text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 02

P.02 - Editorial Notes
'''Editorial Notes. . .'''

Nil

P.02 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Managing Editor - A. Earl Read, B.Sc.

Vol. 4. - FEBRUARY, 1940 - No. 9.

P.02 - Contents
CONTENTS:

New A.C.-Battery "Duo" Portable. . . . 3

Book Reviews. . . . 4

1940 Companionette Three. . . . 5

Modulated Oscillators. . . . 9

Midget Three-Watt Amplifier. . . . 11

World-Cruiser Communications Eight. . . . 13

The Story of R.C.S. Radio (3). . . . 27

What's New In Radio. . . . 29

Long-Horn Public Address Speakers. . . . 31

Shortwave Review. . . . 33

P.02 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by Read Publications. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40)

P.17 - World Shortwave Stations
World Short"7ave Stations Below are listed the principal shortwave stations of the world, the majority of which are audible in Australia and/or New Zealand at the present time. The latest available schedules are given in Australian Eastern Standard Time. The addresses of the stations which were listed in the October, 1939, issue, are not repeated; readers should refer to the issue mentio1'ed. In the case of new stations full addresses are given. Compiled by ALAN H. GRAHAM. Call W4XA W9XJL W8XNU W9XPD K.C. 26150 26100 25950 25900 Metres 11.47 11.49 11.56 11.58 Location. Nashville, Tenn., U.S.A. Superior, Wis., U.S.A. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A. St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A. Schedule, etc. Daily 2-4 a.m.; 8.30 a.m.-2 p.m. Addr: Head of the Lakes Broadcasting Co. Daily 1-11 a.m. Daily 10 p.m.-4 p.m. Addr.: St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Daily--exact schedule w1;nx GST WPIT GSJ 2R0-16 GSH DJS DJH WCBX 2R0-8 GSV OIH GSG WNBI PHl-2 TPB-3 DJE RV-96 HAS-3 D.TR WGEA KGEI GSP YDB 2R0-6 VUD-3 UJQ WCAB WCBX GSI 'T'PA-2 2R0-14 OLR5A PCJ-2 CSW-4 WPIT DJB XGOX OIE GSO RV-96 TGWA LKV JZK SBT YDC 21570 21550 21540 21530 21510 21470 21450 17845 17830 17820 17810 17800 17790 17780 17770 1776'5 17760 15400 15370 15340 15330 15330 15310 15310 15300 15290 15280 15270 15270 1!5260 1~24!) 15230 15230 15220 15215 15210 15200 15190 15190 15180 1!ll80 15170 15166 15160 15155 15150 13.91 13.92 13.93 13.93 13.94 13.97 13.98 16.81 16,83 16.84 16.84 16.85 16.86 16.87 16.88 16.88 16.89 19 47 19.52 19.56 19.!l7 19.57 19.60 19.60 19.61 19.62 19.63 19.64 19.64 19.66 19.68 19.70 19.70 19.71 19.71 19.72 19.74 19.75 19.75 19.76 19.76 19.77 19.77 19.79 19.79 19.80 New York City, U.S.A. Daventry, England. Pittsburgh, Pa., TJ.S.A. Daventry, England. Rome, Italy. Daventry, England. Berlin, Germany. Berlin, Germany. New York City, U.S.A. Rome, Italy. Daventry, Eng-land. Lahti, Finland. Daventrv, England. Bound Brook, N.J., U.S.A. Huizen, Ho.Jland. Paris, France. Berlin, Germanv. Moscow, U.S.S.R. Budapest, Hungary. Berlin, Germanv. 8chenectadv, N.Y .• U.S.A. San FranciRco. Calif., U.S.A. Daventry, Eng-land. Bandoeng. Java, D.E.I. Rome, Italy. Delhi, India. Berlin, Germany. Philadelphia, Pa .. U.S.A. New York City, U.S.A. Daventry, England. Paris, France. Rome, Italv. Prague, Bohemia. Huizen, Holland. Lisbon, Portugal. Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. Berlin, Germany. Szechwan Province, China. Lahti, Finland. Daventry, England. unknown. Daily 11 p.m.-3.30 a.m. Daily 8.40 p.m.-12.15 a.m. Daily 8.30 p.m.-midnight. Daily 8.40-11.45 p.m. Daily 12.05-12.55 a.m. Daily 8.40-11.45 p.m. Not in use at present. Daily 5.30 p.m.-12.30 a.m. Not in use at present. Daily 8 a.m.-noou; 9-10.25 p.m. Daily 8.40-10 p.m.; midnight-2.30 a .m. Addr.: Finnish Broadcasting Co., Felsinki. Daily 7 p.m.- midnight. Daily 8.40-11.45 p.m. Daily midnight-11 a.m. Daily except Sunday, 10,40 p.m.-midnight; Sundays, 9.40 p.m.-1.05 a.m. Daily 7 p.m.-midnight. Daily 5.30-8.50 p.m.; 9-11 p.m. Daily 7-10 p.m.; irregular at other times. Sunday midnight-Monday 1 a.m. Daily 3.05 p.m.-2 a.m. Daily 2.15-9 a.m. Daily 9.30 a.m.-2.15 p.m. Daily 4.35-6.30 a.m.; 5-'8 p.m. Addr.: N.I.R.O.M. Daily 1.30-5 p.m. Daily 1-8.55 a.m.; 10.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m.; 7.10-7.55 p.m. Daily noon-2 p.m.; 4.30-6.30 p.m. Daily 3.05 p.m.-2 a.m.; also 2.10-3.25 a.m. on Mondays. Addr.: C.B.S., 485 Madison Avenue, New York City. Daily 3 or 3.R0-8.15 a.m. Daily 4-6 .. 30 a.m. Daily 3-4.30 a.m.; 3.57-8 p.m. Daily 7 p.m.-midnight. Daily 1-3.15 a.m.; 3.40-8.30 a.m.; 8 .. 30-11.10 p.m. Daily 10.55 a.m.-1.20 p.m.; 7.5-5-11.15 p.m. Daily, except Sunday, 10.40 p.m.-12.10 a.rn.; Sundays, 9.25 p.m.-12.45 a.m. Daily 2-3 a.m. Daily midnight-5 a.m. Daily 11 p.m.-midnight; also 2.10-3.25 a.m. on Mondays. Irregular; usually around 7-8 p.m. Address: Finnish Broadcasting Co., Helsinki. DaHy midnight-8 a.rn. Exact hours of transmission not known; heard early morning and evening. Moscow, U.S.S.R. Daily 3.45-6.45 p.m.; 7-10 p.m. Guatemala City, Guatemala. Mondays 3.45-8.1.S a.m.; also on alternate Sundays till <'r\'t'"',\ I " ' 5.15 p.m. Oslo, Norway. Tokyo, Japan. Motala, Sweden. Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Daily 9.40 p.m.-5 a.m. Daily 7.30-8.30 a.m.; 11 a.m.-noon. Address: Direction Generale des Telegraphes Suede, Stockholm. Daily 4-7.15 a.m.; Sundays from 5.55 p.m. Daily 9-10.30 a.m.; 7.30 p.m.-1.30 a.m.

Call GSF WRUW TPB-6 HVJ D.JL 2RO-l2 RKI KQH HBJ KKZ HilN HCJB RNE \Varsaw CB-1180 KKQ CD-1190 XGOY TPB-11 TPB-12 VLR-3 WPIT VLQ-2 GSE K.C. 15140 15130 15130 15120 15110 15100 15083 14920 14535 13690 12486 12460 12000 11990 11970 11950 11910 11900 11885 11885 11880 11870 11870 11860 Metres 19.82 19.83 19.83 19.84 19.85 19.87 rn 89 20.11 20.6·1 21.91 24.03 24.08 25.00 25.02 25.06 25.10 25.19 25.21 25.24 2'5.24 25.25 25.26 25.26 25.29 LocaHon. Daventry, England. Boston, Mass., U. .C:.A. Paris, Franc2. Vatican City, Italy. Berlin, Germany. Rome, Italy. Moscow, U.S.S.R. Kahuku, Hawaii. Geneva, Switzerland. Bolinas, Calif., U.S.A. TrujHlo City, D.R. Quito, Ecuador. Moscow, U.S.S.R. Warsaw, Pohnd. Santiago, Chile. Bolinas, Calif., U.S.A. Valdivia, Chile. Szechwan Province, China. Paris, France. Paris, France. Lvndhurst, Australia. Pittsburgh, Pa .. U.S.A. Sydney, Aus•ralia. Daventry, England. "WORLD-CRUISER COMMUNICATIONS EIGHT." Use the R.C.S. Foundation Kit Type K124 ... . .. £13/13/9 Comprising- ! x DA2 S-band dial. . . . . . . . . . . . 22/6d. 2 x IFI 31 permeability 1.F.'s. . . . . . 13/9d. each 1 x IFI 32 permeability 1.F.'s. . . . . . 13/9d. each 1 x DW30 S-band coil unit. . ...... £10/10/- Write f0 1· our special complete kit of part quotes. R.C.S,. NEW PRICE LIST. POST FREE. SEND TO-DAY FOR A COPY. Schedule, etc. Daily 6.50-9 a.m.; 6.30-8 p.m.; 11.55 p.m.-2.30 a.m. Address: University Club. Daily 5.30-8 a.m. Daily 3-6 p.m. Exact schedule unknown; heard from 11.30 p.m. on Tuesdays; and 1.30-1.45 a.m. daily. Daily 1.40-7.25 a.m.; ·3.05-5 p.m. Daily 3.15-8.30 a.m.; 8.30-11.10 p.m. . Daily 10 a.m.-12.15 p.m; and irregular at other times. Relays to U.S.A.; Saturdays noon-1 p.m., 5-5.30 p.m.; Sundays 2-2.30 p.m. Address: Radio Nations. Heard 6.30 p.m. Sundays. Special relays to Hawaii; Sunday afternoons. Daily 8.10 a.m.-1.10 p.m.; 9.40 p.m.- 1.40 a.m. Daily 1-2 p.m.; 10-11.15 p.m. Dailv 2-7 a.m.; 3.45-6.45 p.m.; Mondays 1-2 a.m.; Mon- .days, Tuesdays 7-8 a.rn.; Wedne5days, 9.30-10 p.m.; Sundays 9-10 p.m. Daily 7 p.m.-midnight. Daily 10 a.m.-2 p .m. Special relays to Hawaii; irregular afternoons. Daily 1-4 a.m.; 6-9 a.m.; 10 a.m.-2 or 2.30 p.m. Daily 5-.9.30 a.m.; 8.30 p.m.-1.30 a.m. Daily 12.15-7.15 a.m.; 3-6 p.m. Daily 9-11.15 a.m.; 11.30 a .m.-2 p.m. Daily 6.30 a.m.-5.15 p.m. Daily 5 a.m.-2 p.m. Daily 5.30-6.·30 p.m. Daily 9.22 a.m.-12.15 p.m.; 6.30-8 p.m.

Cail DJP XMHA WCBX VLW-3 2R0-4 DJZ COGF JZJ WRUL Saigon J\'ITCY UJD 2R0-15 GSD LKQ WRUW C.JRX JVW-3 TPA-4 JLG-3 SEP HP5A CB-1170 IQY XGOK HBO C:SW-6 PLP EAJ-43 ORK PMN K.c. 11855 11850 11830 11830 11810 11801 11800 11800 11790 11780 11775 11770 11760 11750 11735 11730 11720 11720 11715 11705 11705 11700 11700 11676 11650 11402 11040 11000 10360 10330 10260 Metres 25.31 25.32 25.36 25.36 2540 25.4.2 25.42 25.42 25.45 25.47 25.48 25.49 25 51 25.53 25.57 23.58 25.60 2S.60 25.61 25.63 25.63 25.65 25.65 25.70 25.75 26.31 27.17 27.27 28 96 29.04 29.24 Location. Berlin, Germany. Shanghai, Chba. New York City, U.S.A. Perth, Australia. Rome, Italy. Berlin, Germanr Matanzas, Cuba. Tokyo, Japan. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Saigon, French lndo-China. Hsinking", Manchukun. Berlin, Germany. Rome, Italy. Daventry, England. Oslo, Norway. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Winnipeg, Canada. Tokyo, Japan. Paris, France. Tokyo, Japan. Motala, Sweden. Panama City, Panama. Santiago, Chile. Rome, Italy. Canton, China. Geneva, Switzerland. Not in use at pre::;ent. Daily 8 p.m.-1.80 a.rn. Schedule, etc. Daily 7-9 a.rn.; 9.30 a.rn.-1 p.rn. Daily 3.30-4.30 p.rn. Daily 1-6 a.rn.; 9 a.m.-noon; 7.10 p.m.-midnight. Not used at present. Daily 4-5 a.rri~; 7-8 a.m.; 9 a.rn.-3 p.rn. Daily 7.30-8.30 a.rn.; 3-4.30 p.rn.; 10 p.rn.-12.30 a.rn. Heard in early mornings; schedule unknown. Daily 8.45-11.30 p .rn. Address: 601 Daido-Taigai, Hsinking. Daily 7-7.50 a.rn. Daily 1.40-7.25 a.rn.; 7.50 a.rn.-1.50 p.rn. Daily 1-3.15 a.rn. Daily 2.52-6.80 a.rn.; 6.-50-9 a.m.; 12 .. 37-3.20 p.m.; 3.57- 1 6.15 p.rn. Address: Norsk Rikskringkasting Storingsgaten 28. Daily 2-5 a.m.; 5-9.40 p.m. Schedule uncertain; heard till 8 a .m. Daily 9 p.rn.-3 p.m.; Sundays till 7 p .m. Daily 4.50-10.40 p.rn. Daily 9-11.15 a.m.; 12.3'0-3 p.m.; 3-6 p.m. Daily 5-7 a .m.; and at night from 7 p.m. Daily 4-7.15 a.m.; 11 a.m.-noon on Thursday and Saturday. Daily 2.45-4 a .m.; 9 a.m.-1 p.m.; 10-11.30 p.m. Daily 1.5 a.m.; 6.30 a.m.-2 p.m. Daily 3.07-3 .. 56 a.m.; 4.50-5.30 a .m.; 8.20-8.40 p.m. Daily till 11.35 p.m. Schedule unknown; heard 6.30 p.m. Sundays. Address, se HBJ, 14535kc. Lisbon, Portugal. Daily 3.45-6.30 a.m. Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Relays YDC; daily 9-10.30 a.m.; 7,.30 p.m.-1.30 a.m. Sant?. Cruz de Tenerife, CanaryAddress: Box 225 Daily 5.30-7 a.m.; 7.30-10 a.m.; 10.45- Is. 11.45 a.m.; noon-1 p.m. RuysseledeJ Belgium. Address: Radio Ruysselede, West Flanders. Daily 4.30- 6 a.m. Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Relays YDC ; as PLP, llOOOkc.

ca ii PSH JDY EAQ IRF COCM ZRO CSW-7 CB-970 JlE-2 ZHP GRX TGWA XEWQ Paris DJX WRCA 2R0-9 KZRH JLT-2 JFO 2R0-3 TIPG VLQ ZRL DXB RAN CB-960 HP5J VUD-2 PCJ WCAB GSC VLR KZRM WBOS itc. 10220 9920 9855 9830 9805 9752 9735 9730 9695 9690 9690 9685 9680 9680 9675 9670 9665 9660 9645 9636 9635 9620 9615 9606 9605 9600 9600 9590 9590 9590 9590 9·580 9580 9570 9570 l\fetres 29.35 30.24 30.45 30.52 30.60 30"77 30.82 30.83 30.% 30.96 30.96 30.96 30.99 30.99 31.01 31.03 31.04 'll.06 31.10 31.13 31.13 31.19 31.20 31.23 31.23 31.25 3L25 31.28 31.28 31.28 31.28 31.32 31.32 31.35 3l.35 Location. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dairen, Manchukuo. Madrid, Spain. Rome, Italy. Habana, Cuba. Durban, South Africa. Lisbon, Portugal. Valparaiso, Chile. Tyureki, Taiwan. Singapore, Malaya. ·' Daventry, England. Guatemala City, Guatemala. Mexico City, Mexico. Paris, France. Berlin, Germany. Bound Brook, N.J., U.S.A. Rome, Italy. Manila, P.I. Tokyo, Japan. Taihoku, Taiwan. Rome, Italy. San Jose, Costa Rica. Sydney, Australia. Klipheuval, S. Africa. Berlin, Germany. Moscow, U.S.S.H. Santiago, Chile. Panama City, Panama. De•lhi, India. Huizen, Holland. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Daventry, England. Lyndhurst, Australia. Manila, P.I. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. . Schedule, etc. Tue3day, 11-11.30 a .rn.; Saturday, 10-10.30 p.m.; other days, 9-10 a.m. Daily 10-11 p.m. Schedule irregular at present; 6.30-8 a.m. and at other t' .1mes. Daily 3-3.25 a.m.; 3.40-4 a.m.; 4.50-5.30 a .m.; 9 a .m.-noon; 8.20-8.40 p.m. Daily 11 p.m.-4 p.m. Address: South African Broadcasting Corporation, Box 4559, Johannesburg. Heard best midnight-3.30 a.m. session. Daily 7-11 a.m. Relays CB-76; daily 9.30 a.m.-2.30 or 3.15 p.m.; also from 9.30 p.m. Relays JF AK from 11 p.m. Sundays 8.40 p.m.-12.40 a .m.; Wednesdays 3.40-4.40 p.m.; Monday-Friday 7.40 p.m.-12.40 a.m.; Saturday 3.25- 4.40 p.m., 7.40 p.rn.-12.40 a.m. Daily 6.50-9 a.m.; 9.22 a.rn.-12.15 p.m.; 3.57-8 p.m.; 8.40- 11.46 p.m. Daily 10.30 a .rn.-3.15 p.m.; later on Sunday afternoons. Daily midnight-'3.45 p.m.; till 4 p.m. on Sundays. Testing; afternoons as TPA4 Daily 1.40-7.25 a.m. Daily 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Daily 3.20 a.m.-noon. "The Voice of the Philippines"; daily 8 p.m.-midnight. Daily from 3.15 a.m. Daily 12.05-1.30 a.m. Daily 3.07 a .m.-noon; 4-5.30 p.m. Daily 10 p.m.-2.30 p.m. Daily 1.30'-2.30 a.m.; 5-7 p.m.; 9 .. 30-11p.m.;11.15-11.45 p.m. Address as ZRO, 9752kc. Heard midnight-2.45 a.m. session. Daily 5-5.30 a .m.; 7-7.40 a .m.; 7.50 a .m.-1.50 p.m. Daily except Monday 9 a.m.-1 p.rn.; Monday 9-10 a .m.; 12.15-1 p.m. Daily 10 pm.-7.30 a.m. ; 10 a.m.-3 p.rn. Da!ly 9 a.m.-1.30 p.m.; from 10 p.m. D;u]y 1-3 p.m.; 5-7.15 p.m.; 10.30 p.m.-4 a.m. Monday and Wednesday 5-6.35 a.m. Tuesday, Friday, Sunday 9.'30 a.m.-5 p.m.; Thursday noon- 5 p.m. Daily 2.52-4.30 a.m.; 6.50-9 a .m.; 9.22 a.rn.-12.15 p.m.; 12.37-3 30 p.m.; 3.57-4.45 p.m. Daily 5.30 p.m.-midnight. Darly ·7.30-9 a.m.; 7 p.m.-1.30 a.m. Daily 9 p.m.-5 p.m; Sundays from 10 p.m.

Call VLW-2 XGAP D.JA WGEA YDB DJN JZI KGEI WGEO ZBW-3 RY-96 YUA GSB XEWW KZIB KEI TAP COCH COBC OAX4J XTC CORX COBZ COCQ HS8PJ JIE JLG TPB-11 .JVW GSW YDX XPSA XO.JD PMH TGWB COHI COCQ IAC co cw TG-2 HVJ TILS WPIT KZRF/ KZEG XEXA VLW MTCY FK8AA WCBX GSL KZRH YUA ZAA VQ7LO ZHJ OAX4Z YDD WLWO GSA WDJM KZIB RV-96 ICC. 9560 9560 9560 9550 9550 9540 9535 9530 9530 9526 9520 9507 9510 9503 9197 9490 9t65 9437 9360 9340 9295 9200 9030 8830 7960 7295 7285 7280 7257 7230 7220 7000 6880 6720 6490 6460 6360 6355 6324 6190 6190 6165 6140 6140 6133 6130 6125 6122 6120 6110 6110 6100 6085 6083 6080 6077 6060 6060 6060 6040 6040 6030 Metres 31.38 31.38 31.38 31.41 31.41 31.45 31.46 31.48 31.48 31.49 31.51 31:56 31.55 31.57 31.'19 31.61 31.70 31.80 32.04 32.12 32.28 32 61 33.32 33.98 37.56 41.13 41.19 ! 1 "1 41.34 41.53 41.55 42 80 43.60 4-1.64 46.20 46.44 47.17 47.20 47.40 48.47 48.47 48,66 48.86 48.86 48.90 48.94 48.98 49.00 49.01 -:l9.10 49.10 49.18 49.30 4!!_.31 49.34 49.35 49.50 49.50 49.50 49.67 49.67 49.75 Location. Perth, Australia. Peking, China. Berlin, Germany. Schenectady, N.Y., U.S.A. Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Berlin, Germany. Tokyo, Japan. San Franci£co, Calif., U.S.A. Schenectady, N.Y., U.S.A. Hong Kong. Moscow, U.S.S.R. Belgrade, Yugo-Slavia. Daventry, England. Mexico City, Mexico. Manila, P.I. Bolinas, Calif., U.S.A. Ankara, Turkey. Habana, Cuba. Habana, Cuba. Lima, Peru. Shanghai, China. Habana, Cuba. Habana, Cuba. Habana, Cuba. Bangkok, Thailand. Tyureki, Taiwan. Tokyo, Japan. Paris, France. Tokyo, Japan. Daventry, England. Medan, Sumatra, D.E.I. Kweiyang, China. Hankow, China. Bandoeng, Java; D.E I. Guatemala City, Guatemala. Santa Clara, Cuba. Habana, Cuba. Rome, Italy. Habana, Cuba. Guatemala City, Guatemala. Vatican City, Italy. San Jose. Costa Rica. Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. Manila, P.I. Mexico City, Mexico. Perth, Australia. Hsinking, Ma'lchukuo. Noumea New Caledonia. New York City, U.S.A. Daventry, England. Manila, P.I. Belgrade, Yugo-Slavia. Tiranr •. Albania. Nairobi, Kenya. Penang, Malaya. Lima, Peru. Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A: Daventry, England: Miami Beach, Fla., U.S.A. Manila, P.I. Moscow, U.S.S.R. The A11str~ilasian RadiQ World, Febr11ary I, 1940, Schedule, etc. Testing early a.m. Heard after midnight. Daily 7.50-11 a.m.; 11 a.m.-1.50 p.m.; 3.05-5 p.m. Daily 8.15-11.15 a.m. Daily 7.30 p.m.-1.30 a.rn. Daily 3-7 a.m.; 3.05 p.m.-2 a .m. Daily -5-7 am.; 10 p.m.-12.30 a.rn. Daily 3-6 pm.; 10 p.m.-1 a.m. Daily 6 a.m.-2.4G p.m. Daily 7 p.m.-1 a.m. Daily midnight-7 a.rn.; 7-10 p.rn.; Sundays 8-9 a.m. Daily 3-9 a.m. Daily 4.45-6.30 a.m.; G.50-9 a.rn.; 9.22 a.m.-12.15 p.m.; 12.-37-3.30 p.m.; 3.57-G.15 p.m.; midnight-2.30 a.rn. Daily midnight-2 a.m.; 3-5 p.m. Daily 7 p.m.-rnidnight. Relays to Hawaii late afternoons. Daily 2-7.30 a .rn .; week days 8.30-10 p.rn.; Saturday 9.30- 11.30 p.m.; Sunday 8.30-10.30 p.m. Daily 11 p.m.-3 p.rn. Daily 10 p.m.-3 p.rn. Daily 4-6 a.rn.; 8 a.rn.-4 p.m. Daily 11 p.m.-midnight. Daily 11 p.m.-2.30 p.m. Daily 10.45 p.rn.-midnight. Daily 8.45 p.rn.-midnight; 2-3 p.m. Irregular 11 p.m.-1 a.m. Relays JFAK from 11 p.m. Irregular; heard around 6 a .m. Daily 12.15-7.15 a.m. Daily 5-7 a.m. Daily 3.57-8 p_m.; and early a.111. Daily 1.30-5 p.111.; 7.30 p.m.-midnight. Daily 9 p.m.-11.45 a.m. Daily 9-11.30 p.m. Daily 7.30 p.m.-2 or 2.30 a.m. Daily -3.45-6.45 a rn.; 10.30 a .m.-3.15 p.m.; 10.45 p.m.- midnight. Later on Sunday afternoons. Daily from 9.55 p.m. Testing new frequency; 10 p.m. Daily 6-'6.35 a.m. Daily 9.55- p.m.-3 p.m. Tues.-Sat. 9 a.m.-2 p.m.; Sun. 9 a.m.-6 p.m.; 10 p.m.-2 a.m.; Monday 6-11 a .m. Daily 5-6.30 a.m. Daily from 10 p.m. Daily 2-3 p.m. Daily 8 p.m.-midnight. Daily 10.30 p.m.-rnidnight. Testing at 9 p.m. Address: 601 Daido-Taigai, Hsinking. Daily 11.30 p.m.- 1.30 a .m. lrreg. 5.30-7 p.m. Daily 3-5 p.m. Daily 9.22 a.m.-12.15 p.m.; 12.37-3.30 p.m. Daily 8 p.m.-midnight. Daily 3-9.30 a.m. Daily 3.20-7 a.rn. Tuesday-Saturday 2.15-5.15 a.m.; Sunday 2.15-6.15 a.m.; Monday 1.45-4.45 a.m. Daily 9.40-11.40 p.m. Daily except Monday 10 a.m.-4.30 p.rii.. Daily 8,30 p.m.-1 a.m. Daily from 8.45 p.m.; closes at Z or 5 p.m. Daily 3.57-8 p.m.; 6.30-9 a.m. Daily 1-4 p.m. Daily 7 p.m.-midnight. Daily midnight-7 a.m.

Call K.C. Metres Location. Schedule, etc. iDJC 6020 49.83 Berlin, Germany. Daily 2.30-7.25 a.m. XYZ 6007 49.94 Rangoon, Burma. Daily 9.30 p.m.-1 a.m. ZRH 6007 49.94 Roberts, Heights, South Africa.Daily 12.30-6.30 a.m. HP5K 6005 49.96 Colon, Panama. Daily 10 p.m.-midnight. ZNB 5900 50.85 Mafeking, British Bechuanaland.Daily except Monday 4-5.30 a.m. PMY 5H5 58.31 Bandoeng, Java, D.E.I. Daily 8.30 p.m.-2 a.m. VUD-18 4960 60.48 Delhi, Il).dia. Daily 10.30 p.m.-3.35 a.m. VUM-2 4920 60.98 Madras, India. Dai)y 9.30 p.m.-3.10 a.m. VUB-2 4880 61.48 Bombay, India. Daily 10.30 p.m.-3.30 a.m. VUC-2 4840 61.98 Calcutta, India. Daily 9.30-3 a.m. YDE-2 4810 62.37 Solo, Java, D.E.I. Daily 7.30 p.m.-1 a.m. RV-15 4273 70.19 Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R. Daily 4 p.m.-1 a.m.

P.33 - Shortwave Review
Shortwave Review.

CONDUCTED BY ALAN H. GRAHAM. Additional New Stations Listed ¥ Night Reception Still Excels * UHF and Amateur Bands Disappointing ¥ Full List of Month's Loggings.

Review of Conditions. The tendencies in reception con- ditions outlined in these columns last month have become more pronounced -with early morning reception fair, and night reception exceptionally good-whilst during the day con- ditions are very poor indeed. Easily outstanding at present are the 25 and 31-metre bands. In many years' experience of shortwave reception 'we have never heard anything to equal the present level of 25-metre signals during the night and very early morning session. New Stations. As in previous months. we are able to list a number of new stations. The attention of readers is drawn to the following:-COHI; COCQ, on a new frequency; XEWQ; the new Australian stations. VLQ and VLQ-2; the South African station at Durban on 25.4!.\m.; KZRB; IISSPJ, on 37.56m.; a new Warsaw station on 25.02m.; and a new German station on the 41- metre band. PCJ Discontinue Tuesday Afternoon Session. Amongst. shortwave listeners there will be a feeling of deep regret at the news that the very popular ses- sion broadcast by PCJ for Australian and New Zealand listeners has been discontinued. An announcement to session, probably the most entertaining on the air, has always attracted this effect was heard at the end of December. This Tuesday afternoon considerable interest, and the announ- cer, Bob Wybrands, was a popular personality; Acknow l'edgrnen ts. We wish to acknowledge reports from the following:-Messrs. Bantow (Edithvale, Vic.), Neill (Queensland), Chapman and Taylor (N.S.W.), Johns and Cushen (N.Z.), all "Radio World"' Observers. And also from Mr. 0. G. Washfold (Camberwell, Vic.) and Mr. Goucher (South Yarra, Vic.), AW - 257DX and A W536DX, respectively, of the AW A WDXC. Late.st Station * Changes and Schedules. Colombian Republic. In addition to the new station on 9740kc., HJFK, another Colombian transmitter, located in Bogota, is now ope.rating on 9710kc., 30.9m., with the call HJCF. (Universalite). Cuba. Some confusion has been caused by recent changes of frequency amongst Cuban stations. The new station at Santa Clara COHI, operates on 6460 kc., 44.64m., and carries the same prog;ramme as CMCF, COCH and CMKQ. In addition, COCH is being reported on a new frequency of 6500kc., 46.15m. Listeners should exercise care in logging these two stations, as they may easily be confused. COCQ is also testing on another frequency, 6360kc., 47.17m., and, in addition,. is reported from some quarters as being on 642.5kc., but we have no confirmation of this.

Turkey. The latest information from Ankara reveals that TAQ is now off the air. The present schedule for TAP is:- Week-days, 8.30 to 10 p.m.; 2 to 7.30 a.m.; Saturdays, 9.30 to 11.30 p.m.; 2 to 7.30 a.m.; Sundays, 8.30 to 10.30 p.m.; 2 to 7.30 a.m.

United States WLWO will soon place in use its new lOOkw. transmitter. Using a special rhombic beam antenna, programmes in Spanish and Portuguese will be directed to eastern South America. Transmissions will be on 49, 31, 25, 19, 16 and 13 metres. (Universalite). Venezuela. The Government of Venezuela will shortly place on the air a new 30kw. transmitter, which will operate with the following calls :-On 6172kc., 48.6m., as YVKF; on 9640kc., 31.12m.,

YVOR; and on 15315kc., 19.59m., as YVPX. Ultra-High· Frequency Notes. Conditions Poor. During the past two months U.H.F. conditions in our locality have been very poor; a complete absence of police band signals; very little on the 10-metre amateur band; and only an occasional good day on 11 metres. Police Bands. We have recently received a verification of our report to the Glendale, California, police department on their 33940kc., 8.8m., signals. The Superintendent of Communications, Mr. C. Wasmansdorff (W6LFL) was kind enough to forward a recent F.C.C. list of American police calls and frequencies, which has already greatly assisted us in identifying a number of stations heard some time ago. The full list of police transmitters heard at the end of last year is:- KQBR, Alameda; WQIE, Newark; and WQKB, Evansville, on 30700kc.; KQBV. Los Angeles County, on 31900 kc.; WRBH, Cleveland; KQAN, Fort Worth; KQBH, Kansas City (Kansas); WQMA, Miami Beach; WQKW. Canton; WQNO, Elgin; WQIC. McKeesport; KQAO, Long Beach; KQBW, St. Joseph: and KQBF, National City, on 33100kc.; KQCI. Glendale; and WPDS, St. Paul, on 33940kc. 11-Metre Loggings. W8XNU, 25950kc., ll.56.m., Cincinnati: Most consistent of the stations now heard on this band, though seldom very strong; best around 8 a .m. W4XA, 26150kc., ll.47m., Nashville : Very erratic now; heard sometimes in early morning. W9XPD, 25900kc., ll.58m., St. Louis: Seldom heard now; when logged, very weak, and hard to copy. W9XJL, 26100kc., ll.49m., Superior: Only heard on rare occasions; very weak. Amateur Bands Review. Listeners who concentrate on the amateur bands are now finding it difficult to maintain reasonable logs, as conditions have fallen off considerably on both 10 and 20 metres. Very few stations are listed this month in the Calls Heard section. CALLS HEARD. (Reports to hand from Messrs. Chapman, Taylor, .Cushen and Johns). 10 Metres. United States: W- 3CBT, 3GRL, 3HUM, 4ETV, 4GDR, '5EEL, 5HDK, 51L U, 6ABF, 6AKH, 6ITH, 6LES, Page 34 6MIW, 6MUO, 6NPF', 6NHI{, 6PiIF, 6POZ, 6PRB, 6RLF, 6PEV, 60NQ, 8GU, 9CFQ, 9DRQ, 9GIQ, 9QI. Philippine Is.: KAlME. Hawaii: K6- OJI, MV A, PUL, RRM. 20 Metres. South America: LU- lHI, 5AN (Argentine); OA4R (Peru); CE- 3AC, 3AG, 3CG, 3CZ, 3CK, 4AC (Chile); HClFG (Ecuador). Africa: EKlAF (Tangier International Zone). Pacific: KB6· !LT, OCL (Guam); K6- MV A, QHU, BNR, MBE, NYD (Hawaii). The East: KA- lAF, lME, lBH (Philippines); XU- lB, 8LA, 7HB, 8AZ, 8RB, 8ZA (China); J. 2NG, 2XA (Japan); PK- 4KS, 4MM, 5KF (D.E.I.). This Month's Loggings. Stations not listed in last month's issue are indicated by an asterisk ( *). All times are Australian Eastern Standard. SOUTH AMERICA. Peru. OAX4J, 9340kc., 32.12m., Lima: Becoming more difficult to log, but still heard at times around 7 a.m., and on Sundays between 3 and 4 p.m. OAX4Z, 6077kc., 49.37m., Lima: Still being heard in N.Z., though not audible in our locality, nor reported by any Australian listeners. Chile. being from N.Z. Closes at either 2 or 2.30 p.m. before closing just after 3 p.m. CB-960, 9600kc., ·31.25m., Santiago : Most consistent of the Chilean stations. Not very good at night, but quite good on Sunday afternoons till 3.30 p.m. Argentine. Aires: Not heard here lately, but re- ported from N.Z., with good signal at 10.30 p.m. (Johns). Ecuador. HCJB, 124GOkc., 24.08m., Quito: Heard fafrly well lately from 10.30 p.m.; also reported from N.Z. with weak signal around 1 p.m. (Chapman, Cushen). Colombian Republic. HJFK, 9740kc., 30.8m., Pereira: Opens nightly with good signal at 10 p.m. CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. Costa Rica. TIPG, 96l5kc., 31.21m., San Jose: Widely reported, opening at 10 · p.m. One of best night stations on 31m. (Cushen). TILS, 61G5kc., 48.66m., San Jose: Becoming difficult to log, but still heard weakly at lO' p.m. (Cushen). Cuba. · COGF, 11800kc., 25.42m., Matanzas: Fairly good signal around 7 a.m. on some mornings. COCM, 9805kc., 30.6m., Habana: Heard weakly from 11 p.m. Varies in frequency, as was heard on 9850kc. for some time. COCH, 9437kc., 31.8m., Habana: Much better signal at present; heard from 10 p.m.; also at times in early morning. COBC, 9350kc., 32.08m., Habana: Quite a good signal now, usually opens just before 10 p.m. (Washfold). OOCQ, 8850kc., :l3.9m., Habana: Still heard regularly on this frequency; usually opens at 9.55 p;m,, but sometimes an hour earlier. See also 6360kc. (Washfold). New frequency for this station which was previously on 6010kc. Heard from 10 p.m. New station, opening nightly at 9.55 p.m. (Goucher). Once again on a new frequency, COCQ has been heard testing on a few occasions. (Johns). Heard with good signal at night, opening at 9.55 p.m. (Washfold). Panama. HP5A, 11700kc., 25.64m., Pariama City: Fair signal at night; best 10 to 10.30 p.m. (Chapman). HP5J, 9590kc., 31.28m., Panama City: From 10 p.m. Also reported on 9610kc., 31.22m., and may stay permanently on this 'new frequency to avoid QRM. Guatemala; TGWA, l5170kc., 19.78m., Guatemala City: Heard at good strength on Sunday afternoons, sometimes for whole programme, and sometimes till 5.15 p.m., when change is made to 9685kc. (Washfold, Goucher, Cushen). TGWA, 9685kc., 30.96m., Guatemala City: Heard best on Sunday afternoons, though not as good as formerly (Goucher). TGWB, 6486kc., 46.25m., Guatemala City: Best on Sunday afternoons, with same programme as TGW A. TG-2, 6195kc., 48.4m., Guatemala City: Good signal on Sunday after- noons in N.Z., but rather weak elsewhere. (Cushen, Johns). Dominican Republie. HUN, 12486kc., 24.03m;, Trujillo .City: From 9.40 p,m. with weak signal.
 * CD-1190, 11910kc., 25.19m., Valdivia: Still being heard, best reports
 * CB-1170, 11700kc., 25.64m., Santiago: Heard fairly well on ·a few oc- casions, either early morning or before closing at 2 p.m. (Johns).
 * CB-970, 9740kc., 30.8m., Valparai- so.: Very erratic, but might be heard
 * LRX, 9660kc., 31.06m., Buenos
 * COCO, 8700kc., 34.5m., Habaria:
 * COHI, 6460kc., 46.44m., Sta. Clara:
 * COCQ, 6·360kc., 47.17m., Habana:
 * COCW, 6330kc., 47.4m., Habana:

City: Heard weakly with same programme as. 24m. transmitter. NORTH AMERICA. Mexico. City: New station heard during after- noons till just before 4 p.m. with English announcement. (Goucher). XEWW, 9503kc.,. 31.57m., Mexico City: Consistent afternoon around 3 p.m.; also audible at times after midnight. (Cushen, Goucher). City: Reported from N.Z., with good signal from 2-3 p.m. in English hour. (Johns). Canada. Difficult to log, but best time is on Sunday afternoons when station is on till 7 p.m. United States. WCBX, 21570kc., 13.9lm., New York City: Opens at 11 p.m., but heard best after midnight. York City: Reported at good strength in early a.m. from Queensland. (Neill). WNBI, 17780kc., 16.87m., Bound Brook: Good signal in early mornings; very weak now in forenoon. (Neill, Chapman, Goucher). WGEA, 15330kc., 19.-56m., .Schenectady: Good early morning signal. (Neill, Chapman, Goucher, Johns). KGEI, 15330kc., 19.56m., San Francisco: Weaker now, but still heard around 2 p.m. (Neill, Johns, Washfold). WCAB, 15270kc., 19.65m., Philadelphia: Quite good strength in early morning. WCBX, 15270kc., 19.6.5m., New York City: Good signal in early mornings, closing 6.30 a.m. (Chapman). WRUL, 15250kc., 19.67m., Boston: Sometimes used in place of .WRUW, 15130kc. (Chapman). WPIT, l5210kc., 19.72m., Pittsburgh: Quite good signal from midnigl)t till 5 a.m. (Neill, Cushen). WRUW, 15130kc., 19.83m., Boston: Good, clear signal, IClosing 8 a.m. (Chapman, Goucher). KKZ, 13690kc., 21.91m., Bolinas: Special relays to Hawaii. KKQ, 1l950kc., 25.lm., Bolinas: Also used for special relays, around 3 p.m. WPIT, 11870kc., 25.26m., Pittsburgh: Nice signal in early morning, best from 7 a.m. (Chapman,, Goucher). WCBX,.. 11830kc., 25.36m., New York City: From 7 a.m., with fine, steady signal; one of best morning stations. (Goucher, Chapman). WRUL, 1179Qkc., 25.45m., Boston: Early morning station with good signal at 6 a.m. (Chapman). WRUW, 11730kc., 25.58m., Boston: Good signal from 7 a.m. (Neill, Washfold, Goucher, Chapman). WRCA, 9670kc., 31.03m., Bound Brook: Heard till 4 p.m. closing. Fair signal; very strong in N.Z. (Johns)., WCAB, 9590kc., 31.28m., Philadelphia: Another afternoon station, till 5 p.m. (Washfold, Goucher). WBOS, 9570kc., ·31.35m., Boston: Another afternoon American, closing at 5 p.m. WGEA, 9550kc., 31.41m., Schenectady: Heard weakly some mornings around 9 a.m. (Bantow). WGE:O, 953.0kc., 31.4Sm., Schenectady: Quite strong signal· from 6 · a.m. till nearly 9 a.m. (Chapman, Goucher). KGEI, 9530kc., 31.48m.. Schenectady: Heard in afternoons from 4-6 p.m.; also from 10 p.m., though interfered with by JZI in some locations at this time. (Chapman, Goucher). Another relay station for Hawaiian programmes. relay station reported from N.Z. by Mr. Johns. Hearcj. at good strength on Sunday afternoons closing at 3.45 p.m. WCBX, 6120kc., 49m., New York City: Reported from N.Z. with good signal in 3-5 p.m. session. (Cushen). WLWO, 6060kc., 49 .. 5m., Cincinnati: Only weakly here at present; but fine signal reported in N.Z. at 5 p.m. (Cushen). WDJM (and not WBKM, a s given last month),. 6040kc., 49.6.7m., Miami Beach: Reported from N.Z. ; excellent signals on Sundays from 3.30-4 p.m. (Johns). WRUL, 6040kc., 49.67m., Boston: Occasionally heard with special t~st transmission. AFRICA. C<~nary Is. EAJ-43, 10360kc., 28.96m., Teneriffe: Heard at times in early a.m., just before 6 a.m. (Neill). Kenya. VQ7LO, 6083kc., 49.31m., Nairobi: Still heard in early mornings, 5 a.m., though hardly as good as previously. (Chapman). Bech u anal'and. ZNB, 5900kc., 50.85m., Mafeking: Still heard in the' early mornings, closing 5.30 a.m. South Africa. 2 a.m. relaying ZRO on 9752kc. ZRO, 9752kc., 30.77m., Durban : Easily logged just before closing at 2.15 a~m.
 * XEWG, 9680kc., 30.99m., Mexico
 * XEXA, 6133kc., 48.9m., Mexico
 * CJRX, 11720kc., 25.6m., Winnipeg:
 * -WCBX, .. 178·30kc., 16.83m., New
 * KEI, 9490kc., 31.61m., Bolinas:
 * KEE (?),approx. 37m.: American
 * Durban, 11770kc., 25.49m.: New station, call unknown, heard around

ZRL, 9606kc., '31.23m .. Klipheuval: Heard fairly well at same time as ZRO. AUSTRALIA. VLR-3, 11880kc., 25.25m., Lyndhurst: Used from 6.30 a.m. till 5.15 p.m. (Washfold, Chapman, Johns). New Australian national shortwave station. Transmits to Europe 5.30- 6.30 p.m. (Washfold, Cushen, Johns). VL W-3, l 1830kc., 25.36m., P~rth: Heard testing; also used for natiqnal shortwave service to Africa, 3.30-4.30 p.m. (Washfold, Bantow, Chapman). Used for transmissions to Europe and America. (Washfold, Cushen). VLR, 9580kc., 31.32m., Lyndhurst: Used at night. Testing in early a.m. (Washfo!d). VLW, 6130kc., 48.94m., Perth: Testing from 9 p.m. THE EAST. Phil'ippine Is. New station heard testing one night after 8 p.m. Not onl regular schedule KZRH, 9660kc., '31.06m., Manila; This new frequency for the "Voice of the Philippines" is reported from all parts of Australasia at good strength. (Washfold, Bantow, Goucher, Cushen, Johns). RZRM, 9570kc., 31.3-5m., Manila: Good strong signal every night. (Johns, Neill, Washfold, Bantow, Chapman, Goucher). KZIB, !J500kc., 31.58m., Manila: Another good station at night. (Neill, Washfold, Bantow, Goucher). KZEG/KZRF, 6140kc., 48.86m., Manila: Very strong signal every night. Uses both calls, though RZRF. (Washfold, Bantow, Chapman). KZRH, 6100kc., 49.lSm., Manila:. Fairly good signal. (Neill). l{ZIB, 6040kc., 49.67m., Manila: Good si~nal nightly. (Washfold). Japan. JZK,. lb160kc., 19.79m., Tokyo: Fairly strong in early mornings around 7 a.m.; also heard 11 a.m. (Chapman, Goucher). JVH, 14600kc., 20.55m., Tokyo: Reported from N.Z. JZJ, 11800kc., 25.42m., Tokyo: Heard in early mornings, and from 10 p.m. (Neill, Chapman, Goucher). JVW-3. 11720kc.; 25.6m., Tokyo: Good signaL nightly. (Washfold, Bantow, Goucher, Cushen). JLG-3, 11705kc., 25.63m., Tokyo: Also heard ~t night. Page 36 Good signals from this station in early mornings till 6.30 a.m. (Neill). JZI, 9535kc., 31.47m., Tokyo: From 10 p.m. nightly; badly interferes with KGEI in some localities. (Chapman, Goucher, Johns). Seems to be used irregularly; some- times at good strength early morning or at night. JVW, 7257kc., 41.34m., Tokyo: Used with .JZI in 5-7 a.m. session (Chapman, Johns). • JLT, 6190kc., 48.4 7m., Tokyo: Heard here occasionally; and often reported from N.Z. JZI, 9535kc., 31.47m., Tokyo: From rn p.m. nightly; badly !nterferes with KGEI in some lo~alities. (Chapman, Goucher, Johns). ''JLG, 7285kc., 41.lm., Tokyo: Seems to be used irregularly; some- times at good strength early morning· or at night. JVW, 7257kc., 41.34m., Tokyo: Used with JZI in 5-7 a.m. ~ession. (Chapman, J'ohns). Heard here occasionally, and often reported from N.Z; Hong Rong. zBw-3, 9525kc., Kong: Good signal fold, Bantow). India. 31.49m., Hong nightly. (WashVUD-3, 15290kc., 19.62m:, Delhi: Heard in early afternoons till 2 p.m. and also 4.30-6.30 p.m. (Johns, Goucher). VUD-2, 9590kc., 31.28m., Delhi: Fine signals from 10.30 p.m., opening with news in English. (Washfold, Bantow, Goucher, Johns). VUD-18, 4960kc., 60.48m., Delhi: Fairly strong from 10.30 p.m. VUM-2, 4920kc., 60.98m., Madras: Weak. (Chapman). VUB-2, 4880kc., 61.48m., Bombay: Fair. (Chapman). VUC-2. 4840kc., 61.98m., Calcutta: Fair. (Ghapman). Malaya. ZHP. 9690kc., 30.96m.. Singapore: Still a good signal, but QRM is sometimes troublesome. (Washfold, Chapman, Goucher, Johns). ZHJ, 6080kc., 49.3in., Penang: Not so good now, but still to be heard. (Washfold). French Indo-China. Radio Saigon, 11780kc.. 25.47m., Saigon: Exceptionally strong signal nightly. English session is now from 8.45 to 9.15 p.m. (Neill, Washfold, Ban tow, Chapman, Johns, Goucher). 25.32m .. heard around 9 p.m. nighlty, is thought to be located in Indo-China, but few details are available at time of writing. China. XGOX, 15190kc., 19.75m., location uncertain: Strong signal at night around 7 p.m. Often used in sp~cial transmissions to U.S.A., Hawaii, etc. (Washfold, Chapman, Goucher). XGOY. 11900kc., 25.21m., location unknown: Just fair in the morning, but very strong at night. (Bantow, Chapman, Goucher, Johns). XMHA, 11855kc., 25.3m., Shanghai: Remains a fairly good signal at night. (Washfold, Chapman, Goucher). Note change of frequency from 11820 kc. Fairly strong. News at 11.15 p.m. Renorted from N .Z., and sometimes audible here around 1 a.m. One of strong regulars at night. (Washfold). XOJD, 6880kc., 43.6m., Hankow: Never very loud, but usually audible after 9 p.m. Dutclh East Indies. YDB, 15310kc., 19.6m., Bandoeng: Heard during afternoon, around 4 p.m., at fair strength. (Washfold). YDC, 15150kc., 19.Sm., Bandoeng: Good signal at night; also at times frorn 9 a.m. (Goucher, Washfold Banto·w). PLP, llOOOkc., 27.27m., Bandoeng: Relays YDC; good signals at night. (Washfold, Chapman, Goucher). PMN, 10260kc., 29.24m., Bandoeng: Also a NIROM relay station; fairly strong at night. (Washfold, Chapman, Goucher). YDB, 9-550kc., 31.41m., Bandoeng: Nice steady signal from this station around midnight. (Goucher). YDX. 7220kc.. 41.55m., Medan: Mainly native programmes; fair signal. PM.H, 6720kc., 44.64m., Bandoeng: Native programmes at good strength; very reliable. (Washfold, Goucher). YDD, 6045~c., 49.63m., Bandoeng: Not very good, but audible on most 'lights. (Washfold, Chapman). Fair signal above high noise level. Manchukuo. Again being heard from 10 to 11 p.m. (Washfold). MTCY, 11775kc., 25.48m., Hsinking: From 7 a.m. with fair signal. (Chapman, Goucher, Cushen). MTCY, 6125kc., 48.98m., Hsinking:
 * VLQ-2, 11870kc., 25.26m., Sydney:
 * VLQ, 9615kc., 31.2m., Sydney:
 * VLW-2, 956.0kc., 31.38m., Perth:
 * KZRB, 11840kc., 25.34m., Manila:
 * JLT-2, 9645kc., 31.lm., Tokyo:
 * JLG, 7285kc., 41.lm.. Tokyo:
 * JLT, 6190kc., 48.47m., Tokyo:
 * A new station on approx. i1850kc.,
 * XGOK, 11650kc., 25.7-5m., Canton:
 * XGAP, 9560kc., 31.38m., Peking:
 * XTC. 7000kc., 42.Sm., Kweiyang:
 * PMY, 5145kc., 58.31m., Bandoeng:
 * JDY, 9920kc., 30.24m., Daire:n:

From 11.30 p.m.; no 8ngiish used. (Neill). 'I'hailantl. HS6PJ, 19020kc., 15.77m., Bangkok: Used on Monday nights in December, but replaced, temporarily at least, by 7960kc., transmitter. HSSPJ, 9510kc., 31.55m., Bangkok: Replaced recently by 7960kc. transmit_ter. (Goucher, Cushen, Neill). Taiwan. JIE-2, 9695kc., 30.95m., Tyureki: Weak signal after midnight. JFO, 9635kc., 31.l3m., Taihoku: Seldom very loud; reported from Queensland at 1.30 a.m. (Neill). JIE, 7295kc., 41.13m., Tyureki: Transmits at same time as JIE-2; fair signal at midnight. (Cushen). Burma. XYZ, 6007kc., 49.94m., Just fair after midnight. Neill). EUROPE •. Portugal. Rangoon: (Chapman, "CSW-4, 15215kc., 19.71m., Lisbon : Fine signal from 2-3 a.m. CSW-6, 11040kc., 27.17m., Lisbon: Good steady signal from 3.45-6.30 a.m. (Chapman). CSW-7, 9740kc., 30.Sm., Lisbon: From 7 a.m. with steady and regular signal. (Goucher). Sweden. SRT, 15155kc., 19.8111., .Motala: Heard best on Sunday nights, after 7 p.m'. . (opening at 6 p.m.). (Johns). SEP, 11705kc., 25.63m., Motala: Heard till 7.15 a.m. with fair signal. (Neill). Holland. PHI-2, 17770kc., 16.SSm., Huizen : Seldom very loud, but heard most nights; best on Sundays from 9.40 p.m. (Neill, Bantow, Goucher). PCJ-2, 15220kc., 19.71m., Huizen: Tuesday afternoon session now off the air, but can still be heard quite well around 11 p.m. (Neill, Washfold, Goucher, Cushen). PCJ, 9590kc., 31.28m., Huizen: Good signal in early mornings, Mondays and Wednesdays. (.Chapml/-n). Poland. German station heard from 7 p.m. till midnight. German seems only lan- guage used. Turkey. TAP, 9465kc., 31.7m., Ankara: Another regular morning station at good strength; aiso around 10 p.m. at week-ends. ( Go~cher). Lithuania. L YR, 9285kc., 32.34m., Kaunas: Reoorted from N .z. between 4.30 and 5.15 p.m. (Johns). Still heard with fair signal till 6 a.m. Belgium. ORK, 10330kc., 29.04m., Ruysselede: (Chapman). Spain, EAQ, !)860kc., ·30.43m., Madrid: Does not seem to have regular schedule; heard as early as 3.10 a.m. anq .also irregularly at 7 a.m. (Neill). Switzerland.
 * HSSPJ, 7960kc., 37.56m., Bangkok : New station, replacing transmitters on 15 and 31m. Heard at good strength.
 * Warsaw, 11990kc., 25.02m.: New

HBO, 11402kc., 26.32m., Geneva: Heard on Sunday afternoons around 6.30 or 7 p.m. (Chapman). Sam" programme as HBO. Yugo-Sia via. YUC, 9.505kc., 31.56m., Belgrade: Good early morning station. (Neill, Chapman). Not heard in our locality recently, but reported from Queensland in early morning. (Neill). The Australasian R.adio World, February 1, 1940. Ai•bania. ZAA, 6085kc., 49.3m., Tirana: At fair strength from 3.20-7 a.m. Hungary. on Sunday;;, with English announcements. (Goucher). Vatican City. HYJ, 15120kc., 19.84m.: Very strong on Tuesday nights from 11.30 p.m. (Goucher). on Sunday mornings, opening 5.30 a.m. Norway. LKV, 15170kc., 19.78m., Oslo: Still heard in the very early morning, 1-2 a .m.; reported at 4.20 a.m. with English ·session from Queensland. (Neill). on Sunday nights around 8.45 p.m. with church service. (Johns). Finland. Heard weakly some nights till Daventry opens at 8.40 p.m. Bohemia. Heard weakly on several occasions in 7 p.m.-midnight session. Italy. 2R0-15, 11760kc., 25.51m., Rome: Latest EIAR transmitter on the air. Heard as early as 9 p.m., but much louder at 1 a.m. (Chapman). Heard irregularly in early morn ing or at night {with 2R0-15). (Chapma11). Also logged: 2R0-3, 9635kc., 31.13m.; 2IW-4, 11810kc., 25.4m.; 2R0-6, 15300kc., 19.61m.; 2R0-8, 17820kc., 16.84m.; 2R0-9, 9667kc., 31.03m.; and IRF, 9830kc., 30.52m. (Washfold, Neill, Bantow, Ghapman, John>:, Cushen). France. Heard fairly well lately around 6 a.m., closing 7.15 a.m. Also reported at 6 p.m. (Johns, Cushen). Also logged: TPB-3; 17765kc., 16.88m. (note change of frequency); TPA-2, 15245kc., 19.6.Sm.; TPB-6, 15t30kc., l9.83m.; TPB-11, 1188~l;:c., 2.5.24m.; TP A ·4, 11715kc., 25.6lm.; and new station on 9680kc., 30.99m. (Washfold, Neill, Chapman, Johns, Cushen). · U.S.S.R. Stations lo~ged: RV-96, 15400kc., 19.47m.; RV-96, 15180kc., 19.76m.; RKI, 15083kc., 19.89m.; RNE, 1200 kc., 25m.; RAN, 9600kc., 31.25m.;
 * HBJ, . 14535kc., 20.64m., Geneva:
 * YUA, 6100kc., 49.18m., Belgrade:
 * HAS-3 15370kc., 19.52111., Budapest: On!~ on t he air from midnight
 * HVJ, G190kc., 48.47111. : Good signal
 * LKQ, 11735kc., 25.57m., Oslo: Best
 * OIH, 17800kc., 16.85m., Lahti:
 * OLR5A, 15230kc., 19.7m., Prague:
 * 2R0-14, 15230kc., 19.'im., Rome:
 * TPB-11, 7280kc., 41.21m., Paris:

RV-96, 9526kc., 3L51m.; and RV-15, 4273kc., 70.21m. (Washfold). England. Stations logged: GSA, 6050kc., 49.59m.; GSB, 9510kc., 31.55m.; GSC, 9580kc., 31.32m.; GSiD, 11750kc., 25.53 m.; GSE, 11860kc., 25.29m.; GSF, 15140kc., 19.82m.; GSG, 17790kc., 16.86m.; GSH, 21470kc., 13.97m.; GSI, 15260kc., 19.66m.; GSJ, 21530kc., 13.93m.; GSO, 15180kc., 19.76m.; GSP, 15310kc., 19.6m.; GST, 21550kc., 13.92 m.; GSV, 17810kc., 16.85m.; GSW, 7230kc., 41.49m.; and GRX, 9690kc., ·30.96m. (Washfold, Bantow, Goucher, Chapman, Neill, Johns, Cushen). Germany. N.Z. by Mr. Johns. Heard at 5.30 p.m. with strong signals. Stop-Press Notes. A report just received from Observer W. H. Pepin, of Maylands, West Australia, lists the following stations:- HS7PJ, 37.65m., is now the regular channel for the Bangkok station. It is heard nightly from 11 p.m.- 1 a.m., except on Mondays, when HS6PJ, on 15.77m., is used. Other Eastern stations log~ed :- VUB-2, on 31 metres, and the four Indian transmitters on 60-61 metres; XGOX and XGOY; __ JZK and JZJ; YDC, YDB, on 19.6 and 31m.; YDX; PMH, PLP and PMN; KZRM, KZIB and KZRH, all on 31 metres. Lower frequency stations also include YDL-2, on 62 metres; YDA, on 98 metres; and RV-15. Europeans heard include the majority of the Daventry and Berlin trans• mitters now on the air; also Paris, on a number of frequencies, including the 41.2 metre transmitter; and RNE, RAN and RV-'59 on 50 metres. The new Australian stations are listed:-VLW, VLW-2, VLW-3, VLQ and VLQ-2. Amateur loggings on 20 metres are:-W- 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9; XUSAM, lB, lA; J2NF; K6- CMC, BNR, MVA; PK, lMF, lOG; KA- lAF, lLB, lFM, lAG, lBH, IJM, lAR, lMN, lCW, lSM, lOZ, 4LH.
 * A new German station operating on approx. 41.6m. is reported from


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 03

P.01 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 4. - MARCH, 1940 - No. 10.

P.01 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL

"Wonder One," 5-band, 1-valve. . . . 23

"Dandy," 3-valve a.c. superhet. . . . . 13

"World Standard for 1940". . . . 3

GENERAL TECHNICAL

U.S. Circuits for the 1940-41 Season. . . . 9

Country Set Circuit Design. . . . 19

A Group Trainer for Morse Code. . . . 11

TEST EQUIPMENT

Laboratory Service for Readers. . . . 20

Testing Radio Components. . . . 33

The Output Meter. . . . 21

SHORT WAVE SECTION

The Month's Loggings. . . . 30

Station Schedules and Changes. . . . 29

Ultra-High-Frequency Notes. . . . 32

JUNIOR TECHNICAL

The Workshop Bench. . . . 36

Care of Tools. . . . 37

TRADE NOTES

"Delta" Test Equipment. . . . 35

Radio Art Union. . . . 35

SPEEDY QUERY SERVICE

Answers to Readers' Problems. . . . 39

P.01 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. G. Hull. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40)

P.02 - Editorial Notes
A PERSONAL MESSAGE.

With due apology for the too abundant use of the word "I". I cannot express how happy I am at the prospect of again devoting all my energy to technical radio matters. During the past two years I have had to deal with the prosaic matters of business, of broadcasting programmes, publicity and the like. Now I am right back in the thick of the technicalities which I love. From now on my days and nights will be spent fiddling around with novel circuits, new valves, powerful amplifiers and the rest of the things which mean so much to me. What is more to the point there will be less restriction for my only thoughts need be to please those whose heart beats as mine. No need to consider the masses, no fear that I will have to please people to whom a circuit is like Chinese. Before I go further I feel that I should express the satisfaction I feel in carrying on a technical policy of which anyone might well be proud. In the past the Australasian Radio World has held my esteem for the soundness of its articles, the accuracy of its circuits and the general way in which the magazine has been conducted. I feel that only a few minor details need attention to make the paper worthy to maintain its rightful place as Australia's only one hundred per cent. technical radio journal. Among these changes I might mention the addition of a Junior Technical section, to be conducted by Alf. Barnes, whose articles have been a feature of "Wireless Weekly" for the past couple of years. Another feature to be strengthened is the query service. Readers should be assured of prompt and effective handling of their letters, with replies either free of charge in the columns of our pages, or by mail on payment of a small fee. Several other minor improvements should be noted during the next couple of months and I am sure that they will be duly appreciated. No startling changes in style are contemplated, and the services of Earl Read, who has made the paper what it is today are being retained as Associate Editor. A. G. Hull

P.29 - Shortwave Section - Shortwave Review
Shortwave Review

Conducted by Alan H. Graham.

More New Stations Heard )f. Conditions Improve As Autumn Approaches * Byrd Expedition Heard On 20 Metres * U.H.F. Bands Improve A Little * Full List Of Month's Loggings * QSL Exchange Bureau.

Review Of Conditions. Since the middle of February the approach of autumn has resulted in a marked improvement in signals on all bands; and reception conditions are now very good throughout most of the night and day. It is not sur- prising therefore that several new stations appear in the list of the month's loggings. New Stations. The attention of readers is drawn to the following new stations; the majority of them have been heard quite well, and DX fans should have little difficulty in adding them to their logs. The new Argentine station, LRA-31 h8.s been heard Rome mornings on the same frequency as WRUW-11730kc., 25.58m. Egypt now has a regular shortwave transmission, through a station on 7860kc., 38.17m. This station has been heard quite well between 4.30 and 6.30 a.m. Gall is thought to be Sl!X, but this has not been verified. A new Australian transmitter is using VK3ME's old frequency; this is VLQ15, 9590kc., 31.28m. Listeners will also have noted changes in the frequencies of VLR-3 and VLW-2

A new NIROM station, carrying the same programme as YDC and YDB, has been reported on 11910kc., 25.19m. Although not heard yet in our locality, it is reported at good strength from Western Australia. Rangoon, known to DX-ers thro1.1gh XYZ, has another transmitter on the 49-metre band- on 6056kc. Call is un- known, but no difficulty should be experienced in logging this station, as it is much stronger than XYZ.

The latest Paris Mondial station heard is on 9520kc., 31.5m. It is apparently used during the afternoons in place of TPC on 9680kc. Unidentified. One or two ,;mystery" stations have been r eported during the month. One of these, heard bv our W.0. observer, Mr. Pepin, is an Eastern station on 34 metres. He thinks it may be a Jap-possibly JIB, 8650kc., 34.71m., or perhaps ZBW, Hong Kong, back on their old channel of 8750kc., 34.29m. Another station reported by Mr. Pepin is an Italian 'phone station heard testing on approx. 18.4m. In

all probability this would be ITK, It. Somaliland, 16385kc., 18.32m., or IRY, Rome, 16117kc., 18.61m. A third unidentified station is a new South American on the 31-metre band, on the same frequency as WBOS. It is heard in the early mornings,· and is probably a Colombian, but QRM renders the obtaining of further details most difficult. Byrd Expedition. 20-metre fans will doubtless be con- centrating all their attention on logging the stations operated by the Byrd Expedition in Antarctica. Already Mr. Hastings, one of our Queensland observers, has succeeded in logging KC4USC, one of the Byrd stations. This station, together with KC4lTSA and KC4USB, operates on 10, 20 or 10 metres; but the 20-metre band would seem easily the best bet for reception here. Australia Tells The World. Australia is certainly telling the world wlhere she stands in the present conflict through the new VLQ stations of the Ministry of Information. In addition the A.B.C. prngramni.es are relayed through VLR and VLW. Acknowledgements. We wish to acknowledge reports from the following :-Messrs. Ban tow, Neill, Hastings, Chapman, Taylor,

Coggins, Ferrier, Pepin, Dignam, Johns and Cushen (all "Radio World" observers). Ar;d also from Messrs. W ashfold and Goucher. Reader~ forwarding reports for the Shortwave Review are requested to let us have them by the fourteenth of each month. Calls Heard (Reports to hand from Messrs. Pepin, Dignam, W.A.; Taylor, N.S.W., and Hastings, Qld.). 10 Metres. United States: W- 2BUR, 4AYU, 4FJM, 4E.JQ, 6KID, 6LVK, 6RKI, 6CIN, 7HGK, 7HKI, SFCO, 9BRZ, 9CXU, 9DAF, 9BCX, 9QHO. Hawaii: K6- KWT, ILG, PLZ, PCW. 20 Metres. South America: 'CE- lAO, lAS, lAR, 3CC, 3CZ, 3AC, 2AM, 5HE (Chile). Central America: K5AM (Canal Zone ). The East: J2NF (Japan), PKlMF, PKlOG (Java ), PK5HL, PK5JP (Borneo), XU-. lA, lB, lHI, SAM, SET, SMC, SLA, SRJ, SMY, SHN, 8XA, SAF (China); KA- 4LH, lAF, lLB, lFM, lAG, lBH, lJM, lAR, 11\IN, lCW, l SM, lOZ, lFG, lBB, lGC, lFH, lLZ, 4RP, 4LA, 7RF, l AM, lME, lLB (Philippines). Pacific : K6- CMC, BNR, MV A, QHU, OJI, MZQ, NYD, YVU, OGE (Hawaii), KF6JEG (Canton), KB6- JLT (Guam). Antarctica: KC4USC (Byrd Expedition).

P.29 - Shortwave Section - Station Schedules and Changes
Latest Station Schedules and Changes

Egypt. In add ition to the new 38-metre station re ferred to e lsewhere in these notes, it is lecrnt that a new 500-watt transmitter in Cairo is, or soon will be, testing on a number of frequencies, inc luding 60 I Okc., 49.92m., and I l 780kc., 25.47 I N.Z. DX-tra ). .Nepal. It ;s reoorted from tJ .S.A. tho1 a station in Nepal, announcing as ''Radio Kotmondu," is operating on 14780kc., 20.3rr.. (l .D.A. ). Greece. A I Okw. station at Sparta is expected to comme'1ce t ests shortly. Freque ncies a nd calls to be used a re :- SVD, 6885kc., 4 3.6m.; SVL, 7228kc., 41.5m. ; SVG, 7805kc:, 38.4m.; SVH, 9030kc., 33.3m.; SVI, 9695kc., 30.93m.; SVJ. 9825kc., 30.5m.; SVM, 9935kc., 30.2m.; SVN, 10705kc., 28.0m. ; SVP, 1219Skc., 24.Sm.; SVQ, I 3640kc., 22.0m.; and SVT, I 5015kc., l 9 .9m. I N.Z. DX-Ira) . Guatemala. The amate ur station, TG5JG, which has baen expe rimenting on l I 750kc., 25.53m., may receive a licence to continue regular transmissiom on this frequency. I l.D.A.) The. Austraiasicin Radio World,· March· I, 1940. Lithuania. Latest schedu le gives L YR's hours of trans- mission a s:-Da ily, except Sundays a nd Mondays, 6.30-7 a .m.; 4-4.40 p.m.; Sunda ys, 5.30- 6.15 p.rn.; 10- 11.45 p.m.; Monda ys, 3.30- 5. 15 a.m.; 6-7 .30 a.m. L YR operates on 9290kr., 32.3m. (Radex) U.S.A.-Hawaii Relays. Stationc heard carrying re !ays between U.S.A. a ncl Hawa ii, in addition to KKQ, which is mP.ntioned elsewhere, are KKH, 7520kc., 39.9m.; KQH, l 4920kc., 20. 1 m.; and KQZ l7980kc., 16. 7 ni. ( WDXA a nd GCDXC). ' United States. Lctest schPdules for WGEA ore :-13 metres: 8.30 p.m.- 11.30 p.m.; 19 metres: 11.45 p.m.- 6.30 a .m.; 3 1 metres : 6.45-9.45 a.m. WGEO will soon place in use new I OOkw. trommitters on 6 190 and 2 I 590kc. Mexico. A new Mexican station is XEKW, Morelio on 6030kc., 49.75m. IUniversalite ). ' Newfoundland. In addiziol" to VOFB on 24 metres, New- found I end now has a station on 9475kc., 3 I .6m. Call is VONG, and location St. Johns.

P.30 - Shortwave Section - The Month's Loggings
THE MONTH'S LOGGINGS I Stations not listed in this section in the prev- ious issue are indicated by an asterisk) . N.B. ALL TIMES ARE AUSTRALIAN EASTERN STANDARD. SOUTH AMERICA. Per1A. *OAX47, 9556kc., 3 l .38m., Lima: Reported from New Zealand. Card recently to hand gives schedule as 2-4 a.m. (Johns). OAX4J, 9340kc., 32. l 2m., Lima: Still a f.Jirly regular station; heard either around 7 a.m., or latish on Sunday afternoons. '''0AX1A, 6335kc., 47.33m., lea.: Heard in New Zealand with weak signal on Sundays at 3.30 p.m.; signs with "Goodnight Song," by Ted Lewis (Johns). OAX4Z, 6077kc., 49.37m., Lima: Still report"d from New Zealand; also believed to be audible in Queensland. LJtest schedule given as ·~.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Johns). Ecuador. HCJB, l 2460kc., 24.08m., Quito: Fairly regular station at night between 1 0 and 11 p.m.; sometimes puts in quite a good signal !Chapman). unusual station is reported from New Zealand; heard around 3.30 p.m. on Sunday afternoons. Address is P.O. Box 704 (Johns). Colombia·n Republic. HJFK, 9740kc., 30.8m., Pereira : Good strong signal nightly, opening at 10 p.m. Chile. CD-1190, l 1910kc., 25.19m., Valparaiso: Reported with fair signals in New Zealand on Sunday afternoons, 1.45 p.m. (Johns). CB-1170, l l/OOkc., 25.64m, Santiago: Still heard quite well at times; E'ither early morning around 7 o.m., or in mid .afternoon. !Chapman) . Argentine. mornings. Difficult to log as on same frequency as WRUW. *LRA-1, 9690kc., 30.96m., Buenos Aires: Again being heard fairly regularly in the mornings, opening at 8.30 a.m. Weak. CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. Guatemala. TGWA, 15170kc., 19.77m., Guatemala City: Widely heard with good signals; mornings arou,.,d 7 a.m. (Mondays), and also occasionally on Sunday afternoons !Coggins, Washfoid). TGWA, 96S5kc., 30.96m., Guatemala City : Still heard during afternoons, till 4.30 p.m. on Sundays (J l)hns). TGWB, 6480kc., 46.2m., Guatemala City: Fair signals 0!'1 Sundays around 4 p.m.;. reported at better strength in N.Z. (Johns). TG-2, 6195kc., 48.43m., Guatemala City: Still to be heard on Sunday afternoons be- tween 5 and 6 p.m. Costa Rica. TIPG, 9615kc., 31.2lm., San Jose: Remains a good signal from 10 p.m. nightly; also re- ported at 8 a.m. (Johns). TILS, 6 l 65kc., 48.66m., San Jose: Also opens at 10 p.m.; not nearly as good as some months ago ( Nei II).
 * HCODA, 9445kc., 31. 77ni., Guayaquil: T.his
 * LRA-3, 1 l 730kc., 25 58m., Buenos Aires: New South American station heard 1n early

Panama. HPSA, l 1700kc., 25.64m., Panama City : Heard regularly with good signal from 10 p.m. ( CushP.n, Chapman).

Opens with English announcements at 10 p.m. Cuba. COGF, l 1800kc., 25.42r1., Matanzas: Heard in the mornings ofter 7 o.m. when JZJ ore off the air. COCH, 9437kc., 3 l .8m., Habano: Now heard at various times; mornings around 7 a .m., at night !when often marred by code QRMl, and sometimes in the late afternoons I Coggins) . COBC, 9350kc., 32.08m., Habana: Quite a good signal nightly from 10 p.m. !Washfold). COCQ, 3825kc., 33.98m., Habana: Fairly strong at night around 10 p.m.; and also heard at times at 7 a.m. !Washfold).
 * HPSK, 6005kc., 49.97m., Panama City :

COHi, 6460kc., 46.44m, Santa Clara: Heard at good strength nightly; and also heard in N.Z. from 3.30 to 4 p.m., closing with a waltz number. Frequent mention of Westinghouse General. Electric makes identification easy (Johns). COCQ, 6360kc., 47. l 7m., Habana: Opens at 9.50 p.m.; slightly stronger than old 33m. channel. COCW, 6324kc., 47.4m., Habana : Heard with good signal from 10 p.m. nightly !Washfo!d). Domi·nican Republic. Hll H, l 2486kc., 24.03m., Trujillo City : Reported from N.Z., with weak signal around i 0.30 p.m. (Johns) . NORTH AMERICA. Mexico. XEQQ, 9680kc., 30.99m., Mexico City: Latest information reveals that call of this new station is XEQQ (not XEWQ). Heard dai ly ti II 4 p.m.; closing with "Boluo" (Johns). XEWW, 9503kc., 31 .57m., Mexico City: Heard regularly around midnight, and some- times in the afternoon around 4 p.m. XEXA, 6175kc., 48.58m., Mexico City: Re- ported from N.Z. on Sundays with English session, 2-3 p.m. (Johns). United States. WCBX, 21570kc., 13.9im., New York City: Cannot be heard at 11 p.m. when it comes on the air, but puts in fair signal after 1 a .m. Only 13-metre American now audible: WNBI, l 7780kc., l 6.87m., Bound Brook: Still heard during mornings and early after- noons; seldom very strong; news at 1 p.m. (Johns). WGEA, l 5330kc., l 9.56m., Schenectady: Good morning station, with news at 7.30 a.m. !Washfold, Bantow, Chapman) . KGEI, l 5330kc., l 9.56m., San Francisco: Heard sometimes after noon, with news at 2 p.m. (Johns). WCAB, l 5270kc., l 9.65m., Philadelphia: An- other good early morning station ( Washfold ). WCBX, l 5270kc., l 9.65m., New York City: Only a weak signal now, just before closing at 6. 30 a.m. (Chapman). WPIT, 15210kc., 19.72m., Pittsburgh: Good signal around midnight (Chapman) . WRUW, 15 l 30kc., l 9.83m., Boston: Quite a good signal between 6 and I a.m. !Chapman). . KKZ, 13690kc., 2 1.9lm., Bolinas: Heard during ofternoons with >pecial relays. KKQ, l l 950kc., 25.1 m., Solinas: As KKZ. WPIT, l 1870kc., 25.27m., Pittsburgh : r'foW very good signal at 7 a.m.; one of strongest morning stations !Washfold, Chapman) . WCBX, l l 830kc., 25.36m., New York City : Heard at same time as WPIT, also a strong signal I Bantow, Chapman). WRUL, l l 790kc., 25.45m., Boston: Heard in the mornings br.~ween 7 and 8 a.m.; seems to be used alternatively with WRUW, 1 1730 kc. ( Cus~.en, Chapman).

WR.Ow, 1i730kc., 25.58m., Boston : Heard some mornings in place of WRUL !Washfold l. WRCA, 9670kc., 3 l .03m., Bound Brook: Quite a good signal during late afternoon;, till as late as 5 p.m. (Johns). WCAB, 9590kc., 3 l .28m., Philadelphia: An - other late afternoon station, closing at 5 p.m.; news just before signing-off !Washfold). WBOS, 9570kc., 3 l .35m., Boston : Still heard just before closing at 5 p.m.; news at 4.55 p.m. Signals rather weak usua lly. WGEA, 9550kc., . 31.4 l m., . Schenectady: Heard weakly in the mornings Uatest schedule being 6.45 to 9.45 a.m. I; and also reported in late afternoons, around 5 p.m. (Cushe11, Johns, Bantow) . WGEO, 9530kc., 3 l ."i8m., Schenectady : Good strong signal in mornings, latest schedule is 5.30 a.m. -2. 15 p.m. (Johns). KGEI, 9530kc., 3 l.48m., San Franc isco: Reliable signal in late aft ernoon and also from 10 p.m. (spoilt by QRM from JZI in many localities) !Chapman).

WCBX, 6120kc., 49.02m., New York City: Still heard at good strength in N.Z., 3-5 p.m. session (Cushen). WLWO, 6060kc., 49.Sm., Cincinnati: Very weak now ;n the late afternoon; heard much better in N.Z. (Cushen). WDJM, 6040kc., 49.67m., Miami Beach: Reported from N.Z.; best on Sunday after- noons (Johns). AFRICA. Kenya. VQ7LO, 608 3kc, 49.31 m., Noirnh1: Con. tin•Jes to be heard regularly in early mornings; refoys Daventry news. Bechuanaland. ZHB, 5900kc., 50.85m., Mafeking : Still to be heard when conditions are good; closing with National Anthem at 5.30 a.m. Mozambique. CR7BE, 9640kc., 31. l 2m., Lourenco Mar- ques: A f' ew African station heard at good strength in the early mornings from 5-7 a.m. An Enalish news service is usually given. QRA is Box- 594.

South Africa. ZRO, 9752kc., 30.77m., Durban: Nice signal heard just before 2 o.m. ZRL, 9606kc., 3 l .23m., Klipheuvol: Heard at some time as ZRO; fair signal. ZRK, 6098kc., 49.2m., Klipheuvol: Reported from northern States around 6 o.m. 'ZRH, 600'/kc., 49.94m., Roberts Heights: Quite a nice signal at 5.30 o.m. Ethiopia. Heard at good strength in early mornings, from l a.m. (Goucher), Algeria. '''TPZ-3, 8960kc., 33.48m., Algiers: Reported from N.Z., though not heard for some time in our locality (Johns). Egypt. ¥SUX l?l, 7860kc., 38.17m., Abou Zobel: New Egyptian station; coll is not definite, but is that given in station lists. Power is l Okw. Precent schedule is 4.30-6.30 o.m., and station has been heard at reasonable strength on several mornings IGouch.erl.
 * l2AA, 9650kc., 3 l .09m., Addis Ababa:

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA. VLR-3, l l 880kc., 25.25m., Lyndhurst: This tron:::mitter ho~. been using a new frequency, I l 850kc., 25.32m. rlowever, it is understood that it wi II be bock on its old frequency by the time these r.otes will appear in print IW:iohlold, Bantow, Neill I. VLW-3, l l 830kc., 25.36m., Perth: Heard widely with good signal, l 0 a.m. to 8 p.m. !Cushen, Washlold, Dignam, Bantow, Neill, Chapman). VLQ-2, l l 870kc., 25.27m., Sydney: Australian national station for special overseas broadcasts I Pepin, Bantow, Dignam). VLQ, 961Skc., 3l.2lm., Sydney: As VLQ-2 I Pej1in, Washfold, Bantow I. national transmitter, using VK2ME's old frequency. Heard late at night. VLW-2, 9650kc., 3 ~ .08m., Perth: Has changed frequency from 9560kc., thus vaoidina interference from DJA. Very strong at night IWashfold, Bantowl. VLR, 9580kc., 3 l .32m., Lyndhurst: Carries A.B.C. programme from 5.30 p.m. !Pepin, Bantow, Washfo!d, Chapman). VLW, 6l 30kc., 48.94m., Perth: Replaces VLW-3 al 8 p.m. (Pepin) . Fiji. the air again late in January. New Caledonia. audible occasionally, and then weakly. Re- cent card gives schedule as 5.30-6.30 p.m. on Thur."10y and Saturday. THE EAST. Philippine Is. KZRH, 9660kc., 3 l .06m., Manila: Strong station, heard nightly I Pepin, Woshfo1"."i, Ban- tow, Dignam). KZRM, 9570kc., 3 l .35m., Manila: Also puts in a good signal every night !Pepin, Coggins, Wash fold, Bantc,w, Dignom, Chapman) . KZIB, 9500kc., 31.SSm., Manila: Yet an- cther strong sigpa: at night (Pepin, '-Nashfold1 Bantow, D'gnam, Chapmon). KZEG/KZRF, 6140kc., 48.86m., Manila: Probably the strongest 49-metre signal at night. Still uses both calls !Pepin, Cushen, Wasf">fold, Bontow, Johns). KZRH, 6090kc., 49.2Sm., Manila: Heard nightly; fairly strong I Coggins) . KZIB, 6040kc., 49.67m., Manila: Fairly strong. with some programme as 9500kc., transmitter IWoshfoldl . Japan. JZK, l 5 l 60kc., l 9.79m., Tokyo: Fairly good in mornings; around 7 a.m. is best (Pepin, Coggins, Wash fold, Dignam). JVH, l 4600kc., 20.5Sm., Tokyo: Reported frorr, the West; heard just after 12 noon •Pepin'. JZJ, l l 8JOkc., 25.42m., Tokyo : Regularly in the morn•ngs, and at night with English ses- sion I Pepin, Bantow).
 * VLQ-5, 9590kc., 3 l.28m., Sydney: New
 * VPD-2, 953Skc., 3 l .47m., Suva: Bock on
 * FKSAA, 6122kc., 49m., Noumea: Only

JYW-3, l l720kc., 25.6m., Tokyo: Strong signal .:it night; bes~ from 8 p.m. Eastern programme IWashfold, Johns I. JL T-2, 964Skc., 31. l m., Tokyo: Strong signals 8t times from this early morning stat ion, which closes at 6.30 a.m. I Neill). JZI, 9535kc., 3 l .47m., Tokyo: From l 0 p.m., badly interfering with KGEI in some localities ICo;ig1nsl. JVW, 7258kc., 4 l .34m., Tokyo: Used with other Toky~ JZ station s in early mJrning session 15-7 a.m.) (Johns). Hong Kong. ZBW-3, 952Skc., 3 l .49m.: Heard nightly at good strength. One listener reports this station on approx. 9600kc., but have no con firrnction of this I Ban tow, Washfold I. India. VUD-3, l 5290kc., l 9.62m., Delh;: Not heard ir. our locality lately, but reported from N.Z. aroun:J 2 p.m. I Cushen, Johns). VUD-2, 9590kc., 31 .28m., Delhi: Very gJod signal, opening at l 0.30 p.m. with news session I Pepin, Cushen, Bantow, Chapman). VUD-8, 1960kc., 60.48rn., Delhi: Fair signal amid a lot of noise; news as VUD-2 at l 0.30 p.n". !Johns) . VUM-2, ·1920kc., 60.98m., Madras: WeCJkest or low frequency Ind ians; better in N.Z. !Johns). VUB-2, 4880kc., 6 i .48m., Bombay: Fairly strong IJohnsl. VUC-2, 4840kc., 61. 98rn ., Calcutta: Fairly strong !Johns). Malaya. ZHP, 9690kc., 30.96rn ., Singapore: Still heard faidy well at times, bu-t often marred by QRM I Pepin, Wash fold, Bantow, Chapman I. ZHJ, 6080kc., 19.3m., Penang: Still fairly strong at times, but becoming more erratic (Woshfolcl, Bantow). French lndo-China. Radio Saigon, l l 7SOkc, 25.47m., One of strongest stations now heard. Saigon: English sessior.s nightly I Pepin, Cushen, Bantow, Washfold, Chapman) . China. XGOX, l5190kc., l9.7Sm., Szechwan Province: Widely reported at good strength; usually around 7 p.m. I Pep:n, Cushen, Washtold, Bantow, Johns, Dignam, Chapman). XGOY, l l900kc., 25.2lm., sol'l"e IJcation: Much the semi:! as last month; much !0 1 ...1der at night I Pepin, Coggins, Wash fold, Bantow, Chopmani. XMHA, l l 855kc., 25.3 m., Shanghai: Reasonably g•ood signal at ni·ght IN8illl. XGOK, l i 650kc., 25.7 Sm., Canton: Fairly strong; news at 11.15 p.m. I Bantow, Chapman). XTC, 9295kc., .32.28m., Shanghai: Just fair on some nights. XGAP, 9550kc., 3 l .3Sm, Peking: Sometimes heard around l a.m. XPSA, 7000kc., 42.Sm.. Kweiyang: Still a nice signal from l l p.m. !Coggins, Cushen, Washlold, Bantow). Dutch East Indies. YOB, 153 l Okc., l 9.6m., Bandoeng: Report- ed from several sources. Heard in West at 12.30 p.m.; and on Sunclay afternoon.s at 4 p.m. in the Eastern States I Pepin, Wmnfolci I. YDC. l 5l 50kc., 19.Sm., Bandoeng: Regular night station; also heard from ? a.m., ~md around noon in H' ~ west (Pepin, Coggin:;, Johns Wash fold, Bontow). *--' 1191 Okc., 25. l 9m., location unknown· New NIROM transmitter heard in west with same programme as YDB and YDC around noon I Pepin) . PLP, 110001-.c., 27.27m., Bandoeng, NIROM relay: Best at night I Pepin, Wash field, Ban - tow, Chapman) PMN, l 0260kc., 29.24m., Bandoeng: As PLP I Pepin, Washlold, Bantow, Chapman). YOB, 9550kc., 31.4 l m., Bandoeng : Heard best around midnight; good signal in the ·Nest I Pepin).

PMH, 6720kc., 44.64m., Bandoeng : Very reliable station; strong signal every night (Pepin, Coggins, Wmhhkl, Bantowl . YDD, 6045kc., 49.63m., Bandoeng: Still heard fairly well after 9.30 p.m. (Cusher, Washfold, Bantowl. PMV, 5l45kc., 58.3lm., Bandoeng: Very strong in west; noise usually mars reception (Pepin). 10w-frequency station reported from the west I Pepin I. from N.Z. with fair signal at 12.45 o.m. '''YDP-2, 3430kc., 87.4m., Soeroboi : Also reported from N.Z.; heard around l o.m. Manchukuo. MTCY, l 1775kc., 25.48m., Hsinking: Doily from 7 o.m., with news at 7. l 5 o.m.; fa ir signals (Chapmon I. MTCY, 6 l 25kc., 48.98m., Hsinking : A
 * YDE-2, 481 Ckc., 62.37m., Solo : Another
 * YDL-3, 3450kc., 86.9m., Solo: Reported
 * YDA, 3040kc., 98.68m., Tondjongpriok: Report~d from west I Pepin I.

strong signal nightly; no English used ( Cog_ginsl. Thoiland. . HSP-6, 7968kc., 37.56m., Bangkok : Note call letters of this new station which replaces HS6PJ and HS8PJ. Good signals from ll p.m., with frequent English announcements (Pepin, Cushen, Joh,,;). Taiwan. JIE, 7295kc., 41 .13m., Tyureki : Weakish signal after midnight. Burma. X'fZ, 6007kc., 49.?4m., Rangoon: Fairly strong at times, but varies a good deal; best around 12.30 o.m. with news (Bontow, Cushen). . *--, 6056kc., 49.54m., Rangoon: New station, whk-:h carries ·ihe same programme as XYZ. Strong signal, better than XYZ. EUROPE. Portugal. CSW-4, l5215kc., l9.7 lm., Lisbon : Still putting in a fine signal on opening at 2 a .m. CSW-6, l l 040kc., 27. l 7m., Lisbon : A fa irly good signal between 4 011d 6.30 o.m. (Neill, Chapmon).

CSW-7, 9740kc., 30.Bm., Lisbqn: A good consistent signa l ofter 7 o.m. ( Bontow), Sweden. SBT, 15155kc., l 9.8m., Motola: Only on Sunday; from 6 p.m. SBP, l l 705kc., 25.63m., Motola: Still a ud - ible on some mornings till 7.15 a.m., but rather poor sigr:al. Turkey. TAP·, 9465kc., 3 1.7m., An!<.oro: Still a tine signal ever~· morning (Coggins, Bantow, Johns, Chapmon! . Hollond. PHl-2, 17770kc., l 6.88m., Huizen: Audible at night from I 0.40 p.m.; but hard to separ- ate from TPB-3 on new frequency of l 7775kc. (Coggins, Wa sh fold, Chapman) . PCJ .. 2, i 5220kc., 19. 7 J m., Huizen: Good signal from l 0.40 p.m. (Coggins, Cushen, Chapmon). PCJ, 9590kc., 3 l .28m., Huizen : Heard on Monday and Wednesday mornings fro11i 5 a .m. (Coggins, Chapmon ), Spain. EAQ, 9860kc., 30.43m., Madrid : Erratic, but con be heard in early morning; news in English around 6.15 o.m. (Coggins, Neill). Yugo-Slavia. YUC, 9';05kc., 3 l .56m., Belgrade: Sti ll a good signal, but suffers badly from QRM from GSB (Johns, Chapman). YUA, 6100kc., 49.l8m., Be lgrade: Still heard !n the morn ings I Coggins). Swih:erland. HBJ, 14535kc., 20.64m., Geneva: Heard only on Sunday afternoons, around 6 p.m. HBO, 1 l 402kc., 26.32m., Geneva: As HBJ (Chapmon ). Hungory. HAS-3, l 5370kc., l 9.52m., Budapest: Watch for this one at midnight on Sundays. Vatican City. HVJ, 6190kc., 48.47m.: rleord at quite good strength in the early mornings before 6 a.m. Belgium. ORK, l0330kc., 29.04m., Ruysselede: Reported from several places, but not heard lately in our localit y. Albania. ZAA, 6085kc., 49.3m., Tirona : Still heard ot f-CJir strength from 3.20 a .m. Norway. LKV, 15170kc., l9.78m., Oslo : Still a good si<)no! from 1 a .m. Italy. Stations logged: 2R0-8, l7820kc., 16.84m.; iR0-6, '15300kc., l 9.61 m. ; 2R0-14, l 5230kc., 19.7m.; 2R0-5, l5l70kc., 19.78m.; 2R0-12, l5l00kc., 19.87m.; 2R0-4, l 180lkc., 25.4m.; 2R0-15, l l 760kc., 25.5 l m.; 2R0-9, 9667kc., 3 l.03m ; 2R0-3, 9630kc., 3 l.15m. ; IQA, 14795kc., 20.28m.; IQY, l l 673kc., 25.74m.; and IRF, 9830kc., 30.52m. Of these stations the best are 2R0-3 (morn- ings and at 4 p.m.); 2R0-4 (strongest at 2 a.m. i and I RF (mornings). France. New ronsmitter heard at good strength during afternoons till just after 4 p.m.-hos a p- parently replaced station on 9680kc. (Woshfold, Johns). TPC, l 1843kc., 25.35m., Paris · Note call of this Paris Mondiol station which continues to put in a very goocf signal around 7a.m. TPC, 9680kc., 30.99m., Parisi: Note call. Apparently replaced by 9520kc., transmitter. Also logged : TPB-3, l7775kc. , l 6.88m.; TPA-2, l 5245kc., l 9.68m.; TPB-11 and TPB-12, 11885kc., 25.23m.; TPA-4, 1 l718kc., 25.6m.; TPB- 11, 7280kc., 4l.2lm. U.S.S.R. Statio'1s heard: RV-96, l 5400kc., l9.47m.; RV-%, l5 l80kc., l9.76m.; RNE, 12000kc., 25m.; RAN, 9600kc., 3 l.25m.; RV .. 96, 9520kc., 31.51 m.; RKI, 7520kc., 39.89m.; RV-96, 6030kc., 49.7:5m.; RV-59, 6000kc., 50m.; RV-15, 4273kc., 70.2l m.; a nd the new station on 9680kc., 30.97m.
 * Paris Mondial, 9520kc., 3 l.5m., Paris:
 * TYA-2, 9040kc., 33. 19m., aris: Heard at quite good strength around 7 o.m.; no Eng- lish announcements (Johns).

P.30 - Shortwave Section - Waverley Radio Club Notes
WAVERLEY RADIO CLUB NOTES With the commencement of the New Year this club has made a determined effort to maintain the pre-war standard of activity during the meetings. At the first meeting in 1940 mem- bers were treated to another of those interesting demonstrations by Jack Howes. On this occasion Jack recorded the voices of those present. The highlight of this event was a vocal trio of jitterbugs who crooned some war songs into the mike. The following week Mr. Howes again entertained with a full-length movie programme which included Charlie Chaplin and a cowboy film, causing great hilarity. On ,Tanuary 23 your scribe, D. Dunn, came forward with a modest talk on the design of receivers. It is interesting to note that the discontinuation of amateur transmitting has not affected the enthusiasm of the club members, the only absentees being those who are in camp.

P.32 - Shortwave Section - Ultra-High-Frequency Notes
Ultra-High-Frequency Notes Conditions Improve Slightly. As hos been the case in the post few years ultra -high-frequency conditions hove improv· ed since about the middle of February. Although, at the t 'nie of writing, signals on 10 a'1d 1 l metres ore by no meor.s strong, they arc much more consistent than earlier in the year. The l 0-metre amateur bond hos improved a good deal, and this would seem to indicate that the police bonds may open up again for a while before winter. 11-Metre Band Loggings. WSXNU, 25950kc., l l .56m., Cincinnati: Still the best station on the bond, with a fairly good signal practically every morn ing. W4XA, 26150kc., 1 l .47m., Nashville: Greatly improved during the last few weeks, and nearly a s strono 'as WSXNU on some morn ings. W9XPD. 25900kc., l l.58m., St. Louis: Heard aimcst every morning, but always a weak signal. W9XH, 26050kc., l 1.52m., South Bend: Difficult to log, but sometimes heard before closing at 9.30 a .m. Verifications. An interesting verification is to hand from the County of Los Angeles police transmitter, KQBV, 3 l 900kc. This confirms our report of November last, and mentions that KQBV uses a power of 500 watts. Additional verifications from the Crosley Corporation station, WSXNU, Cincinnati, on l l metres, gives the latest schedule for that station as:-Week-days: 10 p.m.-4 p.m. next dov; Sundays: l 1 p.m.-4 p.m. Monday.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Planet Earth/1i. Time: The Invention of Seconds using Earth’s Motion

The Periodic Swing of a Pendulum
Earth’s motion would play a vital role in unlocking the knowledge of how to measure the units of seconds and standardizing the accuracy of time. The first breakthrough was made by Galileo Galilei in 1581 while attending a particularly boring lecture, as the story has been retold and likely fictionalized. In the room was a chandelier swinging by a breeze from an open window. The rate of the swings seemed to be independent of the length of the swing, as the chandelier arched for a longer distance it appeared to move at a faster rate. Galileo was the first to discover that pendulums behave isochronicially, meaning that the periodic swing of a pendulum is independent of the amplitude (the angle an object is let go) or width of the arc of the swing. The rate of a pendulum’s swing was also independent of the mass of the object at the end of the pendulum, however it is dependent on the length of the string of the hanging object.

If two weights were hung from strings of equal length, and started in a rocking motion at the same time they would match the exact rate of each swing, and allow for accurate time keeping. The use of pendulums for time keeping was later perfected by Christiaan Huygens, who wrote a book on the use of pendulums for clocks, published in 1673. In fact, pendulums in the 1670s were at their height in terms of scientific curiosity. A pendulum with a set length would be set to rocking, and the number of swings would be counted for a full sidereal day or when a star reached the same position the following night. It was tedious work counting every swing of a pendulum for an entire day and night, until the star reached the same point in the sky. The ability to measure experiments and observations by seconds using a fixed length pendulum revolutionized science.

In 1671 the French Academy sent Jean Richer to the city of Cayenne in French Guiana South America, near the Equator. Although set to observe the positions of Mars in the night sky to calculate the distance from Earth to Mars, Jean Richer also took with him a pendulum with a fixed length counted out for the number of swings in Paris for a full sidereal day. While in French Guiana he did the same experiment, and determined that the number of pendulum swings differed between the two cities. Previously it had been thought that the only thing that altered the rate of the pendulum swing was the length of the pendulum. This curious experiment, and others like it, led to the fundamental scientific concept regarding the moment of inertia as proposed by Christiaan Huygens.

The moment of inertia is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by the radius squared from the center of mass or
 * $$I = mr^2.$$

Isaac Newton, a contemporary and friend of Christiaan Huygens realized that the differences in the number of swings on the pendulum between these two places on Earth was because each city was located at a slightly different radius from the center of Earth’s mass. With Paris closer to the center of the Earth, while city of Cayenne further from the center of the Earth with a position closer to the Equator. The rate of the pendulum swing was thus due to the differences in the acceleration of Earth’s gravity at each city.

The length of time for each pendulum swing
 * $$T = 2\pi \sqrt\frac{L}{g},$$

where L is the length of the pendulum and g is the local acceleration of gravity. This equation works only for pendulums with short swings with small amplitudes, and a set moment of inertia. (If you get that pendulum really rocking in an accelerating car, you need to use a much more complicated formula). The length of a pendulum in Paris, France, which resulted in a 1-second swing was almost officially defined as the official length of 1-meter. However, the length of a meter was chosen as a Meridian in Paris, with the official 1-second pendulum of 0.9937 meters in length, which became the standard in most clocks. However, this length was adjusted slightly to account for variations in Earth’s gravity, and one of the reasons the 1-second length pendulum was not used as the standard unit of 1-meter in 1791 when the metric system was first designed.

Evidence of a Spinning Earth: Foucault’s Pendulum
The work of Isaac Newton and Christiaan Huygens on pendulums confirmed that Earth’s gravity acted as an acceleration. One way to demonstrate this acceleration is to imagine a pendulum inside a car. Both the pendulum and car are stationary before the start of a race, but once the race begins, the car increases its speed down the race track and the pendulum inside the car will be pulled backward due to the inertia of the acceleration of the race car (as will the driver). However, if the car travels a constant speed (velocity) with zero acceleration, as long as the car does not change its velocity, and no object touches the pendulum, the pendulum inside the car will remain stationary even as the car is traveling at a high speed. Isaac Newton realized that Earth’s gravity behaves like a pendulum in an accelerating car. Hence, we refer to Earth’s gravity, as the acceleration of gravity, or in mathematical formulas as little g.

One of the most amazing experiments, which has been replicated around the world is the use of a large pendulum to demonstrate the spinning motion of the Earth, as well a method to calculate latitude. It was first performed by Léon Foucault, the inventor of the gyroscope, which he hoped to use to see the rotation of the Earth’s spin. However, it was his experiment with a pendulum that he is best known for. Foucault build a very long pendulum in his attic, and set it in motion by tying a string to the end of the pendulum at a set amplitude, and using a flame burned the string, which set the pendulum in motion without any jostling. He watched its movement and noticed that it started to rotate very slowly. The reason for this rotational motion was the fact that the pendulum was not moving, but the ground beneath his feet was—with the rotation of the Earth! In a famous demonstration, Léon Foucault built a giant pendulum in the Panthéon of Paris, and showed to the public that a pendulum swings will rotate around a circle in 31.8 hours in Paris. At each point in its rotation the swinging pendulum will mark a path. The length of time this rotation occurs is related to the position in latitude, as a large pendulum at the north or south pole would mark the path of Earth’s rotation in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds. But in Paris with at a latitude 48.8566° N, the rotation of the Earth beneath the pendulum takes larger, and the closer to the equator the longer this rotation will become, until it no longer rotates as it approaches the equator.

The reason for this is lack of rotation at the equator is that the plane of reference of the pendulum and the spinning Earth are the same, while at the Earth’s poles the spinning Earth below the pendulum is spinning clockwise around the pendulum or counterclockwise at the South Pole. If you have ever observed a Foucault Pendulum for any length of time, you will feel a sense of vertigo, as you realize that the motion of the swinging pendulum is not moving, but the Earth is. A Foucault pendulum still is running inside the Panthéon of Paris today, as well as numerous other places around the world as this demonstration validates Earth’s spinning motion.

A failed experiment to measure the Earth’s spin using the speed of light
Léon Foucault may best be known for his pendulum in the Panthéon of Paris, but he invented something that would have revolutionized science, and it had to do with his obsession with the motion of Earth’s spin, and it involved using the spinning motion of a mirror to measure the speed of light for the first time in history. The apparatus consisted of a beam of light shone on a spinning wheel of mirrors that reflected a beam of light on to a stationary mirror, which reflected the light back to the set of spinning mirrors. In the time that the light took to reflect off the stationary mirror and return to the spinning wheel of mirrors, the spinning mirrors would have moved slightly with a slightly different orientation. This change results in a beam of light that would not reflect directly back to the exact original light source, but deflected at a slight angle depending on the speed of the spinning wheel of mirrors. Using this simple apparatus Léon Foucault calculated the speed of light was close to its modern determined value today of 299,792,458 meters per second, he found a value between 298 million and 300 million meters per second! Light had baffled scientists as it appeared to behave as both a particle and sometimes a wave. In 1801 Thomas Young conducted a simple experiment. He cut two slits in a box, and shone light through the slits and observed that the two beams of light shone on a nearby wall were interfering with each other like ripples of passing waves. A similar phenomenon is observed when two stones are dropped at the same time into a lake, the rippling waves will interfere with each other as they radiate out from the dropped stones. If light was a wave, as this experiment suggested, then light waves must be passing through some medium, which scientists called the aether. The existence of this aether was difficult to prove, but two American scientists Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley dedicated their lives to prove the existence of aether using the speed of light, and the rotation of the Earth, yet they failed.

Taking inspiration from the motion of pendulums, the speed of light must vary depending on the motion of the Earth’s spin. At the Equator, if one shone a light in the north-south direction and another light beam in the east-west direction, the speed of light should be different, because the Earth is spinning below each of the two beams of light at a rate of 1,040.45 miles per hour (1674.44 km/hr) in the East-West direction. Just like in the motion of pendulums, light should show differences as waves in this “wind” of aether traveled against Earth’s spin.

In 1887, Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley measured the speed of light in two different directions as precisely as possible in a vacuum of air, and each time they found the same results, the two speeds of light, no matter their orientation were exactly the same! There appeared to be no invisible aether, but the speed of light, unlike Earth’s gravity appear to be a constant. How could this be?

The Michelson and Morley experiment is one of the most famous failed experiments, and while it did not prove the presence of aether, it led to a major breakthrough in science.

Lorentz Transformations
The solution to the problem was solved by a brilliant Dutch scientist named Hendrik Lorentz, who suggested the reason why the experiment failed was that the distance measured was slightly different, because of the difference in Earth’s speed or velocity.

To demonstrate this mathematically Hendrik Lorentz imagined two beams of bouncing light between mirrors traveling at different but constant speeds. If the speed of light between the two mirrors was held the same, and if you knew the constant velocity of the two light beams, the path of the faster moving light beam would travel a longer distance, since as the light traveled the mirror would move in relationship to the slower moving, or stationary light beam. The faster the velocity of the light beam the longer the path it has to take between the mirrors, and to complete this path in the same amount time, suggested that time is relative to velocity. In a series of mathematical equations known as the Lorentz transformations, Lorentz calculated the time dilation also known as the length dilation by an expression of
 * $$\Delta L' = \frac 1 {\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$$

Where v is the velocity of an object with zero acceleration (such as the spinning Earth) and c is the speed of light. The larger this number, the shorter the length of a meter will become and the longer time will be. Graphing this mathematical equation results in low values when velocity is less than half the speed of light, but very high values when the velocity approaches the speed of light, and reaching infinity and breaking down when velocity of an object reaches the speed of light.

It is likely the most frightening equation you will ever see, as at its root it determines the universal speed limit of anything with mass in the universe. Faster than light travel for anything with mass is an impossibility according to Lorentz transformations, and with the distance to the nearest star other than the Sun over 4 light years away (roughly 25 trillion miles away). A rocket shot into space at Earth’s current rate of galactic motion of 439,246 miles per hour, the rocket would take around 6,500 years to reach the nearest star, far longer than your life span. Despite science fiction depicted in movies and video games where distances across the universe are short, easily traveled, and populated by aliens, these imaginations are simply wishful thinking. Earth will always be your home. You are inevitably stuck here.

The Michelson and Morley experiment is still being replicated, most recently with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which is a set of two observatories in Washington and Louisiana that each measure the distance between two mirrors oriented in different directions. Any changes in the distance between the mirrors spaced 4 kilometers apart, and measured extremely precisely by observed changes in the light wave frequencies (to the breadth of a single atom’s width), are due to gravitational waves caused by the collisions of super massive black holes and neutron stars millions of light years from Earth. We may not be able to visit these places, but we can observe them on Earth, as gravitational waves flickering nearly imperceivable through light. The Lorentz transformation was intensely studied by one of Lorentz’s students, a young Albert Einstein, who with the aid of Lorentz, formulated his theory of Special Relativity in 1905 in his paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Both Lorentz and Einstein showed how your notion of time is relative to your motion, or more precisely Earth’s velocity. Your sense of time is interwoven with the planet’s motion through space. A few months after his publication of special relativity in 1905, Einstein asked the question big, what does this constant of the speed of light have to do with Mass and Energy? Resulting in Einstein’s famous equation $$E = mc^2$$. Where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light, but before you can learn more about this famous equation of Einstein’s, you will need to learn more about Earth’s energy and matter.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 04

P.01 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 4. - APRIL, 1940 - No. 11.

P.01 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL

"Junior" Short-wove Converter. . . . 3

"Bedsider" 2-valve Battery T.r.f. .. . . 7

" R.E." Portable Kit-set. . . . 16

"Scout" Battery-operated T.r.f. .. . . 38

" R.C.S. Version of the Picnic Portable . . . . 14

GENERAL ARTICLES

Letters to the Editor. . . . 13

Radio Saves the Fruit Crop. . . . 13

Air-Test No. 1. . . . 37

Hints and Tips. . . . 42

TEST EQUIPMENT

Valve and Circuit Testers. . . . 9

Laboratory Service for Readers. . . . 43

SHORT-WAVE SECTION

The Month's Loggings. . . . 34

Station Schedules and Changes. . . . 33

Special Notice to DX Club Members. . . . 36

AMPLIFIER SECTION

Amplifiers for Home Use. . . . 17

Amplifier Championship. . . . 19

"Baby Grand" Amplifier. . . . 21

"Big Boy" Power Amplifier. . . . 29

"Fundamental" Power Supply. . . . 25

JUNIOR TECHNICAL

Soldering. . . . 44

Novel Wet Cell. . . . 45

TRADE NOTES

Amplifier Equipment. . . . 20

Morse Code Kit. . . . 42

SPEEDY QUERY SERVICE

Answers to Readers' Problems. . . . 47

P.01 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. G. Hull. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40)

P.02 - Editorial
Editorial

First of all I want to thank you all for the wonderful reception you have given me and the effective help. Apparently hundreds of my friends, whom I have never had the pleasure of meeting, have shown themselves to be true friends by spreading the news, and it has travelled far and wide at great speed. One big result has been a tremendous increase in my mail and 'phone calls and what with trying to get out a bigger and better issue, and catch up with my correspondence, I have put in the busiest month I can ever remember. It has been good fun, of course, because it has been so successful. I don't think anybody minds working hard when they can easily see that they are progressing. Particularly gratifying has been the response to our offer of a technical query service by return mail, and to our offer of laboratory service, although both of these have added greatly to the amount of work to be done. Additional staff has been obtained, however, and from now on we should have little difficulty in keeping abreast of the work involved. It is with regret that I have to announce that a change has been found unavoidable in connection with our short-wave review. Mr. Alan Graham, who has conducted this section in such fine manner for some time has gone into camp and so will not be able to contribute these notes for future issues. My luck holds, however, and I consider that I have been most fortunate in being able to obtain Mr. L. J. Keast to carry on the work. Mr. Keast has been a prominent short-wave listener for years and a keen contributor to leading journals. We feel sure that Mr. Keast will carry on the short-wave review in grand style. Speaking of changes, you will notice a couple of new features in this issue, a page for letters to the editor, and a Hints and Tips page, contributed by '''Walter G. Nichols''', one of radio's pioneer experimenters, a fine artist and a man with a keen appreciation of the finer points of radio theory and practice. Work in connection with the amplifier championship is way ahead of me at the moment as I have been so busy with other things. Keen interest has been shown however, and that is what matters most. Already I have hod several entries and bookings for seats, also applications for positions on the judging staff, and on the organising committee. These things should be straightened out in the course of the next few days, so if you have anything you want to say about the contest I'd appreciate a letter immediately. It's your contest and I want you to see that you get your share of the work, interest, and enjoyment. — A. G. HULL

P.36 - Short-Wave Section - Special Notice to DX Club Members
'''DX CLUB MEMBERS. SPECIAL NOTICE.'''

Members of the All-Wave All-World DX Club are advised that they should make a point of replenishing their stock of stationery immediately, as all paper prices have risen, and we expect that within a few weeks it will be necessary to increase prices by at least 25%. While stocks last the following stationery is available at the old prices, as shown.

REPORT FORMS.— Save time and make sure of supplying all the information required by using these official forms, which identify you with an established DX organisation.

Price .................................................. 1 /6 for 50, post free.

NOTEPAPER.— Headed Club notepaper for members' correspondence is also available.

Price .......................................... 1/6 for 50 sheets, post free.

DX CLUB STICKERS.— Enlarged two-colour replicas of the Club badge, in the form of gummed stickers, designed for attaching to envelopes, QSL cards, etc.

Price 5 dozen for 1/6, post free.

DX CLUB LOG SHEETS.— Designed by the Short-wave Editor, these headed and ruled log sheets are indispensable to dxers who wish to keep a simply-prepared and accurate list of loggings.

Price 3 dozen for 1/6, post free.


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1940 05

P.01 - Contents Banner
The Australasian Radio World

Incorporating the

All-Wave All-World DX News

Vol. 4. - MAY, 1940 - No. 12.

P.02 - Contents
CONTENTS:

CONSTRUCTIONAL -

"De-Luxe Fidelity 8". . . . 3

"12-Volve Super Set". . . . 9

"Mystery Dual-waver". . . . 15

"Vibra" P.A. Amplifier. . . . 18

"Junior" S. W. Converter for Batteries. . . . 37

GENERAL TECHNICAL -

Crystal circuits. . . . 34

Modest Kitsets. . . . 35

Headache Corner. . . . 17

The Sniper Post. . . . 13

Gang's All Here. . . . 40

Valve Characteristics. . . . 43

AMPLIFIER SECTION

Diphonic Reproducers. . . . 26

Further Notes on Fidelity. . . . 21

AMPLIFIER CHAMPIONSHIP. . . . 24

SHORT-WAVE SECTION

Review. . . . 29

The Month's Loggings. . . . 30

The DX Club. . . . 33

JUNIOR TECHNICAL

Twist Drills. . . . 44

Amplifier Hints. . . . 45

Hints and Tips. . . . 42

Handy Saw. . . . 44

TRADE NOTES

Rola Expands. . . . 15

Murdoch's Kitsets. . . . 35

Philips Valves. . . . 41

Telsen Two-range Meters. . . . 42

Mullard Booklet. . . . 43

SPEEDY QUERY SERVICE

Answers to Readers' Problems. . . . 47

P.01 - Publication Notes
The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. G. Hull. Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion.

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.48)

P.02 - Editorial Notes
'''Editorial Notes. . .'''

Things are booming along at a great pace. For the April issue we printed just twice as many copies as were sold of the February issue, but within a week we found ourselves completely out of stock and we had to disappoint hundreds who wrote in from every part of Australia trying to obtain a copy of this issue. Actually there is a chance that some copies will be returned from newsagents in outlying districts, and if any such copies become available those who have placed orders for them can rest assured that the orders will be filled in rotation as soon as possible. Organization for the Amplifier Championship is also getting ahead at a fast pace, and already prizes to the value of over £80 have been donated, and it seems that the final prize list will total well over £100. Readers are warned, however, that we move at a rapid pace when we get started and therefore it is essential for everyone interested to write now and book seats for the auditions, or place their entry, as the case may be. We know that it takes a bit of an effort to look out some paper and a pen, and then the ink, find the stamp and get the letter posted, but if you don't want to get left out of this extremely interesting contest you'll have to take a grab of yourself by the back of the collar and get moving! Owners of comparatively simple amplifiers will be pleased to know that they are not only eligible to compete, but that they stand a good chance of collecting some of the excellent prizes which have been allotted for amplifiers using not more than three valves in all, including the rectifier. There is no entry fee of any kind and the whole contest is being conducted solely in the interests of enthusiasts, so be sure you get your share of the fun. Already the contest has stirred up keen interest, and as a result the two major speaker companies are hard at work on the job of producing reproducer equipments capable of giving phenomenal fidelity at a price within the reach of the average enthusiast. We draw special attention to the details of these assemblies, as covered in the two articles in the special amplifier section. A. G. HULL