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Kitchen Remodel/Kitchen theory

Although the name of this chapter may sound scary or unearthly, it is probably the most important one in this book, and if somebody doesn't have the time to read through the entirety of it, I would wish that they start reading here.

The kitchen work triangle revisited
The theoretical concept of the kitchen work triangle was invented and developed in the United States between the 1920s and the 1940s, with Lillian Moller Gilbreth as a pioneer. To submit kitchen design to workflow considerations was a game changer at that time and brought great attention to this part of the home which until then had been rather neglected by designers and architects.

But a lot has changed in kitchens, in kitchen work and in food preparation since Gilbreth and her successors did their groundbreaking research about the workflow between cook top, sink and refrigerator. In 1924, a typical housewife spent more than 50 hours a week in housework, a lot of that cooking and cleaning up after meals. Cooking meant not just meal preparation, but also preparing foods from scratch that today are mostly store-bought, like noodles, pie or cake. The famous Hoosier cabinet which graced virtually every home kitchen at that time was essentially a baking station. The only prepared foods that could be purchased in groceries were bread, sausages, cheese, and butter. In the 1920s, the average household still included more than 4 people. Although a small number of households could afford a domestic servant, housework still meant endless hours of work and severe physical strain for a woman – which is what inspired Gilbreth. For a good reason, she was later introduced into the Women's Hall of Fame.

But the kitchen situation began to change as early as in the 1930s – not as a consequence of Gilbreth's efforts, but for sociological reasons and thanks to technical progress. Households shrank continuously, today they are less than 3 people on average. The number of domestic servants rose after the 1930s, with a peak at the time of WWII, when a fifth of all female jobs were in private households. Then the soldiers returned, female occupation sank (33.9% in 1950) and suburbanization began, with 15 million new housing units being built until 1950. At that time, kitchens were no longer what they used to be for the not so well-off majority of the population. The new kitchens had running water, electrical or gas appliances and uniform rows of cabinets rather than a random selection of individual furniture. In spite of the new conveniences, women spent more time with housework than ever: a whopping 57 hours a week.

But by the 1950s, Americans ate out frequently. Home cooking was on the decline. By the 1970s, many women could afford to stop cooking entirely if they wanted to. By the turn of the millennium, half of all meals were eaten outside the home. Today, women still spend more than 30 hours a week with house work (men: less than 20 hours). In the early 2020s, the average number of meals that were prepared in American households was 8.2 per week, with only 81% of households preparing more than half of their meals at home. If cooking is done, women spend an average of 51 minutes per meal in food preparation and cleanup (men: 22 minutes). More than two thirds of American households have a dishwasher, while interestingly many owners of a dishwasher don't use it on a daily basis, mostly because they are convinced that washing by hand saves them water and energy.

Since Gilbreth had first thought about kitchen workflow, kitchen work has tremendously changed. Kitchen work is much less tedious today and both the number of meals that are being prepared in a kitchen and the time spent with the cooking of an individual meal have decreased dramatically, in the U. S. more so than anywhere else in the Western world. Americans spend less time preparing meals than people in any other OECD country: 30 minutes a day on average. But according to polls, the they still spend more than 45 minutes a day doing dishes and cleaning the kitchen! And they still shop for groceries once or twice a week, spending an average of 41 minutes in the store per trip.

It may be high time to reassess kitchen workflow. The work triangle between cook top, sink and refrigerator is certainly not outdated as a concept, even with microwave ovens, crock pots, toaster ovens, air fryers and other appliances competing with the traditional cook top which has become less and less important. But there is obviously much more going on in a kitchen nowadays which is not food preparation: particularly dish washing and (food) storage and organization. I read a lot about kitchen design and kitchen work flow, but I have never found these kitchen tasks mentioned there, although they obviously keep moving up in the ranking list of the most time consuming house works. So I find a distinct irony in it, that the food preparation of all kitchen works – which is more and more considered to be a recreative and enjoyable, merely optional activity – is still being submitted to grave and serious considerations of workflow and efficiency, while other types of work which are really boring and exasperating – most notably clearing off the table, boxing of leftovers, dish washing, and clearing out the dishwasher – have been invariably ignored by kitchen designers.

A new theory of kitchen layouts
Commonly, kitchen layouts are classified by the number of rows of cabinets and appliances (one-wall kitchen, galley kitchen, L- shaped and U-shaped kitchen, kitchen with an island, etc.). Namely the kitchen cabinet industry clings to this taxonomy, because it puts the idea into the customers' mind that they should purchase as many cabinets as they can possibly squeeze into their space.

I don't find this taxonomy very helpful because

Finally, from a designers point of view: talking in categories of L or U or G or "island kitchens" will most likely undermine your creative thinking insofar as it will directly guide you into what everybody does.
 * it doesn't say anything about workflow, let alone crucial things like the work triangle, working areas, kitchen- and tableware management, and food storage and organization
 * those classes are poorly defined, and
 * many kitchens don't meet the criteria of any of them.

The work triangle, revised
I'd rather suggest a taxonomy that is much simpler, and at the same time applies to virtually any kitchen, no matter how complex or unusual the layout is. I believe that a kitchen – whenever this is possible – should not be designed based on a configuration of rows of cabinets, but based on a chosen configuration of the three elements of the work triangle (cook top, sink, and fridge) and under consideration of both landing spaces for those three elements and of general food preparation space. Think of one point in your kitchen as the very work station of it, where the food preparation happens, comparable to the cockpit in an airplane, where the pilot, comfortably sitting, controls the entirety of the operations of the flight. Ideally, everything that could possibly be needed should be within reach. While you work, you only want to walk away from that work station if it cannot be avoided, and you don't want to have anything in that place that is not related to what you are doing there.

Span the work triangle on a configuration of axes
Now think of those three elements as being aligned to axes (see image). In most cases a kitchen will include
 * either a single axis (1),
 * or two axes:
 * either in an angle (2a)
 * or facing each other (2b),
 * or three axes (3).

Include work and landing space into the work triangle
In most cases, cook top, sink, and fridge should not literally touch each other. One important aspect that is not included in the traditional concept of a work triangle are work and landing areas. When Gilbreth developed the concept in the 1920s, virtually all food preparation, except for cleaning and cooking, was done at a table (and, by the way, while sitting); Gilbreth didn't have to point out that there is a need for a work space, because it was understood. But in the recent decades, tables have been vanishing out of kitchens and were replaced by countertop surfaces; in many kitchens, those are not even fully usable because they are filled with small appliances or even with clutter or "decorative" items. Makes you wonder if a table isn't the cleverer alternative.

However, when the work triangle is being planned, it is mandatory to include sufficient designated work and landing areas. Depending on the type of product, all three elements – cook top, sink, and fridge – may require designated landing spaces. Ideally the landing spaces would be directly adjacent to those elements, but in many cases a surface (either a countertop surface or a mobile island or a table) that directly faces the appliance will do just as fine. If at least one of those landing spaces is wider than the length of a rolling pin, it can be used as a generalized food preparation area, too. If none of them is, a wide enough additional work space will become mandatory.

It is understood that the three elements – cook top, sink, and fridge – should not be unreasonably far apart from each other and the walking paths between them should be unobstructed.

In the following sections, I will give examples for all for types of work triangle arrangements:

Single axis
Single-axis kitchens are often single-wall kitchens; in a small apartment this can be a space-saver. If there is no more space than for a single row of cabinets and appliances, you naturally end up with one axis.

Single-axis layouts are not quite optimal for workflow: in the case of a small kitchen, because there will be a lack of work and landing areas, and in the case of a large kitchen, there will be long walking distances. But if more axes are not possible, a single axis layout can still work nicely, as long as everything else is well designed. It you have heavy traffic in a kitchen because it is also a through-way, a single axis can even be a safety feature, because nobody can accidentally run you over while you, for example, move a hot pot from the cook top to the sink.

Two axes, angled
To distribute the vertices of the work triangle over two axes, is more desirable than to have only a single axis; if there are two axes you won't have to walk so much, but for many operations will only have to turn around. If there are not technical impediments that speak against it, I would always put the range in the middle for best workflow and for safety (pouring of boiling hot water).

Two axes, face to face
A 2-axis kitchen may be associated with a galley kitchen and limited space. But from the workflow perspective, two parallel axes are actually ideal because they can span a equilateral triangle. A 2-axis layout works in small spaces as well as in large spaces, because you can either reduce it to the scope of a galley kitchen (two equidistant rows of cabinets and appliances) or expand it with additional rows of cabinets, a walk-in pantry, a peninsula, an island, a breakfast or dining area, etc.

Three axes
Kitchen layouts with three axes do not in all cases but generally tend to span wider open spaces than 2-axis layouts do, which is beneficial for households with multiple people being involved in food preparation. Only if a 3-axis layout is forced upon too small a space, the result may feel cramped.

Beyond the work triangle
Common kitchen theory with its focus on the work triangle tends to ignore that is not just food preparation and cooking going on in a kitchen, but also: In many households these operations can become actually more prominent than the mere food preparation. But on all accounts, it would be silly to plan a kitchen without those in mind.
 * food storage organization
 * setting the table
 * serving dishes
 * clearing off the table
 * boxing and disposing of left-overs
 * dish washing and
 * clearing out the dishwasher

Dining and tableware management area requirements
The work processes that involve your dining area should be give the same thorough consideration as the food preparation. In my own design, I went so far as to assign an entire peninsula specifically to those functions: storage of tableware and utensils, machine dish washing, and landing. The landing area serves multiple purposes:

 * before a meal: parking of tableware and utensils while those are being taken out of the cabinets, for choosing, counting, and screening
 * final arranging of dishes before they are being carried to the table
 * during and after a meal: parking of used tableware and utensils before those go in the dishwasher
 * boxing of left-overs

As I will point out in the next chapter, I tend to avoid placing a dishwasher beside the kitchen sink, but would rather combine it with those cabinets where I keep my everyday tableware and utensils. This saves you tons of walking. To avoid noise in a living area during times when the area is populated, the dishwasher's timer function can be used.

Food storage requirements
While some groceries – like milk, cooking oils, spices or whatever you use on a daily basis – should obviously be kept within the food preparation area for best workflow, there are others that are not regularly used and therefore don't need to be stored in the immediate vicinity of the work triangle.

In larger spaces, it makes a lot of sense to include a pantry in the kitchen layout, either as additional cabinet space or a walk-in pantry. Currently, even butler's pantries see a revival, although it is certainly disputable if it is a good idea to extend the walking distance that lies between a kitchen and a dining room.

From a kitchen designers perspective, a full scale pantry offers many opportunities for interesting layout ideas. One example is the chance to radically downsize the refrigerator that you implement in the work triangle, even the freezing compartment can be omitted. Instead, there can be a large refrigerator and possibly even a separate freezer in the pantry.

Very small kitchens
There are many, many tricks how you can maximize the space in a small kitchen, it is absolutely worth to extensively read about this topic on the internet. Wall hung cabinets for example should reach all the way up to the ceiling even if you have to climb a chair to reach them; you may even consider two levels of wall cabinets, with 24" (60 cm) deep cabinets on top for extra storage (see images further up on this page). A work-station sink can provide additional work surface. In some cases, I may make sense to raise the countertop surface a few inches above the standard level; this will create additional space for example to fit a mini refrigerator under a cook top, or an extra drawer or a pull-out cutting board somewhere.

My probably best suggestion would be to omit the in-sink-erator and to hire the best plumber that you can get. Challenge them to mount the waste water trap not conventionally but turned 90 degrees and flush to the wall (check out Ikea's water trap "Rännilen" for inspiration). When the trap doesn't stick out you can have heaps of shelf space and even drawers under that sink.

For inspiration, I love to check out hotel room kitchenettes. Chains like Marriott hire expensive designers to develop kitchens that are both minimalist and clever:

Large kitchens
Yes, large spaces are a challenge for a kitchen designer, too! An probably even more of a challenge than a small space, because there are way more layout options between which you need to make an informed decision, plus you'll probably don't want the space feeling like one big ballroom but nicely broken down into a set of subdivisions, each of which serve their own purposes.

Avoiding of corner cabinets
Corner cabinets are a nuisance. As shown in the previous section, they offer astonishingly little space that is easily accessible – no matter how much money you spend on gimmicks such as Lazy Susans or blind corner pull-outs or blind corner organizers. Here are some ideas how corner cabinets can be avoided altogether:

title: Kitchen Remodel/Kitchen theory


text:
User:Pinkpassionfruit/sandbox

The impact on self-worth and self-esteem of persons being abused.
In the context of intimate abusive relationships, individuals including Carmen Machado often experience a profound erosion of self-worth and self-esteem. The repeated emotional and verbal abuse can make victims feel bad about themselves and make them internalize negative beliefs about themselves. The continuous harsh treatment leaves the victim feeling like they are not good enough, leading to feelings of shame and unworthiness. Staying in such relationships may stem from a distorted perception of self-value, where the victims like Machado may believe they deserve the mistreatment or that it is the best they can hope for. Over time, this can create a cycle of self-doubt. Breaking free from these relationships and rebuilding self-worth often requires support, therapy, and a gradual rediscovery of one's strengths and value as an individual. The journey toward healing involves challenging and reframing the negative beliefs during the abusive relationship. Experiencing abuse is extremely devastating and can significantly destroy a person’s self-worth and self- esteem. Research shows that abusers often isolate the victim, cutting them off from friends and family. This isolation worsens the person's self-esteem as they feel disconnected from the outside world. Without positive interactions, the negative beliefs imposed by the abuser may stay with the victim. Consequently, the person's self-worth gets tied to the abusive relationship, making it hard for them to leave due to fear of loneliness or a belief that they will not find acceptance elsewhere.

The impact of domestic violence on women’s self-esteem and self-worth is so deep, it can leave lasting emotional scars and hinder a woman’s ability to rebuild her life after leaving an abusive relationship. Recognizing and addressing the effects of domestic violence on self-esteem and self-worth is crucial in supporting survivors on their journey towards healing and reclaiming their sense of self

And one quote by Beverly Engel says, "With emotional abuse, the insults, insinuations, criticism, and accusations slowly eat away at the victim’s self-esteem until he or she is incapable of judging a situation realistically. He or she may begin to believe that there is something wrong with them or even fear they are losing their mind. They have become so beaten down that they blame themselves for the abuse.”

Self Esteem Affirmations
Here is a list of daily affirmations a victim of abuse can repeat daily. These affirmations are a way to slowly rebuild your self-worth.

Word Search Activity
A little word search activity for you to try! :)

Rebuild                         Deserve                            Boundaries

Self-Worth                       Happiness                            Respect

Healing                            Growth                                Love

The link to the word search solution:

https://1drv.ms/w/s!AvLA0U7rGLc0gki2UDunTDgponvp

Long lasting effects of persons who stay in intimate abusive relationships.
Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence, is a serious issue that many face daily. Even after the violence has ended, the mental and emotional impact of the experience remain. Such abuse can severely affect individuals who experience it, impacting their physical and mental health. Research indicates that more women than men experience intimate partner violence each year. Victims like Machado may feel confusion, fear, powerlessness, shame, guilt, and anxiety.

Have you ever heard of battered woman syndrome? According to search, battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a psychological trauma that results from ongoing physical, physiological and/ or sexual abuse typically at the hands of an intimate partner. Besides that, this syndrome can also result in the development of a “survival personality,” in which the person acts out of fear and attempts to avoid further harm. This takes us back to when the protagonist in Dreamhouse says that “she forgot that leaving is an option”, it reflects a moment where she grapples with the idea of leaving her very own abusive relationship. After feeling isolated she finally wanted to leave, perhaps due to fear.

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Kitchen Remodel/Cabinet theory

In this chapter, I would like to give some general information about cabinets. There are many differences between individual products, some cater to different tastes, others have practical relevance. I will omit the material question (which is mostly a matter of budget and personal taste) and go directly into details of furniture structure. The intention of this chapter is to help you to become more aware of what you personally expect from a kitchen, which will make it easier for you to decide for or against individual products.

Face frames
All have in common that they are built with a face frame, which is an optional element in cabinetry, but a very characteristic one in the United States until today, notably with kitchen cabinets. Although it is widely believed that a face frame makes a kitchen cabinet more sturdy, I presume that the actual reason for the perennial popularity is the specific appearance. The face frame adds a look to a cabinet that is both traditional and dapper, and homey.

While most face frames today are rather minimalist, they used to be a subject to elaborate embellishment. A decoration that can still be found today, if rarely, is beading to the inner edges (second image, A; this will only go together with inset drawers and doors) or chamfering to the outer edges of stiles (B). Historically, there was much more going on in cabinetry, with elements like decorated end panels and base moulding among others (C, D, E).

Even without any ornamentation at all, a face frame will offer an opportunity to show of precious materials like solid wood.

But hand on heart: A face frame wants to be shown off. What is it worth in conjunction with full overlay drawers and doors?

Framed vs. frameless cabinets
In the United States, kitchen cabinets are traditionally framed cabinets. That means they have an additional "face frame" sitting on the front of the cabinet box, with individual cutouts for drawers and doors. The framing provides those cabinets with a specific rustic, solid and homely look that many Americans prefer over the more clean, cool and modern international style. The only reported and undisputed advantage of framed cabinets is that due to their additional layer of material they endure transportation easier. Allegedly, framed cabinets also allow for an easier adjustment of doors and drawers, but I believe that is not a matter of framed or frameless, but directly depends on the quality of the hinges and drawers. Ikea's Maximera drawers for example, which are conceived for frameless cabinets, feature an adjustment mechanism that is quite sophisticated. With frameless cabinets, you also may need more filler pieces than with framed ones, but that depends on the product and on your layout. I will go more into detail about filler pieces in a later chapter when I'll describe cabinet installation.

In the U. S., the cheapest manufacturer of framed cabinets is probably KraftMaid. For my first kitchen remodel, a decade ago, I chose KraftMaid cabinets and found the quality and the bandwidth of options quite decent. Unfortunately, KraftMaid don't make a big display of what they can do on their web site, so you'll have to find a retailer with a large showroom and get in touch with that retailer's kitchen designer. My local Home Depot for example only shows a fraction of the possibilities that this manufacturer offers. If you are either on a very tight budget or are really aiming for historic authenticity, another interesting option is to use reclaimed cabinets.

Toe kicks vs. legs
High and base cabinets usually have a toe kick, that is a slightly recessed base. Toe kicks are typically 4 inches (10 cm) high and recessed 3 inches (7.5 cm). The height addition is necessary to align the cabinet's upper edge cabinet with that of other elements, like a ranges or a dishwasher. The recess provides extra space for the feet of the people who stand in front of the cabinet. If the cabinet is serves merely decorative purposes the recess can be omitted.

High and base cabinets come either with or without an integrated toe kick. If they come without one, you can choose between a number of options for how you want to bring your cabinets up to standard height: with a separate toe kick, with a toe kick valance (an arch-like element) or with legs. All three of those elements are available in all sorts of different styles and designs.

What customers prefer, is mostly a matter of taste and of what matches the cabinet style. At this point, I would only like to make a few remarks about legs:

There a three obvious disadvantages of the use of legs:

There are also advantages of legs:
 * If the space below cabinets is kept open, dust and dirt and even scraps of food will collect down there. The area is inconvenient to reach and not easy to clean.
 * Entire-room flooring will be mandatory.
 * Regular toe kicks probably make a sturdier cabinet foundation than most legs. But: If you add clip-on toe kicks so that the space under the cabinets is well concealed, you can install additional support. For inspiration you can check out the adjustable brackets that Ikea offer (product # 002.984.06).

 * Adjustable legs make the cabinet installation much each easier than regular toe kicks, especially for do-it-yourselfers. If you use traditional toe kicks you'll need to shim those in order to get the cabinet level. But with adjustable legs, you just twist the legs until the cabinet is all horizontal.
 * Legs make the space under the cabinets accessible. If you conceal it with clip-on toe kicks, you can use that space to feed electric or water connections to your appliances. Some people even use it for toe-kick drawers.

Types of cabinets
There are obviously base cabinets, wall cabinets, and high cabinets on the market. Another important differentiation is that between regular cabinets, corner cabinets and outside corner cabinets. Many manufacturers offer only very limited choices in corner cabinets and no outside corner cabinets at all. Sometimes there are smart ways to improvise, but if that is not possible the only option may be to pick another manufacturer.

Cabinet space organization
The deeper a cabinet is (and the more fuzzy you are with not wasting space or control), the more important is cabinet space organization.

Regular cabinets
One advantage of shelves over drawers is that it is easy to mount them with custom spacing. Even if the pre-drilled holes that hold the shelf-supports turn out to not be quite in the perfect height for your needs, you can drill your own holes. And the greatest advantage of all is that shelves is are cheap.

But unless a cabinet has only little depth, shelves make it difficult to overlook their content.

In most cases, drawers make it much easier to find stuff in a cabinet. With modern slides and soft-close feature, drawers also run so smoothly that they are suitable not only for pots and pans, but even for tableware. Consider having drawers not just up to countertop height, but up to the height of the chin of the shortest grown-up person in your household (but keep in mind that adults lose body length as they age).

The only disadvantage of drawers, apart from the costs, is that it can be more difficult than with shelves to install them with custom spacing. In particular with framed cabinets, you will possibly get what you get and won't have the choice to space your drawers – I mean down to the inch or even half inch – like you really would like then. If custom spacing is important to you, you can check out either frameless cabinets (which in some cases give you much more flexibility than framed cabinets) or cabinets with drawers that lie behind a door.

Drawers behind a door (like nested drawers) are a little more awkward to access than normal drawers. The immediate vicinity of work places like a cooktop or your prime cabinet for everyday utensils are certainly not the best locations for those. But since they offer flexible installation and as many subsequent changes as you may want, drawers behind doors are probably ideal for food storage, unless you have a walk-in pantry where you don't care about the appearance of your cabinet fronts and omit those doors altogether anyways.

A very cool third option that also works for high cabinets or wall cabinets are pull-outs. Make sure that you put those in positions where you have full access to both sides of the apparatus (left and right) when it is pulled out. A pull-out that is installed at the end of a cabinet row – adjacent to a wall or a corner cabinet – may not be very helpful. Also make sure that you purchase a pull-out that is adjustable in terms of custom spacing of the shelves. You also may or may not want to request additional shelves.

Corner cabinets
Corner cabinets are notoriously inefficient in terms of use of space. If a corner cabinet cannot be avoided, the most sensible use that can be made of it is installation of shelves for long-term storage of things that you plan virtually never to access; only what is directly behind the door can be conveniently reached. The second best option are half shelves in L-shape (see image); to reach those requires some mild gymnastics, but they have an efficiency of whopping 80 %. A full Lazy Susan uses ~65 % of the area while a 3/4 Lazy Susan has an efficiency of only ~50 %. The worst of all corner cabinet solutions are probably diagonal drawers because they only use roughly a third of the available space.

By the way, corner pull-outs are even worse than Lazy Susans; I did the math for Ikea's corner base cabinet pull-out fitting (Utrusta series; I own one): it has a space efficiency of only 35 %. I very much doubt that any comparable product reaches a much higher figure.

Cabinet front composition
Another important criteria that needs to be considered when choosing a kitchen manufacturer is their philosophy of kitchen front appearance. It is understood that most manufacturers offer large selections of different front designs. But in this section I am not referring to different door styles or materials or colors, but to different ways how those front elements (drawer fronts and doors) are combined and add up to a kitchen front view that ideally is beautiful and well composed.

Are you aiming for clear, uniform fronts with all horizontal elements perfectly aligned, or do you seek something organic and cheerful and therefore don't mind irregularities?

title: Kitchen Remodel/Cabinet theory


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User:Zdorovo

I am interested in math, physics, computing, and other such things. I have a PhD in mathematics and am currently a software engineer. My background is mainly in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. I occasionally edit Wikipedia as well: w:User:Zdorovo

title: User:Zdorovo


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Template appears to be broken
The template appears to be broken, as it only displays "" inside of the box, rather than a helpful message. I don't know how to fix it personally. Can someone take a look? Mazimil (discuss • contribs) 21:30, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Fixed and added basic documentation. Hope this helps! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:29, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Disputed


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Homeopathy/History

Invention
The practice of homeopathy was started by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a German physician trained in medicine, science and linguistics. In 1796, he wrote his Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Power of Drugs, followed by The Organon of the Healing Art in 1810—these formed the basis of homeopathy as he defined it. In particular, The Organon of the Healing Art explains his thoughts on the nature of disease, the way he thought homeopathic remedies would work, and how to apply them. This is the core book homeopaths study.

James Tyler Kent
James Tyler Kent (1849–1916) was a physician who turned to homeopathy later in his career. He graduated from Eclectic Medical institute in 1871 and the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1889. He turned to homeopathy after attributing to it the recovery of wife from illness, and he later published Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica in 1897. Notably, he did not believe in the since-proven germ theory of disease.

Constantine Hering
Constantine Hering (1800–1880) was a German physician. He studied medicine and then at the request of his teacher Dr. Henrich Robbi studied Homeopathy in order to write a book against Homeopathy. He began practicing homeopathy after attributing to it the healing of a hand infection, and he published many works on the subject.

Mahendralal Sarkar
Mahendralal Sarkar (1833–1904) was an Indian physician.

Cyrus Maxwell Boger
Cyrus Boger (1861–1935) was an American physician.He graduated from the Philadelphia College of Medicine and the Hahnemann Homeopathic Medical College in Philadelphia.

title: Homeopathy/History


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Homeopathy/What is Homeopathy?

Homeopathy is a pseudoscience and so-called "alternative medicine", whose practitioners are called homeopaths.

Some common ailments for which patients seek homeopathic care include eczema, asthma, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic disorders, arthritis, hypertension, Crohn's disease, premenstrual syndrome, rhinitis, and more. Homeopaths also see patients with serious diseases, including multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and AIDS.

Basic beliefs
Homeopathy, as proposed by its founder Samuel Hahnemann, relies on two basic principles—those of similars and of potentization.

Principle of Similars
The principle of similars, often simply referred to by the saying "like cures like", argues that homeopathic treatments for a disease should derive from substances that cause symptoms similar to the initial disease.

Potentization
Potentization states that the substance(s) used in homeopathic treatment should be serially diluted, shaking well during each dilution, in order to transmit a supposed curative essence. High dilutions are referred to as "high potency", though this is a misleading term due to the extremely low concentration of the original "mother tincture" in the final product.

Appeal
Much of the appeal of homeopathy comes from the limitations of modern medicine. Patients often come to homeopaths with long-term problems for which evidence-based medicine has not yet found successful, widely effective treatments. For example, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, anxiety and depression, some autoimmune and neurological disorders, and some cancers, do not have universally effective treatments and/or cures—as such, those suffering from these disorders may turn to homeopathy in search of relief.

Homeopathy may also appeal to those who cannot afford medical treatment or those who simply do not trust medical doctors for a variety of reasons, including religion or prior negative experiences with the medical system.

Lack of evidence
No generally accepted scientific study has shown homeopathy works at all. Critics also object that the number of high-quality studies that support homeopathy is small, the conclusions are not definitive, and duplication of the results, a key test of scientific validity, has proven problematic at best. The lack of convincing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and its use of remedies without active ingredients have caused homeopathy to be regarded as pseudoscience; quackery;  or, in the words of a 1998 medical review, "placebo therapy at best and quackery at worst."

Chemistry and pharmacology
Common homeopathic preparations are diluted to the point where it is statistically unlikely that any molecules from the original solution are present in the final product; the claim that these treatments still have any pharmacological effect is thus scientifically implausible and violates fundamental principles of science, including the law of mass action.

title: Homeopathy/What is Homeopathy?


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Cello Handbook/Scales and Arpeggios

A scale is a group of musical notes arranged by volume or pitch. There are many scales, such as G Major Scale, E Major Scale, etc.

An arpeggio is very similar to a scale, but it is shorter. A famous arpeggio is the opening of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

title: Cello Handbook/Scales and Arpeggios


text: User:Kuyabonelelwa

title: User:Kuyabonelelwa


text:
User:EvE-26.18/sandbox

According to the statistics from the National Domestic Violence Hotline, 1 in 4 women and 1 in 9 men experience severe intimate partner physical violence, intimate partner contact sexual violence, and/or intimate partner stalking with impacts such as injury, fearfulness, post-traumatic stress disorder, use of victim services, contraction of sexually transmitted diseases, etc.

Activity Section:
Hi, welcome to the activity section!

Many individuals, like Machado, are knowingly or unknowingly trapped in a vicious cycle of abuse. This kind of situation happens a lot more frequently in real life than we think. Most people do not even realize that they are in such a situation. They may ignore the signs hoping their partner might change and love them back. It is the sad reality of every individual involved in these kinds of toxic relationships. They will choose to destroy themselves rather than leave because they are too afraid to let go. Take this quiz to see if you overlook the toxic signs that might be evident in your relationship.

'''Click the following link to get redirected to the questionnaire form. Please remember to note your answer to find out the results at the end.'''

Okay, let’s begin!

Scoring system:

Never: 1 point

Occasionally: 2 points

Frequently: 3 points

Now let’s check the results.

(0 - 9) = Good

Woohoo!! You guys are in a healthy relationship. He/She is definitely a keeper.

(9-17) = Concerning

It can be fixed. However, some issues need to be addressed.

(17 - 24) = Harmful

Clearly a red flag, there are signs of abuse. You should seek help.

In this activity, Machado would undoubtedly receive a score of 23 or possibly 24 based on the relationship described in her memoir. Her partner took advantage of her love and exploited her fear of being lonely. The links listed below might be helpful for you to differentiate different situations. Referrals:

 * Domestic violence - Wikipedia, Various forms of violence that are faced by individuals in domestic settings, its effects and prevention.
 * Cycle of abuse - Wikipedia, The pattern of abuse, its phases, and its connection to the theory of social cycles.
 * Psychological abuse - Wikipedia, Different types of psychological assault in domestic relationships and statistics.
 * Traumatic bonding - Wikipedia, The reason victims stay and the horrific aftereffects that never go away.
 * Love bombing - Wikipedia, Manipulates into staying by love bombing, only to withdraw all affection and care afterward.
 * Intimate relationship - Wikipedia, Mental, physical, and emotional well-being in a healthy relationship.
 * Attachment in adults - Wikipedia, Types of attachment theories, how they impact relationships, and their advantages and drawbacks.

title: User:EvE-26.18/sandbox


text:
Template:Disputed/doc

Usage
This template takes the following parameters:
 * what: the thing that is disputed (e.g. page, chapter, section, etc); defaults to book
 * small: same parameter as that in Template:Bmbox
 * details: any other notes that should appear in the box

title: Template:Disputed/doc


text: Category:Barberry recipes

title: Category:Barberry recipes


text:
Bikol/Vocabulary

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

<< Contents | Vocabulary | Spatio-temporal Dimensions | Particles | Speech Register | Common phrases | Days of the Week | Months of the Year | Family | Animals | Numbers | External Links >>

title: Bikol/Vocabulary


text:
User:First snow in my heart/sandbox

In Hughes poem “Mother to Son,” an African-American mother shares with her son the challenges, disappointments, and barriers that one encounters as one moves through life. Her message is not about obstacles being absent, but rather about the perseverance needed to confront and overcome those challenges. The mother gives a detailed account of the difficulties she has faced, including bare boards, splinters, and tacks. These components stand in for the suffering, adversity, and challenges that one could experience getting around. Regardless of the challenging circumstances, the mother underscores the significance of persistence and resolve.

In my view, what the mother could have done in the poem. Take the example of a real-life, strong African American woman during civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks
Langston Hughes' poem "Mother to Son" captures the determination that was inherited from previous eras. Similarly, Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, better known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement,". Rosa Parks is revered as a brave and significant figure in American history. Parks, who was born in Tuskegee, Alabama,on February 4, 1913, catapulted to prominence in the fight for racial equality thanks to her unwavering spirit and dedication to justice. On December 1, 1955, Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, was her turning point. The consequences of this seemingly innocuous act of defiance extended well beyond the boundaries of that segregated bus. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, was sparked by Parks' arrest for defying the discriminatory norms of the time.

A planned protest against racial segregation on public transportation, the boycott was organized by influential figures like Martin Luther King Jr. Showcasing African American communities' tenacity and fortitude in the face of institutionalized oppression, it lasted for 381 days. Following a pivotal moment brought about by Parks' unwavering determination and the boycott's success, segregation on public transportation was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1956.

The influence of Rosa Parks goes far beyond that incident on the bus. Her contribution to the Civil Rights Movement emphasizes the value of individual bravery in the face of injustice and the long-lasting influence of people who defend the morally upright. Seeing Parks' contributions to the field of literary and historical intersections gives us a poignant context for appreciating the struggles and victories portrayed in works such as Langston Hughes' "Mother to Son."

title: User:First snow in my heart/sandbox


text:
Talk:Engineering Education in 2050/Engineers as Applied Social Scientists

This chapter is a contribution to a vision of engineering education in 2050
Responding to the question about whether this chapter is intentional:

While this chapter is still in development, it is an important contribution to a wikibook about how engineering education must evolve over the next two decades if we as a species are to manage the problems we face. Engineers apply tools to manage human problems, but we must not arbitrarily limit their tools to high technology; we need tools that the social sciences have to offer as well. This chapter addresses this vital need in engineering education.

Norton (discuss • contribs) 16:52, 19 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f6

The Nürnberg Variation of the Spanish Game is a chess opening that tries to stop White from playing a move that would give White more control over the center of the board. However, this opening has many problems for Black, such as:

- Black makes a move that makes the king’s side weaker and easier to attack. - Black makes a move that stops the knight from moving to a good square where it can defend and attack better. - Black makes a move that makes a hole on the f7 and f6 squares and making them weaker. - Black makes a move that puts the king in danger of being attacked by White’s pieces.

These are some of the reasons why the Nürnberg Variation is not a good opening for Black. White has many ways to use Black’s mistakes and get a better position. For example, one of the ways White can play is: 4.O−O Bc5 5.c3 Nge7 6.d4 exd4 7.cxd4 Bb6 8.Nc3 O−O 9.d5 Ne5 10.Nxe5 fxe5 11.d6 Ng6 12.Qd5+ Kh8 13.dxc7 Qxc7 14.Be3.

In this position, White has a clear advantage, as Black’s king is not safe, White’s pieces are more active, and White has two bishops that can attack from far away.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 f6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f6/4. O-O/4...Bc5/5. c3

Nürnberg Variation, Main Line
In this line, White castles to protect the king and prepares to play d4 to gain more space in the center. Black develops the bishop to c5, which is a natural square for the bishop and also puts pressure on the f2-pawn. White plays c3 to support the d4-pawn advance.

The Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation is considered to be better for White, as White has more options and flexibility in the position. White can choose to play d4 immediately or delay it and play Re1, h3, or a4 first. White can also exchange the light-squared bishop on b5 with the knight on c6 at any time, creating a weakness in Black’s pawn structure.

Black, on the other hand, has to deal with several problems in the Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation. Black has to find a good square for the knight on g8, which is blocked by the f6-pawn. Black also has to decide whether to castle kingside or queenside, as both sides have their drawbacks. Black’s king is also vulnerable to attacks by White’s pieces, such as Qf3, Qg4 or Qh5.

Therefore, the Main Line of the Nürnberg Variation is not very popular among chess players, as Black has to struggle for equality. Most players prefer to play other variations of the Spanish Game, such as the Berlin Defense, the Marshall Attack, or the Open Variation. These variations do not involve the move f6 and give Black more chances for counterplay.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 f6 4. O-O Bc5 5. c3'''


text:
Talk:Engineering Education in 2050/Keeping Humans in Responsible Charge of AI

This chapter is an important contribution to a vision of engineering education in 2050
Responding to the question about whether this chapter is intentional:

While this chapter is still in development, it is an important contribution to a wikibook about how engineering education must evolve over the next two decades if we as a species are to manage the problems we face. Experts such as Hinton, Gebru, and Buolamwini have warned that AI poses diverse and major threats; while they disagree about the specific threats, they generally agree that humans must be in responsible charge of AI. Yet engineering schools today generally do not prepare students for this urgent need. Hence this chapter is essential to this wikibook, which is about where engineering education must be by 2050 if we are to succeed in meeting this vital responsibility.

Norton (discuss • contribs) 19:06, 19 December 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:Meat and poultry

title: Category:Meat and poultry


text: Category:Esoteric meat and poultry

title: Category:Esoteric meat and poultry


text:
User:Csega

= Useful links =
 * 1) The Linux kernel book

title: User:Csega


text:
User:Hyju/sandbox

Vintage comics by Dall-E
In Bing Image Creator, based on Dall-E 3, it is possible to create art that resembles old comics.

Useful links

 * List of Artists Supported by DALL.E 2
 * Generate Unique Dall-E Prompts with Ease
 * Dall-E 2 Prompt Book
 * Dall-E - Reddit

title: User:Hyju/sandbox


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6

= Sicilian Defense: Kveinis Variation = This variation has its pros and cons but is generally considered to be inferior to most variations. The point of Qb6 is to put pressure on white's B2 pawn and D4 knight. However, this plan does not work because white can sacrifice the B2 pawn with Be3, then play Nd2 and attack the queen if black captures. If white just plays Nc3 or another solid move, then black can just develop and be fine. However, this opening has some pros. It is very easy to learn because the plans are simple and the theory is low. This can work at the beginner level and in blitz or bullet games.


text:
Cookbook:Oat Rice

This is a recipe for simple cooked rice, but made with oat milk instead of water. It is more nutrient-dense than rice cooked with water, and it has a sweet flavor when made with store-bought oat milk. This rice can be used as a substitute for cooked rice in any recipe.

Ingredients

 * 2 cups (480 ml) uncooked rice
 * 3½ cups (840 ml) oat milk

Procedure

 * 1) Wash the rice and drain the water.
 * 2) Pour the oat milk and rice into a pot.
 * 3) Put the pot on the stove, and cook over medium heat for about 5 minutes or until foam appears.
 * 4) Start stirring the mixture with a spoon, and continue stirring until the mixture boils.
 * 5) Reduce the heat to low and simmer, stirring, until almost all the liquid is gone.
 * 6) Remove from the heat and serve.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * This recipe will leave some oat milk residue at the bottom of the pot.

title: Cookbook:Oat Rice


text: Category:Oat milk recipes

title: Category:Oat milk recipes


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3

The Breyer Gambit - 3. Qf3?!
The Breyer Gambit is a chess opening that involves sacrificing a pawn on the second move to gain control of the center. It is also known as the King's Gambit Accepted: Breyer Gambit, because the black player accepts the gambit and tries to counterattack with their minor pieces. The Breyer Gambit is considered a risky but aggressive opening that can lead to sharp and complex positions.

The main idea behind the Breyer Gambit is to use the queen's move to f3 to support the advance of the g-pawn to g3 and create threats against the black king. The queen also prevents black from playing Nc6, which would challenge white's development, however, the move 3. Qf3 prevents that due to 4. Qxf4, winning back the pawn. White hopes to quickly develop their pieces and castle, while black has to deal with the weak f4-pawn and the exposed e-file.

However, the Breyer Gambit is not without drawbacks. White's queen can be sometimes attacked by black's pieces. Black can also try to undermine white's center with moves like c5, d5, Qh4+ or even sacrifice the f4-pawn back to open lines for their pieces. Black has to be careful not to fall into traps or tactical blows, but if they survive the initial attack, they can enjoy a solid position with an extra pawn.

'''1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4

3...Qh4+
Black checks the white king, just how they intended. But fortunately for white, white can play 4. g3 due to the queen on f3 that supports it.

'''1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4/4. g3

White blocks the check with the g-pawn.

'''1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+ 4. g3'''


text:
User talk:192.109.215.2

Blocked
You cannot edit for 3 days due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 18:12, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.109.215.2


text:
User talk:JDZeff

Response to email
Hi @JDZeff—I saw your email. I made several changes to Cookbook:Chimichurri. The change you're talking about at line 47 was a line break to increase legibility of the source text. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:JDZeff


text:
User:OK Oliver/vector.css

body {font-family: "Computer Modern","Times", serif;}

title: User:OK Oliver/vector.css


text:
User:Dieselgoth/Collections/specifications

Markup languages of note.

 * XML - Managing Data Exchange/Print version
 * Cascading Style Sheets
 * Wiki Markup
 * JSON
 * LaTeX


text:
Quechua/2/Lesson/Verbs

A

 * Amachar : To protect
 * Aqllar : To choose
 * Asir : To laugh
 * Atipar : To win
 * Aypur : To server

C

 * Camachir : To command

K

 * Kuchur : To cut

M

 * Mikhur : To eat
 * Much'ar : To kiss

Ñ

 * Ñithir : To pressure

P

 *  Piñar : To anger
 * Pukllar : To play
 * Purir : To walk

Q

 * Qaparir : To shout
 * Q'aparir : To smell
 * Qapir : To handle
 * Qatir : To chase
 * Qawar : To see
 * Qillqar : To write
 * Qipir : To carry
 * Qunqar : To forget
 * Quñur : To duck

R

 * Rimar : To speak
 * Rikchar : To wake up

T

 * Tapur : To question
 * Tikrachir : To change
 * Tusur : To dance

U

 * Uyarir : To listen

title: Quechua/2/Lesson/Verbs


text:
Quechua/2/Lesson

 * Cases
 * Pronouns
 * Verb's conjugation
 * Adjectives
 * Questions

title: Quechua/2/Lesson


text:
User talk:Rozzychan/darnwell

Where are the images that I saved for the textbook like that excellent image of a chloroplast. WHERE IS IT!

Put links here. Rozzychan (discuss • contribs) 03:10, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rozzychan/darnwell


text: User talk:Livpure001

title: User talk:Livpure001


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bg5/2...e6

2...e6??
This move is a blunder as it loses the queen with 3. Bxd8. This move is a bit popular because some players do not notice the pin, and lose on the spot.

'''1. d4 d5 2. Bg5 e6??'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...h6

= 3...h6!? - Sideline =

The h6 sideline in the Spanish Game
The h6 sideline in the Ruy Lopez is a rare and provocative move that aims to prevent White from playing Bg5 and pinning the black knight. It also prepares to play g5 and Bg7, creating a kingside fianchetto. However, it also has some drawbacks, such as:

 * 1) It weakens the g6-square and the dark squares around the black king.
 * 2) It delays the development of the black pieces and the castling of the black king.
 * 3) It allows White to play d4 and gain a strong center. The main line after 3…h6 is 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Nf6 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd3, where White has a clear advantage in space and development. Black can try to create counterplay on the queenside with moves like d5, Bc5, O-O, and Rb8, but White can maintain the pressure with moves like O-O, Nc3, e5, and Qf3.

Another possible continuation after 3…h6 is 4.O-O g5, where Black goes all-in for a kingside attack. This is very risky and dubious, as White can exploit the weaknesses in Black’s position with moves like d4, Nc3, Nd5, c3, and Be3. For example, after 4.O-O g5 5.d4 exd4 6.Nxd4 Bg7 7.Nf5 Bf6 8.Nc3 Nge7 9.Re1 d6 10.Nd5 Nxd5 11.exd5+ Ne5 12.Nd4 O-O 13.Qh5 Bg7 14.h4 Bg4 15.Bg5 Bxh5 16.Bxd8 Raxd8 17.Nf5 Bg6 18.Ne7+ Kh7 19.hxg5 hxg5 20.Re3 Bxd3 21.Rh3+ Bh6 22.cxd3 f5 23.d4 Ng6 24.Nc6 Rde8 25.Ra3 Nf4 26.Rxa7 Rf7 27.Rb7 Nxd5 28.a4 g4 29.a5 f4 30.a6 g3 31.a7 gxf2+ 32.Kxf2 Nb6 33.Rb8 Rff8 34.Rxe8 Rxe8 35.Nb8 Na8 36.Rc1 Re7 37.Nc6 Re8 38.Rc3 Bg7 39.Rb3 Nb6 40.Rxb6 cxb6 41.Nb8 Bxd4+ 42.Kf3 b5 43.Nc6 Bxa7 44.Nxa7 b4 45.Nc6 b3 46.Nd4 Re3+ 47.Kxf4 Rd3 48.Ke4 Rd2 49.Nxb3 Rxb2 50.Nd4 Rxg2 51.Kd5 Rd2 52.Kc4 Rxd4+ 53.Kxd4 Kg6 54.Kd5 Kf5 55.Kxd6 1/2-1/2, White had a clear advantage throughout the game, but failed to convert it into a win.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 h6!?


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Theories

=Scientific Theories= Scientific theories are overarching explanations of the world that are based on many, many lines of evidence. There are many scientific theories that are important in Biology. Here I will list some of the over arching theories that shape our modern understanding of life, and some lines of evidence for why we believe those theories are true.
 * The Cell Theory
 * The Endosymbiotic Theory of organelle origin
 * The Theory of Natural Selection
 * The chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (Gene Theory)
 * The Fluid Mosaic Theory of Membrane function
 * The Atomic Theory
 * The Germ theory of Disease
 * Plate tectonics
 * Quantum theory

Some theories are primarily introduced to students by way of Natural Laws. Natural laws are theories that are best described as simple statements or equations. These are facts that under certain conditions are almost always true. Some of these natural laws include the following.
 * Gas laws, such as Boyle's law
 * Gravity
 * Mendel's law of genetic inheritance
 * The laws of Themodynamics

We use these laws as assumptions in many of our scientific experiments, but they too are based on many experiments and lines of evidence.

In fact, when a textbook lists a fact in passing, there is usually an entire body of experimentation behind it. As you get deeper into science, you will learn more about the background of these theories and natural laws and how we came to believe them. Usually as an introductory student of biology, you are told that these are facts, but remember that most theories do have limitations, and by probing the edges of those theories, we learn more about the world around us.

Discrediting Theories
For a theory to be discredited, it is not enough to find one example where it does not work. Remember theories are based on several lines of evidence. Most single examples where something does not work results in modification of the theory rather than discrediting it.

To discredit a theory, you must disprove the major assumption or conclusion of the theory. This usually happens by proposing a NEW theory that better explains the phenomena.

Even when a New Theory is proposed, that often is not enough to discredit an older theory which may still help others to understand something in a limited case.

For example NEWTON's Laws of motion were found to be less accurate than EINSTEIN's laws on the motion of Mercury, but on Earth, Newton's laws are more basic and easier to use. Therefore NEWTON's laws of Motion are not said to have been discredited by Einstein. They are refined by it.

An example of a discredited theory is Spontaneous Generation. Spontaneous generation suggested that living organisms such as flies came from inorganic matter such as trash. When Pasteur proved that Cells come only from preexisting cells, it showed that spontaneous generation did not accurately explain what was happening in the world, so that theory was discarded in favor of the cell theory.

Discrediting theories is a necessary part of science. It is by getting rid of the old theories that we get closer to what is real, and so it is not considered a bad thing. Every disproven theory is a step toward greater understanding of the world.

Examples of Disproved Theories

 * Spontaneous Generation
 * Lamarkianism
 * The Humours theory of health in the body
 * Geocentrism
 * The Ether theory of the universe

Biological theories in the Flux
There are many mysteries of science that are not fully understood and so theories are proposed and modified.

For example, although the Theory of Organic Evolution is thought to be explained best by Natural Selection, there are many details about how it works that are currently being researched. For example the Assembly Theory has been proposed to explain why complex systems can suddenly arise in novel situation. If accepted, this would likely become a refinement of Natural selection. [reference - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06600-9]

Examples of theories that are not conclusively accepted as proven or disproven. Often these will be called hypotheses in order to show that evidence is still being gather to support them. Even so, they all have large lines of evidence and cannot be discounted without discussion.:
 * The Gaia Hypothesis - The earth acts like an organism where large systems work together to provide homeostasis.
 * The RNA world theory on the origin of life - The first cells used RNA as both information storage and as enzymes (ribozymes) to reproduce itself.


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Intro Lab

=The Biology Lab= Biology is about studying life. We study life first and foremost by observing it.

In the biology laboratory, we observe life, and use the principles of the Scientific Method to learn how life works.

Tools
Your primary tools for the Biology lab, are your senses, and your mind. You must learn how to observe details about living things. Watch, listen, and document what exists, and what is happening. You will also need to describe things both qualitatively (using words about qualities and characteristics) and quantitatively (using numbers and measurements).

For this reason, you should expect to document whatever you observe in this lab.

The simplest way is to create a laboratory notebook that contains the notes for each set of experiments that you do. You can do this on paper or digitally, but be sure that the notebook is easy for you to access, and that you record the date and time of each experiment.

Lab Reports and Papers
When you are ready to tell others about your experiments, you will write a lab report or scientific paper discussing your findings. Scientific reports usually follow a consistent format and have some or all of the following sections.

 * Introduction
 * Materials and Methods
 * Results
 * Discussion and Conclusion
 * References

A scientific paper is not meant to be RIGHT all of the time. It is an exploration of questions. You discuss the question that lead you to do the experiment including your HYPOTHESIS if any in the INTRODUCTION. Then you list the tools and instructions that you used to do the experiment in the MATERIALS AND METHODS section. This allows others to reproduce your experiment. Next you list any data found as descriptions, images, recordings, tables, graphs, and/or diagrams in the section marked RESULTS. At the end you discuss your conclusions, such as whether your hypothesis was supported by the data in DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS section of the report. Any outside sources that you used in your paper should be listed at the end in the REFERENCES section so that people can look up what background is needed to understand the work, and to find the context of your work among others.

A scientific paper is necessary, because no matter how great the things you discover, if you never tell anyone about it, no one else can learn from it. Science is a collection of knowledge passed down from person to person from the earliest humans to you. By observing science, you are helping to greater validate scientific theories, and you are adding to the collective work of all of those who went before you, and preparing the way for those that will come after you.

Welcome to the world of Science!


text: Talk:Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Theories


text:
Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/CellWalls

=What is a cell wall=

A cell wall is a firm structure on the outside of a cell membrane that helps maintain osmotic pressure in a cell by making a limit that prevents the cell from expanding and bursting due to osmosis.

The cell wall also adds structure to multicellular organisms.

It must have openings to allow nutrients to pass freely into and out of the cell.

Cell Wall Materials
Cell walls are made of different materials in different kingdoms of organisms.
 * Archea
 * Bacteria - Peptidoglycan
 * Fungi - Chitin
 * Plantae - Cellulose, Lignin,


text:
User:Psaikido/common.css

body { background-color: #aaaaaa; }

title: User:Psaikido/common.css


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5/2...c6/3. Ba4

= Portuguese Opening =

3. Ba4
White has retreated the bishop to a safe square, which is still not very effective. Black can now play 3...b5 to attack the bishop again.

1.e4 e5 2.Bb5 c6 3.Ba4


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5/2...c6/3. Ba4/3...b5

= Portuguese Opening =

3...b5
With this move, black attacks the passive bishop again with tempo. The only move that saves the bishop is 4. Bb3.

1.e4 e5 2.Bb5 c6 3.Ba4 b5


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...d6

= Vienna Game =

In the Vienna Game, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3, Black has several options to choose from. One of them is 2...d6. This move is similar to the Philidor Defense if White developed the other knight. However, against the Vienna Game, it is simply not good. Part of this is simply that the next opening moves are easy for White - take the full center with 3.d4.

To elaborate further, 2...d6 is a passive move that does not challenge White's control of the center. It also blocks the f8-bishop, which is an important piece in many openings. This move can be useful in some situations, but it is generally not considered a good choice against the Vienna Game.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 d6'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...d6/3. f4

= Vienna Game, Omaha Gambit =

3. f4! - Omaha Gambit
The Omaha Gambit is a chess opening that arises from the Vienna Game after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 d6 3.f4!. This move is aggressive and aims to control the center of the board by attacking Black's pawn on e5. It is also known as the Breyer Variation.

The idea behind this move is to gain space and put pressure on Black's position. However, it does come with some risks. If Black plays accurately, they can gain an advantage by exploiting the weaknesses in White's position. For example, Black can play 3...exf4 to capture White's pawn on f4 and gain a material advantage.

The Omaha Gambit is not a popular choice at the highest levels of chess, but it can be a fun and interesting option to try out in casual games.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 d6 3. f4!'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f5/2. exf5

Duras Gambit Accepted
The Duras Gambit Accepted is a chess opening that arises from the Duras Gambit after the moves 1.e4 f5 2.exf5. This move is a gambit, where Black sacrifices a pawn to gain control of the center of the board. The idea behind this move is to create an unbalanced position and put pressure on White's position.

However, this gambit is not considered a good choice at the highest levels of chess, as it gives White a clear advantage. After 2.exf5, White can choose to accept the gambit and capture the pawn, or decline it and play a different move ¹. If White accepts the gambit, they can gain a material advantage and put pressure on Black's position. For example, White can play 3.Qh5+ to attack Black's king and force it to move. Because if 3...g6?? - 4. fxg6! hxg6 5. Qxh8, grabbing a rook and the game.

'''1. e4 f5? 2. exf5'''


text: Category:Bean sprout recipes

title: Category:Bean sprout recipes


text:
User:Damarcus2

The Book Of Secrets/Damarcus Jones Professional et al @Quarterback

title: User:Damarcus2


text: User talk:كريم رائد

title: User talk:كريم رائد


text:
Talk:Department:Wikijunior

Why only nonfiction?
I'm looking for stories written in Simple English to read aloud to children who have a different mother tongue. Children learn languages acoustically and will listen to an interesting story that repeats and expands their vocabulary. Could we have a section here for such fictional stories? GraueEule (discuss • contribs) 08:42, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I'm not sure these stories would fit within the scope of Wikibooks, which excludes fictional content. I'm not aware of there being an exception for Wikijunior, though I understand your reasoning. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:15, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Department:Wikijunior


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...Ng4

= Petrov's Defence, Vladimir Variation =

This is the Vladimir Variation of the Petrov's Defence. It is considered dubious for these reasons: It wastes tempo by moving the same knight again which is considered time-consuming. It also moves the knight to an awkward square, so it can easily be attacked. Finally, the knight on g4 isn't that effective and it is in danger of getting trapped.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nc3 Ng4'''


text:
User:Knightking1223

Phabricator:Knightking1223

title: User:Knightking1223


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. e4/2...e5

= Latvian Gambit, by transposition =

This move transposes to the Latvian Gambit.

'''1. Nf3 f5 2. e4 e5'''

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f5'''


text:
User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker/Documentation

The Chapter Progress Tracker Userscript introduces an intuitive and interactive feature to enhance the browsing experience on Wikibooks. This script aims to assist users in tracking their progress through chapters while navigating Wikibooks pages.

Upon activation, the script dynamically adds a "Mark Section Complete" button adjacent to each section heading within Wikibooks chapters. Users can conveniently mark their completion of specific sections by clicking these buttons, allowing them to visually track their progress through the content.

Additionally, the Chapter Progress Tracker maintains a local storage record of completed sections, enabling users to seamlessly resume from where they left off across different sessions or visits to Wikibooks. As users navigate through the chapters and mark sections as completed, the script dynamically updates a progress indicator, displaying the ratio of completed sections to the total sections within the chapter.

By offering this tracking functionality, the Chapter Progress Tracker Userscript empowers users to manage their learning journey within Wikibooks, facilitating a structured and organized approach to chapter-based content exploration and aiding in efficient review and reference.

Skills
To effectively use this UserScript, basic knowledge of user scripts and navigating Wikibooks pages is recommended.

Accounts
A wikibooks account will be needed

Step-by-step Guide
To implement the Chapter Progress Tracker UserScript on Wikibooks, follow these steps:

Installation:

 * Ensure you have a user script manager like Tampermonkey installed in your browser.
 * Create a new script in Tampermonkey or your preferred user script manager.
 * Copy the provided script into the script editor.
 * Save the script.

Troubleshooting
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 * Compatibility Check: Ensure the script is compatible with the current version of Wikibooks.
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Communication and Support
For any inquiries, support, or discussions regarding the Chapter Progress Tracker UserScript, you can:
 * Contact the author directly for assistance.
 * Visit the Wikibooks Study Help Desk for community-based support.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5/4...Nxe5

4...Nxe5
Black accepts the gambit and needs to play with precision, as White will launch an attack with d4, then quick development of the queen and bishop to form pressure on the Black King to overwhelm Black.

For Black to succeed the most, they have to play in a way that undevelops their pieces at first, which seems very strange, but then as White develops their queen, making sure not to lose defense of the b7 pawn by moving their bishop, and pushing back White's threats possibly a turn in advance. Eventually, Black will gain back space and will be able to develop their pieces again.

Theory Table
'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nxe5 Nxe5'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6/3. Nxe5/3...fxe5

= Damiano Defence =

3...fxe5?
Black is up material, at least for a while.

4. Qh5+!

The move checks the king and, if Black ever blocks with 4...g6, white can play 5. Qxe5+, winning the rook.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f6? 3. Nxe5! fxe5?'''


text:
User talk:Asorev

Не могу прочесть письмо
Здравствуйте, уважаемый @Asorev! Вижу в уведомлениях, что получил от вас письмо здесь, но кликая по уведомлению не могу никуда перейти. Nikolay Komarov (discuss • contribs) 10:12, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * А свою почту Вы проверяли? Asorev (discuss • contribs) 10:14, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Только теперь увидел то письмо. К сожалению, не смогу вам помочь. При всём неприятии текущего режима считаю Википедию не тем местом, где с ним нужно бороться. Nikolay Komarov (discuss • contribs) 11:33, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asorev


text:
Talk:PSP Development/Getting the Tools/PPSSPP

Ppsspp
save files Zuzani (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Ppsspp
savefiles Zuzani (discuss • contribs) 10:48, 26 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...d6/4. Nc3

= Paris Defence =

4. Nc3
The move 4. Nc3 develops the knight and protects the pawn on e4 from any possible attack. Note that this is not the best move but still solid.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 d6 4. Nc3'''


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Ke2

Scandinavian Defence
This move is interesting, as it is a blunder that allows 3...Qe4#.

'''1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Ke2??'''


text: Category:Igbo recipes

title: Category:Igbo recipes


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...c6

1...c6 · Outflank Variation
The Outflank Variation in the Polish Opening refers to a specific move sequence that Black can play after the initial move 1. b4. Here's how it goes:

 * 1) b4 c6. (Main Line - 2. Bb2 Qb6)

In this line, White fianchettos their queen's bishop with 2. Bb2, while Black develops their queen to b6. The Outflank Variation is characterized by both sides trying to control the queenside and create imbalances. The queen on b6 exerts pressure on White's queenside pawns and can lead to tactical opportunities.

It's worth noting that the Polish Opening is flexible, and there are various move orders and plans that can be employed by both sides. The Outflank Variation is just one of the possible ways to play against the Polish Opening.

1.b4 c6

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...c6


text: Category:Yoruba recipes

title: Category:Yoruba recipes


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6

= Polish Opening =

1...e6
Black pushes the e-pawn so they can gain control over the center. This move also allows the pawn to move without getting attacked by a bishop on b2. Secondly, this move attacks the pawn on b4. However, White can play 2. Bb2 anyways, as black cannot capture with 2...Bxb4??, as it hangs a rook with 3. Bxg7!.

1.b4 e6

title: Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2

= Polish Opening =

2. Bb2
White fianchettos the bishop, knowing that black cannot take the pawn on b4.

1.b4 e6 2.Bb2


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2/2...Bxb4

= Polish Opening =

2...Bxb4??
This natural looking move aiming to win a pawn, loses to 3. Bxg7!.

1.b4 e6 2.Bb2 Bxb4??


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. b4/1...e6/2. Bb2/2...Bxb4/3. Bxg7

= Polish Opening =

3. Bxg7!
This move wins a rook and the game to black's greediness.

'''1.b4 e6 2.Bb2 Bxb4?? Bxg7!'''


text: Category:Hausa recipes

title: Category:Hausa recipes


text: Category:Tiv recipes

title: Category:Tiv recipes


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Evercade EXP

Technology
The clockspeed of the CPU was 1.5GHz. The system featured 4GB of memory.

The system included a Wi-Fi radio for firmware updates.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Super Pocket

History
Preorders for the console opened July 14, 2023. The initially announced release window was October 2023, though the final release date was November 14, 2023.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6/2. c4/2...Bb4

= Keres Defence =

The Keres Defence is a chess opening that begins with the moves '''1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+'''. It is also known as the Kangaroo Defence or Franco-Indian Defence. The opening is named after Estonian grandmaster Paul Keres.

After the opening moves, White has several options to respond, including '''3. Bd2, 3. Nd2, and 3. Nc3'''. If white plays '''3. Nc3''', the game might transpose into a Nimzo-Indian Defence or a Bogo-Indian Defence.

The standard reply today is '''3. Bd2'''. Black can continue with 3...Bxd2+ into a line of the Bogo-Indian, and 3...a5 will also usually transpose to a Bogo-Indian when White plays Nf3. Alternatively, Black can allow White to play e4: 3...Qe7 4.e4 d5.

'''1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+'''


text:
Introduction to Philosophy/Mini TOC

IntroductionChapter 1: LogicChapter 2: EpistemologyChapter 3: MetaphysicsChapter 4: EthicsSingle page print version

title: Introduction to Philosophy/Mini TOC


text:
Introduction to Philosophy/Logic/Mini TOC

Chapter 1: Logic Part 1: Logic and ReasonPart 2: Truth and ValidityPart 3: Paradoxes

IntroductionChapter 1: LogicChapter 2: EpistemologyChapter 3: MetaphysicsChapter 4: EthicsSingle page print version


text: Template:Introduction to Philosophy/Syllogism


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Ke2/3...Qe4

Scandinavian Defence
This happened because white blundered with 3. Ke2??, which allowed a shocking mate with 3...Qe4#.

'''1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Ke2?? Qe4#'''


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Ceruledge

Description
A humanoid pokémon with twin swords.

Base Statistics
A ghost and fire type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Use an armor item on Charcadet.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Ceruledge


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Charcadet

Description
A humanoid pokémon.

Base Statistics
A fire type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Use an armor item on Charcadet.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Charcadet


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Nacli

Description
A stonelike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Naclstack.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Nacli


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmi

Description
A doglike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Pawmo.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmi


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmo

Description
A doglike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A electric and fighting type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Pawmo.

Evolves into Pawmot

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmo


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Terapagos

Description
A turtle like pokémon.

Base Statistics
A normal type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Terapagos


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Arcaludon

Description
An Architecture inspired pokémon, appearing similar to a skyscraper when standing, or a bridge when laying down or attacking.

Base Statistics
A Steel and Dragon type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Duraladon when given an alloy item.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Arcaludon


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Ogerpon

Description
A humanoid pokémon, typically wearing one of four masks.

Base Statistics
A grass type Pokémon, it can change type based on the mask worn.

How to Evolve
Ogerpon does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Ogerpon


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Fezandipiti

Description
A birdlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Poison and Fairy type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Fezandipiti


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Okidogi

Description
A humanoid dogish bearlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Poison and Fighting type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Okidogi


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Munkidori

Description
A bipedal apelike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Poison and Psychic type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Munkidori


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Dripplin

Description
A pokémon that looks similar to a candy apple.

Base Statistics
A Grass and Dragon type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Dripplin


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Poltchageist

Description
A matcha tea inspired pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Grass and Ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Sinistcha.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Poltchageist


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Sinistcha

Description
A matcha tea inspired pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Grass and Ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Poltchageist.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Sinistcha


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Valiant

Description
A robotlike humanoid pokémon.

Base Statistics
A fairy fighting type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Valiant


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Arctibax

Description
A bipedal dragon pokémon.

Base Statistics
A dragon and ice type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Frigibax and evolves into Baxcalibur.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Arctibax


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Baxcalibur

Description
A bipedal dragon pokémon.

Base Statistics
A dragon and ice type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Arctibax.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Baxcalibur


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Jugulis

Description
A three headed robotic dragonlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A dark and flying type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Jugulis


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Moth

Description
A robotic mothlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A fire and poison type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Moth


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Hands

Description
A robotic pokémon with floating hands.

Base Statistics
A fighting and electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Hands


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Bundle

Description
A robotic penguinlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Ice and Water type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Bundle


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Dudunsparce

Description
A snakelike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A dark and flying type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Dunsparce

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Dudunsparce


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Farigiraf

Description
A giraffelike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Normal and Psychic type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Girafarig.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Farigiraf


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Flamigo

Description
A flamingolike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Flying and Fighting type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Flamigo


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Maushold

Description
A pokémon consisting of two large mouselike creatures and two small mouselike creatures.

Base Statistics
A normal type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Tandemaus.

Name
Appears to be a comination of the words Mouse and Household.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Maushold


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Smoliv

Description
An olive inspired pokémon.

Base Statistics
A grass and normal type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Smoliv


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Squackabilly

Description
A parrotlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A normal and flying type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Squackabilly


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Naclstack

Description
A quadriped blocky rocklike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Nacli and into Gargancl.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Naclstack


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Gargancl

Description
A bipedal blocky rocklike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Naclstack.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Gargancl


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Tadbulb

Description
A lightbulblike pokémon with a tail.

Base Statistics
A electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Bellibolt

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Tadbulb


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Bellibolt

Description
A froglike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Tadbulb.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Bellibolt


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Wattrel

Description
A birdlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Electric and Flying type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Kilowattrel

Name
References Watt, as well as Petrel.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Wattrel


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Kilowattrel

Description
A birdlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Electric and Flying type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Wattrel

Name
References Kilowatt, as well as Petrel.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Kilowattrel


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Shroodle

Description
A small mouselike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A poison and normal type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Grafaiai.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Shroodle


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Grafaiai

Description
A monkeylike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A poison and normal type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Shroodle.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Grafaiai


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Bramblin

Description
A tumbleweedlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A grass and ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Brambleghast.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Bramblin


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Brambleghast

Description
A tumbleweedlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A grass and ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Bramblin.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Brambleghast


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Scovillain

Description
A bipedal pepperlike pokémon with two heads, one red and one green.

Base Statistics
A grass and fire type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Capsakid.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Scovillain


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Capsakid

Description
A bipedal pepperlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A grass type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Scorvillain.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Capsakid


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Finizen

Description
A dolphinlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A water type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Finizen


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Cyclizar

Description
A lizardlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A dragon and normal type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Cyclizar


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Orthworm

Description
A wormlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A steel type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Orthworm


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Greavard

Description
A quadriped doglike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Greavard.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Greavard


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Houndstone

Description
A quadriped doglike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A ghost type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Houndstone.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Houndstone


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Varoom

Description
A englinelike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A steel and poison type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Revavroom.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Varoom


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Revaroom

Description
An ATVlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A steel and poison type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Varoom.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Revaroom


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Glimmet

Description
A gemlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock and poison type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Glimmora.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Glimmet


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Glimmora

Description
A gemlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock and poison type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Glimmora.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Glimmora


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Wiglett

Description
A eel-like pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Water type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Wugtrio.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Wiglett


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Wugtrio

Description
A eel-like pokémon.

Base Statistics
A water type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Wiglett.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Wugtrio


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Bombirdier

Description
A birdlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Flying and Dark type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Bombirdier


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Flittle

Description
A small pokémon.

Base Statistics
A psychic type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves into Espathra.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Flittle


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Espathra

Description
An ostrichlike pokémon.

Base Statistics
A psychic type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Flittle.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Espathra


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkatink

Description
A small humanoid Pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Fairy and Steel type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Tinkatuff.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkatink


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkatuff

Description
A humanoid Pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Fairy and Steel type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Tinkatink and into Tinkaton.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkatuff


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkaton

Description
A humanoid Pokémon.

Base Statistics
A Fairy and Steel type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Tinkatuff.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Tinkaton


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Rabsca

Description
A buglike Pokémon.

Base Statistics
A bug and psychic type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves from Rellor.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Rabsca


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Rellor

Description
A buglike Pokémon.

Base Statistics
A bug type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Evolves to Rabsca.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Rellor


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Xurkitree

Description
A humanoid treelike Pokémon composed of wirelike apendages.

Base Statistics
A Electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Xurkitree


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Arboliva

Description
An olive tree inspired pokémon.

Base Statistics
A grass and normal type Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Arboliva


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Miraidon

Description
A robotlike dragon pokémon.

Base Statistics
A electric dragon type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Miraidon


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Thorns

Description
A robotic bipedal pokémon.

Base Statistics
A rock and electric type Pokémon.

How to Evolve
Does not evolve.

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Iron Thorns


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Kitakami Index

 * 1) - Spinarak
 * 2) - Ariados
 * 3) - Yanma
 * 4) - Yanmega

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Kitakami Index


text:
Pokémon/Pokédex/Blueberry Index

 * 1) - Doduo
 * 2) - Dodrio
 * 3) - Exeggcute
 * 4) - Exeggutor

title: Pokémon/Pokédex/Blueberry Index


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Zuiki X68000 Z

History
The Zuiki X68000 Z is inspired by the X68000 computers of the 1980s.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Salora Playmaster

History
Finnish TV & Game console combo unit.


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Flying-Electric Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Steel-Fairy Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Flying-Dark Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Rock-Poison Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Steel-Poison Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass-Ghost Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison-Normal Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Normal-Grass Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Fighting-Electric Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Ice-Dragon Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Ghost-Fire Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Supplementary Physics and Chemistry


text: Category:Book:Exercise Physiology

title: Category:Book:Exercise Physiology


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/109.1 - Designated Countries of Origin

IRPA Section 109.1
Section 109.1 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Designated Countries of Origin

Designation of countries of origin 109.1 (1) The Minister may, by order, designate a country, for the purposes of subsection 110(2) and section 111.1.

Limitation (2) The Minister may only make a designation (a) in the case where the number of claims for refugee protection made in Canada by nationals of the country in question in respect of which the Refugee Protection Division has made a final determination is equal to or greater than the number provided for by order of the Minister, (i) if the rate, expressed as a percentage, that is obtained by dividing the total number of claims made by nationals of the country in question that, in a final determination by the Division during the period provided for in the order, are rejected or determined to be withdrawn or abandoned by the total number of claims made by nationals of the country in question in respect of which the Division has, during the same period, made a final determination is equal to or greater than the percentage provided for in the order, or (ii) if the rate, expressed as a percentage, that is obtained by dividing the total number of claims made by nationals of the country in question that, in a final determination by the Division, during the period provided for in the order, are determined to be withdrawn or abandoned by the total number of claims made by nationals of the country in question in respect of which the Division has, during the same period, made a final determination is equal to or greater than the percentage provided for in the order; or (b) in the case where the number of claims for refugee protection made in Canada by nationals of the country in question in respect of which the Refugee Protection Division has made a final determination is less than the number provided for by order of the Minister, if the Minister is of the opinion that in the country in question (i) there is an independent judicial system, (ii) basic democratic rights and freedoms are recognized and mechanisms for redress are available if those rights or freedoms are infringed, and (iii) civil society organizations exist.

Order of Minister (3) The Minister may, by order, provide for the number, period or percentages referred to in subsection (2).

Statutory Instruments Act (4) An order made under subsection (1) or (3) is not a statutory instrument for the purposes of the Statutory Instruments Act. However, it must be published in the Canada Gazette.

Country of origin is a term used to refer to a refugee’s country of citizenship or country of habitual residence
In immigration and refugee law, the term “country of origin” is used to refer to a refugee’s country of citizenship or country of habitual residence. The term is used in Article 3 of the Refugee Convention and the court has found that is is incorporated into the IRPA through this provision.


text:
Talk:AI Art Generation Handbook/Promptcrafting

Symbols – usable for which SD?
Here you added info on "Symbols". In which SD versions, websites, and so on can these be used? I don't know if you took these from here but that seems to only be for AUTOMATIC1111 and not yet usable e.g. in websites like playgroundai. Prototyperspective (discuss • contribs) 19:56, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi there, sorry for late reply. Yes, it is only usable for Auto1111 and its fork such as SD.Next. Next time, you can your own info, if you find anything wrong. It is wiki after all. :D MrAlanKoh (discuss • contribs) 17:05, 2 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Pimoroni PicoVision

History
The system was announced by March 2023. Initially know as the Pimoroni DV Stick, with DV standing for "Digital Video", by late 2023 the system was known as the Pimoroni PicoVision.

Compute
The system consisted of an original carrier board with an integrated RP2040 chip acting as graphics processor, as well as a Raspberry Pi Pico W board soldered on acting as CPU and offering wireless communications support. The system included 16 megabytes of memory in twin PSRAM chips, each with 8MB of capacity in addition to the 264 kilobytes of RAM included directly on the RP2040 chip.

Audio
A PCM5100A DAC is included. As HDMI audio is nonfunctional on this device, a seperate 3.5mm line out is provided.

Hardware
The system measured 87 mm long by 38 mm wide by 9 mm thick.

Compute
The system boasted twin RP2040 chips for compute, one acting as a CPU and the other dedicated to the display. Two PSRAM chips are included, each being deidcated to one of the RP2040 chips.

Hardware
HDMI connectivity was included. A single USB port was included. A bluetooth radio was included for wireless accessories.

Software
The system was designed to be a devkit for itself. The system is capable of booting to a MicroPython REPL environment.

Games
The system was compatible with Pimoroni Picosystem games.

One notable port was a version of Doom when used with a specific firmware and WHX file.


text:
User talk:64.237.182.192

Recent edits
—Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 20:35, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.237.182.192


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 22 - Misrepresentation

IRPR s. 22
The text of the relevant section of the regulation reads: Misrepresentation 22 Persons who have claimed refugee protection, if disposition of the claim is pending, and protected persons within the meaning of subsection 95(2) of the Act are exempted from the application of paragraph 40(1)(a) of the Act.

Commentary
Section 22 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations exempts refugee claimants whose refugee claims are pending and those recognized as refugees from being found inadmissible because of misrepresentation under section 40(1) of the IRPA. Which see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/33-43 - Inadmissibility.


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Air Lock Ability

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Air Lock Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Color Change Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Electric-Dragon Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Normal-Dragon Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Dark-Bug Pokémon

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Dark-Bug Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Drizzle Ability

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Drizzle Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Drought Ability

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Drought Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Fighting-Fairy Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Flying-Fighting Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Flying Moves

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Flying Moves


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Forecast Ability

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Forecast Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass-Dark Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass-Dragon Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass-Fire Pokémon


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Moves

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Moves


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Marvel Scale Ability


text: Category:Book:Pokémon/Minus Ability

title: Category:Book:Pokémon/Minus Ability


text:
User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)

Re: Talk to Us
Hello SGrabarczuk,

2022.01.19 SGrabarczuk wrote, "Hello, I was wondering if it was possible for you to join the meeting with the Community Wishlist Survey team today?"

Sorry to have missed that but I have primarily one simple wish for Wikimedia projects: less unnecessary complexity. Wikimedia has too much complexity already. Better to remove than to add.

"We could talk about your proposal."

Please, which proposal? I'm not following the train of thought.

Thanks,             ... P. PeterEasthope (discuss • contribs) 06:22, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

P.s. I don't check my talk page frequently. When a topic is time sensitive, better to contact me directly, peter at easthope dot ca.

 * Hello @PeterEasthope, thanks for your message. I don't remember what that meeting was about (it was two years ago), but I'll make a note to contact you via email in the future. Happy new year! SGrabarczuk (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 19:43, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)