text:
Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2021/June

About WB:NOTWP
Must The implementation of E-Government be deleted? I think, there are problems with rule WB:NOTWP. Kylaix (discuss • contribs) 04:08, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

My 10-minute block
This is just to note the community that I did a very short 10-minute block on because he was manually deleting, which would take hours to complete. I understand that this may be controversal, and I apologise if I did something wrong, but I meant only good faith as I had no other idea how to quickly inform. I have absolutely nothing against Mrjulesd, and apologise profusely for the rudeness I did here. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 21:05, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Look I'm trying to figure out: was there actually anything wrong in me manual deleting these pages? I mean from the point-of-view of trying to protect this project? If not I would greatly appreciate you not doing this in future. I note that you added pseudo-bot to your account. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 21:11, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:File link' not found.
On a number of template pages, the "Latest draft" pages show this error instead of transcluding the documentation page. Template:Wikisource is one example. Template:Header used to have this but doesn't anymore. Module:File link does seem to exist. Does anyone know what's going on here? —CalendulaAsteraceae (discuss • contribs) 01:50, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Purge the cache perhaps? I can't reproduce the issue myself. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 08:05, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Purging the cache works; thank you! —CalendulaAsteraceae (discuss • contribs) 09:59, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Category:Wikisource protected templates and Category:Wikisource semi-protected templates
These categories don't exist, but a number of template pages are categorized into them. I'm guessing this is the result of importing something from Wikisource and not updating to reflect that it's now on Wikibooks, but I can't track down where this is coming from. Pp-meta seems plausible but I really don't know, so I'd appreciate any input here! —CalendulaAsteraceae (discuss • contribs) 10:43, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

 * , just go to the category itself without editing: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikisource_protected_templates and https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikisource_semi-protected_templates (notice that the  part has been removed). That gives you the list of pages that are calling this category. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 10:47, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you; that is easier to browse. The issue is that I've looked at the source for some of these pages, and their documentation pages, and I can't figure out where they're calling the category (or what other template/module/etc. that they use is calling the category). Based on !, I'm pretty sure it has something to do with the protection process, since nothing on that page calls Category:Wikisource protected templates directly. Are Category:Protected templates and Category:Semi-protected templates the categories that are supposed to be called? —CalendulaAsteraceae (discuss • contribs) 10:57, 19 June 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. It's actually Module:Protection_banner/config that is doing the work - if you look closely, you can see several Wikisource reference which was calling the non-existent categories. Rewiring them to their Wikibooks equivalents worked - the Wikisource categories are now empty. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 11:07, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1
Universal Code of Conduct News Issue 1, June 2021 Read the full newsletter

Welcome to the first issue of Universal Code of Conduct News! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC.

Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to subscribe here.

You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please add your name here if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated.
 * Affiliate consultations – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. (continue reading)
 * 2021 key consultations – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. (continue reading)
 * Roundtable discussions – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. (continue reading)
 * Phase 2 drafting committee – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. (continue reading)
 * Diff blogs – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. (continue reading)

22:07, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions
Dear all,

Wikimania 2021 will be hosted virtually for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the Core Organizing Team (COT) for Wikimania 2021.

Event Program - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information here.

Below are some links to guide you through;
 * Program Submissions
 * Session Submission Guidelines
 * FAQ

Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021.

Announcements- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section here.

Office Hour - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have. Details can be found here.

Best regards,

MediaWiki message delivery (discuss • contribs) 04:18, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team

== Please provide input here or on Meta and during an upcoming Global Conversation on 26-27 June 2021 about the Movement Charter drafting committee ==

Hello, I'm one of the Movement Strategy and Governance facilitators working on community engagement for the Movement Charter initiative.

We're inviting input widely from users of many projects about the upcoming formation of the Movement Charter drafting committee. You can provide feedback here, at the central discussion on Meta, at other ongoing local conversations, and during a Global Conversation upcoming on 26 and 27 June 2021.

The Movement Charter drafting committee is expected to work as a diverse and skilled team of about 15 members for several months. They should receive regular support from experts, regular community reviews, and opportunities for training and an allowance to offset costs. When the draft is completed, the committee will oversee a wide community ratification process.

Further details and context about these questions is on Meta along with a recently-updated overview of the Movement Charter initiative. Feel free to ask questions, and add additional sub-sections as needed for other areas of interest about this topic.

If contributors are interested in participating in a call about these topics ahead of the Global Conversation on 26 and 27 June, please let me know. Xeno (WMF) (discuss • contribs) 16:41, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

The three questions are:
 * 1) What composition should the committee have in terms of movement roles, gender, regions, affiliations and other diversity factors?
 * 2) What is the best process to select the committee members to form a competent and diverse team?
 * 3) How much dedication is it reasonable to expect from committee members, in terms of hours per week and months of work?
 * 1) How much dedication is it reasonable to expect from committee members, in terms of hours per week and months of work?
 * 1) How much dedication is it reasonable to expect from committee members, in terms of hours per week and months of work?

Editing news 2021 #2
Read this in another language • Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter

Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of the Reply Tool. The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped newer editors communicate on wiki. The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor.

The key results were:

 * Newer editors who had automatic ("default on") access to the Reply tool were more likely to post a comment on a talk page.
 * The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also less likely to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing.

These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful.

Looking ahead

The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months. This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias.

The next step is to resolve a technical challenge. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the Wikipedias that participated in the study. After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis.

You can turn on "" in Beta Features now. After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in Special:Preferences.

–Whatamidoing (WMF) (talk) 14:14, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Server switch
Read this message in another language •

The Wikimedia Foundation tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in MediaWiki, all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future.

You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.

 * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at 14:00 UTC (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June).
 * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

Other effects:

 * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
 * There will be code freezes for the week of June 28. Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. Please share this information with your community. SGrabarczuk (WMF) 01:19, 27 June 2021 (UTC)


text:
Proto-Turkic/Basics

Welcome to the second lesson of Proto-Turkic!

Verb clauses
Verb clauses are formed by adding a tense to the end of the verb. Let's consider the aorist suffix *-ur, *-ür and its opposite *-maŕ, *meŕ.

 * I love horses. - Bẹ atïŕïg sebür.
 * My mother doesn't love him. - Anam anï sebmeŕ.

However, in some Turkic languages like Turkish, Tatar, or even Old Turkic, this suffix was combined with another suffix *-aŕ or *-eŕ to form unpredictable choice of aorist form.

Noun clauses
There are no noun clauses in Proto-Turkic. The verb to stand or to be (auxiliary) takes the suffix *-ur, *-ür in the present tense, and noun phrases are provided in this way. If the sentence is positive, it may not take any verb or suffix.

 * Hen is a bird - Takïgu kuĺ (turur/erür).
 * Butter is not a fruit - Yāg yẹ̄miĺč turmaŕ/ermeŕ.

Family members

 * mother - *ana
 * father - *ata
 * girl, daughter - *kï̄ŕ
 * boy - *ēr
 * son - *ogul
 * elder sister - *eke
 * elder brother - *ečey
 * younger sister - *siŋil
 * younger brother - *ini (unclear, perhaps Proto-Common-Turkic)
 * bride - *kẹlin
 * son-in-law - *küdegü
 * a man's wife's younger sister - *bāldïŕ

The reason why *ini is not clear is that it is not found in the Oghur group. Sometimes some words are reconstructed for (Pre-)Proto-Turkic even though they are not found in Lir Turkic. These configurations include Proto-Common-Turkic, non-Lir legacy configurations are not (Pre-)Proto-Turkic.

Next Lesson: Locative-ablative case and plurality

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Proto-Turkic/Basics


text:
Mario franchise strategy guide/Locations/Bowser's Castle

Bowser's Castle is the abode of Bowser, arch villain of the Super Mario videogames. The castle has often been destroyed and rebuilt, and appears different in each game that it appears in. It is usually filled with lava pits, booby traps, and Bowser's minions, and always includes a room where Bowser holds residence. Sometimes it is turned into a racetrack, tennis court, soccer field, or baseball field. It is typically located to the north-west of the Mushroom Kingdom, in the Koopa Kingdom, but has frequently moved. In several of the storylines, Princess Peach is held captive there.

Super Mario Bros./Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
In Mario's first and second platforming adventures, Bowser's Castle is located in the eighth world as the last course. It is built similarly to the seven previous castles before it (all those contained "fake" Bowsers), but takes advantage of several labyrinthine elements unique to this castle.

Super Mario Bros. 3

In this game, not only was Bowser's Castle the final destination once again, but an entire world was built around it, called "Castle of Koopa" ("Dark Land" in the English NES re-release, or simply "Bowser's Castle" in the English GBA version). This eighth and final world was a subterranean valley reminiscent of the classical image of hell: with lava, floating skulls, and intermittent darkness. Thanks to the addition of an overworld map screen, Bowser's Castle also had a defined exterior structure: it was built similar to a medieval fort, with a likeness of Bowser sculpted onto the front entrance. The castle itself is guarded by a massive military tank in the courtyard. The architectural style of the castle's interior is unique in that it features enormous lava pits and statues of Bowser that emit laser beams upon the approach of an intruder. The castle is also constructed of bricks not found in any of the other fortresses; these bricks play a major role in Bowser's eventual defeat in his chamber.

This version of Bowser's Castle also appeared in The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3.

Super Mario World
In Dinosaur Land, Bowser's Castle is located in the heart of the archipelago, directly underneath the sea. The entire area is named the Valley of Bowser for this reason. The castle itself is located to the north. It had changed appearance yet again, this time resembling Windsor Castle, but noteworthy for the massive sign positioned directly over the entrance which reads "Bowser" (or "Koopa" in the Japanese version as well as the cartoon) in bright neon lights. Bowser himself is seen hovering over the topmost spire in his flying Koopa Clown Car. There are actually two entrances to the castle: a front door and a back door (actually a separate tower beside the castle). If the player goes through the front door, he must first go through two of eight doors, each one featuring different challenges, before reaching the dark hallway leading to the rooftop. The back door goes straight to the dark hallway.

This same castle was also featured in the cartoon based on the game Super Mario World. There, it was known as the Neon Castle, and sarcastically referred to once by Mario as Koopa's "Coney Island Disco Palace." In the cartoon, the back door was a warp pipe not far from the castle itself.

A similar castle also appears in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.

Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
Bowser's Castle rendered in 3-D for the first time, it was large and imposing consisting of large towers and rooms. The castle was stationed on a mountain carved in Bowser's image which is oddly extremely close to Mario's own house. The castle was filled with minions and lava pits along with dark twisting corridors. There were also rooms containing challenges such as navigating across an invisible bridge suspended over lava, and jumping over barrels thrown by a gorilla (in homage to Donkey Kong).

Paper Mario

Bowser used the power of the Star Rod to transport his castle directly underneath Princess Peach's Castle. He then flew his castle above the clouds, taking Peach's Castle with it. Outside there is a statue of Bowser's head which is actually a garage in the middle of the castle. Atop of the statue is a large tower and perched atop this is Peach's castle. Below the statue is a giant sphere which has the same clown face as Bowser's Koopa Clown Car. To the left and right of that are two spiked balls attached to chains. At the bottom of the whole castle is one of the spiked bands Bowser wears on his arms and neck, but far larger; it seems to make the castle stay in the air. Inside are dungeons, lava pits, halls, foyers, and loop rooms. The castle suffers damage as a result of the events in the game. In Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door and Super Paper Mario, Bowser's Castle has been revamped, now a standard, medieval castle on the ground. This version of Bowser's Castle makes a cameo appearance in Mario Kart: Super Circuit, on the track Rainbow Road.

Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
Unlike all previous Mario RPGs, Mario never actually goes to Bowser's castle. The player briefly takes control of Bowser to move him around during a cut-scene, and even then only one room is shown. However, the castle is depicted in a mountainous region with lava surrounding it.

Super Paper Mario
Once again, Bowser's castle plays a minor role. In the beginning of the game, Bowser addresses his troops as he plans to capture the princess, but is interrupted by the Mario Bros. and Count Bleck.

Later, after being transported to The Bitlands with several of his troops, Bowser, upon finding several Super Mario Bros.-esque fortresses, takes them as his own, with him inhabiting the largest of them. Mario, however, manages to destroy that one.

Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga
One would suppose that since the game takes place in the Beanbean Kingdom, Bowser's Castle would not be in the game. However, in this game Bowser's Castle turns into a flying airship which is actually owned by Bowletta. Inside are traps, guards, lava pits, the seven Koopalings' room, Bowser's room, and Bowser's/Bowletta's throne room. Just as soon as Cackletta deposseses Bowser, his castle is destroyed

Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time
In the present, Bowser's Castle is walled by a 2 story wall and a tower with two side towers that resemble hands connected to the main tower. The main tower has the same collar as Bowser, and the top part of the tower is a likeness of Bowser's head. Inside it looks exactly like his castle in Superstar Saga. In the past, Baby Bowser's castle is almost exactly like that of his older self, except with a likeness of Baby Bowser's head. However, inside the castle, Baby Bowser's room has toys, happy faces, and flower paintings; the Koopalings' rooms are not here as well because Bowser did not have children at the time.

New Super Mario Bros.
Like almost every other game, Bowser's Castle is at the end of World 8. It is on a mountain which is surrounded by lava. The castle itself has many towers either with flat or triangular roofs, except the center tower which has a Bowser shell for the roof. The front two towers on both the left and right have Bowser statues, and the entrance has flamed torches. The entrance door is under a large carving of Bowser's head. Inside the castle are lava traps, switches that flip rooms upside down, flamethrowers, guards, loop rooms, and Bowser's Room.Two of the towers also have sad faces.

Yoshi Island DS
In Yoshi's Island DS a strange castle has appeared in the clouds. Bowser travels back in time and kidnaps the babies in order to find the seven Star Children to take over the world. This castle is the final castle of Yoshi's Island DS, and is located in world five. All the babies (including Baby Wario and Baby Bowser) are able to ride Yoshi's back in this level. Like in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, this castle has a unique level design. The player is able to take five different routes in the castle, one route for each baby. It doesn't matter which route you take, as you'll end up in the same room before the final boss. If you enter the boss door with Baby Bowser on your back however, you'll end up with Baby Mario due to Baby Bowser being the first of three bosses of the final castle. The other two bosses are Bowser and, like its Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island counterpart, a bigger version of Bowser.

Mario Kart
Every game in the Mario Kart series has featured one or more courses dubbed "Bowser [or Bowser's] Castle". Super Mario Kart and Mario Kart: Super Circuit feature multiple, numbered Bowser Castle courses with jumps over lava, Thwomps and other hazards. These courses are entirely confined within a castle's interior. In the true three-dimensional games (Mario Kart 64, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, Mario Kart Arcade GP and Mario Kart DS), the Bowser's Castle courses are more clearly defined as castles, with the racetrack extending outside the castle walls. The hazards typically include Thwomps, lava, and flamethrowers/fireballs.

Other appearances
Bowser's Castle appears in various Mario sports games, such Mario Power Tennis, Mario Superstar Baseball and Mario Hoops 3-on-3, where it is often depicted as having such obstacles as Thwomps, lava and stray fireballs. Bowser's Castle can be unlocked as a monument by entering the code "Hanafuda" in the monument screen in SimCity DS.

In The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, King Koopa was shown to own a variety of castles, with a different one appearing in almost every episode; these castles often varied from being simple fortresses to such things as ice palaces and tall towers. Bowser's Castle also appeared in both Nintendo Comics System and Nintendo Adventure Books.

In the Super Mario Bros. film, in place of a castle, King Koopa inhabited a parallel Earth version of Lower Manhattan's World Trade Center, though much more decayed and run-down in appearance.


text: Category:Book:Super Mario Advance

title: Category:Book:Super Mario Advance


text:
Super Mario Advance/Robirdo

Robirdo is a boss in Super Mario Advance. It is a giant, robotic version of Birdo. The fight against Robirdo replaced a Mouser battle that was in Super Mario Bros. 2.

Robirdo jumps, shaking the ground and stunning Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, or Toad if they are on the ground. Then, it runs forward. Another attack is spitting two giant eggs. All three of these attacks can be evaded by climbing the chains that hang down in the room.

Robirdo can be defeated by throwing eggs back at it.

title: Super Mario Advance/Robirdo


text:
Mario franchise strategy guide/Enemies/Bandit

Bandit is a fictional enemy in Nintendo's Yoshi series of video games. Bandit looks like a grown up Shy Guy.

Bandit's most noticeable role was in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, where he, along with Shy Guy, were two of the most common enemies. But Bandit, however, was also available the enemy that Yoshi would verse in the unlockable mini games. Also, if the player uses a cheat to unlock the mini games, another person can use another controller to play as Bandit in certain mini games.

Paper Mario
Bandit appears in the area Dry Dry Desert in Paper Mario.

Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
A bandit steals half of the players coins at the beginning, there is also a Bandit at the Glits Pits called Bandy Andy.

Baseball Boy and Zeus Guy
In the game Yoshi's Island, there are two enemies the look extremely a lot like Bandit. Baseball Boy is the first one you meet, unlike Bandit who steals Baby Mario, Baseball Boy chuks Yoshi Eggs and smashes Yoshi with his baseball bat when he gets close, he is defeated the same way Banidt is. Zeus Guy appears much later in the gane, he is able to fire powerful charged up energy shots, unlike the others, he cannot be defeated by ground pounds, he needs to be defeated a breath of fire or ice.


text:
User talk:102.252.67.41

I dont want to be called an IP address. 102.252.67.77 (discuss) 12:55, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:102.252.67.41


text:
User:June586

Uh yeah I made the Dujegkagi language.......

title: User:June586


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Book/doc

Purpose
This template is used to create start pages or book covers for books in the OpenRewi project. In its current version, the template is filled in manually.

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
For an overview of the templates used in the project, see Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Book/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Book-Cover/doc

Purpose
This template is used in the project OpenRewi for the uniform design of the upper part of the book cover.

Parameters
{	"params": { "title": {}, "subtitle": {}, "team": {} } }

title: Template:OpenRewi/Book-Cover/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Chapter/doc

Purpose
This template is used to create book chapters for books in the OpenRewi project. In its current version, the template is included filled in manually by the authors.

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Chapter/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Chapter-Top/doc

Purpose
This template serves as the main design template for the chapter header for book projects in the OpenRewi project. It currently contains the following templates:
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 * the table of contents
 * the suppression of automatic chapter numbering

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Chapter-Top/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Chapter-End/doc

Purpose
This template serves as the main design template for the chapter footer of a book chapter for book projects in the OpenRewi project. It currently contains the following templates:
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 * the footnote list of a chapter

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Chapter-End/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/TOC/doc

Purpose
This template is used to create tables of contents for book projects in the OpenRewi project. In its current version, the template is filled in manually. The table of contents is used both on the start page of a book and in the individual chapters.

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/TOC/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Info-top/doc

Purpose
This template will be included in the OpenRewi project at the beginning of each chapter started. The purpose of the infobox is to point out the following:
 * Who is behind OpenRewi + logo.
 * a comment field, with which individual parts of the chapter can be commented directly
 * hints and requests for further use of the materials

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
A contact option by mail has just been omitted to encourage the use of the comment function.

An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Info-top/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Info-end/doc

Purpose
This template is included in the OpenRewi project at the end of each chapter. The purpose of the infobox is to point out the following:
 * Who is behind OpenRewi + logo.
 * a comment field, with which individual parts of the chapter can be commented directly
 * hints and requests for further use of the materials

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
A contact option by mail has just been omitted to encourage the use of the comment function.

An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Info-end/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/WIP/doc

Purpose
This template is included in the OpenRewi project at the beginning of each chapter, when the text is just being created in the first booksprints.

Parameters
None

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/WIP/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Advanced/doc

Purpose
This template serves as a central design template for advanced content within the body text for book projects in the OpenRewi project.

Parameters

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Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Advanced/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Example/doc

Purpose
This template serves as a central design template for examples within the body texts for book projects in the [OpenRewi|OpenRewi]] project.

Parameters

 * Content: The content of the template is entered here
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Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Example/doc


text:
Template:OpenRewi/Test/doc

Purpose
This template is to be included within the book chapters of book projects in the OpenRewi project to perform interactive knowledge tests with H5P elements on an external page.

Parameters

 * Link: here you have to enter the URL to the learning resource

Examples
OpenRewi/Public_International_Law

Further notes
An overview of the templates used in the project can be found at Template:OpenRewi.

title: Template:OpenRewi/Test/doc


text:
Fractals/Mathematics/Roots

Finding roots of equation

=Root=

Names
 * roots
 * zeros
 * solutions of the equations
 * x-intercepts

=Relation between roots and coefficients of the polynomial =
 * math.stackexchange question: parameter-plane-dynamics-of-fixed-points-and-their-preimages-for-standard-quadratic
 * monodromy is the study of how objects behave as they "run round" a singularity

=Methods = Papers: Programs:
 * Newton method
 * "A useful way to visualize the roots of a complex function is to plot the 0 contours of the real and imaginary parts. That is, compute z = Dm(...) on a reasonably dense grid, and then use matplotlib's contour function to plot the contours where z.real is 0 and where z.imag is zero. The roots of the function are the points where these contours intersect." Warren Weckesser
 * A comparison of solution methods for Mandelbrot-like polynomials by Eunice Y. S. Chan
 * Free Online Polynomials root finder (factoring)
 * gsl : Example-programs-for-Multidimensional-Root-finding
 * mpsolve
 * Complex polynomial roots toy by Leo C. Stein
 * Numerical computation of the roots of Mandelbrot polynomials: an experimental analysis by Dario A. Bini 2023

=Examples=

quadratic equation
A quadratic equation (from the Latin quadratus for "square") is any equation having the form
 * $$ax^2+bx+c=0$$

where $x$ represents an unknown, and $a$, $b$, and $c$ represent known numbers such that $a$ is not equal to $0$. If $a = 0$, then the equation is linear, not quadratic. The numbers $a$, $b$, and $c$ are the coefficients of the equation, and may be distinguished by calling them, respectively, the quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the constant or free term.

Although the quadratic formula provides an exact solution, the result is not exact if real numbers are approximated during the computation, as usual in numerical analysis, where real numbers are approximated by floating point numbers (called "reals" in many programming languages). In this context, the quadratic formula is not completely numerical stable.

This occurs when :
 * the roots have different order of magnitude, or, equivalently, when $b^{2}$ and $b^{2} − 4ac$ are close in magnitude. In this case, the subtraction of two nearly equal numbers will cause loss of significance or catastrophic cancellation in the smaller root. To avoid this, the root that is smaller in magnitude, $r$, can be computed as $$(c/a)/R$$ where $R$ is the root that is bigger in magnitude.
 * a second form of cancellation can occur between the terms $b^{2}$ and $4ac$ of the discriminant, that is when the two roots are very close. This can lead to loss of up to half of correct significant figures in the roots.

When the term inside the square root (the "Discriminant") goes negative, i.e.

if (b*b - 4*a*c < 0 ):

then doesn't have real roots, but have complex roots. ( see square root of negative number)

square root of Negative or complex number
If S is negative real numnber :

 * $$ \operatorname{Re} (S)< 0 $$
 * $$ \operatorname{Im}(S) = 0 $$

then its principal square root is
 * $$\sqrt {S} = \sqrt {\vert S \vert} \, \, i \,.$$

If S is a complex number : S = a+bi where a and b are real and b ≠ 0,

then its principal square root ( = the root with the non-negative real part) is :

 * $$\sqrt {S} = \sqrt{\frac{\vert S \vert + a}{2}} \, + \, \sgn (b) \sqrt{\frac{\vert S \vert - a}{2}} \, \, i \,.$$

where :

 * $$\vert S \vert = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$$

is the absolute value (modulus) of S.

This can be verified by squaring the root. =See also=
 * How to analyze discrete dynamical system based on the map f ?

=References=
 * Geometry of polynomials and root-finding via path-lifting, February 2018 Nonlinearity 31(2):414-457 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6544 by  Myong-Hi Kim, Marco Martens, Scott Sutherland

title: Fractals/Mathematics/Roots


text:
Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality

Welcome to the third lesson of Proto-Turkic!

Locative-ablative case
In Proto-Turkic, two different forms of the same suffix are used for locative and ablative: *-de for locative and *-den for ablative. Or just *-de can be used for both cases.

 * There is no work at home. - Ebde īĺč yōk.
 * I came from home. - Bẹ ebde(n) kẹlti.

Since the personal pronoun is added to the end of the tense in today's Turkic languages, it is not obligatory to use the personal pronoun. But in Proto-Turkic it is a must to use the personal pronoun to indicate who is doing the action. Because in the Proto language there is no suffix denoting the subject. But in the past tense seen, it may be the privilege of this situation. Because in Old Turkic there is am/is/are only for past tense and it matches with Chuvash.

Places in Proto-Turkic

 * house - *eb
 * fireplace, tent - *ōtag
 * hut, hovel - *koĺ
 * sea - *teŋiŕ
 * lake - *kȫl
 * mountain - *tāg
 * hill - *tepü
 * forest - *orman
 * swamp - *batgak
 * seashore - *kïdïg

*-ŕ, *-iŕ, *-ïŕ, *-üŕ, *-uŕ
Plurality in Proto-Turkic is an imprecise issue. The suffixes used to indicate the plural in the Lir and Shaz group are different from each other. However, there is an attachment that is specific for paired objects. It is used very rarely and although it exists today, its uses are limited.

 * we - *biŕ
 * you (plural) - *siŕ
 * twins - *ẹkiŕ
 * triplets - *üčüŕ
 * tribes - *okuŕ (origin of Oghur and Oghuz)

*-lar, *-ler
The plural suffix in modern Turkic languages can be configured as *-lar, *-ler for Proto-Common-Turkic, but its presence in Proto-Turkic is not clear. The suggested forms for Proto-Turkic differ from Proto-Common-Turkic. Even although, Róna-Tas, András (1998) in his chapter The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question said that these suffixes exist in Proto-Turkic with the Chuvash plural suffix -сем (-sem) being a late replacement.

The suffix -lar in today's Turkic languages may have been placed in Proto-Mongolic as -nar from Common-Turkic. The time between Proto-Turkic and Proto-Mongolic is quite long. While Proto-Turkic dates back to 500 BCE, Proto-Mongolic can go as far as 1000 AD. Therefore, not every word in Proto-Mongolic has to be in Proto-Turkic. While the Mongolic languages lived their Proto times, the Turkic languages were already divided into groups.

*-t, *-ït, *-it, *-ut, *-üt
Another suffix whose existence is controversial in Proto-Turkic is *-t. Although some linguists claim to have passed from Mongolic, it is found in old Turkic a lot. It is related to *-/d/ in Proto-Mongolic and *-/ta/, *-/te/ in Proto-Tungusic. If it did not pass through Mongolic, its presence in the Tungusic can be shown as evidence of its existence in Proto-Turkic.

 * sons - *ogulut

*-n, *-an, *-en
Another plural suffix is now dead, except for the stereotyped words. But more examples are needed to prove it.

 * sons - *ogulan
 * flames - *örten
 * people, nation - *bodun
 * Kurykans - *kurïkan (uncertain)
 * cities, places - *orun (uncertain)

Next lesson: Past tenses and vowel harmony


text:
Pokémon/Items

The Pokémon games, anime, and manga have a variety of items unique to their fictional world.

Berries
Berries were introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver. Berries are found on distinct-looking trees, and will regrow every day. They can be used like typical RPG consumable items, to heal damage or negate status effects, but they are different in that they can be given to a Pokémon to hold, in which case the Pokémon will use the item as soon as it is needed, thus saving a turn.

Starting in Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and onwards, berries have greatly changed. Their new names and appearances are loosely based off of real fruits and vegetables. They no longer grow regularly in certain places - rather, picking a set of berries uproots the plant. Players can replant and water berries in order to grow berry plants from which more berries can be picked. Growing times range from four hours to four days. These games also introduce the ability to make Pokéblocks by spinning the berries in a Berry Blender.

In Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen, and Pokémon Emerald, players can crush berries with 2-5 other players via the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter to make Berry Powder, which can be spent to buy rare items in Cerulean City. Some berries in Pokémon Emerald have effects that differ from other third generation games.

Elixirs and Ethers
Elixirs (referred to as Elixers in games prior to Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire) and Ethers have been essential to the Pokémon world since Pokémon Red and Blue. The counterpart to Potions, Elixirs and Ethers restore a Pokémon's Power Points (PP) rather than its HP (see Magic Point for related info). Power Points are essentially the number of times any given attack may be used. Elixirs and Ethers are limited and cannot be bought in any shopping mart by the player. Each move is assigned a default maximum amount (e.g. Surf has 15 PP, Fire Blast has 5). PP can be raised by one using a "PP Up" but that too is very rare. Using Elixirs and Ethers allows players to refresh used PP during battles or when visiting a Pokémon Center for healing would not be convenient. While the ability to "hold" items was introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver, giving Pokémon the ability to use certain items autonomously, Elixirs and Ethers need to be used by the player specifically so there is no benefit beyond extra storage to having a Pokémon hold one. Incidentally, several berries were introduced from this point on, mimicking their effects.

While Elixirs and Ethers cannot be purchased in any of the games, they are a welcome item often found while traveling around. There are four types, restoring varying amounts of PP:

 * Ether - Restores 10 PP to a selected move.
 * Max Ether - Restores all PP to a selected move.
 * Elixir - Restores 10 PP to all of a selected Pokémon's moves.
 * Max Elixir - Restores all PP of all of a selected Pokémon's moves.

PokéFlute
The PokéFlute, first introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, was initially a Key Item used to wake a sleeping Snorlax that was blocking forward progress. It could also be used in any battle, to wake up sleeping Pokémon.

In Pokémon Gold, Silver, and Crystal, the Radio Tower in Lavender Town has a station devoted to PokéFlute music, which is also used to wake a sleeping Snorlax that is blocking forward progress.

The PokéFlute also appeared in Pokémon Snap, where it could awaken Snorlax from sleep, lure Pokémon out of hiding, and sometimes would make them dance or behave oddly—Pikachu unleash showers of sparks when they hear the music.

A PokéFlute appears in the Pokémon anime in episode #41, "Wake up! Snorlax!", when it is used to wake a Snorlax that is blocking an important river.

In chapter 22, "Vs. Victreebel," of Pokémon Adventures, a mechanical Pidgey tour guide in the Safari Zone rescues Red from being sacrificed as part of a Victreebel evolution ritual, by waking the assembled Bellsprouts and Weepinbells with a PokéFlute.

"Pokémon Flute" is a card in the first set of the Pokémon Trading Card Game, but doesn't wake Pokémon in that game.

Other flutes
While they are not specifically referred to as "PokéFlutes," flutes of various sorts play important roles in the Pokémon anime and manga, and video games.

In Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, a glassblower near Lavaridge Town makes five different types of glass flutes, which are not referred to as PokéFlutes (although one has the same sleep awakening effect). In order to purchase these flutes, instead of using money one must get a Soot Sack and walk around Route 113, where the glassblower is. The grass there is covered with volcanic ash that spreads from the volcano nearby, and 1 ash is collected for every white patch of grass walked through, which proceeds to revert to the normal green color after, signifying no ash left on that patch. Once one leaves the area or enters a house (such as that of the glassblower), the ash will reappear where it was lost. These are the types of flutes one can buy and their ash prices:

 * Blue Flute - Cures Pokémon afflicted by Sleep. - Cost: 250 ashes
 * Yellow Flute - Cures Pokémon afflicted by Confusion. - Cost: 500 ashes
 * Red Flute - Cures Pokémon afflicted by Attraction. - Cost: 750 ashes
 * Black Flute - Reduces encounter rate of wild Pokémon. - Cost: 1000 ashes
 * White Flute - Increases encounter rate of wild Pokémon. - Cost: 1000 ashes

In Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, the Blue Flute can be used to wake Pokémon in your party both in and out of battle, multiple times. Like the PokéFlute, it can be used as a replacement for "perishable" items used to cure "sleep". The only difference is that the Blue Flute wakes the Pokémon instantly, while the PokéFlute wakes the Pokémon only after the song is finished playing. The Red & Yellow flutes can be used to cure "Attraction" and "Confusion" in a similar way.

In the second Pokémon movie, the tune Melody plays on her unnamed flute (which somewhat resembles an ocarina) reawakens Lugia after it is defeated, and repairs the damage done by Moltres, Zapdos, and Articuno.

In Pokémon Colosseum, the Time Flute is used to summon Celebi to heal Shadow Pokémon (Pokémon that have been tainted by a dark power).

In Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, the event item Heaven's Pipe is used to create a staircase to the Beginning Dimension, where Arseus can be captured.

Potions
Potions are items used to restore the hit points (HP) of the player's Pokémon after taking damage. Potions, like Elixirs and Ethers, are staples of the role-playing game genre. In particular, Potions are health-restoring items, and are kept in spray bottles for spraying onto the Pokémon.

There are four different Potions, differing only in the amount of damage they can heal and their in-game cost:

 * Potion - Restores 20 HP.
 * Super Potion - Restores 50 HP.
 * Hyper Potion - Restores 200 HP.
 * Max Potion - Restores all of a Pokémon's HP.

There are also other items similar in effect to potions that Pokémon can receive.

 * Fresh Water - Restores 50 HP.
 * Soda - Restores 60 HP.
 * Lemonade - Restores 80 HP.
 * Moo Moo Milk - Restores 100 HP.
 * Full Restore - Cures all status effects and restores all HP
 * Ragecandybar - Restores 20 HP. It's exclusive to Pokémon Gold, Silver, and Crystal, although mentioned in FireRed and LeafGreen.
 * Energypowder - Restores 50 HP, but the bitter taste upsets Pokémon.
 * Energy Root - Restores 200 HP, but the bitter taste upsets Pokémon.

These items come in spray bottles like potions, but are used for curing status effects:

 * Antidote - Cures Poison
 * Paralyze Heal - Cures Paralysis
 * Burn Heal - Cures Burns
 * Awakening - Wakes Pokémon from sleep
 * Ice Heal - Thaws frozen Pokémon
 * Full Heal - Cures all status ailments except "fainted"

In Pokémon Gold and Silver and Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, equipping Potions has no effect, presumably for the reason that a Pokémon would not be able to understand how to use a Potion. The trainer can equip a Berry that restores HP or status instead.

Elemental Stones
Elemental Stones (occasionally known as Evolution Stones) are crystals with the power of a certain element. There are currently nine different stones for evolving Pokémon. Fire, Water, and Thunder Stones evolve certain Pokémon of the corresponding Type, for example Vulpix, Staryu, and Pikachu, respectively. The Moon Stone evolves fairy-like Pokémon, like Clefairy and Nidorina. Leaf Stones evolve Grass-types, such as Gloom and Weepinbell. The Sun Stone, introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver, evolves the plant Pokémon Sunkern and Gloom. Pokémon Diamond and Pearl added Light, Dark and Awakening stones: Light Stones are used to evolve Togetic and Roselia, Dark Stones are used to evolve Murkrow and Misdreavus, and Awakening Stones are used to evolve male Kirlia and female Snorunt.

There are a handful of other stones related to evolution, including the Everstone, which prevents a Pokémon from evolving, and the Sun Shard and Moon Shard (found in Pokémon XD only), which can evolve Eevee into Espeon or Umbreon, respectively. The King's Rock is also a stone that aids in evolution, though by a different mechanism. A Slowpoke or Poliwhirl that holds the King's Rock and is traded will evolve into Slowking or Politoed, respectively.

Pokéblock
In Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (and later games), a Pokéblock is a Pez-like candy for Pokémon made from berries. Trainers use a Berry Blender to make the berries into Pokéblocks. Its primary use is to raise a Pokémon's special Pokémon Contest attributes, although they can also be used for bait in the Safari Zone.

Depending on the flavor of the Pokéblock, it raises a different attribute of the Pokémon that eats it. Pokéblocks can be a combination of flavors, and thus raise more than one stat.

Pokéblocks are also used to evolve Feebas into Milotic, by raising the Feebas's beauty statistic to the maximum.

Pofin
Introduced in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, Pofin replaces the Pokéblocks of the third generation. Pofin is a type of bread flavored with berries, which will similarly increase Pokémon Contest attributes.

Rare Candies
Rare Candy is a rare item that contains enough energy and nutrients to immediately raise a Pokémon to the next experience level. It is often falsely believed that the use of Rare Candies will ultimately leave a Pokémon weaker than if the player had levelled their Pokémon up normally through battling. However, when Rare Candy is used, the Pokémon in fact receives no effort values, meaning the Pokémon can potentially be just as strong as it would have been without the item.

Rare Candy also makes an appearance in the Pokémon Trading Card Game.

Technical Machines
A Technical Machine, or TM for short, is a special machine that teaches a Pokémon a new move, often a move it wouldn't normally learn on its own. They are usable only once, disappearing from a player's inventory afterwards. They are depicted in the trading card game as a small device that a trainer inserts their Poké Ball into, while in the manga, TMs are smaller boxes that are split in half, then held over the Pokémon's head to transmit the move directly into its mind. Starting in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the video games have depicted TMs as CDs, color-coded to indicate the type of move they teach. A related item, the TM Case, was introduced in FireRed and LeafGreen in order to hold the trainer's TMs.

Up until the fourth generation the games included only 50 TMs, each generation having some variance in what moves were available. Diamond and Pearl were the first to include 92 TMs, though the first fifty were the same TMs as in the third generation games. Approximately two-thirds of the TMs available in each game are given to the player by non-player characters or found throughout the world, with the rest being purchasable at stores - usually from a department store or from a Game Corner (a casino-like arcade). As with Pokémon, certain TMs are rare, one-of-kind, or hard-to-get (these TMs usually contain powerful moves). Every TM is only usable by certain species of Pokémon, and some, like Magikarp or Ditto, can't use any TMs. Conversely, the rare Pokémon Mew is able to learn any move teachable through a TM or HM.

Hidden Machines
A Hidden Machine (HM) is similar to a TM, teaching moves to Pokémon, except that it may be used multiple times. HM moves, once taught to a Pokémon, are permanent unless erased by the Move Deleter. HM moves also have special uses outside of battle. For instance, Surf lets the player cross over deep water, riding on their Pokémon like a living boat. Each HM is typically tied to a Gym Leader, and a player needs the corresponding Gym Badge to use an HM move outside of battle.

 * Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow have five HMs — they teach the moves Cut, Fly, Surf, Strength, and Flash.
 * Gold, Silver, and Crystal have seven HMs — the five from Red, Blue, and Yellow, plus HMs 06 and 07, which teach Whirlpool and Waterfall, respectively.
 * Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald have eight HMs — the same as Gold, Silver, and Crystal with a different HM 06 (Rock Smash instead of Whirlpool) plus HM 08, which teaches Dive.
 * FireRed and LeafGreen have seven HMs — the same as in Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, save for HM 08, which can still be obtained using a Gameshark or Action Replay. Also, it can be replaced by another move without having to go to the Move Deleter.
 * Diamond and Pearl eliminated Flash (HM 05) for the first time and replaced it with the new move, Fog Clear. Another new technique, Rock Climb (HM 08), has been added to the list, bringing the total back up to eight.

Vitamins
Vitamins, or Nutrients, are items that were introduced in the original Pokémon Red and Blue, and have persisted in every sequel since. They are used to boost a Pokémon's stats. While considered rare items in terms of whether the player can find them while walking around in the world, they are able to be bought in shops - being one of the most expensive things a Trainer may purchase. Most Vitamins of a specific type can only be used 10 times on any given Pokémon. This cap essentially limits how much a player can "easily" increase their Pokémon's overall strength. In Pokémon Emerald a new attribute was added to certain Berries to counter the effects of Vitamins - lowering different stats. This is to benefit trainers who are concerned with a variable used to determine overall stats called Effort Values (EVs) or Effort Points. Vitamins and these Berries have a direct effect on EVs.

There are currently eight different types of Vitamins, up from the original six of Red and Blue:

 * Protein - Increases the Attack stat.
 * Iron - Increases the Defense stat.
 * Calcium - Increases the Special Attack stat. Before Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were introduced, Calcium was responsible for augmentation of both Special Attack and Special Defense stats (although in previous Pokémon Gold and Silver the "Special" stat was already divided).
 * Zinc - Increases the Special Defense stat. Introduced with Ruby and Sapphire.
 * Carbos - Increases the Speed stat.
 * HP Up - Increases the HP stat.
 * PP Up - Increases the amount of PP for a specific move by roughly 20%. (also see Elixirs and Ethers or Power Points for more specific information)
 * PP Max - Raises the amount of PP for a specific move to its maximum allowable limit, equivalent to using three PP Up. PP Max was introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire.

Pokégear
In Pokémon Gold, Silver, and Crystal, the Pokégear is a general-purpose tool for Pokémon trainers, including the player. It is usually worn around the wrist (like a watch), hanging from the neck by a lanyard, or sometimes kept in the trainer's pocket.

The Pokégear starts off as a combination wristwatch and cell phone. The latter function is used by the player in the games to receive calls from computer-controlled Pokémon trainers. After obtaining a Map Card, the Pokégear can also double as a map of the Johto region.

The Pokégear can also act as a radio by adding a radio card from the Goldenrod Radio Tower to it. This not only allows the player to listen to different background music from the area's default tune, but it also allows him to hear programs such as the Lucky Number Show (a lottery) or Buena's Password (a memorization challenge). Certain radio stations can also attract or repel wild Pokémon.

In the Pokémon anime, the Pokégear only appears in a three-part episode of Pokémon Chronicles, titled The Legend of Thunder, and in Pokémon 3: The Movie - Spell of the Unown but later it is used by Misty in an episode of Advanced Battle.

The Pokémon Company licensed toy manufacturer TOMY to create a toy Pokégear, which included a radio, a watch, and other Pokémon related features. It was sold through the Japanese Pokémon Centers and their websites only.

Pokémon Digital Assistant
The Pokémon Digital Assistant (P*DA) is the digital organizer used by the protagonists of Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD. Much like the Pokédex, it keeps track of the Pokémon captured and snagged by the user. (As the P*DA's interface serves as these games' menu screens, game data such as money accumulated and time played are also available from the P*DA screen.)

By going to the Pre Gym in Phenac City, Strategy Memo information of Pokémon encountered is downloaded to P*DA. The Strategy Memo mode contains information on every Pokémon fought, including type, abilities, and size. This mode was greatly expanded upon in Pokémon XD.

Much like the Pokégear and Pokémon Emerald version of the PokéNav, the P*DA also has a connection to a network, used in this case to receive e-mail. NPCs use this to contact the protagonist.

In Pokémon XD, the P*DA can also be used to keep tabs on bait left in PokéSpots.

PokéNav
Introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire and appearing in Pokémon Emerald and the Pokémon anime, the PokéNav (short for Pokémon Navigator) is a general-purpose communication and navigation tool for Pokémon trainers, similar to the Pokégear in previous games.

In Ruby and Sapphire, it monitors the condition of the player's Pokémon, keeps profiles of other trainers defeated by the player (including keeping track of when a trainer is ready for a rematch), and keeps track of awards and ribbons won by the player's Pokémon, and has a map to keep track of the player's location in Hoenn. In Pokémon Emerald, it also doubles as a cell phone, allowing the player to call up computer-controlled Pokémon trainers for tips or rematch challenges.

In the Pokémon television series, Max carries the PokéNav belonging to his sister, May, since he is better at using it than she is. Typically, Max uses the PokéNav to help Ash decide which city to head to next.

Pokétch
The Pokétch, short for Pokémon Watch, is a watch-like device reminiscent of the Pokégear from Gold and Silver and the PokéNav from Ruby and Sapphire from the upcoming games "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl". It has the most features of any of the gear devices, combining things that used to only be accessible in one area (clock), things that were previously obtained as items (Itemfinder), and a host of new features.

A full list includes:
 * Digital and analogue clock
 * Calculator
 * Memo Pad
 * Step counter
 * a page showing your current party of Pokémon
 * Happiness checker
 * Itemfinder
 * Berry checker
 * Breeding center checker
 * Pokémon history
 * Counter
 * Marking map
 * Wireless searcher
 * Coin toss
 * Type chart
 * Calendar
 * Drawing board
 * Roulette
 * Pokétore checker
 * Kitchen timer
 * Color changer.

Key items

In all of the Pokémon games, key items are either used to guide the player to a certain area or task, or are useful multipurpose items not required to progress in the story. These items often make an appearance in the anime and manga as well (although they are not referred to as "key items" in those contexts), serving much the same role.

Some examples:
 * Bike: Collapsible bikes that can fit inside a backpack were first introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, and are used to cross bike-only paths or jump gaps, as well as cut down on travel time.
 * Devon Scope: In Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Pokémon Emerald, this allows the players to see and defeat chameleon-like Pokémon, Kecleon, which are blocking a few areas. It supposedly works by emitting a sound that removes the Pokémon's invisibility.
 * Fishing Rod: Fishing rods are optional items used to fish for water Pokémon. They aren't required to progress in the game's main storyline.
 * Go-goggles: In Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Pokémon Emerald, these goggles allow the player to see and pass through an obstructing sandstorm in an optional desert region.
 * Silph Scope: Found in Pokémon Red and Blue, Pokémon Yellow, and Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, this scope, won from Giovanni in the basement of the Celadon Game Corner, allows the player to see and battle the Ghost Pokémon in Lavender Tower.

Poké Balls
A Poké Ball is a spherical device used by Pokémon trainers to capture new Pokémon and store them when they are not in use, and they appear in all of Pokémon's various incarnations. Poké Balls come in a variety of styles and types.

The Poké Ball is also one of the many logos used for Pokémon as a franchise.

Pokédex
In all of Pokémon's different incarnations, the Pokédex is an electronic encyclopedia of Pokémon-related information. In the games, the information about a Pokémon is added as soon as the player captures that Pokémon, and completing the Pokédex by capturing or trading for every single Pokémon at least once is one of the major goals.

In the anime and manga, the Pokédex is already a comprehensive resource, and often delivers exposition, describing a Pokémon or otherwise explaining what's going on. In the anime, it has a characteristic electronic-sounding voice.

Numerous different (real life) Pokédexes, ranging from electronic toys to mundane books, have been manufactured under license from The Pokémon Company.

Nearly every protagonist of a Pokémon game, anime, or manga has a Pokédex, but many later-generation protagonists supplement or, in the case of Wes in Pokémon Colosseum, supplant it with a general-purpose utility device, such as a Pokégear, PokéNav, or Pokémon Digital Assistant.

Snag Machine
The Snag Machine, in Pokémon Colosseum, is a device that allows a Pokémon trainer to steal Pokémon from another trainer (by capturing them in the usual way with a Poké ball), despite the usual prohibition against doing so.

In Pokémon Colosseum, the protagonist Wes uses it to steal the Shadow Pokémon from the trainers who have corrupted them, in order to purify the liberated Pokémon. His theft of the machine is what sets him on the course of events depicted in Pokémon Colosseum. It resembles a large piece of armor worn on the arm, with no fingers.

Later, in Pokémon XD, Michael, the protagonist, receives a new Snag Machine from Krane, his mother's boss, in order to rescue and purify Shadow Pokémon being created by the Cipher syndicate. This one had a more modern appearance, as well as actual fingers.

Zero-One
The Zero-One is a multi-terrain vehicle that Todd rides in Pokémon Snap, as he photographs Pokémon.

title: Pokémon/Items


text:
A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Safari Zone

The Safari Zone is an area of the Pokémon video game series. As its name suggests, the player, upon entering, may capture Pokémon in an environment resembling a safari. Although many Pokémon residing in the Safari Zone can be caught elsewhere, some, such as Scyther and Pinsir, are exclusive to this area only.

It also includes 1, 10, or 30 Safari Balls possible. If you pay the fee of 500 Poké-dollars you get 30 Safari Balls. If you have less than that you will get 10 Safari Balls. If you don't have any money you get 1 Safari Ball.

Unlike most areas containing wild Pokémon, the Safari Zone places several restrictions on the player.
 * A fee of 500 Pokémon dollars is required to enter.
 * A "time limit" of 500 steps (600 in Pokemon FireRed and LeafGreen)
 * The player is only allowed to use the 30 provided Safari Balls to capture Pokémon. In addition, owned Pokémon are not allowed to participate in confrontations, and the player must rely on a limited amount of commands, such as baiting and throwing rocks, to interact.

Red/Blue/Yellow
The Safari Zone in the Red, Blue, and Yellow versions of Pokémon is located in the northern part of Fuchsia City. It contains four areas, each containing different species of Pokémon.

When encountering a wild Pokémon, a Pokémon from the player's party is not sent out. Instead, the player has the option to run away, offer bait, throw rocks, or attempt to capture the Pokémon by using a Safari Ball. Offering bait will make the Pokémon less likely to run away, but decrease the chance of catching it by making the ball miss more often. Throwing rocks will hurt the Pokémon, making it easier to catch but increasing the chance of it running away.

It is also the vital piece of the puzzle of Glitch City. Also there was a way to steal safari balls and using them for own use.

Gold/Silver/Crystal
In the Gold, Silver, and Crystal versions of the game, the Safari Zone is absent. The entrance still remains at its usual location in the north of Fuchsia City, but the player is unable to enter it. A "beta" version of a Safari Zone map is included in the programming of the game, leading to the speculation that it might have been removed due to the discovery of so many glitches in the R/B/Y versions. However, it is also likely it was simply scrapped due to time restraints. The unfinished Safari Zone may still be accessed through GameShark or another cheating device.

Ruby/Sapphire
In Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the Safari Zone made a reappearance. It is located about halfway through Route 121, and while it is similar to the R/B/Y Safari Zone, it introduces several new key differences. Only 500 steps and 30 Safari Balls are permitted, as in the old version, and the player is still restricted to engaging the Pokémon themselves by luring, distracting, capturing, or running away. However, instead of using unlimited "baiting," the player must now use a Pokéblock chosen from their own inventory. Instead of throwing rocks, the player is given the choice to "get closer".

Other changes include the addition of Pokéblock feeders, on which you can place a Pokéblock and wait for Pokémon to appear, rather than look for them. Also, some areas are inaccessible unless the player has a particular bike. The Mach Bike is needed to reach the Northwest corner of the map, while the Northeast corner of the map requires you to have the Acro Bike. Each area contains a different set of Pokémon.

Finally, the player cannot save while inside the Safari Zone. However, quitting at any time is available by choosing the "RETIRE" option on the Start menu or talking to the man by the exit.

The player can still use Pokémon abilities, such as Surf and Rock Smash, inside the Safari Zone, along with the new move, "Sweet Scent," which can be used to draw wild Pokémon without walking. Also, fishing or turning in circles without moving will not count against your time quota.

Emerald
The Safari Zone is also present in Pokémon Emerald, and is the same as Ruby and Sapphire's; however, it now has a new section to the right of the entrance that will open after defeating the Elite Four. This new area has a north and a south section, each filled with Pokémon from the Johto region (this is the only place in the game in which some Pokémon can be caught without trading).

Diamond and Pearl
Renamed Great Marsh (though the in-game map still refers to it as the Safari Zone), and located near Pastoria City. The player can travel by train to access each area of the Great Marsh, although some areas are interconnected without train. There are six areas in the Great Marsh most of which are covered with mud. You will get stuck in the mud and to get out, simply move the character around. The ability to "move closer" has changed to "throw mud", which functions much like the "throw rocks" of the earlier games, and "throw bait" also returns from the older games, while bait feeders were removed.


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Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/q28

(autoreviewer)
I've been a long term editor on Chinese and English Wikipedia, and I'm not sure why my edits need to be reviewed here. I'm going to create about 30 pages similar to Unicode/Character reference/3F000-3FFFF, if I don't have this permission, then there is a large backlog in the check queue. So give me a week autoviewer, please.--Q28 (discuss • contribs) 10:09, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * We generally prefer reviewing edits till they get automatically promoted to reviewer, and normally give autoreview only when there is a good reason otherwise (examples include high-volume editing or similar that would cause unnecessary work for reviewers). I'm not seeing that in your case unless I am missing something. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 10:49, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to make all the links on Unicode/Character reference blue. These uncreated pages are unassigned area, and the community (accepts?) this kind of behavior because it is also considered a kind of information. The format of the pages that will be created is all identical, in order to reduce the burden of auditors, so I will apply for this authority.--Q28 (discuss • contribs) 16:15, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ：As for why an unassigned area is important infomation in unicode, see vfd Requests for deletion/Unicode.--Q28 (discuss • contribs) 16:28, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * There is nothing wrong with what you are doing, but that I am not sure that requires autoreview. Personally I think you can just create the pages - 30 is not that much. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 08:19, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Autoreview is not required for this. It is granted to prevent Reviewers having to manually review small changes to existing pages, not to allow brand new pages to bypass the review process. QuiteUnusual (discuss • contribs) 13:27, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

 * That is, even if I have this permission, these edits of mine need to be reviewed, right? Even if it increases the pressure on the auditors. --Q28 (discuss • contribs) 07:10, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * if you're asking this since I got autoreviewer permission. That's because I was just removing duplicate words, and it would be tedious work for a reviewer to review like 60 pages. But I got reviewer rights the next day though. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 05:49, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * and yes, it will still have to be reviewed. SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 04:21, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Wikibooks:Requests for permissions/q28


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A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Bosses/Fryguy

Fryguy is an enemy character that appears in Super Mario Bros. 2. Fryguy is essentially a giant living fireball that spews smaller fireballs when it is angry. Fryguy only appears once in Super Mario Bros. 2 at the very end of World 4 - which, ironically, consists of ice, snow, and cold seas. According to Super Mario Bros. 2 game manual, Fryguy has been created from fire.

Fryguy, along with Mouser, Tryclyde, and Clawgrip, is one of the boss characters that appear at the end of each world in Super Mario Bros. 2. Fryguy lives inside a very tall castle-type fortress, waiting for the arrival of Mario and his friends. Fryguy cannot be touched safely and must be hit three times with a mushroom block; after that, he splits into several miniature versions of himself which also must be destroyed in order to finish him off.

Fryguy appears on the enhanced Super Mario Bros. 2 game in Super Mario Advance. The background of the room in which he is fought looks different, and his sprite is also somewhat modified. When his chamber is entered, Fryguy is created when bubbles rise up to a mask. He says, "I'm too hot to touch!"


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A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Bosses/Clawgrip

Clawgrip is an enemy character that appears in Super Mario Bros. 2. Clawgrip is a large crab-like monster that throws large rocks. Clawgrip only appears once in Super Mario Bros. 2 at the very end of World 5. Clawgrip lives in a giant tree awaiting the arrival of Mario and his friends. Clawgrip grabs rocks from a larger pile of them and hurls them at Mario and friends; the rocks must be grabbed before they fall into a nearby pit. Clawgrip must be hit five times with rocks in order to be defeated.

Clawgrip is one of the few enemies in the U.S. version of Super Mario Bros. 2 that does not originate in Doki Doki Panic (which the game is based on). Clawgrip replaces the third occurrence of Mouser (a white variety that also does not exist in SMB 2) in Doki Doki Panic. According to the original game manual, it states that Clawgrip "grows suddenly" but this is not apparent in the game itself. Clawgrip somewhat resembles the crab-like enemies from the original Mario Bros. game.


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A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Bosses/Tryclyde

Tryclyde (sometimes referred to as Triclyde) is an enemy character that appears in Super Mario Bros. 2. Tryclyde is a large, red serpent with three heads and the ability to breathe fire. His design is based on the hydra, a mythological creature, though his actual species in the Super Mario universe is that of a Cobrat. Tryclyde serves as Wart's lackey, and was apparently an outsider before Wart took him in due to his cunning and evil nature.

Though normally depicted as having a red body, his body was green with red stripes in Super Mario All-Stars. Like Mouser, Fryguy, and Clawgrip, Tryclyde waits for Mario and his friends in his lair, and can only be defeated by having large objects, such as mushroom blocks, thrown at him.

When first confronted in Super Mario Advance, Tryclyde utters in a raspy voice, "Step right up, if you're ready to get toasted!" The voice is provided by Charles Martinet. While Tryclyde was the boss of Worlds 2-3 and 6-3 in the original Nintendo Entertainment System version, he was removed from the sixth world and replaced with Mouser in the Game Boy Advance remake.


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Mario franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Raphael Raven

Raphael Raven (Big Kyuuchan in Japan) is a member of the Raven (Kyuuchan in Japan) species that first appeared in the video game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island as a villain.

The Raven species appeared several times in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island as generic enemies, walking around small spheres, implying their ability to stick to surfaces. Raphael the Raven, however, is apparently a special Raven, made more powerful by Kamek's magic.

In Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, Raphael the Raven was the final boss of World 5. When the player finally arrives in the boss room, he appears as a regular Raven, but with Kamek's magic, he was transformed into Raphael the Raven. He, Baby Mario and Yoshi went to the moon to fight, which is very small. Like the regular ravens, Raphael Raven ran around this sphere, and Yoshi had to both avoid him and confront him in order to defeat him. All Raphael the Raven had to do to harm Yoshi is to bump into him, while Yoshi must ground-pound a stake down into the moon as Raphael Raven is directly under it. Doing this causes him to go into a rage, and rush after Yoshi. He could also create sparks that orbited the moon several times by stomping the ground. Three hits takes him down, and he was knocked into the stars. He appears in the GBA port of this game, titled Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3. Later, in the game Tetris Attack, he appeared as the final ally to be saved from Bowser's control. This is his first appearance as a good guy. He replaced Seren (Panel de Pon, the original version of Tetris Attack), a fairy girl, as the final ally. He appears in his angry form at all time, fighting alongside one Red Shy Guy and two Green Shy Guys. It is shown that Raphael the Raven isn't fluent in English, often saying small, one-line statements, and Caw-Caw as well. In Paper Mario, he's far more well-spoken, and now lives in the Jade Jungle on Lavalava Island as the leader of other Ravens, apparently giving up working for Bowser. He has also given up the name Raphael the Raven, in return for the simpler name, Raphael Raven. He assists Mario and company in getting to the next Star Spirit in the volcano. Raphael Raven seems to have gotten much larger since his days in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.

He later appears as a Trophy in Super Smash Bros. Melee unlocked through the lottery. This Trophy can be unlocked in Adventure, All-Star or Classic modes as well. Raphael Raven is one of the few of the bosses in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island to appear again. The others are Hookbill the Koopa and Naval Piranha, who had appeared as bosses in Tetris Attack.