text:
Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 99

Contenete - Capitul 98 - Capitul 99 - Capitul 100

Ninantninesim capitul (99.esim capitul)
Jurnale de Jonathan Harker.

4 novembre, vésper. – Li accidente al nave ha esset un desastre (desastre = grand malfortun) por nos. Sin it noi vell har de long atinget li bote, e mi car Mina vell har esset líber. Yo time pensar pri la, proxim a ti-ta horribil loc. Noi possede cavalles, e noi seque li tracies (tracie = to quo li pedes lassa pos marchar). Yo scri to ci durant que Godalming prepara se. Noi possede nor armes. Li ciganes va dever gardar se si ili intente luctar. Oh, si solmen Morris e Seward vell har esset con nos. Resta solmen li esperantie! Si yo ne scri plu: adío, Mina. Mey Deo benedir e protecter te.

Diarium de Dr. Seward.

5 novembre. – Con li alba noi videt li ciganes qui curret avan nos, ex li rivere con lor vagon (vagon = long coche). Ili circumdat it e hastat se follmen. It nive un poc e li aere sembla excitat. Fórsan it es nor sentimentes, ma li pression in li aere es strangi. In li lontanitá yo audi li ululada de lupos; li nive aporta les ex li montes, e hay dangeres por nos ye omni látere. Li cavalles es presc pret, e noi departe. Noi cavalca al morte de alqui. Deo save qui, o u, o quo, o quande, o qualmen it vell evenir…

Memorandum de Dr. Van Helsing.

5 novembre, pos-midí. – Adminim yo ne es foll. Mersí a Deo pro su clementie sur li evenimentes, benque ili ha esset horribil. Lassante li dormient Madam Mina in li sacri circul, yo vadet til li castelle. Li martelle trovat in Veresti esset usabil, nam benque li portas esset apert, yo destructet les por que null mal eveniment mey includer me in li castelle. Li amari experientie de Jonathan instructet me bon. Sequente li information in li diarium yo trovat li old capella, u yo devet laborar. Un pression trovat se in li aere, e un fume quel fat mi cap girar. Yo credet audir li son de lupos in li lontanitá, o fórsan yo hat imaginat it. Yo pensat pri li car Madam Mina e yo ne savet quo far.

Nam yo ne posset ducter la til li castelle, ma benque ella esset secur del vampire in li sacri circul, li lupos posset intrar it! Quamcunc, mi labor restat ci, e si on mori per un lupo anc to da li libertá. Por mi parte yo vell preferer morir per un lupo quam un vampire, e talmen yo fat li selection por la.

Continuante li tache, yo savet que esset adminim tri tombes a trovar, e yo trovat un ex ili. In it ella jacet in su vampiric dorme, tam plen de vive e voluptuosi bellitá que yo tremet pri li pensa que yo hat venit por mortar. E yo crede que altri mannes hat fat li sam viage, e trovante se avan la su cordie devenit plu e plu debil, e il demora (demorar = restar), e demora, e plu demora, til quande li bellitá self e li fascination del Ne-Morta ha hipnotisat le, e il demora mem plu, til quande li sole cade, e li vampiric dorme finit se. Poy li bell ocules del fémina aperte se, li voluptuosi bocca oferta (ofertar = dar solemnimen) un besa, e li mann es debil, e talmen cresce un victime in plu, un mann in plu a far crescer li armé del Ne-Mortes!

Anc yo sentit li sam fascination, mem vidente la jacente in li tombe con li polve de secules, e con li malissim odore del Comto. Anc yo esset tuchat - yo, Van Helsing, con mi devotion e rasones por odie -- yo esset tuchat per un volentie de demorar quel semblat paralisar (paralisar = far ínmobil) me. Fórsan li necessitá dormir e li strangi pression in li aere fat me plu dormaci, e durant que yo stat ta, tra li aere venit un long, bass cri, tam plen de tristesse e misericordie que it avigilat me quam li son de un trumpete. Nam it esset li voce de mi car Madam Mina quel yo audit.

Poy yo preparat me por li horribil tache, e apertente li altri tombes yo trovat li altri sestra, la obscur. Yo ne audaciat pausar pro timore que yo vell esser fascinat e paralisat, ma continuat serchar e serchar, til quande yo trovat un alt e grand tombe, semblantmen creat por un amata - li altri bell sestra quel yo e Jonathan hat videt exear li polvosi nebul. Ella esset tam bell, tam brilliant, tam rafinat (rafinat = tre fin) e voluptuosi que li mannic instincte in me, quel voca nos mannes amar e protecter féminas quam ella, fat mi cap girar con nov emotion. Ma mersí a Deo, li cri de mi car Madam Mina ne hat morit in mi oreles, e ante que li sorcieríe posset afecter me, mi cordie esset resoluet por far li savagi acte. Yo hat serchat li tot visibil tombes in li capella, e pro que yo hat videt solmen li tri, yo assumptet que null altri Ne-Mortes esset present. Ma un altri tombe esset plu nobil e senioresc quam li altris; grandissim, sur it esset scrit solmen un parol

DRACULA.

Alor to ci esset li hem del rey del vampires, ex quel tam mult altris hat esset creat. Su vacuitá confirmat li coses queles yo ja conosset. Ante comensar restorar li féminas a su mort status, yo plazzat un pezze del sacri biscuit in li tombe de Dracula, talmen fante it ínintrabil por le, por sempre.

Poy comensat se li terribil tache, quel yo horret far. Un vell har esset comparativmen facil, ma tri! Mortar li dulci Senioretta Lucy hat esset tam desfacil, ma tri féminas queles hat vivet tra li secules e infortiat se esset un altri cose.

Oh, mi amico John, it esset un buchería, e si yo ne possedet li pensas pri li vivent entes sur queles stat un tam grand dangere, yo ne vell har posset acompleer it. Yo treme e treme ancor, ma felicimen e mersí a Deo mi mente stat ínchangeat. Yo ne vell har posset continuar li buchería si yo ne hat videt li expression de pace e felicitá sur li unesim fémina quande yo redat la su eterni anim, nam ante it esset un horribil criada quande yo transpicat la con li pal, li contorsiones del córpor e li labies de sanguant scum. Sin li expression de pace yo vell har fugit e lassat li altri du in li tombes. Ma it es finit! E li povri animes, yo posse pensar pri las e plorar, quande yo pensa pri las a queles esset dat por un moment li dormient pace ante que ili desaparit. Nam, amico John, strax pos har decapitat las, li tot córpor comensat fonder e devenit polve, quam si li morte quel intentet venir ante secules hat venit e dit: "Vi yo!"

Ante exear li castelle yo fixat li intradas por que li Comto nequande va posser intrar it.

Quande yo intrat li circul u dormit Madam Mina, ella avigilat se, e vidente me dit que yo hat suffret tro mult.

"Veni!" ella dit, "lass nos departer de ti-ci abominabil (abominar = odiar mult) loc. Noi mey ear por incontrar mi marito, qui, yo save, veni vers nos." Ella aspectet tenui e pallid e debil, ma su ocules esset pur e brilliat. It joyat me vider li palliditá e li maladie, nam it esset plu bon quam li frisc horror del rubatri vampiric dorme.

E talmen, con fide e esperantie, ma plen de timore, noi continua ost por incontrar nor amicos – e le – ti pri quel Madam Mina di me que it es cert que il veni por incontrar nos.

Vocabularium

 * abominabil
 * abominar
 * contorder
 * contorsion
 * demorar
 * desastre
 * ofertar
 * paralisar
 * rafinat
 * tracie
 * trumpete
 * vagon

Altri paroles

 * abominarː abomination
 * rafinarː rafinament, rafinería, rafineríe
 * tracieː traciar
 * trumpeteː trumpetar, trumpetist
 * vagonː vagon ferroviari

|99

title: Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 99


text:
Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 100

Contenete - Capitul 99

Centesim capitul (100.esim capitul)
Jurnale de Mina Harker.

6 novembre. – It esset tard pos-midí quande li professor e yo eat vers ost de u yo savet que Jonathan esset venient. Noi ne eat rapidmen, benque li via esset scarp e a bass, nam noi possedet li pesant pelisses, e ne posset lassar li possibilitá esser sin les in li frigiditá e li nive. Anc li manjage noi devet prender con nos, pro que in li vicinage noi videt null domes, null signes de habitation. Pos circa un milie, yo esset fatigat pro li marcha e sedet me por reposar. Poy noi videt in retro e regardat u li clar linea del castelle de Dracula ciset li ciel, nam noi esset tam bass sub li coline que li Carpathian montes ne esset visibil, solmen li coline e li castelle sur li cúlmine. Noi videt it in su tot magnificentie (magnificent = grand e bellissim), mill pedes (pede = distantie de un pede) in supra, con un grand spacie inter it e li montes circum it. Li loc possedet alquo savagi e anormal (a.normal = ne normal). Li distant ululada del lupos audit se. Benque lontan, li son inductet (= in·duct·er) terror. Vidente li serchada de Dr. Van Helsing yo savet que il volet trovar un strategic (strategie = plan por victer un battallie) punctu, in quel noi vell posser defender nos contra un atacca. Li rud via eat sempre a bass, e li vente fat it visibil sub li planeant (planear = volar bass) nive.

Pos un poc li professor dat me un signe, e yo stantat me e unit me con le. Il hat trovat un marvelosi loc, un sorte natural incavatura (cave → in.cav.ar) in li rocca, con un intrada quam un porta inter du grand petres. Il prendet mi manu e lassat me intrar: “Vide!” il dit, “ci tu va esser in securitá, e si li lupos veni yo posse luctar con les un pos li altri.”

Il aportat li pelisses, e fat un lette por me, e dat me anc manjage. Ma yo ne posset manjar; mem li pensada esset repulsiv, e yo ne posset provar. Il aspectet tre trist, ma ne reprochat me. (reprochar = dir "tu ha fat un mal coseǃ") Extraente su binocules, il stat sur li petre e comensat serchar li horizonte. Subitmen il vocat:

“Vide! Madam Mina, vide! Vide!” Yo saltat sur li pedes e stat apu le sur li petre, il dat me li binocules e monstrat me u vider. Li nive nu cadet plu e plu, e un fort vente hat comensat sufflar. Ma quelc vezes yo posset vider in li lontanitá. Ta videt se li rivere quam un nigri bande. Direct avan nos e ne tre lontan – in fact tam proxim que it astonat me que noi ne hat videt it – venit un gruppe de cavalcant mannes, hastante se. In lor medie esset un long vagon quel chancelat (chancelar = semblar presc cader ma ne cader) dextri e levul, quam li caude (caude = max retro parte) de un can. Contra li nive, yo posset determinar (determinar = saver certmen) que ili esset paisanes o ciganes.

Sur li vagon trovat se un grandissim coffre. Vidente it mi cordie saltat, nam yo sentit que li fine aproximat se. Li vésper esset nu vicin, e yo savet bon que ye li cade del sole li Cose, quel esset inprisonat in it, vell trovar un nov libertá e vell posseder multissim formes por fugir e evitar omni persequida (persequer = continuar sequer). Tornante me vers li professor, yo videt que il ne esset ta. Pos un instante yo videt le – il hat dessinat li sacri circul circum me. Li circul complet, il stat apu me denov, diente:

“Adminim tu va esser secur de il!” Il prendet li binocules, e quande li nive quietat se denov il usat les por vider li tot scene. “Vide,” il dit, “ili veni rapidmen; ili flagella li cavalles, por que ili mey currer tam rapidmen possibil.”

Il pausat un poc, poy continuat con un cavi voceː (cavi = quam un ecó in un caverne) “Ili curre vers li cade del sole. Noi es fórsan tro tard. Li volentie de Deo esse fat!” Poy venit li nive denov, e li tot paisage esset ínvisibil. Ma denov li nive passat, e il videt li planura (plan·ura = plan loc) con li binocules. Poy venit un subit cri, e il dit:

“Vide! Vide! Vi du mannes sur cavalles qui perseque rapidmen, veniente del sud. It deve esser Quincey e John. Prende li binocul, e regarda ante que li nive cela it!”

Yo prendet it e regardat. Li du mannes posset esser Dr. Seward e Sr. Morris. Yo savet que nequi ex ili esset Jonathan. Simultanmen yo savet que Jonathan ne esset lontan. Regardante altriloc yo videt ye li nord del venient gruppe du altri mannes, cavalcant con col-ruptent rapiditá. Yo videt que un ex ili esset Jonathan, e li altri yo suposit esset Lord Godalming. Anc ili persequet li equip con li vagon. Quande yo informat li professor il criat con felicitá quam un scolero, e pos har videt til quande li nive fat it ínpossibil, il plazzat li fusil Winchester contra li petre, pret a usar it.

“Omnes ea al sam loc,” il dit. “Quande li témpor veni noi va haver li ciganes ye omni láteres.”

Yo extraet mi revólver, nam durant que noi parlat li ululada del lupos aproximat se plu e plu. Li nive cessat por un moment e noi regardat denov. It esset strangi vider li nive cadent in tam pesant flocs tam proxim a nos, e préter it li sole quel brilliat plu e plu durant que it cadet vers li cúlmines del montes. Circumregardante, yo posset vider punctus in gruppes de du e tri e plu – li lupos uniante se por lor victimes.

Chascun instante semblat un epoca durant que noi atendet. Li vente venit ferocimen ye vezes, fante li nive girar. In recent témpores noi esset tam acustomat (acustomar se = trovar it natural) al levas e cades del sole que mem con li nive noi savet que li sole vell strax cader. It es desfacil creder que minu quam un hor passat durant que noi atendet in ti roccosi loc e ili aproximat se a nos. Li vente esset nu mem plu feroci. Noi nu posset clarmen vider chascun mann in li gruppes, li persequentos e li persequetos. Un strangitá esset que li persequetos ne semblat cuidar pri esser persequet, ma durant que li sole cadet ili curret con plu rapiditá.

Plu e plu proxim ili venit. Li professor e yo celat nos detra li rocca con armes pret; il ne volet que ili mey passar. Nequi ex ili hat videt nos.

Subitmen venit du voces queles dit les: “Halt!” Un ex li du esset ti de mi Jonathan, criat con alt passion, li altri li fort ton de comanda de Sr. Morris. Benque ne conossente li lingue, li ciganes conosset li ton. Instinctivmen ili haltat, e Lord Godalming e Jonathan curret vers un látere e Dr. Seward e Sr. Morris vers li altri. Li ductor del ciganes, un magnificent mann qui sedet sur li cavallo quam un centauro, dit a su gruppe con un feroci voce que ili mey proceder. Ili flagellat li cavallos, ma li quar mannes levat li fusiles Winchester, e dit denov halt! con un ínmiscomprensibil comanda. Ili flagellat li cavallos, qui curret avan, ma li quar mannes levat li cabines Winchester e dit halt denov. Vidente que ili hat circumdat les, li ciganes haltat, e li ductor comandat les extraer lor armes: cultelle o pistol, e esser pret por un atacca.

Li ductor curret avan, fante un geste vers li sole – nu proxim al cúlmines del colines – e poy vers li castelle, quel yo ne comprendet. In response li quar mannes de nor látere saltat in bass ex li cavalles e curret vers li vagon. Yo devet har sentit un terribil timore vidente Jonathan in tam grand dangere, ma yo sentit nullcos quam un savagi, mareant desire de far alquo. Vidente li movement, li ductor del ciganes comandat su mannes crear un anelle circum li vagon.

In li medie de to yo posset vider Jonathan a un látere, e Quincey al altri; it esset evident que ili intentet finir li tache ante li cade del sole, e nullcos posset stoppar, mem impedir les. Ili atentet ni li armes del ciganes, ni li ululada del lupos. Li ardent volentie de Jonathan de compleer su tache semblat surprisar li mannes avan les, e ili instinctivmen abassat se e lassat le passar. Pos un instante il hat saltat sur li vagon, e con un íncredibil fortie, levat li grand buxe e jettat it préter li rote e sur li terre. Samtemporalmen, Sr. Morris usat fortie por passar al látere del ciganes. Durant que yo regardat Jonathan yo videt anc Sr. Morris qui desesperatmen avansat, e videt li scintillant cultelles del ciganes durant que il creat un via tra les. Ili ataccat, e il defendet se con su grand cultelle bowie (bowie = un tip cultelle), e yo pensat que anc il hat passat les sin vúlneres, ma quande il saltat apu Jonathan, qui hat ja saltat in bass, yo videt que il prendet su levul látere con li manu, con sangue spruzzante (spruzzar = saltar liquidmen) tra li fingres. Ma malgré to il ne demorat, nam durant que Jonathan con desesperant energie provat aperter li buxe con su grand cultelle kukri, il ataccat li altri láter con li cultelle bowie. Li eforties del du mannes fat li covritura aperter se poc a poc; li cloves (clove = cose por cluder con martelle) esset extraet con un grand bruida, e li covritura esset jettat sur li suol.

Nu li ciganes, vidente se circumdat per li Winchesters de Lord Godalming e Dr. Seward, hat capitulat e ne resistet. Li sole esset presc sur li cúlmines, e li ombres esset long sur li nive. Yo videt li Comto jacent in li buxe sur li terre, de quel un poc hat cadet sur le quande le buxe hat cadet. Il esset pallidissim, just quam un figura de cire, e li rubi ocules brilliat con li horribil expression de venjantie quel yo conosset tro bon.

Durant que yo regardat, li ocules videt li sole cader, e li expression de odia in les devenit un expression de triumf. (triumf = victorie, sentiment de victorie)

Ma in ti instante venit li scintillation del grand cultelle de Jonathan. Yo criat durant que yo videt it ciser li gúttur, durant que in li sam moment li cultelle bowie de Sr. Morris transpicat li cordie.

It esset quam un miracul, ma ante nor ocules, e presc in un sol moment, li tot córpor crumelat (crumelar = cader in micrissim partes) in polve e desaparit.

It va injoyar me durant mi tot vive que mem in ti moment de final dissolution (dissoluer = devenir liquid / nullcos), yo videt in li visage un expression de pace, quel yo ne vell har posset imaginar in ti-ta visage.

Li castelle de Dracula nu stat contra li rubi ciel, con chascun petre de su mures obscur contra li cadent sole.

Li ciganes, credente que noi ha causat li desaparentie del mann, tornat sin un sol parol e cavalcat con tot rapiditá quam si ili timet por lor vives. Tis sin cavalles usat li vagon e criat al altres que ili ne mey lassar les sol. Li lupos in li lontanitá sequet les, e lassat nos sol.

Sr. Morris, qui hat cadet sur li suol, usat li cude por seder e prendet su látere; li sangue spruzzat ancor tra li fingres. Yo curret vers le, nam nu li sacri circul ne impedit me, anc li du doctores. Jonathan agenuat se detra le e li vulnerat mann jacet con li cap sur li epol de Jonathan. Con un sospira il prendet debilmen mi manu con li su quel ne esset sanguat. Il devet har videt li tristesse de mi cordie in su visage, nam il subridet a me e dit:

“Yo es tam felici pro har auxiliat li afere! Oh, Deo!” il dit subitmen, usante su tot fortie por seder rect e monstrante me con li manu: “It valet li pena (valer li pena = it have valore) morir por to! Vide! Vide!”

Li sole esset sur li cúlmine del monte, e li rubi radies cadet sur mi visage, balneante it in rosi luce. Con un sol movement li manus agenuat se e un bass e sinceri “Amen” audit se quande ili sequet li manu de Sr. Morris. Li morient mann parlat:

“Nu Deo esse mersiat que li lucta ne esset in van! Vide! Li nive nu ne es minu maculat quam li fronte de ella! Li maledition ha desaparit!”

E, a nor amari grive, con un subrision e silentmen, il morit, un brav gentilmann.

POS-SCRITE

Ante sett annus noi omnes passat tra li flammes, e it sembla que it valet li pena suffrer tam mult, pro que pos to noi ha esset tam felici. A Mina e me it es un joya in plu que li die de nascentie de nor filio es li sam die quande Quincey Morris morit. Su matre crede, yo save, in secret que un parte del brav spíritu de nor amico ha intrat le. Su nómines es prendet ex nor micri gruppe de mannes; ma noi nomina le Quincey.

In li estive ho-annu noi fat un viage a Transylvania, e videt li loc quel esset, e resta, plen de vivid (vivid = viv) e terribil memories. It esset presc ínpossibil creder que li coses queles noi hat videt con nor ocules e audit con nor oreles esset li vivent veritá. Nam omni tracie de to hat esset efaciat (efaciar = far ne-existent). Li castelle stat quam sempre, tot alt sur un savagi desolation. (desolat = desert)

Un vez hem, noi parlat pri li anteyan témpores, pri queles noi posset discusser sin tristesse, nam Godalming e Seward es maritat e felici. Yo extraet li paperes del coffre de u ili ha esset desde nor retorna. It esset astonant que, in li masse de materiale ex quel noi ha registrat li evenimentes, presc null veritabil (veritabil = con veritá) documentes existe, solmen un masse de machin-scrit coses, quelc cadernes de Mina e Seward e yo, e li memorandum de Van Helsing. Noi apen posse voler que on mey creder nor historie usante tis-ci, mem si noi volet. Van Helsing descrit li cose tre bon durant que il prendet nor filio sur su genú:

“Noi vole null pruvas, e noi ne peti que on crede nos! Ti-ci púer va un die saver quam brav esset su matre. Il ja conosse su dulcitá e amant cuida; plu tard il va comprender qualmen quelc mannes amat la tam mult, que ili audaciat tam mult por la.”

JONATHAN HARKER.

FINE.

Vocabularium

 * acustomar
 * caude
 * cavi
 * chancelar
 * clove
 * crumelar
 * desolation
 * determinar
 * dissoluer
 * efaciar
 * incavatura
 * inducter
 * magnificentie
 * marear
 * pede
 * persequida
 * planear
 * planura
 * reprochar
 * spruzzar
 * strategic
 * triumf
 * valer li pena
 * veritabil
 * vivid

Altri paroles

 * caviː cavitá
 * cloveː clova
 * crumelarː crumelaci, crumelun
 * inducterː induction
 * spruzzarː spruzzallia, spruzzuore, spruzzette
 * strategieː stratego
 * triumfː triumfar, triumfant

|100

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 100


text:
User talk:RC711

My Discussion Area:

I welcome questions and suggestions. But I am just starting and can do most of the needed corrections on this draft. What I need are people to try to tackle the vast number of equations, data and tables, maps and common lists on Wikipedia. Wiki's should be database driven - where the objects come into Javascript ready to use. And where compiled programs can readily absorb. use and generate common formats for global sharing.

Equations, Dates, People, Places, Books, Reports, URLs, Online Services, Calculators, Function Calls, Models, Datasets, Images, Videos, Tables, Large databases, Lists

If someone wants to start at Wikipedia to study stellar surveys, they should be able to tap ALL online astronomical and spectroscopic resources, and all the supporting research and details. It something has roots that go back a hundred years, and has involved millions of people, then the model and tool implicitly should be traceable that far back and in that much detail. Humans can do some of it, but once humans have transcribed it and verified the basic pieces, the computers can process the routine and not-so-routine portions.

Richard Collins, The Internet Foundation 28 Jul 2019

title: User talk:RC711


text:
Isoba/Dictionary

This is an Isoba-English dictionary. The following sections are arranged in Isoba alphabetical order, which is as followsː
 * a o u e i ö eu m b p f fh n d t s z l r ll g k h ch j c x sj zs q gh

eu

 * eu:num. one; a; an
 * [[File:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg]]
 * Must be used with appropriate classifier, like "se," to quantify a noun.

 * eu || se || giu
 * one || CL || cat.SG=ERG
 * }
 * one cat
 * }
 * one cat
 * one cat

title: Isoba/Dictionary


text:
User:Atomsalebpi1994

I have 2 accounts here so you won't know who is the real 1.

title: User:Atomsalebpi1994


text:
User talk:Atomsalebpi1994

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:29, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atomsalebpi1994


text:
Isoba/The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun is one of Aesop's fables. The following text is used in comparative linguistics for phonetic demonstrations:

 * The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

title: Isoba/The North Wind and the Sun


text:
Isoba/The Rainbow Passage

The Rainbow Passage is a public-domain reading used for English speech evaluation. The original text is as follows:

 * When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act as a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its path high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond his reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. Throughout the centuries, people have explained the rainbow in various ways. Some have accepted it as a miracle without physical explanation. To the Hebrews, it was a token that there would be no more universal floods. The Greeks used to imagine that it was a sign from the gods to foretell war or heavy rain. The Norsemen considered the rainbow as a bridge over which the gods passed from earth to their home in the sky. Others have tried to explain the phenomenon physically. Aristotle thought that the rainbow was caused by reflection of the sun’s rays by the rain. Since then physicists have found that it is not reflection, but refraction by the raindrops which causes the rainbows. Many complicated ideas about the rainbow have been formed. The difference in the rainbow depends considerably upon the size of the drops, and the width of the colored band increases as the size of the drops increases. The actual primary rainbow observed is said to be the effect of super-imposition of a number of bows. If the red of the second bow falls upon the green of the first, the result is to give a bow with an abnormally wide yellow band, since red and green light when mixed form yellow. This is a very common type of bow, one showing mainly red and yellow, with little or no green or blue.

title: Isoba/The Rainbow Passage


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User:Limbusurendra132

Who lies with other, He might get success. But becoming success by lying is worst moment of the life.

So, Become veracity and gain friendship.

title: User:Limbusurendra132


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User:Chaojidage

Please see my Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Chaojidage


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Isoba/Case

In the Morphosyntactic Alignment section, six cases were identified:

 * Ergative
 * Direct
 * Accusative
 * Locative
 * Instrumental
 * Dative

The table in the aforementioned section provided a basic overview of how nouns declined for these cases. This section provides examples for and further information about each case.

Ergative Case
Uninflected nouns are identical in form to their ergative case counterparts; the first syllable of the root morpheme takes a high tone. For the sake of simplicity, uninflected nouns be treated as if they were truly in the ergative case.

The ergative case is used for the following purposes:

 * Identifying the agent of a transitive verb or the sole argument of an intransitive verb while implying but not emphasizing volition. This was covered in the Morphosyntactic Alignment section.
 * Addressing or pointing out entities.
 * “Giu” means cat. To address a cat, one can say, “Giu!” (“Cat!”) or “Ei giu!” (“Hey, cat!”)
 * Pointing out a cat means to utter “cat” to imply its presence, during a walk in the park, for instance. It would be appropriate to say “Giu” to point out the cat. This is nearly equivalent to saying “La gyu” which means “there is a cat.” In this construction, the accusative case is used.
 * Using a single noun phrase as the answer to a question, even when that noun would be in a different case were the answer a complete sentence.
 * “Lé xyn” means “What do you see?” An acceptable answer is “Giu,” though the accusative form “Gyu” is also acceptable.
 * Equating arguments with the copula “hi,” which means “to be.”

 * Hi || giu=∅ || duxa=∅.
 * Be.3 || cat.SG=ERG || animal.SG=ERG
 * }
 * The cat is an animal.
 * }
 * The cat is an animal.
 * The cat is an animal.

Note that “duxa” is not in its accusative form, “duxaa.” Also, note that this statement is in reference to a specific cat because the general statement “Cats are animals” would have to use the plural forms of both “giu” and “duxa,” “giur” and “doxa,” respectively. More on the verb “hi” can be found in the Verbs section.

title: Isoba/Case


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Cookbook:Sweet Potatoes Sautéed with Honey

This is a simple recipe of chopped sweet potato sautéed with honey. It's delicious and very easy to make.

Ingredients

 * 1 medium sweet potato
 * 1 tbsp (14.3 g) honey
 * ½ tsp (2.5 g) salt
 * ¼ tsp (1.25 g) smoked paprika (optional)
 * 1 tsp (5 g) flavorless oil (such as canola oil)
 * ½ tbsp (7.15 g) unsalted butter

Procedure

 * 1) Peel the sweet potato, then chop it into 1 cm (0.4 in) cubes. The pieces of sweet potato don't need to be exactly 1 cm on each side, but they should all be around that size to ensure even cooking. Discard the peel.
 * 2) Heat a large frying pan on a stovetop burner over medium heat.
 * 3) Mix the honey, salt, and paprika together in a small bowl.
 * 4) Add the butter and oil to the pan, then wait for the butter to melt fully.
 * 5) Add the potatoes to the pan and stir until evenly distributed around the pan. There shouldn't be any sweet potato chunks on top of each other.
 * 6) Pour the honey mixture over the potatoes and stir until it's evenly distributed across all of the potato pieces.
 * 7) Cook for about 10 minutes, stirring the sweet potatoes every other minute. It's important to stir the potato pieces in order to prevent them from burning on one side, but stirring them too frequently won't allow them to brown sufficiently, which is why it's important to stir once every 2 minutes or so.
 * 8) Serve topped with extra salt to your liking and enjoy!

Notes, tips, and variations

 * If using salted butter instead of unsalted butter, just add a bit less salt in with the honey.
 * Both orange and white sweet potatoes work well with this recipe—the image is of white sweet potatoes, so it may look a bit different using the orange variety.
 * For a sweeter version, use more honey.
 * The calories are calculated with canola oil and a 130 g sweet potato. The exact calorie count may vary based on the oil used or the size and variety of sweet potato.


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Isoba/Tone

Isoba uses tone.

title: Isoba/Tone


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Isoba/Pharyngealization

Isoba uses pharyngealization.

title: Isoba/Pharyngealization


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User:Alikiiaa

I plan to add my great grandmother's many handwritten recipes to the cookbook (along with a few of my own recipes) as I make them

Completed

 * Sweet Potatoes Sauteed with Honey

Planned/In Progress

 * None until I find the old recipes

title: User:Alikiiaa


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User:Chaojidage/Ginna

This ginna page is for bulletin-posting.

title: User:Chaojidage/Ginna


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User talk:Chaojidage/Ginna

Ginna Chat
This chat is about ginna.

title: User talk:Chaojidage/Ginna


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User:Chaojidage/sandbox

🇨🇴 🇨🇴

Test content using a default box

title: User:Chaojidage/sandbox


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Programming Gambas from Zip/Grammar

Programming
Programming is making applications. It is also called ‘coding’ because the instructions are written in ‘code’.

There are many programming languages. Ours is GAMBAS. (Gambas Almost Means BASic). BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) first appeared on 1 May 1964 (55 years ago in 2019, as I write). Everyone loved BASIC. It made programming possible for us ordinary mugs. Benoît Minisini designed and wrote GAMBAS and gives it away free. He lives in Paris, France and is 47 (in 2019). He said, “Programming is one of my passions since I was twelve” and “I am using many other languages, but I never forgot that I have learned and done a lot with BASIC.” This is a piece of code: The language is Gambas. This is a Sub (also called Method, Procedure or Subroutine. If it gave you some sort of answer or result it could be called a Function).

On the left is the design. It is a form. Think of it as a Window. On the right is the application in action. That is what you see when you run the program.

Starting an application is called running it. The program runs. Every statement in the program is executed. The Form_open sub (above) fills the gridview object.

Part 1

 * 1) Open Gambas.
 * 2) Double-click FMain in the list on the left. The form opens.
 * 3) Look for a GridView  among the objects at the bottom right. Drag it onto the form. Adjust its size by dragging the handles (small squares on its edge). Adjust the form size too.
 * 4) Right-click the form (NOT the gridview) > Event menu item > Open.
 * 5) Type or paste in the code for the open event (as above).
 * 6) Press F5 to run your program.

Part 2
With the same program that contains the gridview that you just tried, drag a Label onto the form.

Right-click the gridview > Event > Enter, and type this code: Right-click the gridview > Event > Leave, and type this code: Run the program with F5. Move the mouse in and out of the gridview.

Label1.text = "Hello" is a way of saying “Put the word Hello into the text property of Label1.”

Break Complex Things into Parts
This is the most important idea about programming. The only way to write a good program is to “divide and conquer”. Start with the Big Idea, then divide it into parts. Piece by piece, write the program. This is called top-down development. The opposite is useful, too: bottom-up development. Write a simple program and keep adding bits and pieces to it until it does all the things you want it to.

The first programs were simple creatures that did but one thing. Then came menus, where you could select one of several things by pressing a key. For example, ''“Press 1 to get your account balance. Press 2 to recharge. Press 0 to speak to an operator.”'' Nowadays applications do many things. To choose, you have a menu bar at the top, menus that drop down, and menu items that you click on in each menu. You can click a button. Buttons can be solitary, or friendly with each other and gather together in a toolbar. You can pop up a menu anywhere. You can type shortcut keys to get things to happen. There can be several windows. Within windows (forms) there can be many pages with or without an index tab at the top of each.

Buttons can be on the screen, or the physical keys on your keyboard. The standard keyboard has 101 keys, but they can all be given a second function if you hold down CTRL-, the control key, while you type them. That gives you 202. Not enough? Holding down SHIFT-, the shift key, makes all the keys different again, giving you 303 buttons. There is ALT- (alternative) that makes all the buttons different yet again: 404 of them. The modifier keys held down in combination give you more sets of keys, like more keyboards: SHIFT+CTRL, CTRL+ALT and SHIFT-CTRL-ALT. Now I have lost count. Fortunately for us, no application uses them all.

The key to good programming is to get things into order. Be neat and tidy. Arrange things. Things you do all the time should have their buttons visible; things you do not so often could be hidden away in a popup menu.

Reduce complicated tasks to a series of simple steps. Write lots of little subs, not just one big sub. Write “master subs” that call on lesser subs to do little jobs. The biggest master of them all is the user. You use the program to do this, then that, then something else. The program says, “At your service!” and calls on different subs you have written to do what you want. In the meantime, it waits and listens for your command, checking the keyboard and the mouse, or, if it is not waiting for you, it keeps busy doing something you set it to work on.

Objects, Subs and Events
The program above has two things (called Objects): a form, and a gridview.

Things that happen are called Events.

There is an event that “fires” or “is triggered” when a form opens. It is called (no surprise) the OPEN event. If you want something to happen when the form opens, write a sub called Form_Open. The instructions there will be carried out when the OPEN event fires. The form opens when the application starts up.

You have to think of two things: what will happen and when it will happen. The “what” is the list of instructions in Subs. The “when” is a case of choosing which events to handle.

Names and Putting Something into Something
Everything has to have a name. People have names. Forms have names. Buttons have names. You get to choose, using letters and numbers, always starting with a letter, and not having any spaces.

The main form is called FMain. It's open event is Form_Open.

I like the convention of calling it FMain. The “F” says, “Form”. If I had a form that listed people's addresses, I would call it FAddress. When it opens—perhaps at the click of a button—its open event would look for a sub called FAddress_Open.

Right-click an object, choose EVENT, and click on the event you want to write some programming for:

 * Right-click the form > Event > Open > write code for the Open event.

There will be a big confusing list of events. Don't be fazed: only a few are used often. A big part of learning the language is getting used to the events that are most useful to certain objects. Buttons, for example, like to be Clicked; you don't use the other events very often. Possibly, entering a button might put some help text in a line at the bottom of the window, and leaving it will clear the message, but not often. I have not seen a double-click handler for a button yet: who double-clicks buttons? You will get used to the favourite events that objects have.

The Activate event happens when you double-click. Enter these lines and double-click any of the lines. gridview1.row is the row you double-clicked on. It is set when you click or double-click. The “&” sign (ampersand) joins two strings of text. (Strings are text ... characters one after the other.)
 * In the program you have written, type or paste this sub. Every time you roll the mouse into the gridview, a message saying “Hello” appears. When you have tried it and it has annoyed you enough, delete the three lines of code.

This next code will do something when you click on gridview1:

There are two strings. (1) "You clicked on row " and (2) ", ". Strings have double quotes around them.

What is on the right of the equals goes into what is on the left.

You don't put something into Label1; you put it into the text of Label1.

Usually languages won't allow this: Label1.text = 345. It must be Label1.text = "345" or Label1.text=Str(345), but Gambas doesn't mind. Gridview1.Row refers to the row number you clicked on. Numbers normally go into things that store numbers, and strings go into things that store strings, but Gambas converts it automatically.

gridview1[gridview1.row, 0].text looks complicated, but let's break it down. From the left, it is something to do with gridview1. From the right, it is the text in something. The part in square brackets is two numbers with a comma in between: the row you clicked on and zero. In the example above, it is [2,0]. Row two, column zero.

Gridview rows and Gridview columns start their numbering at zero.

Properties and Kinds of Things
In this part the examples are not Gambas, but they are written in Gambas style.

Behold John and Joan:

Parts are referred to like John.arm, Joan.head

Sometimes parts have smaller parts, such as John.hand.finger

Parts have properties, like Joan.height

Some properties are integers (whole numbers), like Joan.Toes.Count

Some properties are floats (numbers with decimal fractions) like John.height. This is not the same as John.Leg.Height.

Some properties are booleans (true/false, yes/no) like Hat On or Hat Off. We could say Persons, as a class, have a property called HatOn, “John.HatOn” or “Joan.HatOn”. (It is true or false.)

They belong to the class called “person”. John is a person; Joan is a person. Persons all have a height, weight, hat-on/hat-off, and other properties.

Persons also have various abilities. The “person” class can sing and wave and smile. Their legs can walk. For example, John.sing(“Baby Face”). Sometimes John will need to know which version, for example, John.sing(“Baby Face”, “Louis Armstrong”) or Joan.wave(“Hello”, “John”, 8). This means “Joan! Give a hello wave to John, vigorously!”

There will also be events they can respond to, like a push, or when they hear someone singing. These events are John_push and Joan_push, John_HearsSinging and Joan_HearsSinging

Let's write a response to these events in the style of Gambas.

John might get annoyed when the Push event takes place: Joan might join in the song that she hears and start singing it too: Boolean properties are yes/no, true/false, haton/hatoff things. Putting false into the HatOn property means taking her hat off before she sings.

John has the ability to turn around, but we must say how much to turn. He turns 180°, doing an about-face so he is facing the person who pushed him.

Mary can sing, but we must say which song to sing. It is the same one that she is hearing. We say that the HearsSinging event is passed the name of the song, “Ave Maria”. That song title is passed to Joan's singing ability, which is referred to as Joan.sing. The bits of information you pass on so that the action can be done are called parameters. Some methods require more than one parameter, and they can be numbers (integers, floats...) or strings (text like “Jingle Bells” or “Fred” or “Quit pushing, will you?!”) or booleans (HatOn/HatOff, Complain/Don’tComplain True/False kinds of things), or other objects or, well, anything.

Let's define a sub and this time we'll put some repetition in it. There are two kinds of repetition—one where you repeat a definite number of times, and another where you have to check something to see if it is time to stop. (And the latter comes in two kinds, where you check if it is time to stop before you start or after you have done it—pretested loops or post-tested loops.) Here are the definite and indefinite types:

Five times: Until tired: While not tired: In the first, there will be 5 hops and that is all. “i” is an integer that is created in the line For i as integer = 1 to 5 and it counts from 1 to 5. It is made one bigger by the word NEXT. The repeated section is called a loop.

Tired is something that has to be worked out. The procedure for working it out will be in another sub somewhere. At the end of it there will be an answer: are you tired or not? Yes or no, true or false. That will be returned as a final value. Tired looks like a single thing, the value returned by a function. Functions work something out and give you an answer.

“Hop” might need further explanation if “hop” is not already known. You can use any made-up words you like, provided you explain them in terms that are built-in and already known to Gambas. Here is a sub that explains the Hop procedure: The beauty of breaking procedures down into simpler procedures is that the program explains itself. You are giving names to the complicated tasks without getting lost in the fine detail of how they are done. Not only can you use words that make sense to someone else reading your program but you can track down errors more easily. You can test each part more easily. You can also modify your program more easily. DoExercises can be left as it is, but you can change the definition of hopping with or

Comments
Anything after a single apostrophe is a note to yourself. Gambas disregards it. Put in comments to remind yourself of what you are doing. It can also explain your thinking to someone else who might need to read your program. Here is some more pseudocode: That ends the pseudocode. The next section is back into Gambas.

title: Programming Gambas from Zip/Grammar


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Cookbook talk:Custard Pie

This is a recipe for Impossible Pie, not Custard Pie. Custard Pie goes into a traditional pie crust and does not have coconut in it.

title: Cookbook talk:Custard Pie


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Programming Gambas from Zip/ThreeThings

What Computers Can Do
The code in this section is Gambas''. The last section was pseudocode.''

There are three things computers can do: memory, repetition and conditional execution. Repetition is doing things over and over like working through millions of numbers or thousands of records. Conditional execution means making choices.

Memory
Calculators sometimes have M+ and MR keys. Whatever number is showing goes into a memory when you press M+. Whenever you need to use that number again, to save typing it, press the Memory Recall button, MR. The memory is like a note you have made to yourself to remember this number.

Computers have as many memories as you like and you give them names. Putting something in a memory is as easy as typing Age = 23. What is on the right is put into the memory on the left. To see what is in the memory called Age, print it or put it in some place where you can see it. Label1.text = "Your age is " & Age.

Before you can use some name as a memory you must tell Gambas what kind of thing will be stored in it. This is what the DIM statement does. You declare it before it is used. For example, Dim Age As Integer or  Dim FirstName as String. Memories are called Variables or Properties if they are associated with something.

You can declare a memory and put something into it in one line: You can use memories to calculate something, and put the answer into another memory: To DIMension things you need to know what types are allowed. Here is a list of data types:

Calculate Speed from Distance and Time

There are six labels, three textboxes and one button. The names for the labels do not matter, but the textboxes and the button are named as shown. The program is: “Val” takes a string and converts it to a number. It means “the value of”.

It could be written this way, using variables, but it would take more lines: If you want to give better names to the variables, And you could write a function that takes distance and time and returns the speed. It is good to teach the computer things. Here we have taught the computer that Speed(5,2) is 2.5. Our calculate button uses it. We could have a menu item that also uses it. Now let’s trick our program. Don’t put in anything for the distance or time. Just click the Calculate button. The poor thing cannot cope. We get this error:

Problems come at the extremes. In repeated sections, they are most likely to occur in the first or the last repetition. Here, there is an extreme input: nothing, zip, nilch. Gambas cannot get the Val of that.

tbKilometres.text was Null. We should anticipate that someone might click the button without putting in any numbers. Here are two ways handle the situation, and the second one is better because ‘prevention is better than cure’:

1. Finish early (Return from the sub early) 2. Only enable the button if the calculation can proceed. Set the Enabled property of the button to False to begin with. We need to handle a few events. bCalculate.Enabled = means ‘set the enabled property of the button to...’

Not IsNull(Val(tbKilometres.text)) means Yes if the text in the kilometres textbox can be converted to a number.

Every textbox has a Change event. It fires when the text in the box changes. Every time you press a key, that Change event is going to see if it’s time to enable the bCalculate button.

And because I cannot leave well enough alone, I apologise for introducing the “Group” property. You may need coffee. Or skip this section. Do you notice that the two textboxes have to each handle the Change event the same way? tbKilometres and tbHours both check for numbers and enable or disable the button accordingly. Wouldn’t it be nice if both textboxes were like just one textbox? Gambas can do this. Put them in a Group. Then this single group will have a Change event, and you can handle it just once. Group is a property. Find the Group property for each and set it to “InputBox”. Now your code becomes the simplest yet: It is as if the two textboxes have become inputboxes (a name you just invented), with all the same events. One set of event handlers for several objects.

It’s robust (resistant to users who insist on not using your application the way you expect them to). It’s concise (3 event handlers, 4 lines of code). It works. One thing remains: a button that says QUIT with one thing in its Click event: the command Quit. Over to you.

If..Then..Else — Game of HiLo
This game is easy to play: one person thinks of a number between 1 and 100. You try to work out the number in as few guesses as possible. Each time you will be told “Too High!” or “Too Low!”.

There are three labels and one textbox. The large label where it says “Guess...” is named labMyReply. The textbox is named tbGuess. The small label in the bottom left corner is named labCount. The program checks the guess when ENTER or RETURN is pressed in the textbox. The Key class is static, meaning it is always there—you do not have to declare or create it. If you ever need to check for some key, such as SHIFT-C, being pressed, you would write: The Stop Event line is there to prevent capital-C being printed in the textbox, which would normally happen when you type Shift-C in a textbox.

Public MyNumber As Integer means we want a public property called MyNumber. You could say Private instead of public. Private properties are accessible only in the code belonging to that form. If we had other forms (i.e. windows) they cannot see another form’s private property. Declaring a property as private is a way of telling you, the programmer, that you have only used this property here, in this form’s code that you are looking at. Also, another form could have its own property and use the same name.

In the Event Form_Open event handler, Rand(1,100) is a built-in function that represents a random number between 1 and 100.

In the Event tbGuess_KeyPress event handler, the key just typed is compared with the Enter and Return keys. If it was either one, the guess is checked. Every key has a number. Enter is 16777221 and Return is 16777220. We do not need to know the numbers, because they are stored in Key.Enter and Key.Return. These are constants in the Key class. Because the Key class is static we do not have to make a new example of it: it is always there and we can refer to it by its name. We never need another one of them. There is only ever one keyboard. We never have to say “the Key belonging to the ACER laptop keyboard” or “the Key that was typed on the HP laptop keyboard”.

If IsNull(tbGuess.text) Then … End avoids the nasty situation of a person pressing Enter without having typed in any number at all.

Dim YourGuess As Integer = Val(tbGuess.text) puts the numeric value of what was typed into a variable called YourGuess. This is an integer. If a person typed 34.56, only 34 would be put into YourGuess.

If MyNumber = YourGuess Then… checks to see if YourGuess matches MyNumber. If it is, show the “Right!” message and make the background colour of the form green. Choose another random number ready for the next game and then Return, because nothing more needs to be done.

''If YourGuess > MyNumber Then labMyReply.Text = "Too High!" Else labMyReply.Text = "Too Low!" puts the appropriate message into the labMyReply'' textbox. This is an If...Then...Else statement all on one line. In either case, continue on to make the background pink.

From the Gambas help page, these are the properties and constants for the Key class: The constants return integer numbers. The properties are what was typed. So you could check if the user typed the PgDown key with if Key.Code = Key.PgDown then… Negotiating and reading the help pages is a skill in itself.

Grading Student Marks
Let’s type numbers into a TableView and make it work out whether each student earns an A, B, C, D, E or F grade. We’ll need two columns. The first will be for the marks, the second for the grades.

We’ll skip having a column for student names for now. And we’ll avoid using many IF...THEN... statements in favour of its big brother, SELECT...CASE…

The TableView is named tvMarks. The textbox is named tbRows. Double-click an empty part of the form and enter the code for the form’s open event: Double-click the textbox and enter: Right-click the TableView > Event > Click, then right-click > Event > Save, and enter these: The tvMarks_Click handler lets you type in the cell if the column is 0. If you click in column 1 you will not be able to type: nothing happens when you click.

You might think that whatever you type in a cell should show up. It doesn’t. It raises the Save event. You might want something else to appear other than what was typed. During the Save event, actually put the text that was typed into the text property of the cell:

tvMarks[Row, Column].Text = Value

The Save event comes with three parameters that you can use freely in the course of the event handler: tvMarks_Save(Row As Integer, Column As Integer, Value As String). This line of code puts the value that was typed into the text of the cell. Which cell? tvMarks[row, column]. That is the cell.

You refer to a cell by using square brackets: tvMarks[1,0] refers to row 1, column 0. (Remember rows and columns are numbered starting with zero.) tvMarks.Rows[2] is row 2. tvMarks.Columns[1] is the whole of column 1.

A Nice Addition — Colour alternate rows
The TableView_Data event is very useful. It is raised (happens) every time a cell needs to be redrawn on the screen. (It is useful to remember it deals with cells, not rows or columns or the whole table.) Right-click the tableView, then > Event > Data and enter this: This gives alternate rows a light blue colour (very pretty). To explain, cells have a property called “background”. It is a colour. Colours can be described in several ways: using a straight number is the simplest. The number is &F0F0FF.

Numbering Colours
What sort of number is &F0F0FF? The “&” sign means the number is written in hexadecimal. Normally we use the decimal system, which is Base 10. You count from zero to nine and the digit goes back to zero and you increase the digit to its left by one. Here is normal counting in Base 10: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16… Using hexadecimal you have 16 digits, not ten. Here is counting in Base 16: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 20, 21… The eleventh number in the decimal system is written 11. The eleventh number in the hexadecimal system is written B.

Now, what colour is &F0F0FF? The hexadecimal number F0F0FF is actually three 2-digit numbers: F0, F0, FF. The first number is how much Red. The second number is how much Green. The third number is how much Blue. That is RGB, red-green-blue. Each goes from 00 to FF. 00 in the first place would mean “No red at all”. FF in the first place would mean “Maximum red!”. Pure red would be &FF0000. Pure green would be &00FF00, and pure blue is &0000FF. So pure black is &000000. Pure white is &FFFFFF, which is all the colours as bright as you can make them.

This colour is grey: &F0F0F0. The red, green and blue lights are mostly on, but not fully bright. F0 is not as bright as FF. To get a darker grey, lower the numbers but lower them all the same, e.g., C0C0C0. Darker again, B0B0B0. The tiniest bit darker than that is AFAFAF, because after AF comes B0. The point is, when they are all the same you get shades of grey. So look at F0F0FF. It is a very light grey (F0F0F0), but the last number, the one for Blue, is a bit brighter. It is FF. So the colour is a very light grey with the Blue just a bit brighter. That is, it’s very light blue. It is all about the mix of three colours, red, green and blue. This is pale pink: FFD0D0. This is pale green: D0FFD0. This is pale yellow: FFFFD0. (Red=brightest, Green=brightest, Blue=a little less bright). This is full yellow: FFFF00.

It is all about the tiny little LED lights on your screen. There are millions of them, but they are grouped in threes—a red, a green and a blue. You are control the brightness of each little light. The brightness goes from 00 to FF, or in decimal, from 0 to 255. (FF=255). One red, one green and one blue act like one coloured dot. It is called a pixel. A typical laptop screen has a resolution of 1366 x 768 pixels. That is 1,049,088 pixels. Each has three little LED lights, making 3,147,264 lights on your screen, each one with 256 shades of brightness. Amazing!

Adding a Quit Menu
Click “+Insert”. Name this menu MenuFile and caption it File. The caption is what the user sees. The name is how we refer to the menu in our programming.

Click “+Insert” again. We want it to be part of the File menu, so click the push-right button on the toolbar. While you are at it, give the menu CTRL-Q for a shortcut. Now write a handler for when the user clicks on MenuQuit. (To do this, look for the File menu in the form and click it, then click the menuitem Quit.)

Repetition
Repeated sections of code are called loops. There are a few different ways to repeat.

Gambas help lists them on http://Gambaswiki.org/wiki/cat/loop

Counting a fixed number of times:

For … Next
i is an integer that counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Don’t put “as integer” if you already have DIM i As Integer

You can use i in the loop, but do not change its value. The word NEXT increases it by one and sends the computer back to the start (the FOR line) where i is checked to see if it is bigger than 5. If it is, it goes to the line following NEXT.

While ... Wend
To exit from a loop, BREAK. To exit from a sub, RETURN. To go to the next repetition, CONTINUE.

There is also the infinite loop, DO ... LOOP, and for items in a numbered list, FOR EACH ... NEXT.

The Moving Button
The program ends when you press a key. Wait 0.001 delays progress for one-thousandth of a second. The delay allows the button to be redrawn. X and Y are traditionally used for Across and Down. The button moves from left to right and back, so it is Button1’s X that we need to change. The button keeps moving to the right until its left side plus its width is equal to the width of the form. In other words, it stops moving right when the right side of the button meets the right edge of the form. After that we start subtracting from X until it meets the left edge of the form. Try changing the size of the window while the button is in motion: the button still moves to the edge.

A Tableview That Adds Up To 5 Numbers

Type any numbers, ending each with Enter to go to the next line. The total updates when you press Enter. Notice how the totals cell is blue on light grey, and the text is bold. " " & t & " " are tags each side of the total. Rich text is text with tags in it. The first tag is “switch bold on” and the second, with the slash, is “switch bold off”.

The Save event occurs when Enter or Return is pressed. After putting the typed number into the cell with tv1[Row, Column].Text = Value, the new total is put into the richtext of cell tv1[5, 0].

Rich Text Tags
Gambas allows these tags in rich text. They are part of HTML, HyperText Markup Language, which web browsers use to display web pages. Each is switched on first, then switched off at the end, e.g. " This is Bold Italic  ". The Font tag is used this way: " " & "" & t & " "

The Paragraph tag denotes paragraphs, which are usually separated by a blank line by browsers. It can used this way:  Some Text    but on one web page, referring to HTML, it said, “The align attribute on  tags is obsolete and shouldn't be used”.(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/p). In the meantime, it works.  Jim John  Ann    will give bulletted points in a vertical list.

 Jim John
Ann

  will give numbered points in a vertical list.

A Tableview That Adds Every Number In The Table

This program adds numbers as you type them in a 4 x 5 grid. The loops are inside each other. They mean “For every row, zip across the columns”.

title: Programming Gambas from Zip/ThreeThings