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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/John Graeme Balsillie/Notes

1884 08
First mention in Trove of our Balsillie family, Balsillie's father James Pearson Balsillie departs Brisbane for Cooktown on the steamer Elamang "SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. . . . DEPARTURES. . . . August 9.— ELAMANG, s., Captain T. A. Lake, for Cooktown, via ports. Passengers: For Rockhampton — Messrs. Wm. Spier, S. K. Hawkey, A. Archer; for Mackay — Mrs. Dyer, Messrs. A. Campbell, H. Wren, Baker, W. J. Munce, T. Matthews, H. Dwyer, H. Kidd, Geo. Birdsville, Bosanquet; for Townsville — Mrs. Pierce, Mrs. Gordon, Mrs. Kaye, Mrs. Eaton and 2 children, Miss Gordon, Messrs. J. E. Longden, Exton, Jas. Overend, M. Golk, A. Longden, F. Haig, F. Wells, K. Harvey, R. C. O'Flaherty, J. F. Henderson, S. Kave, M. Lough; for Johnstone River — Mr. and Mrs. P. R. Shipton; for Cairns — Messrs. J. McKnight, W. Ferguson, W. Quinn; for Port Douglas — Miss Wylie; for Cooktown — Captain Foulis, E. Lee, J. P. Balsillie, E. L. Holland, and 22 in the steerage. W. Williams, agent."

1884 10
Balsillie's father fails to claim a letter at Rockhampton post office "UNCLAIMED LETTERS. LIST of Unclaimed Letters at the Post Office, Rockhampton; if not claimed on or before November 17, 1884, will be forwarded to the Dead Letter Office, Brisbane. EDWIN DA COSTA, P.O., Rockhampton, October 24, 1884. Postmaster. . . . Balsillie, J. P.; . .."

Balsillie's father departs Brisbane for Cooktown on the SS Katoomba "SHIPPING. . . . DEPARTURES. . . . October 25.— KATOOMBA, A.S.N. Company's s., 489 tons, Captain R. Armstrong, for Cooktown, via intermediate ports. Passengers: Mrs. W. H. Wright, Mrs. O'Dwyer, Mrs. Nested, Mrs. Bray, Mrs. Randall, Miss Judge, Messrs. W. H. Wright, R. Kean, James Moore, T. Hopkins, A. Gray, Osbourne, Balsillie, E. R. Lee, W. S. Benton, C. E. Roe, G. T. Brodie, C. H. Gruetzskey, F. Watson, J. Manning, F. C. Hodel, and 9 in the steerage. W. Williams, agent."

1884 12
Balsillie's father returns to Brisbane from Port Douglas on the SS Quiraing "SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. ARRIVALS. December 14.— Quiraing, s., from Port Douglas, via ports. Passengers: Mrs. Fraser and two children, Mrs. Gough, Mrs. Stockman, Mrs. Bennett and child, Mrs. Grant, Mrs. Flemming, Miss M. Flemming, Miss S. Allan, Miss Walters, Miss Anderson, Dr. Thomatis, Messrs. D. Desmond, J. Fraser, W. Voss, J. Stockman, W. Erdis, J. Overend, E. Brown, A. H. Prince, J. P. Balsillie, R. Morsworth, J. C. Smith, W. Frost, C. Grant; 33 steerage."

1885 08
Balsillie's father departs Brisbane for Cooktown "Shipping Intelligence. . . . Departures. . . . August 15 — RANELAGH, s., Captain Beel, for Cooktown, via ports. Passengers: Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. Barrett, Miss G. Pope, Dr. Howlett, Messrs. P. Knox, E. Mitton, W. Hans, H. Henderson, A. Seymour, S. Wolff, J. Bayne, A. Bayne, J. M. Smart, Cr. M. Yorex, Creswell, J. Stansfield, J. P. Balsillie, J?? Bell, P. J. Martin, L. E. Magon, W. K. Salton, ?? Wrill, W. E. Dean, W. Bennett, and 7 in the steerage."

1885 09
Birth notice for Balsillie "Birth. BALSILLIE.— At Fernlea, Toowong, on the 11th September, the wife of Mr. J. P. Balsillie, of a son."

1887 07
Balsillie's father departs Brisbane on the SS Katoomba for Cooktown "SHIPPING. . . . DEPARTURES. . . . July 26.— KATOOMBA, A.U.S.N. Company's s., 1100 tons, Captain F. G. Lee, for Cooktown, via intermediate ports. Passengers: Mesdames Cardno, J. Hooper, Cameron and 2 children, Misses Dunsford, R. A. Colles, F. Colles, Hooper, Cameron, Cameron, Rev. W. H. Rogers, Chinese Commissioner (General Wong Yung Ho), Consul-General (U. Tsing), secretary (Yuen Lim Seng), Messrs. John Hooper, Anderson, E. N. Grant, John Smith, J. P. Balsillie, McMicking, J. W. Daly, Cameron, E. Firth, Dunsford, W. J. Hurst, Carr, A. Robson, R. M. Flower, T. Pattison, Montague Carr, A. Spooner, R. Keating, and 12 in the steerage. The B.I. and Q.A. Company, Limited, managing agents."

1887 08
Balsillie's father resigns his postion on the committee of the Commercial Travellers' Association, as relocating to Townsville "Commercial Travellers. A meeting of the Commercial Travellers' Association was held last night at the Australian Hotel. Mr. Kebble occupied the chair, and there was a good attendance. Correspondence and business of a routine nature were gone through. Mr. Balsillie resigned his position as committeeman on account of his removing to Townsville, and Mr. G. Street was elected in his place. Mr. Russell resigned his position as vice-president, and Mr. Willett was elected to the vacant office, Mr Budd being elected to Mr. Willett's place on the committee. Mr. L. M. Bond was elected a member of the association. This concluded the business and the meeting terminated."

1888 06
Balsillie's father and heavily pregnant mother return to Brisbane from Townsville, father goes back to Townsville two days later "Shipping Intelligence. ARRIVALS. . . . June 17.— QUIRAING, A.U.S.N. Company's s., 1200 tons, Captain F. G. Lee, from Cooktown, via inter-mediate ports. Passengers: Mesdames Harris, maid and child, Balsillie and child, Walters and child, Webster and child, and Holland, Dr. Hogg, Inspector Stafford, Messrs. Harris, J. P. Balsillie, Alney, W. Davidson, A. Helmrich, H. V. Bath, E. O. Holkirk, Murray-Prior, Decastrus, Alexander, W. Robertson, Webster, Barry, and 30 in the steerage. . . . DEPARTURES. . . . June 19.— ELAMANG, A.U.S.N. Company's s., 1000 tons, Captain J. E. Butcher, for Cooktown, via intermediate ports. Passengers: Mesdames C. J. Cory. Scougall, Meaghers, Jones, McGrath, Looker and maid, Merrissey, Sheehy, Ettlinger, G. Aitken and 2 children, Misses Daly, Newton, Binger, Macrossan, and Jones, Hon. J. M. Macrossan, M.L.A., J. Seaver, M.P., Revs. Dr. Hutchinson, W. Barrie, N. Sandy, W. Flanchion, G. Aitken, Messrs. R. J. Sayers, M.L.A., J. R. Bolam, J. H. Rogers, A. Loder, T. W. Daly, Reid, Dalrymple, R. Gilchrist. D. Gilchrist, J. E. Wren, Callaghan, W. E. Yaldwyn, C. J. Cory, J. P. Balsillie, Looker, Marshall, John Ramsay, R. C. Meiklejohn, K. M. Black, A. M. Bowman, and 29 in the steerage."

1888 08
Birth notice for Balsillie's brother Kenneth Johnston Balsillie "BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. . . . BIRTHS. BALSILLIE.— On the 28th September, at the residence of her mother, Fernlea, Toowong, the wife of J. Pearson Balsillie, of Townsville, of a son."

1888 11
Balsillie's father returns to Townsville after brief stay in Brisbane "DEPARTURES. . . . November 17.— MARANOA, A.U.S.N. Company's s., 1505 tons, Captain R. Armstrong, for Cooktown, via intermediate ports. Passengers: Mesdames Green and child, McLennan, Lynett, Ford, and Wright, Misses Thomas, Eva Thomas, Maggie Thomas, M. McCarthy, Plulo, and Lynett, Hon. J. F. McDougall, 'Major' Wright (Salvation Army), Messrs. A. Brooks, C. E. Brown, Longwell, Alexander, J. P. Balsillie, Ford, J. Corbett, W. Keating, H. O. Paton, W. O. Hodgkinson, J. V. S. Barnett, T. Mclean, K. Fraser, Pictet, T. Rauft, T. H. Lanfer, H. L. Green, F. J. Parry, W. Nicholas, F. W. Blakey, Plulo, A. G. Frazer, H. Donald, T. H. Smith, H. L. Black, S. Wolff, T. Lukin, H. Fischer, W. Helton, Quilinan, William White, McIvernay, C. A. Pollard, R. M. Hall, G. F. Marsh, D. P. Thomas, T. Thomas, Fergus Thomas, Wholohan, B. E. Ninde, J. J. Killalea, and 27 in the steerage. The B.I. and Q.A. Company, Limited, managing agents."

1889 04
Death notice for Balsillie's father James Pearson Balsillie "BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. . . . DEATH. BALSILLIE.— On the 28th April, at Fernlea, Toowong, James Pearson Balsillie, of Townsville, third son of John Balsillie, St. Andrew's, Scotland, aged 34 years."

Funeral notice for Balsillie's father James Pearson Balsillie "FUNERAL NOTICE.— The Friends of JAMES PEARSON BALSILLIE, deceased, are respectfully invited to attend his Funeral, which is appointed to move from the residence of Mrs. Johnston, Fernlea, Emma street, Toowong, THIS (Monday) AFTERNOON, at 4 o'clock, to the Brisbane General Cemetery. JOHN HISLOP, Undertaker."

1901 02
Article by Barton (Balsillie's mentor) on rain making, likely generated Balsillie's subsequent interest in the topic "RAINMAKING. By E. C. Barton, M.I.E.E. The art of rainmaking is very ancient, but has remained undeveloped since the time when civilisation was confined to hot climates. Modern science has been developed on the Western side of the Old World in countries blessed with an even rainfall, and droughts are there so rare that the energy of the inventor has never been drawn towards rainmaking. There is no doubt that among the Chaldeans and other nations of the Babylonian era of civilisation the question of rainmaking offered a very tempting field of investigation. Their methods of investigation were very different from ours, but they were very successful in some directions, and they may have had more success in rainmaking than we imagine. The Biblical accounts of their doings throw a sidelight on the question, and the modern investigator cannot help being struck with the importance attached to the motion of the smoke ascending from their priests' sacrifices as bearing on our conception of rain-production by upward disturbance of the atmosphere. The Hon. A. C. Gregory told in a recent address to the Royal Society how, in his exploring days, he had produced rain by making a large fire on the Western plains of Queensland. When we come to study the matter with the aid of our twentieth century knowledge we find the matter of rain production to be very interesting. Primarily it depends on the power which air possesses of absorbing a quantity of water and carrying it thousands of miles, in an absolutely invisible form. Tropical air at 80deg. will hold 2lb. of water in every 1000 cubic feet, and will carry the water any distance if it is not cooled. If the heat is decreased then the air cannot hold the water, and clouds are formed; if the heat further decreases, the clouds become so dense that drops are formed, and fall as rain, until at a temperature of 60deg. the air has shed three-quarters of its holding of water. Air may appear very dry and clear, and yet contain a large amount of moisture, air at 100deg. feeling dry, though it may contain 2lb. per 1000 cubic feet, while at 80deg. the same air would be uncomfortably moist. Thus in the driest summers there is always plenty of moisture in the air, but it can only be squeezed out of the air by a loss of heat, and to bring about that cooling there is only one rapid method, and that is to drive the air upwards to a height of a few thousand feet. Mountains do it for us in most countries, but in Australia we have a dearth of mountains, and must look for mechanical means of a more modern type. It can easily be proved that Mr. Gregory's method of producing rain depended for its success on the upward current of air produced, and we have only to extend the principle and apply it by means of powerful engines and blowing fans to produce rainfall at any time when the moisture in the air exceeds a certain percentage. A study of the exact conditions prevailing in the interior of Australia, together with kite and balloon experiments to determine the temperature and humidity of the air at different altitudes would soon enable us to evolve a definite and well matured plan of rain-making such as would make Queensland the home of ten million people. Such experiments are now being conducted by the American Weather Bureau."

1903 12
Balsillie (17yo), mother (Eliza Balsillie nee Johnston, 47yo) and brother (Kenneth Johnston Balsillie, 14yo) migrate to England "SHIPPING. DEPARTURES. . . . SUEVIC'S PASSENGERS. Messrs. Dalgety and Co. advise that the following is a list of Brisbane passengers booked by them for the steamer Suevic, sailing from Sydney today: Mrs. Balsillie, Misses Jefferies, V. Jefferies, Hamilton, G. Hamilton, A. Stewart, Messrs. W. W. Smith, J. Balsillie, K. Balsillie, T. A. Goodman, W. Howard."

1906 07
Funeral notice for Balsillie's maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Johnston nee Ure "FUNERAL NOTICES. . . . FUNERAL NOTICE.— The Funeral of the late Mrs. ELIZABETH URE JOHNSTON, mother of Mrs. Balsillie, Mrs. BERNARD, GEORGE, JOHN URE, and WILLIAM URE JOHNSTON will move from her residence, 'Clairmont,' Clayfield, THIS (Tuesday) AFTERNOON, at 2.30 o'clock, for the Toowong Cemetery. JOHN HISLOP, Funeral Director."

Belated death notice for Balsillie's maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Johnston nee Ure "Deaths. JOHNSTON.— On 9th July, at her residence, Clairmont, Adelaide street, Clayfield, Elizabeth Ure Johnston, widow of the late Peter Johnston, Glasgow, Scotland, aged 78 years."

1909 11
Quick already aware of Balsillie system and requests an expert report on it "Wireless Telegraphy. Sir John Quick has authorised Captain Collins to secure an expert report on the value of the Balsillie system of wireless telegraphy. In so doing the Postmaster-General has acted wisely. A revolution in telegraphy is coming, or, should it be said, has come? Mr Marconi informed the delegates who attended the Imperial Press Conference that 'all the ships in the North Atlantic service are fitted with wireless telegraphy apparatus.' He explained that the Mediterranean, the coasts of Great Britain, of Ireland, of the United States, and of Canada are so well supplied with stations that the ships find the apparatus invaluable. He expressed the opinion that the route to the East could and should be as fully supplied. At the date of his utterance, July last, Mr Marconi said that, when possessed of the necessary stations, his company would be prepared to forward press messages from England to Canada at twopence a word. The cost of the stations he put down at L50,000 each, and the capacity of a single service at 25 words a minute. In reply to Mr Bruce Smith, Sir John Quick last week informed the House of Representatives that the Tasmanian cable cost L127 per nautical mile, and that from 15 to 20 words per minute is a fair speed for cable messages. Clearly, then, when long distances are in question, there is a splendid future for wireless telegraphy. That the system can be adopted for the transmission of messages, press and other, between England and Australia, Mr Marconi has no doubt. Indeed, he stated certain grounds for supposing that 'a message at the Antipodes might be received better than one half-way to the Antipodes.' It would seem that we are within measurable distance of realising Mr Henniker-Heaton's dream of penny messages throughout the Empire, New Zealand is alert. Sir Joseph Ward, in his Budget statement last night, declared that his Government would wait twelve mouths, as great improvements in 'wireless' are likely within that time, and then adopt a vigorous policy which will forge new links between the Dominion, Great Britain, and Australia."

1910 03
Tender of Australasian Wireless Co for VIS and VIP conditionally accepted "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. ERECTION OF STATIONS. TENDER CONDITIONALLY ACCEPTED. BENDIGO, Tuesday.— The Postmaster-General (Sir John Quick), in consultation with Mr John Hesketh (chief electrical engineer of the Commonwealth), who visited Bendigo specially for the purpose, had under consideration today the five tenders which have been received by the department for the erection of two high power wireless telegraph stations in Australia, one in or near Fremantle, and the other in or near Sydney. Subsequently Sir John Quick made the following statement:— 'The tenders, with one exception, complied with all the requirements of the specification prescribed by the department after consultation with the defence authorities. The principal conditions insisted upon were in regard to range signalling, wave lengths, and tuning. The prices quoted by the respective tenderers included all the plant required, but not buildings or foundations, which will have to be provided by the department. The works to be provided are as follow:— (1) Prime motor giving power to drive dynamos; (2) internal electrical fittings in stations; and (3) masts and aerials. The successful tenderers will have to erect the plant on sites in or near Fremantle and Sydney to be determined by the Government and they will also have to provide for supervision in the working of the plants for three months after erection and maintenance for 12 months, during which time they will be required to keep the whole of the installations in working order. I perused the tenders together with the reports of the advisory tender board, of which Captain Creswell (representing the Commonwealth Defence department), Lieutenant Cheesman (in charge of the wireless work connected with the Australian squadron) and Mr. Hesketh (the chief electrical engineer for the Commonwealth) were members. The board recommended the acceptance of the lowest tender, subject to certain conditions. As the question is not finally but only conditionally settled I do not feel at liberty to give full particulars and details of any of the tenders. I have approved of the acceptance of the lowest tender subject to the following express conditions:— (1) Some stipulation with the tenderer as to the nature of the labour to be employed during the probationary period of supervision and maintenance; (2) that the Secretary of State for the Colonies should be informed through the Governor-General that it is the intention of the department to accept the lowest tender, giving brief particulars of the tenders received, and the system to be employed by the lowest tenderer, also informing him of the advice of the department tender board, and asking whether there is aby reason why the lowest tender should not be accepted. This action is necessary, because during previous discussions on the question of establishing wireless telegraph stations in Australia the British Government asked that the Commonwealth Government, before committing itself to any specific system or contract, should communicate with them on the subject. This message to the Imperial Government will not necessarily involve any material delay, as it will be done by cable. If no objections or difficulties be raised in the reply, the lowest tender will at once be accepted, and then full information respecting the details of the contract will be made public.'"

1910 11
Issues with both Marconi system and Telefunken system "QUESTIONS IN THE SENATE. ADMIRAL POORE'S ADVICE. Various questions regarding the contracts for wireless installations in Australia were asked in the Senate yesterday. Senator Findlay, replying to Senator Givens (Q.) said that the contracts for the erection of wireless telegraph stations at Sydney and Fremantle had not yet been signed by the contractors. The guarantors were Hugh Robert Denison and William Norman M'Leod. They had not yet signed the guarantee. It was not a fact that Admiral Poore had expressed a decided preference for the Marconi system as against the Telefunken. Before tenders for the Sydney and Fremantle stations had been received, Admiral Poore had advised that from a strategical point of view Marconi's installation should be fitted, as owing to the existing contract with the Marconi Company, H. M. vessels would not be able to communicate with the shore stations or carry out any trials with a view to testing the installations if any other system were adopted but in a subsequent communication Admiral Poore had advised that the Admiralty were released from the obligation against intercommunication with stations fitted with other than Marconi apparatus, and that the restrictions on H.M. vessels from communicating with or carrying out trials with any shore stations fitted with apparatus other than Marconi would therefore no longer apply. In another communication the Admiralty advised that, subject to the system selected being able readily to communicate with H.M. vessels, and to intercommunicate with any other system in use, the Commonwealth might adopt what system it pleased and need not confine itself to any one system exclusively. Replying to a further batch of questions asked by Senator Givens, Senator Findley said that it was not a fact that the Telefunken wireless system was essentially a short range system. The Postmaster-General had been informed that there were at least nine stations at which the Telefunken svstem was able to maintain wireless telegraphic communication over an ocean range of 1,250 miles — the distance specified for the Australian stations. There was believed to be no reason whatever why the contractors for the stations at Sydney and Fremantle should not carry out the conditions of the contract with the Telefunken system. Senator Keating (T.).— Is the Minister aware of the fact that there are Australians who have their own systems which are supposed to surpass both the Telefunken and the Marconi systems? Senator Findley said that he was aware that there were wireless systems, which were the invention of Australians in Australia at the present time. He was not in a position to say whether those systems were superior to any other systems. If notice of the question were given, he would make inquiries. Senator Millen (N.S.W.).— So far as the statement that there are nine installations of the Telefunken system with an ocean range of 1,250 miles, is concerned, I would like to know if the Minister's informants were the tenderers for the Telefunken installation? Senator Findley asked that notice of the question be given."

1911 02
Marconi Company wins its claim for patent infringement against Balsillie's Company "QUESTION OF PATENTS. MARCONI CLAIM UPHELD. LONDON, Feb. 21. An action has been heard in the Chancery Court, before Mr. Justice Parker, in which Mr. Guglielmo Marconi and Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. (Limited) proceeded against the British Radio Telegraph and Telephone Company Limited, alleging infringements of the plaintiffs' three patents with reference to wireless telegraphy. The patents were taken out in the years 1900, 1902, and 1907 respectively. The claim made by the 1900 patent was for improvements in apparatus for wireless telegraphy, comprising — '(1) A transmitter for electric wave telegraphy, consisting of a spark producer, having its terminals connected through a condenser with one circuit of a transformer, the other circuit being connected in a conductor and to the earth, the time period of electrical oscillations in the two circuits being the same or harmonics of each other; (2) a system of electric wave telegraphy in which both the transmitter and the receiver contain a transformer, the time period of electrical oscillations in the four circuits of the two transformers being the same or harmonics of each other; (3) a system of electrical wave telegraphy in which both the transmitter and the receiver contain a transformer, one circuit of which is a persistent oscillator, and the other a good radiator or absorber of electrical oscillations, all four circuits having the same time period or being harmonics of each other; (4) apparatus for wireless telegraphy substantially as described and illustrated in the drawings.' The defendants' system was called the 'Balsillie system of Radio-Telegraphy,' and it was complained that they offered for sale under this system apparatus constructed according to the plaintiffs' patents. Mr. Justice Parker has upheld the Marconi claim in respect of the 1900 patent."

1911 06
Prime Minister selects Balsillie for position of Wireless Expert "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. AUSTRALIAN DIRECTOR. The Postmaster-General (Mr. Thomas) announced yesterday that the office of director of wireless telegraphy for the Commonwealth had been filled. He received a cable message from the High Commisioner (Sir George Reid) stating that the Prime Minister (Mr. Fisher) had selected for the post Mr. Balsillie out of the six applicants recommended to him. Mr. Balsillie is to be attached to the Postmaster-General's department, and will have control over the wireless installations of the Commonwealth. His salary will be £600 a year. The brief message received states that the gentleman selected was educated in Australia, and since 1905 he has closely followed up wireless telegraphy. Mr. Thomas added that the sooner he arrived in Australia the better as there were many things he wanted to consult him about in connection with the Commonwealth stations that were being erected. Mr. Balsillie is the inventor of the Balsillie system of wireless."

Courier Mail announcement of Balsillie's appointment includes brief biography "DISTINGUISHED QUEENSLANDER SELECTED. The news that Mr. Balsillie had been selected in London by the Prime Minister as wireless expert for the Common-wealth gave rise to a good deal of satisfaction in Brisbane yesterday. The selection brings yet another honour to the State of Queensland, where Mr. Balsillie was born. John Graeme Balsillie, who is now about 27 years of age, was born at Toowong, and was educated at the Normal School for boys, whence he passed on to the Brisbane Grammar School. He also attended classes at the Brisbane Technical College, where he was a pupil of Mr. E. C. Barton. The study of electricity led him to a keen interest in wireless telegraphy, and some five or six years ago his mother, a widow, left Brisbane for London, with her two boys, in search of that wider sphere for their abilities which the Old World promised. Mr. J. G. Balsillie, the elder of the two, was first employed by a wireless company, for whom he did work at Oxford, Cambridge, and other centres. He was then sent to Russia, where he spent two years, and afterwards he visited China, in connection with wireless operations. After his return to London he was asked to again visit China, but by this time he had patented wireless methods of his own, and a company was formed to work them."

1911 09
Sutton promotes the Balsillie breakin key "WIRELESS STATIONS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ARGUS. Sir.— The question has several times been asked in the House of Representatives — What rights will be left to the wireless companies at present operating land stations in the Commonwealth after the Government stations are taken over? Outside territorial waters, the Government has no rights between ship and ship, and as there are already somewhere nearly 100 ships, interstate and overseas, fitted with wireless, the revenue must eventually become considerable. The owners of the systems appear to have the best of it in their arrangements with the shipowners. It is stated, the operators and apparatus are hired to the shipowners, the latter bearing all the expenses and the wireless companies taking all the revenue. This is certainly a good thing. They can well afford to part with any land stations as these companies will still obtain part of the land station revenue by virtue of receiving the latter's messages. Rival companies have been known to hold each other up, and it is possible for a combination to hold Government land stations up, except on terms. While on this matter of wireless, I would suggest that an addition be made to the recently issued excellent new wireless regulations, and that is, it be compulsory for every land and ship station to use a 'break in key.' There is much loss of time, and considerable confusion round our coast, due to a number of ships not being so fitted. There are several successful keys that prevent the jamming that is going on — the Marconi key, the Balsillie key. My private station has a special automatic key of our own devising. These keys all enable the transmitting station to be stopped by the receiving station, instead of waiting for end of message. With such keys you can listen between every dot and dash of transmitter, and any other station can notify you (in the middle of your message) whether you are interfering.— Yours, &c., HENRY SUTTON."


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Professionalism/The Sinking of the Titanic

The RMS Titanic left Southampton, England on April 10, 1912 for New York City. The ship sank on April 14, resulting in the death of 1,500 people. This infamous disaster and enormous loss of life was the result of multiple poor ethical decisions that were made months before the ship set sail during its construction, in the hours leading up to the collision, and during the sinking itself.

Ship Design
The Titanic was built for the White Star Line by Harland and Wolff of Belfast. Weighing close to 47,000 tons, she cost about 1.5 billion pounds to build and had 8 triple expansion engines, with steam supplied by 159 furnaces. The hull was divided into 16 supposedly watertight compartments. The amenities on board the Titanic were extravagant and included a swimming pool, three electric elevators, a gymnasium, and a Turkish bath.

Unsinkable Ship
Before leaving for Europe to take command of the ship for her voyage, the Captain of the Titanic, Edward John Smith, was overconfident and said at a dinner he had the “utmost confidence in her seagoing qualities…[it is] impossible for her to sink". Captain Smith regarded the vessel as one that would keep above water even in the most unexpected trials at sea, and had no doubt she would reach port if seriously damaged.

Watertight Compartments
When the Titanic hit the iceberg, the five forward compartments flooded immediately. Due to the non-watertight nature of the deck, the water overflowed onto the deck and proceeded to flood the remaining compartments until the entire hull was flooded. Thus, the supposedly watertight compartments were concluded to not be watertight.

Testing
The Titanic was an emigrant ship and had to get approval of her sea-worthiness. After construction was complete, this consisted of trial tests where the ship was steamed around the port, a few turning circles made, and her compasses adjusted. While rather inadequate, this was deemed sufficient and the Titanic received approval. This lack of testing was highly criticized, in particular by Naval Constructor David W. Taylor. Taylor emphasized the need for proper inspection by competent authorities for liners such as the Titanic, and compared to the extensive testing Navy ships are subjected to which consisted of filling the compartments above the water line to determine whether they are in fact watertight. If not for the faulty compartments, the Titanic should have stayed afloat long enough to reach port rather than the meager 5 hours the ship had to evacuate.

Lifeboats
Only 20 boats were on board the Titanic, allowing for a total capacity of 1,176 persons, and this fulfilled the British Board of Trade requirements. The Board of Trade requirements were severely outdated at the time; for a ship 10,000 tons or over the minimum number of boats required on board was 16. The law regarded 10,000-ton boats as the maximum weight, but at 47,000 tons the Titanic was significantly over this limit but still only needed to abide by this guidelines.

Chief Designer at Harland and Wolff, Alexander Carlisle, admitted that “she ought to have had 50 lifeboats instead of 20,” but the reason given by the owners of the Titanic was that they could not afford to add to the top-weight of the vessel. Safety was evidently not a high priority.

Luxury over Safety
With the sinking of the Titanic, many began to question the apparent prioritization of luxury over safety with the design of passenger liners. In the New York Times on April 17, 1912, the article “Luxury Blamed for Wreck by Engineer” featured Naval Engineer E. K. Roden who emphasized this as a serious fault in the design of modern steamships. Roden proceeded to state that the public says little attention to safety measures, instead assuming the steamship company is doing everything possible to ensure the safety of all its passengers. Unfortunately in the case of the Titanic, many individuals had to pay the price with their lives for the lack of prioritization of safety.

Speed
The day of the sinking, the Titanic was going a speed of 22.5 knots, or 25.9 miles per hour; the maximum speed of the ship was 23 knots (26.5 mph). The average over the entire course of the trip was approximately 20 knots. In comparison, other nearby ships including the Californian and the Mount Temple were averaging 11 knots in an effort to avoid ice collisions There is no definitive reason why the ship was going so fast in an icy region of the Atlantic Ocean, but many speculate that Captain Smith was attempting to beat the Titanic 's sister ship Olympic's record for fastest time across the Atlantic. Another possibility is that in efforts to manage a fire in the coal bunker, the coal was moved into the boiler and ship subsequently had to go faster. Ultimately, the ship was not designed for such speeds as it was a liner built for comfort, and this likely contributed to the collision and rapid sinking.

Ice Warnings
On April 14, the Titanic received ice warnings from six different ships in the vicinity (see table below). Captain Smith was only shown and responded to those from the Caronia, the Noordam, and the Baltic. In response to the Baltic, Captain Smith sent “Thanks for your message and good wishes; had fine weather since leaving. - Smith”. This is representative of prior responses as well - that there appeared to be good weather and conditions. This type of response implies that the Captain was not worried about ice.

The most urgent ice warnings came later in the evening from the Mesaba and the Californian. Prior to the Californian 's message, at 10:33 pm she came to a full stop because of a field of pack ice directly in her path. In response to radio operator of the Californian, Cyril Evan's, message, Jack Phillips, the Titanic 's operator on duty at the time, responded with "Shut up! Shut up! I'm working Cape Race". Cape Race is the wireless station what was relaying messages from passengers to New York City. At the time, the primary job of the wireless officers was to relay messages for passengers rather than for the crew, as they were employed by the Marconi Company rather than by White Star Line. This left no open emergency communication channel for the crew to access.

Port Around Maneuver
In an attempt to avoid the iceberg collision last minute, the engines were reversed in order to first maneuver the bow around the iceberg followed by the stern. In 2010 it was revealed that Bruce Ismay, the managing director of the White Star Line, allegedly ordered "slow ahead" instead, believing the ship to be unsinkable.

Lifeboats

The failure of the crew to fully board the lifeboats during the sinking resulted in an enormous loss of life. The lifeboats rescued only 705 people, with some leaving below 50% capacity. Lack of direction and competent leadership was a primary factor in the insufficient evacuation measures. "“There was no system adopted for loading the boats; there was great indecision as to the deck from which boats were to be loaded; there was wide diversity of opinion as to the number of the crew necessary to man each boat; there was no direction whatever as to the number of passengers to be carried by each boat, and no uniformity in loading them”."The majority of victims were third-class passengers. Captain Smith never sounded a general alarm, resulting in many third-class passengers being unaware of the situation until it was too late. Some third-class passengers had a hard time getting through the "maze of corridors and staircases" to the top deck in time. Neshan Krekorian was a third-class passenger whose grandson claimed Krekorian “had to break a chain lock to get up to the upper decks”. However, the British investigators found “that allegations that third class passengers were locked below decks were false. Evidence given at the inquiry did suggest that initially some of the gates blocked the way of steerage passengers as stewards waited for instructions and that they were then opened, but only after most of the lifeboats had launched". After they were launched, lifeboats did not return promptly to collect more people because they did not want passengers to swarm and capsize the lifeboats. Eventually the lifeboats did return but by then it was too late.

The SS Californian
At the time of the incident, the Californian was close enough to the ship to have saved a large number of people from the water. Crew members saw the distress flares from the Titanic and notified their captain, Captain Stanley Lord. “Instead of ordering the ship’s wireless operator to turn on the radio, Lord instead told the men to continue to use the Morse lamp". After a while, the crew members thought the ship had sailed away. The U.S. investigative committee concluded that Californian 's officers and crew "saw the distress signals of the Titanic and failed to respond to them in accordance with the dictates of humanity, international usage, and the requirements of law" and that "such conduct, whether arising from indifference or gross carelessness, is most reprehensible, and places upon the commander of the Californian a grave responsibility”.

Titanic Hearings and Investigation
Both the U.S. and Great Britain performed independent investigations; the U.S. investigation investigated 82 witnesses. White Star Line held limited liability unless claimants could prove that the captain or crew made an error that the company was aware of. Individuals built a case around the Titanic’s speed, failure to post additional lookouts with binoculars, and failure to properly train the crew. However, “A final decree, signed by Judge Julius M. Mayer in July 1916, held the company guiltless”.

New Laws and Regulations
Both investigative teams recommended new safety provisions. The U.S. Investigation Committee recommended that they “require sufficient lifeboats to accommodate every passenger and every member of the crew", that "all members of the crew assigned to lifeboats should be drilled in lowering and rowing the boats," and that passengers and crew are assigned to lifeboats before sailing. The International Conference for Safety of Life at Sea met for the first time in 1913 to create rules out of these recommendations. The International Ice Patrol was also established, an organization whereby “13 nations support a branch of the U.S. Coast Guard that scouts for the presence of icebergs”.

Conclusion
Overall, over-confidence during ship construction and an unwillingness to question authority were the driving factors behind the disaster of the Titanic. Luxury was evidently prioritized in the building of the ship, while safety measures, including testing and equipment on board, were neglected. Reckless decisions were made by the captain and members of the crew in the days leading up to the incident such as speeding and ignoring ice warnings. During the sinking, inaction by Captain Smith resulted in inefficient boarding of the lifeboats and the death of many third-class passengers. Captain Stanley Lord’s inaction took any last chance of survival away from the passengers left in the water. This inaction combined with a “fog of war” derailed possible solutions to solvable problems. The phrase "fog of war" describes a phenomenon whereby information becomes confusing in the midst of an emergency. The sinking of the Titanic demonstrates a universal principle that must be considered during ethical decisions; during an emergency, confusion easily gets in the way, even in solvable situations.


text:
Talk:OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated Backup

related links for tar & others
Ubuntu manpage https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/tar.1.html

debian package https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=tar

archlinux https://www.archlinux.org/packages/core/x86_64/tar/ freebsd https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdtar&sektion=1&manpath=freebsd-release-ports

bugs in debian tar https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?pkg=tar;dist=unstable download tar for buster https://packages.debian.org/buster/tar

for windows outdated http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gtar.htm bundled tar on Windows 10, maybe undesirable because -> updates updated for now https://www.7-zip.org/ because https://superuser.com/questions/244703/how-can-i-run-the-tar-czf-command-in-windows

different tar implementations? https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/101561/what-are-the-differences-between-bsdtar-and-gnu-tar

consider adding the similar stuff for openssh https://www.openssh.com/, rsync, powershell, zsh, etc. and flesh out relevant sections in book. the shells are for automating the backups, and thus are relevant. different OS may have different bugs, complete source code to trace bugs is a valuable resource. don't ignore copyright and licenses, obviously. but also be resourceful in overcoming challenges. https://stackoverflow.com/legal/terms-of-service#licensing Retow324 (discuss • contribs) 01:44, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks. They are rather useful points and I even considered most of those, except the April Fools' joke hidden there in the middle, prior to the first upload.  Specifically, I decided three things back then:  The first is to focus exclusively on OpenSSH and only touch on the additional utilities where OpenSSH is concerned, and even then from the perspective of the SSH client or server.  The second is to use OpenBSD as much as possible as the reference implementation since that is where the cutting edge development for OpenSSH is happening, at least for now.  There will be some things for GNU/Linux but when I can I stay with the reference implementation.  The last point is an extension of the first and that is to stay with systems which have official ports of OpenSSH not forks, hostile or otherwise, or competitors.  And I find it important to stick with these three decisions in order for the Wikibook on OpenSSH to remain focused.

 * So if there is some particular trick or method specific to combining some of those tools with OpenSSH, please elaborate. Otherwise, if you can point to a decent start for a WikiBook on shell scripting or on general *NIX then let's implement some of those ideas there.  Larsnooden (discuss • contribs) 04:01, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenSSH/Cookbook/Automated Backup


text:
Professionalism/Toxic Gas Releases at Honeywell’s Baton Rouge Refrigerant Plant

Background
Honeywell Industries is a large, multinational conglomerate company. They service many different markets such as aerospace and defense; however, the Baton Rouge facility produces Specialty Materials: specifically fluorocarbon-based refrigerants and calcium chloride. Their major raw materials used on site are chlorine and hydrogen fluoride. The facility also maintains a recycling and reclamation center for their gas shipping containers.

July 20 Chlorine Release
On July 20th, 14,400 pounds of chlorine gas leaked from the facility into the surrounding environment. Liquid chlorine is used a major ingredient to the refrigerants produced at the plant. It was being pumped through a cooling system when the shell and tube cooler leaked, allowing the chlorine to escape into the centralized coolant system. It took 3.5 hours from alert to manually shut down the gas leak. Although maintenance was on par with company standards and found no faults (yearly and biyearly through visual checks and magnetic flux leakage respectively), outside inspectors found that the methods were not up to par and better inspection methods were needed as three holes were found after the incident. The chlorine gas spread and was responsible for 7 hospitalizations; although, many of which were fairly mild.

July 29 Antimony Pentachloride Release
The recycling and reclamation facility was still operational despite most of the plant being shut down for repairs. A container of presumably spent “r-22” refrigerant was not draining properly and a worker decided to take matters in his own hands. He loosened a valve to help the cylinder drain; however, it was actually a full tank of antimony pentachloride: a organic chemical reaction catalyst that is highly toxic. The worker was engulfed in later passed away.

August 13 Hydrogen Fluoride Release
Over three weeks after the initial incident, the plant was almost in working order. Leftover fluids needed to be drained from machinery, specifically the hydrogen fluoride (HF) vaporizer. The automated draining systems were offline; therefore, manual draining through a venturi tube was used. A worker saw that the tube was no draining efficiently, so they increased the pump pressure to increase draining. However, this allowed the venturi tube to lift from the holding apparatus and spray the nearby workers with HF gas. Two workers were injured.

CSB Investigation
On August 10, 2005, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) released a final report on its investigation of three incidents. The report claimed that because the July 20 incident was serious enough to result in employee injuries and a shelter-in-place advisory, CSB launched an investigation to determine the root and contributing causes and to issue recommendations to help prevent similar occurrences. The July 29 incident happened during the early phases of this investigation, and because that second incident resulted in a fatality, CSB extended its investigation. Although the consequences of the August 13 incident were not as severe, CSB decided that—since the three incidents occurred in less than 4 weeks—all three would be investigated to determine if there was a relationship among them.

Loss of Life
Seven plant workers were injured during the evacuation process in the July 20 Chlorine Release. For the July 29 Contaminated Antimony Pentachloride Exposure, the operator who removed the plug and caused the release died the following day. The August 13 HF Release injured one employee and exposed one operator.

Harm to Neighborhood
When investigating the July 20 incident, CSB interviewed emergency responders, who reported a strong chlorine odor more than 1.5 miles away in the vicinity of Plank and Prescott Roads. A few citizens also noticed a strong chlorine odor on Interstate 110 north of the Honeywell facility. Ten members of the general public sought treatment at a local emergency room—three initially and seven throughout the day. They complained of headaches and sore throats and were either treated or observed, then released from the emergency room.

For the July 29 incident, Honeywell employees interviewed by CSB stated that they immediately recognized the odor of antimony pentachloride. The cloud filled the area around the cylinder rack and was visible from offsite. Neighbors directly to the southeast of the facility noticed a strong odor. Shortly after seeing the cloud, plant personnel activated the nearby water deluge towers to knock it down. Plant employees were evacuated, and the plant emergency response team, dressed in appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), entered the area to plug the cylinder.

The August 13 incident didn't cause damage to neighborhood as the situation was quickly contained.

Environmental Harm
All incidents caused no long-term damage to surroundings comparable to pollutions by plastics or nuclear wastes as the released chemicals disposed completely in a few days.

Criminal Prosecution
Chemical and Metal Industries, Inc. (C&MI) received the cylinder from a Honeywell locate in El Segundo, California, as a hazardous waste. The cylinder was relabeled and shipped to Honeywell's Baton Rouge facility for 5 years, where it remained until it was opened by Delvin Henry who was killed in the July 29 incident. C&MI was charged in an Indictment with one count of violating RCRA {42 U.S.C. 6928(d)(2)(A) - illegally storing hazardous waste} and one count of violating the Clean Air Act (CAA) {42 U.S.C. 7413(c)(4)}. . C&MI was sentenced to 24 months probation and ordered to pay a $1,000,000 fine, and $2,000,000 in restitution to the victim’s estate.

In 2008, Honeywell accepted responsibility for its role in the incident, pled guilty to negligent endangerment under the Clean Air Act, and was sentenced to pay a criminal fine of $8,000,000, restitution of $2,000,000 to Mr. Henry’s three children, community restitution of $750,000 to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, community restitution valued at $750,000 to the Louisiana State Police Hazardous Materials Unit, and community restitution valued at $500,000 to the Louisiana State Police Emergency Operations Center. The $12 million fine in total was the largest criminal monetary penalty in the history of Middle District of Louisiana.

Issues at Play and Avoidable Hazards
After investigation, it was found that the toxic gas releases were attributed to a weakness in management systems that should have identified potential problems in each incident and included appropriate responses in the case of accidents.

Hazard Recognition
For the chlorine incident, Honeywell failed to abide by the required Process Safety Management Standard to utilities outside of the chlorine system. The process hazard analysis that Honeywell did not consider coolant systems and control room utilities even though it was required. If these processes were followed, an investigation might have been launched following the first instance of chlorine leaking into the control room which would have identified the issue at play. Instead, it was cleaned up and forgotten about.

In the antimony pentachloride release, both Honeywell's Baton Rouge plant as well as a Chemical and Metals Industry facility failed to identify the contents of the cylinder. Chemical and Metals Industry characterized the contents of the antimonty pentachloride cylinder as "a tar-like solid with only a small amount of liquid" and re-labeled the cylinder as R-22. The worker at Honeywell's plant failed to realize that the cylinder was heavier than how much a full refrigerant cylinder would be, and, following convention, proceeded to vent the cylinder despite written procedures not to vent R-22 like other refrigerants.

During the removal of hydrogen fluoride, the device, a venturi stick, was only secured using a hanging rope. This provided no structural support besides leaving the venturi stick hanging. In addition, again by convention, the operator removed protective equipment after setting up the venturi stick despite knowing the hazardous contents being disposed of.

Avoidability
In each and every accident, accurate identification of potential hazards would have led to the discovery of issues and the ability to avoid the damage that was done.

July 20, 2003 was not the first day that chlorine entered the control room. If an investigation was conducted prior to the accident to identify how chlorine entered, the HVAC system could have been improved, protecting workers in the control room from chlorine releases. Successful identification of the chlorine leak would also have allowed Honeywell to improve their coolant system.

There was no system to ensure the labeling of cylinders reflected the actual contents. Had there been a positive identification, the operator of July 29th would not have erroneously believed he was venting R-22. This would have saved his life. In addition, if the operators of Honeywell's plant followed written directives not to vent R-22 like other refrigerants, this tragedy could also have been prevented. Conventions which relaxed procedures to speed up work processes as helped lead to this tragedy.

In the release of hydrogen fluoride, convention that failed to follow safety policies was once again the root cause of human injury. After setting up the venturi stick, the operator removed protective equipment including his respirator and suit. This protective equipment would most likely had prevented the red mark on his arm due to the hydrogen fluoride leak as well as respiratory issues.

The avoidability of accidents given enough consideration is obvious in the Baton Rouge plant. Following the first three releases, there was another chlorine release in 2003. However, due to the newly implemented safety mechanisms, the leak lasted a mere 45 seconds with no injuries.

Ethical Considerations
A lack of accountability allowed both managers and operators at Honeywell's refrigerant plant to ignore potential issues. Managers have a responsibility to their workers to create a safe environment and ensure that designs were up to standards. In the case of chemicals such as those at Honeywell's plant, accidents can lead to death. However, even charged with the responsibility, managers at the plant listed that "design, inspection, and testing" were sufficient safeguards instead of further investigation.

Operators further jeopardized their own safety when they failed to follow written directives. In both the antimony pentachloride and hydrogen fluoride releases, the operators went with dangerous conventions that gave them improved comfort and speed at the cost of safety, which led to be fatal. Quality of work should not be sacrificed for quality. This sentiment is shared in all after-accident reports yet is often ignored by all parties.

Finally, both managers and operators failed to consider the consequences of their actions to both themselves as well as those around them during the operation of the plant. Given that there was a neighborhood with people living in it surrounding the plant, managers should have taken extra steps to ensure that accidents of the plant do not impact the community. This of course, was not considered. Operators venting antimony pentachloride and hydrogen fluoride failed to consider the risks to those around them should anything go wrong due to not following written directives.

Conclusion
Band-aid fixes are not solutions. if the root of major problems are not addressed, they will stay problems and have compounding consequences. we must learn from our mistakes because as you can see, if we do not learn from history, we are doomed to repeat it.


text:
Phabricator Administrator's Handbook/Configure inbound e-mail

In Phabricator you can configure inbound e-mail in multiple ways.

Solutions
The official documentation cover how to configure an inbound e-mail using one of these services:

 * Mailgun (an external service, but easy)
 * Postmark (an external service, but easy)
 * SendGrid (an external service, but easy)
 * Local MTA (you use your own hardware, not easy)
 * Reading an existing mailbox (not difficult) - not covered by the official documentation

For the first 4 cases see:

 * Phabricator official documentation about Configuring Inbound email

For the solution involving reading an existing mailbox, see:

 * /Using an existing mailbox/


text:
Phabricator Administrator's Handbook/Configure inbound e-mail/Using an existing mailbox

You can configure inbound e-mail in a Phabricator also using an existing mailbox.

This aspect is not covered in the official documentation because it's somehow alpha.

How it works

 * 1) Alice writes to a dedicated e-mail address, like
 * 2) A daemon checks the mailbox, acting like any IMAP client
 * 3) The daemon discovers the incoming e-mail from Alice, and passes it to Phabricator
 * 4) Phabricator processes the e-mail and creates a Task etc.

The advantage of this solution is that it's simple to be deployed, because the mailbox can be any normal mailbox.

This solution may not involve any external service: the mailbox may be in your mailserver as well.

The daemon is Free software under the Apache 2.0 license.

Requirements
Note that this requires some packages.

In Debian-based distributions:

apt install php-imap php-mailparse

Configuration
The configuration is intended for GNU/Linux and other Unix-like systems. Adapt it for your needs.

Start cloning these small repositories:

Copy the example configuration:

Then edit it for your needs:

Notes:

 * must be the root of your Phabricator installation (a filesystem pathname)

Then try to run the bot:

If it works, you may want to create a Systemd service similar to this one:

[Unit] Description=Phabricator E-Mail receiver After=syslog.target network.target mysql.service
 * 1) /etc/systemd/system/phabricator-inbound-email.service

[Service] Type=simple User=phabricator Group=phabricator ExecStart=/path/to/your/phabricator-inbound-imap-spooler/bot.php

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target

Then enable and start the service:

systemctl daemon-reload systemctl enable phabricator-inbound-email systemctl start phabricator-inbound-email


text:
Internet Fundamentals/Web browsers

What is a Web browser?

 * A Web browser is an application that displays Webpages.

Main functions of a Web browser

 * Retrieval : the process of bringing information to the user.
 * Display : the process of showing information to the user.
 * Navigation : the process of moving around a Website in order to access other information.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements of a Web browser

 * Navigation buttons : back, forward, refresh, stop, and home buttons.
 * The back button retrieves the previous Web page that referred to the Web page currently viewed.
 * The forward button retrieves to the forward Web page and only works if the back button has been previously used.
 * The refresh button reloads the Web page that is currently viewed.
 * The stop button stops a Web page from loading.
 * The home button retrieves the default Web page.
 * Address bar : a text field used to input the URL of a Website and display this Website.
 * Search bar : a text field used to input terms and display several Websites.
 * Status bar : a bar that displays information on the URLs of links and information on the Webpage as it loads.

Main features of a Web browser

 * Tabbed browsing : a form of navigation that allows to have multiple Webpages open at the same time.
 * Bookmarks : saved shortcuts that direct to specific Webpages.
 * Browsing history : the list of Webpages a user has visited recently.
 * Page zooming : the ability to reduce or enlarge the content of a Webpage.
 * Downloading : the process of copying data from one device to another.

Main browser extensions

 * Plug-in : an application that adds a specific feature to a program.
 * Adobe Flash Player : an application that allows the user to display multimedia on Web browsers.
 * Adobe Acrobat Reader : an application that allows the user to display Portable Document Format (PDF) files on a Web browser.
 * Microsoft Silverlight : an application that allows a user to use video sites on a Web browser.
 * Pop-up blocker : a program that prevents pop-up windows from appearing on a Website.
 * A pop-up is an online advertising that uses a new window for display.
 * Browser cache : a temporary storage of Web data.
 * The main purpose of a browser cache is to speed up Internet surfing by saving Web data, so that when the user tries to go back to recently visited Web pages, the browser displays them instead of downloading them again.
 * Cookies : small pieces of data exchanged between the Web browser and the Web server that store information about the user.
 * The main purpose of a cookie is to identify the user, prepare custom Web pages and save site login information in order to provide recommendations for the user.

What is a hyperlink?

 * A hyperlink is an element that links either to another place in the same document, or to another document.

Colors of hyperlinks

 * Blue : unvisited link.
 * Purple : visited link.
 * Red : active link.

Types of hyperlinks

 * Internal : links to a different page in the same Website.
 * External : links to another Website.
 * Relative : links to a specific place in the same page.

What is an Uniform Resource Locator (URL)?

 * An Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an unique identifier used to locate a resource on the Internet.

Protocol

 * The protocol of an URL determines how data is transferred between the host and a client.

Hostname

 * The hostname identifies the host that holds the resource.
 * The subdomain identifies the location of the resource on the Web server.
 * The domain name identifies the name of the Website.
 * The Top-Level-Domain (TLD) identifies the Website geographical area, or the organization that owns it.

Path

 * The path identifies the specific resource in the host that the client wants to access.

Query string

 * The query string assigns values to specified parameters that the resource can use.

Anchor

 * The anchor identifies the specific location of the resource within a page of the Website.

title: Internet Fundamentals/Web browsers


text:
Swahili/Greetings

Tourist Greetings
(Taken from http://mwanasimba.online.fr/E_index.html)

Jambo!
 * This is a word that means "hello". The answer to this is just to repeat the word back to the person whom you are talking to. "Jambo!"

Salama?
 * Are you fine? This is how you ask that question. Again, to answer this, one simply repeats the word: "Salama!"

Mambo Vipi?
 * How are things? To answer this, you could respond with, "Salama", meaning fine, or with Safi or Poa tu, which mean cool.

Habari gani?
 * How are you? To answer this, just reply with the words listed above, or "Nzuri", which is good.

Authentic Greetings
Hujambo
 * How are you?
 * Sijambo! -I am fine.

Hamjambo
 * How are you? (Plural)
 * Hatujambo -We are fine.

Shikamoo
 * My respects. (To an older person)
 * Marahaba -Thank you

Greetings
Hujambo? "How are you?" (lit. What things?) Sijambo "I am fine" Unaendeleaje? "How's it going?" (lit. How are you going?) Unaitwa nani? "What is your name?" (lit. Who are you called?) Ninaitwa Mustafa."My name is Mustafa." Habari za Mohammed? "How is Mohammed?" (lit. News of Mohammed?) Nzuri. "Good." Habari za asubuhi? "How are you this morning?"

title: Swahili/Greetings


text: Swahili/Personal Pronouns

title: Swahili/Personal Pronouns


text:
English-Hanzi/Various factors can reduce the risk of dementia

Various factors can reduce the risk of dementia, including early education, treating hypertension, preventing obesity, preventing hearing loss, treating depression, exercising, preventing diabetes, not smoking, and social relationships.

各种因素可以降低痴呆症的风险，包括早期教育，治疗高血压，预防肥胖，预防听力下降，治疗抑郁症，锻炼，预防糖尿病，不吸烟和社交关系.


text:
User:Ferrum Dominus

Ferrum
The Latin name for Iron

Dominus
The Latin form of Lord

Long live the Iron Lord!

title: User:Ferrum Dominus


text:
User:Cinndeee/sandbox/geologyandclimate

Tectonic Plates
The slow continental drifting of landmasses are called tectonic plates (or lithospheric plates) and they drift across the lines of latitude and longitude. The tectonic plates have been moving since the beginning of time. Movement of the tectonic plates affects the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, climate, storm tracks, and the duration and timing of seasons. Each year, the tectonic plates move slowly across the Earth by several inches. When the continents collide, one plate will usually be forced underneath the other plate, which will result in the upthrust of mountain chains. Movements of these faults can turn a flat plain into a massive mountain range. As the mountains take form, biomes begin to develop along their slopes.

Tucson Mountains
Located west of Tucson, Arizona, the Tucson Mountains is not impressively high as they only reach up to 4,687 feet. They may be short in stature, but they are big in beauty. The Tucson Mountains are the remains of a collapsed volcano ranging 15 miles long. Towering stratovolcanoes erupted here ejecting hot volcanic debris about 70 million years ago. The Tucson Mountains were pulled westward for miles across the detachment fault to where they are today. As I stated before, the Tucson mountains were once a volcano located on the western side of the Santa Catalina Mountain. For 20 miles, the top of the volcano slid to the west and formed a valley between the Tucson and Santa Catalina Mountains. The occurrence of detachment faulting was discovered by scientists from the University of Arizona in the Santa Catalinas. The Tucson Mountains are composed of an extrusive ingenious rock created by the eruption of the volcano called rhyolite.

Santa Catalina Mountains

About 70 million years ago, a massive volcano formed where the Santa Catalina Mountains are today. The volcano then created a circular basin called a caldera after it collapsed on itself. Then 40 million years later, detachment faults caused the upper part of the caldera to slide 20 miles off the lower region due to detachment faults. The creation of the faults produced mountain ranges and valleys. This caused Tucson to drop 3,300 meters down, creating the valley that has since been filled with 1,650 meters of sediment. The upper caldera became the Tucson Mountains, while the lower caldera and underlying granite that was left higher on the north side of the valley became Rincon Mountains and Santa Catalina Mountains.

The Santa Catalina Mountain lies north and northeast of Tucson, Arizona. It is often referred to as Catalina Mountain or Catalinas. The highest point in Catalina Mountain is Mount Lemmon with an elevation of over 9,157 feet above the sea level. Annually, this region receives about 180 inches of snow. The Catalina is the most prominent of the other five regions. One of the most popular activities on this mountain is hiking. The Santa Catalina Mountain is composed of an intrusive ingenious rock formed from the solidified magma below the volcano called granite.

Rincon Mountains
The Rincon Mountains is one of the five mountains surrounding the Tucson valley located on the east of Tucson, Arizona. The sun rises on the east side of the Rincon Mountains. The mountain is steep and rugged with many rocky ridges and deep canyons to explore. It is composed of a highly eroded mass of bedrock known as a metaphoric core complex. The Rincon Mountains' highest peaks include the Mica Mountain with an elevation of 8,664 feet and Rincon Peak at 8,482 feet. The Mica Mountain's high elevation supports the spruce vegetation and Ponderosa Pine, while lower elevations have oak-pine forests. Some special places to explore in this mountain include Rincon Mountains Wilderness and the Saguaro National Park, Rincon Mountain District. Rincon Mountains also provides many hiking trails to explore including Douglas Spring Trail, Rincon Peak, Cactus Forest Trail, etc.

Santa Rita Mountains
The Santa Rita Mountains lie south of the Tucson Basin. It has the highest point in the Tucson area with the highest peak at Mount Wrightson with an elevation of 9,453 feet. Within the range is Madera Canyon that is used as a resting area for migrating birds and is a premier bird-watching area. Santa Rita Mountains is also home to "El Jefe," an adult male jaguar that was first identified in 2011. Santa Rita Mountain also contains trails like the Bog Springs Trail, Cave Creek, and Old Baldy Trail.

Tortolita Mountains
The Tortolita Mountains are located northwest of Tucson, Arizona. Its highest peak elevation is 4,696 feet. Established in 1986 by the Pima County, the Tortolita Mountain Park protects most of the mountain range.

title: User:Cinndeee/sandbox/geologyandclimate


text:
New Zealand History/New Zealand During the COVID 19 Pandemic and the 2020 Recession (2019-?)

Background
In 2020 on the 11th of March, the World Health Organization declared the 'Novel Coronavirus' to be a pandemic, after it was found in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China and reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019. On the 14th of March, WHO officially names the Coronavirus 'Covid-19', despite many countries independently recognizing it as a Pandemic prior.

The Timeline
- On the 28th of February, 2020, New Zealand Confirmed its first official case of the Coronavirus, COVID-19.

- 17th of March,2020 Jacinda Adern Announces that schools are 'the safest place for children's to be', and that schools will be exempt from 500+ Mass gathering ban.

- On 21st of March, 2020, Jacinda Adern, Prime Minister of New Zealand introduced the 'Alert Level' System. This was used to indicate the situation of the Pandemic within New Zealand. Each region had its own alert level based on the intensity of the Spread. The Levels could change accordingly to the situation.

- On the 23rd of March, 2020, Two suspected Community spread cases were reported. Jacinda Adern announced that All New Zealand would enter level 3 effective immediately. Schools were to shut down for four weeks, contrary to the Prime Ministers Statement of Schools being the safest place to be.

- Three Days later, on the 25th of March, 2020, a State of Emergency was declared and New Zealand Entered Level 4 at 11:59 pm. No non Essential services were allowed to operate and everyone was to stay indoors, only to leave if to gather Essential goods. School was closed.

- 4th of April, 2020 The Government Implements Seven New Rules on the COVID-19 Outbreak.

- New Zealand Achieves over 1000 cases on the 5th of April, 2020

- New Zealand Begins to Ticket those who refuse to obey their water restriction laws on the 5th of April, 2020

Seven New Rules were put in place by the NZ Government:
4th of April, 2020 - Everyone in New Zealand is to be isolated or quarantined at their current place of residence except as permitted for essential personal movement;

• Exercise is to be done in an outdoor place that can be readily accessed from home and two-metre physical distancing must be maintained;

• Recreation and exercise does not involve swimming, water-based activities (for example, surfing or boating), hunting, tramping, or other activities of a kind that expose participants to danger or may require search and rescue services;

• A child can leave the residence of one joint care-giver to visit or stay at the residence of another joint care-giver (and visit or stay at that residence) if there is a shared bubble arrangement;

• A person can leave their residence to visit or stay at another residence (and visit or stay at that residence) under a shared bubble arrangement if:

• One person lives alone in one, or both, of those residences; or

• Everyone in one of those residences is a vulnerable person.''

Summary
New Zealand experienced the initial outbreak as one of the later countries, meaning that they experienced their outbreak and community spread a while after the majority of the World Community. The Government Imposed strict sanctions against the People's Republic of China to prevent the spread of the disease into New Zealand. New Zealand declared its first case at the end of February and gradually followed the world in its 'tenfold' increase. The New Zealand Government slowly changed it policy and wording from preventing it from entering the country, to 'Flattening the Curve', from trying to completely eradicating the disease altogether. The Government quickly implicated almost Authoritarian rule, punishing those who disobeyed. The New Zealand Government followed the lead of the likes of China, Japan and Korea and attempted to eliminate the disease. Many New Zealand citizens were fined for surfing, swimming, hunting and fishing. The New Zealand Prime Minister described some of the cases as 'Some I would charitably describe as idiots.'.

Long Term Effects
Because of the restrictions put in place by the government to slow the spread of COVID, no non-essential businesses were to operate. Thus a large majority of businesses in New Zealand were unable to make money. This required the government to give huge amounts of money to the public, effectively making a universal income. The Governments policy of preventing businesses' from firing their employees, meant that the Government gave the money to businesses' owners so that they could pay there employees, even though none of them were capable of work.

Places of Worship all across New Zealand were prevented from meeting, so many of them put there services online. All students had to learn online, and vast Infrastructure of digital learning were created.


text:
User talk:RIT RAJARSHI

Hi
This is my talk page

RIT RAJARSHI (discuss • contribs) 04:43, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:RIT RAJARSHI


text:
Scribbling On Regardless/Making a sketchbook

The first project we're making is a sketchbook, for you to fill with drawings, paintings & sketches!

Materials you'll need for the sketchbook

 * A4 paper (10 sheets)
 * A4 card (1 sheet)
 * Paperclip or thumbtack
 * Scissors

Instructions
Watch our video for a step-by-step guide
 * 1) Neatly assemble your 10 sheets of A4 paper on top of the sheet of cardboard, and then carefully fold in half to create an A5 size.
 * 2) Cut along the fold.
 * 3) Using a pen or pencil mark a dot roughly an inch in from the short edge, and roughly the same from the long edge, at both sides.
 * 4) Using a thumbtack (or something similar) carefully press through the dots marked to make a hole. NOTE: if you have two thumbtacks, leave them stuck through the paper until the next step - it makes things a bit easier!
 * 5) Straighten out the paper clips and feed them through the holes until they are half way through.
 * 6) Bend both ends out over the edge of the paper, and twist them together. Bend the excess back onto your card to keep it out of the way.
 * 7) Ta-da!  You now have a simple sketchbook.  Why not decorate the cover as your first project?

Next Project
Making a BoomBuddy


text: Category:Book:Scribbling On Regardless

title: Category:Book:Scribbling On Regardless


text:
Scribbling On Regardless/Materials you will need

Boom! Community Arts are distributing simple art packs - you'll hear these referred to in our videos - in the North of Glasgow. But you don't need one of these art packs to take part in any of our activities - most of the materials are things you can find at home.

The sort of things we're using

 * A4 paper
 * A4 card
 * Colouring pencils
 * Felt tip pens
 * Glue stick
 * Old magazine pages
 * Paperclips
 * Wool
 * Scissors
 * HB pencils
 * Pencil sharpener

Some other things

 * Shrinkie paper (special plastic that can be shrunk in the oven)
 * Sticker paper (printer labels work just as well)

Next project
Making a sketchbook


text:
User:Path slopu/huggle.yaml.js

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title: User:Path slopu/huggle.yaml.js


text: User:Guywan

title: User:Guywan


text:
User:NenChamploo/sandbox

Cultural use of Minerals
The Lower Colorado Region is home to many mines across multiple cities and towns. For example, Yuma Arizona is home to 156 active mines and 6,357 closed mines, and the primary commodities are gold, silver and copper.Lake Havasu City is smaller in comparison to the Yuma area, therefore they only have about 100 active mines. Also, in Lake Havasu City, rockhounding (hobby of collecting rocks and minerals from their natural environment) is a very popular activity as the area holds many different rocks and minerals. Rockhounding is also done in Yuma, however it is not as popular of an activity as it is in Lake Havasu City.

Land use of LRC
Yuma is known as the lettuce capital of the US for a reason. It produces most of the winter lettuce used across the US. Recently, Yuma gained fame due to the fact that lettuce with e coli was traced back to here. But what makes Yuma the lettuce capital of the world? Why is this town the #1 producer? That is because Yuma has rich soil thanks to the Colorado River which allows many farmers to grow a ton of lettuce. On the other hand, Tuscon is also a huge agriculture city but with a focus on other fruits and resources. For example, Tuscon focuses more on growing cotton and fruits like melon. However, like Yuma, Tuscon benefits tremendously from the water of the Colorado River.

Chiricahua leopard frog
The Chiricahua leopard frog is endangered due to habitat loss and chytrid fungus, which has led to the species to be almost entirely eliminated from its former habitat.

Kanab ambersnail
The kanab ambersnail is also another endangered species in the Arizona region. Most of the fact that the snail is endangered is due to human interference of their natural habitat.

title: User:NenChamploo/sandbox


text:
Professionalism/Alexander Coward and the UC Berkeley Department of Mathematics

Alexander Coward began teaching calculus for the UC Berkeley Mathematics Department in the fall, 2013. Coward's teaching methods, including formative assessment, are considered unconventional. During a union strike, on November 19th, 2013, Coward sent an email, which leaked and went viral, to his students explaining why he would not cancel class, namely because he believed their education was necessary to face a complicated world. On October 31, 2014, the former Chair of the Mathematics Department, Arthur Ogus, told Coward that his contract would not be renewed after June 2016. Coward resigned on January 1, 2015, and founded an online educational company, EDeeU, in August 2016.

Coward's Employment and Teaching Methods
In 2013, UC Berkeley began a two-year experiment to recruit lecturers who would do an "outstanding job" teaching lower level courses. Berkeley hired Alexander Coward in July 2013, and he began teaching that fall. Coward used uncommon methods, including encouraging his students by email, assigning handwritten problems instead of textbooks problems, and using evidence-based practices like formative assessment rather than traditional methods.

Student and Professor Evaluations
A statistical study showed that Coward's methods worked for his students. Students from Coward's Math 1A course performed on average 0.17 grade points higher than their peers in the subsequent course, Math 1B. Also, his students gave him outstanding evaluations. In a letter addressed to the Mathematics Department, Teaching Evaluation Coordinator Jennifer Pinney revealed that Coward's student evaluations were "markedly higher than those of any of the regular faculty who taught Math 1A during the 6 year period ending in Spring 2013." She continues, "Dr. Coward's scores are higher than any of the scores earned by regular faculty for at least the last 18 years." As of early May 2020, the grievance containing this letter and the aforementioned evidence is not documentable because the hosting site was not renewed.

Conflict and Termination
Despite his students' success and satisfaction, Coward was unpopular with the Mathematics Department leadership. The former department chair, Arthur Ogus, repeatedly urged Coward to conform to department norms. In a September 2013 email, Ogus said to Coward that "it is very important that you not deviate too far from department norms," and addressed a memo in April 2014 stating, "I hope and expect that you will be able to align more with our standards." Despite these reminders, Coward failed to align to the leadership's satisfaction, and in October 2014, Coward learned that his employment would be terminated June 2016. After receiving his review file, Coward filed a formal grievance because he discovered certain, positive materials were absent. Among the omitted materials were evidence that he had remarkable student evaluations, that his students performed better in subsequent courses, and that faculty reviews of his lectures were overwhelmingly positive. In his grievance, Coward requested that misrepresenting materials be removed and replaced with the omitted, positive material and that he have a fair reappointment process. However, Coward left the university before the suit concluded.

Evidence-Based Practices and Formative Assessment
Coward used evidence-based practices, particularly formative assessment which uses assessments for feedback rather than accountability or certifying competence. Coward cited a review which claimed formative assessment requires short-term assessment cycles and “changes in the relationship among the teacher, the student, and the subject discipline.” When implemented improperly, formative assessment can hinder learning. Coward weighed his students' final grades mostly or entirely from the final exam. Coward condemned grading homework on completeness because it “reinforces a culture of low expectations” and “harms student intrinsic motivation.” Coward made this claim in an open letter to the department on December 15, 2014 which is no longer published online.

From a normal teaching perspective, implementation of formative assessment is risky. Often grades and deadlines drive student behavior. Without graded assignments, students may disengage. One student said Coward’s class was “very poorly structured [with] no quizzes,” and that Coward’s liberal methods gave teaching assistants a “carte blanche to be as lazy as they want.” His students' reviews reiterate the need for “self-motivation” because their grade depended mostly on the final exam. Black & William (1998) claim a challenge to formative assessment is that many students are content to just “get by.” Coward's case may show formative assessment benefits students on average, but making it the norm will incur some costs. In established professions like teaching, new evidence rarely shows that traditional methods were wholly inadequate, and so implementing new practices can be difficult.

The department's main gripe against formative assessment is that it goes against the department norms. In his open letter, Coward says that department members told him that the formative assessment research is “not relevant,” and that “department norms are more important." Coward also claims that “norms are policies, though without the structure, transparency and accountability.” Coward argues that norms only make sense if the department's higher goal is “money, status and control.” In other words, mediocre teaching allows the department to demand more funding.

University of UC Berkeley’s Faculty Code of Conduct
The University of UC Berkely has a public Faculty Code of Conduct, which lays out the University’s ethical and disciplinary policies. The preamble begins with, “the University seeks to provide and sustain an environment conducive to sharing, extending, and critically examining knowledge and values, and to furthering the search for wisdom.” In Part I – Professional Rights of Faculty, the code states that “in support of the University’s central functions as an institution of higher learning, a major responsibility of the administration is to protect and encourage the faculty in its teaching, learning, research, and public service.” In Part II – Professional Responsibilities, Ethical Principles, and Unacceptable Faculty Conduct, Section C: The University, the code states, “as a member of an academic institution, professors seek above all to be effective teachers and scholars. Although professors observe the stated regulations of the institution, provided the regulations do not contravene academic freedom, they maintain their right to criticize and seek revision,” (emphasis added). In Section A: Teaching and Students, the code emphasizes that “the integrity of the faculty-student relationship is the foundation of the University’s educational mission.”

Professional Obligations to Students
Coward’s professional obligations to his students, as outlined by the Faculty Code of Conduct, are effective teaching and fostering the faculty-student relationship. His students' higher average performance in subsequent courses indicate that Coward was an effective teacher. In terms of the faculty-student relationship, Coward consistently scored higher than colleagues on students' course evaluations. He was beloved by his students and managed to educate them well.

During a union strike, Coward refused to cancel class. Instead, on November 13, 2013, he emailed his students to express his appreciation for them, writing, "I’m blown away every time I talk to you. . .You really are amazing. . .I’m talking about all of you. It’s a privilege to be your professor." He continued to explain that "in order for you to navigate the increasing complexity of the 21st century you need a world-class education." He believed that their education was crucial for them to face and shape such a complicated world. He refused to endanger such a vital tool. After he was fired, he hosted free, unofficial, cafe office hours to continue helping his students learn. He did this for love of teaching and not for his career, which he had already lost. A Change.org petition to keep Coward at Berkeley had 201 supporters, again indicating he was well loved.

Professional Obligations to Colleagues and to the University
Coward also had professional obligations to his colleagues. As a member of a department, he must build up, not undermine, the institution. He was a team member, not a rogue lecturer, and so he should have shared his insight and techniques with his colleagues but he supposedly did not. According to Adam Merberg, a former colleague of Coward, “the departmental report on Coward's work notes ‘[Coward] has not yet made an attempt to share his teaching methods or materials with other instructors of lower-division courses. We had hoped that this would be a useful contribution to the department.’”

He had an obligation to uphold the department's standards because an institution must have consistent methods and expectations for students and faculty alike. The former department chair, Arthur Ogus, expressed these concerns to Coward, saying "[Your class evaluations] reveal some significant differences between your practices and what has been typical in our department [...] I hope and expect that you will be able to align more with our standards [...]" This expectation to align with department standards was presumably for consistency across the department. Coward subverted department expectations and admitted, “I am causing problems because students are not signing up for other Professors' classes on account of me.”

Richard Muller, another UC Berkeley lecturer, thought Coward seemed entitled to his position, saying, "It was an honor to be a lecturer at an institution such as U.C. Berkeley, not a right.” Nils Braakmann, a Professor of Economics at Newcastle University, pointed out that Coward was a teaching-only faculty, and so it was his job to spend all of his time with his students. It was unfair for Coward to compete with professors who have other obligations, such as research and administrative work. Braakmann commented, “Teaching only faculty pretend they're the only ones who care about students [...] conveniently ignoring that [Coward is] also the only person in the department who's paid to spend 100% of his time with students. This is a problem as it makes everyone else looks bad, even though everyone else is just doing what they are being paid to do.”

Job vs. Profession
The department viewed Coward’s position as a job with mandated tasks rather than a profession. Craig Evans, interim chair of the department, said “If you had a job at McDonald's and came along with all these new ideas, how long do you think you'd carry on working there?” Michael Hutchings, a department professor, compared Coward's behavior to someone making pink stop signs and then claiming that his “employer felt threatened by [his] superior stop signs.” These analogies suggest that Coward’s job was not a place for creativity.

The university and opponents to Coward mention the fact that he was always on a temporary contract; thus, his termination was routine. While this is true, associate union director Bill Quirk says, “Mr. Coward teaches calculus courses for which there is an indefinite need. Nothing temporary here, and yet, UC often insists on churning lecturers out of these positions.” Coward similarly wonders how far back “the practice of systematically removing the best teachers” goes. In temporary positions, norms and policies can be threatening to lecturers because their positions can be terminated without question.

Coward reiterates that his primary concern is the education of his students. He believed he was in a professional position to serve his students rather than just filling a job. For Coward, it is incomprehensible why the department terminated a lecturer that improved the students' performance.

Conclusion
A professional’s responsibilities to their employer, colleagues, and clients can conflict. Employers should attempt to reduce these conflicts. In this case, Coward's responsibilities to his students and colleagues seemed to be at odds. Coward decided that his first responsibility was to his students but thought that the department undermined him with rigid expectations more apt to a job, not a profession. While Coward did not serve his colleagues or all of his students perfectly, both the department and Coward failed to collaborate.

As of May 2020, Coward teaches online through his company EDeeU. Although providing education, Coward can neither provide a prestigious degree such as that from UC Berkeley nor easily collaborate with professors. UC Berkeley may benefit from reexamining its priorities and working with professionals like Alexander Coward so that students and faculty alike can flourish.


text:
Cookbook:Tamina (Algerian Semolina Honey Dessert)

| Dessert | Algerian Cuisine

Tamina (الطمينة) is a simple Algerian dessert mainly made of semolina. It is usually served during celebrations such as engagement parties, weddings, baby showers, or Mawlid.

Ingredients

 * 500 g semolina (medium-grind)
 * 250 g melted butter
 * 250 g honey
 * 1 tbsp orange blossom water (mazhar)
 * Ground cinnamon (for decoration)
 * Dragées or almonds (for final decoration)

Procedure

 * 1) Toast the semolina in a frying pan or in a cast iron dish until it takes on a nice golden color. Remove from the heat, and let it completely cool down.
 * 2) Melt the butter and honey in a saucepan, and add orange blossom water.
 * 3) Gradually add the cooled semolina while mixing.
 * 4) Cook for 3–5 minutes while stirring to combine everything well.
 * 5) Pour the tamina on a plate without waiting too long, and even out the surface.
 * 6) Sprinkle with cinnamon and garnish with almonds or dragées.
 * 7) Let cool and serve.


text:
Cookbook:Dalgona Coffee

Dalgona coffee (달고나 커피) is a refreshing, cold drink originating from South Korea.
 * Beverages | Cuisine of South Korea

Ingredients

 * 2 tbsp instant coffee
 * 2 tbsp sugar
 * 2 tbsp warm water
 * Milk
 * Ice cubes (optional—you can omit if you're using hot milk if you prefer hot coffee)

Procedure

 * 1) Put instant coffee and sugar in a bowl.
 * 2) Gradually add water while whipping with a hand mixer (highly recommended; if not available, manually whisk the mixture up to 400 times).
 * 3) Pour milk in a cup, add ice cubes, and add the cream on top.

title: Cookbook:Dalgona Coffee


text:
Cookbook:Cherbet Mazhar (Algerian Flower Water Drink)

 * Beverages | Cuisine of Algeria

Orange Blossom Cherbet (شربات ماء زهر, Cherbet Mazhar) is a refreshing Algerian drink. It originates from Algiers and is also called Cherbet Khotba (Proposal Cherbet) as it is only served during marriage proposals as per Algiers' traditions.

Ingredients

 * 1 L of fresh water
 * 1 large glass of orange blossom water
 * 2–3 tbsp of granulated sugar (depending on taste)
 * 1 tsp of cinnamon powder
 * 1 stick of cinnamon

Procedure

 * 1) Combine water and orange blossom water in a large saucepan over medium heat. Stir with a wooden spoon.
 * 2) Add the cinnamon powder and stir until it fully dilutes. Then add the sugar, and mix everything well.
 * 3) When the sugar is completely dissolved, transfer the drink to a pitcher and let it cool in the fridge. Serve with quince jam or seasonal fruit.