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User:Taylor1907/sandbox

The following document is a critique of 'Physical Training in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Controlled Long-Term Study. I' by Rolf Nordemar, Björn Ekblöm, Lars Zachrisson & Kristina Lundqvist (1981) found in the Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology.

What is the background to this research?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints within the body. An autoimmune disease involves the body's immune system attacking itself as opposed to its task of protecting against foreign substances. Joints are affected by the thickening of the synovial fluid in the joint which can cause swelling, pain, stiffness and damage in the affected joints. This can adversely impact on the mobility of the person with RA which is why physical activity is a major discussion point for these respective patients. Rheumatoid arthritis is more prevalent in women and affects around 458,000 Australians.

As evident with many diseases, obesity and inactivity are risk factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis clarifying the need for appropriate exercise programs. Contradictory though, RA causes patients to reduce physical activity due to the joint pain suffered and a fear of worsening their condition. Studies and information available on Arthritis websites do however stress the fact that physical activity is safe for people with Rheumatoid Arthritis to participate in. It does however need to be altered to suit the severity of their specific case of the disease.

Where is the research from?
This research was conducted in Sweden from the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Karolinska Hospital, the Department of Physiology III, Karolinska Institute and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Rheumatology and St. Erik's Hospital, Stockholm. St. Erik's Hospital was the clinic where the patients for the study were selected from. This research is published in the Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology which is an International journal useful for different health practitioners and focuses on clinical and experiment rheumatology.

The authors for this research have ten years of experience in the field, specifically with RA which makes them knowledgeable in this area. The lead author Rolf Nordemar has been at the helm of many other RA studies surrounding different areas of physical activity and the disease.

What kind of research was this?
The study conducted was a controlled long-term study which can also be called a Randomised Controlled Trial. Studies that use a control involve having a group that changes what it does with a variable i.e. the exercising cohort, while the other group, the control, continues to live a lifestyle where they are not partaking in this change of variable.

Randomised Controlled Trials can be both highly positive and negative in the results that they produce. If done carefully with the control it can help to influence prescription of exercise. If done incorrectly however, prescriptions could be given with the possibility of causing potential harm to a patient.

Participant criteria included:
 * Adhere to ARA criteria,
 * Moderate disease activity and
 * Functional stage I, II or III.

What did the research involve?
This research was a 4 to 8 year study where 23 patients from St. Erik's Hospital were part of a physical training study where there were an equal amount of participants also in the control group from 1970-1978. There were 19 females and 4 males in both groups within the study since females have a higher prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis. These patients ranged in age from 31-70 years.

The training program consisted of both home-training (which requires high levels of intrinsic motivation) and group-training which was led by a physiotherapist (to ensure that physical activity is completed as safe as possible).

Strengths of the Study
 * Had a control group as part of the study.
 * Completed the study over a number of years.
 * Used specific criteria to select participants to ensure certain level of chronic disease.

Limitations of the Study
 * Lost some participants along the way.
 * Some participants in the active group stopped partaking in physical activity and some people from the control group started to exercise on their own accord but were still classified as their original group classification.
 * Is an outdated study now, so new technology and studies would be able to reassess outcomes of this study.

What were the basic results?
Key results evident from the study include:
 * Lower values in Lansbury's joint index in the training group (TG).
 * The increase in sick-leave was higher over the 8 year period in the control group (CG) - 29% increase as opposed to 1% in the TG.
 * CG spent more time in hospital than the TG - more than two times the amount.
 * There was less progression of joint damage in the TG as opposed the to CG.
 * Improvements in muscle was also seen in the TG along with improved ability to walk up stairs and complete the step test.
 * Positive psychological changes occurred with most participants agreeing that physical activity was beneficial for them in relation to rheumatoid arthritis and that they were likely to participate in this type of exercise into the future.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Overall the outcome of this research was that physical activity is beneficial for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The study found that physical activity can help to reduce the progression of the disease which is beneficial for function in daily life. Further to this, it was evident that physical activity done at an increased rate was more beneficial than less regular exercise.

These conclusions have been backed up by other, newer studies and website information in the positive correlation between physical activity and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Practical advice
Rheumatoid arthritis is currently incurable, but can be treated so should be prevented where possible and treated as early as possible.

Preventative measures:
 * Avoiding smoking.
 * Monitoring environmental exposure to substances such as asbestos and silica.
 * Maintenance of healthy weight range i.e. avoiding obesity.

Unfortunately risk factors such as aging, being female and having a family history are unmodifiable determinants therefore not being avoided.

Treatment measures:
 * Seek doctor advice.
 * Participate in regular physical activity.
 * Exercise at a moderate intensity where possible.

Further information/resources
Information for people living with arthritis can be found on these sites:
 * Arthritis Foundation - What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
 * Mayo Clinic - Rheumatoid Arthritis
 * Arthritis Australia - Rheumatoid Arthritis - What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Information specifically linked to exercise and Rheumatoid Arthritis:
 * Exercise and Rheumatoid Arthritis fact sheet by Arthritis Australia
 * Exercise tips for people living with Rheumatoid Arthritis by the Arthritis Foundation

title: User:Taylor1907/sandbox


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User:U3183437/sandbox

This is an appraisal of the journal article "Increased neuromuscular consistency in gait and balance after partnered, dance-based rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease" by Allen et al. (2017)

What is the background to this research?
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from a high risk of falls due to difficulties in gait and balance. Though doctors do not yet know the main cause of this disorder, this article has attempted to decrease these risks by understanding and improving motor performance through measuring different markers after intervening them through adapted tango (AT). Consequently there is a growing amount of evidence supporting exercise as an intervention for PD and improving gait and balance, however this may help in advancing patient screening for rehabilitation prescription and start an era of new interventions to improve the reacquisition of movements lost in PD.

Where is the research from?
Allen, McKay, Sawers, Madeleine, Hackney and Ting conducted this study at both the Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology in the USA. This study was published in the Journal of Neurophysiology in the American Physiological Society, which is a nonprofit society with over 10,500 members committed to scientific research on physiological science. Majority of members have doctoral degrees in physiology and/or medicine and other health professions. Regardless of this research being held in America, the findings are still relevant for all individuals with PD.

Allen and McKay are well established authors who have been published in multiple studies involving gait and neuromuscular diseases.

What kind of research was this?
This research is classified as a pilot study due to its small scale and feasible argument, but has case-controlled elements due to the specific population chosen. Despite the fact that they did not have a group without the disease, normative data was mentioned on young healthy adults and their responses from dance. Furthermore there was an absence of a controlled group not participating in AT, making the results incomparable.

What did the research involve?
Six participants (mean + SD, age: 64 + 16.6, weight (kg): 72.4 + 12.66) with PD were tested pre and post intervention measuring their gait and balance with a motor module analysis using electromyography (EMG) data. All participants were tested during the time of their self-determined optimal ON state, though there was no control for medication wear off time during these testings. The intervention was conducted for three weeks, that involved all participants to partake in a total of 15 AT sessions that ran for 90 minutes. With every lesson taught by an experienced professional ballroom dance instructor.

What were the basic results?
After the three week intervention was complete, the six participants were retested on their balance and gait. The researchers found positive changes in their neuromuscular control and they were the first to show that motor module efficiency increased for gait and balance, without increasing the number of motor modules. Though the number of motor modules being recruited is associated with increased motor performance, they state that motor module distinctness and consistency may act as feasible markers for improvements of motor performance.

Moreover with these findings, even though all participants improved in gait and balance after short-term rehabilitation, some participants in the study decreased in motor module number.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study provided interesting data, in terms of finding new markers to use when measuring motor performance within individuals suffering from PD. But due to its small sample size of six, these results may not associate changes of true improvement when using these markers.

However, dance as an intervention has shown a promising trend when it comes to improving motor performance for PD. This could be important as this may open up more opportunities for rehabilitation and prescription purposes for individuals with PD without the use of medications. Nonetheless, more research is needed (incorporating larger sample sizes, proper control groups, other forms of dance and their effectiveness etc.) before any real changes can be implemented.

Practical advice
Dance being used as an effective tool for rehabilitation for individuals with PD is only growing with its suggested evidence. Though further research is needed before it can be appropriately prescribed, there has been no evidence showing that not doing some form of exercise can be detrimental towards PD.

With a growing community towards dance and PD, this could be a prominent option for individuals adhering to a new kind of physical activity. Assuring that the general practitioner or your current health professional says it is safe to do so.

Further information/resources

 * Infographic - Benefits of Dance Therapy

 * Interested in participating - Dance for Parkinson's Australia

 * What has research revealed about the effects of dance in PD?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:U3183437/sandbox


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User:Stuartmanton/sandbox

Canberra Raiders will win the 2019 NRL Telstra Premiership

Players

 * 1) Jarrod Croker

What is the background to this research?

 * a very brief introduction to what the paper is about,
 * how the research fills a gap in existing knowledge,
 * and why it is important

Where is the research from?

 * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share?

 * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field?

 * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings?

What kind of research was this?

 * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis?
 * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ?

What did the research involve?

 * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study?
 * Was the methodology the best approach?
 * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?

What were the basic results?

 * What were the important findings?
 * How did the researchers interpret the results?
 * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)
 * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)

Practical advice

 * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:
 * criteria for not exercising,
 * recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,
 * recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,
 * considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc
 * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?

Further information/resources

 * What further reading may interested readers benefit from?
 * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?
 * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)

title: User:Stuartmanton/sandbox


text:
User:U3179168/sandbox

The following is a critique of the research paper "The link between children's sport participation and self-esteem: Exploring the mediating role of sport self-concept", from the journal "Psychology of Sport and Exercise".

What is the background to this research?

 * a very brief introduction to what the paper is about,
 * how the research fills a gap in existing knowledge,
 * and why it is important

Where is the research from?

 * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share?

 * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field?

 * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings?

What kind of research was this?

 * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis?
 * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ?

What did the research involve?

 * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study?
 * Was the methodology the best approach?
 * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?

What were the basic results?

 * What were the important findings?
 * How did the researchers interpret the results?
 * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?

What conclusions can we take from this research?

 * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)
 * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)

Practical advice

 * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:
 * criteria for not exercising,
 * recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,
 * recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,
 * considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc
 * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?

Further information/resources

 * What further reading may interested readers benefit from?
 * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?
 * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)

title: User:U3179168/sandbox


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities

This is a critique of the article: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1071/HE06103 Parker E, Meiklejohn B, Patterson C, Edwards K, Preece C, Shuter P, Gould T. Our games our health: a cultural asset for promoting health in Indigenous communities. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2006;(17):103-8]

What is the background to this research?
Health promotion practitioners consistently face the issue of developing effective health promotion strategies to increase the heath of communities. The relevance of community and cultural background seems to be one of the most important factors that influences the success health promotion initiatives.

Indigenous Australians, or First Nation peoples are one of the most disadvantaged populations in the world. It is commonly acknowledged that health outcomes for this group are lower than their non-indigenous counterparts.

Understanding the cultural health status of Australian Indigenous peoples requires an understanding of the relationship between the colonisation of Australia, trauma, and its impact on health. The colonisation of Australia has had devastating repercussions on social, spiritual and physical health of Indigenous people,. The population decline, dispossession of land, physical ill-treatment and discrimination play a huge roll in the exponential rate of mortality and diseases prevalent in this population. This trauma, anger and pain still exist within Indigenous people today. As a result, predictable health outcomes such as alcohol abuse as well as other high frequency grief reactions can be seen as a coping mechanism. ,.

The underlying determinants of Indigenous health have been attributed to income, education, living situation and access to health services. However, the cultural factors of health including racism, loss of language, spiritual and emotional disconnectedness have recently received more attention. Further exploration into concepts such as Indigeneity, which is largely based on elements of cultural identity, has allowed us to understand how this can be negatively impacting on Indigenous health. The sense of belonging to one's own community, land and animals are viewed as inherently apart of self for Aboriginal people. Cultural identity is not solely access to culture, but also the right for cultural expression within societies institutions.

There is a multifactorial meaning of physical activity, supported by a theme of cultural identity. Therefore, interventions and health promotion in this population should embrace a more holistic view of health and well-being that challenges the disease orientated, Western Health science paradigm. The following critiqued paper explores a community driven health initiative that implements traditional games to mobilise and increase physical activity in a meaningful way.

Where is the research from?
This study is from the Health Promotion Journal of Australia, a well known and reputable journal. 'Our Games, Our Health' was developed with two communities in Cherbourg and Stradbroke Island (Queensland, Australia). Funding was applied through the two communities and the Queensland University of Technology, who had previous encounters and collaborations in the past.

Several of the authors have a track record of research in this particular area (Ken Edwards, Elizabeth Parker). Elizabeth has more of a public health and promotion background, whereas Ken has a record of specific Indigenous research including a book on traditional games which is heavily resourced in this program.

What kind of research was this?
This study was an intervention and program evaluation, namely a process evaluation design. The study also utilised a qualitative methodology, which includes direct observation, surveys and record keeping as data collection tools. . This is consistent with other heath promotion studies which have been found to commonly be impact followed by a combination of impact and process evaluation. Qualitative only studies however, only consisted of 8% of other studies in the last couple of decades.

What did the research involve?
The project was underpinned by holistic context in which Indigenous communities view health, centred on family, community and society. The project was structured through three interlocking stages: community engagement, community mobilisation and capacity building.

The aim of the project was to develop, implement and evaluate a community-based, multi strategy health promotion intervention that focused on men and the older population. However, it was realised that because of the difficult personal situations of the older men and elders, it may be more effective to redirect target to school kids. Furthermore, targeting the next generation may be a more effective strategy in changing the future of the population’s health.

A community forum was established at Cherbourg and Stradbroke island communities where they held workshops and allowed members to learn about traditional games. The games used were integrated from a book Chaoopadoo: Games from the Dreamtime. They are suited for a range of age groups including both friendly and competitive games. Duration of games is 10-30min.

What were the limitations?
This study was the first to explore this particular area meaning that the results are less formidable. Questionnaires and feedback tools have been shown to be less accurate measures of success. Furthermore, time and funding constraints, meant that only a limited evaluation could be done. More funding could have ensured a stronger pre-post test evaluation. The changes and adaptations the study underwent means that this study is not highly repeatable.

What were the basic results?
The researchers interpreted a positive outcomes experienced by all those involved. More than 200 children from two primary schools participated in the 16 month project. The traditional games were integrated into the school's curriculum through carnivals and daily physical activity education and cultural curricula. Results were evaluated through the use of written questionnaires and focus groups which included questions about satisfaction levels. Most people "agreed" or "strongly agreed" in the feedback. Enthusiastic uptake of the program by other communities demonstrates its potential for transferability. Sustainability can be seen in the schools, where the games are still played.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
Health promotion in Indigenous population is a complex and difficult process and what may seem successful in one community may not be effective in another. There is no 'one' right way to promote Indigenous Health, but it is highly important to address the key principles of community when promoting health in these communities. Suitable and appropriate measures need to be identified to justify the potential of Indigenous games to increase physical activity levels of Aboriginal people. The games however, proved effective in providing a culturally appropriate activity that would not only boost social capacity, but also possibly empower and re-establish cultural identity.

Other studies in this specific area have had inconclusive results, reinforcing the difficult nature of measuring success in health promotion. A 2010 study, testing the effectiveness of Traditional games in a Townsville community found no significance change in cultural connectedness and physical activity levels. This possibly suggests that even with an extensive testing, limitations associated with the data collections tools such as feedback and questionnaires may not accurately reflect the communities engagement. More studies need to be required that follow up with the community down the track may be a useful measure of sustainability.

Practical advice
It is important to involve the community as much as possible when designing and implementing health programs. Further research is needed in this area to explore the implications traditional games have on the long term health of Indigenous school children.Future research can use the present methodology as a framework but must make it specific to the targeted community. Future studies should ensure they have adequate funding and appropriate evaluation tools.

Further information/resources

 * Close the Gap report "Our Choices, Our Voices (2019)

 * Closing the gap: Strategies and practices for promoting social and emotional well-being in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People (2013)

 * Impact and cause of illness and death in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (2011)

 * Yulunga: Traditional Indigenous Games (2008)

 * Indigenous Traditional Games


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User:Stuartmanton

University of Canberra Student. Sport and Exercise Science.

title: User:Stuartmanton


text:
Talk:Marathi/Family Relationships

what we call sawata (सवता) (F सवत- Co wife) in english

title: Talk:Marathi/Family Relationships


text:
User:Jcaldxr/sandbox

what What is it

title: User:Jcaldxr/sandbox


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease

The following article is a critique of the research paper 'A randomised controlled trial of a home based exercise programme to reduce the risk of falling among people with Parkinson's disease', published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 2007.

What is the background to this research?
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder which effects the brain and nervous system. Main symptoms include shaking of the arm or hand, muscle rigidity, slowed gait movement, and postural instability. PD affects around 1 in 1000 individual's over 60 years worldwide, and approximately 81,000 individuals in Australia.

Frequent falls in older adults can have severe consequences, including hip fractures and increased weakness of bones, which decreases quality of life. Falling is the second most common cause for hospitalisation in individuals with PD. 51.9% of all falls resulting in hospitalisation, occurred within the home. Therefore, the effect of home-based exercises on decreasing falls, by increasing muscle strength and reducing the fear of falling, should be of concern. Research into the topic can assist in reducing the economic burden of hospitalisations in PD individuals due to frequent falls.

Where is the research from?
This research paper was published by the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, a well reputed medical-related journal accessible worldwide.

The primary author, Ann Ashburn, has been involved in the production of around 100 research papers. Ashburn's research focuses on physical recovery after sudden medical events, such as a stroke, or long-term disorders, such as PD.

The study took place in Dorest, UK. Participants were chosen from three PD specialists within the area. Average age of the participants was 72 years ± 9.2, and time since PD diagnosis ranged from 1 to 31 years. Similar studies have been conducted in Australia, providing a level of relevance to Australian individuals with PD.

What kind of research was this?
This research was a randomised controlled trial, considered the gold standard in research, which aims at limiting any discrepancies between the intervention and control groups. Progress made from the intervention is highlighted when compared to the control group.

One limitation of the study was self-reporting. Individuals could have inaccurately defined or underestimated falls events that occurred. Therefore, the intervention may have made a larger impact on patients than the study suggests.

What did the research involve?
142 participants diagnosed with varying PD severity, were randomised into an intervention group (n=70) and a control group (n=72). Eligibility criteria required individuals to be living at home, independently mobile, and experienced more than one fall 12 months prior to the study. The number of participants declined due to dislike of exercise, hospitalisation, or passed away. The participants were required to self-report fall and near fall events, and any resulting injuries. 134 self-reporting diaries were available at completion of the study (n = 67 from each group).

The study defines a fall as "an event that resulted in a person coming to rest unintentionally on the ground or other lower level, not as a result of a major intrinsic event", and a near fall as "an occasion on which and individual felt that they were going to fall but did not actually do so".

The exercise completed by the intervention group involved muscle strengthening, range of movement, balance training, and walking, which promoted the prevention of falls, initiation of movement, and strength compensation. Exercises were taught by a physiotherapist. After 6 weeks, the intervention group were contacted to discuss any arising problems with the prescribed exercises. Follow ups were then completed after 8 weeks and 6 months.

The control group received their usual care.

What were the basic results?
A decrease in falls rate and repeat falling for the intervention group (see Table 1), as well as a decreased rate of injuries requiring medical attention (see Table 2) resulted from the study. Although improvements in the individual's quality of life occurred, these particular results did not reach statistical significance. As time progressed, the study revealed a declining pattern in quality of life for the control group, with greater rates of falls (see Table 1) and subsequent related injuries (see Table 2).

Lower rates of near falls were recorded in the intervention group in comparison to the control. This reached statistical significance.

Table 1: Rate of falling, repeated falling, and near falling in participants at 8 week and 6 months follow ups.

Table 2: Number of Fall Related Injuries occurring over the course of the study requiring medical attention.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
As this study was relatively small (n = 142), only representing 0.09% of the PD population within the UK (estimated 145,000 cases recorded in 2018), the evidence of using exercise as a disease intervention in individuals with PD can be taken into consideration when prescribing treatment plans. However, interventions used in this research cannot be recommended for the whole population as each individual is different.

The research findings suggest that near fall preventions become effective after implementing an exercise intervention program. Number of fall related injuries also decrease. As a result, quality of life and overall health can increase.

The study shows that those with lower disease severity and lower fall rate benefited greatly from the intervention, and became more receptive to a change in their movement behaviour through an exercise intervention. Therefore, it is suggested that an exercise program should be prescribed shortly after diagnosis, to decrease the risk of falls, as disease severity worsens.

Practical advice
Even though there is currently no known cure, there are a number of different ways PD symptoms can be treated. Possible treatments include medication (increases dopamine activity in the brain), surgery (reduces the tremor or shakiness in limbs), and exercise (improves balance, stability and movement). General exercise recommendations for individuals with PD are explained in Table 3, though the prescription of each treatment is dependent on disease severity and should be prescribed by an accredited health professional.

Individuals with PD should remain active while still maintaining skills required for everyday living. Assistance may be required in performing these skills; however, it is critical for the individual to remain as independent as possible to improve their quality of life.

Table 3: ACSM's General Exercise Recommendations for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

Further information/resources
Below are a list of websites that further explain PD and ways it can be managed.

It is worth noting that these websites do not substitute for medical advice. It is best to consult with a medical professional to manage and prescribe PD treatments.

 * Exercise for People with Parkinson's
 * Living with Parkinson's Information Sheets
 * Parkinson's Disease Information


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ABC graphs/ABCD

1st Example
Compounds: H, O, H2, O2, OH, OH−, H2O, H3O+, H2O2.

Topic: combustion of H2 in O2

Media: explosion!

2nd Example
Compounds: Ca2C, Ca3N2, CaO, CaF2 -> CH4, NH3, H2O, HF

Topic: hydrolysis

Media: reaction of some oxide producing a basic solution visualised with phenolphthalein

3rd Example
Compounds: CO2, NO2, SO2 -> CO32-, NO3-, SO32- & SO3

Topic: atmospheric gases, redox

Media: acid rain from volcano and cars

4th Example
Compounds: PF5, -> H3PO4, Al3+ -> Al(OH)4-

Topic: hydrolysis again

Media: dissolution of aluminium foil in a strong vase

title: ABC graphs/ABCD


text:
Telugu/Colors

 * ఎరుపు (erupu) - red
 * తెలుపు (telupu) - white
 * నలుపు (nalupu) - black
 * కాషాయం (khaashaayam) - orange
 * గులాబి (gulaabi) - pink
 * నీలం (neelamu) - blue
 * ఆకుపచ్చ (aakupachha) - green
 * పసుపుపచ్చ (pasupupachha) - yellow
 * మయూర వర్ణం (mayoora varnam) - aqua
 * గోధుమ (godhuma) - brown
 * ఊదా (oodaa) - violet
 * బంగారు (bangaaru) - gold
 * బూడిద (boodida) - gray

title: Telugu/Colors


text: User:Tgifoley

title: User:Tgifoley


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/William Leighton Gibson

Transcriptions and Notes
More than 50 key articles relevant to William Leighton Gibson, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: William Leighton Gibson - Transcriptions and Notes