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Planet Earth/3h. Mass spectrometers, X-Ray Diffraction, Chromatography and Other Methods to Determine Which Elements are in Things

The chemical make-up and structure of Earth’s materials
In 1942, Victor Goldschmidt having escaped from Norway arrived in England, among a multitude of refugees from Europe. Shortly after arriving in London he was asked to teach about the occurrence of rare elements found in coal to the British Coal Utilisation Research Association, which was a non-profit group funded by coal utilities to promote research. In the audience was a young woman named Rosalind Franklin. Franklin had recently joined the coal research group having left graduate school at Cambridge University in 1941, and leaving behind a valuable scholarship. Her previous advisor Ronald Norris was a veteran of the Great War, and suffered as prisoner of war in Germany. So, the advent of World War II plagued him, and he took to drinking and was not supportive of young Franklin’s research interests. In his lab, however, Franklin was exposed to the methods to the chemical analysis of using photochemistry, or light to excite materials to produce photons of differing light-waves of energy. After leaving school, her research focused on her paid job to understand the chemistry of coal, particularly how organic molecules or hydrocarbons break down through heat and pressure inside the Earth and thus also leading to decreasing porosity over time (the amount of space or tiny cavities) within the coal. Franklin moved to London to work, and stayed in a boarding house with Adrienne Weill, a French chemist and refugee who was a former student of the famous chemist Marie Curie. Adrienne Weill became her mentor during the war years, while Victor Goldschmidt taught her in a classroom during the war. With the allied victory in 1945, Rosalind Franklin returned to the University of Cambridge and defended her research she had conducted on coal in 1946. After graduation, Franklin asked Adrienne Weill if she could come to France to continue her work in chemistry. In Paris, Franklin secured a job in 1947 at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État, one of the leading centers for chemical research in post-war France. It was here that she learned of the many new techniques being developed to determine the chemical make-up and structure of Earth’s materials.

What allows scientists to determine what specific chemical elements are found in materials on Earth? What tools do chemists use to determine the specific elements inside the molecules that make up Earth materials, whether they be gasses, liquids or solids?

Using Chemical Reactions
Any material will have a specific density at standard temperatures and pressures, and exhibit phase transitions at set temperature and pressures, although elucidating this from every type of material can be challenging if the material has extremely high or low temperatures/pressures for these phase transitions. More often than not, scientists use chemical reactions to determine if a specific element is found in a substance. For example, one test to determine the authenticity of a meteorite is to determine if it contains the element nickel. Nickel as a siderophile element is rare on the surface of Earth, with much of the planet’s nickel being found in the Earth’s core. Hence, meteorites have a higher percentage of nickel than most surface rocks. To test for nickel, a small sample is ground up into a powder, and added to a solution of HNO3 (nitric acid). If nickel is present the reaction will result in ions of nickel (Ni+ and Ni2+) to be found in the solution, a solution of NH4OH (Ammonium hydroxide) is added to increase the pH of the solution by introducing OH- ions, this will cause any iron ions (Fe2+ and Fe+3) to oxidize with the OH- ions, which is a solid (and will be seen as an rust-color solid on the bottom of the solution), the final step is to pour off the clear liquid, which now should contain ions of nickel (Ni+ and Ni2+) and add Dimethyl-glyoxine (C4H8N2O2) a complex organic molecule which reacts with ions of nickel. Ni+2C4H8N2O2→Ni(C4H8N2O2)2

Nickel bis(dimethylglyoximate) is a bright red solution, and a bright red color would indicate the presence of nickel in the powdered sample. This method of determining nickel was worked out by Lev Chugaev, a Russian chemistry professor at the University of Petersburg in 1905. This type of diagnostic test may read a little like a recipe in a cookbook, but provides a “spot” test to determine the presence or absence of an element in a substance. Such tests have been developed for many different types of materials in which someone wishes to know if a particular element is present in a solid, liquid and even in gasses.

Such methodologies can also separate liquids that had been mixed together by utilizing differences in boiling temperatures, such that a mixture of liquids can be concentrated back into specific liquids based on what temperature each liquid substance boils at. Such distillation methods are used in petroleum refining processes at oil and gas refineries. The heating of liquids contain crude oil can be used to separate out different types of hydrocarbon oils and fuels, such as kerosene, octane, propane, benzene, and methane.

Chromatography
One of the more important innovations in chemical analysis is chromatography, which was first developed by the Italian-Russian chemist, Mikhail Tsvet, whose Russian surname Цвет, means color in Russian. Chromatography is the separation of molecules based on colors, and was first developed in the study of plant pigments found in flowers. The method is basically to dissolve plant pigments in a solution of ethanol and calcium carbonate, which will separate different color bands that can be observed in a clear beaker. Complex organic molecules can be separated out using this method, and purified.

Using this principle, gasses can be analyzed in a similar way through gas chromatography, which is where gasses (often solid or liquid substances that have been combusted or heated until they become a gas in a hot oven) are passed through a column with a carrier gas of pure helium. As the gasses pass by a laser sensor, the color differences are measured at discrete pressures which are adjusted within the column. Gas chromatography is an effective way to analyze the chemical makeup of complex organic compounds.

Color is an effective way to determine the chemical ingredients of Earthly materials, and it has been widely known that certain elements can exhibit differing colors in materials. Many elements are used in glass making and fireworks to dazzling effect. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography is a specialized type of chromatography in which materials are combusted at high temperatures, and the colors of the produced smaller gas molecules are measured to determine their composition. Often gas chromatography is coupled with a mass spectrometer.

Mass spectrometry
A mass spectrometer measures the differing masses of molecules and ionized elements in a carrier gas (most often inert helium). Mass spectrometry examines a molecule’s or ion’s total atomic mass by passing it through a gas-filled analyzer tube between strong magnets which deflect their path based on the atomic mass. Lighter molecule/ions will deflect more than heavier molecule/ions resulting in them striking a detector at the end of the analyzer tube at different places, which produces a pulse of electric current in each detector. The more the electric current is recorded the higher the number of molecules or ions of that specific atomic mass. Mass spectrometry is the only way to measure various isotopes of elements since the instrument measures directly the atomic mass.

There are two flavors of mass spectrometers. The first is built to examine isotopic composition of carbon, oxygen, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Elements common in organic compounds, but which combust in the presence of oxygen, producing gas molecules of CO2, NO2, PO4 and SO4. These mass spectrometers can be used in special cases to examine the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition in H2O. They are also useful to measure carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcium carbonate CaCO3, when reacted with acid producing CO2. The other flavor of mass spectrometers ionizes elements (remove electrons) under extremely high temperatures, allowing ions of much higher atomic mass to be measured through an ionized plasma beam. These ionizing mass spectrometers can measure isotopes of rare transitional metals, such as nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and uranium (U), for example the ratios used in radiometric dating of zircons. Modern mass spectrometers can laser ablate tiny crystals or very small materials using an ion microprobe, capturing a tiny fraction of the material to pass through the mass spectrometer, and measure the isotopic composition of very tiny portions of substances. Such data can be used to compare the composition across surfaces of materials at a microscopic scale. The first mass spectrometers were developed during the 1940s, after World War II, but today are fairly common in most scientific labs. In fact, the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity Rover on the surface of Mars contains a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer, allowing scientists at NASA to determine the composition of rocks and other materials encountered on the surface of Mars. Rosalind Franklin did not have access to modern mass spectrometers in 1947, and their precursors, gigantic scientific machines called cyclotrons, were not readily available in post-war France. Instead, Rosalind Franklin trained on scientific machines that use electromagnetic radiation to study matter, using specific properties of how light interacts with matter.

Using Light
The major benefit to using light (and more broadly all types of electromagnetic radiation) to study a substance, is that using light does not require that the bonds between atoms be broken or changed in order to study them. So, these techniques using light do not require that a substance be destroyed by reacting it with other chemicals or altering it by combustion to determine its composition as a gas. Earlier crystallographers, who studied gems and jewels noticed the unique ways in which materials would absorb and reflect light in dazzling ways, and to understand the make-up of rocks and crystals, scientists used light properties or luminosity to classify these substances. For example, minerals composed of metallic bonds, will exhibit a metallic luster or shine and are opaque, while covalently and ionically bonded minerals are often translucent, allowing light to pass through. The study of light passing through crystals, minerals and rocks to determine the chemical make-up crystals is referred to as petrology. More generally, petrology is the branch of science concerned with the origin, small-scale structure, and composition of rocks and minerals and other Earth materials under a polarizing light microscope.

Refraction and Diffraction of Light
Light in the form of any type of electromagnetic radiation interacts with material substances in three fundamental ways: The light will be absorbed by the material, bounce off the material, or pass through the material. In opaque materials, like a gold coin, light will bounce off the material, or diffract from the surface, while in translucent materials, like a diamond, light will pass through the material and exhibit refraction. Refraction is how a beam of light bends within a substance, while diffraction is how a beam of light is reflected off the surface of a substance. They are governed by two important laws in physics.

Snell's Law of Refraction
Snell’s law is named after Ibn Sahl, a Persian scientist who published his early thesis on mirrors and lenses in 984 CE. Snell’s law refers to the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction resulting from the change in velocity of the light as it passes into a translucent substance. Light slows down as it passes into a denser material. By slowing down, the light beam will bend, the amount that the beam of light bends is mathematically related to the angle that the beam of light strikes the substance and the change in velocity.

The mathematical expression can be written where $$ \phi 1$$the angle from perpendicular to the substance the light strikes the outer surface of the substance, and $$ \phi 2 $$ is the angle from perpendicular that the light bends within the substance. v1 is the velocity of light outside the substance, while v2 is the velocity of light within the substance.
 * $$ \frac {sin \phi 1} {v^1} = \frac {sin \phi 2} {v^2} $$

Some translucent materials reduce the velocity of light more than others. For example, quartz (SiO2) exhibits high velocity, such that the angle of refraction is very low. This makes materials made of silica, or SiO2, such as eye glasses and windows easy to see through. However, calcite (CaCO3) also known as calcium carbonate, exhibits very low velocities, such that the angle of refraction is very high. This makes light bend within the materials made of calcite. Crystals of calcite are often sold in rock shops or curio shops as “Television” crystals, because the light bends so greatly as to make any print placed below a crystal appear to come from within the crystal itself, like the screen of a television. Liquid water with a lower velocity than air, also bends light, resulting in the illusion of a drinking straw appearing broken in a glass containing water.

Measuring the angles of refraction in translucent materials can allow scientists to determine the chemical make-up of the material, often without having to destroy or alter the material. However, obtaining these angles of refractions often requires making a thin section of the material to examine under a specialized polarizing microscope designed to measure these angles.

Bragg's Law of Diffraction
Bragg’s law is named after Lawrence Bragg and his father William Bragg, who both discovered the crystalline structure of diamonds, and were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1915 for their work on diffraction. Unlike Snell’s law, Bragg’s law results from the inference of light waves as they diffract (reflected) off a material’s surface. The wave length of the light needs to be known, as well as the angle that the light is reflected from the surface of the substance.

The mathematical expression can be written where the light wavelength is λ, and $$\phi h$$ is the angle from the horizontal plane of the surface (or glancing angle), and d is the interplanar distance between atoms in the substance or the atomic-scale crystal lattice plane.

 * $$ 2d sin \phi h = n \lambda $$

The distance d can be determined if λ and $$ \phi h$$ are known. n an integer, which is the “order” of diffraction/reflection of the light wave.

Monochrome light (that is light of only one wave length) is shone onto the surface of a material at a specific angle, resulting in light reflected off the material which is measured at every angle from the material. Using this information, the specific distances between atoms can be measured.

Since the distance between atoms is directly related to the number of electrons within each orbital shell, each element on the periodic table will have different values of d, depending on the orientations of the atomic bonds. Furthermore, different types of bonds of the same elements will result in different d distances. For example, both graphite and diamonds are composed of carbon atoms, but are distinguished from each other in how those atoms are bonded together. In graphite, the carbon atoms are arranged into planes separated by d-spacings of 3.35Å, while in diamonds the d-spacings are closely together linked by covalent bonds of 1.075Å, 1.261Å, and 2.06Å distances.

These d-spacings are very small, requiring light with short wavelengths within the X-ray spectrum with a wavelength (λ) of 1.54Å. Since most atomic bonds are very small, X-ray electromagnetic radiation is typically used in studies of diffraction. The technique used to determine d-spacings within materials is called X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It often is coupled with tools to measure X-ray fluorescence (XRF), which measures the energy states of excited electrons that actually absorb X-rays and release energy as photons. X-Ray Diffraction measures how light wave reflect off the spacing between atoms, while X-Ray Fluorescence measures how light waves are emitted from atoms which were excited by light striking the atoms themselves. Fluorescence looks at the broad spectrum of light emitted, while Diffraction only looks at monochromic light (light of a single wave-length).

Great advances have been made in both XRD and XRF tools, such that many hand-held analyzers now allow scientists to quickly analyze the chemical make-up of materials outside of the laboratory and without destruction of the materials understudy. XRD and XRF has revolutionized how materials can be quickly analyzed for various toxic elements, such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As).

However, in the late 1940s, X-Ray diffraction was on the cutting edge of science and Rosalind Franklin was using it to analyze more and more complex organic molecules – molecules containing long chains of carbon bonded with hydrogen and other elements. In 1950, Rosalind Franklin was awarded a 3-year research fellowship from an asbestos mining company to come to London to conduct chemistry research at King’s College. Staffed with the state-of-the-art X-Ray diffraction machine, Rosalind Franklin set to work to decode the chemical bonds that form complex organic compounds found in living tissues.

The Discovery of the Chemistry of DNA
She was encouraged to study the nature of a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA that was found inside living cells particularly sperm cells. For several months she worked on a project to unravel this unique molecule, when one day an odd little nerdy researcher by the name of Maurice Wilkins arrived at the lab. He was furious with Rosalind Franklin, as he came having been away on travel, but before leaving had been working on the very topic Rosalind Franklin was working on, using the same machine. The Chair of the Department had not informed either of them of their research work and that they were to be sharing the same equipment and lab space. This, as you can imagine, caused much friction between Franklin and Wilkins. Despite this setback Rosalind Franklin had made major breakthroughs in the few months she had access to the machine alone, and was able to uncover the chemical bonds found in deoxyribonucleic acid. These newly deciphered helical-bonds allowed the molecule to spiral like a spiral stair-case. However, Franklin was still uncertain. During 1952 both Franklin and Wilkins worked alongside each other, on different samples, and using various techniques, using the same machine. They also shared a graduate student who worked in the lab between, Raymond Gosling. Sharing a laboratory with Wilkins continued to be problematic for Rosalind Franklin and she transferred to Birkbeck College in March of 1953, which had its own X-Ray diffraction lab. Wilkins returned to his research on deoxyribonucleic acid using the X-Ray diffraction at Kings College, however a month later, in 1953 two researchers at Cambridge University, announced to the world their own solution to the structure of DNA in a journal article published in Nature. Their names were Francis Crick and James Watson. These two newcomers published their solution before either Franklin and Wilkins had a chance too. Furthermore, they both had only recently began their quest to understand deoxyribonucleic acid, after being inspired by attending scientific presentations by both Franklin and Wilkins. Crick and Watson lacked equipment, so they spent their time using models by linking carbon atoms (represented by balls) together to form helical towers with other elements. Their insight came from a famous photograph taken by Franklin and her student Gosling, and was shown to them by Wilkins in early 1953. Their research became widely celebrated in England, as it appeared that the American scientist Linus Pauling was close to solving the mystery of DNA, and the British scientists had uncovered it first.

In 1962, Wilkins, Crick and Watson shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Although today Rosalind Franklin is widely recognized for her efforts to decipher the helical nature of the DNA molecule, she died of cancer in 1958 before she could be awarded a Nobel Prize. Today scientists can map out the specific chemistry of DNA, such that each individual molecule within different living cells can be understood well beyond its structure. Understanding complex organic molecules are of vital importance in the study of life on planet Earth.

Rayleigh and Raman scattering
There stands an old museum nestled in the bustling city of Chennai along the Bay of Bengal in eastern India, where a magnificent crystal resides on a wooden shelf accumulating dust in its display. It was this crystal that would excite one of the greatest scientists to investigate the properties of matter, and discover a new way to study chemistry from a distance. This scientist was Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman of India, often known simply as C.V. Raman. Raman grew up in eastern India with an inordinate fascination for shiny crystals and gems and the reflective properties of minerals and crystals. He amassed a large collection of rocks, minerals, and crystals from his travels. One day he purchased from a farmer a large quartz crystal which contained trapped inclusions of some type of liquid and gas inside the crystal. The quartz crystal intrigued him, and he wanted to know what type of liquid and gas was inside. If he broken open the crystal to find out, it would ruin the rarity of the crystal, as such inclusions of liquid and gasses inside a crystal are very rare. Without breaking open the crystal, if Raman used any of the techniques described previously, he could only uncover the chemical nature of the outer surface of the crystal, likely as silica dioxide (quartz).

To determine what the liquid and gas were inside, he set about inventing a new way to uncover the chemical make-up of materials that can only be seen. His discovery would allow scientists to not only know the chemical make-up inside this particular crystal, but allow scientists to determine the chemical make-up of far distant stars across the universe, tiny atoms on the surfaces of metals, as well as gasses in the atmosphere.

Light has the unique ability to reveal the bonds within atomic structures without having to react or break those bonds. If a material is transparent to light, then it can be studied. Raman was well aware of the research of Baron Rayleigh, a late nineteenth century British scientist who discovered the noble gas argon by distilling air to purify it. Argon is a component of the air that surrounds you, and as an inert gas unable to bond to other atoms it exists as single atoms in the atmosphere. If a light bulb is filled with only purified argon gas, light within the bulb will pass through the argon gas producing a bright neon-like purple color. If a light bulb is filled with helium (He) gas, it would produce a bright reddish color, but the brightest light would be seen with neon (Ne), a bright orange color. These noble gasses produced bright neon-colors in light bulbs and soon appeared during in the early twentieth-century as bright neon window signs in store fronts of bars and restaurants.

Why did each type of gas result in a different color in these lightbulbs? Rayleigh worked out that the color was caused by the scattering of light waves due to the differences in the size of the atoms. In the visual spectrum of light, light waves are much larger than the diameter of these individual atoms, such that the fraction of light scattered by a group of atoms is related to the number of atoms per unit volume, as well as the cross-sectional area of the individual atoms. By shining light through a material, you could measure the scattering of light and in theory determine the atom’s cross-sectional area. This Rayleigh scattering could also be used to determine temperature, since with increasing temperature the atoms enlarged in size.

In addition to Rayleigh scattering the atoms also absorb light waves of particular wave lengths, such that a broad range of light wavelengths of light passed through a gas would be absorbed at discrete wavelengths, allowing you to fingerprint certain elements within a substance based on these spectral lines of absorption.

In his lab, Raman used these techniques to determine the chemical make-up of the inclusions within the crystal, by shining light through the crystal. This is referred as spectroscopy, the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation (light). Raman did not have access to modern lasers, so he used a mercury light-bulb and photographic plates to record where light would be scattered, as thin lines appeared where the photographic plate was exposed to light. It was time consuming work, but eventually led to the discovery that some of the scattered light had lost energy and shifting into longer wave lengths.

Most of the observed light waves would bounce off the atoms without any absorption (elastic) or Rayleigh Scattering, while other light waves would be fully absorbed by the atoms. However, Raman found that some light waves would both bounce off the atoms and contribute some vibrational energy to the atoms (inelastic) energy, which became known as Raman Scattering. The amount of light that would scatter and be absorbed was unique to each molecule. Raman discovered a unique way to determine the chemistry of substances by using light, which today is called Raman spectroscopy, a powerful tool to determine the specific chemical makeup of complex materials and molecules by looking at the scattering and absorption of light. In the end, CV Raman determined that the mysterious fluid and gas within the quartz crystal was water (H2O) and methane (CH4). Today, the crystal still remains intact in a Bangalore museum, residing in the institute named after Raman, the Raman Research Institute of India.

Scientists today have access to powerful machines to determine the chemical make-up of Earth’s materials to such an extent that nearly any type of material, from solids, liquids and gasses and even plasma, can be determined as to which elements are found within the substance under study. Each technique has the capacity to determine the presence or absence of individual elements, as well as the types of bonds that are found between atoms. Now that you know a little of how scientists determine the makeup of Earth materials, we will examine in detail Earth’s gasses, in particularly Earth’s atmosphere.


text: Irish/Vocabulary/Garden

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User:Mnkvinr

HOPE REHAB TRUST (Health Oriented Pain free Era) “One Step Towards a Pain free World” (Charitable Organization of RGUHS BPT CONGRESS)

Vision HOPE (Health Oriented Pain free Era) is established and operated for the purpose of providing support, protection, care and improving quality of life of poor and deprived people in the society mainly focusing to the rural areas where people cannot meet their basic medical needs and development of physiotherapy.

MISSION As we are physios, our mission is designed to help, heal, care, protect and rehabilitate the people who are unaware of the physiotherapy treatment with handful of skills, knowledge and caring minds. We aim to bring up the health, economic and social status of people in society. Promoting the health and wellbeing. Preventing and correcting impairments, activity limitations, participatory restrictions and disabilities. Providing interventions/treatment to restore integrity of body systems essential to movement. Modifying environmental, home and work access and barriers to ensure full participation in one’s normal and expected societal roles.

HOW? This is a society formed by student council, physiotherapy colleges around Karnataka [RGUHS BPT CONGRESS]. We are planning to conduct a chain of events that includes Medical camps, Physio camps, Cleanliness of the village, Health and education of children and Focusing geriatric population. So, to implement the mission mentioned above we are going to conduct survey and camps in and around a physiotherapy college followed by follow ups of the patients’ improvement and improving the health of the people in rural areas and referring them to the required physician and nearby clinics or hospitals. Physios will help them in their free time. Our motto is to conduct these camps all across the Karnataka by the physiotherapy students in their locality.

GOALS: Short terms goals: Promote physiotherapy throughout Karnataka. Improving the health conditions of people in rural area. Life style modifications. Timelines: We will reach the short term goals within 2 years. Long term goals: Social awareness program. Better education with other support. Extending into other regions of India Targeting the literacy (according to 2019 survey India’s literacy rate was 69.01%, in next 10 years we want to increase the literacy rate to 10 to 12%). Development of Physiotherapy throughout India. Timeline: We will reach the long term goals within 10-15years. “We make living with what we get and we make a life with what we give.“

title: User:Mnkvinr


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User talk:LukeDanielBorel

where is the mentioned video? Also, if you straighten your left knee, won't the putter move forward instead of backward?

title: User talk:LukeDanielBorel


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JLPT Guide/JLPT N1 Vocabulary/Row A

 * 嗚呼, ああ -Ah!, Oh!, Alas!
 * 相, あい -together, mutually, fellow
 * 相変わらず, あいかわらず -as ever, as usual, the same
 * 愛想, あいそ -civility, courtesy, compliments, sociability, graces
 * 相対, あいたい -confrontation, facing, between ourselves, no third party, tete-a-tete
 * 間柄, あいだがら -relation(ship)
 * 愛憎, あいにく -likes and dislikes
 * 合間, あいま -interval
 * 曖昧, あいまい -vague, ambiguous
 * 敢えて, あえて -dare (to do), challenge (to do)
 * 仰ぐ, あおぐ -to look up (to), to respect, to depend on, to ask for, to seek, to revere, to drink, to take
 * 垢, あか -dirt, filth
 * 亜科, あか -suborder, subfamily
 * 銅, あかがね -copper
 * 証, あかし -proof, evidence
 * 赤字, あかじ -deficit, go in the red
 * 明かす, あかす -to pass, spend, to reveal, to divulge
 * 赤ちゃん, あかちゃん -baby, infant
 * 明白, あからさま -obvious, overt, plainly, frankly
 * 赤らむ, あからむ -to become red, to redden, to blush
 * 明るい, あかるい -bright, cheerful
 * 上がり, あがり -1. slope, advance income, crop yield, ascent, rise, advance, death, spinning, completion, stop, finish, after
 * 上がる, あがる -to enter, to go up, to rise, to climb up, to advance, to appreciate, to be promoted, to improve, to call on,
 * 商人, あきうど -trader, shopkeeper, merchant
 * 空間, あきま -vacancy, room for rent or lease
 * 諦め, あきらめ -resignation, acceptance, consolation
 * 呆れる, あきれる -to be amazed, to be shocked
 * 悪, あく -evil, wickedness
 * 灰, あく -puckery juice
 * あくどい -1. gaudy, showy, excessive, 2. vicious
 * 悪日, あくび -unlucky day
 * 明くる, あくる -next, following
 * 憧れ, あこがれ -yearning, longing, aspiration
 * 顎, あご -chin
 * 麻, あさ -flax, linen, hemp
 * 明後日, あさって -day after tomorrow
 * 朝寝坊, あさねぼう -oversleeping, late riser
 * 浅ましい, あさましい -wretched, miserable, shameful, mean, despicable, abject
 * 字, あざ -section of village
 * 欺く, あざむく -to deceive
 * 鮮やか, あざやか -vivid, clear, brilliant
 * あざ笑う, あざわらう -to sneer at, to ridicule
 * 味わい, あじわい -flavour, meaning, significance
 * 東, あずま -east, Eastern Japan
 * 焦る, あせる -to be in a hurry, to be impatient
 * 彼処, あそこ -1. (uk) there, over there, that place, 2. (X) (col) genitals
 * 値, あたい -value, price, cost, worth, merit
 * 値する, あたいする -to be worth, to deserve, to merit
 * 私, あたし -I (fem)
 * 当たり, あたり -hit, success, reaching the mark, per ..., vicinity, neighborhood
 * 当たり前, あたりまえ -usual, common, ordinary, natural, reasonable, obvious
 * 他人, あだびと -another person, unrelated person, outsider, stranger
 * 彼方此方, あちこち -here and there
 * 彼方, あちら -1. there, yonder, that
 * 彼方此方, あちらこちら -here and there
 * 悪化, あっか -deterioration, growing worse, aggravation, degeneration, corruption
 * 呆気ない, あっけない -not enough, too quick (short long etc.)
 * 悪口, あっこう -abuse, insult, slander, evil speaking
 * あっさり -easily, readily, quickly
 * 圧迫, あっぱく -pressure, coercion, oppression
 * 扱い, あつかい -treatment, service
 * 集まる, あつまる -to gather, to collect, to assemble
 * 誂える, あつらえる -to give an order, to place an order
 * 圧力, あつりょく -stress, pressure
 * 当て, あて -object, aim, end, hopes, expectations
 * 宛, あて -addressed to
 * 当て字, あてじ -phonetic-equivalent character, substitute character
 * 当てはまる, あてはまる -to apply (a rule)
 * 当てはめる, あてはめる -to apply, to adapt
 * 宛てる, あてる -to address
 * 跡継ぎ, あとつぎ -heir, successor
 * 後回し, あとまわし -putting off, postponing
 * 貴女, あなた -you, lady
 * 彼の, あの -that over there
 * 溢れる, あふれる -to flood, to overflow, to brim over
 * 油絵, あぶらえ -oil painting
 * 炙る, あぶる -to scorch
 * あべこべ -contrary, opposite, inverse
 * 甘える, あまえる -to behave like a spoiled child, to fawn on
 * 甘口, あまくち -sweet flavour, mildness, flattery, stupidity
 * 雨具, あまぐ -rain gear
 * 天, あまつ -heavenly, imperial
 * 網, あみ -net, network
 * 天地, あめつち -heaven and earth, the universe, nature, top and bottom, realm, sphere, world
 * 操る, あやつる -to manipulate, to operate, to pull strings
 * あやふや -uncertain, vague, ambiguous
 * 危ぶむ, あやぶむ -to fear, to have misgivings, to be doubtful, to mistrust
 * 過ち, あやまち -fault, error, indiscretion
 * 誤る, あやまる -to make a mistake
 * 歩み, あゆみ -walking
 * 歩む, あゆむ -to walk, to go on foot
 * あら -oh, ah, saw-edged perch (Niphon spinosus)
 * 予め, あらかじめ -beforehand, in advance, previously
 * 荒らす, あらす -to lay waste, to devastate, to damage, to invade, to break into
 * 粗筋, あらすじ -outline, summary
 * 争い, あらそい -dispute, strife, quarrel, dissension, conflict, rivalry, contest
 * 改まる, あらたまる -to be renewed
 * 荒っぽい, あらっぽい -rough, rude
 * 凡ゆる, あらゆる -all, every
 * あられ -kind of cookie, cartoon character
 * 現われ, あらわれ -embodiment, materialization
 * 現われる, あらわれる -to appear, to come in sight, to become visible, to come out, to embody, to materialize, to express oneself
 * 有難う, ありがとう -Thank you
 * 有様, ありさま -state, condition, circumstances, the way things are or should be, truth
 * 有りのまま, ありのまま -the truth, fact, as it is, frankly
 * 或る, ある -a certain..., some...
 * 或いは, あるいは -or, possibly
 * 彼此, あれこれ -one thing or another, this and that, this or that
 * 合わす, あわす -to join together, to face, to unite, to be opposite, to combine, to connect, to add up, to mix, to match, to
 * 合わせ, あわせ -joint together, opposite, facing
 * 慌ただしい, あわただしい -busy, hurried, confused, flurried
 * 慌てる, あわてる -to become confused (disconcerted disorganized)
 * 暗殺, あんさつ -assassination
 * 暗算, あんざん -mental arithmetic
 * 暗示, あんじ -hint, suggestion
 * 案じる, あんじる -to be anxious, to ponder
 * 安静, あんせい -rest
 * 案の定, あんのじょう -sure enough, as usual
 * 余り, あんまり -not very (this form only used as adverb), not much, remainder, rest, remnant, surplus, balance, excess, rema
 * 依, い -depending on
 * 良い, いい -good
 * 伊井, いい -that one, Italy
 * 否, いいえ -no, nay, yes, well
 * いい加減, いいかげん -moderate, right, random, not thorough, vague, irresponsible, halfhearted
 * 言い訳, いいわけ -excuse, explanation
 * 家出, いえで -running away from home, leaving home
 * 家主, いえぬし -landlord
 * 如何, いかが -how, in what way
 * 生かす, いかす -to revive, to resuscitate, to make use of
 * 雷, いかずち -thunder
 * 如何に, いかに -how?, in what way?, how much?, however, whatever
 * 如何にも, いかにも -indeed, really, phrase meaning agreement
 * 怒り, いかり -anger, hatred
 * 怒る, いかる -to get angry, to be angry
 * 歪む, いがむ -to warp, to swerve, to deflect, to be crooked, to be distorted, to be bent, to incline, to slant, to be perv
 * 粋, いき -chic, style, purity, essence
 * 域外, いきがい -outside the area
 * 意気込む, いきごむ -to be enthusiastic about
 * 経緯, いきさつ -1. details, whole story, sequence of events, particulars, how it started, how things got this way, 2. c
 * 行き違い, いきちがい -misunderstanding, estrangement, disagreement, crossing without meeting, going astray
 * 行き成り, いきなり -suddenly
 * 異議, いぎ -objection, dissent, protest
 * いく -to come, to orgasm
 * 軍, いくさ -war, battle, campaign, fight
 * 戦, いくさ -war, battle, campaign, fight
 * 育成, いくせい -rearing, training, nurture, cultivation, promotion
 * 幾多, いくた -many, numerous
 * 活ける, いける -to arrange (flowers)
 * 異見, いけん -different opinion, objection
 * 意向, いこう -intention, idea, inclination
 * 移行, いこう -switching over to
 * いざ -now, come (now), well, crucial moment
 * 碑, いしぶみ -stone monument bearing an inscription
 * 衣装, いしょう -clothing, costume, outfit, garment, dress
 * 意地, いじ -disposition, spirit, willpower, obstinacy, backbone, appetite
 * 苛める, いじめる -to tease, to torment, to persecute, to chastise
 * 移住, いじゅう -migration, immigration
 * 弄る, いじる -to touch, to tamper with
 * 何れ, いずれ -where, which, who, anyway, anyhow, at any rate
 * 異性, いせい -the opposite sex
 * 遺跡, いせき -historic ruins (remains relics)
 * 依然, いぜん -still, as yet
 * 依存, いそん -dependence, dependent, reliance
 * 委託, いたく -consign (goods (for sale) to a firm), entrust (person with something), commit
 * 悪戯, いたずら -tease, prank, trick, practical joke, mischief
 * 頂, いただき -(top of) head, summit, spire
 * 戴きます, いただきます -expression of gratitude before meals
 * 至って, いたって -very much, exceedingly, extremely
 * 痛む, いたむ -to hurt, to feel a pain, to be injured
 * 痛める, いためる -to hurt, to injure, to cause pain, to worry, to bother, to afflict, to be grieved over
 * 炒める, いためる -to stir-fry
 * 労る, いたわる -to pity, to sympathize with, to console, to care for, to be kind to
 * 市, いち -market, fair
 * 位地, いち -place, situation, position, location
 * 一々, いちいち -one by one, separately
 * 一概に, いちがいに -unconditionally, as a rule
 * 一見, いちげん -unfamiliar, never before met
 * 一言, いちげん -single word
 * 一日, いちじつ -(1) one day, (2) first of month
 * 一定, いちじょう -fixed, settled, definite, uniform, regularized, defined, standardized, certain, prescribed
 * 著しい, いちじるしい -remarkable, considerable
 * 一同, いちどう -all present, all concerned, all of us
 * 一人, いちにん -one person
 * 一部, いちぶ -1. one copy e.g. of a document, 2. a part, partly, some
 * 一部分, いちぶぶん -a part
 * 一別, いちべつ -parting
 * 一面, いちめん -one side, one phase, front page, the other hand, the whole surface
 * 一目, いちもく -a glance, a look, a glimpse
 * 一様, いちよう -uniformity, evenness, similarity, equality, impartiality
 * 一律, いちりつ -evenness, uniformity, monotony, equality
 * 一連, いちれん -a series, a chain, a ream (of paper)
 * 一括, いっかつ -all together, batch, one lump, one bundle, summing up
 * 一気, いっき -drink!(said repeatedly as a party cheer)
 * 一挙に, いっきょに -at a stroke, with a single swoop
 * 一切, いっさい -all, everything, without exception, the whole, entirely, absolutely
 * 一心, いっしん -one mind, wholeheartedness, the whole heart
 * いっそ -rather, sooner, might as well
 * 一帯, いったい -a region, a zone, the whole place
 * 一敗, いっぱい -one defeat
 * 一変, いっぺん -complete change, about-face
 * 何時, いつ -when, how soon
 * 何時か, いつか -sometime, someday, one day, some time or other, the other day, in due course, in time
 * 何時でも, いつでも -(at) any time, always, at all times, never (neg), whenever
 * 何時の間にか, いつのまにか -before one knows, unnoticed, unawares
 * 何時までも, いつまでも -forever, for good, eternally, as long as one likes, indefinitely
 * 何時も, いつも -always, usually, every time, never (with neg. verb)
 * 意図, いと -intention, aim, design
 * 営む, いとなむ -to carry on (e.g. in ceremony), to run a business
 * 暇, いとま -free time, leisure, leave, spare time, farewell
 * 異動, いどう -a change
 * 挑む, いどむ -to challenge, to contend for, to make love to
 * 稲光, いなびかり -(flash of) lightning
 * 古, いにしえ -antiquity, ancient times
 * 祈り, いのり -prayer, supplication
 * 鼾, いびき -snoring
 * 今更, いまさら -now, at this late hour
 * 未だ, いまだ -as yet, hitherto, not yet (neg)
 * 移民, いみん -emigration, immigration, emigrant, immigrant
 * 厭々, いやいや -unwillingly, grudgingly, shaking head in refusal (to children)
 * 卑しい, いやしい -greedy, vulgar, shabby, humble, base, mean, vile
 * いやに -awfully, terribly
 * 厭やらしい, いやらしい -detestable, disagreeable
 * 愈々, いよいよ -more and more, all the more, increasingly, at last, beyond doubt
 * 意欲, いよく -will, desire, ambition
 * 苛々, いらいら -getting nervous, irritation
 * 入口, いりくち -entrance, gate, approach, mouth
 * 衣料, いりょう -clothing
 * 威力, いりょく -power, might, authority, influence
 * 入る, いる -to get in, to go in, to come in, to flow into, to set, to set in
 * 衣類, いるい -clothes, clothing, garments
 * 色々, いろいろ -various
 * 異論, いろん -different opinion, objection
 * 所謂, いわゆる -the so-called, so to speak
 * 印, いん -seal, stamp, mark, print
 * 員, いん -member
 * 印鑑, いんかん -stamp, seal
 * 陰気, いんき -gloom, melancholy
 * 隠居, いんきょ -retirement, retired person
 * 上下, うえした -high and low, up and down, unloading and loading, praising and blaming
 * 浮かぶ, うかぶ -to float, to rise to surface, to come to mind
 * 受かる, うかる -to pass (examination)
 * 含嗽, うがい -gargle, rinse mouth
 * 受け入れ, うけいれ -receiving, acceptance
 * 受け入れる, うけいれる -to accept, to receive
 * 受け継ぐ, うけつぐ -to inherit, to succeed, to take over
 * 受け付ける, うけつける -to be accepted, to receive (an application)
 * 受け止める, うけとめる -to catch, to stop the blow, to react to, to take
 * 受け取り, うけとり -receipt
 * 受身, うけみ -passive, passive voice
 * 動き, うごき -movement, activity, trend, development, change
 * 潮, うしお -tide
 * 氏, うじ -family name
 * 渦, うず -swirl
 * 埋まる, うずまる -to be buried, to be surrounded, to overflow, to be filled
 * 嘘つき, うそつき -liar (sometimes said with not much seriousness), fibber
 * 打ち合わせ, うちあわせ -business meeting, previous arrangement, appointment
 * 打ち合わせる, うちあわせる -to knock together, to arrange
 * 打ち切る, うちきる -to stop, to abort, to discontinue, to close
 * 打ち消し, うちけし -negation, denial, negative
 * 打ち込む, うちこむ -to drive in (e.g. nail stake), to devote oneself to, to shoot into, to smash, to throw into, to cast int
 * 団扇, うちわ -fan
 * 内訳, うちわけ -the items, breakdown, classification
 * 訴え, うったえ -lawsuit, complaint
 * 鬱陶しい, うっとうしい -gloomy, depressing
 * 写し, うつし -copy, duplicate, facsimile, transcript
 * 空ろ, うつろ -blank, cavity, hollow, empty (space)
 * 器, うつわ -bowl, vessel, container
 * 雨天, うてん -rainy weather
 * 腕前, うでまえ -ability, skill, facility
 * 饂飩, うどん -noodles (Japanese)
 * 促す, うながす -to urge, to press, to suggest, to demand, to stimulate, to quicken, to incite, to invite (attention to)
 * 唸る, うなる -to groan, to moan, to roar, to howl, to growl, to hum, to buzz, to sough
 * 自惚れ, うぬぼれ -pretension, conceit, hubris
 * 甘い, うまい -delicious
 * 生まれつき, うまれつき -by nature, by birth, native
 * 海路, うみじ -sea route
 * 産む, うむ -to give birth, to deliver, to produce
 * 埋め込む, うめこむ -to bury
 * 梅干, うめぼし -dried plum
 * 末, うら -top end, tip
 * 裏返し, うらがえし -inside out, upside down
 * 売り出し, うりだし -(bargain) sale
 * 売り出す, うりだす -to put on sale, to market, to become popular
 * 潤う, うるおう -to be moist, to be damp, to get wet, to profit by, to be watered, to receive benefits, to favor, to charm, t
 * 五月蝿い, うるさい -noisy, loud, fussy
 * 売れ行き, うれゆき -sales
 * 浮気, うわき -flighty, fickle, wanton, unfaithful
 * 上手, うわて -1. upper part, upper stream, left side (of a stage), 2. skillful (only in comparisons), dexterity (on
 * 上回る, うわまわる -to exceed
 * 植わる, うわる -to be planted
 * 運営, うんえい -management, administration, operation
 * うんざり -tedious, boring, being fed up with
 * 運送, うんそう -shipping, marine transportation
 * 運賃, うんちん -freight rates, shipping expenses, fare
 * 云々, うんぬん -and so on, and so forth, comment
 * 運搬, うんぱん -transport, carriage
 * 運命, うんめい -fate
 * 運輸, うんゆ -transportation
 * 運用, うんよう -making use of, application, investment, practical use
 * 会, え -understanding
 * 重, え --fold, -ply
 * えい -ray (fish)
 * 映写, えいしゃ -projection
 * 英字, えいじ -English letter (character)
 * 衛生, えいせい -health, hygiene, sanitation, medical
 * 映像, えいぞう -reflection, image
 * 英雄, えいゆう -hero, great man
 * 液, えき -liquid, fluid
 * 役, えき -war, campaign, battle
 * 閲覧, えつらん -inspection, reading
 * 獲物, えもの -game, spoils, trophy
 * 襟, えり -neck, collar, lapel, neckband
 * 縁, えん -chance, fate, destiny, relation, bonds, connection, karma
 * 塩, えん -salt
 * 艶, えん -charming, fascinating, voluptuous
 * 園, えん -garden (esp. man-made)
 * 円滑, えんかつ -harmony, smoothness
 * 縁側, えんがわ -veranda, porch, balcony, open corridor
 * 沿岸, えんがん -coast, shore
 * 婉曲, えんきょく -euphemistic, circumlocution, roundabout, indirect, insinuating
 * 演習, えんしゅう -practice, exercises, manoeuvers
 * 演出, えんしゅつ -production (e.g. play), direction
 * 演じる, えんじる -to perform (a play), to play (a part), to act (a part), to commit (a blunder)
 * 演ずる, えんずる -to perform, to play
 * 沿線, えんせん -along railway line
 * 縁談, えんだん -marriage proposal, engagement
 * 遠方, えんぽう -long way, distant place
 * 円満, えんまん -perfection, harmony, peace, smoothness, completeness, satisfaction, integrity
 * 尾, お -tail, ridge
 * 於, お -at, in, on
 * 甥, おい -nephew
 * 追い込む, おいこむ -to herd, to corner, to drive
 * 美味しい, おいしい -delicious, tasty
 * 追い出す, おいだす -to expel, to drive out
 * 於いて, おいて -at, in, on
 * お出でになる, おいでになる -to be
 * 老いる, おいる -to age, to grow old
 * 負う, おう -to bear, to owe
 * 応急, おうきゅう -emergency
 * 黄金, おうごん -gold
 * 黄色, おうしょく -yellow
 * 応募, おうぼ -subscription, application
 * おおい -hey!
 * 大方, おおかた -perhaps, almost all, majority
 * 大柄, おおがら -large build, large pattern
 * 大げさ, おおげさ -grandiose, exaggerated
 * 大事, おおごと -important, valuable, serious matter
 * 大ざっぱ, おおざっぱ -rough (as in not precise), broad, sketchy
 * 大筋, おおすじ -outline, summary
 * 大空, おおぞら -heaven, firmament, the sky
 * 大幅, おおはば -full width, large scale, drastic
 * 大水, おおみず -flood
 * 公, おおやけ -official, public, formal, open, governmental
 * お蔭, おかげ -(your) backing, assistance
 * お蔭様で, おかげさまで -Thanks to god, thanks to you
 * 可笑しい, おかしい -strange, funny, amusing, ridiculous
 * 犯す, おかす -to commit, to perpetrate, to violate, to rape
 * 侵す, おかす -to invade, to raid, to trespass, to violate, to intrude on
 * お菜, おかず -side dish, accompaniment for rice dishes
 * 臆病, おくびょう -cowardice, timidity
 * 遅らす, おくらす -to retard, to delay
 * 遅れ, おくれ -delay, lag
 * 起こす, おこす -to raise, to cause, to wake someone
 * 行い, おこない -deed, conduct, behavior, action, asceticism
 * 厳か, おごそか -austere, majestic, dignified, stately, awful, impressive
 * 傲る, おごる -to be proud
 * 長, おさ -chief, head
 * 押さえる, おさえる -to stop, to restrain, to seize, to repress, to suppress, to press down
 * お先に, おさきに -before, ahead, previously
 * 収まる, おさまる -to be obtained, to end, to settle into, to fit into, to be settled, to be paid, to be delivered
 * 納まる, おさまる -to be obtained, to end, to settle into, to fit into, to be settled, to be paid, to be delivered
 * 治まる, おさまる -to be at peace, to clamp down, to lessen (storm terror anger)
 * お産, おさん -(giving) birth
 * 教え, おしえ -teachings, precept, lesson, doctrine
 * 押し込む, おしこむ -to push into, to crowd into
 * 惜しむ, おしむ -to be frugal, to value, to regret
 * お喋り, おしゃべり -chattering, talk, idle talk, chat, chitchat, gossip, chatty, talkative, chatterbox, blabbermouth
 * お洒落, おしゃれ -smartly dressed, someone smartly dressed, fashion-conscious
 * 押し寄せる, おしよせる -to push aside, to advance on
 * お祖父さん, おじいさん -grandfather, male senior-citizen
 * お邪魔します, おじゃまします -Excuse me for disturbing (interrupting) you
 * 雄, おす -male (animal)
 * お世辞, おせじ -flattery, compliment
 * 襲う, おそう -to attack
 * 遅くとも, おそくとも -at the latest
 * 恐らく, おそらく -perhaps
 * 恐れ, おそれ -fear, horror
 * 恐れ入る, おそれいる -to be filled with awe, to feel small, to be amazed, to be surprised, to be disconcerted, to be sorry, to b
 * お大事に, おだいじに -Take care of yourself
 * 煽てる, おだてる -to stir up, to instigate, to flatter
 * 落ち込む, おちこむ -to fall into, to feel down (sad)
 * 落ち着き, おちつき -calm, composure
 * 落ち葉, おちば -fallen leaves, leaf litter, defoliation, shedding leaves
 * 落ちる, おちる -to fail (e.g. exam), to fall down, to drop
 * おっかない -frightening, huge
 * 仰っしゃる, おっしゃる -to say, to speak, to tell, to talk
 * 乙, おつ -1. strange, quaint, stylish, chic, spicy, queer, witty, tasty, romantic, 2. 2nd in rank, second sign of the
 * お使い, おつかい -errand
 * お手上げ, おてあげ -all over, given in, given up hope, bring to knees
 * 御手洗い, おてあらい -toilet, restroom, lavatory, bathroom (US)
 * 弟, おと -younger brother
 * 落とす, おとす -to drop, to lose, to let fall
 * 訪れる, おとずれる -to visit
 * 大人しい, おとなしい -obedient, docile, quiet
 * 少女, おとめ -daughter, young lady, virgin, maiden, little girl
 * お供, おとも -attendant, companion
 * 衰える, おとろえる -to become weak, to decline, to wear, to abate, to decay, to wither, to waste away
 * おどおど -coweringly, hesitantly
 * 脅かす, おどかす -to threaten, to coerce
 * 脅す, おどす -to threaten, to menace
 * 驚き, おどろき -surprise, astonishment, wonder
 * 同い年, おないどし -of the same age
 * 女子, おなご -woman, girl
 * お願いします, おねがいします -please
 * 各, おのおの -each, every, either, respectively, severally
 * 自ずから, おのずから -naturally, as a matter of course
 * お早う, おはよう -Good morning
 * お祖母さん, おばあさん -grandmother, female senior-citizen
 * 怯える, おびえる -to become frightened, to have a nightmare
 * 夥しい, おびただしい -abundantly, innumerably
 * 帯びる, おびる -to wear, to carry, to be entrusted, to have, to take on, to have a trace of, to be tinged with
 * 覚え, おぼえ -memory, sense, experience
 * 御負け, おまけ -1. a discount, a prize, 2. something additional, bonus, an extra, 3. an exaggeration
 * お巡りさん, おまわりさん -policeman (friendly term)
 * お宮, おみや -Shinto shrine
 * お襁褓, おむつ -diaper, nappy
 * お目出度う, おめでとう -(ateji) (int) (uk) Congratulations!, an auspicious occasion!
 * 面, おも -face
 * 思い付き, おもいつき -plan, idea, suggestion
 * 面白い, おもしろい -interesting, amusing
 * 玩具, おもちゃ -toy
 * 重なる, おもなる -main, principal, important
 * 趣, おもむき -meaning, tenor, gist, effect, appearance, taste, grace, charm, refinement
 * 赴く, おもむく -to go, to proceed, to repair to, to become
 * 重役, おもやく -heavy responsibilities, director
 * 重んじる, おもんじる -to respect, to honor, to esteem, to prize
 * 重んずる, おもんずる -to honor, to respect, to esteem, to prize
 * お休み, おやすみ -holiday, absence, rest, Good night
 * お八, おやつ -1. (uk) between meal snack, afternoon refreshment, afternoon tea, 2. mid-day snack
 * 凡そ, およそ -about, roughly, as a rule, approximately
 * 及び, および -and, as well as
 * 及ぶ, およぶ -to reach, to come up to, to amount to, to befall, to happen to, to extend, to match, to equal
 * 織, おり -weave, weaving, woven item
 * 檻, おり -cage, pen, jail cell
 * 折り返す, おりかえす -to turn up, to fold back
 * 織物, おりもの -textile, fabric
 * 織る, おる -to weave
 * 俺, おれ -I (ego) (boastful first-person pronoun)
 * 愚か, おろか -foolish, stupid
 * 疎か, おろそか -neglect, negligence, carelessness
 * 終わる, おわる -to finish, to close
 * 音色, おんいろ -tone color, tone quality, timbre, synthesizer patch
 * 温和, おんわ -gentle, mild, moderate

title: JLPT Guide/JLPT N1 Vocabulary/Row A


text:
JLPT Guide/JLPT N1 Vocabulary/Row Ka

 * 仮, か -tentative, provisional
 * 科, か -department, section
 * 個, か -article counter
 * 下位, かい -low rank, subordinate, lower order (e.g. byte)
 * 改悪, かいあく -deterioration, changing for the worse
 * 海運, かいうん -maritime, marine transportation
 * 改革, かいかく -reform, reformation, innovation
 * 貝殻, かいがら -shell
 * 階級, かいきゅう -class, rank, grade
 * 海峡, かいきょう -channel
 * 会見, かいけん -interview, audience
 * 介護, かいご -nursing
 * 開催, かいさい -holding a meeting, open an exhibition
 * 回収, かいしゅう -collection, recovery
 * 改修, かいしゅう -repair, improvement
 * 怪獣, かいじゅう -monster
 * 解除, かいじょ -cancellation, rescinding, release, calling off
 * 回送, かいそう -forwarding
 * 階層, かいそう -class, level, stratum, hierarchy
 * 開拓, かいたく -reclamation (of wasteland), cultivation, pioneer
 * 会談, かいだん -conversation, conference, discussion, interview
 * 改定, かいてい -reform
 * 改訂, かいてい -revision
 * 街道, かいどう -highway
 * 介入, かいにゅう -intervention
 * 開発, かいはつ -development, exploitation
 * 海抜, かいばつ -height above sea level
 * 介抱, かいほう -nursing, looking after
 * 解剖, かいぼう -dissection, autopsy
 * 回覧, かいらん -circulation
 * 海流, かいりゅう -ocean current
 * 改良, かいりょう -improvement, reform
 * 回路, かいろ -circuit (electric)
 * 顧みる, かえりみる -to look back, to turn around, to review
 * 省みる, かえりみる -to reflect
 * 返る, かえる -to return, to come back, to go back
 * 顔付き, かおつき -(outward) looks, features, face, countenance, expression
 * 掲げる, かかげる -to publish, to print, to carry (an article), to put up, to hang out, to hoist, to fly (a sail), to float (a
 * 踵, かかと -(shoe) heel
 * 係り, かかり -official, duty, person in charge
 * 課外, かがい -extracurricular
 * 書き取り, かきとり -dictation
 * 書き取る, かきとる -to write down, to take dictation, to take notes
 * 掻き回す, かきまわす -to stir up, to churn, to ransack, to disturb
 * 欠く, かく -to lack, to break, to crack, to chip
 * 角, かく -1. angle, 2. bishop (shogi)
 * 核, かく -nucleus, kernel
 * 格, かく -status, character, case
 * 佳句, かく -beautiful passage of literature
 * 画, かく -stroke
 * 格差, かくさ -qualitative difference, disparity
 * 拡散, かくさん -scattering, diffusion
 * 各種, かくしゅ -every kind, all sorts
 * 隔週, かくしゅう -every other week
 * 確信, かくしん -conviction, confidence
 * 革新, かくしん -reform, innovation
 * 確定, かくてい -definition (math), decision, settlement
 * 獲得, かくとく -acquisition, possession
 * 確保, かくほ -guarantee, ensure, maintain, insure, secure
 * 革命, かくめい -revolution
 * 確立, かくりつ -establishment
 * 賭け, かけ -betting, gambling, a gamble
 * 掛け, かけ -credit
 * 駆け足, かけあし -running fast, double time
 * 家計, かけい -household economy, family finances
 * 駆けっこ, かけっこ -(foot) race
 * 駆ける, かける -to run (race esp. horse), to gallop, to canter
 * 賭ける, かける -to wager, to bet, to risk, to stake, to gamble
 * 加工, かこう -manufacturing, processing, treatment
 * 化合, かごう -chemical combination
 * 嵩張る, かさばる -to be bulky, to be unwieldy, to grow voluminous
 * 嵩む, かさむ -to pile up, to increase
 * 風車, かざぐるま -1. windmill, 2. pinwheel
 * 畏まりました, かしこまりました -certainly!
 * 華奢, かしゃ -luxury, pomp, delicate, slender, gorgeous
 * 箇所, かしょ -passage, place, point, part
 * 火傷, かしょう -burn, scald
 * 箇条書き, かじょうがき -itemized form, itemization
 * 噛る, かじる -to chew, to bite (at), to gnaw, to nibble, to munch, to crunch, to have a smattering of
 * 微か, かすか -faint, dim, weak, indistinct, hazy, poor, wretched
 * 霞む, かすむ -to grow hazy, to be misty
 * 化する, かする -to change into, to convert into, to transform, to be reduced, to influence, to improve (someone)
 * 擦る, かする -to touch lightly, to take a percentage (from)
 * 火星, かせい -Mars (planet)
 * 化石, かせき -fossil, petrifaction, fossilization
 * 河川, かせん -rivers
 * 化繊, かせん -synthetic fibres
 * 過疎, かそ -depopulation
 * 過多, かた -excess, superabundance
 * 難い, かたい -difficult, hard
 * 片思い, かたおもい -unrequited love
 * 敵, かたき -enemy, rival
 * 気質, かたぎ -spirit, character, trait, temperament, disposition
 * 片言, かたこと -a smattering, talk like a baby, speak haltingly
 * 片付け, かたづけ -tidying up, finishing
 * 傾く, かたぶく -to incline toward, to slant, to lurch, to heel over, to be disposed to, to trend toward, to be prone to, to
 * 傾ける, かたむける -to incline, to list, to bend, to lean, to tip, to tilt, to slant, to concentrate on, to ruin (a country), to
 * 固める, かためる -to harden, to freeze, to fortify
 * 偏る, かたよる -to be one-sided, to incline, to be partial, to be prejudiced, to lean, to be biased
 * 傍ら, かたわら -beside(s), while, nearby
 * 課題, かだい -subject, theme, task
 * 花壇, かだん -flower bed
 * 家畜, かちく -domestic animals, livestock, cattle
 * 画期, かっき -epoch-making
 * 活発, かっぱつ -vigor, active
 * 且つ, かつ -yet, and
 * 割, かつ -divide, cut, halve, separate, split, rip, break, crack, smash, dilute
 * 嘗て, かつて -once, ever
 * 日付, かづけ -date, dating
 * 門, かど -gate
 * 叶う, かなう -to come true (wish)
 * 叶える, かなえる -to grant (request wish)
 * 金槌, かなづち -1. (iron) hammer, 2. punishment
 * 鉄棒, かなぼう -iron rod, crowbar, horizontal bar (gymnastics)
 * 可成, かなり -considerably, fairly, quite
 * 加入, かにゅう -becoming a member, joining, entry, admission, subscription, affiliation, adherence, signing
 * 金庫, かねぐら -safe, vault, treasury, provider of funds
 * 予言, かねごと -prediction, promise, prognostication
 * 兼ねて, かねて -simultaneously
 * 下番, かばん -going off duty
 * 下品, かひん -inferior article
 * 華美, かび -pomp, splendor, gaudiness
 * 花粉, かふん -pollen
 * 株式, かぶしき -stock (company)
 * 気触れる, かぶれる -to react to, to be influenced by, to go overboard for
 * 貨幣, かへい -money, currency, coinage
 * 構え, かまえ -posture, pose, style
 * 構える, かまえる -to set up
 * 加味, かみ -seasoning, flavoring
 * 噛み切る, かみきる -to bite off, to gnaw through
 * 過密, かみつ -crowded
 * 瓶, かめ -earthenware pot
 * かも知れない, かもしれない -may, might, perhaps, may be, possibly
 * 粥, かゆ -(rice) gruel
 * 痒い, かゆい -itchy, itching
 * 揶揄う, からかう -to ridicule, to tease, to banter with, to make fun of
 * 身体, からだ -the body
 * 体付き, からだつき -body build, figure
 * 絡む, からむ -to entangle, to entwine
 * 借り, かり -borrowing, debt, loan
 * 下吏, かり -lower official
 * 加留多, かるた -(pt:) (n) playing cards (pt: carta)
 * 涸れる, かれる -to dry up, to run out
 * 過労, かろう -overwork, strain
 * 辛うじて, かろうじて -barely, narrowly, just manage to do st
 * 側, かわ -side, row, surroundings, part, (watch) case
 * 可愛い, かわいい -pretty, cute, lovely, charming, dear, darling, pet
 * 可愛がる, かわいがる -to love, to be affectionate
 * 可哀想, かわいそう -poor, pitiable, pathetic
 * 可愛らしい, かわいらしい -lovely, sweet
 * 交わす, かわす -to exchange (messages), to dodge, to parry, to avoid, to turn aside
 * 代わる, かわる -to take the place of, to relieve, to be substituted for, to be exchanged, to change places with, to take
 * 代わる代わる, かわるがわる -alternately
 * 乾, かん -heaven, emperor
 * 管, かん -pipe, tube
 * 幹, かん -(tree) trunk
 * 冠, かん -crown, diadem, first, best, peerless, cap, naming, designating, initiating on coming of age, top character ra
 * 観, かん -look, appearance, spectacle
 * 館, かん -house, hall, building, hotel, inn, guesthouse
 * 簡易, かんい -simplicity, easiness, quasi-
 * 感慨, かんがい -strong feelings, deep emotion
 * 寒気, かんき -cold, frost, chill
 * 簡潔, かんけつ -brevity, conciseness, simplicity
 * 還元, かんげん -resolution, reduction, return to origins
 * 刊行, かんこう -publication, issue
 * 慣行, かんこう -customary practice, habit, traditional event
 * 勧告, かんこく -advice, counsel, remonstrance, recommendation
 * 看護, かんご -nursing, (army) nurse
 * 漢語, かんご -Chinese word, Sino-Japanese word
 * 換算, かんさん -conversion, change, exchange
 * 監視, かんし -observation, guarding, inspection, surveillance
 * 慣習, かんしゅう -usual (historical) custom
 * 観衆, かんしゅう -spectators, onlookers, members of the audience
 * 干渉, かんしょう -interference, intervention
 * 感触, かんしょく -sense of touch, feeling, sensation
 * 肝心, かんじん -essential, fundamental, crucial, vital, main
 * 歓声, かんせい -cheer, shout of joy
 * 感染, かんせん -infection, contagion
 * 幹線, かんせん -main line, trunk line
 * 関税, かんぜい -customs, duty, tariff
 * 簡素, かんそ -simplicity, plain
 * 観点, かんてん -point of view
 * 感度, かんど -sensitivity, severity (quake)
 * 幹部, かんぶ -management, (executive) staff, leaders
 * 勘弁, かんべん -pardon, forgiveness, forbearance
 * 完璧, かんぺき -perfection, completeness, flawless
 * 感無量, かんむりょう -deep feeling, inexpressible feeling, filled with emotion
 * 勧誘, かんゆう -invitation, solicitation, canvassing, inducement, persuasion, encouragement
 * 関与, かんよ -participation, taking part in, participating in, being concerned in
 * 慣用, かんよう -common, customary
 * 寛容, かんよう -forbearance, tolerance, generosity
 * 観覧, かんらん -viewing
 * 官僚, かんりょう -bureaucrat, bureaucracy
 * 慣例, かんれい -custom, precedent, of convention
 * 還暦, かんれき -60th birthday
 * 貫禄, かんろく -presence, dignity
 * 緩和, かんわ -relief, mitigation
 * 蓋, がい -cover, lid, cap
 * 街, がい -~street, ~quarters
 * 外貨, がいか -imported goods, foreign money
 * 外観, がいかん -appearance, exterior, facade
 * 外相, がいしょう -Foreign Minister
 * 害する, がいする -to injure, to damage, to harm, to kill, to hinder
 * 概説, がいせつ -general statement, outline
 * 該当, がいとう -corresponding, answering to, coming under
 * 街頭, がいとう -in the street
 * 概念, がいねん -general idea, concept, notion
 * 外来, がいらい -imported, outpatient clinic
 * 概略, がいりゃく -outline, summary, gist, in brief
 * 学芸, がくげい -arts and sciences, liberal arts
 * 学士, がくし -university graduate
 * 学説, がくせつ -theory
 * 楽譜, がくふ -score (music)
 * 学歴, がくれき -academic background
 * 崖, がけ -cliff
 * 雅致, がち -artistry, good taste, elegance, grace
 * がっくり -heartbroken
 * 合唱, がっしょう -chorus, singing in a chorus
 * がっしり -firmly, solidly, tough
 * 合致, がっち -agreement, concurrence, conforming to
 * がっちり -solidly built, tightly, shrewd, calculating
 * 月日, がっぴ -(the) date
 * 合併, がっぺい -combination, union, amalgamation, consolidation, merger, coalition, fusion, annexation, affiliation, incorpor
 * がる -feel
 * 側, がわ -side, row, surroundings, part, (watch) case
 * 癌, がん -cancer
 * 眼科, がんか -ophthalmology
 * 眼球, がんきゅう -eyeball
 * 眼鏡, がんきょう -spectacles, glasses
 * 頑固, がんこ -stubbornness, obstinacy
 * 願書, がんしょ -written application or petition
 * 頑丈, がんじょう -solid, firm, stout, burly, strong, sturdy
 * 岩石, がんせき -rock
 * 元年, がんねん -first year (of a specific reign)
 * 贋物, がんぶつ -imitation, counterfeit, forgery, sham
 * 元来, がんらい -originally, primarily, essentially, logically, naturally
 * 生, き -pure, undiluted, raw, crude
 * 期, き -period, time
 * 企画, きかく -planning, project
 * 規格, きかく -standard, norm
 * 着飾る, きかざる -to dress up
 * 器官, きかん -organ (of body), instrument
 * 季刊, きかん -quarterly (e.g. magazine)
 * 危害, きがい -injury, harm, danger
 * 気兼ね, きがね -hesitance, diffidence, feeling constraint, fear of troubling someone, having scruples about doing someth
 * 気軽, きがる -cheerful, buoyant, lighthearted
 * 危機, きき -crisis
 * 聞き取り, ききとり -listening comprehension
 * 効き目, ききめ -effect, virtue, efficacy, impression
 * 帰京, ききょう -returning to Tokyo
 * 基金, ききん -fund, foundation
 * 棄権, きけん -abstain from voting, renunciation of a right
 * 喜劇, きげき -comedy, funny show
 * 起源, きげん -origin, beginning, rise
 * 機構, きこう -mechanism, organization
 * 既婚, きこん -marriage, married
 * 記載, きさい -mention, entry
 * 気障, きざ -affectation, conceit, snobbery
 * 兆し, きざし -signs, omen, symptoms
 * 兆, きざし -signs, omen, symptoms
 * 軋む, きしむ -to jar, to creak, to grate
 * 気象, きしょう -weather, climate
 * 期日, きじつ -fixed date, settlement date
 * 記述, きじゅつ -describing, descriptor
 * 奇数, きすう -odd number
 * 築く, きずく -to build, to pile up, to amass
 * 傷付く, きずつく -to be hurt, to be wounded, to get injured
 * 規制, きせい -regulation
 * 汽船, きせん -steamship
 * 寄贈, きそう -donation, presentation
 * 貴族, きぞく -noble, aristocrat
 * 鍛える, きたえる -to forge, to drill, to temper, to train, to discipline
 * 来る, きたる -to come, to arrive, to be due to, to be next, to be forthcoming
 * 気立て, きだて -disposition, nature
 * きちっと -exactly, perfectly
 * 几帳面, きちょうめん -methodical, punctual, steady
 * 切っ掛け, きっかけ -chance, start, cue, excuse, motive, impetus, occasion
 * きっかり -exactly, precisely
 * 喫茶, きっさ -tea drinking, tea house
 * きっちり -precisely, tightly
 * 屹度, きっと -1. (uk) surely, undoubtedly, certainly, without fail, 2. sternly, severely
 * きっぱり -clearly, plainly, distinctly
 * 規定, きてい -regulation, provisions
 * 起点, きてん -starting point
 * 軌道, きどう -orbit, railroad track
 * 甲, きのえ -1st in rank, first sign of the Chinese calendar, shell, instep, grade A
 * 気配, きはい -indication, market trend, worry
 * 規範, きはん -model, standard, pattern, norm, criterion, example
 * 気品, きひん -aroma
 * 気風, きふう -character, traits, ethos
 * 起伏, きふく -undulation
 * 規模, きぼ -scale, scope, plan, structure
 * 気まぐれ, きまぐれ -whim, caprice, whimsy, fickle, moody, uneven temper
 * 生真面目, きまじめ -too serious, person who is too serious, honesty, sincerity
 * 期末, きまつ -end of term
 * 決まり悪い, きまりわるい -feeling awkward, being ashamed
 * 決まる, きまる -to be decided, to be settled, to look good in (clothes)
 * 記名, きめい -signature, register
 * 脚色, きゃくしょく -dramatization (e.g. film)
 * 脚本, きゃくほん -scenario
 * 客観, きゃっかん -objective
 * 規約, きやく -agreement, rules, code
 * 救援, きゅうえん -relief, rescue, reinforcement
 * 休学, きゅうがく -temporary absence from school, suspension
 * 究極, きゅうきょく -ultimate, final, eventual
 * 窮屈, きゅうくつ -narrow, tight, stiff, rigid, uneasy, formal, constrained
 * 球根, きゅうこん -(plant) bulb
 * 救済, きゅうさい -relief, aid, rescue, salvation, help
 * 給食, きゅうしょく -school lunch, providing a meal
 * 給仕, きゅうじ -office boy (girl), page, waiter
 * 休戦, きゅうせん -truce, armistice
 * 旧知, きゅうち -old friend, old friendship
 * 宮殿, きゅうでん -palace
 * 窮乏, きゅうぼう -poverty
 * 丘陵, きゅうりょう -hill
 * 共, きょう -both, neither (neg), all, and, as well as, including, with, together with, plural ending
 * 供, きょう -offer, present, submit, serve (a meal), supply
 * 驚異, きょうい -wonder, miracle
 * 教員, きょういん -teaching staff
 * 教科, きょうか -subject, curriculum
 * 協会, きょうかい -association, society, organization
 * 共感, きょうかん -sympathy, response
 * 共学, きょうがく -coeducation
 * 協議, きょうぎ -conference, consultation, discussion, negotiation
 * 教訓, きょうくん -lesson, precept, moral instruction
 * 境遇, きょうぐう -environment, circumstances
 * 強行, きょうこう -forcing, enforcement
 * 強硬, きょうこう -firm, vigorous, unbending, unyielding, strong, stubborn
 * 凶作, きょうさく -bad harvest, poor crop
 * 共産, きょうさん -communism
 * 教材, きょうざい -teaching materials
 * 教習, きょうしゅう -training, instruction
 * 郷愁, きょうしゅう -nostalgia, homesickness
 * 教職, きょうしょく -teaching certificate, the teaching profession
 * 享受, きょうじゅ -reception, acceptance, enjoyment, being given
 * 興じる, きょうじる -to amuse oneself, to make merry
 * 強制, きょうせい -obligation, coercion, compulsion, enforcement
 * 共存, きょうそん -coexistence
 * 姉妹, きょうだい -sisters
 * 協調, きょうちょう -co-operation, conciliation, harmony, firm (market) tone
 * 協定, きょうてい -arrangement, pact, agreement
 * 脅迫, きょうはく -threat, menace, coercion, terrorism
 * 共鳴, きょうめい -resonance, sympathy
 * 郷里, きょうり -birth-place, home town
 * 強烈, きょうれつ -strong, intense, severe
 * 共和, きょうわ -republicanism, cooperation
 * 曲, きょく -tune, piece of music
 * 局限, きょくげん -limit, localize
 * 極端, きょくたん -extreme, extremity
 * 居住, きょじゅう -residence
 * 拒絶, きょぜつ -refusal, rejection
 * 拒否, きょひ -denial, veto, rejection, refusal
 * 許容, きょよう -permission, pardon
 * 距離, きょり -distance, range
 * 寄与, きよ -contribution, service
 * 清らか, きよらか -clean, pure, chaste
 * 気楽, きらく -at ease, comfortable
 * 煌びやか, きらびやか -gorgeous, gaudy, dazzling, gay
 * 切り, きり -limits, end, bounds, period, place to leave off, closing sentence, all there is, only, since
 * 桐, きり -paulownia tree
 * 切り替える, きりかえる -to change, to exchange, to convert, to renew, to throw a switch, to replace, to switch over
 * 気流, きりゅう -atmospheric current
 * 奇麗, きれい -pretty, clean, nice, tidy, beautiful, fair
 * 切れ目, きれめ -break, pause, gap, end, rift, interruption, cut, section, notch, incision, end (of a task)
 * 際, きわ -edge, brink, verge, side
 * 木綿, きわた -cotton
 * 極めて, きわめて -exceedingly, extremely
 * 僅, きん -a little, small quantity
 * 近眼, きんがん -nearsightedness, shortsightedness, myopia
 * 緊急, きんきゅう -urgent, pressing, emergency
 * 近々, きんきん -nearness, before long
 * 近郊, きんこう -suburbs, outskirts
 * 均衡, きんこう -equilibrium, balance
 * 近視, きんし -shortsightedness
 * 禁じる, きんじる -to prohibit
 * 禁ずる, きんずる -to forbid, to suppress
 * 勤勉, きんべん -industry, diligence
 * 勤務, きんむ -service, duty, work
 * 禁物, きんもつ -taboo, forbidden thing
 * 勤労, きんろう -labor, exertion, diligent service
 * 議案, ぎあん -legislative bill
 * 戯曲, ぎきょく -play, drama
 * 議決, ぎけつ -resolution, decision, vote
 * 議事堂, ぎじどう -Diet building
 * 犠牲, ぎせい -sacrifice
 * 偽造, ぎぞう -forgery, falsification, fabrication, counterfeiting
 * 議題, ぎだい -topic of discussion, agenda
 * 技能, ぎのう -technical skill, ability, capacity
 * 逆転, ぎゃくてん -(sudden) change, reversal, turn-around, coming from behind (baseball)
 * 行, ぎょう -line, row, verse
 * 業者, ぎょうしゃ -trader, merchant
 * 行政, ぎょうせい -administration
 * 業績, ぎょうせき -achievement, performance, results, work, contribution
 * 業務, ぎょうむ -business, affairs, duties, work
 * 玉, ぎょく -king (shogi)
 * 漁船, ぎょせん -fishing boat
 * 漁村, ぎょそん -fishing village
 * 義理, ぎり -duty, sense of duty, honor, decency, courtesy, debt of gratitude, social obligation
 * 疑惑, ぎわく -doubt, misgivings, distrust, suspicion
 * 吟味, ぎんみ -testing, scrutiny, careful investigation
 * 区, く -ward, district, section
 * 食い違う, くいちがう -to cross each other, to run counter to, to differ, to clash, to go awry
 * 空腹, くうふく -hunger
 * 区画, くかく -division, section, compartment, boundary, area, block
 * 区間, くかん -section (of track etc)
 * 茎, くき -stalk
 * 区切り, くぎり -an end, a stop, punctuation
 * 潜る, くぐる -1. to drive, to pass through, 2. to evade, to hide, 3. to dive (into or under water), to go undergro
 * 種々, くさぐさ -variety
 * 嚏, くしゃみ -sneeze
 * 旧事, くじ -past events, bygones
 * 籤引, くじびき -lottery, drawn lot
 * 擽ぐったい, くすぐったい -ticklish
 * 草臥れる, くたびれる -to get tired, to wear out
 * 下らない, くだらない -good-for-nothing, stupid, trivial, worthless
 * 件, くだん -example, precedent, the usual, the said, the above-mentioned, (man) in question
 * 口ずさむ, くちずさむ -to hum something, to sing to oneself
 * 嘴, くちばし -beak, bill
 * 朽ちる, くちる -to rot
 * くっきり -distinctly, clearly, boldly
 * 屈折, くっせつ -bending, indentation, refraction
 * くっ付く, くっつく -to adhere to, to keep close to
 * くっ付ける, くっつける -to attach
 * 覆す, くつがえす -to overturn, to upset, to overthrow, to undermine
 * 諄い, くどい -verbose, importunate, heavy (taste)
 * 国境, くにざかい -national or state border
 * 首飾り, くびかざり -necklace
 * 首輪, くびわ -necklace, choker
 * 組み合わせ, くみあわせ -combination
 * 組み合わせる, くみあわせる -to join together, to combine, to join up
 * 組み込む, くみこむ -to insert, to include, to cut in (printing)
 * 蔵, くら -warehouse, cellar, magazine, granary, godown, depository, treasury, elevator
 * 苦しめる, くるしめる -to torment, to harass, to inflict pain
 * 包む, くるむ -to be engulfed in, to be enveloped by, to wrap up, to tuck in, to pack, to do up, to cover with, to dress i
 * 呉れ呉れも, くれぐれも -repeatedly, sincerely, earnestly
 * 呉れる, くれる -to give, to let one have, to do for one, to be given
 * 玄人, くろうと -expert, professional, geisha, prostitute
 * 黒字, くろじ -balance (figure) in the black
 * 君主, くんしゅ -ruler, monarch
 * 愚痴, ぐち -idle complaint, grumble
 * ぐっと -firmly, fast, much, more
 * ぐらい -approximately
 * 群, ぐん -group (math)
 * 軍艦, ぐんかん -warship, battleship
 * 群集, ぐんしゅう -(social) group, crowd, throng, mob, multitude
 * 軍事, ぐんじ -military affairs
 * 軍備, ぐんび -armaments, military preparations
 * 軍服, ぐんぷく -military or naval uniform
 * 刑, けい -penalty, sentence, punishment
 * 頃, けい -time, about, toward, approximately (time)
 * 傾, けい -lean, incline
 * 系, けい -system, lineage, group
 * 経過, けいか -passage, expiration, progress
 * 軽快, けいかい -rhythmical (e.g. melody), casual (e.g. dress), light, nimble
 * 警戒, けいかい -warning, admonition, vigilance
 * 計器, けいき -meter, gauge
 * 契機, けいき -opportunity, chance
 * 敬具, けいぐ -Sincerely yours
 * 軽減, けいげん -abatement
 * 掲載, けいさい -appearance (e.g. article in paper)
 * 傾斜, けいしゃ -inclination, slant, slope, bevel, list, dip
 * 形成, けいせい -formation
 * 形勢, けいせい -condition, situation, prospects
 * 軽率, けいそつ -rash, thoughtless, careless, hasty
 * 携帯, けいたい -carrying something
 * 形態, けいたい -form, shape, figure
 * 刑罰, けいばつ -judgement, penalty, punishment
 * 経費, けいひ -expenses, cost, outlay
 * 警部, けいぶ -police inspector
 * 軽蔑, けいべつ -scorn, disdain
 * 経歴, けいれき -personal history, career
 * 経路, けいろ -course, route, channel
 * 汚す, けがす -to disgrace, to dishonour
 * 汚らわしい, けがらわしい -filthy, unfair
 * 汚れ, けがれ -uncleanness, impurity, disgrace
 * 汚れる, けがれる -to get dirty, to become dirty
 * 獣, けだもの -beast, brute
 * 吝嗇, けち -stinginess, miser, miserliness, skinflint, tightwad, niggard, pinching pennies
 * 結核, けっかく -tuberculosis, tubercule
 * 血管, けっかん -blood vessel
 * 決行, けっこう -doing (with resolve), carrying out (i.e. a plan)
 * 決算, けっさん -balance sheet, settlement of accounts
 * 決勝, けっしょう -decision of a contest, finals (in sports)
 * 結晶, けっしょう -crystal, crystallization
 * 結成, けっせい -formation
 * 結束, けっそく -union, unity
 * 傑, けつ -excellence
 * 決意, けつい -decision, determination
 * 決議, けつぎ -resolution, vote, decision
 * 結合, けつごう -combination, union
 * 決断, けつだん -decision, determination
 * 欠乏, けつぼう -want, shortage, famine
 * 蹴飛ばす, けとばす -to kick away, to kick off, to kick (someone), to refuse, to reject
 * 貶す, けなす -to speak ill of
 * 煙たい, けむたい -smoky, feeling awkward
 * 煙る, けむる -to smoke (e.g. fire)
 * 家来, けらい -retainer, retinue, servant
 * けれど -but, however
 * 圏, けん -sphere, circle, range
 * 権, けん -authority, the right (to do something)
 * 権威, けんい -authority, power, influence
 * 兼業, けんぎょう -side line, second business
 * 権限, けんげん -power, authority, jurisdiction
 * 健在, けんざい -in good health, well
 * 懸賞, けんしょう -offering prizes, winning, reward
 * 検事, けんじ -public prosecutor
 * 健全, けんぜん -health, soundness, wholesome
 * 見地, けんち -point of view
 * 賢明, けんめい -wisdom, intelligence, prudence
 * 倹約, けんやく -thrift, economy, frugality
 * 兼用, けんよう -multi-use, combined use, combination, serving two purposes
 * 権力, けんりょく -power, authority, influence
 * 劇団, げきだん -troupe, theatrical company
 * 激励, げきれい -encouragement
 * 月謝, げっしゃ -monthly tuition fee
 * げっそり -being disheartened, losing weight
 * 月賦, げっぷ -monthly installment
 * 下痢, げり -diarrhoea
 * 原, げん -original, primitive, primary, fundamental, raw
 * 原形, げんけい -original form, base form
 * 現行, げんこう -present, current, in operation
 * 原作, げんさく -original work
 * 原子, げんし -atom
 * 元首, げんしゅ -ruler, sovereign
 * 原書, げんしょ -original document
 * 減少, げんしょう -decrease, reduction, decline
 * 現場, げんじょう -actual spot, scene, scene of the crime
 * 元素, げんそ -chemical element
 * 原則, げんそく -principle, general rule
 * 現像, げんぞう -developing (film)
 * 現地, げんち -actual place, local
 * 限定, げんてい -limit, restriction
 * 原点, げんてん -origin (coordinates), starting point
 * 原典, げんてん -original (text)
 * 減点, げんてん -subtract, give a demerit
 * 原爆, げんばく -atomic bomb
 * 原文, げんぶん -the text, original
 * 厳密, げんみつ -strict, close
 * 原油, げんゆ -crude oil
 * 言論, げんろん -discussion
 * 故, こ -the late (deceased)
 * 戸, こ -counter for houses
 * 児, こ -child, the young of animals
 * 巨, こ -big, large, great
 * 恋する, こいする -to fall in love with, to love
 * 溝, こう -10^38, hundred undecillion (American), hundred sextillion (British)
 * 好意, こうい -good will, favor, courtesy
 * 行為, こうい -act, deed, conduct
 * 行員, こういん -bank clerk
 * 交易, こうえき -trade, commerce
 * 公演, こうえん -public performance
 * 後悔, こうかい -regret, repentance
 * 公開, こうかい -presenting to the public
 * 航海, こうかい -sail, voyage
 * 工学, こうがく -engineering
 * 皇居, こうきょ -Imperial Palace
 * 好況, こうきょう -prosperous conditions, healthy economy
 * 抗議, こうぎ -protest, objection
 * 鉱業, こうぎょう -mining industry
 * 興業, こうぎょう -industrial enterprise
 * 高原, こうげん -tableland, plateau
 * 煌々と, こうこうと -brilliantly, brightly
 * 考古学, こうこがく -archaeology
 * 交互, こうご -mutual, reciprocal, alternate
 * 工作, こうさく -work, construction, handicraft, maneuvering
 * 耕作, こうさく -cultivation, farming
 * 鉱山, こうざん -mine (ore)
 * 講習, こうしゅう -short course, training
 * 交渉, こうしょう -negotiations, discussions, connection
 * 高尚, こうしょう -high, noble, refined, advanced
 * 行進, こうしん -march, parade
 * 香辛料, こうしんりょう -spices
 * 口述, こうじゅつ -verbal statement
 * 控除, こうじょ -subsidy, deduction
 * 向上, こうじょう -elevation, rise, improvement, advancement, progress
 * 降水, こうすい -rainfall, precipitation
 * 洪水, こうずい -flood
 * 公然, こうぜん -open (e.g. secret), public, official
 * 抗争, こうそう -dispute, resistance
 * 構想, こうそう -plan, plot, idea, conception
 * 拘束, こうそく -restriction, restraint
 * 後退, こうたい -retreat, backspace (BS)
 * 光沢, こうたく -brilliance, polish, lustre, glossy finish (of photographs)
 * 公団, こうだん -public corporation
 * 好調, こうちょう -favourable, promising, satisfactory, in good shape
 * 口頭, こうとう -oral
 * 講読, こうどく -reading, translation
 * 購読, こうどく -subscription (e.g. magazine)
 * 購入, こうにゅう -purchase, buy
 * 公認, こうにん -official recognition, authorization, licence, accreditation
 * 光熱費, こうねつひ -cost of fuel and light
 * 荒廃, こうはい -ruin
 * 購買, こうばい -purchase, buy
 * 好評, こうひょう -popularity, favorable reputation
 * 交付, こうふ -delivering, furnishing (with copies)
 * 降伏, こうふく -capitulation, surrender, submission
 * 興奮, こうふん -excitement, stimulation, agitation, arousal
 * 公募, こうぼ -public appeal, public contribution
 * 巧妙, こうみょう -ingenious, skillful, clever, deft
 * 公用, こうよう -government business, public use, public expense
 * 小売, こうり -retail
 * 効率, こうりつ -efficiency
 * 公立, こうりつ -public (institution)
 * 小柄, こがら -short (build)
 * 小切手, こぎって -cheque, check
 * 国産, こくさん -domestic products
 * 国定, こくてい -state-sponsored, national
 * 国土, こくど -realm
 * 告白, こくはく -confession, acknowledgement
 * 国防, こくぼう -national defence
 * 国有, こくゆう -national ownership
 * 国連, こくれん -U.N., United Nations
 * 漕ぐ, こぐ -to row, to scull, to pedal
 * 焦げ茶, こげちゃ -black tea
 * 個々, ここ -individual, one by one
 * 箇箇, ここ -individual, separate
 * 心地, ここち -feeling, sensation, mood
 * 心得, こころえ -knowledge, information
 * 心掛け, こころがけ -readiness, intention, aim
 * 心掛ける, こころがける -to bear in mind, to aim to do
 * 志, こころざし -will, intention, motive
 * 志す, こころざす -to plan, to intend, to aspire to, to set aims (sights on)
 * 心強い, こころづよい -heartening, reassuring
 * 心細い, こころぼそい -helpless, forlorn, hopeless, unpromising, lonely, discouraging, disheartening
 * 試み, こころみ -trial, experiment
 * 試みる, こころみる -to try, to test
 * 快い, こころよい -pleasant, agreeable
 * 凝らす, こごらす -to freeze, to congeal
 * 凝る, こごる -to congeal, to freeze
 * 拵える, こしらえる -to make, to manufacture
 * 孤児, こじ -orphan
 * 拗れる, こじれる -to get complicated, to grow worse
 * 故人, こじん -the deceased, old friend
 * 梢, こずえ -treetop
 * 個性, こせい -individuality, personality, idiosyncrasy
 * 戸籍, こせき -census, family register
 * 小銭, こぜに -coins, small change
 * 固体, こたい -solid (body)
 * 答え, こたえ -answer, response
 * 堪える, こたえる -to bear, to stand, to endure, to put up with, to support, to withstand, to resist, to brave, to be fit for, t
 * 火燵, こたつ -table with heater, (orig) charcoal brazier in a floor well
 * 古代, こだい -ancient times
 * こだわる -to fuss over, to be particular about, to be concerned about
 * 誇張, こちょう -exaggeration
 * 滑稽, こっけい -funny, humorous, comical, laughable, ridiculous, joking
 * 国交, こっこう -diplomatic relations
 * 骨董品, こっとうひん -curio
 * 骨, こつ -knack, skill
 * 固定, こてい -fixation
 * 事柄, ことがら -matter, thing, affair, circumstance
 * 悉く, ことごとく -altogether, entirely
 * 言伝, ことづて -declaration, hearsay
 * 殊に, ことに -especially, above all
 * 事によると, ことによると -depending on the circumstances
 * 孤独, こどく -isolation, loneliness, solitude
 * 粉々, こなごな -in very small pieces
 * 此の, この -this
 * この間, このあいだ -the other day, lately, recently
 * この頃, このごろ -recently
 * 好ましい, このましい -nice, likeable, desirable
 * 個別, こべつ -particular case
 * 零す, こぼす -to spill
 * 零れる, こぼれる -to overflow, to spill
 * 細やか, こまやか -friendly
 * 混む, こむ -to be crowded
 * 込める, こめる -to include, to put into
 * 篭る, こもる -to seclude oneself, to be confined in, to be implied, to be stuffy
 * 固有, こゆう -characteristic, tradition, peculiar, inherent, eigen-
 * 雇用, こよう -employment (long term), hire
 * 暦, こよみ -calendar, almanac
 * 堪える, こらえる -to bear, to stand, to endure, to put up with, to support, to withstand, to resist, to brave, to be fit for, t
 * 孤立, こりつ -isolation, helplessness
 * 懲りる, こりる -to learn by experience, to be disgusted with
 * 此れ, これ -this
 * 此れ等, これら -these
 * 魂, こん -soul, spirit
 * 根気, こんき -patience, perseverance, energy
 * 根拠, こんきょ -basis, foundation
 * 混血, こんけつ -mixed race, mixed parentage
 * 昆虫, こんちゅう -insect, bug
 * 根底, こんてい -root, basis, foundation
 * 混同, こんどう -confusion, mixing, merger
 * 今日は, こんにちは -hello, good day (daytime greeting id)
 * 今晩は, こんばんは -good evening
 * 根本, こんぽん -origin, source, foundation, root, base, principle
 * 御, ご -go-, honourable
 * 語彙, ごい -vocabulary, glossary
 * 濠, ごう -moat
 * 業, ごう -Buddhist karma, actions committed in a former life
 * 号, ごう -number, issue
 * 合意, ごうい -agreement, consent, mutual understanding
 * 合議, ごうぎ -consultation, conference
 * 強気, ごうぎ -great, grand
 * 合成, ごうせい -synthesis, composition, synthetic, composite, mixed, combined, compound
 * 護衛, ごえい -guard, convoy, escort
 * 語句, ごく -words, phrases
 * 極楽, ごくらく -paradise
 * ご苦労様, ごくろうさま -Thank you very much for your....
 * 語源, ごげん -word root, word derivation, etymology
 * 誤差, ごさ -error
 * ご座います, ございます -to be (polite), to exist
 * ご馳走, ごちそう -feast, treating (someone)
 * ご馳走さま, ごちそうさま -feast
 * 毎, ごと -each respectively
 * 碁盤, ごばん -Go board
 * ご無沙汰, ごぶさた -not writing or contacting for a while
 * 誤魔化す, ごまかす -to deceive, to falsify, to misrepresent
 * 御免ください, ごめんください -May I come in?
 * 御免なさい, ごめんなさい -I beg your pardon, excuse me
 * 御覧なさい, ごらんなさい -(please) look, (please) try to do

title: JLPT Guide/JLPT N1 Vocabulary/Row Ka