 years or older. Those individuals who are inexperienced with physical activity should seek out an appropriately qualified fitness instructor before commencing exercise. There is very little evidence to suggest severe mental health illnesses can be influenced through exercise, appropriate care should be provided in these circumstances, including care from medically qualified practitioners. For severe mental health disorders consult a GP, Psychologist, Psychiatrist or Exercise Physiologist prior to exercising.

Further information/resources
Follow the below links for further information regarding the relationship between mental health and exercise.

Beyond Blue: https://www.beyondblue.org.au/personal-best/pillar/supporting-yourself/exercise-your-way-to-good-mental-health

Black Dog Institute: https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/get-involved/exercise-your-mood

Victoria Health: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/exercise-and-mental-health

For immediate assistance contact lifeline: https://www.lifeline.org.au/get-help/topics/lifeline-services


text:
User:Renamed user 4bsxf9zkvhbp94spn3ku

UnLeashedWolfie~enwikibookswiki

title: User:Renamed user 4bsxf9zkvhbp94spn3ku


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Cyprus

Cyprus (Greek: Κύπρος) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea that is famous for its mineral wealth, such as copper. Even the name "Cyprus" is thought to have come from the Greek word for copper "kypros".

The flag of Cyprus is a white field with a copper-orange outline of the island in the center. Two olive branches reside below the outline to support it. The white field represents peace that corresponds to the peaceful coexistence of the nation's two primary ethnic groups, the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots. The olive branches represent peace as well, with each branch representing each group. During the Bronze Age, Greek settlers arrived onto the island in masses. Before the 1500s/1600s, the island went through periods of rulings under the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Persians, Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire. Cyprus was under Byzantine rule for nearly 1,000 years! Afterwards, the Ottomans forcefully and violently took over Cyprus and ruled the island until 1878. The British ruled over Cyprus until 1960, following a number of agreements. Tensions between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots flared up and got so bad that the Turkish army had to rule over northern Cyprus. This caused for ethnic divide, which is evident to this day.

Cypriot Pound / Euro Pound is the currency used in Cyprus and Nikos Christodoulides is the 8th and current president of Cyprus (since February 2023).

Where is Cyprus?
Cyprus is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is located located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece. Nicosia is the capital city of Cyprus

The island is divided into two parts: the Republic of Cyprus, which is recognized by most countries, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognized by Turkey.

How many people live in Cyprus?
According to a 2023 estimate, the population of Cyprus stands at 1.3 millin people. This number is compromised of 98.8% Greek and the remaining population accounts for Armenians and Turkish Cypriots.

There are two main ethnic groups on the island: the Greeks and the Turkish. The Greek Cypriots, who make up most of the population, come from a mix of aboriginal inhabitants and immigrants from the Peloponnese people (Greek island), who controlled Cyprus from 1200 B.C..

The Turkish Cypriots come from the Ottoman Empire, who controlled the island in 1571, and immigrants from Anatolia - brought in by the sultan's government.

What are the most common languages in Cyprus?
Both Cypriot Greek and Cypriot Turkish are the most common languages used in Cyprus, but Cypriot Greek is used by the government, courts, administration, media, and educational institutes.

What is the most common religion in Cyprus?
Although there seems to be no official census on this, we can report that most Greek Cypriots are Eastern Orthodox Christians and Turkish Cypriots are Sunni Muslims. 73% of the island's religious makeup consists of Christians.

The Church of Cyprus is autocephalous (not under the authority of any religious leadership). During the Ottoman ruling, the archbishop of the Church of Cyprus was made responsible for the secular and religious domains of the Orthodox cummunity and was, subsequently, given the title, ethnarch. There are also smaller Maronite, Armenian, Roman Catholic, and Anglican Christian communities on the island.

What is the sport of Cyprus?
Cyprus rallies are the most attractive athletic event in the country, with thousands of dedicated fans watching them. Cyprus hosts a big rally racing event every year and has been held annually since 1970. The event is part of the World Rally Championship (or the WRC). The rally is held in September on the largest mountain range in the country: the Troodos Mountains.

The rally is a three-day event, with each day providing a number of entertaining stages. A stage lasts for a certain amount of time and is between 10-30 km long (6.2 to 18.64 miles long). The stages take place throughout the island and feature different geographical intensities, including gravel, asphalt and snow. The Cyprus Rally is a challenging rally for both drivers and the cars. The roads are often narrow and twisty, and the weather can be unpredictable.

Football, or soccer, is the most popular sport in Cyprus.

What are some important sites?
St Hilarion Castle is named after a Catholic monk named Hilarion. who fled persecution from the 'Holy Land' (Palestine region). He remained in a mountain cave that overlooked the Kyrenia plain, protecting the pathway between the coast and Nicosia (or Lefkosia). In the 10th century, the Byzantines built a church and monastery over Hilarion's tomb. Due to the site's strategic position, it was used as a watchtower and beacon during warfare against the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries. The castle was also an important mean of communication between Buffavento Castle and Kantara Castles, which were situated further east. St Hilarion Castle is made up of three parts: a lower & higher defensive wall (or enceinte) and a tower (named Prince John’s Tower). Through the staircase, one is able to see a breathtaking view of not only Kyrenia, but (on good days) mainland Turkey!

Ancient Kourion, also known as "Curium", is an archaeological site in Lemesos. It is built on a hillside, with a sweeping view of the surrounding patchwork fields and the sea. It houses the Christian basilica, the house of Eustolius (an ancient Roman bath that displays ancient mosaics, including various Christian symbols and text), the house of the Gladiators (so named because some of its mosaics depict gladiatorial battles) (so named because some of its mosaics depict gladiatorial battles), some northern plateau ruins and a Roman theater that used to hold up to 3,500 spectators.

Tombs of the Kings is quite an intriguing name! Located in Pafos, Cyprus (western Cyprus), the underground tombs are said to have been made during the Hellenistic and Roman period. These are made out of plain, solid rock. Some tombs are decorated with Doric columns and frescoed walls. Many tourists say that tomb #3 is the best one because of its underground court (or atrium). Surprisingly, these tombs actually do not host kings - but other high-ranking officials. Due to the sophisticated build, the UNESCO World Heritage site (since 1980) was given the monstrous name. These tombs are eerily similar to the ones you may see in Alexandria, Egypt.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Cyprus


text:
Computer Literacy

This wikibook is a guide to teaching computer literacy, the ability to take full advantage of computers, software, Internet, and online resources. Computer literacy classes usually precede more advanced topics like programming, digital literacy, and information literacy.

Since computers are everywhere, people are usually introduced to them as little children. This book is therefore aimed at children aged 6-10 or more precisely the teachers and parents who lead them. This book can be nevertheless used for independent study by older children and adults. Style is suitable for young children with little text, lots of images, and short tasks.

Despite easy access to computers, children tend to use them in a very limited way to consume content like movies and games. This book aims to expand their horizons, to get their feet wet, so to speak. It focuses on discovery in the spirit of "ma, look what the computer can do!". There are no drills, tests, or deep dives in this book, because they would just drain time and patience that is better used to discover more of the seemingly infinite computing landscape.

Teachers and parents are advised to read the /Foreword/ that gives more reasoning for structure and style of the book. Contributors should review /Contributing/ chapter.

Table of Contents
This is an early outline draft.
 * /Foreword/
 * /Hardware/
 * /Software/
 * /Operating system/
 * /Mouse/
 * /Keyboard/ - link to touch typing course
 * /On and off/
 * /Apps/ - open and close apps, quick overview of some preinstalled apps, shown before everything else, so that we have material to practice on
 * /Desktop/
 * /Calculator/ - a simple useful app to be introduced first
 * /Plaintext editor/ - already used when trying out keyboard, this is about all the things it can do
 * /Browser/ - offline until now to avoid the many distractions of the internet
 * /Files/ - needs to wait until we have something to see in it
 * /Contributing/

Unsorted ideas for content:
 * picture viewer
 * video player
 * music player
 * gimp basics (or other photo editing)
 * online dictionary
 * maps (OpenStreetMap, satellite, street view)
 * wolfram alpha
 * Wikipedia, simple, interesting topics?
 * weather
 * formatted printable documents
 * blender basics
 * email
 * instant messaging
 * KeePassX
 * virtual machine

title: Computer Literacy


text:
Talk:Computer Literacy

__NEWSECTIONLINK__

This page is for discussion about the book. For general information, see Contributing and Foreword.

title: Talk:Computer Literacy


text: Category:Book:Computer Literacy

title: Category:Book:Computer Literacy


text:
Computer Literacy/Foreword

This page explains whys and hows of the book. It is intended for parents, teachers, and independent learners. It should not be recited to little children as it would just bore them.

Why desktop computers?
Computers come in many flavors. Most people come across two variants: phones/tablets and desktops/laptops. While popularity of phones and tablets has soared, desktops and laptops offer a number of advantages in education:

 * Laptops and especially desktops have large screens. Everything is easy to see.
 * Desktops have a comfortable mouse that allows precise positioning. Even laptops have a usable touchpad and mouse can be connected when needed. Tablets and phones only allow inaccurate taps.
 * Laptops and especially desktops have full keyboard, which allows comfortable typing. It also supports keyboard shortcuts, which are essential in some apps, for example Blender.
 * Software on tablets and phones is dumbed down and limited, which is contrary to the computer literacy goal of teaching people how to fully exploit the potential of computers.
 * Hardware and software on tablets and phones is designed for consumption of information, but a good computer literacy book would show how to create new information.
 * Desktops are fast. Even laptops are way faster than tablets and phones. This makes desktops and laptops comfortable to use and allows them to run more advanced software. Performance is particularly important in browsers.
 * Desktops are the least costly option, even when compared to tablets. They can be assembled for less than $300. They last a long time. They don't get dropped. Failed components can be replaced individually instead of having to replace the whole device.
 * High-quality free software is available for desktops/laptops.
 * Online ads are easier to disable on desktops/laptops, which helps students concentrate.

This wikibook nevertheless covers specifics of tablets and phones after all the main concepts are introduced on desktops.

Why Linux?
Computer literacy courses were first introduced in the 90s. Back then, Windows was an obvious choice. Times have changed and the choice is no longer obvious. While Windows is still popular, especially in business, there are good reasons to build new computer literacy courses on Linux:

 * Linux is available free of charge and without licensing restrictions. That makes it compatible with the goal of this wikibook to provide a free computer literacy textbook.
 * Linux comes packed with a large number of free applications.
 * Cutting software costs and indirectly also hardware costs enables wider adoption of computer literacy courses in financially strained public education.
 * Zero licensing costs make it possible to always use the latest version with all features included.
 * The free licensing makes students independent of the school lab. They can try everything at home.
 * On a more philosophical level, computer literacy helps students regain control over their computers and opensource is part of that.
 * After the collapse of the license fee model, commercial software vendors are looking for other revenue sources like advertising, gathering of personal data, hidden limitations, squeeze sales, or even malware, none of which are conductive to learning. Linux and largely also the apps that run on it are free of these tactics.
 * Opensource is gaining ground everywhere. It is expected that children learning to use computers now will be mostly using opensource software when they grow up.
 * The permissive licensing allows virtualization, backup, and duplication of customized learning environments, which can ease classroom management if it is done at scale.

More arguments can be found in FOSS Education wikibook.

Windows is still an important part of computing world. This book provides a brief introduction to Windows and MacOS specifics after demonstrating most of the concepts in Linux.

Conventions used in this book
Text is written so that it can be read directly to children. Or children can read it themselves. Information for parents and teachers is separated into the following types of boxes. This information might be also of interest to older children and adult learners.

Every page has a navigation box at the top of the page, so that you can move to the next or previous lesson without going through the table of contents on the main page.

title: Computer Literacy/Foreword


text:
Wikijunior:Asia/Myanmar

Myanmar is a country in South East Asia, formerly known as Burma.

The earliest recorded civilization in Myanmar was the Pyu city-states, which emerged in the 1st century AD. The Pyu were a Buddhist people who established a number of city-states in the Irrawaddy River valley and are believed to originate from the shores of Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in modern day China. The Pyu city-states were also known for their sophisticated system of writing, which used the Pyu script. This script was an early form of the Burmese script that is still used in Myanmar today. The Pyu language is thought to have been related to Tibeto-Burman languages, and it is now extinct.

The Kingdom of Pagan was a powerful kingdom in ancient Myanmar (also known as Burma) that was founded in the 9th century by the Bamar people. It was centered in the Irrawaddy River valley and eventually expanded to include much of present-day Myanmar as well as parts of modern-day Bangladesh, Laos, and Thailand. Under the Kingdom of Pagan, the Bamar people adopted Theravada Buddhism as their religion and developed a centralized government with a strong bureaucracy. The kingdom was known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of thousands of Buddhist temples and the development of a sophisticated system of writing. The Kingdom of Pagan became a major power in Southeast Asia and played an important role in regional and international trade. It was also a center of learning and culture, and the capital city of Pagan (also known as Bagan) became a hub of Buddhist scholarship and art.

After the collapse of the Kingdom of Pagan in the 13th century, a number of smaller kingdoms and states emerged. The collapse of the Kingdom of Pagan marked the end of a period of political and cultural prosperity in Myanmar and led to the fragmentation of the Bamar people into smaller kingdoms and states. These included the Kingdom of Ava, the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy, and the Kingdom of Mrauk-U explained in below.

 * The Kingdom of Ava, also known as the Kingdom of Inwa, was founded in the 14th century and became the dominant power in Myanmar. It was located in the central Irrawaddy River valley and was known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of Buddhist temples and the development of a sophisticated system of writing. The Kingdom of Ava collapsed in the early 19th century due to internal conflict and invasions by the Konbaung dynasty.

 * The Kingdom of Hanthawaddy was a Mon-speaking kingdom located in present-day lower Myanmar. It was founded in the 13th century and became a major power in the region. The Kingdom of Hanthawaddy was known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of Buddhist temples and the development of a sophisticated system of writing. It collapsed in the 15th century due to internal conflict and invasions by the Kingdom of Ava.

 * (ii)The Kingdom of Mrauk-U was a state located in present-day western Myanmar. It was founded in the 15th century and became a major power in the region. The Kingdom of Mrauk-U was known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of Buddhist temples and the development of a sophisticated system of writing. It collapsed in the 18th century due to internal conflict and invasions by the Konbaung dynasty.

The Toungoo dynasty was a Burmese dynasty from the 16th to the 19th century. It was founded by King Tabinshwehti in 1510, who united the Bamar people (after the smaller kingdpom era) and established a centralized government. Under the Toungoo dynasty, Myanmar became a major power in Southeast Asia and played a significant role in regional and international trade. The capital city of Inwa (also known as Ava) became a center of learning and culture, and the dynasty is known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of Buddhist temples and the development of a sophisticated system of writing.

After the collapse of the Toungoo dynasty in the early 19th century, Myanmar (also known as Burma) was ruled by the Konbaung dynasty. The Konbaung dynasty was founded by King Alaungpaya in 1752, who united the Bamar people and established a centralized government.It was also known for its military might and its expansionist policies, which led to the conquest of a number of neighboring kingdoms. The country became a part of the British Empire and remained under colonial rule until 1948, when it gained independence.

The capital of Myanmar was moved from Yangon (formerly Rangoon) to Naypyidaw in 2005. The currency of Myanmar is known as Kyat.

Where is Myanmar?
Myanmar is bordering Bangladesh to its left,  China to its north,  Laos to its east and  Thailand to its southeast.

How many people live in Myanmar?
According to a 2019 census, the country has a population of over 51.1 million people. with males made up 46.8 percent and the females, 53.2 percent. Close to 50 percent of the total population live in Yangon Region (15.3%), Mandalay Region (12.1%), Ayeyawady Region (12.0%) and Shan State (10.5%).

The people living there identifies themselves as Burmese.

What are the most common languages in Myanmar?
The Burmese language is the official language of Myanmar (also known as Burma) and is spoken by the majority of the country's population. It is a member of the Tibeto-Burman language family and is closely related to other languages spoken in the region, such as Tibetan, Chinese, and Thai.

Burmese is a tonal language, which means that the meaning of words can change depending on the pitch with which they are spoken. It is written using the Burmese script, which is an alphabet that consists of circular letters and is written from left to right.

The Burmese language has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. It evolved from the Pyu script, which was used by the Pyu city-states in the 1st century AD. The Burmese language was further developed and standardized during the Kingdom of Pagan, which was a major power in Southeast Asia in the 9th to 13th centuries.

Today, Burmese is widely spoken in Myanmar and is used in education, government, media, and daily life. It is also spoken by communities of Burmese speakers in other countries, such as Thailand, India, and Malaysia.

What is the most common religion in Myanmar?
Theravada Buddhism remains the dominant religion (88%) followed by Christianity (6%), Islam at (4%) and others (2%).

What is the sport of Myanmar?
The national sport is chin lone which is a social game that is often played in groups (usually in 6 people), and it is considered a test of skill and coordination. It is popular among people of all ages, and it is often played during festivals and celebrations.

The rules of the sport are as followed:

 * 1) Players forming a circle and take turns kicking the ball to one another using only their feet, trying to keep it in the air for as long as possible.
 * 2) The ball must not touch the ground or be caught with the hands. If the ball touches the ground or is caught with the hands,  the player are out and the next player takes their turn.
 * 3) Players are allowed to use any part of their body except for their hands to keep the ball in the air. This includes their head, chest, knees, and feet.
 * 4) Players are not allowed to intentionally trip or obstruct their opponents, and they must respect the personal space of their opponents.
 * 5) The game continues until there is only one player left, at which point they are declared the winner.

One player stands in the middle of the circle to perform a solo; various moves reminiscent of dance are combined as the soloist is supported by those in the outer circle. The round stops once the rattan ball has touched the ground.

What are some important sites?
Shwemawdaw Paya - Its name meaning "Great Golden God", because the glittering gold that covers it can be seen for miles around. The diamond-studded top also is responsible for some of the glitter. At almost 114 meters (375 feet) high, it is the tallest pagoda in Myanmar. It is especially important to Buddhism because it contains several relics belonging to Buddha. Located in Bago, the 1,000-year-old complex is highly ornate with smaller pagodas that also are gold-covered, statues and pavilions.

Kyaiktiyo Pagoda - A pagoda (zedi) sitting atop a huge boulder that appears as if it’s about to fall off the edge of a cliff. Both are covered in golf leaf. The locals believe the boulder, which sits 1,100 meters (3,600 feet) above sea level, is held in place through a miracle of Buddha; the pagoda is said to contain a strand of his hair

Taung Kalat - Built atop an extinct volcano plug, the Buddhist monastery of Taung Kalat is one of the most breathtaking sites in Burma. To reach the monastery, visitors must climb the 777 steps to the summit. From the top of Taung Kalat, one can enjoy a panoramic view of ancient city of Bagan and the solitary conical peak of Mount Popa.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Myanmar


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Introduction to FreedomBox

FreedomBox is a ready made personal server, designed with privacy and data ownership in mind. It is a subset of the Debian universal operating system and includes free software only. You can run it on a small, inexpensive and power-efficient computer box in your home that is dedicated for that use. It can also be installed on any computer running Debian or in a virtual machine.

In order to replace third-party communication services that are data mining your entire life, you will be able to host services yourself and use them at home or over the Internet through a browser or specialized apps. These services include chat and voice calls, webmail, file sharing and calendar, address book and news feed synchronization. For example, to start using a private chat service, activate the service from the administration interface and add your friends as authorized users of the service. They will be able to connect to the service hosted on your FreedomBox, using XMPP chat clients such as Conversations on Android, Pidgin on Windows and Linux, or Messages on Mac OS, for encrypted communications. FreedomBox can also host a Wi-Fi access point, ad blocking proxy and a virtual private network (VPN). More advanced users can replace their router with a FreedomBox.

To set up FreedomBox at home on a specific hardware or on your computer running Debian may require a bit of technical expertise or help from the community. Once installed the interface is easy to use, similar to a smart phone.

For Communities
The primary design goal of FreedomBox is to be used as a personal server at home for use by a single family and their friends. However, at the core, it is a server software that can aid a non-technical user to setup services and maintain them with ease. Security is automatically managed and many of the technical choices in system administration are taken care by the software automatically thereby reducing complexity for a non-technical user. This nature of FreedomBox makes it well-suited for hosting services for small communities like those described here. Communities can host their own services using FreedomBox with minimal effort. They can setup Wi-Fi networks that span the entire area of the community and draw Internet connections from long distances. Community members can enjoy previously unavailable Internet connectivity, ubiquitous Wi-Fi coverage, free VOIP services, offline education and entertainment content, etc. This will also boost privacy for individuals in the community, reduce dependence on centralized services provided by large companies and make them resistant to censorship.

When used to serve a sizable community, it is recommended that full size desktop computers act as FreedomBox servers rather than typical single board computers, as they have performance and reliability advantages. For example, the authors have found that an old desktop computer can serve well for a small village.


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/Messaging and VOIP

A service hosted on FreedomBox for a community can replace the need to to use WhatsApp like messaging solutions. FreedomBox brings in a decentralized solution know as Matrix. Server component of Matrix known as Matrix Synapse can be installed on a FreedomBox server with ease. Accounts created for FreedomBox can login to this service can communicate with each other. End-to-end encryption can be enabled to protect privacy. Users can also make voice and video calls among one another. Rooms can be created to send messages across large groups. Best of all, Matrix is a decentralized and federated service. This means that user of a community will be able to participate in conversations and rooms with any other Matrix user on the Internet. This process works somewhat like email. When a mail is sent from a user, it first reaches the server where the user has their account. Then it is sent to the target server where the target user has an account and from there the message is delivered to the target user. This is the reason why Matrix accounts look a lot like email addresses with a slightly different syntax.

Setting up Matrix Synapse
In FreedomBox, setting up Matrix Synapse is quite straight forward.

 * First ensure that FreedomBox is setup as described in the FreedomBox Setup section.
 * Then ensure that FreedomBox server has a proper domain name configured as described in the FreedomBox Setup section.
 * Visit the Apps page in FreedomBox UI. Click on Matrix Synapse.
 * When prompted for installation, proceed to install.
 * The interface will then ask the domain name to be used by Matrix Synapse. This domain name can't be changed later. This is also the reason why this application can't be installed and configured beforehand in pre-made images.

After the domain name is chosen, Matrix Synapse service will be running and ready for use.

Creating Accounts
Each user of FreedomBox will also be able to login and use Matrix Synapse. If you wish to all users on the Internet to be able to register their accounts by themselves in this community instance, then you can Enable Public Registration from FreedomBox's configuration page for Matrix Synapse.

Client Apps
Each user needs to install apps on their mobile device or laptop to be able to use Matrix service effectively. Riot, a fully featured Matrix client, is available for most platforms. Alternatively, it can also be used from a web browser.


text:
FreedomBox for Communities/FreedomBox Setup

The first component to setup in the community wireless network is the FreedomBox itself. Setting up FreedomBox is extensively documented in the FreedomBox Wiki. You are encouraged to read it first to learn how to perform basic setup and then continue with the setup here. Specifically, see the page for downloading FreedomBox images and quick start with finding the FreedomBox configuration web interface.

First Wizard
When one visits the FreedomBox web interface for the first time, a configuration wizard is shown for basic configuration that needs to be setup. Follow the wizard to create an administrator account.

Domain Configuration
Many services in FreedomBox require a domain name to be setup. Immediately after finishing the first wizard, proceed to setup a valid domain name for FreedomBox. There are two possible cases for this configuration:

See FreedomBox Manual pages for Dynamic DNS and General Configuration.
 * 1) If you already own a domain name such as mycommunity.example, and have a static IP address from your ISP, then use this option. In the FreedomBox web interface, go to System -> Configuration and provide the name of the domain you own in the field for domain name and click Update Setup. You should also visit your domain provider and make sure that your domain points to the FreedomBox IP address.
 * 2) If don't own a domain name or if your ISP gives you an IP address that changes with time, use the Dynamic DNS service.  Refer to the FreedomBox Manual on how to configure Dynamic DNS and obtain a free subdomain of the freedombox.rocks domain. After obtaining a free subdomain, configure the Dynamic DNS page as shown below.

Let's Encrypt Certificates
Obtaining a TLS certificate is needed not only for secure communication with FreedomBox, but also for many services such federation with Matrix Synapse. FreedomBox provides integration for automatically obtaining and setting up certificates with Let's Encrypt - a provider of free TLS certificates. When a domain is configured, a certificate is automatically obtained and setup by FreedomBox. If there was an error, you need to manually visit the Let's Encrypt configuration page in System and manually re-obtain the certificate. See FreedomBox manual page for Let's Encrypt.

Pre-built Disk Images
If your project involves setting up FreedomBox in many small communities it might be easier to create and use a pre-built disk image with many common tasks already performed. This saves some repetition of work. See the section on building disk images for setting up FreedomBox in this manner.


text:
Wildlife Gardening/Location/Michigan

Geography
General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

Native

 * List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.

Vines to check

 * Bignonia capreolata- not in MI
 * Campsis radicans
 * Clematis virginiana
 * Lonicera sempervirens
 * Parthenocissus quinquefolia
 * Passiflora incarnata- not in MI
 * Wisteria frutescens

Trees to check:

 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharum- strongly allelopathic
 * Acer negundo- moderately allelopathic
 * Betula nigra
 * Carya glabra
 * Carya laciniosa
 * Castanea dentata
 * Fagus grandifolia- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus americana- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica- may be slightly allelopathic
 * Liquidambar styraciflua
 * Liriodendron tulipifera
 * Nyssa sylvatica
 * Platanus occidentalis- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus alba- moderately allelopathic
 * Quercus coccinea
 * Quercus falcata- strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus phellos
 * Quercus rubra- may be slightly-strongly allelopathic
 * Quercus velutina
 * Tilia americana- slightly allelopathic
 * Ulmus americana- strongly allelopathic

Conifers to check

 * Chamaecyparis thyoides- not in WV
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus virginiana
 * Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs and understory trees to check:

 * Acer pennsylvanicum
 * Acer spicatum
 * Alnus serrulata
 * Amelanchier arborea
 * Amelanchier canadensis
 * Amelanchier laevis
 * Amorpha fructicosa
 * Aralia spinosa
 * Aronia arbutifolia
 * Aronia melanocarpa
 * Asimina triloba
 * Baccharis halimifolia
 * Carpinus caroliniana
 * Castanea pumila
 * Ceanothus americanus
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cephalanthus occidentalis
 * Chionanthus virginicus
 * Clethra alnifolia
 * Comptonia peregrina
 * Cornus alternifolia
 * Cornus amomomum
 * Cornus florida
 * Cornus racemosa
 * Cornus sericea
 * Corylus americanus
 * Dirca palustris
 * Euonymus americanus
 * Hamamelis virginiana
 * Hydrangea arborescens
 * Ilex decidua
 * Ilex glabra
 * Ilex opaca
 * Ilex verticillata
 * Itea virginica
 * Kalmia angustifolia
 * Kalmia latifolia
 * Lindera benzoin
 * Magnolia virginiana
 * Marella pennsylvanica
 * Ostrya virginiana
 * Rhododendron arborescens
 * Rhododendron atlanticum
 * Rhododendron calendulaceum
 * Rhododendron maximum
 * Rhododendron periclymenoides
 * Rhododendron prinophyllum
 * Rhododendron viscosum
 * Rhus copallina
 * Rhus glabra
 * Rhus typhina
 * Rosa blanda
 * Rosa carolina
 * Rosa palustris
 * Rosa setigera
 * Rosa virginiana
 * Salix discolor
 * Salix nigra
 * Salix sericea
 * Sambucus canadensis
 * Sassafras albidum
 * Spiraea alba
 * Spiraea tomentosa
 * Ulmus rubra
 * Vaccinium angustifolium
 * Vaccinium corymbosum
 * Viburnum acerifolium
 * Viburnum dentatum
 * Viburnum nudum
 * Virburnum prunifolium

Ground covers to check.

 * Antennaria dioica
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
 * Asarum canadense
 * Carex galucodea
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex platyphylla
 * Carex stricta
 * Chrysogonum virginianum
 * Fragraria virginiana- not in wv
 * Gaultheria procumbens
 * Hepatica americana
 * Maianthemum canadense
 * Mitchella repens
 * Pachysandra procumbens- not in wv
 * Phlox divaricata
 * Phlox maculata
 * Phlox stolonifera
 * Podophyllum peltatum
 * Potentilla candensis
 * Potentilla simplex
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Tiarella cordifolia
 * Viola blanda
 * Viola pallens
 * Viola papilionacea
 * Viola pedata
 * Viola septentrionalis
 * Waldsteinia fragrarioides

HP dry sites to check

 * Agrimonia parviflora
 * Amsonia tabernaemontana
 * Anemone canadensis
 * Aquilegia canadensis
 * Arisaema triphyllum
 * Asclepias tuberosa
 * Aster divaricatus
 * Aster latiflorus
 * Aster novae-angliae
 * Aster oblongifolius
 * Aster spectabilis
 * Baptisia australis
 * Cardamine concatenata
 * Chrysopis mariana
 * Cimicifuga racemosa
 * Coreopsis lanceolata
 * Coreopsis verticillata
 * Eupatorium hyssopifolium
 * Eupatorium perfoliatum
 * Eupatorium rotundifolium
 * Eupatorium serotinum
 * Euphorbia corollata
 * Geranium maculatum
 * Heliopsis helianthoides
 * Heuchera americana
 * Lespedeza virginica
 * Mertensia virginica
 * Oenothera fructicosa
 * Packera aurea
 * Phlox maculata
 * Pycnathemum muticum
 * Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
 * Ratibida pinnata
 * Rudbeckia fulgida
 * Rudbeckia nitida
 * Salvia lyrata
 * Sedum ternatum
 * Senna hebecarpa
 * Silene virginica
 * Sisyrinchium angustifolium
 * Solidago caesia
 * Solidago canadensis
 * Solidago graminifolia
 * Solidago rugosa
 * Solidago speciosa
 * Vernonicastrum virginicum

HP Moist sites to check

 * Aconitum uncinatum
 * Actaea pachypoda
 * Agastache scrophulariifolia
 * Aruncus dioicus
 * Asclepias incarnata
 * Aster puniceus
 * Astilbe biternata
 * Boltonia asteroides
 * Chelone glabra
 * Coreopsis rosea
 * Dicentra cucullaria
 * Dicentra eximia
 * Erythronium americanum
 * Eupatorium coelestinum
 * Eupatorium dubium
 * Eupatorium fistulosum
 * Eupatorium rugosum
 * Filipendula rubra
 * Helenium autumnale
 * Helianthus angustifolius
 * Hibiscus moscheutos
 * Iris versicolor
 * Jeffersonia diphylla
 * Liatris spicata
 * Lobelia cardinalis
 * Lobelia siphilitica
 * Ludwigia alternifolia
 * Lysimachia ciliata
 * Mimulus ringens
 * Monarda didyma
 * Penstemon digitalis
 * Phlox paniculata
 * Polemonium reptans
 * Polygonatum commutatum
 * Rudbeckia laciniata
 * Verbena hastata
 * Vernonia noveboracensis

Grasses, Sedges, Rushes

 * Andropogon gerardii
 * Andropogon ternarius - not wv
 * Andropogon virginicus
 * Carex flaccosperma - not wv
 * Carex pennsylvanica
 * Carex vulpinoidea
 * Chasmanthium latifolium
 * Elymus canadensis
 * Elymus hystrix
 * Elymus virginicus
 * Eragrostis spectabilis
 * Juncus effusus
 * Panicum virgatum
 * Saccharum giganteum - not wv
 * Schizachyrium scoparium - not wv check name
 * Sorghastrum nutans
 * Tripsacum dactyloides

Ferns- all wv

 * Adiantum pedatum
 * Athyrium filix-femina
 * Denstaedtia punctilobula
 * Onoclea sensibilis
 * Osmunda cinnamomea
 * Osmunda regalis
 * Polystichum acrostichoides
 * Thelypteris noveboracensis

don't forget to note deer resistance

Taxa of concern
Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.

Law
Laws of interest to wild gardeners.

title: Wildlife Gardening/Location/Michigan