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History of video games/Preservation

Europe

 * Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines in Moscow, Russia.
 * Computerspielemuseum Berlin in Berlin, Germany.
 * Finnish Museum of Games in Tampere, Finland.
 * National Videogame Museum in Sheffield, United Kingdom.
 * Video Game Museum of Rome in Italy.
 * Muzeum her Cibien's Corner in Prague, Czech Republic.
 * Retro Gaming Museum with branches in Iceland and Norway.

North America

 * The Strong Museum of Play in Rochester, New York.
 * National Videogame Museum in Frisco, Texas.
 * The University of Texas Video Game Archive in Austin, Texas.
 * The Computer and Video Game Archive (CVGA) at the University of Michigan Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
 * Star Worlds Arcade in De Kalb, Illinois.
 * International Video Game Hall of Fame in Ottumwa, Iowa (Under development)
 * Montreal Video Game Museum in Montreal, Canada.

Other

 * The Nostalgia Box in Perth, Australia.
 * The Retro Video Game Museum in Sydney, Australia.

Related Collections
Museums or collections of other subjects that include Computer Game or Video Game history.

Popular Culture

 * The MADE (Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment) in Oakland, California.
 * Australian Centre for the Moving Image in Melbourne, Australia.
 * Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle, Washington.
 * Ray & Pat Browne Library for Popular Culture Studies in Bowling Green, Ohio - Has media related to games such as movies based on game IP, rather than games themselves.

Computing
General computing museums often include game hardware, or early computer models that were sometimes used for gaming.
 * The National Museum of Computing in Bletchley Park, United Kingdom.
 * The Micro Museum in Ramsgate, United Kingdom.
 * Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.
 * Living Computers: Museum + Labs in Seattle, Washington.
 * Nexon Computer Museum in Jeju, South Korea.

Other

 * The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan.
 * Slovak Design Museum in Bratislava.

Battery backed RAM
Many early game cartridges use RAM to store save data. This requires a a battery to deliver power to the RAM at all times to avoid save game loss. These batteries will inevitably run out of juice, loosing the save games contained on the cartridge, and potentially causing other problems should they fail in other ways.

Ventilation
Ensuring proper ventilation to an air cooled device, and keeping it clean of dust can extend it's operative life.

Material degradation
Many computers and consoles use white ABS plastic with flame retardants that yellow over time.

Forgery
As with any work of art, or commodity, the existence of forgeries of historical video game materials makes authenticating certain materials more difficult.

Defective Design
Some consoles have inherent flaws in their designs that will eventually cause them to fail, such as the power supply used by the Amstrad GX4000 or the Red Ring of Death on the original Xbox 360.

As with any modern computer, many consoles and gaming hardware and software are likely to be susceptible to time issues, and may fail or encounter unexpected behavior once certain dates are reached. Notably, many devices have software which will encounter issues on January 19, 2038.

Displays
Some consoles with early built in displays, such as the Microvision or the Game Boy, have poorly made displays that rely on ample light to work, and either rot over time or become sunburnt and become unusable.

Some display technologies, such as early OLED panels, are highly likely to burn in images over time, though this typically does not render the device unusable.

CRT displays are no longer manufactured in mass quantities, leading to shortages of replacements for arcade machines that use them. This is complicated by CRT technology having many desirable qualities for gaming not replicated in current display technologies. Some early light gun games rely on CRT technology to operate.

Arcade Batteries
Some Arcade games, such as some made by Sega or those using the Z80 based Capcom Kabuki chip, would intentionally destroy critical data should an included battery fail.

Capacitor Plauge/Failure
Older capacitors may degrade out of spec, leak fluid, or otherwise become destructive with time, though this is highly dependent on capacitor chemistry, typically affecting small electrolytic capacitors the worst and on if the device has had proper storage conditions.

Server shutdowns
Some games rely on server functions or always online DRM to run, resulting in an unplayable game once servers are decommissioned. Obtaining legal access to game server software is much more difficult then it is to acquire legal access to the end user copy of the game.

MMO games are particularly difficult to archive.

As software and games move to exclusively be distributed over the internet, preservation becomes trickier due to a lack of physical media.

Sometimes online storefronts may remove older media, despite many old games being "finished".

Deliberate removal
Sometimes a game developer will decide to pull digital games from a storefront, making downloading new copies impossible, even if the digital storefront still operates and the game date is not technically lost.

Other removal is less overt. Bulky obsolete arcade hardware is sometimes stored outside where it is degraded by the elements, though sometimes salvage of previously unpreserved materials from these units is possible.

Data loss
Often source code, development materials, and the final game product itself are not properly preserved by developers or publishers. Additionally original audio recordings of in game samples are of interest to preservationists, and are also useful for remastering projects.

Bit rot, or degradation of game media, can also cause information to become lost if no backups exists. Even when studios keep backups, it is still possible for source material to be lost through corruption.

Solutions
There are two primary approaches to video game preservation, maintaining the physical objects themselves, and maintaining the digital contents of games. Both of these approaches require different skillsets, and an individualized approach to specific items.

There have been a number of successful attempts to mend copyright law to make preservation of gaming easier without harming the ongoing industry.

Some preservationists seek out dev kits, looking for lost data, though some companies have retaliated against those who do so.

Open source projects on GitHub, including a number of games and related technologies, are preserved on digital PiqlFilm in their Arctic Code Vault located under permafrost in a former coal mine in Svalbard. This film is said to be readable until the year 3020. The film also includes instructions on how to build a reader, should it be needed. Of course this project only protects open source software that was on GitHub on the archive date. This follows the precedent of another Svalbard based archive, the Global Seed Vault, which seeks to preserve agricultural biodiversity in case of destructive events.

Preservation History
An early encyclopedia of video game history was known to exist on the French Minitel system.

title: History of video games/Preservation


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in climate change

Defining climate change as a discipline
Climate change is a field of environmental science which is a discipline that focuses on the study of our environment and seeks to find solutions to various environmental problems. As this discipline is interdisciplinary, the study of climate change is now seen as a new academic field in its own right. According to the NASA, climate change is defined as “a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates".

An objective truth based on scientific studies
There is ample scientific evidence that the process of climate change is occurring. Quantitative facts, including statistics published in scientific studies, show this. The vast majority of experts agree that the Earth's surface temperatures are rising steadily and that the main cause of this phenomenon is human activities. According to the Intergovernmental Pan on Climate Change, evidences are “unequivocal”. A good example of this is the NASA statistic showing that temperatures have risen by 1.14 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. Climate change could thus be described as an absolute truth. And yet this is impossible since there is much debate about the existence of this phenomenon.

Current debates on climate change
Although quantitative evidence exists, some deny the existence of climate change. This is called climate change denial. The most radical, and therefore rather rare, position is to deny the existence of climate change. However, the modern debate today is more political and popular: questions are being asked about the causes and consequences of the phenomenon as well as the actions that should be put in place. Indeed, the response to climate change is sometimes closely linked to political parties. US President Donald Trump is a very good example of this, as he says that this is just a myth. The debates are also linked to economic and financial issues, since implementing environmental measures has an extremely high cost. Moreover, climate change is a global issue and thus countries need to cooperate, which leads to new debates and negotiations. A well-known example is the Paris Agreement signed in 2016 by 196 countries to reduce their polluting emissions: while it has for the most part been a success, the uncertain commitment of the United States shows that there is still much to be done. Finally, part of the difficulty in disentangling the true from the false in these debates stems from the media and the extent of misinformation and fake news on the subject.

Climate change thus appears to be a perspectival truth: scientists objectively demonstrate its existence, but many question different aspects depending on their perspective.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in history

Hello! Your article is very interesting. When you talk at the end about the means to determine truth in the discipline of history, maybe you should write a sentence with your words about what you mean by "historical method". I saw that you put a Wikipedia link and that's fine, but I had a little trouble understanding it, so if you understood correctly, I advise you to do that! --Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 11:01, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the advice! I've added another sentence summarising the process of source criticism (I didn't want to add too much since someone already covered it in the page for 'History of history', and I didn't want the sandbox to be very repetitive). Please let me know if it's comprehensible, and feel free to give more suggestions! Thank you Andreilla.m.l (discuss • contribs) 12:40, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

I think your citations are a bit different to everyone else's? When I click on them they do not take me to the correct spot in the article.

 * Oh, thank you for bringing that up! May I know if there was a specific citation that didn't take you to the correct spot in the article, as I when I click on them they seem to work? Andreilla.m.l (discuss • contribs) 21:29, 5 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:183.83.17.242

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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in geopolitics

Hello! Your article is very well written. I was just wondering if you could perhaps define the discipline of geopolitics so that everyone reads the article with the same definition in mind. Personally, I'm not sure I have the right one! --Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 11:11, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

I agree with what you said, a definition would definitely help so that everyone that reads it has the same definition.

 * Thank you for your suggestions! I have added a brief definition at the beginning of the article. XxXdiehardbascloverXxX (discuss • contribs) 02:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:TimRJordan/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 4/Truth

I just had a question about the section 'The question of Truth within Fine Arts' which is very interesting. Do Fine Arts' ultimate purpose is always representing the reality as closely as possible (and therefore the truth), or can it also be for example more abstract? Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 11:18, 3 November 2020 (UTC) Since the 19th century, Fine Arts works have not only one purpose. Indeed, the meanings conveyed through works of art became much more important as fine arts became free from this 'close to reality' condition. For instance, it is shown with artistic movements such as Conceptual Art. (I hope it answers your question :))Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 14:51, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, it does! Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 13:44, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

The part about the construction of Truth in Memory is super interesting, but maybe the link between memory and a discipline/disciplines could be a bit more developed? Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 15:03, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed! Perhaps the section could be broken up and integrated into the other disciplines? There's a short paragraph on the reliability of eye witness accounts in courts, for example, which, if elaborated, I think would make an interesting addition to the section about Truth in Law?Vkwzw (discuss • contribs) 15:33, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea, I am going to try to add this question in my section (Truth in Law)! Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 12:14, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks good! I added one example to the section but there are so many types of biases that could be discussed, so if anyone has time/is interested, do add more!Vkwzw (discuss • contribs) 12:18, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestions. I have now attempted to clarify the main disciplines that I focus on in which the study is embedded. --Banksy2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:25, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
 * This section is incredibly interesting. I think you have done well to focus on memory through the discipline by using the punchy topic sentence at the beginning. Superb theory discussion but perhaps linking back to the discipline of philosophy at the end will make it even clearer! --purplerain24 (discuss • contribs) 15:19 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * That's a good idea to tie it all together. I have now amended the conclusion. --Banksy2020 (discuss • contribs) 12:08, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

I see that the truth in memory section has referenced a Loftus study in which she implanted false memories into participants, I assumed this to be 'The Formation of False Memories' study by Loftus and Pickrell which is probably the most famous of the time. I have added the paper into your references but please delete it if it is not the study you were referring to!--Zvxz (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that was exactly the study I was referring to. Thank you. --Banksy2020 (discuss • contribs) 13:53, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

I think that the section on truth in memory is really impressive and there is very little space left for improvement (if at all). I was just wondering if it wouldn’t be better if terms such as ‘we’ and ‘our’ were changed to some more specific ones, meaning ones which point directly to human species? Of course, the section is perfectly understandable in the current form, however given that terms ‘we’ and ‘our’ are quite inclusive, once they are put out of context (for example when some passage from this section is cited) they might become a little confusing- someone might get lost to whom is that ‘we’ referring to. Anyways, I am not sure if that’s actually a real issue, but maybe it’s worth thinking about. 18:45, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * This is a valuable point, thank you. I have now edited to make the subject in question - human individuals - less ambiguous.--Banksy2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:25, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

I find the section on 'Pandemics wreaking Pandemonium: Seeking Truth in Social and Political Science' very insightful, especially the concept of 'factoids.' This section seems relevant to the 'illusory truth effect': the process by which, when exposed to repetition of a falsity, subjects come to assume that it is true. This is because people tend to judge truth by its familiarity. Perhaps you could incorporate this phenomenon into the section mentioning factoids? --Banksy2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:52, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I think this comment might be in relation to my section on political science as I mention factoids, sorry if I am incorrect! I have now added a section to relate this theory of truth to the discipline of political science. Thank you! purplerain24 (discuss • contribs) 02:05, 8th of November 2020 (UTC)

The section on 'Truth in Photography' is really interesting, especially because it's so prevalent in our current digitalized world. I wonder if a specific example of a photograph might aid your point? I wrote the section on cartography and found examples helped me a lot to put my point across and I would be curious to know about similar case studies in photography Jigamaree (discuss • contribs) 16:04, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * That's a great idea I shall put one in now! --Zvxz (discuss • contribs) 12:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I've just read it, super interesting. I had no idea about that inauguration photo! Jigamaree (discuss • contribs) 12:39, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

After reading 'Truth in Cartography', I wanted to research more into this highly topical debate. Perhaps the further discussion of maps being used as propaganda would be an interesting inclusion. Some maps are so from what society stereotypically call a map for example, Fred Rose's "Serio-comic war map for the year 1877" depicts Russia as a large octopus suffocating Poland and Finland whilst the rest of Europe are at peace. Maybe you could open this example up into a comment (backed up by a journal or article) surrounding what the boundaries of cartography are, visually and aesthetically. How can one distinguish between an artistic interpretation or a map? Are there any debates surrounding the description of Fred Rose's interpretation as a "map"?purplerain24 (discuss • contribs) 07:43 9th of November 2020 (UTC)

That's a great idea, thank you. I'll have a look into that soon. In any case, feel free to add to my section if you have good insights! Jigamaree (discuss • contribs) 12:37, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

I've had a look into the use of maps as propaganda and there is a huge crossover with persuasive cartography e.g. the use of colours and shading to portray a particular message so I believe this has mostly been covered. This paper is worth a read if you're still interested -https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00221344308986602?needAccess=true Fred Rose's "Serio-comic war map for the year 1877" was, however, an interesting read. Thank you for the suggestion. Jigamaree (discuss • contribs) 16:31, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, maybe within the "Truth in Law" section discussing the profession of law's representation within film and television could be interesting too. How is it exploited, twisted, dramatised and provocative for the audience? Are there any theories on whether this is damaging to the public's perception of law and order?purplerain24 (discuss • contribs) 07:52 9th of November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for your idea, I'll try to talk a little bit about this! Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 14:10, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

In Trith in Law, it would also be very interesting to see how Law treats truth that is put forth by "experts": in that sense, law must take into account every forensic discipline's epistemology.


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User talk:TimRJordan/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 3/Truth

Suggestion on truth in history
Hello, I was thinking you could also talk about the fact that historians can give their interpretation of facts. Multiple theories of different historians will then arise, creating debate, and it is up to their audience to adopt a critical way of thinking. For example, on World War 1 in France, there is a dispute amongst historians on the schools of “consent” (soldiers went to war because they were patriotic) and “constraint” (soldiers went to war because they were obliged to). I found an article on this (however it is in French, sorry), if you want to explore the idea a bit! https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2006/03/10/1914-1918-guerre-de-tranchees-entre-historiens_749539_3224.html Saucesoja (discuss • contribs) 11:34, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay thanks I'll add something on that - feel free to edit it if you feel like I forgot something or didn't explain it perfectly! Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 15:46, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Question about Truth in Films
Your article was really well-written and interesting! I was wondering as you said that films are a way to purge our own emotions and you talked about catharsis, do you think that we could consider that truth in a movie is related to the nature of feelings facing situations even if what we see isn't the empirical truth? That truth in films is more subjective as to give truth to the spectator through what he feels watching a movie? To what extent the empirical truth can be changed to immerge the spectator in a situation? Api20 (discuss • contribs) 11:15, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, adding on to the comment above, I think it would be useful to include more specific terminology, such as "subjective/relative truth" and "Perceiver of Truth" in your text to make your ideas clearer. For example, when you explain that catharsis could be seen as a "form of knowledge in regards to our deepest weaknesses and desires", I believe you're effectively explaining what subjective truth is. Moreover, when you mention that "through a reflection of ourselves" we are able to...,(correct me if I'm wrong) but I think you're pointing to the concept of the Perceiver of Truth (arriving at truth through experience, in that case, the experience while watching a movie). Eagle1020 (discuss • contribs) 15:26, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello, thank you for you comment, as watching a film is a personal experience and everyone has their own interpretation of a movie, I would side with the idea that truth is related to the nature of feelings facing a situation, as the truth we are looking for could not be compared to a scientific truth, but to something less stable and objective, though remaining universal, if this makes any sense... The Truth we are able to find through films isn't because we are faced with facts and reasonings, like we would be in school for example, but a truth that is less tangible.. This truth is more subjective. The aim of movies is not to teach facts like school does, therefore I think empirical truth can be altered as much as needed to allow a certain message to get through, although it is then obviously important to mention that the movie is not "based on real events", or knowledge... I apologise if my response is vague or confusing.. I would love to hear you opinion! --Fantomasque (discuss • contribs) 16:40, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Science in Post-truth politics
Hey, for an essay in another module I looked up for some of Donald Trump's ironic tweets on climate change and thought it would fit perfectly with both your point about the influence of social medias and the doubts about climate change despite all the scientific evidence there is backing up this scientific theory. So if you want to cite any in your article here are some of them: “Brutal and Extended Cold Blast could shatter ALL RECORDS - Whatever happened to Global Warming?” 12:23 AM · Nov 22, 2018 “Let's continue to destroy the competitiveness of our factories & manufacturing so we can fight mythical global warming. China is so happy!” 2:23 PM · Nov 1, 2012 “What the hell is going on with Global Warming? Please come back fast, we need you!” 2:28 AM · Jan 29, 2019 President of the US, Donald J. Trump @realDonaldTrump Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 23:33, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

Oh that would be really useful, thanks! Also, could I ask what you meant by 'political implications'? I thought implications meant consequence or something that is implied? Would 'political arguments' be better? PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 22:06, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

I meant that, for instance, with President Trump and climate change if he admitted publicly that climate change was real he would have to take measures for it. But maybe "political arguments" would be better indeed. (I think it's just that in french the word 'implication' was more fitted for this meaning but 'argument' probably works better here) Chopsticks21 (discuss • contribs) 15:43, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Oh ok, understood! I've changed it to political arguments as I was mostly referring to their political viewpoints instead of the measures they would have to take if they admitted that climate change was real. Thank you! PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 04:42, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion on Truth in Philosophy
Hi! I did some more research on the topic and found an interesting paper on whether or not truth in philosophy exists or can be obtained at all. It contains explanations of more general points of views in philosophy which might be interesting to explore as an introduction or conclusion. If you'd like to look into it this is the link https://cdn.mises.org/-3-8_2.pdf?token=4cl-SIhZ --TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs) 18:23, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Science communication and science scepticism and Science in Post-Truth Politics
I wrote the section 'Science in Post-Truth Politics' and enjoyed reading the section 'Science communication and science scepticism' as it was very informative. I realised our topics were related and could possibly be combined to further explore the issue of science denial in the politics and science communication disciplines. Would love to hear your thoughts about it! PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 19:14, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

I definitely see an overlap between our two sections - we both even use a very similar statistic about climate change. The 'Science in Post-Truth Politics' section places emphasis on the disparity in beliefs regarding key science topics as a political issue and the 'Science Communication and Science Scepticism' section continues this discussion by considering what science communicators can do to combat the spread of false information. In that sense it would definitely make sense to combine these two sections - would this be under the same heading? HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 22:00, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Yes, I agree! Would the heading 'Science Scepticism in Politics and Science Communication' be appropriate? Or would you prefer just 'Science Scepticism'? PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 22:47, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Maybe just 'Science Scepticism' to keep it concise? Let me know your thoughts HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 12:35, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Yup 'Science Scepticism' is good, I'll start combining them now. Feel free to edit and add anything new as you wish. PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi - I read through how you merged our two sections together and I think it's coming along really well! I may add a bit more about the issue of science scepticism regarding GM crops and/or vaccinations, just to expand that section so that we have a more balanced outlook on liberal vs conservative issues.HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 12:09, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi - I am planning on writing a little bit more about the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis. I think I am also going to separate this out into a new paragraph because currently our writing mentions the Trump tweet right after the line introducing the Anti Reflexivity Thesis. I thought this may lead to some confusion as the Trump tweet (whilst a good example of a politician blatantly denying science to appeal to his base) is not directly to do with the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis. Just trying to relay my thoughts - hope that makes sense! HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 14:09, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Yup I've read your edits and I understand! I enjoyed reading your new edits. PerpetualMisfit (discuss • contribs) 17:00, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

For clarification (I have been advised by Tim Jordan to note this even though we are past the submission date), this 'Science Scepticism' section is a collaborative effort by me and PerpetualMisfit, as I understand some of my original work may not be credited as it was transferred over by PerpetualMisfit.HotelBudapest (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion on Economics
Hello, I made a few modifications in syntax. And I wondered after reading your article if the truth in Economics you are talking about is what was presented as the "mirror" in positivism (getting evidence telling you how the world is). Maybe you could add a sentence about the nature of truth in Economics: empirical, objective, found by getting results of experiences... Api20 (discuss • contribs) 11:33, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Collaboration on Truth in Film
I really enjoyed reading this, it reminded me of a documentary filmmaker called Werner Herzog. He has often been criticised for bending the truth in his works. For example, he opens one of his documentaries called Into the Abyss (on death row in America) with an interview with a priest who delivers the last rights to inmates before they are executed. The priest talks about his experiences in his field of work in a calm, reasonable and measured way. Then Herzog asks him, out of the blue, to recount a story about a squirrel. The priest responds saying that he likes to play golf and one day he was out and nearly hit a pair of squirrels with his golf cart. As he speaks of this, he completely breaks down and becomes overly emotional in his discussion about how important life is and how those squirrels nearly died. This very strange, random questioning that leads to such an extreme reaction from a man who sees the moments before death every day is why people question Herzog’s creations so often.

Herzog has written before about his desire to find, what he calls, the ‘ecstatic truth’ rather than the ‘accountant’s truth and to present that to an audience. Here are some quotes of his from a speech-turned-essay called “On the Absolute, the Sublime, and Ecstatic Truth.”

“Only in this state of sublimity [Erhabenheit] does something deeper become possible, a kind of truth that is the enemy of the merely factual. Ecstatic truth, I call it.” “We must ask of reality: how important is it, really? And: how important, really, is the Factual? Of course, we can’t disregard the factual; it has normative power. But it can never give us the kind of illumination, the ecstatic flash, from which Truth emerges.”

Thought you might find this interesting if you wanted to collaborate on your current article!

Sugarfreejazz1 (discuss • contribs) 11:57, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello! Thank you so much for your comment! I shall look more into Werner Herzog's work as I had never heard of him. Also thank you for the quote which very interesting and relates perfectly to what I was trying to express in this article. His ideas seem similar to what I have read about Abbas Kiarostami, whom the last paragraph of my text is about: I would recommend reading the article referenced with it!

Suggestion for truth in History
Hi, your topic looks really well-thought out, I enjoyed reading it. You might find it interesting to look into the work of E. H. Carr. He was a historian whose ideas are very relevant to examining the notion of truth in history, because he viewed history as a constantly shifting interaction between the historian and the facts/ evidence that are available to them in the past. Carr's ideas may help develop your point about the historian's bias in history because his view is that truth in history is constantly changing as a result of the historian's choices. I hope this is helpful. Ridumdepiro (discuss • contribs) 14:43, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion on the Truth in Criminology
Hey! I find your topic very engaging. I wonder what hypothesis exactly means in criminology. Apart from realism, is there also interpretivism and constructivism involved in the process of making a hypothesis? For example, does the investigator also need to combine evidence and his/her imagination to formulate a hypothesis?--PepperOud (discuss • contribs) 14:50, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello, yes indeed curiosity and imagination are part of the job. Students in criminology are taught to use empirical truth as well as thinking because to connect elements with one another a part of imagination and talent is needed. The investigator in some cases has to step aside and create scenarios to make hypothesises that will be needed at the beginning of the investigation. Criminology regroups many different types of thinking. Api20 (discuss • contribs) 17:27, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion on Truth in Mathematics
Hello, I found your topic on mathematics very insightful. I did a bit more research on the subject, and I noticed that you didn't have a lot of content for "empiricism in mathematics", so I thought I'd share these links, I hope it helps! https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82730348.pdf and https://www-jstor-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/stable/42968451?sid=primo&seq=7#metadata_info_tab_contents Saucesoja (discuss • contribs) 15:58, 10 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I had a look and both of these were really helpful! --TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs) 16:21, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for the Truth in Journalism
Firstly, I found your article very clear and precise. You go through every aspect of truth in journalism. In your second paragraph, you mention the bias of certain journalists, it would be interesting to expand on the subject. You could explore the world of politically engaged networks such as Fox News for example. Journalists can have instructions to approach a situation in a certain way and not be objective. Fox News is known for its support of Republicans and the twisted news they report - could this be considered as truth or a democratic form of propaganda. Secondly, you could also explore more about the world of fake news. Through social media especially, fake news has taken a lot of influence and in many cases becomes the truth - Can false information become the truth if believed by the crowd? You could take Donald Trump as an example and how he uses his influence to spread fake news. When he says "When trees fall down after a short period of time, they become very dry — really like a matchstick. And they can explode. Also leaves. When you have dried leaves on the ground, it’s just fuel for the fires" to explain fires in California, his position makes people believe him and convince many that global warming isn't real (in this case).


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User:Plotlol

Coco Simon

title: User:Plotlol


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User talk:Plotlol

Welcome, Plotlol!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 17:11, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plotlol


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User talk:A.ren01

Perhaps it's worth noting the different kind of truths within the bible, since there is a large variety of different interpretations and forms of truth that can be extrapolated from it Triple zero one (discuss • contribs) 17:55, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:A.ren01


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in Physics

Origins of Power in Physics
James Watt invented the scientific concept of power in around 1770. In the International System of Units (SI), the watt (W), which is the unit of power, is formally recognised as one joule per second, and was named after James Watt himself. Since this quantified power as the rate at which energy is expended, it resolves nicely with other approaches towards power such as the power one might have in hitting a ball.

Watt too adopted the term horsepower in the late 18th century to compare the power of a horse with the output of steam engines.

Interpretation of Power in Physics
In physics power is the time derivative of work; where work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement.

Thus, power is also defined as the product of the force and the velocity vectors. In rotational systems, power is the product of torque times velocity. In fluid mechanics, power is equal to the product of pressure times the volumetric flow rate.

Power Structures in the Study of Physics
Physics is a traditionally male dominated science. By this, we would traditionally mean that the most famous figures would be names such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, James Clerk Maxwell, James Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Michael Faraday, Richard Feynman, Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg, Stephen Hawking and more. The Nobel Prize for Physics has been handed out 215 times by 2020, of which only 4 awards were to women. No black person has ever won the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Gender gaps in physics are amongst the highest in science, with Women in STEM fields being a minority. .

Explanations for low representations of women and people of colour in physics can be attributed to several societal power structures; systematic discrimination, intrinsic bias , harassment , lack of role models and psychological limitations due to these pre-established structures.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 9

Today in 1980 the Lisp machine manufacturer Symbolics was founded. It hired off most of the hackers from the artificial intelligence laboratory at MIT and broke with their culture of communal code sharing. This experience led Richard Stallman to build today’s Free Software community with its explicit philosophy, after several years of single-handedly competing with all of Symbolics’ programmers.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 9


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/February 9

Today in 1998 The Open Source Definition was announced, one of the most widely used set of criteria for evaluating the freedoms granted by a software license. It was adapted from the Debian Free Software Guidelines.


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History of video games/Platforms/Entex Adventure Vision

History
The Entex Adventure Vision was released in 1982 at a cost of $79.99.

A minimum of 10,000 units were produced, though some sources give sales figures of as high as 50,000 consoles sold. The system was discontinued about a year after launch. The system is incredibly fragile and prone to failure, which coupled with a small production run make still functioning units rare.

Despite its obscurity, the Adventure Vision stands out in an era flooded with copycats and clones for its unique, if flawed, design choices.

Compute
The Entex Adventure Vision uses an Intel 8048 CPU clocked at 733 kilohertz.

A National Semiconductor COP411L microcontroller clocked at 52.6 kilohertz handles audio for the Adventure Vision.

The Adventure Vision has one kilobyte of RAM with an additional 64 bytes in the Intel 8048. A BIOS is stored in one kilobyte of ROM.

Display
The display consisted of 40 red LEDs and an oscillating mirror that reflected those lights to a glass panel fifteen times a second. This mechanism makes the console rather fragile. Some have noted the similarity of the display to the mechanism used in the later Virtual Boy, the primary difference being that this display in the Entex Adventure Vision is not stereoscopic.

The resolution of the red monochrome display is 150 by 40 pixels.

Hardware
Similar to the Vectrex, the Adventure Vision is a table top unit, self contained with its own display built in, but too unwieldy and large to be used as a proper handheld. The system is designed for ambidextrous use, an excellent accessibility feature.

Game library
Only four game cartridges were made for the Entex Adventure Vision. All games for the Adventure Vision were ports of existing arcade games.
 * Defender - Shooter. This game was included with the Adventure Vision.
 * Super Cobra - Shooter
 * Space Force - Similar to Asteroids.
 * Turtles - Similar to Pac Man.


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History of video games/Golden age of arcade games

Pong
Pong is widely credited with sparking public interest in arcade games, and by extension the golden age of arcade games.

For information on Pong, please read its dedicated section in this book.

Wild Gunman
Wild Gunman was an early arcade game made by Nintendo in 1974 with Gunpei Yokoi as a designer. The Wild Gunman arcade machine used prerecorded video and a light gun to create a wild west experience. The game was released in North America in 1976 through a partnership with Sega.

Space Invaders
Space Invaders was released in 1978 by Taito to critical success. The development of Space Invaders was unorthodox for the time, because its designer Tomohiro Nishikado treated the game as more of a software project than a hardware project, and pushed the limits of the medium.

The inability of the computer to render all sprites at once without slowdown lead to desirable features kept in the game, namely a satisfying adaptive difficulty where enemies got faster when the player did well, and music that got faster as the game got faster. Space Invaders is often credited with popularizing, though not inventing, high scores and leaderboards. The original arcade cabinet uses a cellophane overlay to add color to it's normally monochrome graphics.

Space Invaders would highly influence a number of notable developers, including Shigeru Miyamoto, John Carmack, Hideo Kojima, and John Romero.

In 1980, Space Invaders was successfully ported to the Atari 2600 (the first arcade game to receive a home port) by Atari, Inc. programmer Rick Maurer, becoming the first video game to sell over a million copies (six millions by 1984). This version was the one used during the first esports event, The Space Invaders Tournament, held by Atari in the United States to launch the game in 1980. The tournament was won by Rebecca Heineman, then known as "William Salvador Heineman", who practiced with the game on pirate cartridges made by himself/herself. Heineman would later become a notable games developer.

Numerous other ports, both official and unauthorized, appeared on the consoles and computers markets, as well as various arcade games imitating and improving the game's gameplay.

Pac-Man
First launched in Japan on May 22, 1980 as Puck Man by Namco, and then released in the United States of America by Midway Games in October of 1980 as Pac-Man (the name was changed to prevent cabinet defacement) to massive success, Toru Iwatani's masterpiece video game soon conquered the video game market. Pac-Man was designed to reach out to demographics that were not being serviced by other arcade games, leading to expanded interest in video games, and also received a great number of console and arcade ports. Pac-Man contains 255 levels (simply due to a bug leading to level 256 being impossible to beat ) and has four ghosts chasing Pac-Man - each with their own individual AI.

Pac-Man was followed by a number of sequels, remakes and reimaginings. The first of those was 1982's Ms. Pac-Man, a Midway-published game developed by General Computer Corporation, derived from their Pac-Man modkit Crazy Otto. Ms. Pac-Man was a noticeably more advanced game, with four different mazes alternating, new ghost AIs, new music, audio and graphics and other enhancements, but ran on the same Namco arcade system as the original Pac-Man. It started a series of Midway-published pinballs and video games using Pac-Man characters, which included Pac-Man Plus (1982), Mr. & Mrs. Pac-Man (1982), Baby Pac-Man (1982), Professor Pac-Man (1983) and Jr. Pac-Man (1983). This deliberately unauthorized usage of the Namco assets for the Western market led to an end in the partnership between the two companies.

Galaga
A sequel of the 1979 Galaxian, Galaga was released in 1981. Galaga was quite popular in arcades, and received a number of home ports.

Donkey Kong
Radar Scope was a Space Invaders and Galaxian inspired game released by Nintendo in December 1979. After the failure of Radar Scope in America, a Nintendo employee fairly new to game design, Shigeru Miyamoto worked with a technical team at the firm Ikegami Tsushinki to reuse the failed machines as a new game. Since Donkey Kong was based on older Radar Scope arcade game machines, some features like the typeface used remained the same. Shigeru Miyamoto designed Donkey Kong around a jumping mechanic, which he tried to tap into the intrinsic joy of physical activity.

Donkey Kong launched in the United States on June 2nd, 1981 and achieved widespread popularity.


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2020/September

Speedy deletion backlog
Any administrator to assist me by deleting some of my pages at Category:Candidates for speedy deletion. These were botched moves, if they are not deleted in time I may not be able to continue with my books. Regards --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 11:08, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Speedy-requests processed, mostly. However, I'm unclear on why they would impede continuing with your books; what impediment do you have in mind, there? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:04, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The botched move on culture of Zimbabwe to Culture of Botswana then back again, created a redirect which made it impossible to fix my bad move. I am currently following a a time table I made for myself on progress with this book hence I have to finish a task before going to another, that was also my motivation for the proposal at WB:RFC --Synoman Barris (discuss • contribs) 14:10, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

Need to move over existing page
Need to move Transwiki:First word/doc over Template:First word/doc which I inadvertently created with incorrect content. Apologies. Thankyou. Bigdelboy (discuss • contribs) 02:27, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Should be done now. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 05:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

User:46.226.2.45
Vandalism. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (discuss • contribs) 10:08, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * CommentThis IP should be blocked from editing French/Vocabulary/Animals, since that is the only page this IP vandalizes . Cheers
 * Blocked them for a while. Some people might block that IP from editing that page.  Some might semi-protect that particular page.  I usually don't do either of those, on the theories that, one, if someone is demonstrating on one page that they have an unconstructive attitude, then our objection is to the attitude rather than to its target, and two, if we semi-protect their own target, that will only make it harder to identify them when they come back in some new guise with the same unconstructive attitude. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 25 September 2020 (UTC)


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History of video games/Arcades after the golden age

Barcade
The Barcade emerged an extension of the strategy of placing arcade machines in bars dating back to 1971 when a Computer Space cabinet was installed at the Stanford, California icon, the Dutch Goose bar. The first bar to pioneer the barcade model was the 2004 establishment of Barcade in Brooklyn, New York City. Barcades gained popularity in the 2010's.

VR Arcade
In 1991 the Virtuality VR arcade machine is launched, among the first VR arcade machines.

By 1992 there was at least one VR arcade in New York City and Chicago each.

Street Fighter
Street Fighter I was launched in arcades in 1987 and was followed up by the beginning of the more successful Street Fighter II series in 1991. The unauthorized modification Street Fighter II Rainbow Edition likely influenced later editions of Street Fighter II.

Mortal Kombat
Launched in 1992, Mortal Kombat is noted for it's intense use of violence compared to other fighting games of the time. Midway, the developers of Mortal Kombat, used real actors and digitized them for the game, and inserted dev team in jokes like "Toasty!" to the game. For at least a year following release, Mortal Kombat was in high demand in arcades, leading to versions for home consoles.

Dance Dance Revolution
Released in 1998, Dance Dance Revolution became a huge hit due to its unique gameplay.

Metal Slug
Launched in 1996, Metal Slug is renowned for both it's solid gameplay and it's excellent 2D graphics.

Silent Scope
The Silent Scope arcade machine has a gun controller with an additional LCD screen in the scope of the gun.

2005
In 2005 North American arcades were still available in dense urban areas, though had mostly vanished from suburbs.

2020
Sega sells off it's arcades in Japan because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Italian arcades
In Italy arcade video gaming developed circa at the same time as in the United Kingdom and the rest of Western Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, although it always remained focused in holiday locations, especially on the seaside, where today the last remaining video arcades are found.

Japanese arcades
The 1970's saw the first Japanese arcade games. By 1995 Japan had 51,520 arcades and 831,369 arcade machines. As of 2019 the number of arcades in Japan were in decline but continued to be culturally important. The COVID-19 pandemic shuttered iconic Japanese arcades.

North Korean arcades
Due to the secrecy of North Korea as a whole, little is known about the gaming culture there. However occasional glimpses of arcade gaming culture have been witnessed and recorded.

In 2008 photos of a North Korean arcade were released, showing a rather bare bones experience of mostly 1980's era machines. A 2013 commercial from North Korea shows an arcade including then recent games from 2010, though it is unknown how popular such arcades are.

United Kingdom
The Novelty Automation arcade in London took a unique take on the Arcade.


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History of video games/Mobile

Foundational Developments
On March 7th 1876 Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for the Telephone, sparking a telecommunication revolution by allowing people to talk to one another near instantly over long distances.

In 1966 inventor George Sweigert patents the cordless telephone, laying the groundwork to take telephones on the go.

Many early game pioneers, such as Steve Wozniak, were also telephone phreakers.

1993
In 1993 the Siemens S1 phone is released, including a clone of Tetris named Klotz, but is hidden as an easter egg to dodge patent issues.

1994
The IBM Simon touchscreen smartphone is released to consumers on August 16, 1994 at a cost of $1,100, lasting six months on the market and selling 50,000 phones. This phone included a puzzle game called Scramble.

Also released in 1994 is the MT-2000 phone by Danish company Hagenuk, which included a variant of Tetris.

1997
Nokia includes Snake for the first time on the Nokia 6110, a very popular game being included in 400 million devices as of 2013, and which was also among the first multiplayer phone games due to it's two player support over inferred.

2000's
On October 7th, 2003 the gaming focused Nokia N-Gage launches.

By the end of the decade the Apple App Store becomes a widely used platform for downloading games on iPhones.

Pokémon Go
In 2016 Pokémon Go became a widely popular augmented reality game.

2019
Apple launched Apple Arcade on September 19th, 2019.

Notable Games

 * Angry Birds
 * Fruit Ninja
 * Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp
 * Fire Emblem Heros
 * Candy Crush Saga
 * Subway Surfers
 * Fortnite
 * Temple Run
 * Monument Valley
 * Fate Grand Order
 * Neko Atsume
 * Snake
 * Part Time UFO
 * Send Me To Heaven
 * Rhythm Thief & the Paris Caper
 * PUBG MOBILE
 * 4 Pics 1 Word / 4 Bilder 1 Wort
 * Ace Combat Xi: Skies of Incursion

Pokémon Go
This game prompted some interest in urban design.

Flappy Bird
Became a phenomenon in 2014, then was pulled from app stores by its creator at the peak of its popularity.

Rebel Inc.
A counterinsurgency simulator. In 2020 it's developers received assistance from the Afghan Embassy in London, including comment from then Ambassador H.E. Said T. Jawad.

Console Phone Hybrids
Many Microconsoles and hybrid consoles made after 2000 use mobile chipsets due to their low cost, integrated features, and low heat.
 * Nokia N-Gage
 * Xperia Play

Consoles with integrated mobile internet

 * Zeebo (3G)
 * PlayStation Vita (3G version only)

title: History of video games/Mobile


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 3

Today in 1998 Giko appeared on 2channel. It is the first cat meme on the Internet.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/February 23

Today in 1998 the Mozilla Organization was created.


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User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in social networks

Truth in Social Networks
Truth in social media has awakened many serious debates on privacy, corporations, democracy vulnerability and AI database systems as fake news are more and more present. Fake news in twitter, for example, travel six times quicker than true facts. They are inevitably favored as they attract more people and provoke bigger responses on the public side. The business plan on which social media constructed itself is at the heart of why fake news are ultimately present: adds. Companies use digital plateforms to gain new consumers and established specific contracts with individuals or groups to show their ads, which makes the addiction of customers the real product in this whole virtual business. Therefore, ads are needed by the companies to be more visible and necessary for social platforms to survive, and the consumer's addiction is the real objective. Fake news are the results of people wanting to provoke responses on the consumer's side, to gain more visibility. The rapid expansion of social networks and technology throughout the population resulted in a lack of established laws against the violation of individual privacy. Computer's processing power has undertaken one of the highest growth becoming a million times more powerful in 30 years which means that much more data could be recorded. Facebook's trials developed a case upon article 230 that stipulates that those companies are immune to the content from their consumers found on their platforms. Edward Snowden is an example of one of those who realised how much data was being collected and tried to alert people about it. This data being collected, ads are more accurately distributed amongst consumers, resulting in a virtual prosperous circle for social media.

How Social medias are the new form of justice
Social media has become a unique way for someone to make his voice heard by many, which has lead to individual sources of protestations and deliberative judgement of others based on their actions or their sayings. Indeed, a powerful tool has been offered to populations, nowadays named as "mass society" which was a phenomenon already seen through the French Revolution, where people entered politics not through institutional reforms but through revolts and rebellions, forcing their way in. This mirror our today's model of social media as people are thriving for justice without having substancial notions about it, often based on emotional social responses. The Me Too movement saw the upcoming cases of men on social plateforms being judge by lambda citizen. This new form of justice has developed itself upon misleading informations that unables people to determines whats' fundamentally true or not.

The ethical dilemna of AI
AI has become more and more present in our technological industry, and its principal utility in regards to social media is to detect fake news. Comparing and analysing datas are ways to detect the authenticity of a source of informations. The system needs an important amount of specific datas to be able after to differentiate valuable and non-valuable sources, to be afterwards trusthworthy. However, contestations arised on the viability of AI and how it could be biased. Algorithms could be executed in specific ways for AI to be more in favor to notice certain types of news and not others. Therefore, even technology that is learning by itself can be questionable upon its viability as it's humans that are providing the informations required for it to learn.

Social media and democracies
Concerns about truth in social media created new controversial paradigms of greater interactions between the public and the government but at the same time greater political vulnerability. Indeed, social media data collections are useful for governements and allows people to directly engage with political figures, giving a growing importance to the social media. By misleading people through false accusations or incorrect datas, masses can be easily used into one political direction, easily becoming a threat to governmental authority or in some cases being used by governments. In non-democratic countries such as China, social media are often governmental tools or massively verified which doesn't give to individuals the right to express themselves freely. However, as it is the case in democracy, growing parts of the society have the possibility to be politically active, without having the necessary political background to adress those issues becoming a threat to democracy.


text: User talk:Jeahcantiga

title: User talk:Jeahcantiga


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History of video games/Platforms/VIA MOMA

Development
As early as May 4th, 2004 VIA had made public their plans to get their computer parts in a handheld game console after they were excluded from the ApeXtreme.

The MoMA design initially had controllers detachable from its screen.

The MoMA Eve was designed by Meyerhoffer Studios, which had previously done design work for Apple and Porsche.

Announcement
The MOMA was announced at E3 2004 for a release in Q1 2005 at a cost of under $500. News outlets panned the console for it's design making it awkward to carry when not in use, though some also appreciated it's aesthetics. A major perk news outlets noted was it's ability to play existing PC games.

A trademark issue in 2004 with CCP Ltd. of Iceland delayed the launch of the console as a name change was required.

The MoMA page on the VIA website was unchanged a decade after it was first announced in October 2014. By 2015 the website had been taken down.

The MoMA console is not known to have officially launched.

Compute
The VIA MOMA is powered by an x86 VIA Eden-N processor clocked at 533 megahertz.

The console has a 128 megabytes of DDR266 RAM which is shared between the GPU and the rest of the system.

The VIA MOMA GPU is a S3 Graphics UniChrome Pro clocked at 200 megahertz.

A CN400 chipset and VT8237 southbridge is used.

Hardware
The MoMA has a six channel audio system.

The system has a 1.8" 20 gigabyte hard drive.

The system has Wi-Fi B, two USB ports, a compact flash slot and TV output.

SIM Cards are used for DRM.

The VIA MOMA has a 4 inch TFT LCD with a resolution of 640 by 480. The screen was detachable.

The VIA MoMA uses two prismatic lithium ion batteries in tandem to provide two hours of charge time per battery, and to allow for hot swapping batteries on the fly.

Software
The MoMA runs embedded Windows XP. However the system was planned to be configurable to be fully open for power users to use as they wished.

A P2P network called GameDweller by AceGain would have delivered DRM content for purchase or rent, supported server browsing, game updates, and instant messaging.


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User talk:GCooper316/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 10/Truth

Potential contribs to music entry
Hi all! I wrote the truth in music entry. To be honest, it's a pretty complex and abstract topic, and it could be explored in many other ways too. (i.e. different genres, instruments) Basically, if anybody wants to add a section on it, go ahead:) You can have opposing views/arguments regarding the truth in music too Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 18:55, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi! I added a bit. I thought the arousal theory could be arguable interpreted as a constructionist view towards music, thereby holding further impilcations for truth within music. I hope it fits, I tried to format it that way. Of course, do feel free to tell me if i should change anything, or edit it yourself! RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 14:51, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Saw your contribution and really liked it! I've edited it and intergrated it into "Expression of truth in music" so it flows better, thank you so much. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

(adding on) potential contributions to the gender entry
I wrote that entry and personally felt I could have added more because gender spans so far and wide, so if someone is doing like something from a sociological perspective maybe they could add something, or reccomend it?RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 19:55, 6 November 2020 (UTC+8)

 * Hi, I added under the Constructivism in Gender section about how social policies (a constructivist academic discipline in itself, that overlaps with sociology) can influence the landscape of gender studies. Feel free to make some edits to it to make it flow better according to your original vision for the entry! Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 10:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I just saw! Thanks so much, i've edited a bit to make it just flow a bit better (while I do think you have a point originally, I had to modify so it fit because my constructivist blurb was more focused on the study of gender itself rather than its external impilcations) RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 14:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Comment on the "logical reasoning and truth" section
I think for the "logical reasoning and truth" section within "truth in logic", there could be more elaboration on the link between logical reasoning and truth. In particular, i think an interesting addition would be how logic is relevant in the different approaches to truth (positivist, constructionist,...)? So far, it speaks a bit about having formal proofs, but I think maybe delving deeper into how these formal proofs are made would help. RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 19:55, 6 November 2020 (UTC+8)

 * Thank you for your comment. I have talked about the normative approach to truth with logic in the section above "logical reasoning and truth" because this is where I have done my research. From what I have seen logic is a normative discipline, I didn't find any information about another approach, I will do further research to see if I can find anything. For the second part of your comment, I have elaborated in the introduction how arguments are made with logical reasoning, the part "logical reasoning and truth" was meant to explain the relation between the logical reasoning I have explain in the beginning and truth. But if this is not clear enough, I am probably going to see how I can arrange this section. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 16:12, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I saw just now, I think it is way better now! You've elaborated much more and its a lot clearer. Just to clarify a bit of what I meant, theres not usually stuff that actually links positivism/constructivism to the descipline in question, but from what we know of the two its possible to link them yourself as an expansion of what we learned.RandomOmellette (discuss • contribs) 14:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

How to edit your reference: wikibooks guide
I have seen that some reference where repeated many times at the end and I made change so they could appear only once. I have noticed this is repeated frequently (for the sandbox about History and Evidence) and I assume that maybe not everyone knows how to do it. For everyone interested this is what you need to do when you have the same reference repeated many times and want it to appear only once at the end of the sandbox to make it less "congested": you start the same way (as if you want to add a new reference) but in the beginning put . Then, just put the same thing in front of the other identical references.You just need to change the “anything you want” when you change to another reference. In case it was not clear, take a look at the edits in the user page. I hope you find this helpful. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 16:29, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Organization and tones in "Truth in Communication"
1. The article lacks an obvious overall progression marked by lack of divisions unlike other articles on this page. Perhaps you can include some divisions to clearly lead your reader to the main points of your article. 2. “The preconceptions associated with the relationship between social sciences and truth, would suggest that truth in a discipline like communication is constructed, relative and subjective.” I think punctuation used in the sentence makes it difficult to catch the overall meaning. I suggest the writer slice the ideas in distinct sentences for the sake of clarity instead of making a complex sentence.

3. I think articles should maintain a formal tone. In this article, personal pronouns are used (we) which makes it less formal and objective especially in paragraph 2 and 3. I suggest the writer take a third person approach to make it more truthful.

4. Organization. I think it is better to interchange 2nd and 3rd paragraphs for a smoother flow of ideas. At first, it would be better to tell that there is a general belief that everyone tells the truth. Then in the last paragraph, you can refute it with the constructivist theory and the example there.

5. I think it would also be good if there is a conclusion for the article to give the reader a sense of closure.uhmmmm (discuss • contribs) 18:08, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

6. In my opinion it would sound better, if you replaced "communication" with "language", for example, because language can be seen more as a whole discipline than communication and yet language is a base of communication. However, I may be wrong, correct me if I am. --Piscesmoodphase (discuss • contribs) 18:48, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestions, I have now edited the article and divided it into sections. I have also replace the personal pronouns and added a short conclusion. Let me know if you think there is anything else I could do to make it clearer or better! Avotoast (discuss • contribs) 19:28, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Comment on "Constructivism in Happiness"
First of all, I find your work really interesting. I just wanted to add a comment about one of your section ( the one where you talk about constructivist approach to happiness). You don't say explicitely which disciplines are concerned for this approach, from the rest of your work, I believe it is psychology but I think that if you just add this information in the section it will be clearer for the people who read the text. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 06:05, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you that you find my work interesting. As you suggested, I clarified the point in the introduction part. uhmmmm (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Responding to discussion posts
Hi all, this doesn't really concern any entries in the sandbox, but rather the Discussion page. Just wanted to remind everyone that if you would like to respond to a discussion post, you should make sure your response is indented (relative to the main, initial post). You can do this by adding a ":" in front of your response. Or if you're replying to a reply, "::". Makes it a little easier to read and discern who is responding to which message, so we can bring this forward to future wiki assignments! Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 07:44, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes you are right. I have edited all the response on the discussion page and it is way clearer. We should definitely implement this for our future discussions. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Clarifying a part of Truth in Logic
I found this entry very interesting while I was editing parts of it, but I found that I'm unsure of what this sentence means:

"In his Principles of Mathematics, Russel says that the truths coming from logical constants only are a priori truths." under 'Criticism' I believe.

Did the writer mean "truth coming from logical constants is only a priori truth?" Or "truths coming from logical constants are only priori truths?" I know this is very minor but I wouldn't want to damage the original intention of the text by directly editing it. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 07:48, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The correct formulation is "truth coming from logical constants is only a priori truth?". "A priori" is a word, it means not empirical, only depends on deduction in this context. Anarmi632 (discuss • contribs) 18:25, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I did a quick search for what a priori is after submitting this post and soon realised that it was its' own word - apologies! Thankfully, no edits were made to that section. Gonkponk (discuss • contribs) 18:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)


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Talk:Professionalism/The Sinking of the Titanic

Technical Details
Can we check all this? The Wikipedia page on Titanic lists a gross register tonnage (GRT) of 46,328. This is not the weight of the ship! This is the enclosed volume of the ship, divided by 100 cubic feet. The weight of the ship is the displacement tonnage, 52,310, according to Wikipedia. Some sources quote a displacement tonnage of 66,000. My source quotes a GRT of 45,328. The displacement tons are long tons, 2240lb. Displacement tonnages can be empty or full, so those two numbers actually are reasonable. One of the GRTs probably is a typo, but that could be my source. My understanding is that Titanic was designed to survive with any two adjacent holds opened up, or with the first four holds opened up. I don't have a reference for this at hand. it appears she met specifications, and I do not know if modern specifications are any better. Titanic suffered a freak accident in which the iceberg gently grazed the side of the iceberg for an unsurvivably long distance. A head-on impact would have been more destructive, but survivable. Like the World Trade Centre towers, if you damage something enough, it will fail. JHowardGibson (discuss • contribs) 19:54, 4 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:Nathanwhit

Miracle Rice
Introduction

title: User talk:Nathanwhit


text: User:Nathanwhit/sandbox

title: User:Nathanwhit/sandbox


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History of video games/Platforms/GP32

Launch
The GP32 was revealed at E3 2000 at the latest. The GP32 saw a 2001 launch.

The GP32 had a niche in it's domestic South Korean government, as imports of Japanese electronics were banned by the government until 2002. A planned European release for March 2003 was announced by GamePark's partner Mitsui to be canceled due to financial issues in October 2003.

Legacy
The GP32 managed to sell 32,000 units worldwide.

Following the Game Park split, the GP32 had multiple successor consoles, of which only one would survive to market. GamePark Holdings, a splinter of GamePark, managed to launch the GP2X as an indirect successor which emphasized the open nature of the GP32. The original GamePark would attempt to bring the XGP to market as a direct successor that emphasized the commercial titles of the GP32, though GamePark would go bankrupt before the console could be finished. GamBros, yet another splinter company from GamePark, would attempt to salvage the XGP line as the GamBros handhelds, though they too would fail to launch a console.

Compute
The GP32 is powered by a 32-bit Samsung S3C2400X01 ARM-9 architecture CPU clocked at 133 megahertz.

The GP32 has 8 megabytes of SDRAM.

Hardware
The GP32 has a 3.5" reflective (Non-backlit) TFT color LCD with a resolution of 320 by 240 pixels.

The system sported a radio for multiplayer.

There was official support for loading downloaded games to the system over USB from an internet connected Windows PC.

Commercial Game Library
The following is a condensed version of the list of commercial GP32 games on Wikipedia.

2001

 * Dungeon & Guarder
 * Dyhard Infinity
 * Little Wizard
 * Rally Pop
 * Tanggle's Magic Square

2002

 * Astonishia Story R
 * Treasure Island
 * Kimchi-Man
 * Tomak: Save the Earth, Again!
 * Therapy
 * Her Knights
 * Dooly Soccer 2002
 * Hany Party Game
 * Princess Maker 2
 * Raphael
 * Oneshot Voca
 * Pinball Dreams
 * Wizard Slayer
 * Super Plusha
 * Funny Soccer

2003

 * Mill
 * Tears: Contact
 * GP Fight
 * Winter Is...
 * Story of Bug Eyed Monster
 * Gloop Deluxe

2004

 * Blue Angelo
 * Wanna Be Wizard

External Resources

 * Video Game Kraken - GP32 page

title: History of video games/Platforms/GP32


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History of video games/Platforms/Pandora

Development
Much of the early Pandora community was formed at the GP32X forms, where the team making the console began polling users about their ideal console by 2007.

The Pandora was mostly made in either the UK or Germany, with some plastics being sourced from China. This choice increased costs, but was made so the developers could be close to production.

Launch
Around early October of 2008, 2000 orders within 6 hours of ordering availability resulted in temporary site unavailability.

The Pandora began shipping in May 2010. Production of the Pandora ended in 2013, and was succeeded by the Pyra project. Around 5,000 consoles were produced by 2013 before a large branch of the project was dissolved after 7 years of operation, though the German branch remained active.

Legacy
The schematics for the Pandora PCB were open sourced in 2014.

The Pandora is notable for being among the first a community oriented consoles that actually made it to production. What is especially notable about the Pandora is successfully doing this in an era before widespread online crowdfunding and easy access to home rapid prototyping hardware, proving that mass production of a community oriented game console was possible, though with significant challenges and delays. Furthermore the Pandora was among the earliest open source oriented game consoles to run a fully featured operating system.

Compute
The Pandora cleverly took advantage of increasingly capable mobile oriented SOCs as a base for its design, a strategy that would later see widespread use in other mobile consoles and microconsoles.

The Pandora is powered by a ARM Cortex A8 processor clocked at one gigahertz. The CPU is complimented by a PowerVR SGX 530 GPU clocked at 110 megahertz.

The Pandora has 512 megabytes of RAM and 512 megabytes of built in NAND storage.

Hardware
The Pandora uses a 4.3" color TFT LCD resistive touchscreen with a resolution of 800 by 480 pixels.

The Pandora was designed with special care in regards to audio capabilities. The system uses a Burr-Brown DAC to achieve an SNR of 100dB, as well as a built in microphone and stereo speakers.

The user replaceable 4200 mAh capacity lithium ion polymer battery lasts about 10 hours of heavy use, or 20 hours of light use.

At the time the Pandora had impressive connectivities capabilities for a handheld console. The Pandora has a full size USB 2.0 Type A port and dual SD card readers. The Pandora has b/g Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR.

Notable games
The Pandora plays most open source Linux games that run on ARM architecture computers.


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History of video games/Platforms/DragonBox Pyra

Development

Following the release of the OpenPandora console, a member of the Pandora development team began developing a spiritual successor console in 2014. During development, several processors were considered, including those from Qualcomm and Intel.

Preorders for the Pyra began in 2016. Pre-orders cost 500 euros or US$580. At least 700 preorders were placed by May 3, 2016, allowing production to be funded.

Pre-Production prototypes were shipped in late 2019. By 2020 hardware development was finalized, and development efforts began to focus on finalizing software.

An art book containing 48 pages and chronicling the development of the console was made to be included with shipped units.

On December 24, 2020 photos of subassemblies were shared.

Technology
Technology choices are typically driven by performance, cost, or portability in most handheld consoles. The Pyra bucks that trend, making choices that emphasize upgradability, maintainability, and compatibility with an open source ecosystem. Thus while the Pyra had underwhelming performance for the time it was announced, it had other qualities not found in competing handhelds which were desirable to the niche audience it was marketed to.

Compute
The Pyra is powered by a Texas Instruments OMAP 5 SoC containing two ARM Cortex A-15 cores clocked at 1.5 gigahertz, two ARM Cortex M4 cores, a PowerVR SGX544-MP2 3D GPU, and a Vivante GC320 2D graphics accelerator.

Depending on the unit, a Pyra either has two gigabytes of RAM or four gigabytes of RAM. All Pyras have 32 gigabytes of eMMC, an internal microSD card slot, and two external SD card slots.

Hardware
The mainboard, CPU board, and display board are all fitted in modules for easy replacement or upgrades. This makes the Pyra relatively unique among consoles, as few home consoles offer such modularity, and among handheld game consoles this is nearly unheard of.

The Pyra uses a 5" LCD touchscreen with a resolution of 1280 pixels by 720 pixels. The touchscreen is resistive, allowing for use through gloves and other non conductive surfaces, though lacking the finger oriented optimizations of capacitive touchscreens.

The system contains a vibration motor, gyroscope and an accelerometer.

The Pyra uses a 6000 mAh battery.

Radios include 2.6 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz WiFi a/b/g/n, and Bluetooth 4.1. An optional 3G/4G/UMTS + GPS module is included on some units, allowing for the system to make use of mobile data and make use of the global positioning system for location information.

Notable games
As of 2020 the Game category of the DBP (DragonBox Pyra) repository had 19 entries.

External Resources

 * Pyra website


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Truth/Truth in climate change

I like your post a lot. Maybe you could have brought in some current aspect of how maybe Trump or other leaders are responding to the "truth" of climate change. Hello! It is true that taking an interest in politicians' responses to climate change is very relevant. However, I'm afraid I'll stray a bit from my topic if I expand on that part, so I'll do some research and advise. Thank you very much for your help!--Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 14:47, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Really great post. I like how you talked about the political implications of climate change, using Donald Trump as an example. It would be interesting to look at the other disciplines associated with climate change such as geography, economics (financial implications of climate change), and international relations (as climate change is a global issue), etc. Hello! Thank you very much for your advice, I'll add a passage about that in my article! --Legrandherbage (discuss • contribs) 14:39, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 9/Power

Problems with power in Chemistry
You have two chapters called the same thing - I am not sure if this is meant to be? Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 09:27, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * One is called 'Problems and Power of Racial Diversity' and one is 'Problems and Power of Gender Diversity,' so they are different! But that makes me wonder if the subheadings are too long - I'll see if I can shorten them to limit confusion. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 11:47, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Iranian Theocratic Power
This was an interesting read, and something I've never read about before! I just corrected the order of punctuation and references, I hope you don't mind. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 04:57, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Psychology
I would be glad of any inputs to my small paragraph on Power in Psychology - I need to alter it really to take out references to Trump, ideally, but he gives such a great example in one of all these ideas of the great philosophers and psychologists and many more that I started from there.

 * I think using Trump as a case study is fine if it helps illustrate your point; from what I've read, I think it really helps to explain the links between power and knowledge. You could always try writing a more general introduction to the idea of power in epistemology, and then include Trump in a smaller sub section to highlight where we can see this issue playing out in the world today. That way it might seem less like a whole section on Trump, but rather a section with Trump as a good point of reference. I'll have another think and let you know if there's anything else I come up with that might help! Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 06:44, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you! But I decided to change it, and not write about him directly, more indirectly. I could revert if you think that contribution is better than this one?

 * You've managed to write the section brilliantly without referring Trump! The whole section flows really well and your thoughts are really well organised. I'd definitely keep it this way. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 16:06, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you!

Power in Social Media
I really enjoyed reading this section, and it felt very relevant to modern society, especially with the links to the recent COVID lockdown. I just wanted to make a few suggestions that I thought might help to improve the section slightly. In the first paragraph, you mention that social media usage as a way to get news is increasing - I think it would be good to reference this point and find some data to back it up. I had a look for some data, and I found a 2020 Ofcom report, but this report found that the figures had dipped slightly this year, from 49% to 45% of people using social media as a news source. Some data like this might be good to make source everything is cited when it needs to be! Here's the report: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/201316/news-consumption-2020-report.pdf

It might also help if you linked each of your subsections back to the idea of power, and added a few sentences in to show how all the issues you've raised are an expression of power in social media. You did this with social media and company perceptions, but the other two sections might benefit from being linked back to the idea of power, just to make sure that the section stays relevant and directly in line with the issue of power being discussed.

Just a few suggestions, but let me know if you don't like the sound of anything or if you don't agree! Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 09:04, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello. Thank you for your feedback, you're right I should quote the references more precisely in the first paragraph entitled "background". I changed my sentence and said: "many people are relying on social media as a source of news." As a reference, I used a study showing the number of users of social networks in the United States. Otherwise, I also changed the title of my 3rd part to : "The power of social media during lockdown". I will also add a picture of this graph: https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ --A.ren01 (discuss • contribs) 11:26, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I also think a graph of the Swedish data would back up your argument, simply because you referred to it. I like this discussion and will add to it. Have you seen The Social Dilemma on Netflix? If not, you should - it deals with this issue head on and has some interesting data in it. (Like none of the owners of these big social media companies let their children use electronic devices and send them to schools that don't use them - is there something that we don't know?!)Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 18:28, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * ::: Thank you! I already have a graph that I'm going to put in my text but I'll definitely put the link of a graph of the Swedish data. I haven't seen The Social Dilemma on Netflix, so I'll watch it. Thanks for your feedback. --A.ren01 (discuss • contribs) 11:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

I added in a little paragraph about regulation and the use of data.I hope you don't mindTsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 09:25, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Not at all, thank you. Not at all, thank you. Do you mind putting your reference, though? --A.ren01 (discuss • contribs) 20:32, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Chemistry Discussion
Hi, I wondered whether you should qualify the country you are looking at for your referencing. I think you are looking at the UK, but diversity in other countries might be achieving different levels? It might also be worth referencing examples where diversity inclusion is changing and where it has been a positive success - where people / companies are trying to get ethnic minorities/women into positions of power, and achieving it?

A lot of professions lose women as they get older. Through research this has been because of having children. In the big accountancy firms, the intake of male/female graduates is 50/50 split but by the age of 30, many women have left. Most women never reach partner because they leave to have a family and the demands of a family outweigh the benefits of the job. (However, many female board members have told me - always keep your foot in the door). This is changing and there are more programmes to help women keep working whilst balancing home/work but it is a very difficult tightrope. It might be worth referencing any data you can find on this?

 * Thank you so much for your feedback. You're right, I was mostly referring to the UK, with one study looking at minority groups and the marginalisation they experienced in an American university - I will go back and make this clearer. That's also a great point about looking at where diversity and power dynamics are being brought back into balance. I hadn't even considered the idea of professions losing women due to pregnancy and childcare, so thank you for bringing this up, it's really interesting to see how multi-faceted the issue of power seems to be. It feels like every time I find one power imbalance in Chemistry, it opens up a hundred more! I'll have a look around online for some more information and add anything if it feels like a useful addition. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 16:14, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Schooling
I added a section on non-decision making in schools as I thought it was highly relevant. Whoever is the creator of this section, please let me know what you think! --5050clown (discuss • contribs) 16:23, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * It works really well with the rest of the section, thank you! I think it helps expand how decision-making (as it is discussed to be unequal in my earlier contribution) can have negative impacts, which only reinforce power-parities. Hithertoundreamt (discuss • contribs) 21:54, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

 * On your paragraph of non-decision making - is your data relevant to primary schools or secondary schools and in which country? I think you need to back this up, and define which demographic/geographic you are looking at. From personal experience, which is therefore data driven but anecdotal, there are many more female primary school teachers than male. This is partly because the cost of living is higher in some areas and so traditionally, the husband has had "the big job" and can afford to live in more expensive areas and for women to go back to work whilst bringing up a young family means teaching is a good fit and the quality of female teaching is pretty high in these areas. You don't get great male primary teachers living in their catchment area, if any. Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 10:36, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I had tried to specify that the male-dominance in schooling is more at the higher end of the system. I.e. in the government. I should find some source to back up this claim though. --5050clown (discuss • contribs) 16:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Psychology - Part II
This section was fascinating to read and I think it explores some really interesting ideas about how power plays out in Psychology! There were a few issues I noticed, mostly to do with tone and referencing, which I think could be easily fixed and make the section even stronger.

I have already edited a few components such as the use of contractions and a conversational/informal and first-person tone (use of "I" and "you"), which I was able to edit to make the section seem more neutral and objective. I was unable to find a way to rephrase this sentence seen under the "Power within" subsection:

>   "Applied during lockdown, we can change the balance of power: we have seen increases in mental health issues, because the focus has been on how bad things are as opposed to how lucky we are – we are not sick, we have our health, we are studying in one of the finest institutions in the world, we have each other, we can go outside etc., there isn’t an enemy!"

This idea comes across as highly conversational and subjective, and I would suggest either rephrasing or omission of this sentence.

Besides this, while some in-text referencing has been used, there are several points where no citation is provided, particularly to support quotations. This can be easily solved by adding references to the end of every quotation or discussion of other's ideas (including when you name Levi-Starusse, Kahnemann, Freud, Heidt for the second time, Beck, and Marcuse)

Hope this helps and I would be happy to clarify any pints made if they are unclear! All the best Hithertoundreamt (discuss • contribs) 22:30, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! If you want to change anything that I write grammatically, please do - it's very kind.Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 08:13, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I have made those changes to that paragraph - see if it reads better? @Hithertoundreamt

 * Looks great! The only part I am not quite sure about is the "we are studying in one of the finest institutions in the world": while the rest of the sentence could be applied more generally, this specific component comes across as direct speech. I think it would better fit the sandbox if there was no direct voice involved, ie. the text would come across as neutral. Other than that, thank you for taking my feedback on board, it's a really interesting read! -  Hithertoundreamt (discuss • contribs) 18:26, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi, really enjoyed this section. Found Beck's Triad a very interesting concept and the different sources you used bringing a really diverse tone of both past and present (JS Mill's "On Liberty" from 1859 vs Kimberlé Crenshaw's Ted talk). The only issues I could find were with the tone and keeping it impartial as @Hithertoundreamt said, for example, "Kahnemann's theory is interesting because he narrows down....". Otherwise, really enjoyed! Basciscool44826 (discuss • contribs) 13:39, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Anthropology
I just finished my section on power in anthropology. Any feedback would be much appreciated! --5050clown (discuss • contribs) 05:02, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I didn't know you were studying anthropology too! I have some contributions I will make - I had already written them for my first attempt so can add them to yours, if that's alright - mainly to do with Colonialism/Orientalism/Otherness and the fall out of different views. I will add, and then you can take out if you like.Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 08:11, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Great additions! I had tried to fit in Foucault in some way but I couldn't get my head round it fully. The place you put it is perfect. --5050clown (discuss • contribs) 11:20, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi! Just wanted to say I really enjoyed your section, the addition of the Yanomami case study made the subject pop out more and added a needed dynamic Basciscool44826 (discuss • contribs) 12:33, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Reference changes
I have made some changes to references 29, 30 and 31. I just changed the format, adding the ISBN number for example. --A.ren01 (discuss • contribs) 11:38, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * THUMBS UP!

 * I've also gone through some references, changing some into named references and changing the order of punctuation and the in-line superscript number where appropriate. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 06:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Advertising
I thought this really interesting - that whatever worked then, still works today. I made some grammatical changes, merely to help the flow of the section, and added some paragraphs just to make it easier to read. Tsarina Catarina (discuss • contribs) 10:02, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Cheers, wrote it a little late so my proofreading wasn't great Triple zero one (discuss • contribs) 17:17, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Power in Psychology and Sourcing Wikipedia
I've noticed that in the power in psychology section, Wikipedia is sourced ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism). There are a few other instances of this in our sandbox. For this one I think it can be replaced with a hyperlink, but I have doubts that wikipedia is a good source to use as a reference. --5050clown (discuss • contribs) 15:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * This is a very good point that I hadn't picked up on, and something we definitely need to keep in mind when writing the Wiki Chapters. Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 16:09, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

General Thoughts
I've found it really interesting seeing quite a lot of contributions and interest around the rising of new modern powers, powers which are deeply interconnected, such as that of Social Media and Digital Marketing. It's fascinating to see a variety of different approaches taken onto these very new, emerging fields, as well as the clear interdisciplinary nature of these fields (due to the huge overlap amongst them). One area I find lacking though is based around the psychology of this, namely why these new forms of power have been so successful/what occurs psychologically for this success to occur. If anyone has found any good research papers around this or is also interested in this area please let me know. Triple zero one (discuss • contribs) 17:32, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello. I am also curious about the field of psychology and I found this article very interesting. In fact, I used it to write my text. Brooks, Samantha K; Webster, Rebecca K; Smith, Louise E; Woodland, Lisa; Wessely, Simon; Greenberg, Neil; Rubin, Gideon James (March 2020). "The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence". The Lancet 395 (10227): 912–920. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. --A.ren01 (discuss • contribs) 20:39, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree, this is such an interesting topic and such a new way to look at power in interdisciplinary ways. I just had a look at the paper you shared above, and it's definitely worth a read - thank you! Inorganic-Yogi (discuss • contribs) 04:52, 10 November 2020 (UTC)


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User talk:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 15/Truth

Hey guys! Just going through and trying to alter grammar, hope thats okay, if someone could look at mine that would be super helpful as I think I'm too used to it - let me know if it doesn't really make sense! (the logic section) Sunnday (discuss • contribs) 15:24, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll have a look at it! Freeshsalmon (discuss • contribs) 19:07, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Hi everyone. Shall we have a discussion around the validity of sources like the guardian/independent. They are news sources and tend to be quite inaccurate when compared to the BBC etc? Frenchfries124 (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Although I would agree with your stance on the issue of validity with these sources in most situations, I believe it depends on which page you are using. In my section, I did not cite a news article from The Guardian, but instead a biographical profile of a practitioner, as the company also reports on and reviews different works in the arts sector. As many articles in the arts centre around a performance process, or the artists personal context, I don't think biases present as much of an issue in this context as they would do in reporting a political event, for example. Freeshsalmon (discuss • contribs) 14:54, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, i think for biographical information its fine. For political commentary though it's a no go. Frenchfries124 (discuss • contribs) 16:05, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I think that when it comes to political concerns its hard to find evidence as statements always rely on opinion, so the issue spreads wider than the journalistic field (statiscal evidence for example can be tricky). But I think it can be constructive to cite press articles to describe different point of views in a certain context (e.g. a debate on a specific issue) if you refer articles from newspapers that have different political orientations. Empereurthepug (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 10 November 2020 (UTC)