text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity

This Wikibook contains a critical appraisal on the research article Preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity with resistance training: Reporting interindividual variability. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases by Delgado-Floody P, Álvarez C, Lusa Cadore E, Flores-Opazo M, Caamaño-Navarrete F, Izquierdo M.

What is the background to this research?
The background of the research revolves around the affect resistance training has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity through resistance training. it has been shown that resistance training improves health markers in obesity, but there is no current research it has on morbid obesity The aim was to determine the effects of a resistance training program in the preventing the metabolic syndrome in patients with morbid obesity. A second aim of this research was to report the variability in terms of improvements in MetS markers and any other related co-variables .As stated earlier their are no current research on resistance training and morbid obesity, this will help further research when assessing resistance training and the relationship it has with morbid obesity. This is important as it will help further research and perhaps lead to improvement in obesity rates through resistance training.

Obesity can be defined by body weight, body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared) and body fat percentage, although there is no generally accepted classification. The reasons are multifactorial, with genetic, environmental, socio-economic and behavioural or psychological influences.The health conditions caused or exacerbated from obesity include hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), sleep apnea and the hypoventilation of obesity, back and articulation problems, cardiovascular disease, pseudotumora Cerebri, thromboembolic disease.

Where is the research from?
The research was conducted at Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. The research was completed by a number of researchers in all departments at the Universidad de La Frontera, chile

One such researcher Pedro Delgado-Floody examines the response to various lifestyle interventions in schoolchildren, examining physical, cognitive, and academic aspects (association and response to PA). He also examines the response to various PA, nutritional education, and psychological support interventions, determining the impact of sociodemographic factors (i.e., socioeconomic, family members, marital status, etc, among others).

The study was funded by the University de La Frontera,Chile Project DI18-0043. Mikel Izquierdo is funded in part by a grant from the Ministerio de Economía, Industriay Competitividad (project number PI17/01814) Spain.

What kind of research was this?
The paper was a experimental clinical trial, patients were selected based on obese and morbid obese conditions and who were also candidates for bariatric surgery. The intervention was a lifestyle study comprising over 20 weeks while involving resistance training.

What did the research involve?
The inclusion criteria were as follows: i)>18 and 60 years of age, participation in daily activities including walking,physical autonomy, ii) medical authorisation by a physician, and iii) BMI35 kg/m2, according to the following classification: class II obesity BMI, class III morbid obesity BMI40 kg/m2

MetS indicators (waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure [BP], fasting glucose, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides) and other co-variables were measured in the participants (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, one-maximum repetition of biceps curl, and handgrip strength, 6 min walking test)

The 20-week RT programme consisted of three 1-hour weekly sessions. To avoid injuries, each session began with a 10-minute warm-up that included continuous walking and joint mobility and flexibility exercises, followed by a 5-minute cool-down and stretching time. 4 to 8 RT exercises targeting the following muscle areas were incorporated in each session: 1. forearm, 2. knee flexors and 3. extensors, 4. trunk, 5. chest, 6. shoulder elevators, 7. horizontal shoulder flexors and 8. extensors, and 9. plantar flexors .Each muscle group's workouts were performed in three sets of as many repetitions (continuous concentric/eccentric voluntary contraction) as feasible in one minute, followed by a two-minute rest period.

Prior to starting the RT programme, each participant was assessed using a subjective modified Borg scale (1e10 points) to determine muscle exertion (i.e., the load [kg]) in 1 minute of exercise. The recovery time decreased from 2 minutes (week 1e4) to 1.5 minutes (week 5e10) and remained stable until week 20 of RT. Every two weeks, the percentage one repetition maximum (1RM) of intensity created by each exercise was gradually increased from 40 to 55 percent, based on the individuals' physiological adaptations. As a result, participants always did one minute of exercise, three times (i.e., three times) per exercise, with rest periods in between. The session lasted one hour, including the warm-up, the eight exercises, and the cool-down. Dumbbells, free weights, and metal bars were used in the exercises, which were adjusted each week in terms of individual load or participation by exercise. In a dumbbell test, the 1RM strength test intensity ranged between 20 and 40% of 1RM.

What were the basic results?
The main results of the study are that determinants of MetS including waist circumference, SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, and triglycerides, are all significantly reduced following a 20-week RT program in both subjects with obesity or morbid obesity. Also, there was no overall difference in the prevalence of non-responders in terms of improvements in MetS outcomes (in exception of body mass which is not considered a MetS criteria) after the 20 week intervention.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The methodology of this intervention that was selected is relatively not expensive, it was also a reliable method of measuring and assessing the participants involved.

Overall, resistance training is shown to improve certain determinants of metS including waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides following the resistance training intervention of 20 weeks, this was shown in the people who were morbidly obese and obese Many other studies have shown similar results, Because RT has a clinically and statistically significant influence on metabolic syndrome risk variables such obesity, HbA1c levels, and systolic blood pressure, it should be used to treat type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases.

Although there is some studies that go against this conclusion, where they list resistance training does not have a big impact on, one research article states that, RT has been demonstrated to increase glucose tolerance, glycosylated haemoglobin, strength, and lean body mass in previous studies The impact of RT on other metabolic variables, on the other hand, is less obvious. The control of weight gain, the extent of weight loss, and changes in body composition generated by exercise training are of great interest to both the general public and the scientific community

Practical advice
The following guidelines should be followed in relation to daily exercise and sedentary time:

At least 1 hour of moderate to vigorous activity involving mainly aerobic activities per day.Vigorous activities should be incorporated at least 3 days per week.Several hours of light activities per day.

Sedentary time- Minimise and break up long periods of sitting.

Aerobic training and RT therapies improve metabolic and cardiovascular health, as well as fitness. Because RT does not necessitate a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness to begin, it is a natural place to start in a weight-loss programme, especially since muscular strength and endurance are essential in all activities of daily living

Further information/resources
Below are more resources about metabolic syndrome and morbid obesity and the symptoms that may occur. please seek guidance if you are concerned about your health.

https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/resistance-training-health-benefits

https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/bmi-calculator


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Krystal

Krystal (クリスタル) is a female anthropomorphic humanoid vixen from the |Star Fox series of video games. She first appeared in Star Fox Adventures as a playable character at the beginning of the game, and was quickly reduced to a damsel in distress. She is now the newest member of the Star Fox team, and is also a playable character in the multiplayer mode of Star Fox: Assault. Her voice is provided by Aya Hara in the Japanese version of Star Fox: Assault. In the English versions, she was voiced by Estelle Ellis in Star Fox Adventures, and Alesia Glidewell in Assault.

Dinosaur Planet

Krystal first appeared in the unfinished game Dinosaur Planet, being developed at the time by Rare. The only known details about her design are that she was to be a 16-year-old feline character, an orphan, and that she was raised by a wizard named Randorn. She was also meant to be playable throughout the entire game.

While Dinosaur Planet was in development, Nintendo was working on a new Star Fox game set on an unspecified planet in the Lylat System (the main setting of the Star Fox series). Nintendo had originally wanted to have this game ready as a launch title for the GameCube console, but the project was behind schedule, and the company began searching for other, more complete projects that could be adapted to the Star Fox universe. Nintendo and Rare eventually agreed to combine the two projects, so Rare converted their game into a Star Fox title.

Large portions of the game had to be rewritten to accommodate Fox McCloud and the new Arwing-based levels. Because Fox became the main character of the game, Krystal's status was reduced to that of damsel in distress.

Star Fox Adventures
At the beginning of the game, we learn that Krystal's home planet, Cerinia, was destroyed, and her parents as well as everyone else on the planet were killed. Although when and how this happened have not been revealed, it is hinted that Andross was responsible. On her quest to find answers, she picks up a distress call and lands on Dinosaur Planet, where she teams up with a Cloudrunner (although unnamed, some speculate this Cloudrunner to be Kyte from Dinosaur Planet). The two soon encounter General Scales and his airship, which causes Krystal to lose her staff.

The Cloudrunner later takes her to the Krazoa Palace where she finds several wounded Earthwalkers. Following their instructions, Krystal walks into the palace and, after completing the Test of Observation, takes a Krazoa spirit into her body. She brings the spirit to a central platform, but as she releases it, a stranger sneaks up behind her. She turns and apparently recognizes this stranger (who does appear to be Andross, seeing fit that the player sees through his eyes again later. The color of Andross's eyesight is identical, as well), but before she can react, she is suddenly frozen in a giant crystal, which is then placed atop the Krazoa Palace.

Later in the game, Fox McCloud investigates the disaster on Dinosaur Planet, and in the process he discovers Krystal's staff. Krystal communicates telepathically with Fox and teaches him how to use the staff, then pleads for his help in bringing the remaining Krazoa spirits back to the palace. For the rest of the game, Krystal is left frozen atop the palace. After releasing the first spirit, Fox discovers Krystal and is immediately taken with her beauty. When he releases the final spirit, the crystal prison shatters and Krystal is freed.

After defeating Andross (disguised as a Krazoa head), Fox returns to the palace to find Krystal missing. He returns to the Great Fox, where she first sends him a message of thanks, then arrives in person. As ROB senses, Fox and Krystal start to fall in love, marking the end of Star Fox Adventures. Shortly after the events of the game, she joins the Star Fox team.

Some evidence suggests that the relationship between Fox and Krystal was originally intended to be deeper and more expressly romantic. Fans have found several clips of unused audio that were cut from the final version of the game. These clips include Krystal's instructions (spoken in English rather than the Saurian language used in the game), Fox's refusal to leave the planet without rescuing Krystal first, and several lines spoken by Krystal directed toward Fox. Of these, the most compelling is a line she speaks after Fox asks her to join the Star Fox team: "I'll only join... if you'll kiss me."

As noted above, the transition from Dinosaur Planet to Star Fox Adventures resulted in Krystal's role in the game being severely reduced; She is only playable for a short time before being imprisoned, and she remains captive until Fox releases her at the end of the game. Also, being recast as Fox's love interest resulted in Krystal's redesign: While she retained the blue fur of her Dinosaur Planet design, she was changed from a cat to a fox and was made several years older (age 19, vs. Fox's 26).

Star Fox: Assault
In Star Fox: Assault, Krystal's role is fairly limited. She is playable only in multiplayer, but is otherwise a secondary character throughout the game. She flies an Arwing and occasionally uses her telepathy skill to sense an enemy's presence and weak point. This skill is usually only mentioned in passing (for example, when fighting the final boss, she detects that the enemy is afraid of its attackers). She and Fox are affectionate toward each other, mainly in cutscenes. She is 20 years old in this game.

Star Fox Command
In the opening of Star Fox Command, it is revealed that Fox and Krystal fell in love and decided to pursue a relationship; however, Fox knew the dangers of their profession, and asked Krystal to step down from the team. Heartbroken, Krystal left Star Fox, and her whereabouts soon became unknown to Fox himself. It is later revealed in the game that Krystal joined the Cornerian army as a pilot, and became somewhat smitten with Star Wolf's Panther Caruso in order to get back at Fox. During the course of the Anglar War, she teams up with Star Wolf to launch an attack on Venom; she also, in some paths, demonstrates a much colder personality than in previous games, especially towards Fox.

In the game, Krystal is a playable character, and returns to fight the Anglar threat in Lylat. She is the only character in the game that flies two different ships. While flying with Star Fox, she pilots a ship called the Cloud Runner, named after (and closely resembling) the pterodactyl-like tribe of Sauria; during missions in which she flies as part of Star Wolf, she pilots a Cornerian fighter and wears a Cornerian pilot's outfit.

Two of the game's endings show Krystal joining Star Wolf; and another ending shows her joining Star Wolf, then leaving to become a bounty hunter. In two endings, Krystal reconciles with Fox and rejoins the Star Fox team; while another shows Fox retiring as a pilot to patch things up with Krystal, and they have a son named Marcus, who goes on to form a new Star Fox team. The other three endings do not mention Krystal's fate.

Abilities
Krystal's abilities are generally downplayed in the Star Fox games, and the origins of these abilities are still a mystery.

It is suggested that she is skilled in hand-to-hand combat and that she uses a magical staff to help her fight, but she only gets to demonstrate this briefly at the beginning of Adventures before she is trapped for the rest of the game. Krystal also has various psychic powers, including extra-sensory perception and telepathy. Again, these powers are not actively used in any of the games thus far, and have been included merely as a minor plot point. Her most prominent use of this ability occurs in Assault, where she detects enemy weaknesses provided she is not removed from battle.

Krystal is an accomplished pilot. She is seen flying a Cloudrunner at the beginning of Adventures, and she later takes up an Arwing in Assault. Later, in Command, she flies both the Cloud Runner (a ship designed after the Saurian tribe) and a Cornerian fighter. In the instruction manual for Assault, she is given stats similar to those of Slippy, and like Slippy and Falco, she occasionally needs Fox to get her out of trouble in Assault. (Of all of Fox's teammates, Krystal needs the least assistance, but this is because she does not have as many flying missions as Falco or Slippy.) She also appears to be reasonably skilled with firearms, as seen in two on-foot levels in Assault where she assists Fox by destroying enemies in a small area. Although she can take damage, her life bar never fully depletes in these levels, and she cannot be harmed by friendly fire.

Love interest
Upon their meeting, Krystal and Fox shared a mutual respect for each other, which soon developed into love. Fox allowed Krystal to become a full-time member of the Star Fox team, and the two later pledged that they would never be without each other. Because Fox feared for her safety, he asked her to step down from the team in Command. The game's alternate endings featured various fates for their relationship:

 * Ending 1: Fox and Krystal - Fox rekindles his relationship with Krystal and reinstates her in the team again.
 * Ending 2: Goodbye, Fox - Fox rekindles his relationship with Krystal and disbands the Star Fox team. They marry and have a son, Marcus McCloud, who later reforms the Star Fox team.
 * Ending 3: Emperor Anglar - Fox rekindles his relationship with Krystal, but she leaves him two months later and joins the Star Wolf team to start a relationship with Panther Caroso.
 * Ending 4: Star Wolf Returns! - Fox permanently ends his relationship with Krystal, who becomes a bounty hunter, adopting the name Kursed. They later meet on the planet Kew, but Fox doesn't recognize her.
 * Ending 5: Lucy and Krystal - Fox rekindles his relationship with Krystal and reinstates her in the Star Fox team.

Game appearances

 * Star Fox Adventures (Adventure game, 2002, GameCube)
 * Star Fox: Assault (Action/adventure game, Action game|Action, 2005, GameCube)
 * Star Fox Command (Scrolling shooter, 2006, Nintendo DS)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/James McCloud

James McCloud is a fictional character from the Star Fox series of video games. He is the father of Fox McCloud and the founder of the Star Fox team. He was betrayed by Pigma Dengar and captured and killed by the evil Andross, his and his son's archnemesis. Peppy Hare informed James's son about his fate. Although, it is debatable whether or not he is truly dead.

The only mention he was given in the original Star Fox was in the briefing before going into the Black Hole, when General Pepper mentions that the Black Hole was where James disappeared, though he was not mentioned by name.

Until Star Fox 64, Fox McCloud's father was not called "James." Some references, such as the comic adaptation published in Nintendo Power, called him "Fox McCloud, Sr." From this it could be theorized that his full name is "James Fox McCloud". His son was either named using his middle name, not an uncommon practice, or his full name is James Fox McCloud Jr., and Fox goes by his middle name to distinguish between himself and his father.

James McCloud makes a very minor appearance in Star Fox: Assault. The Aparoid Queen uses his voice to taunt Fox. The Queen likely got such information from the memories of Pigma and General Pepper.

At the end of Star Fox 64 (depending on if the player fought at Area 6 or Bolse) James' ghost helps Fox escape the planet Venom, but then disappears soon afterwards when Fox returns to the Great Fox after the battle with Andross. James was supposed to have been killed, and no one is quite sure how James guided Fox out. Some think that Fox had some sort of hallucination or vision, or that James had escaped Andross. However, the latter theory holds not much weight, as if James had survived, how did he disappear, and why didn't he approach Fox earlier, helping him?

Appearance wise, James looks much like Fox, except for wearing sunglasses, and having darker brown fur, although this difference is not quite as obvious in Star Fox: Assault.

F-Zero character
There is a character named James McCloud in the F-Zero series of games. While the character is a human, he bears definite resemblance to James and Fox McCloud; he has clothing similar to Fox, has sunglasses similar to James', and his hair kind of looks like fox ears. The F-Zero machine he drives (The Little Wyvern) resembles a wingless Arwing, and he's a member of mercenary group "Galaxy Dog". The bio also notes he has a little son.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Pigma Dengar

Pigma Dengar is a fictional pig character from the |Star Fox series.

Pigma is a greedy, unintelligent character described by fans as a character you love to hate.

He first appears as a villain in the never-released Star Fox 2 for the Super Famicom, as one of the Star Wolf mercenaries sent by the evil Andross to attack the player throughout the course of the game.

He appears again in Star Fox 64, where—as part of a flashback—he is shown to have originally been an Arwing pilot working for the Star Fox team. Pigma was sent out on a mission together with James McCloud and Peppy Hare to investigate strange activity coming from the planet Venom, which served as the residence of the exiled professor Andross. Upon their arrival on Venom, Pigma committed treason against Corneria and betrayed the Star Fox team and went over to Andross's side. He later joined the villain counterpart of the Star Fox team—Star Wolf. When you face Star Wolf, Pigma will attack Peppy.

In Star Fox: Assault, he attempts to control the Aparoids, but instead becomes consumed by them, rendering him braindead with his body attached to the boss of Mission 5: Asteroid Belt, and subsequently killing him.

Pigma is exceptionally greedy and does not care who he hurts or kills so long as he ends up with a large paycheck in the end. His greed is what drove him to betray James McCloud and Peppy Hare, who likely considered him a friend until that point. This incredible greed disgusted Wolf O'Donnell, who in turn kicked Pigma off of the Star Wolf team. His greed eventually led to his demise as explained earlier.

Pigma is the one of the few characters in the series to hold both Star Fox and Star Wolf membership.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Prince Tricky

Prince Tricky is a fictional character from the |Star Fox universe. He is an EarthWalker (or a triceratops) and serves as Fox McCloud's companion in Star Fox Adventures. In this game, Tricky performs different tasks for Fox when fed GrubTubs (little blue mushroom-like food). He can open small caves and act as a flamethrower, among other abilities. Although he is a useful character, many fans find him annoying. He acts as the comic relief of the game.

Tricky's reason for accompanying Fox on his adventure is to save his imprisoned dad, as his mom's health is too poor to undertake such a task.

Tricky's abilities in Star Fox Adventures

 * Find secret: Tricky could uncover something by digging or something else with this ability.
 * Stay: Tricky stays somewhere and doesn't follow Fox as usual.
 * Call Tricky: Fox can summon Tricky if he has lost him, or previously ordered him to stay.
 * Flame: Similar to a flamethrower. It can melt ice and set things on fire. If Fox hits Tricky too many times, Tricky will use this on him.
 * Play: Fox can buy Tricky a ball in the shop in order to play fetch with him. Playing with Tricky causes him to change colors.

Other appearances
The character Tricky first appeared as an older, larger triceratops in Diddy Kong Racing, a game that came out several years before Star Fox Adventures. (Although it is debatable if this boss is the same character) Both games were developed by Rareware.

His official second appearance is in Star Fox: Assault. In that game, he has grown into a teenage/adult EarthWalker. During this brief appearance, Fox tells him to help Sauria recover from the Aparoid invasion. After Fox and Krystal save him, he says he will take care of Sauria so Fox and Krystal can come back on their honeymoon. (This causes Fox to begin stuttering but it doesn't seem to bother Krystal at all.) Tricky's personality remains the same in Assault, much to the annoyance of fans. It appears that his sense of humor had not grown with his size.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Fara Phoenix

Fara Phoenix is a fictional character from the early stories of the |Star Fox series. She does not appear in any of the published games, and was removed from the story altogether when it was revised for Star Fox 64.

Comics
Fara is an anthropomorphic fennec, and it is believed her surname is pronounced "fennecs," though this isn't stated in the comic itself. She appears in a series of comics that was published in Nintendo Power magazine from February to December of 1993.

She is a Cornerian chief test pilot who introduces the Star Fox team to the Arwing spacecrafts. Fara also catches Fox McCloud's eye, and the two frequently tease each other in an ambiguously portrayed relationship.

During the course of the story, Fara provides crucial support for the Star Fox team, and also flies with them on some of their missions. Later, it is revealed that Fara closely resembles Fox's deceased mother, Vixy Reinard.

Star Fox 2
Fara Phoenix is known to have appeared in the early alpha versions of Star Fox 2, but is excluded from the final beta versions that appeared before the game was finally cancelled. In Fara's absence were two new female characters—Miyu and Faye—who were themselves dropped with the cancellation of that game.

It remains to be seen whether Fara Phoenix will ever appear in a future Star Fox story, as Fox McCloud's love interest now appears to be Krystal, who first appeared in Star Fox Adventures.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Andrew Oikonny

Andrew Oikonny is the evil nephew of Andross, the main villain of the |Star Fox series of video games. In the cancelled Star Fox 2, his Japanese name is Algy.

During the time of the Lylat Wars, he flew for Star Wolf, a team employed by Andross in hopes of destroying the Star Fox team. This was not successful, however, and Star Wolf was taken down along with Andross himself. While each team member survived, Andrew decided to leave the team to avenge his uncle's death.

Several years later, Andrew formed a powerful rebellion with Andross's remaining troops against the Cornerian Army. Fox McCloud and the Star Fox team tracked him down to the planet Fortuna, where he was then presumably killed by an Aparoid. It is possible that he is still alive though.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Panther Caroso

Panther Caroso is a fictional character from the video game Star Fox: Assault. He is the newest member of Star Wolf, a band of mercenaries. His symbol is a red rose.

Panther is a flirt, and he considers himself a ladies man. His conceit is so great that those around him are embarrassed. This bothers Wolf and Leon a lot.

In Star Fox: Assault, he flirted with Krystal, but she either ignored or rejected it depending on where in the game it happens. His first attempt was outside the Sargasso Hideout and the second, inside the tunnel leading to the Aparoid Queen.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/General Pepper

General Pepper is the Commander-in-chief of the Cornerian Defense Forces in the Star Fox series of video games. He is an anthropomorphic Bloodhound dog.

It is believed by many fans of the Star Fox series that General Pepper's name is a play on The Beatles song and album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Pepper's outfit resembles that worn by the Beatles on the cover of the album. A Star Fox comic spanning several issues of Nintendo Power in 1993 also once made the reference, though the print on the bass drum read "Sgt. Pepper's Happy Heart".

History
Shortly after taking office, General Pepper exiled the evil scientist, Andross, to the planet Venom for conducting dangerous experiments.

After Andross started building up forces, Pepper hired the Star Fox team, under the leadership of James McCloud, to investigate. That mission ended up being James McCloud's last, due to Pigma's betrayal.

A few years later, Pepper's forces were overrun by Andross. Pepper again hired Star Fox, but this time James's son Fox McCloud was at the helm of the unit. He also sent Fox to the planet Sauria in Star Fox Adventures to restore the Spellstones and Krazoa Spirits so that the planet wouldn't explode and send asteroids at its neighboring planets. Afterwards, Fox explains Andross's role in the crisis to the General.

Pepper was nearly killed in Star Fox: Assault when his flagship was infected by Aparoids. At the General's own request, Fox McCloud destroyed the flagship, with the General still onboard. At the last second, Peppy Hare flies in and catches the crashing ship in an Arwing, saving the General's life. As of Star Fox Command, however, Pepper had grown morbidly ill to the point he was no longer capable of leading the Cornerian Army, a task that has since fallen to Peppy Hare. Of note is that in one story line, Krystal tells Fox that it was infighting between Pepper and Andross that led to Andross's exile, and that his experiments were not intended for harm. Whether or not this is part of the final game canon is unknown.

In Star Fox: Assault, he is voiced by Gray Eubank.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/ROB 64

ROB 64 is the robotic operator of the Great Fox mothership in the |Star Fox series of video games. In the Japanese version of the series, he is called NUS 64 ("NUS" standing for "Nintendo Ultra Sixty-four", the original name of the Nintendo 64 system).

Though his full name is ROB 64, he often referred to as just "ROB." ROB has the ability to completely control the Great Fox, making the ship fully autonomous. ROB is also networked to the ship's main computers, allowing ROB to process any information requested by the Star Fox team. ROB can also use the ship's transfer device to send vehicles and items to Star Fox team members in the field.

ROB was nearly destroyed in Star Fox: Assault when Peppy Hare crashed the Great Fox into the shield protecting the entrance to the Aparoid Queen's lair, but Peppy and ROB managed to find an escape pod before the ship was destroyed.

Star Fox 64
We really don't get much of a glimpse of ROB except his face. Because of the blocky shape of his head, it might have been inferred that he was somewhat bulky, although that does not appear to be the case.

Star Fox Adventures
ROB here looks somewhat disheveled and fallen into a state of slight disrepair, as does the rest of the Star Fox Team. Due to a Supply Transfer Error, ROB scattered all of the Arwing's fuel cells at the outset of the game, forcing Fox to search for them.

Star Fox: Assault
Again, ROB's appearance mirrors the state of things for the Star Fox Team. ROB looks upgraded and better-maintained, as does the Great Fox itself.

ROB: What's In A Name?
ROB is an in-joke in the Nintendo universe. He is a based on the Nintendo Entertainment System accessory R.O.B. the Robotic Operating Buddy. The 64 comes from the Nintendo 64.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Leon Powalski

Leon Powalski is an anthropomorphic lizard from the |Star Fox series of video games. He is a member of Star Wolf and has been ever since his first official appearance in Star Fox 64 (he had previously appeared in the shelved game Star Fox 2). He is cold and calculating and enjoys playing cat-and-mouse. He has no morals or conscience and will perform any job with machinelike disinterest. He always torments and mocks his victims before finishing them off. He seems to have a grudge against Falco Lombardi, perhaps due to some past encounter, although this is never explored in the games.

Also, many fans believe that Leon is an expert in torture, though the only thing in-game that suggests this is one of his taunts in Star Fox 64: "I think I'll torture you for a while," as well as his opening line in Star Fox: Assault : "I think I'll torment you a bit before I cook you."

While Wolf O'Donnell is labeled the leader of the Star Wolf team in his profile on the Japanese Star Fox: Assault website, Leon is simply labeled as "killer".

Wolf O'Donnell and Leon are the only original members of Star Wolf to remain with Star Wolf in Star Fox: Assault.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Beltino Toad

Beltino Toad is the Research Director for the Cornerian Defense Forces in the |Star Fox series of video games and is also Slippy Toad's father.

Beltino previously (and may still) worked for Space Dynamics Co. Ltd. as an engineer, and may have been the designer of the /Vehicles/Arwing. He and his son were also the two that created the Blue Marine vehicle that Starfox used in Star Fox 64 to explore the planet of Aquas.

Beltino was first mentioned in the Star Fox 64 Player's Guide, but did not make an in-game appearance until Star Fox: Assault.

In Star Fox: Assault, it was Beltino who discovered two things that led to the destruction of the Aparoids: that they could have programs executed in them and that they were susceptible to apoptosis. He then coded a program that activated the apoptosis gene in the Aparoids. The program was carried by Fox McCloud to the Aparoid Homeworld where it was injected into the Aparoid Queen.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Bill Grey

Bill Grey is a fictional character of the video game Star Fox 64 is the Commander of both the Husky Squadron and Bulldog Squadron and is under the orders of General Pepper.

Bill's name is likely a satire of the character General William M. Grey in the movie Independence Day. The entire Katina level is a spoof of the ending to this film.

Bill's place in the story
Bill is an old military academy buddy of Fox McCloud's and since Fox's leave in the academy (rumored because he graduated or because of James McCloud's death). He has risen and rank and was elected commander of two of Corneria's defensive military squadrons. The Star Fox team meets up with him shortly in Star Fox 64, and help engage in killing off the enemies trying to destroy the Cornerian base (located on Katina). If one manages to help him destroy the enemies, he will help Fox raise his shield gauge on Solar.

Bill's appearance
Bill is a gray husky who wears a green helmet with a yellow arrow pointing downward. It is most likely that because Miyu was excluded from Star Fox 2, her personality was handed over to Bill, and the voice, species, and gender were changed. Bill also has an arrow on his helmet which may have come from the idea of Miyu's arrow on her forehead. Though Nintendo excluded two characters from Star Fox 2, two more were put in their place, but they still carried out the idea of having one dog and one cat (Katt Monroe) added to the story.

Bill's starship
Bill rides a ship different from the Arwing. Bill's ship, The Greenie 2, is more curved at the end of the cockpit area and is white with green wings. The ship has a high armor and is indestructible, and while all his teammates can only shoot one laser, he has the twin laser upgrade, compliment of the Greenie 2, seeing how the Greenie 1 has a single laser.


text:
Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Katt Monroe

Katt Monroe is the pink cat players meet in Star Fox 64. Katt has a crush on Falco Lombardi, and although he will never utter any word of it (besides "Katt...? Where'd you go?"), he really likes her to some extent himself.

Katt's story
According to the Star Fox comic, Katt was part of a gang and, by the way it is laid out, most likely the Space Hot Rodders, the same gang that Falco himself was a part of. Katt meets up with the team in Star Fox 64 on the planet Zoness, and helps players flip a few switches (as well as in Macbeth and/or Sector Z later in the game). Katt and Falco continually talk among the transmitter, usually arguing, and has become a theme in most Star Fox fan-artists' art works. Rumor has it that Katt lives among the floating cities of Zoness.

Katt's appearance and personality
Katt's exact species is unknown, although from her appearance and color, players can assume she is some sort of alien cat. Katt is pink with a dark cream-colored muzzle and a very feminine personality. Katt most likely has the unreleased character Faye's personality. Katt seems to have a high experience in flying.

Katt's ship
Katt's ship is the CatsPaw. The ship is actually one of Venom's Invader-class interceptors, stolen by Katt when she was working solo against them. The craft has an extremely high velocity and a seemingly indestructible shield. The CatsPaw is quadruple winged, and consists of a pink color and a white body. The jet also sparkles as it flies by.


text:
Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Hydrocharitaceae

The genus Hydrilla is usually considered to contain the single species Hydrilla verticillata, which is commonly known simply as hydrilla or occasionally water-thyme. It's a Eurasian aquatic plant commonly used in aquariums and was probably first released in North America in the 1950s but not found in New York State until 2008, when it was discovered in Orange and Suffolk Counties.

More recently, hydrilla has been discovered in and around Cayuga Lake, Tonawanda Creek near Buffalo, Susquehanna River near Binghamton and elsewhere. By 2021, iMapInvasives showed hydrilla in at least 12 New York counties. Hydrilla is included in the Skaneateles Conservation Area (SCA) management plan due to its Very High New York State invasiveness rank, its placement in Finger Lakes Tier 3 and the proximity of its nearest observations: The SCA is less than 20 miles from Cayuga Lake, where hydrilla has been reported.


text:
Public International Law/Nature and Purpose of International Law/International Law and Violence

Author: Marnie Lloydd Required knowledge:

None "Learning objectives: Acknowledging that international law seeks to prevent violence but also accepts and regulates certain forms of violence; introducing avenues for critical reflection about the complex relationship between violence and international law."

A. INTRODUCTION
A key aim of the international legal system is to protect future generations from the ‘scourge of war’. International law therefore requires States to settle their international disputes by peaceful means and outlaws aggression between them. Other rules place significant restraints on how wars may be fought; for example, not allowing civilians or hospitals to be targeted, to reduce war’s humanitarian consequences. Many students become interested in international law precisely because it is seen as an aspirational vehicle for ‘making the world a better place’.

Much has been achieved in suppressing the right to make war and restricting the means and methods of warfare. Still, aspirations for a peaceful and just world have not (yet) been achieved. Partly, armed violence occurs in violation of international legal norms – the illegal invasion of a sovereign State, a terrorist attack on a market square, attacks against a particular ethnic group. However, armed violence is also undertaken in compliance with international law. Specifically, self-defence and collective security measures adopted by the UN Security Council (UNSC) are accepted within the system as a way to counter insecurity. Thus, there are important exceptions to the general norm against using force. International law is not pacifist and its functioning as intended involves violence. Reflecting this, the preamble of the UN Charter sets out that ‘armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest’.

It may seem paradoxical that peace and security are sought through war and violence. Because violence can be oppressive but also potentially emancipatory, ‘[p]lacing limits around violence remains. . . one of the hardest challenges of the human condition’. So, who gets to decide what is in the ‘common interest’ and how armed violence might be used ‘in the right way and for the right reasons’? In their application of international law, different thinkers, actors, and traditions will have different readings of a situation and different legal, political, and moral judgements and arguments as to the values and interests to be prioritised. These priorities can change over time and context. The relevant norms and exceptions, and their application, are neither neutral or inevitable nor technical and universally agreed, but highly political and contested.

B. WHAT IS MEANT BY 'VIOLENCE'?
Exploring the relationship(s) between international law and violence is a potentially wide-ranging endeavour since there is no reason the term ‘violence’, and even more so ‘harm’, must be limited to armed force and its direct physical and psychological consequences. For example, the humanitarian consequences of armed conflict can also include knock-on effects such as displacement and the breakdown of essential infrastructure and services leading to increased sickness and death. Importantly, violence could also be thought of as structural, a less visible part of many people’s everyday experiences of discrimination leading to injustice, exploitation or exclusion, economic or political inequalities, or activities that degrade the environment. Moreover, such issues can contribute to conflict and outbreaks of violence.

Nevertheless, this chapter focuses on organised physical violence during armed conflict and discusses international law related to the use of force and the UN Charter (i.e. rules on starting or joining hostilities) and regulating those hostilities once they are underway (known as the law of armed conflict or international humanitarian law [IHL]).

Within that narrower focus, the term ‘violence’ is not defined in international law but does appear in certain international instruments, most commonly related to acts committed against individuals, including violence against women or children, and sexual and gender-based violence. Otherwise, acts of violence are often described through offences such as murder, extermination, torture, enforced disappearance, and bodily or mental harm, or through terms that have been defined or have developed specific meanings, such as ‘attack’, ‘armed attack’, and ‘aggression’. Other language is broader, such as ‘the scourge of war’, ‘use of force’, ‘armed force’, and ‘threat to international peace and security’, referred to in the United Nations Charter.

If ‘violence’ is hard to define, ‘war’, ‘peace’, and ‘security’ can be even more difficult. ‘Peace’ sometimes refers to the absence of war, and sometimes to a more expansive idea including also the achievement of social justice. ‘Security’ often refers to State security but, like ‘peace’, has more recently also been thought of within the broader idea of ‘human security’. Reflecting this, the UN Charter preamble expresses concern not only with international peace and security but human rights and social justice.

I. THE EXAMPLE OF THE MILITARY INTERVENTION IN LIBYA 2011
In February 2011, anti-government demonstrations started in the north-eastern city of Benghazi before spreading to other parts of Libya. Libya’s leader, Colonel Muammar al-Qadhafi, responded with military force against dissenters. Helped by some defections from the military, anti-government forces managed to take control of certain areas of eastern Libya. The situation escalated into an armed conflict between opposition forces and forces loyal to the al-Qadhafi regime.

The UNSC quickly demanded an end to the violence, referred the situation to the International Criminal Court, and imposed an arms embargo and other sanctions on members of the Libyan regime.

With the hostilities approaching the opposition stronghold, Benghazi, which the regime had reportedly threatened to attack with ‘no mercy’, the UN Secretary-General expressed concern about the endangering of civilians should an assault on Benghazi occur. Adopting Resolution 1973 on 17 March 2011, the UNSC reaffirmed its ‘strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity’ of Libya. It also imposed a no-fly zone and authorised States ‘to take all necessary measures. . . to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack’ in Libya. ‘All necessary measures’ is a phrase used by the UNSC to include military force.

NATO member States rapidly initiated military operations on 19 March 2011. In addition to actions to protect civilians from the advancing Libyan government forces and to enforce the no-fly zone, those air operations subsequently directly supported the opposition forces. Intervention operations continued until October 2011, by which time al-Qadhafi had been killed, and a majority of States recognised the opposition National Transitional Council as Libya’s new interim government.

The years following the intervention proved difficult with deteriorating security and reignition of civil war between different Libyan factions in 2014, as well as a growing ISIS presence. Following a 2020 ceasefire agreement, political instability, human rights abuses, and other violations have continued.

II. CONTESTED NATURE OF ACHIEVING PEACE OR PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS THROUGH MILITARY FORCE
Does the Libya 2011 example provoke any particular gut reaction from you?

Some commentators applauded that the UNSC had been able to react promptly to a humanitarian crisis, and that States were willing to take action. This reflects how the promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, and the growing notion that mass atrocities within a State could threaten international peace and security, have strengthened the moral authority of arguments justifying armed responses to such threats as being in the common interest. This more expansionist view has, in turn, impacted on what might be described as a more restrictive and universal holding to norms respecting sovereignty and non-intervention. Indeed, Resolution 1973 was the first time that the UNSC had recognised and put into action the so-called responsibility to protect (R2P), which authorised military force as an exception to the general prohibition on the use of force between States for the purpose of protecting individuals at risk where the State in question was not meeting that responsibility. Accepting it might be an imperfect and rather ‘blunt instrument’ but perhaps the best we have in a bad situation, and/or that learning from previous experiences might help ensure future operations do more good than harm, many accept such interventions as the lesser evil because they are conducted in the hope of averting even greater suffering. Regarding Libya, for example, reports indicated that NATO bombing killed 72 civilians but averted a potentially far larger massacre in Benghazi.

Other commentators have expressed concern about the implementation and/or consequences of the intervention. Amongst criticisms is that the NATO intervention exceeded the UNSC’s authorisation in Resolution 1973 by actively supporting regime change, arguably turning the lawful intervention into an unlawful one. This might be compared with the earlier situation in Kosovo where NATO controversially undertook an air campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 without UNSC authorisation, with the operation subsequently being labelled as ‘illegal’ since it was unauthorised but ‘legitimate’ under the circumstances. Relatedly, while not opposed to R2P, some commentators have examined whether in the particular case of Libya, required legal and ethical thresholds to justify intervention such as last resort, sufficiently serious situation, or purpose, were met. The instability and civil war in the years following the Libya intervention, as well as an argument that NATO operations gave cover to violations committed by anti-regime forces, also led to critiques about ill judgement, the intervention worsening the situation, or, at least, that the international community inadequately supported Libya post-conflict. Those same reasons contributed to arguments that the ‘disaster’ of Libya made it unlikely that similar humanitarian actions would be adopted in the future.

Arguments about ‘mission creep’ were also made by those voicing a broader wariness of military operations undertaken for humanitarian and protective purposes. There is concern, including for many developing States, about seemingly expanding powers of such ‘muscular humanitarianism’ and the risks of exploitation by militarily powerful States. Commentators have noted the discretion and selectivity in responses to situations considered crises. For some, claims that norms justifying military action are universal ring rather hollow given the ‘lopsided global arrangements in which some forms of suffering are recognized while a great many more are not’. This has led to accusations of Western leadership using international law ‘to target its enemies while protecting its friends’. As David Kennedy has expressed, "one must imagine that claims to make war in the name of right will rarely sound sincere or seem persuasive to those who believe the truth lies elsewhere – who oppose the war, are disgusted by the tactic, or simply expect themselves to be maimed or killed."Relatedly, critical scholarship has pointed out how race, gender, and class continue to be implicated in the legal justifications made for intervention, replicating historical experiences of domination of the so-called Global South in the application of international law, including to curb emancipatory struggles. While not always ruling out the need for military action in exceptional circumstances involving intentional attacks against civilians, some call for prudence and an overwhelming consensus of the international community before the resort to force.

Finally, approaches based in pacifism or non-violence have long accompanied the development of international law and are seeing renewed interest. For some, what is important is that the means used to counter ills such as insecurity or terrorism are ‘consistent with the changes we wish to bring about’. On a practical level, some researchers argue that violent methods have been overused and have largely failed (e.g. to counter terror) while non-violent strategies have proven more successful. Even those supporting R2P have reinforced the importance of preventing violence in preference to military responses once a crisis breaks out.

Once in those crises, the dilemma often appears as one between action and inaction, where ‘doing something’ tends to be understood as a military response. Reflecting this, pacifist or non-violent philosophies have been labelled as overly idealistic and morally challenging, that remaining neutral or non-active implicates the acceptance of violence and might reinforce the dominant order. Yet, nonviolent approaches do not equate with doing nothing and might still persuade or even be coercive. Similarly, there is a vast range of different ways military operations to protect civilians could be undertaken. Limiting the options to either intervening militarily or standing idly by arguably blinkers us to other possible responses, as well as to a situation’s historical and political context; for example, understanding better how the earlier involvement of other States and international institutions might have contributed to the situation at hand. Some thus believe pacifist and non-violent approaches can open up spaces for alternative discussions, destabilising assumptions about militarism, and might have potential for being more global and inclusive than the current international system.

III. CONTESTED NATURE OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES DURING THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
In Libya in 2011, civilians in several areas became very unsafe because of the fighting and many were killed or injured. This harm was reportedly caused by all parties.

Once an armed conflict starts, IHL places limits on the means and methods of waging war to protect those not participating (e.g. civilians) and no longer participating (e.g. wounded or captured combatants). Reflecting the non-pacifist nature of the international legal system, IHL does not prohibit violence outright, even violence affecting civilians. Rather, trade-offs formulated within IHL accept that wars will happen but place restraints on warring parties, balancing humanitarian protections with military necessity. Concretely, although IHL prohibits direct and indiscriminate attacks against civilians, it accepts certain incidental harm, known colloquially as ‘collateral damage’ (during proportionate attacks on military objectives undertaken with sufficient precautions to avoid civilian harm). Imagine, for example, an air strike targeting enemy forces which also kills a nearby civilian. This means that a civilian casualty in Libya in 2011 might or might not be a result of a violation of IHL depending on the circumstances. IHL is far less protective than the rules otherwise regulating force, such as during law enforcement operations by the police.

IHL advocates argue in support of the vital restraints IHL places on warring parties and point out how beneficial increased compliance would be in protecting people during war; moreover, that IHL also does much good that goes unnoticed.

Other commentators appear less enamoured with IHL. On the abstract level, one might accept some harm to bystanders as unavoidable and part of the ‘lesser evil’. Yet, many people would be unwilling to accept this if they were directly affected, and in practice, not all populations are subject to the same risks. Moreover, in the moment, it presumably matters little to a family whether the bombs they are fleeing were launched compliantly or not; and, in practice, investigations into such civilian harm allegations often struggle to pronounce definitively whether an attack was proportionate or not, or even to determine who is a civilian. IHL’s acceptance that civilians can be lawfully (albeit incidentally) killed, even during operations intended to protect them, can therefore create an underlying uneasiness.

As such, some commentators consider IHL to have been formulated to privilege military necessity over humanitarian considerations. Experience also shows that conflict parties have at times argued, especially related to counterterrorism, that existing rules were insufficient or inapplicable to the response needed for an exceptional threat. This is seen to risk a gradual loosening of the rules, particularly where an operation is for a ‘good cause’ and the underlying ‘fault’ for the violence is perceived to lie with the ‘terrorists’ or other ‘bad guys’. Despite a stated purpose of protecting civilians, the aim might actually be to defeat the enemy, with increased risks for civilians.

Stepping further back, when IHL was first codified in the 19th century, some hoped that rules restraining the means and methods of warfare could progressively lead to greater restrictions and ultimately the elimination of war. Others feared that such rules would operate to shift focus to the legal technicalities, postponing calls in peace activism for the abolition of war. More recent UN ‘Women, Peace, and Security’ initiatives, which endorsed greater institutional participation of women in peace-building and were perhaps hoped by women’s networks to progressively transform militarism, have arguably resulted in a similar muffling of important feminist peace activism and critiques of militarism. Relatedly, some argue that the denunciation of certain forms of violence as particularly problematic, such as the prosecution of war crimes, creates a boundary which normalises other forms of violence.

To conclude, while the formulation of IHL fits within the logic of the current international legal system, and the humanitarian consequences of armed conflict would undoubtedly be less disastrous if warring parties complied more faithfully with IHL, more critical arguments that IHL might ultimately facilitate and legitimate rather than successfully restrain violence also hold some weight. Eyal Weizman describes how some violence occurs with the ‘terrible force of the law’ rather than in violation of it.

IV. INTERNATIONAL LAW OR VIOLENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND VIOLENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AS VIOLENCE?
The preceding discussion suggests that it becomes overly simplistic to say that law and war are of two different worlds – that in war, law falls silent or that the presence of violence alerts us to law’s failings. More accurately, while different instances of violence may indeed be of a different nature or purpose, we can recognise the complex relationship(s) between international law and violence. They are not of two different worlds rubbing up against each other but are already ‘an old couple’.

In practice, international law and violence are certainly interconnected since legal argumentation has become a key part of warfighting, often referred to as ‘lawfare’. Concerning legal theory, scholars argue that if we could reach that utopia where peace and security were maintained, the law would lose its driving force; that violence helps establish or construct the law by giving it meaning and social relevance. Part of the social relevance of violence to the law relates to an assumption that we cannot (yet) have both security and non-violence. Security and violence are understood as a natural and never-ending dilemma that needs to be reconciled by finding an appropriate balance, such that certain forms of violence remain a necessary evil. Law works to define the boundaries/balance of what is perceived to be needed. Austin Sarat’s statement about law more generally seems to apply also to international law: law ‘is always violent but never only violent; always oriented towards justice but never fully just’.

D. CONCLUSION
Key instruments of international law, such as the UN Charter or the Geneva Conventions 1949, are commonly seen as significant milestones marking progressive achievement towards the ‘abandonment of the use of force’ and full disarmament. As such, the basic design of collective security might be seen as the only ‘stable workhorse’ available, its imperfect functioning being primarily due to a lack of genuine willingness of States, as well as to the realist view that certain actors need to be allowed to retain their arms in order to enforce the disarmament and defend themselves or others.

Other thinkers appear less willing to sit in the ‘not yet’ of peace and justice, and view international law as having a more contested, even conspiratory, role in violence. Consider, for example, Dianne Otto’s question about ‘how law helps to reproduce the inevitability of the deadly, anthropocentric, imperial, neoliberal military-industrial-complex’ and ‘whether there remain any remnants of opportunity in law’ with which one might yet work if one wanted to imagine alternative notions of peace. In that dire description, current international law no longer appears as an aspirational vehicle for making the world a better place. Rather, the logic, practice, and demonstrated interests of the entire system are being critiqued and challenged.

The point is not only how challenging these questions are, but rather the resulting plurality of views on violence and international law. Different thinkers and actors will have different readings of a situation of violence, and different legal, political, and moral judgements and arguments in their application of international law. International legal argument might appear neutral or universal – for example, when an actor or institution claims to be acting objectively in the interests of humanity or for the common good – but the arguments being relied upon will be based on certain underlying assumptions about the world, about international law, and about particular authorities being able to make those determinations. The values being prioritised are not necessarily held in common, and can also change over time and in different political contexts, or in hindsight. Describing international law as a conversation, David Kennedy says"[i]nternational law reminds us to pay attention to opinion elsewhere in the world, to think about consistency over time, to remember that what we do today may come back to haunt us . . . international law only rarely offers a definitive judgment on who is right."Regarding not only armed violence but most issues of interest to international law, international lawyers should, then, look closely and empathetically at the particular context, but also consciously and continually step back to reflect critically about the bigger picture. Rather than only working out what, in one’s opinion, the law says, it becomes important to pay attention to narratives being used about any instance of violence, by whom, to serve what purpose, and with what political consequence. Moreover, who gets to decide? Critical reflection can also include considerations of ‘when, how, and at the behest of whom those rules have emerged and developed’.

This final section, therefore, proposes questions which may help foster exploration of students’ individual legal, political, and moral positions around the complex and enduring relationships between violence and international law.

 * What language is being used in political or public dialogue to describe the violence or the parties involved? By whom? For what purpose?
 * What values are being expressed by a particular actor’s position? Is it being described as objective, universal, or in the common interest?
 * If the one who can define or decide what is legitimate and what is not is the one with true power, who is deciding in the situation at hand?
 * Do the acts of violence reproduce any power dynamics that made those acts possible in the first place? In your view, ‘[i]s violence necessary at times, and if so, does it, or can it, put an end to further violence’ in the context at hand?
 * In what ways has compliance with the law protected people from harm? Or put them at risk of harm?
 * In which situations could a non-violent option have been chosen, or in what situations were non-violent responses rejected or made impossible? What future paths do those decisions possibly close off? What might have been the imaginable results of other possible paths not taken or actively rejected?
 * Is ‘war talk’ used to frame a crisis, threat, or problem (e.g. war on drugs, fight against climate change)? To what effect?

Further Readings

 * A Alexander, ‘The Ethics of Violence: Recent Literature on the Creation of the Contemporary Regime of Law and War’ (2021) Journal of Genocide Research 1

 * H Dexter, ‘Peace and Violence’ in Paul D Williams and Matt McDonald (eds), Security Studies: An Introduction (3rd edn, Routledge 2018)

 * D Kennedy, ‘Lawfare and Warfare’ in James Crawford and Martti Koskenniemi (eds), The Cambridge Companion to International Law (CUP 2012)

 * M Koskenniemi, ‘ “The Lady Doth Protest Too Much” Kosovo, and the Turn to Ethics in International Law’ (2002) 65(2) MLR 159

 * A Martineau, ‘Concerning Violence: A Post-Colonial Reading of the Debate on the Use of Force’ (2016) 29 LJIL 95

Further Resources

 * Gavin Hood, ‘Eye in the Sky’ (Entertainment One 2015) (Film)

 * Olivier Sarbil, Mosul (PBS/Frontline 2017) (Documentary Series)

 * Brad Evans and others, Portraits of Violence: An Illustrated History of Radical Thinking (New Internationalist 2017)


text:
Public International Law/Nature and Purpose of International Law/Consent

Author: Sué González Hauck "Required knowledge: Link" "Learning objectives: Understanding XY."

A. Introduction
Consent is at the heart of the international legal system. The degree to which it is taken to structure the international legal system as a whole depends on whether and to what degree one subscribes to voluntarist theories of validity of international legal rules. The famous Lotus case is the often-cited symbol and point of anchoring for such voluntarist conceptions of international law. The often-cited passe of the Lotus dictum in this context reads: "International law governs relations between independent States. The rules of law binding upon States therefore emanate from their own free will as expressed in conventions or by usages generally accepted as expressing principles of law and established in order to regulate the relations between these co-existing independent communities or with a view to the achievement of common aims. Restrictions upon the independence of States cannot therefore be presumed."Consent is thus supposed to be the expression of the 'free will' of a sovereign state and the source of obligations under international law. The principle of consent is reflected in the way international law is formed. This is most obvious in the cases of treaties, which are, in principle, only binding on a state if this state has expressed its consent to be bound by the respective treaty (cf. Articles 11-17 VCLT). Consent is also an essential part of international dispute resolution. Under Article 36 of the Statute of the ICJ, states can accept the ICJ's jurisdiction either by signing the ICJ Statute, or by making a special declaration recognizing the ICJ's jurisdiction in a particular case. This means that a state can only be brought before the ICJ if it has consented to the ICJ's jurisdiction either generally or specifically in a particular case.

Two main issues arise regarding this conception of the role of consent in international rule-making: First, given that States are legal entities who cannot form and express a 'free will' in the same way an individual person can, the question of whether and how one can attribute a free will to a State and which expressions of such an attributed will count as expressions of State consent remains one of the enigmas at the heart of international law. Second, the prevailing formalized conception of consent, which flows from the idea of sovereign equality among States, does not take into account material inequalities.

It is commonplace among international lawyers to juxtapose an extreme version of a voluntarist conception of international law, in which consent and only consent is supposed to be the source of obligations under international law, to a conception of international law based on community values. According to Martti Koskenniemi, this contrast between consent and justice is but one of the many ways in which international legal arguments permanently oscillate between 'concreteness' and 'normativity'.

B. Consent, Consensus, and Anarchy
The importance of consent in international law stems from the fact that there is no international government. The absence of government or hierarchical rule in the sense of a centralized authority that can make and enforce laws can be defined as anarchy. The absence of centralized government does not entail the absence of order or rules. In the absence of formal hierarchical rule and thus under conditions of formal equality, the subjects of international law, i.e. mainly States, can only be bound by a rule of international law if they have given their consent. This mirrors the ideal of consensual decision-making and unanimity, which communal anarchist theories embrace. These theories were developed with smaller communities of individuals in mind, not with a global community of States. The difference between this community-oriented idea of anarchy on the one hand and the notion of anarchy, which prevails on the international plain and which focuses on the sovereignty of individual States on the other hand marks the difference between group-oriented notions of consensus and unanimity and individualist voluntarist notions of consent.

C. Types of Consent in International Law
Stephen Neff distinguishes three kinds of consent: ‘outcome consent’, ‘rule consent’, and ‘regime consent’. Outcome consent refers to a specific situation and it transforms the outcome of this situation. An act that would otherwise be unlawful is transformed into a lawful act due to the fact that the state affected by this act has given its consent. Rule consent refers to the voluntary acceptance of a specific rule of international law. This kind of consent is at the basis of classical positivist and voluntarist conceptions of international law sources and of international law’s validity. Regime consent refers not to a specific rule but, more generally, to a be bound by the rules created within a specific system, e.g. international organization. In the terminology introduced by HLA Hart, rule consent can be characterized as consent to primary rules, i.e. rules involving substantive obligations, while regime consent refers to secondary rules, i.e. rules about rule-making. Arguments involving a generalized kind of consent to the whole of international law have played a key role in the era of formal decolonization, i.e. mainly in the 1960s and 1970s. The ‘newly independent states’ that were created as a result of this formal decolonization argued that they had not consented to previously existing international legal rules and could therefore start with a clean slate. The counterargument, which prevailed, was based on a form of regime consent: International lawyers from the Global North argued that the newly independent states had given a generalized consent to the international legal system by attaining independence as states.

D. Consent and Colonialism
State consent obtained its status as the ultimate source of international legal obligations in the nineteenth century, as international law was established as a 'scientific' discipline and as legal positivists purportedly broke ties with the natural law tradition. The nineteenth century was also the time during which European States formalized their colonial endeavours. Consent as a foundational principle of international law was supposed to flow from State sovereignty. Consequently - but not incidentally - there was no place in nineteenth-century positivist accounts of international law for consent of people and communities that were not organized in the form of European States.

On the other hand, colonial powers used a formalized notion of consent to legitimize their claim to colonial domination. While European States did not recognize indigenous polities in the Americas, Africa, and Australia as sovereign entities with the power to contribute to international law-making and with the protection that the principle of non-intervention and other corollaries of sovereignty provide, they did recognize indigenous authorities and their capacity to enter into legally binding obligations when it came to formally ceding title to land. This practice entirely neglected the coercive circumstances that accompanied formal declarations of consent.

Contemporary international legal rules take into account indigenous peoples's rights by requiring their free, prior, and informed consent regarding policies and projects that directly affect them. Key international instruments that explicitly guarantee the right to free, prior, and informed consent for indigenous peoples include the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), International Labour Organization Convention 169 (ILO 169, Article 6), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Article 10(c)). According to Article 19 UNDRIP, 'States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them'. The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has published the following guidelines on the meaning of free, prior and informed consent: Free implies that there is no coercion, intimidation or manipulation.

Prior implies that consent is to be sought sufficiently in advance of any authorization or commencement of activities and respect is shown to time requirements of indigenous consultation/consensus processes.

Informed implies that information is provided that covers a range of aspects, including the nature, size, pace, reversibility and scope of any proposed project or activity; the purpose of the project as well as its duration; locality and areas affected; a preliminary assessment of the likely economic, social, cultural and environmental impact, including potential risks; personnel likely to be involved in the execution of the project; and procedures the project may entail. This process may include the option of withholding consent. Consultation and participation are crucial components of a consent process.

E. Limits on State Consent under Contemporary Positive International Law
The most important limits on state consent under contemporary positive law are jus cogens according to Article 53 VCLT and Article 103 of the UN Charter. Both of these norms establish a hierarchy of rules by limiting states' ability to enter into and uphold agreements that conflict either with jus cogens or with the UN Charter. Jus cogens, or a peremptory norm of general international law is, according to Article 53 VCLT, 'a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character'. This means that states cannot modify jus cogens through other treaties or through customary law. Examples of jus cogens include the prohibition of genocide, crimes against humanity, slavery, and torture, and the principle of non-refoulement. Art. 103 of the United Nations Charter is another key aspect of limits to state consent in international law. This article provides that in the event of a conflict between the obligations of a state under the Charter and its obligations under another international agreement, the obligations under the Charter shall take precedence.

F. 'Sexing' Consent
This section introduces Siobhán Airey's work on 'sexing' consent and thus provides an example of how international law can be informed by feminist theories beyond questions that directly involve gender.

Further Readings

 * Source I
 * Source II

Conclusion

 * Summary I
 * Summary II


text:
User talk:Wethotcoldwarm

Is it cold replay say (yes or no)😨😨😨😨

title: User talk:Wethotcoldwarm


text:
User:Wethotcoldwarm/sandbox

 * 1) bbn so nìce love❤❤❤Liqourose and Emmanuel ❤❤❤them

I miss the other housemates who left😭😭😭

I love Liqourose ❤❤❤

title: User:Wethotcoldwarm/sandbox


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 2000

History
Interton Electric released the system in Germany in 1975.

System
The console was based on 14 CMOS chips.

Cartridges

Cartridges for the system were called cassettes, and also used CMOS chips.

Cartridge numbers were based on a naming scheme of 757575IVT#x, where # is replaced by the cartridge number.

The system was powered on by inserting a cartridge.

Games

 * #1 - Sparring (Yellow Label)
 * #2 - Badminton (Yellow Label)
 * #3 - Attacke (Yellow Label)
 * #4 - Tennis (Red Label)
 * #5 - Super-Tennis (Red Label)


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 2400

History
The system was released in 1975. The system was released in France in 1977.

Technology
The system made clever use of a General Instrument AY-3-8500, using undocumented features of the chip to offer an additional game.

The system is noted for it's minimal use of text, to ease sale in different linguistic markets.


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults

Background to Research
Living in the current society of ever present social media invasion and constant news attraction towards mental health, it is hard not to notice the increasing presence of anxiety in our young population. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this epidemic, increasing rates of anxiety and depression around the world. Treatment of anxiety after the onset of a disorder can involve many different aspects including pharmaceutical or psychiatric treatment. It has been shown in a 2010 meta-analysis that aerobic exercise can reduce anxiety symptoms, but little is known about the effect of resistance exercises. Any opportunity to help reduce anxiety and depression in our society should be explored thoroughly, especially in the time of a mental health crisis.

Prevention of disease can be the most important aspect of maintaining a person's wellbeing, and being able to prevent mental health issues before they begin could save over 3,000 Australian lives per year.

Where is the research from?
This randomised control trial was conducted at the University of Limerick in Limerick, Ireland by Brett R. Gordon, Cillian P. McDowell, Mark Lyons & Matthew P. Herring and published in Scientific Reports in 2020. All of the authors have many published articles regarding to exercise and its relationship to health. The research was funded by the Irish Research Council through the Government of Ireland post graduate and post doctorate programmes.

What kind of research is this?
This is a randomised control trial aimed to find a relationship between anxiety and resistance training exercise in young people who are not considered to have an anxiety disorder.

What did the research involve?
This trial involved 44 young adults who were randomised into a wait-list (control) or a resistance training program. The program was designed in accordance to World Health Organisation and American College of Sports Medicine guidelines and lasted eight weeks after a three week familiarisation period. The program involved barbell squat, barbell bench press, hexagon bar deadlift, seated dumbbell shoulder lateral raise, barbell bent over rows, dumbbell lunges, seated dumbbell curls, and abdominal crunches and gradually increased in intensity. The research was designed not for individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders, but for individuals at risk of developing anxiety disorders in the future. The median onset age for generalised anxiety disorder is 30 years, and as such the program recruited young adults.

What were the basic results?
As seen in the above table, the resistance exercise training group (RET) has a significant (Hedges' d 0.85) decrease in anxiety symptoms from week one to week eight. This result is not present for the wait list group (WL). Changes in strength were not significantly associated with changes in anxiety,

What conclusions can we take from this research?
This study shows that resistance exercise training can be an effective way to reduce anxiety in people at risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. The fact that strength changes were not associated with changes in anxiety levels suggest that sham exercises could produce a placebo effect that will still reduce anxiety. It is therefore the action of doing resistance training that reduces anxiety rather than the increase in muscular strength. Future studies should explore this effect in different population groups such as older individuals or in groups separated by sex to further develop knowledge of the capability of resistance training in the mind.

Practical advice
People who have experienced childhood trauma are at a very high risk of developing anxiety disorders. It is imperative that when these individuals are identified, they are supported through a variety of ways to reduce their risk of developing anxiety disorders and a resistance training exercise program should be introduced to them. People at high stress due to work or other daily stresses are also considered high risk. This stress can be self diagnosed and therefore public health measures outlining the positive outcomes of resistance training should be introduced. Aerobic exercise has also been shown to reduce anxiety in the same population, however it produced a lesser change. Therefore, as is consistent with the WHO guidelines for physical activity, individuals' weekly exercise should include whole-body muscle strengthening exercises on two days of the week. Education in schools should also engage the students in resistance exercises that involve minimal equipment to allow the individuals to practice these exercises at home.

Further information/resources
https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/resistance-training-health-benefits

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/well/mind/anxiety-stress-weight-training-lifting-resistance.html


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 2501

History
Interton Electronic GmbH made the Interton Video 2501, which was released in 1977.

Technology
The console notably supported color graphics, as well as basic beeps for sounds.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 2800

History
The Interton Video 2800 was released in 1977.

Technology
The Interton 2800 is based on the Universal research Laboratories, Inc F-4301.

This advanced chip allowed the system to support a mode which allowed a player to play against the console for the "Pong"-like games, a rare feature in home consoles at the time.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 3000

History
The Interton Video 3000 was released in 1978.

A special variant, the Club Exclusiv 2000, was released with blue casing and blue controller.

Technology
The system uses a General Instrument AY-3-8500 chip.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Interton Video 3001

History
This console was either released in 1977 or 1978.

Technology
The console supported color graphics.


text:
Exercise as it relates to Disease/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease

This wiki page is a university assignment in which the article 'Postpartum Exercise Regardless of Intensity Improves Chronic Disease Risk Factors' is critically appraised.

Davenport MH et al. (2011) Postpartum exercise regardless of intensity improves chronic disease risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(6):951-8.

What is the background to this research?
The study aims to find the optimal method for women to reduce their weight postpartum and their risk factor of developing chronic diseases. The study examined the effect of exercise intensity on risk factors for chronic disease postpartum. The research aimed to define whether exercise intensity plays a major role in the reduction of body max index (BMI) postpartum. This gives insight into whether women can reduce their risk of chronic disease postpartum by completing lower intensity exercise weekly or whether training at a high intensity is of higher benefit to reduce the risk of chronic disease.

Where is the research from?
The women were predominantly recruited using physician and midwife referrals and newspaper advertisements. The women recruited were located in London and Ontario. Each of the researchers are qualified in different areas specialising in pregnancy and postpartum health, creating a multidisciplinary approach. The research was funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Doctoral Research Award, which is a government funded program. The funding is independent of the research and provides no element of bias for the completion of the study.

What kind of research was this?
The study was a prospective, randomised intervention study. 40 participants were split at random to the pre-determined group types, exercise at 30% heart rate reserve (HRR) or 70% HRR. 20 participants were in the control group which completed no prescribed exercise. The need for the study came from conclusions drawn from previous research. Clinical research from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists indicated that levels of exercise participation postpartum significantly decreased. It also highlighted that postpartum exercise boasted many benefits including weight loss, improved mental wellbeing and improved cardiovascular fitness, all of which contribute to decreased risk of chronic disease (1). Other research focused on muscular strengthening including pelvic floor and abdominal training postpartum to reduce abdominal separation, a common occurrence during pregnancy and birth (2). The study in this review recognised a gap in the research related to differing exercise intensities and the impact this can have on improving health status and reducing chronic disease risk postpartum.

What did the research involve?
The participants were randomised into groups, either exercising at 30% of HRR or 70% HRR or a control group in which participants remained sedentary from delivery to 6 months postpartum. All participants completed a consent form and the study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of The University of Western Ontario. Responses on exercise frequency and intensity was reported through a questionnaire given to each participant at 2 and 6 months postpartum. An assessment for chronic disease risk was completed to define a baseline at 7-9 weeks postpartum, and was than reevaluated at 23-25 weeks postpartum. The risk assessment included the following measurements.

 * BMI
 * Waist to hip ratio
 * Fasted plasma lipid profile
 * Total cholesterol & triglyceride
 * Fasted blood biomarkers
 * Plasminogen activator inhibitor
 * Fasted glucose and insulin test
 * Blood pressure

The two intervention groups completed a DEXA body composition assessment and a progressive treadmill test to determine baseline aerobic capacity. Infant gender, weight, length and breastfeeding status was recorded. The intervention groups were given a walking program corresponding with their given HRR. This program was completed 3-4 times per week for 16 weeks. In order to achieve the required HR participants walked, used a stroller, double stroller or carried weights. The first week comprised of 25 minutes of exercise, including a 5 minute warm-up and cool-down. Participants were required to increase session length by 5 minutes each week until they reached 45 minutes. The participants were also required to complete a researcher monitored session once weekly to record body mass, food intake and exercise intensity. Each participant was provided a pedometer to record daily and session steps. The intervention groups were also given individualised nutritional programs by a dietitian, whilst the control group were given 'Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide' and 'Canada’s Guide to Physical Activity'.

Limitations that are evident in the measurement collections include:

 * pedometers can be manipulated to increase steps taken or can be inaccurate depending on body placement
 * body mass can fluctuate depending on hydration, time of day and food intake
 * food intake records are often underreported

What were the basic results?
83% of the women exercised at least three times per week and completed at least 8 food intake records with a balanced caloric approach were considered to have 100% adherence to the program. Those who had been deemed adherent in the exercise groups were found to have a significantly reduced BMI, minimised weight retention, reduced waist circumference and as such a lower risk for chronic disease after 16 weeks. There was no significant difference in the results between the 2 exercise intensities. The control group which was provided with the aforementioned education materials did not reduce their chronic disease risk and remained inactive. Testing revealed that glucose tolerance levels deteriorated and body mass remained high at 6 months postpartum for the control group.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The study concluded that postpartum women benefit from structured exercise and nutrition programs which encourage adherence and allow women to remain with their child. Reducing barriers for women to exercise is crucial in increasing levels of adherence and hence increased benefit. An article in the Journal of Women's Health also highlighted barriers such as time, structure and separation were the most common reasons women did not exercise postpartum, however once provided with a way to avoid these were more likely to be less susceptible to disease (3). The findings highlight the importance for women to commence exercise as soon as medically safe, to assist with reduced weight retention, higher levels of mental wellbeing and a lower chronic disease risk factor. In relation to the differing intensities, although there was no variance in weight loss between the two groups, other factors included a slightly reduced heart rate for the 70% HRR group which would also reduce the chances of certain chronic conditions including high blood pressure. In support of these conclusions, a study published by the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition also determined a significant correlation between postpartum exercise, reduced weight retention and reduced levels of chronic disease (4).

Practical advice
The study was clear in how women should exercise postpartum and that it should be medically supported before commencing. This is essential to implicate in real world situations, to protect women postpartum and also ensure that proper execution of any exercise is monitored. Suggestions are that women aim for 10,000 steps at least 3 times per week, ensuring consistent tracking method such as a pedometer or smart watch. Exercise should be combined with a balanced diet with a sufficient caloric intake. Combined, this advice has been proven to reduce the risk of chronic disease in postpartum women whilst also promoting higher levels of mental wellbeing.

Further information/resources
Further resources which may be of interest:

 * https://hikeitbaby.com/blog/alternative-ways-to-battle-postpartum-depression/
 * http://www.thepregnancycentre.com.au/post-pregnancy/exercise/the-benefits-of-exercise-after-giving-birth
 * https://www.healthline.com/health/postpartum-diet


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Telejogo

History
The Telejogo was a Brazilian console, launched on August 2nd, 1977. It was manufactured by Philco, a subsidiary of Ford at the time.

Technology
The system was based on the National Semiconductor MM57100N.

Games

 * Futebol
 * Paredão
 * Tennis


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Telejogo II

History
The Telejogo II was released in 1978.

Technology
A General Instrument AY-3-8610 is used by the console.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Telescore 750

History
The Telescore 750 was released in 1977 by French company SEB. The console cost 100 franc in France, the only region it was released.

Technology
The system uses the Texas Instruments TMS-1965-NC.

Games

 * Tennis


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450

History
The Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450 was a 1977 home console version of the 1975 arcade game Stunt Cycle.

Technology
The system used a General Instrument AY-3-8760-1.

The console had a built in speaker.

The built in controller uses a Potentiometer with a resistance of 100,000Ω (100k Ohm).

The console required a DC power supply at 9 volts and 500mA.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Micro Genius

Heyday
Many international releases of the Micro Genius occurred in 1991.

The Micro Genius series was a common clone of the Famicom. This line of consoles was particularly notable, as consoles in the Micro Genius line were often introduced to international regions before the official launches of consoles they cloned, leading to relatively good market performance in many regions, and even market dominance in Malaysia.

Legacy
As of 2008, Micro Genius consoles were known for remaining in use in North Korea.

Technology
The Micro-Genius consoles have a number of quality of life improvements over the original Famicom as well, though there are some drawbacks.


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Dina

Launch
Chuang Zao Zhe 50 was first released in February 1986 by the Taiwanese Bit Corporation.

The Telegames Personal Arcade revision was released in the United States of America in 1988 at a cost of $40 via mail order catalogs.

Legacy
A tornado destroyed remaining stock in Lancaster, Texas in 1994.

title: History of video games/Platforms/Dina


text:
Emulation/PlayStation 4

About PlayStation 4
The PlayStation 4 is an x86 based console.

Spine
Closed source emulator capable of running a good number of 2D indie titles. Currently only runs on Linux.

Orbital
An open source experimental PS4 emulator based on virtualization - Currently not intended for use outside of development.

GPCS4
An open source (GPL 3.0) emulator for Windows, meant to be an educational project for it's author, it doesn't run games at playable speeds yet.

title: Emulation/PlayStation 4


text:
History of video games/Platforms/TV Boy

History
TV-Boy was first released in 1992 by Akor as an unofficial clone of the Atari 2600 with a number of built in games. The console was advertised in magazines.

A redesigned Super-TV Boy, with a detachable controller, was released in 1995 by Akor. The device was sold under other brands, such as Systema.

Technology
The system is a clone of the Atari 2600, and uses a clone of the MOS 6507 CPU clocked at 1.19 megahertz. Most system functions are performed by a single 48 pin chip.

title: History of video games/Platforms/TV Boy


text:
User talk:Zsohl

 Welcome to my Discussion page This page was last edited or modified by User: (talk).

title: User talk:Zsohl


text:
User:Zsohl

 Editor of the open books

If anyone has any advice/complaints about my editing, feel free to leave me a message on my discussion page.

title: User:Zsohl