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Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Port of Newport News

This casebook is a case study on the Port of Newport News by Andrew Kearney, Trevaughn O'Neil, Walker Brock, and Jean Montanez as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-004 Synthesis Seminar for Policy & Government / CEIE 499-001 Special Topics in Civil Engineering Fall 2022 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, and the Volgenau School of Engineering Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Modeled after the Transportation Systems Casebook Under the direction of Dr. Jonathan Gifford.

Summary
The Port of Newport News, known as the Newport News Marine Terminal (NNMT) is one of six terminals of the Port of Virginia owned by the Virginia Port Authority (VPA), an agency under the Commonwealth of Virginia under the auspices of the Virginia Secretary of Transportation and operated by the VPA's private subsidiary, Virginia International Terminals LLC (VIT). Located in Newport News, Virginia, NNMT covers around 57 hectares, 165 acres on the north bank of the James River, and specializes in services such as warehousing, heavy-lift cranes, breakbulk, and roll-on/roll-off capabilities. These services provided by NNMT help make the Port of Virginia the third largest port on the East Coast and help attract other industries to the Virginia Commonwealth and Newport News region such as distribution and manufacturing. The NNMT is the VPA’s main terminal for break-bulk and roll-on/roll-off services. Boasting world class services and operations, the port is the fastest growing in the United States, and is a driver for commerce and economic growth in the region because of its large employment of ten percent of Virgina's workforce , and access to major roadways such as Interstate 664, Interstate 64, US Route 17 and US Route 60 and over 36,000 feet of rail lines connecting to the Midwest. Through its specialized services, NNMT helps support Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base with shipbuilding and repairs as well as serving as a focal point of cooperation and support for numerous federal customer such as the Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Customs and Border Protection.

History
 Origins of “Newport News”

The city of Newport News was officially founded in 1896 but the area and harbor had a longer history reaching back to the 1600s. Originally an area of land claimed by the Virginia Company (a British trading company focusing on the colonization of eastern North America), the name supposedly comes from Captain Christopher Newport who would voyage several times to Newport and could give news of supplies. Around 1881 Newport News began a large amount of industrialization with the help of two large companies, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad which extended into Newport News in 1881, and the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company which began around 1886. Both companies were owned by Collis P. Huntington, an American Industrialist, who led the Peninsula Extension which expanded the railroad into Newport. This expansion eventually leads to the founding of the City of Newport News in 1896.

 Newport News Navy Shipbuilding, and World War I and II

The Newport News Shipbuilding company quickly began making ships for the US military. By 1897 they had made 3 Gunboats for the Navy, the Nashville, the Wilmington, and the Helena. By 1906 they had built 5 Battleships, the Kearsarge, the Kentucky, the Illinois, the Missouri, and the Virginia. The US entered World War 1 in 1917 after the sinking of the Lusitania, and production of ships skyrocketed, with Newport News making at least 25 Battleships for the Navy. During this time there was also a shortage of housing for dock workers which led to the creation of Hilton Village, and it was financed by the government, which made it one of the first planned communities in the US. New highways were built in the area to connect the port to military camps. After the war they began creating Aircraft Carriers with the first being the USS Ranger which launched in 1933. In World War 2, Newport served a similar purpose and between 1938 and 1941 they built three more carriers, the Yorktown, the Enterprise, and the Hornet. These carriers also helped win the Battle of Midway, which was a major turning point of the war. The Enterprise would also go on to become the most decorated warship in the US Navy. Over the course of the war, the shipbuilding yards workforce more than doubled to keep up with its needs, this also led to a massive 77% increase in the town's population.

 Post-War Consolidation

As the population increased a large number of people moved into the surrounding areas (mostly the Warwick area), which eventually led to issues with providing services to this large influx of people as taxes couldn’t keep up. There were a series of issues in trying to consolidate the surrounding areas between 1950 and 1955, but in 1957 the area of Warwick consolidated with Newport News becoming one city.

 Shipbuilding for the Navy (Post World War II - Present)

Newport Shipbuilding continued to build more ships for the Navy, and in 1955 built the first “super-carrier” the USS Forrestal. In 1960, Newport finished their first nuclear power submarine, the Shark. In 1961, they built the Enterprise, which was the first nuclear-powered carrier. In the mid-60s Newport finished building two new carriers, the America and the Kennedy, and began working on a set of 9 nuclear power submarines. Between the early 70s to the late 2000s the shipyard mainly focused on 10 nuclear power carriers that were all designed and built in Newport. During this time, they also build 29 Los Angeles Class Submarines between ’76 and ‘96 Since 2008 they have been working the first of the new class of carriers, the Gerald R. Ford, and have been working on Virginia Class submarines.

Newport News Marine Terminal as an Infrastructure Component
Newport News Marine Terminal is an expansive port that offers 60 acres of outside storage with at least 968,000 square feet of covered storage space. The port also contains two piers that each harbor four vessel berths for expected water vessels. The pier has 3480 feet of berth space that consist of a 40 foot draft depth to accommodate approximate water vessel lengths of 850 feet. With such a large amount of space, the facility also contains 18,990 feet of Class 1 rail provided by CSX Transportation (a leading provider in rail & rail-to-truck services.) Along with the Class 1 railway the port also provides multiple passageways to places around the country, The Landside Access provided by NNMT includes roads that lead to Interstate 664 (I-664) to provide goods and services to different states, roads to US route 60 to access different cities within the Virginia Area, and access to 25th Street which is a direct road into the city of Newport News. The Waterside Access for NNMT consists of two parts. The first part of the Waterside access would be its connection to the James River. From this river water vessels are able to service the Port of Chesapeake, Hopewell, Norfolk, Portsmouth and Richmond which are all located locally in Virginia. The James River then feeds into the Chesapeake Bay which is the second part of NNMT's Waterside Access. The Chesapeake Bay is a system of Rivers that connect NNMT to other ports in the DMV area including - the Washington Navy Yard located in the District of Columbia, the Port of Annapolis and Baltimore located in Maryland, and the Port of Alexandria and Cape Charles which are located further up in Virginia. Along with the Waterside Access of the Newport News Marine Terminal is the Newport Shipyard which offers on-site refit and repair services for ocean vessels.

Infrastructure Performance
The Newport News Marine Terminal has continued to remain an efficient and dependable port throughout the years. During a time with tariff-driven trade wars, economic ruin and the Covid-19 crisis, Newport News Marine Terminal has been on top of the manufacturing and redistribution of goods. A major consequence from the pandemic was its impediment on manufacturing mostly being the production and supply of goods. Although many critical businesses remained operable the supply for goods was either halted or slowly decreased while the demand for products continued to grow. The port had to adjust to accommodate their customers who were heavily affected by the pandemic. The Marine Terminal's persistence and determination during the pandemic led to its most productive year on record. NNMT recorded "more than 3.5 million TEUs" (Twenty-foot equivalent units) starting in the year 2021. (The fiscal year started in June 2021 and ended this year in May). Stephen A. Edward the CEO and executive director acknowledged the port's success to "the entire port of Virginia team along with its supporting partners in delivering best-in-class performance." The port has also delivered exceptional ship repair to yachts, recreational boats, and commercial vessels. The Newport Shipyard has serviced a multitude of maritime vessels for customers and armed forces alike and has not had any trouble doing any carpentry, metal work, mechanical or electrical repairs to get each vessel in its best working conditions. In conclusion, NNMT has remained a vital infrastructure component that benefits the citizens of Virginia but also the Marines and Navy forces that are serviced by the port.

Funding
The Newport News terminal, like its sibling facilities nearby, is sustained mainly by the revenues it produces from its port activities. The terminal has the capacity to handle break-bulk, roll-on / roll-off cargo, shipbuilding, and large storage facilities including 60 acres of outside storage and 968,000sq ft of covered storage. According to the VPA’s 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial report, for the international terminals the total amount of operating revenue is $873,707, while the total of operating expenses is $876,048. Additionally, the facilities also receive funds from state grants for specific new constructions or maintenance. Huntington Ingalls Industry (HII), the largest military shipbuilding company in the country has a facility in the port that focuses on building U.S. Navy nuclear aircraft carriers, submarines, refueling, complex overhaul, and carrier inactivation. Aside from its transportation connections via water, the Newport News terminal also is connected to rail transportation provided by CSX Corporation. The terminal is just off from Interstate 664 to downtown Newport News and has easy access to Interstate 64, US Route 17, and US Route 60, all of these allow for easy movements of goods from the terminal to its national and international partners. According to the VPA annual financial report, the top 5 trading partners when it comes to exports are China, Brazil, India, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the top 5 import partners are: China, India, Germany, Italy, and Brazil.

Future Development
With the volume of cargo coming through NNMT steadily and consistently increasing, plans have been made for the expansion of the port to accommodate the increase in traffic through the port. The Port of Newport News is one of the fastest growing ports in the United States and helps support the world’s largest naval base. NNMT is expected to invest $1.5 Billion into its infrastructure improvements between 2015 and 2025. This has led to the implementation of the FY2022-2065 2065 Master Plan, a commitment of over more than forty years to expand the port to meet the growing needs of its customers including the U.S. armed forces, civilian customers, and the growing population in the region. The main emphasis of the Master Plan involves steady investment leading to consistent growth and connectivity with other parts of the world including South America, Asia, and Africa; and investing in increasing current capabilities. A $350M investment will be made to deepen the thimble shoal channel by 55 feet, to remove sediment build up in the water accommodate more traffic coming through the Chesapeake Bay into Norfolk Harbor and the James River and is set to be done by 2024 and become the deepest port on the East Coast. By the end of the Master Plan the NNMT will increase its status as the port best suited for warehousing, rolling cargo and breakbulk cargo. Logistical investments will also be made to update and replace old equipment at the end of their service life to accommodate the traffic and cargo volume increases. The investments for the expansion of the port will be funded by the VPA’s Capital Investment Plan (CIP), a combination of federal and state funds, and port revenue and will use a tiered approach to allocate funds towards the most in demand infrastructure projects including dredging, updating and increasing the efficiency of existing facilities, and constructing new ones. The CIP is forecasted and calculated to provide unconstrained growth through 2065 while making positive cash flow annually. The need and desire to expand the port and its infrastructure is a result of increased volume coming through the port which causes logistical issues such as congestion, delays, and increased emissions of Greenhouse Gasses such as Carbon Dioxide (Co2). The surge in volume and resulting congestion from larger ships carrying greater amounts of cargo helps increase the risk of supply chain shortages and crises, prompting a proactive effort by the VPA to increase the capacity of each port under its authority. The forty-three yearlong Master Plan encompasses not just improved infrastructure for increased port capacity and expansion of services, but also environmentally safe operations.

Environmental Impact
Another foremost aspect of the VPA Master Plan is the commitment to operate all ports, including Newport News on 100 percent clean energy by 2032 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040, operating in an eco-friendlier manner and being more energy efficient. The high degree of industrial activities in the port brings up concerns of increased pollution of air emissions and toxic chemicals leading to negative health effects such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This leads to the commitment of the port to operate in a manner of cutting emissions to as close to zero as possible and balancing emissions by removing an equal amount of carbon from the atmosphere as released into it. Aside from NNMT’s efforts to operate at net zero carbon emissions by 2040, the VPA has made efforts as early as 2008 to utilize operations and systems to promote sustainability and environmentally friendly operations as part of the Environmental Management System (EMS). The EMS is designed to identify environmental risks relating to port operations and begin efforts to improve efficiency. Examples of this include identifying ways to reduce air emissions, and managing waste generated from port operations, and embracing recycling practices. The EMS program is certified by the International Standards Organization, making it the first of its kind to operate on the East Coast.

Key Figures
VA Secretary of Transportation - Ensures the state of Virginia has access to outside markets by overseeing and maintaining transportation networks and services.

Virginia Port Authority - State agency and owner of the Port of Virginia, including Newport News, reports to Secretary

Virginia International Terminals LLC - Private subsidiary of VPA who has operated the port since 1981.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2

5...Bxf2+
The main idea of the Traxler Counterattack. Ignoring White's fork, Black aims to gain tons of space on the board and move all their pieces out to attack the wide open king. Impressively, Black will be able to gain their lost material if played correctly.

White can capture with Kxf2, but Black more easily be able to launch a counterattack, starting with Nxe4+. Thus experienced players generally prefer Kf1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2

6. Kxf2
Accepting the bishop sacrifice. Nxe4+ is to follow.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4

6...Nxe4+
Black plans to bring their queen out with Qh4 next move. To avoid any danger and move out of the open file, White has two sensible options: Kg1 and Ke3.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3

7. Ke3
This is the move which modern chess engines prefer.

Black continues their plan with Qh4.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4

7... Qh4
White must prevent Qf4+, leading to a swift checkmate. The only feasible option is 8. g3.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3

8. g3
The Black queen and knight are double attacked. However, Black has Nxg3, opening a discovery attack on the c4 bishop.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3

8...Nxg3
White must capture back. A move like Nxh8 leads to mate in 2.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3

9. hxg3
Black must be careful here. If 9...Qxc4, 10. Nxh8 and Black runs out of steam. If 9...Qxg3+, 10. Qf3 and the queens are traded. Therefore, 9...Qd4+ must be played first.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3/9...Qd4

9... Qd4+
Black cannot be allowed to capture the c4 bishop with check so 10. Kf3 is the only move.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3/9...Qd4/10. Kf3

10. Kf3
Here, Black's plan is to castle, targeting the knight, followed by d5, cutting off the bishop from the knight. It is actually impossible to save both minor pieces, and Black appears to be closing in on gaining back their -4 material advantage.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3/9...Qd4/10. Kf3/10...O-O

10... O-O
White must play 11. Rh4 to prevent d5 and Black's numerous checkmate threats.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3/9...Qd4/10. Kf3/10...O-O/11. Rh4

11. Rh4
Black can fortunately gain a tempo and protect their queen with 11...e4 here.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4/8. g3/8...Nxg3/9. hxg3/9...Qd4/10. Kf3/10...O-O/11. Rh4/11...e4

11...e4
After Kg2, Black can finally capture with Qxc4 and the Traxler Counterattack is proved to have merit. Black has an obvious attack on the White king but White can finally start developing their pieces, starting with moving their f7 knight back.

Finally, it should be noted that 12. Rxe4 is a mistake because after 12...Ne5+ 13. Rxe5 Qxc4, White has no way to defend their knight.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Kg1

7. Kg1!?
Black continues with their plan of Qh4.


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Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Kg1/7...Qh4

7... Qh4
Checkmate with Qf2 is threatened. Surprisingly, the three strongest defenses, Qe2, g3, and h3 all give Black a perpetual draw (see below).

 * 8. Qe2 Nd4 9. Qe3 Nxc2 10. Qe2 Nd4 11. Qe3 Nc2
 * 8. g3 Nxg3 9. Nxh8 Nd4 10. hxg3 Qxg3+ 11. Kf1 Qf4+ 12. Kg2 Qg5+ 13. Kf1 Qf4+
 * 8. h3 d5 9. Bxd5 Qf2+ 10. Kh2 Qg3+ 11. Kg1 Qf2+

This makes 8. Qf3 White's most popular move, although Black gains a strong initiative after Rf8 and with plans of rerouting their knight to g4.


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Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India

On the roads of India — fifth personal exhibition of the photographer and traveler Viktor Pinchuk, which was held from April 2 to April 15, 2007 in the Crimean Artist's House (Simferopol), where was located the regional branch of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine, by the referral of which author visited India.

General information
Creative trip to India lasted two weeks; the route included eight cities: Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, Ajmer, Vadodara, Surat, Margao, Mumbai, Bandra. .

Works of genre and street photography dominated the presented collection Realistic situations of Indian life were complemented by images of ancient architecture, animals and deities. The neighborhood of majestic palaces and mausoleums with complete unsanitary conditions surprised some viewers who were brought up on the beauty of Indian movies.

Conception of the cultural and geographical project included not only holding an exhibition: author wrote several articles describing exotic country, its inhabitants and traditions, in particular "God is one... In 200 Persons" (see below), about the peculiarities of Indian religion (as understood by a European); few years later a brochure "Indian Dreams" was published.

Wikisource

 * God is One… in 200 Persons — page from the story of exhibitionʹs creation.

authors: Виктор Пинчук


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Kinematics/Transformations

Kinematics and SL(2,R)

Kinematics is the study of motion without regard to force or momentum. SL(2,R) is the special linear group of 2 x 2 real matrices with determinant 1. It is a continuous group of three dimensions as the four matrix entries are constrained by determinant fixed at 1.

The coordinate plane may be taken as a frame of reference (t, x). When an element of SL(2, R) acts on the coordinate plane, the area of figures is preserved due to the determinant condition. Some matrices yield a rotation of the plane, which preserves distance as well as area. Kinematic transformations with zero acceleration are expressed by matrices that preserve area but not distance.

The first instance is linear motion of velocity v where a new position of x, after time t, is x + vt. The linear transformation is expressed:
 * $$(t, x) \begin{pmatrix}1 & v\\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = (t, tv + x) .$$

It is called a shear transformation in linear algebra. This shear transformation is part of classical mechanics and has been replaced in the electronic age as follows:

The supreme velocity in kinematics is the velocity of light c, so a kinematic velocity v satisfies v < c or v /c < 1. The concept of rapidity is introduced using hyperbolic angles and the hyperbolic tangent function. This function is also bounded above by 1, so rapidity w satisfies tanh w = v /c. Change of frame of reference is accomplished by hyperbolic rotation:
 * $$(t,x)\begin{pmatrix}\cosh w & \sinh w \\ \sinh w & \cosh w \end{pmatrix},$$

where cosh w is hyperbolic cosine of w and sinh w is hyperbolic sine of w. The trigonometric identity
 * $$\cosh^2 w - \sinh^2 w = 1$$ confirms that the transformation is in SL(2, R).

Velocity measured with hyperbolic angle uses wings for units, where one wing is the speed of light in water as Ludwik Silberstein notes on page 181 of The Theory of Relativity (1914). More modest speeds are commonly described in miles per hour (mph) in English measure. Naturally one mph is 1 mile/3600 seconds compared to c = 186,000 miles per second. The ratio 1 mph/c is about 1.5 x 10−9. Thus the rapidity w for one mph satisfies tanh w = 1.5 x 10−9.

Since the derivative of tanh w is sech2 w, the maximum rate of change of tanh w is one when w=0, and away from zero the slope of tanh nears zero. So for small values of w, tanh behaves as the identity function. Thus the rapidity corresponding to a mile per hour is 1.5 nanowings where a nanowing is 10−9 wings. A hundred mile per hour fastball has 150 nanowings  rapidity. A kilometer per hour is 0.9375 nanowings.

Recall that rotations are in SL(2,R) and note the angular measure of these transformations. The classical and modern transformations for linear motion also have angular measures: differences of slope and hyperbolic angle. See Geometry/Unified Angles for details.

title: Kinematics/Transformations


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User:Dean.E.Peterson/sandbox

Dean's sandbox

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User talk:Quinnerwinner12

Hello. This is my discussion page.

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Talk:Practical Electronics/Finding component information/Resistors

Power rating
How to find the power rating from the dimensions of a resistor? Rob Kam (discuss • contribs) 11:58, 16 October 2022 (UTC)


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User talk:Cassdorian

Unblock
Hello, sorry you hit an auto-blocking filter there. This should not happen now. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 13:50, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

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Circuit Idea/How to Derive Basic Circuit Principles

The Idea
Once we have accumulated ideas about many specific electronic circuits and built up a "philosophy" about them, it is not difficult to notice that the seemingly large variety of electronic circuits and devices is actually built on a small number of clear and ingeniously simple fundamental ideas. Thus, the idea of making a hierarchical classification of universal principles on which the specific circuits are built, along the lines of Altshuler's 40 principles, developed by him in the field of mechanical engineering, naturally arose in us. The formulation of such universal circuit principles and their arrangement in a hierarchical system would allow us not only to deeply analyze the operation of electronic circuits, revealing their mutual connection but also to create, synthesize, pseudo-invent and even truly invent new devices.

Tools
We can extract these "pearls" of human thought with the help of various creative thinking techniques as follows:
 * Transferring intuitive ideas from our life experience to abstract electronic circuits
 * Looking for associations and analogies between different at first glance devices
 * Functionally representing the phenomena in the studied circuits
 * Revealing the circuit contradictions in the operation of electronic devices
 * Clarifying the cause-and-effect relationships in the studied phenomena
 * Building sensor-motor models
 * Thinking figuratively, etc.

Classification
The idea of this story is to share our experience in systematizing circuit principles, "tricks" and effects in the field of analog circuitry but this can be done in any field of electrical and electronic engineering. The classification consists of four main parts. In the first, we can include universal principles of inventive creativity that can be found in all areas of analog circuitry. In the remaining three parts, we can reveal the principles for building passive analog devices, devices without negative feedback, and devices with negative feedback. We can illustrate the principles both with specific devices from the field of analog circuit engineering and with "non-electrical" examples from life.

General principles

 * Turning loss into gain
 * Pre-deliberate deterioration with the idea of future improvement
 * Annihilating a harmful quantity with a useful "anti-quantity"
 * Splitting the functions of a device into multiple functions and assigning them to different devices

Principles for Building Passive Analog Devices
We can divide them into two large groups concerning resistive and reactive analog devices.

The principles by which resistor analog devices are built are derived from the basic laws of Electrical engineering. So, for example, from Ohm's basic electrical circuit we get six operations for converting electrical quantities: voltage-to-current, resistance-to-current, current-to-voltage, resistance-to-voltage, divide voltage/current, multiply current x resistance. Thevenin and Norton's real electrical circuits give us the idea of five more operations: voltage-to-voltage conversion, resistance-to-voltage, resistance-to-voltage ratio, current-to-current, multiplication of voltage by ratio of resistances. From the branched Kirchhoff circuits we naturally obtain the other operations: series summing, subtraction and comparison of voltages, parallel summing, subtraction and comparison of currents and voltages.

The principles for building reactive analog devices are based primarily on intuitive notions and associations with life phenomena. These are passive voltage copying, dynamic "moving" of voltage changes (coupling of one voltage to another), dynamic "hardening" of "soft" voltage, fast charging - slow discharging and vice versa, reversal of voltage polarity, etc.

Principles for Building Electronic Analog Devices without Negative Feedback
.............................................................

Principles for Building Electronic Analog Devices with Negative Feedback
We can derive them primarily by generalizing analogies from human everyday life and transferring them to electronic devices.

We can present the fundamental idea of negative feedback sequentially in three logically related principles. The first of these, called figurative active copying, uses Kirchhoff's laws to implement serial and parallel active followers.

We can summarize the property of negative feedback systems to suppress disturbing effects in the principle of disturbed active copying, which finds application in precision diode rectifiers (to eliminate the diode forward voltage VF), emitter followers included in the op-amp negative feedback network (elimination of the transistors threshold voltage VBE), voltage stabilizers with a three-wire connection to the load, etc.

The principle of intentionally disturbed active copying turns negative feedback followers into amplifiers. So for example, through multiplicative constant disturbance we can invent common emitter stage with negative feedback, op-amp inverting and non-inverting amplifier, etc. Similarly, when we attack a follower system at its output, it reacts to this intentional disturbance by becoming an amplifier - this "trick" is based, for example, on the operation of a common-base stage. If we further develop this idea by connecting two follower systems with their outputs to each other, we cause a conflict between them and force them to amplify - this is how the differential amplifier (conflict between voltage sources) and the transistor stage with a dynamic load (conflict between current sources) work.

Apart from the conflict principle, the relations between two follower systems can also be built on the principle of mutual assistance. For example, if we apply common-mode signals to the inputs of a differential amplifier, we will observe a current source assisting a voltage source. This phenomenon also exists in some cascode circuits, where a voltage source assists a current source.

When we vary the disturbance at a constant input, the output signal of the system becomes a function of the disturbance. This principle tells us how to create various resistance-to-voltage converters (thermo-, photo- and other resistive sensors, digital-to-analog converters with R-2R ladder), threshold voltage meters of light-, zener and other types of diodes included in the negative feedback loop.

If we analyze our behavior in a number of life situations and transfer the obtained ideas about the observed phenomena to electronic circuits, we can formulate a group of universal principles for converting passive analog devices into active ones. The first of these we can call active copying with removing the original or removing the disturbance by anti-disturbance. It resolves a contradiction typical of passive circuits - if a current is consumed in an electric circuit, a voltage drop occurs on the consumer, which is harmful to the source but useful to the consumer. We can destroy the "harmful" voltage on the "disturbing" element by adding an "anti-voltage" equal in value and opposite in sign to it. Thus, we can invent "ideal" measuring devices (ammeter, ohmmeter) and circuits for charging batteries, driving LEDs, DC motors and other current consumers. We can improve this principle by using the value of the "anti-disturbance" to judge the degree of the disturbance and thus obtain more extremely valuable "ideal" devices - current-to-voltage converter, op-amp ammeter and ohmmeter, summers, integrators, differentiators, etc.

In some cases, however, the disturbing influence is not harmful but even beneficial to us, and therefore we should not destroy it. This is the principle of active copying without destroying the original on which the devices are built: an "ideal" ohmmeter made with an ideal current source and a real voltmeter; non-inverting resistive voltage summer; "ideal" current integrator, exponential generator, etc.

In negative feedback circuits, we can find another interesting principle - reversal of the causal relationship (swapping the input and output of electronic devices). It allows us to make "inverted" devices (inverting and non-inverting voltage dividers, integrators, differentiators, etc.).

Conclusion
The presented classification is an open, hierarchically constructed system that is constantly expanding with new circuit principles, "tricks" and effects from the field of analog circuit engineering. The tendency is to cover other related fields of electronic technology.

Web resources
Circuit Principles is a collection of basic circuit ideas derived from the specific circuit solutions


text:
Circuit Idea/Circuit Principles

Prerequisites
The seemingly large variety of electronic circuits and devices is actually based on a small number of clear and ingeniously simple fundamental ideas. The formulation of universal circuit principles (like Altshuller's 40 principles in the field of mechanical engineering) on which specific circuits are built and their arrangement in a hierarchical system would allow us not only to analyze in depth the operation of electronic circuits revealing their mutual relationship but also to create, synthesize, pseudo-invent, and even truly invent new devices.

Contents
The classification consists of four main parts. In the first part, universal principles of inventive creativity that can be found in all areas of analog circuitry are included. In the remaining three parts, principles for building passive analog devices, devices without negative feedback, and devices with negative feedback are considered.

General principles

 * Turning loss into gain
 * The "harmful" hysteresis becomes useful
 * Eliminating the influence of interference superimposed on the useful signal
 * Debouncing mechanical contacts
 * Getting memory
 * Converting a Schmitt trigger to an RS-latch
 * Converting a reed contact from a "button" to a "switch"
 * The "harmful" threshold voltage VF becomes useful
 * "Zener Diode" with low threshold voltage
 * Artificially raising the threshold voltage of an LED so that it can be "turned off" by another LED
 * The "harmful" temperature dependence of the threshold voltage VF u VBE becomes useful
 * Diodes and transistors acting as semiconductor temperature sensors
 * The "harmful" nonlinearity of the characteristic becomes useful
 * Obtaining logarithmic and anti-logarithmic function by a semiconductor diode
 * Pre-deliberate deterioration with the idea of future improvement
 * Annihilating a harmful quantity with a useful "anti-quantity"
 * Passive destruction (in circuits without negative feedback)
 * Active destruction (in circuits with negative feedback)
 * Splitting the functions of a device into multiple functions and assigning them to different devices (only one of them is active at a given time)
 * Push-pull stage (emitter follower with bipolar output)
 * Bridge circuits
 * Bridge circuits

Principles for Building Passive Analog Devices with Resistors

 * Principles derived from Ohm's law
 * Principles applied to an electrical circuit driven by an ideal voltage source
 * Converting voltage to current
 * Building a current source using a voltage source
 * Building a voltmeter using an ammeter
 * Base resistor in a transistor switch (CB stage)
 * Integrating circuit
 * Logarithmic circuit
 * ''Converting resistance to current
 * Building an ohmmeter using an ammeter
 * Resistive sensors with current output
 * ''Dividing voltage by resistance
 * Multiplying digital-to-analog converter (R-2R ladder) with current output
 * Principles applied to an electrical circuit driven by an ideal current source
 * Converting current to voltage
 * Current-to-voltage converter
 * Building a voltage source using a current source
 * Building an ammeter using a voltmeter
 * Differentiating circuit
 * Antilogarithmic circuit
 * Converting resistance to voltage
 * Building an ohmmeter using a voltmeter
 * Resistive sensors with voltage output
 * Multiplication of current by resistance
 * Multiplying digital-to-analog converter (R-2R ladder) with voltage output
 * Principles derived from the equivalent circuits of real electrical sources
 * Applied to an electrical circuit driven by a real voltage source (after Thevenin)
 * Converting voltage to voltage
 * Voltage divider
 * Converting resistance to voltage
 * Series regulation of electrical energy: transistor amplifier, series regulator
 * Resistive sensors with "voltage" output: thermo-, photo-, tenso-, etc. (linear output only within small limits)
 * Converting the ratio of resistances to voltages
 * Potentiometric resistive sensors with "voltage" output (linear output)
 * Potentiometric voltage regulation
 * Multiplying voltage by resistance ratio
 * Analog multiplier
 * Applied to an electrical circuit driven by a real current source (after Norton)
 * Converting current to current
 * Current divider
 * Shunt (in ammeters)
 * Principles derived from Kirchhoff's laws
 * Principles derived from KCL
 * Parallel summing, subtracting and comparing currents
 * Parallel summing currents
 * Current summer
 * Circuits with parallel positive feedback
 * Parallel subtracting currents
 * Current subtractor
 * Parallel comparing currents
 * Current comparator
 * Circuits with parallel negative feedback
 * Parallel summing, subtracting and comparing voltages by intermediate converting to currents
 * Parallel summing voltages
 * Voltage summer
 * Converting an ADC with a unipolar positive input to a bipolar one
 * Circuits with parallel positive feedback
 * Parallel subtracting voltages
 * Voltage subtractor
 * Converting a DAC with a unipolar positive output to a bipolar one
 * Parallel comparing voltages
 * "Virtual ground" principle
 * Parallel voltage comparator (electrical "scale")
 * Principle of the "immovable virtual ground" (simultaneous opposite change of both input voltages)
 * Circuits with parallel negative feedback
 * Principle of the "movable virtual ground"
 * Principle of "scissors" (changing one voltage)
 * Principle of "guillotine" (simultaneous unidirectional change of both voltages)
 * Principles derived from KVL
 * Series summing, subtracting and comparing currents
 * Series summing voltages
 * Voltage summer
 * Circuits with series positive feedback
 * Series subtracting voltages
 * Voltage subtractor
 * Series comparing voltages
 * Voltage comparator
 * Circuits with series negative feedback

Principles for Building Passive Analog Devices with Reactive Elements

 * Passive voltage copying
 * Initial charging of the decoupling capacitors in RC-coupled AC amplifiers
 * "Sample & hold" circuit in sample mode
 * Dynamic "shifting" voltage variations'' ("coupling" a voltage to another voltage)
 * Decoupling capacitors in AC amplifiers (converting a bipolar to unipolar voltage and vice versa)
 * Circuits with artificial increasing resistance ("bootstrapping")
 * Positive feedback capacitor in a Hartley oscillator
 * Dynamic "hardening" of "soft" voltage
 * Filtering capacitor
 * Converting a real to an "ideal" voltage source
 * Potentiometer shunted by a capacitor
 * Average detector
 * "Fast charging - slow discharging"
 * Peak and amplitude rectifier
 * Increasing the speed by forcing the current (overcoming stray capacitances)
 * "Slow charge - fast discharge"
 * Relaxation oscillators
 * Photo flash
 * Impulse magnetization of permanent magnets
 * Charge dosing
 * Capacitive ADC
 * Reversing voltage polarity
 * Symmetrical multivibrator
 * Power supplies
 * Current forcing
 * Transistor switch with accelerating capacitor
 * Generating linearly changing voltage
 * Sweep circuits in CRT
 * ADC implemented by comparing the input voltage with a linearly varying voltage
 * Generating step changing voltage''
 * Rising the voltage across a coil
 * DC-DC converter

Principles for Building Electronic Analog Devices without Negative Feedback

 * Principle of dynamic resistance
 * RV-type dynamic resistance
 * Diodes (ordinary, zener, LED, etc.)
 * ''RI-type dynamic resistance
 * Transistors
 * Negative resistance
 * Tunnel diode amplifier
 * Circuits with artificially created negative resistance
 * Regulating (generating, amplifying) voltage through a voltage divider composed of series-connected resistors
 * by changing the resistance of one resistor while keeping the resistance of the other constant (ohmic resistor)
 * "Floating" regulating element
 * "Common emitter" circuit with a positive supply and a PNP transistor
 * Grounded regulating element
 * "Common emitter" circuit with a positive supply and a NPN transistor
 * by changing the resistance of one resistor while the other resistor "helps" it in trying to change the output voltage (RI-type non-linear resistor)
 * where both elements are RI-type nonlinear resistors
 * Amplifier with dynamic load
 * by changing (simultaneously and oppositely) the resistance of both resistors (resistance redistribution)
 * Complementary (push-pull) stage
 * Where both elements are RI-type nonlinear resistors
 * Regulating current through a current divider composed of resistors connected in parallel
 * by changing the resistance of one resistor while keeping the resistance of the other constant (ohmic resistor)
 * by changing the resistance of one resistor while the other resistor "helps" it in trying to change the output voltage (RV-type nonlinear resistor)
 * where only one element is RV-type nonlinear resistor
 * Zener diode voltage stabilizer
 * where both elements are RV-type nonlinear resistors
 * "Turning off" LEDs with different threshold voltages
 * Zero voltage LED indicator
 * Switching zener diodes (the diode with the lower threshold voltage "turns off" the diode with the highest voltage)
 * by changing (simultaneously and oppositely) the resistance of both resistors (resistance redistribution)
 * Differential amplifier
 * Static "movement" of voltage changes
 * through a current source creating a constant voltage drop across a resistor
 * Output stages of operational amplifiers
 * through a nonlinear element with V-type IV curve
 * Compensating the base-emitter voltage VBE in the bias circuits in the output amplifier stages (class AB)
 * Passive compensation of harmful quantities by "anti-quantities"
 * Compensating vision defects (myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism) with glasses
 * Compensating the forward voltage drop VF in a diode rectifier (detector, limiter) by a reverse voltage created on a second diode
 * Compensating for nonlinear distortions in a push-pull stage, class AB
 * Compensating the influence of the input bias currents of an operational amplifier by inserting the same resistors in both inputs
 * Temperature compensation
 * in bias circuits of amplifier stages
 * through thermistors
 * through diodes
 * in circuits producing reference voltage
 * in constant current sources

Principles for Building Electronic Analog Devices with Negative Feedback

 * "Active copying" principle
 * "Active copying" with serial comparing
 * Emitter follower
 * Op-amp voltage follower
 * "Active copying" with parallel comparing
 * Op-amp voltage inverter
 * Principle of "disturbed active copying" (suppression of disturbances in a negative feedback system)
 * Suppressing additive disturbances
 * Eliminating the diode threshold voltage VF in a precision diode rectifier (detector, limiter)
 * Eliminating the transistor threshold voltage VBE in an emitter follower put in the op-amp negative feedback loop
 * Compensating the voltage drop along a long supply wire by a negative feedback voltage stabilizer (the idea of the three-wire connection)
 * Compensating the voltage drop across the op amp output resistance
 * Suppressing multiplicative disturbances
 * Compensating for attenuation in the Rout-RL divider of an op-amp voltage follower and voltage inverter
 * Principle of "intentional disturbed active copying" (intentional disturbing voltage follower with negative feedback)
 * Converting a follower system into an amplifier system by deliberate constant disturbing
 * Transistor amplifier stages
 * "Common-emitter stage with negative feedback ("emitter degeneration")
 * Phase splitter
 * Op-amp amplifiers with negative feedback
 * Inverting amplifier
 * Non-inverting amplifier
 * Deliberately varying disturbance of a follower system with negative feedback (the output signal becomes a function of the disturbance)
 * ''Multiplicative disturbance
 * Resistance-to-voltage converter (putting thermal, photo, etc. resistive sensors in the negative feedback network)
 * "R1-V"
 * "R2-V"
 * "P-V"
 * Digital-to-analog converter with R-2R ladder
 * Additive disturbance
 * Measuring the voltage VF of diodes and LEDs, batteries, etc.
 * Deliberately disturbing a follower system with negative feedback by "attacking" its output (there is a conflict; the system reacts to attempts to change its output signal)
 * "Attacking" a voltage source
 * Common-base stage
 * Emitter-coupled circuits
 * "Attacking" a current source
 * Transistor stage with dynamic load
 * Mutual disturbing follower systems connected by their outputs to each other (there is a conflict; systems react to attempts to change their output signals)
 * ''Conflict between two voltage sources
 * Differential amplifier (mutual disturbing of two follower systems)
 * ''Conflict between two current sources
 * Transistor stages with controlled dynamic load
 * Principle of mutual "helping" between various follower systems with negative feedback
 * voltage sources
 * current sources
 * voltage source and current source
 * Differential amplifier with a current source included in the transistor emitters at common-mode
 * Cascode circuits - a current source driving a voltage source through its output
 * Reversing cause-and-effect relationships in analog devices through the principle of active copying (swapping their input and output)
 * Reversed non-inverting voltage divider of the type 1/(1 +R1/R2) - we change the "output" voltage of the divider so that the voltage across the resistor R2 is equal to the input voltage
 * Reversed R2/R1 type inverting voltage divider - we change the "output" voltage across resistor R2 so that the voltage across resistor R1 is equal to the input voltage (we change the total voltage applied across the two series-connected resistors so that the voltage across resistor R1 to be equal to the input voltage)
 * Integrator > differentiator - we change the "output" voltage of an integrating circuit so that the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the input voltage
 * Differentiator > integrator - we change the "output" voltage of a differentiating circuit so that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the "input" voltage
 * Reversed frequency divider - we change the "output" frequency so that after division it is equal to the input (PLL circuits)
 * Principles of converting passive analog devices to active
 * Active copying with destroing the original (removing of disturbance by anti-disturbance)
 * without using the copy (we only destroy the harmful disturbance, providing ideal conditions for the circuit to work)
 * Maintaining a constant current by destroying the harmful voltage drop across the "disturbing" element
 * Charging rechargeable battery
 * Driving LEDs, DC motors, electromagnets
 * "Ideal" ammeter and ohmmeter
 * Voltage/resistance divider
 * Maintaining a constant voltage by eliminating the harmful current leakage through the "disturbing" element
 * using the copy (we judge the degree of disturbance according to the "anti-disturbance")
 * "Ideal" current-to-voltage converter
 * "Ideal" ammeter made with a real voltmeter
 * "Ideal" resistance-to-voltage converter
 * "Ideal" ohmmeter made with a real voltmeter
 * "Ideal" resistive sensors with output voltage
 * "Ideal" current x resistance multiplier
 * "Ideal" parallel summer
 * "Ideal" integrator and differentiator
 * "Ideal" logarithmic and anti-logarithmic device
 * Measuring the diode forward voltage VF
 * Active copying without destroying the original
 * A current meter in a circuit supplied by an ideal current source
 * "Ideal" ohmmeter made with an ideal current source and a real voltmeter
 * Non-inverting resistor voltage adder
 * "Ideal" current integrator
 * Principles for inventing analog devices by simultaneous operation of the two op-amp inputs
 * Follower with controlled gain sigh (+1 or -1)
 * Op-amp differential amplifier
 * Principles for inventing analog devices by applying both negative and positive feedback
 * Current source with grounded load (Howland current pump)
 * Circuits with negative resistance
 * Artificial dynamic change of electrical circuit parameters
 * Dynamically increasing resistance by "active copying" (following negative feedback, bootsrapping)
 * Increasing the input resistance of systems with series negative feedback (voltage follower)
 * Eliminating the shunting effect of the biasing divider in a transistor amplifier''
 * Artificial increasing Rc in output transistor stages
 * Eliminating the influence of on-board leakage acting between the op-amp inputs and power rails
 * Dynamically decreasing capacitance through "active copy"
 * Suppressing parasitic input capacitances in an op-amp circuit with series negative feedback
 * Suppressing the capacitance of a shielded cable through which it feeds the input signal to an operational amplifier (following shield)
 * 'Dynamically decreasing resistance by "inverting active copy" (parallel negative feedback)
 * Low input resistance of systems with parallel negative feedback (negative effect)
 * Dynamically increasing capacitance through "inverting active copy" (parallel negative feedback)
 * Miller effect (undesirable) in common-emitter amplifier stage
 * Active integrator (desired Miller effect)
 * Obtaining "negative" resistance by "overdosing" dynamic resistance

title: Circuit Idea/Circuit Principles


text:
User talk:Smasongarrison

Welcome, Smasongarrison!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally.

(10 years after your first edit, I know)

--Xania   talk 02:36, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smasongarrison


text:
User talk:ArslanShuja1

A page you created, Arslan Shuja, has been deleted. Wikibooks is for creating books not a host for personal pages. It is also a very bad idea to put your personal information online.--Xania   talk 02:53, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArslanShuja1


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5

= Busch-Gass Gambit =

2...Bc5?!
Black ignores the attack on their e-pawn immediately goes on the offensive.

The move is considered unsound, however it often results in sharp play and thus may serve as a good surprise opening for Black.

The best way for White to continue is with Nxe5 accepting the gambit. Still, they must play carefully as this position can quickly transpose into dangerous gambits like the Stafford or Traxler.

Theory table
.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Bc5'''


text:
User talk:198.14.216.235

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:06, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.14.216.235


text:
User talk:ICT Innovations

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 06:56, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:ICT Innovations


text:
User talk:Raza khan21

You cannot edit indefinitely due to disruptive editing. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 06:58, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raza khan21


text:
User talk:182.191.65.62

You cannot edit for 2 weeks due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below.

--Xania   talk 07:00, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:182.191.65.62


text:
User talk:157.119.177.244

--Xania   talk 11:10, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:157.119.177.244


text:
User talk:41.13.246.1

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 11:56, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:41.13.246.1


text:
Magar/Adjectives

Adjective:- An adjective is a word that defines a noun or pronoun.

Examples :-

 * Good - Sehecha [सेहेच]
 * Bad - Māsehecha [मासेहेच]
 * Some - Adijā [अडीजा]
 * Many - Dhaling [ढलीङ]
 * long - Lhotcha [ल्होट्च]
 * Far - Losh  [लोस]
 * Near - Kherep [खेरेप]
 * Tall (अग्लो) - Ghāngcha[घाङ्च]
 * Short(होचो)- Tyāmcha[ट्याम्च]
 * Big - Karāngcha[कराङ्चा]
 * Small- Mārcha [मार्च]
 * Sweet - Jāpcha [जाप्च]
 * Bitter - Khācha[खाच]
 * Sour - Bircha [बीर्च]
 * Spicy - Thukcha[ठूक्च]
 * Salty - Chhescha [छेस्च]

title: Magar/Adjectives


text:
Magar/Prepositions

Preposition:- Preposition is a word which is placed after a noun or pronoun to denote place, direction, source method etc.

Examples :-

At/On - Āng [आङ ]

With - Khāta/kathā [ खाट/कठा ]

From/By- Ing/Lāking [इङ/लाकीङ ]

Through- Chhānma [छान्म ]

Here - Ilāng [ईलाङ ]

There- Holāng [होलाङ ]

Above - Dhemāng [ ढेमाङ ]

Below - Mhākāng [म्हाकाङ ]

Beside - chheuāng [ छेउआङ ]

title: Magar/Prepositions


text:
User:Ystn/sandbox

it's me sandbox!

title: User:Ystn/sandbox


text:
User:Ystn/sandbox/X86 Disassembly

Platforms

 * macOS
 * macOS Executable Files

title: User:Ystn/sandbox/X86 Disassembly


text:
User talk:115.164.76.91

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 20:33, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:115.164.76.91


text:
User talk:168.10.77.116

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 20:33, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.10.77.116


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7

=Ruy Lopez=

Arkhangelsk Variation
Black elects to fianchetto his light-square bishop in order to gain pressure against White's kingside and center. This has the added benefit of defending the rook on a8, thereby taking some of the sting out of a future a4 thrust by White. However, the activity of Black's fianchettoed bishop can be countered by White overprotecting e4. Thus the most common reply by White in recent years has been 7. d3, after which Black typically develops his other bishop to either e7 or c5. The latter leads to positions which can also be reached from the Neo-Arkhangelsk (6...Bc5), though 6...Bb7 7. d3 Bc5 is the more common order. With a pawn on d3, White does not need to bring a rook to e1 in the near term, and so his queen's knight often travels to the kingside via c3 (from where d5 also becomes an option) and e2 rather than d2 and f1, since White does not wish to spend a tempo clearing the f1 square.

7. Re1 shares the idea of overprotecting e4 and allows White's queen's knight to take the traditional route; in this variation White intends to forge ahead with c3, d4, and Nbd2-f1-g3, though this knight maneuver will require the insertion of Be3 first if Black's dark-squared bishop has come to the a7-g1 diagonal. If White is not in a rush to develop the queen's knight, his dark-square bishop may instead develop to g5. This line is the oldest variation of the Arkhangelsk, having been played in the 1950 game in which Paul Keres, as black, sprung the then-novel Arkhangelsk on Alexander Kotov.

7. d4 is an old try at immediately refuting Black's move order by preventing an immediate ... Bc5, but after 7...Nxd4, either 8. Nxd4 exd4 or the trickier 8. Bxf7+ Kxf7 9. Nxe5+ Kg8 10. Qxd4 c5 11. Qd1 Qe8 12. Nf3 Qxe4 leaves White with no real advantage.

After 7. c3, Black has scored well playing greedily with 7...Nxe4 8. d4 exd4, though the resulting positions are quite tactically complex. The more common move is 8...Na5.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1

6. Kf1
The bishop sacrifice is declined, not allowing Nxe4 with check. The position is now very unclear and both sides must play precisely to maintain their initiative. In addition, a fight for the center will likely play a big factor in the game for the next couple of moves.

Black should save their queen with its only move: 6...Qe7.


text:
User talk:ReturnOfTheDodo

Page move
Good catch on the trailing slash, but could I ask you for one more move? Can you move Move Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7 to Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7? 68.117.161.110 (discuss) 22:55, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Ah of course, should be good now.

title: User talk:ReturnOfTheDodo


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7

6... Qe7
White must now take their one and only opportunity to complete their fork and capture the rook before the game gains some complications. Otherwise Black will set up a very dangerous file with Rf8 aiming down at the king.


text:
Cookbook:Orange Juice

Orange juice is, at its most fundamental, the juice squeezed from fresh oranges. It has developed into a commercial product, and a variety of types are available.

Fresh
Fresh orange juice is simply made by squeezing or reaming a fresh, cut orange to extract the juice. It is not very stable and must be chilled and consumed within a few days.

Frozen concentrate
Concentrated orange juice is strained, pasteurized, concentrated, and frozen. This process extends its shelf life, and it can be re-diluted with water before using.

Pasteurized "not from concentrate"
This variety of orange juice is commonly available in the refrigerated section of grocery stores. It is pasteurized and stored aseptically, and it is sold ready-to-use.

Canned
Canned orange juice is heated before storage in metal cans. It is shelf-stable for a long period of time, although it loses flavor with age.

title: Cookbook:Orange Juice


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8

7. Nxh8
At the moment, White has a deceivingly uncoordinated attack on the Black king, but things can go very wrong very fast if Black allows moves like Bf7+ or Qh5+, preventing the Black king from ever castling to safety. For this reason, Black cannot afford a tempo moving their f2 bishop away or capturing with Nxe4. Instead, their best move is to cut off White's bishop with the move 7...d5.

This is not simply a free pawn, and leads to interesting offensive opportunities for Black.


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5

7...d5
There are two main moves for White in this position.

The first is 8. exd5, gaining a pawn but allowing Black to create an attack on the kingside. The second is 8. Kxf2, trading the bishops in hopes of moving the king to relative safety on g1.

It should be noted that 8. Bxd5 is a mistake because Bg4 traps White's queen!


text:
Cookbook:Sandwich Cookie

A sandwich cookie or sandwich biscuit consists of two thin cookies pressed together with a sweet filling between the two. The cookies are typically crisp, although softer sandwich cookies do exist.

title: Cookbook:Sandwich Cookie


text:
User talk:103.28.246.253

--Xania   talk 02:32, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:103.28.246.253


text:
Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Care Of Rope

How To Coil a Climbing Rope

If you are storing your rope for a while or stuffing it away in a back pack, coiling a climbing rope is worth the effort and will save you lots of time untangling knots that have mysteriously tied themselves in the middle of it.

Coiling a Climbing Rope

Step 1

Hold the middle of your rope in one hand and loop both strands over your shoulders. Some ropes have a convenient middle marker to make this easy. If yours doesn't, find both ends and hold them together. Then shuffle both the strands of rope through your hands until you get to the middle point.

Step 2

Reach across and grab the rope below your other hand.

Step 3

Pull your hand along the rope, creating enough space to flick the next two strands over your head, so they rest on your shoulders with the first two. Repeat this with your other hand in the opposite direction.

Step 4

Keep draping the rope over your shoulders until there is about four meters left. Use both hands to take the rope off your shoulders, and drape the middle of the loops over your arm.

Step 5

Wrap the two ends of the rope tightly around all the coils near the top. Do this three or four times. It's best to go from the bottom upwards.

Step 6

Push a loop of each end through the top of the main coils as shown.

Step 7

Pass the two ends of the rope through these loops. Pull it all tight and your rope is coiled!

Step 8

If the tails of rope are long enough (at least 1 meter), you can tie the rope on your back. Pull the tails over your shoulders, cross them over your chest, then wrap them in opposite directions around your back. Bring the ends in front of you and tie them together around your waist.

How To Stack a Climbing Rope

Coiling a climbing rope is useful when you need to carry it or pack it away neatly, but you'll need to 'stack' the rope so that it will feed out without tangles while you're climbing. Beginning at one end, simply feed the rope into a pile on top of your rope bag, or a clean area of the ground. Tying the ends of the rope into the straps of your rope bag makes it easier to find them. When preparing to lead climb, the leader will tie into the top end of the rope.


text: User:Nasir Chaudhry

title: User:Nasir Chaudhry


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Anne Lake Prescott 2

= Anne Lake Prescott = PhD. Author, Helen Goodhart Altschul Professor of English, and expert on literature written during the English Renaissance, and the periodical connection between England and France.

Works
French Poets and the English Renaissance: Studies in Fame and Transformation (Conari Press, 1978)

Imagining Rabelais in Renaissance England (Yale University Press, 1998)

Mothers Through the Eyes of Women (Conari Press 2001)

Edited:

Approaches to Teaching Shorter Elizabethan Poetry, edited with P. Cheney (MLA, 2000)

Female and Male Voices in Early Modern England, edited with B. Travitsky (Columbia, 2000)

Renaissance Historicisms: Essays in Honor of Arthur F. Kinney, edited with J. Dutcher (Delaware University Press, 2008)

Prescott participated in several academic memberships, including a trusteeship for the Renaissance society of America, and president to both the International Spenser Society and the 16th Century Society. Additionally, Prescott worked as the co-editor to two Ashgate series of editions of early modern texts by modern women and served on the editorial teams of the John Donne Journal, the Sidney Journal, SEL, Queries, and American Notes.

Currently, Prescott has dedicated her time to studying David in the Renaissance, and the Renaissance almanacs and calendars.

Reputation and Legacy
Dr. Prescott’s extensive research and work on Literature during the Renaissance period earned her the Colin Clout Lifetime Award from the Spencer Society in 2007, which symbolises the significant contributions of senior scholars. Later she received the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award and elected an honouree for the Distinguished Worldwide Humanitarian Award.

Anne Prescott earned her esteemed reputation as a scholar through her perseverance and in-depth examination of the Renaissance period, Renaissance literature, and the relationship between England and France during this period. Her passion for her studies and students drove her research and created an exceptional quality of work. She is valued and loved by students, scholars and anyone who took interest in her chosen field.

Respected by her colleagues, Dr. Prescott developed a deep understanding of English Renaissance and used her studies to educate and instigate interest in the historical field in order to shape the minds of the young historians and English scholars in her classroom. In doing so, Prescott created a wealth of information regarding this time period and continues to do so to this day as she remains a teacher well into her late eighties. In light of her on-coming retirement, Prescott took part in a documentary on her life and work as an educator and professor, which covered her many contributions to English, French and Renaissance studies.

To this day, Prescott claims her time as the main speaker at the Renaissance Society of America’s annual conference to be the highlight of her career. Despite her nerves, Prescott delivered a strong speech and incurred praise for her career and insight into the field. She continues her work in 2022 as she works on a collection of established essays, in an office she shares with prized novelist, Mary Gordon, a former student of Prescott. However, Gordon is not the only esteemed former student in Prescott’s repertoire, as she stands alongside Jhumpa Lahiri, Pulitzer Prize winner.

On the 17th of February, 2022, Dr. Prescott received the 2022 Paul Oskar Kristeller Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Renaissance Society of America (RSA), in recognition of her lifelong devotion to the highest standards of scholarship and exceptional achievement in Renaissance studies.

Among her many accomplishments, Prescott stands as a prized author and professor with a myriad of articles and awards to her name.

Works Cited | References
“Anne Prescott | Barnard College.” Barnard.edu, barnard.edu/profiles/anne-prescott. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.

ThriftBooks. “Anne Lake Prescott Books | List of Books by Author Anne Lake Prescott.” ThriftBooks, www.thriftbooks.com/a/anne-lake-prescott/224890/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.

“Anne Lake Prescott Documentary.” Www.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOEGE9bhXcg. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.

“ANNE LAKE PRESCOTT.” Who’s Who of Professional Women, 18 Oct. 2019, www.whoswhoofprofessionalwomen.com/listee-features/anne-lake-prescott/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.

“Anne Lake Prescott.” Prabook.com, prabook.com/web/anne_lake.prescott/641745. Accessed 18 Oct. 2022.


text:
Fractals/Image

Image
 * "An image is simply a two-dimensional array of values, much like a matrix."
 * computer graphic
 * texture ( procedural texture )
 * graphic file

=Operations=
 * Image creation
 * Image processing
 * Pixel-based image processing
 * Image postprocessing

title: Fractals/Image


text:
User:MrAlanKoh/MATLAB CODE DUMP

projectile motion

% define the initial velocity v0 = 10;

% define the angle theta = 45;

% define the gravity g = 9.81;

% define the time t = 0:0.1:2;

% calculate the x and y components of the velocity vx = v0 * cosd(theta); vy = v0 * sind(theta);

% calculate the x and y components of the position x = vx * t; y = vy * t - 0.5 * g * t.^2;

% plot the trajectory plot(x, y);

% add labels xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

title: User:MrAlanKoh/MATLAB CODE DUMP


text:
Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia

14 days in Mongolia — the sixth personal exhibition of the Russian traveler and photographer Viktor Pinchuk that was held in the exposition hall of the Russian Cultural Center in Simferopol from October 10 to 31, 2007. More than half of the presented works are landscapes, the rest belong to genre photography.

Backstory
Material prepared during a creative trip to the country of the steppes, which took place in May of the same year. The route, not popular among foreign tourists, was chosen by the author of photo exhibition for several reasons; one of them is to master a new genre: the deserted spaces of an Asian country, overgrown with taiga vegetation — an eldorado for shooting landscapes.

Khatgal is located on the coast of Lake Khövsgöl. At that time, there was no electricity in the village, and a few guests — admirers of ecological tourism, were settled in yurts heated with a stove.

In addition, the route list included: Kharkhorin, where the capital of Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan, was located; Arvaikheer, Bayankhongor and Zuunmod, near which is the Manjusri Monastery.

authors: Виктор Пинчук


text:
User talk:AmongUsGambit

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:AmongUsGambit


text:
Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. Kxf2

8. Kxf2
Black should now capture with 8...dxc4. A common mistake is Nxe4+ first, but after Kf1, White will be able to safely trade queens and play the game with a comfortable position.

After dxc4, Black will move out all of their pieces in an attempt to checkmate. However, with their deficit in material and solid defense by White, Black cannot force a win. They do, however, have many ways to attain a perpetual check and draw. (See the example game below.)

One trick White should be aware of is Black's potential knight sacrifice on e4. For example, after 9. d3 Bg4 10. Qd2, Black has 10...Nxe4!? because after 11. dxe4 Qh4+ 12. Kg1, 12...Rd8 threatens the dangerous Rd1 if the queen moves.


text:
Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Early Modern Recipes Online Collective (EMROC)

= The Early Modern Recipes Online Collective (EMROC) = EMROC is an international and interdisciplinary group of scholars, students, and enthusiasts working together to transcribe recipe books from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Founded in 2012 in collaboration with the Early Modern Manuscripts Online project of the Folger Shakespeare Library, and Zooniverse’s Shakespeare’s World project, EMROC seeks to provide an open, searchable database of early modern recipes for anyone to access, as well as academic analysis on the historical connotations of these recipes.

Members
The project is overseen by a steering committee made up of several scholars from several different institutions and disciplines :

 * Dr Elaine Leong is a visiting scholar of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) in Berlin. She has a doctorate in Modern History from the University of Oxford, achieved in 2006. Her first book, Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, and the Household in Early Modern England was published in 2018 and discusses early modern ‘household science’ with reference to modern understandings about gender and culture.
 * Dr Hillary Nunn is a Professor of English at the University of Akron. She teaches courses in Shakespeare and studies Renaissance literature with a focus on early modern domesticity, cookery, and medicine.
 * Jennifer A. Munroe is a Professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Her research is focused on feminist and ecocritical studies of early modern literature and society.
 * Dr Lisa Smith is the Humanities Faculty Dean and Senior Lecturer at the University of Essex. She studied history at the University of Alberta and the University of Essex. Her research is focused on gender, the body and the household in the early modern period.
 * Margaret Simon is an Associate Professor at North Carolina State University, whose studies are focused on comparative literature and materialism in the early modern period.

There are also two founding members who have since stepped back from the committee:

 * Rebecca Laroche, a Professor of English at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, whose studies surround early modern women writers, medical history, and ecofeminism.
 * Amy L. Tigner, associate professor of English at the University of Texas, Arlington, and editor-in-chief of the online journal Early Modern Studies Journal.

Several other scholars also call themselves members, all from a variety of academic institutions and disciplines, with particular interest in the preservation of early modern recipes, but also early modern culture and history.

Projects
EMROC is in the process of transcribing several recipe books from early modern writers, such as Anne Fanshawe and Frances Catchmay, with the aid of students across several campuses. The collective often makes use of crowdsourcing via ‘transcribathons’—online events wherein several students, scholars, and enthusiasts work together to transcribe particular works. In 2015, they created a full transcription of a manuscript from Rebeckah Winche (d. 1713) which contains several recipes for both culinary and medical uses, as well as a family history of major events such as births, baptisms, and deaths. For the next transcribathon, on November 4th, 2022, there will be two 17th century medical recipe books being transcribed: “Mary Hawker’s from Wellcome Collection… and MS 502, a collection of medical receipts and prescriptions from the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in London.”

Other projects include:

 * The Ayscough Project, from Lady Ayscough’s book of ‘Receits of phisick and chirurgery.’ It was part of the 2021 transcribathon and is the earliest documented library acquisition in the Wellcome Collection.
 * The Bacon Project
 * The Baker Project, which is now complete. It is the 1675 Baker manuscript (there are two others, 1670 and 1672, both held at the British Library), and was transcribed by students of Drs Tigner and Smith across 2016-7.
 * The Bulkeley Project
 * The Castleton Project
 * The Corlyon Project
 * The Dawson Project
 * The Folger Manuscript V.b.400 Project
 * The Folger MS V.b.380 Project
 * The Granville Project, which was transcribed by students at the University of Texas, Arlington in 2015, as part of their studies in a course titled ‘Culinary Shakespeare.’
 * The Pudsey Project
 * The Sedley Project, also part of the 2021 transcribathon, is a medical recipe book dated to 1686.
 * The Turner Project
 * The St. John Project, which is almost complete, and was partially transcribed by Dr Smith’s students in 2012 and completed by students at the University of Akron and research assistants at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin in 2013.
 * The Fanshawe Project
 * The Catchmay Project
 * The Winche Project, discussed above.

Associated Projects
In 2021, EMROC project leader Hillary Nunn collaborated with the Early Modern Studies Journal, an online journal under the auspices of the University of Texas, on a special volume titled Early Modern Recipes in a Digital World: The Baumfylde Manuscript. The volume comprised 9 articles around the 'Baumfylde Manuscript,' a single early modern recipe manuscript associated with Mary Baumfylde which is a significant text in the history of early modern recipes. The transcription of this manuscript at the 2018 Shakespeare Association of America generated much scholarly discussion, and, consequently, the Early Modern Recipes in a Digital World: The Baumfylde Manuscript volume deals with questions of distinction between early modern writing and early modern recipe writing; the legacies of early modern recipe manuscripts and the their contexts of creation; and methods for teaching and practicing palaeography, amongst other disciplinary issues.

Social Media Presence
The Early Modern Recipes Online Collective also has an online social media presence, although this could be substantially developed in the pursuit of reaching new audiences to engage with the history of early modern recipe transcription. EMROC's Instagram page features images of scholars at work during transcribathons, ingredients mentioned in recipes, and original recipe writings. The page only has 8 posts and approx. 120 followers. EMROC's Twitter presence is more active, with regular tweets and updates of EMROC activity and interests since the page's activation in 2015. The @EMRecipesOnline Twitter takes pride in providing followers with regular updates about upcoming transcribathon events and engaging with fellow transcribers through following them back, consequently creating an online network of researchers and students who are interested in early modern recipe history.

Legacy
Not only has EMROC developed a platform for the promotion of early modern studies, but it has encouraged an international community of students to engage with such studies and the skill of transcribing handwritten texts. Over twenty books have been transcribed since founding, with manuscripts being housed at the Folger Shakespeare Library’s Early Modern Manuscripts Online (EMMO) database. EMROC also offers several courses on learning transcription and early modern history through the institutions its founding scholars come from. Additionally, due to the nature of the transcription methodologies, it teaches computer coding and promotes digital humanities, and offers a future for English and history students in an increasingly digital world. EMROC hopes to extend its transcription efforts to include languages and cultures other than early modern English in the future.


text:
Trigonometry/Proof of special trig values

In this book, you will learn the proofs of the simple and familiar trig values for special angles.

Proof that tan(45 degrees) = 1

Start with a square, as shown in the first image to the right. Draw the diagonal of the square by using a straight line to connect the upper right vertex with the lower left vertex, as shown in the image below.

Proof that cos(60 degrees)=0.5

Start with a right triangle. Draw a perpendicular line from the top vertex to the midpoint of the low base, as shown in the image to the right. That line bisects the low base, BC, into two equal segments.


text:
Talk:CCNA Certification/Switching

CCNA
I want to study CCNA I am already certified but I need to study and practice again and I do not have any study material. I want you to suggest me a way to study it.

thank you, Ameen017 (discuss • contribs) 07:39, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:CCNA Certification/Switching


text:
User talk:114.199.76.173

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:10, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:114.199.76.173


text:
User talk:2601:2C3:C600:9560:BDEA:B2B9:DCDF:C743

--SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 08:11, 19 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
Cookbook:Śląsko Modro Kapusta (Red Cabbage with Onion and Bacon)

Śląsko modro kapusta is a Silesian version of a side dish made with red cabbage. There also exists a version from the Greater Poland region. Serve as a side dish, normally with Silesian dumplings and roulade.

Ingredients

 * 1 kg red cabbage, finely sliced
 * 150 g bacon
 * 1 medium onion, chopped
 * Salt
 * Pepper
 * Sugar
 * Vinegar

Procedure

 * 1) Cook sliced cabbage in salted water.
 * 2) Dice bacon and fry it in a pan.
 * 3) Add onion to the bacon, and sauté until translucent.
 * 4) Drain the cabbage, and toss with the bacon and onion.
 * 5) Season to your liking with salt, pepper, sugar, and vinegar.


text:
Circuit Idea/How to Visualize Operating Point

voltage bars - voltage diagrams - current loops - IV curves - stage

Need to Visualize the Operating Point
In addition to voltage bars, voltage diagrams, and current loops, we can also visualize circuit operation with superimposed IV curves. The idea of this graphic representation is as follows.

The Idea
By means of equivalent transformations, we can reduce any electrical circuit to two connected to each other 2-terminal parts - a source and a load. Each of them is represented graphically with its IV curve, which represents all possible pairs of the voltage V across and the current I through the part. At a certain moment in time, however, only one of the possible pairs (V,I) acts and it determines the position of only one point A from the graph - the operating point of the circuit. Since the voltage and current are the same for both elements, the operating point is obtained from the intersection of their IV curves drawn in a common coordinate system. The IV curve of the element connected to ground starts at the origin of the coordinate system and is sloped to the right; the IV curve of the other element is offset to the right and sloped to the left. This representation allows to illustrate the operating mode (point) of the circuit.

Implementation
Voltage-to-current converter (resistor) driven by a voltage source. The simplest example that we can graphically represent in this way can be the elementary Ohm's circuit consisting only of a resistor driven by a voltage source - Fig. 1.  Here, the first circuit part consists only of the resistor R connected to ground. Its IV curve is a straight line that passes through the origin of the coordinate system and is inclined to the right. The second part consists only of the voltage source; its IV curve is a vetical line shifted to the right along the abscissa with the value of its voltage VIN.

Voltage divider driven by a constant input voltage. Another more complicated example can be a voltage divider made up of resistors R1 and R2 and driven by a constant input voltage VIN - Fig. 2.

The first circuit part consists only of the resistor R2 connected to ground. Its IV curve is a straight line that passes through the origin of the coordinate system and is inclined to the right. The second part consists of two elements in series - the resistor R1 and the voltage source VIN (we can think of this network as a real voltage source with voltage VIN and internal resistance R1). Its composite IV curve is a straight line shifted to the right along the abscissa with VIN and tilted to the left (we can denote it as VINR1). We superimpose the IV curves of the two elements; the intersection point A determines the current IA flowing through the voltage divider and its output voltage VA.

Voltage divider driven by a varying input voltage. During the circuit operation, some of the circuit quantities change its magnitude (for the divider example, it can be the input voltage or one of the resistances). As a result, its IV curve begins to move, and the operating point slides along the other IV curve. Thus, the moving curve scans the stationary one (the moving one is scanning, and the stationary one is scanned). In the voltage divider example, if the source voltage is changed - Fig. 3, its IV curve VINR1 moves parallel to itself (performs a translation). If the resistance R1 is changing, its IV curve rotates around the origin of the coordinate system; if the resistance R2 is changing, its IV curve rotates around the point VIN on the abscissa.

Sophisticated IV curves
A more complicated example – the classical circuit of an op-amp inverting amplifier, is shown in Fig. 3 in three cases: R1 changes, R2 changes, both change simultaneously and in the same direction. In all three cases, the operational amplifier (until it has reached the supply rails) successfully copes with its main task - to maintain a zero voltage (virtual ground) at its inverting input. For this purpose, it changes its output voltage in the corresponding direction and moves the IV curve of the resistor R2.

"Live" IV curves
We can even make animated circuit tutorials (for example, with Flash animator) with moving IV curves (you need Ruffle Flash emulator to see Flash movies because Adobe Flash player is no longer supported).

Comparison
Let's compare this method of graphical representation of circuit operation with other methods (voltage bars, voltage diagrams and current loops). While they visualize only one electrical quantity - local voltage, distribution of voltage inside a resistor or local current, the intersection of the IV curves (the "operating point") gives the solution of the circuit. Therefore, this method is sometimes called "graphoanalytic method".

It is most often used to calculate non-linear circuits. But here, for the purposes of this heuristic approach, we use it more to visualize circuit operation.


text:
JavaScript/Handling Events

So far, the shown JS programs start automatically when the HTML page is loaded. This kept everything small, simple, and straightforward.

Now we want to introduce the mechanism of starting a program intentionally at specific points in time. When a user types in some content, it may be necessary to evaluate it; when a user clicks a button, it may be necessary to start a complex action like a database query. The actions (validation, DB query) will be handled in a JS function, and some HTML code will initiate the call to such JS functions. To understand how it works, we must learn about events. In a later chapter, we will explain events in detail.

Assume a user clicks on a button. This generates an onclick event. The occurrence of such an event is declaratively combined with a call to a named JS function. The browser calls this JS function. The JS function runs.

The complete HTML with its embedded JS reads:

 * In contrast to the previous examples, nothing happens when the page is loaded. This results from the fact that the  command is embedded in the JS function  . This function is only defined but not started.
 * The HTML element  has an attribute   with a value.
 * When the button is clicked, an onclick event occurs. The event is bound to the button.
 * The browser handles the event. He notices that a function with the given name shall run.
 * The browser searches for the function in all available JS scripts (please notice that this name as well as all JS code is case-sensitive!).
 * After finding the function with exactly this name in the  part, the browser starts the function.
 * The function executes and shows the message.

In essence, the JS function with its message-showing behavior will run whenever the user clicks on the button.

Second Example
This example offers the possibility to change the background color of some HTML elements. It uses 3 buttons, 2 JS functions, and 1 event type (onclick; there are many other types). Furthermore, it introduces the concept of an element id.

What are the differences to the first example?
 * There are 3 buttons. The first two are associated with a JS function; the third is not.
 * The  and the second   elements contain an attribute  . This assigns an identifier to them. He can be used in JS to locate them.
 * The  element contains two functions with different names.
 * When you click on one of the buttons, the associated JS function is called. Because the third button has no associated JS function, nothing happens there.
 * In JS, the code part  locates the element with this ID. The code part   modifies the background color of this element. Please ignore that the two parts are written in separate lines. This is only for better reading of the source code on small devices. You can link the two lines together.
 * The  function executes two statements and changes the background color of the body and of itself.

title: JavaScript/Handling Events


text:
User:ShortDon/monobook.js

importScript( 'User:Pediapress/collection-parser.js');

title: User:ShortDon/monobook.js


text:
Lentis/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance

Introduction
COINTELPRO, or Counter Intelligence Program, was a domestic surveillance initiative operated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1956 to 1971. COINTELPRO utilized both legal and illegal tactics to monitor, discredit, and infiltrate domestic political and social groups that the government deemed posed a threat to United States national security. COINTELPRO was founded to stop the US Communist Party, but eventually expanded to other social and political groups. The primary goal of this program by the FBI was to protect national security and maintain order by diminishing power and credibility of groups that were advocating for platforms different than that of the United States national government.

Origins
COINTELPRO started in 1956 with the goal of stopping the Communist Party's activities. The main driving factor for the start of the program was the Cold War, which made the FBI want to further protect national security from foreign threats. To do this, they decided to stop political opposition within the United States by using surveillance and control tactics. The program targeted a wide variety of protest groups that opposed political and social views of the national government. Although the program started as a way to make sure that people were not following communist beliefs, the law enforcers soon realized that the usual ways of enforcing laws were not being as effective as possible. To strengthen restrictions, they decided to use the fact that they had information for all domestic citizens as a way to illegally make sure that domestic parties did not bring foreign threats.

The FBI initially focused on stopping the Communist Party, but it eventually spread to other political groups that had any opposition to the FBI's beliefs. These groups included feminist groups, civil rights groups, environmentalist organizations, and independence movements. The FBI had the goal of protecting national security while also reducing domestic violence from these different types of groups, but in the process of doing this, the FBI used illegal tactics and method of surveillance that clearly violated first amendment rights.

Methods of Surveillance
The FBI used a series of different methods to control political activist groups. The first method was disrupting activists, where the FBI would interrupt events, label activists as foreign agents, and stop new members from joining activist groups. The FBI also promoted false media, which involved adding false stories, sending false letters, creating false events, and publishing leaflets that lead to misinformation. In addition, the FBI used the legal system to hurt activists, by issuing subpoenas, giving false testimony, and creating fake evidence, with the end goal of sending innocent activists to jail. In order to further control the public, the FBI used physical force, including break-ins, vandalism, assault, and physical harm, with the goal of hurting people that opposed the FBI's beliefs. Lastly, the FBI controlled media, by creating documentaries to hurt the image of different activist groups, and publishing newspapers with the end goal of promoting negative media to hurt the image of different revolutionary organizations. Through these different methods, the FBI was able to reduce trust between different revolutionary organizations, which lowered the chances of the groups merging, and thus helped the FBI continue to maintain power over the groups.

For example, one of the civil rights groups that the FBI focused on was called the Black Panthers. The FBI created a fake letter and sent it to the US Organization, claiming that the Black Panthers had negative intentions with the US Organization, then put down a series of different cartoons in different Black communities that put supporters of the Black Panthers against those of the US Organization. In addition, the FBI worked with different police departments to do repeated raids on the homes of different members of the Black Panthers. Beyond these examples, the FBI created a group of individuals who used to be Minutemen, put them together, and created an organization called the Secret Army Organization, with the main goal of intimidating members of the Anti-War Movement.

The main problem with COINTELPRO was that the FBI consistently broke the law with these different methods of surveillance. As a result, different groups that were mainly harmless were harassed for no real reason, and illegal methods were used to get information about American citizens, which violated their right to privacy. The purpose of government officials is to enforce the law, not break it, but in this case, many of them continuously broke the law. The system of checks and balances was not very effective in this case, since the Executive Branch never supervised the intelligence agencies, Congress did not have much oversight, and many of the domestic surveillance issues never got to the Judicial Branch and the court system.

Civil Rights Movement
COINTELPRO especially monitored the civil rights movement happening in the United Sates between in the 1950s and 60s, in which Black Americans advocated for equal rights under law. The FBI classified many of these groups as “Black Extremist” and a threat to national security, which they used as justification to gain government license for the surveillance. COINTELPRO surveilled and monitored prominent civil rights groups, like the Black Panther Party and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and used intimidation and threats to keep groups in line.

COINTELPRO administered an anonymous threatening letter to prominent civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964. The letter began with an attack on King’s character, stating “like all frauds your end is approaching.” The letter ended with an ominous warning: “King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do so.” The FBI targeted King to “neutralize him as an effective civil rights leader,” and this letter is one example of the intimidation tactics used by COINTELPRO on targeted groups.

Feminist Movement
In the 1960s and 70s, a second wave of feminist movements was happening in the United States, later coined as “Contemporary Feminist Movements” or the “Women’s Liberation Movement.” In early 1970, the FBI began to survey prominent feminist advocates. In a released FBI file on women’s liberation leader Roberta Salper, COINTELPRO considered the feminist movement a “new organization to promote revolutionary changes, not only in universities, but in the social system of the US.” As with many of COINTELPRO’s surveillance targets, they deemed the feminist movement as a deviation from the platform of the national government and a threat to domestic security and order.

Political Involvement
The official purposes of COINTELPRO were to protect national security and prevent violence. However, the senate committee that investigated COINTELPRO insisted in an unofficial purpose to "maintain political and social order." In the context of the 1950s and 60s, This meant operations against communist groups, civil rights groups, and the "New Left". In fact, any deviation from the norm could be seen as a form of sociopolitical disorder, marking most advocacies as target groups for COINTELPRO. In fact, the senate committee found that at least 18% of COINTELPRO targets were noncriminal. During the years of organized crime in the 1920s and 30s, maintaining social order was a valiant effort. However, in the 50s & 60s with activists like Martin Luther King Jr., this effort quickly became a political witch-hunt. Maintaining social order became an act of self preservation rather than an initiative to protect the public.

The FBI's acts of political manipulation begin prior to COINTELPRO. Declassified FBI documents that date back to the end of WW2 (1945) indicate persecution of public figures in order to purport McCarthyism. The fight against communism was mostly a nonpartisan issue, but McCarthyism tended to favor republicans over democrats; Truman specifically was despised by McCarthyites for being soft with communists.

J. Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover was the FBI's director during COINTELPRO, on the back end of his 48 year career as the FBI's (formerly BI) director. During his early years as the FBI's director, he made sweeping changes to the department and cracked down on organized crime under the guise of moral superiority. This cemented Hoover and the FBI as American icons of justice. He was however, notorious for overstepping his duties as the FBI director, even trying to suspend habeas corpus for a mass jailing that would "protect the country against treason, espionage, and sabotage." These previous examples of Hoover breaking due process questions COINTELPRO's legitimacy. If COINTELPRO was an isolated issue, it may be viewed as Hoover's response to the red scare. However, in the context of his past actions, the operation's origins feel dubious. Time magazine's piece on Hoover quotes some of his former aides saying that "the party [communism] was never a genuine internal threat", and that Hoover insisted it was a good target to "ensure financial and public support for the FBI." COINTELPRO then may be viewed as an initiative by Hoover to amplify the effects of the red scare, part of a larger operation that took advantage of the fear of U.S. citizens to bolster support for himself and his organization. Hoover may not be the only responsible party for COINTELPRO, but his actions as the FBI's director mark him as the main culprit.

Conclusion
COINTELPRO is only one example of what could be a bigger problem in America. Appointed officials and Bureaus like the FBI and CIA have limited accountability because of their ability to carry out operations not available to the public. Unelected officials acting on behalf of citizens without the citizens' knowledge is counterproductive to democracy, and incidents like COINTELPRO are proof of this. In fact, there are parallel examples that show this to be a continuing issue. Hoover's desire for mass jailing is analogous to the unjust imprisonment of Muslims in Guantanamo Bay. The FBI's Investigation of Trump in the 2016 election was supported by the DoJ, but legal discrepancies have recently surfaced, questioning the validity of the investigation. Further investigation into the corruption of the FBI and similar bureaus is warranted, as the efficacy of our democracy depends on it.