text:
Mirad Grammar/Nouns

Noun Types

 * Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways:

 * common vs. proper
 * concrete vs. abstract
 * countable vs. mass
 * gender-neutral vs. masculine/feminine
 * singular vs. plural
 * animate vs. inanimate
 * full form vs. acronym

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! COMMON !! PROPER
 * + Common vs. Proper Nouns
 * tam....house || Emer....Venus
 * yagsim....bench || Ferom....France
 * dyes....book || Notre Dame...Notre Dame
 * tej....life || Tot....God
 * }
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 * tej....life || Tot....God
 * }
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! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT
 * + Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns
 * tab....body || ifon....love
 * mil....water || oyman....coolness
 * deuz....song || deuzen....singing
 * }
 * Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.
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 * }
 * Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.
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! COUNTABLE !! MASS
 * + Countable vs. Mass Nouns
 * pat....bird || pattel....bird food
 * patayebi....feathers || patayebyan....plumage
 * megi....rocks || mil....water
 * }
 * In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome.  Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pat i ....birds).
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 * }
 * In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome.  Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pat i ....birds).
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! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE
 * + Gender-neutral vs. Gendered
 * tob....human being || toyb....woman || twob....man
 * edeb....monarch || edeyb....queen || edweb....king
 * ted....parent || teyd....mother || twed....father
 * }
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 * ted....parent || teyd....mother || twed....father
 * }
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! SINGULAR !! PLURAL
 * + Singular vs. Plural Nouns
 * dom....city || domi....cities
 * gon....part || goni....parts
 * jub....day || jubi....days
 * }
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 * jub....day || jubi....days
 * }
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! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE
 * + Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns
 * mam....sky || pot....animal
 * tom....building || aot....person
 * job....time || tobet....child
 * }
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 * job....time || tobet....child
 * }
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! FULL FORM !! ACRONYM
 * + Full form vs. Acronym
 * Anxwa Doobi....United Nations || AD....UN
 * Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization || MNX....WTO
 * }
 * Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization || MNX....WTO
 * }

 * The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar.

Pluralization of Common Nouns

 * A singular countable common noun always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the pluralizing marker -i. So, the plural of pur....car is pur i ....cars.  In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages (la belle fleur → les belles fleurs).  The plural suffix -i is the only way nouns in Mirad are inflected.  All other changes to nouns are derivational in nature, eg. genderization, augmentation, diminution, capitalization, etc.

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! SINGULAR !! PLURAL
 * + Pluralization of Nouns
 * tam....house|| tam i ....houses
 * toyb....woman || toyb i ....women
 * tej....life || tej i ....lives
 * ha via dom....the beautiful city || ha via dom i ....the beautiful cities
 * }
 * tej....life || tej i ....lives
 * ha via dom....the beautiful city || ha via dom i ....the beautiful cities
 * }
 * }

Modifying Nouns with the Definite Article

 * In Mirad, there is only a single noun-modifying article, the invariable definite article ha (the). There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Mirad Grammar/Determiners).  The definite article ha  is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun.  It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish.  The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart:

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! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY
 * + Use of the Definite Article
 * tam || a house || indefinite, no article
 *  ha tam ||  the house || definite
 *  ha tami ||  the houses || definite, plural
 * tej || life || general, no article
 * fitejawa tej  ||  a life well-lived || indefinite, no article
 *  ha tej (...ho at bayse) ||  the life (... that I have) || specific
 * Ferad || French || language name, already specific, no article
 * Ivan || Ivan || person's name, no article
 * Ifliu yivan ! || Cherish freedom  || abstraction, no article
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 * Ferad || French || language name, already specific, no article
 * Ivan || Ivan || person's name, no article
 * Ifliu yivan ! || Cherish freedom  || abstraction, no article
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }

 * Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages.  Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew."

Proper Nouns

 * Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English.  The formation of country names and languages is discussed in Countries of the World and Languages of the World.  It can be said here, though, that country names end in -m; the inhabitants of those places end in -t or pl. -ti; and the languages they speak end in -d.  Language names are capitalized, eg. At tixe Ferad. (I study French.).  In fact, this is the case for all parts of speech derived from a proper name, eg. Usoma tel Feramxweye. American food is being Frenchified..  French speakers beware; this is not like in French.  And German speakers beware, too!  Not all nouns are capitalized; only ones that are proper, such as names of people, companies, languages, countries, etc.

 * Names of people, cities, etc. are spelled in Mirad to best reflect the foreign pronunciation, but also to remain recognizable. For example:
 * Xikago....Chicago
 * Paris....Paris
 * Munxen....Munich/München
 * Beijing....Beijing
 * Nu York....New York
 * Nu Orlinz....New Orleans
 * Xampanya....Champagne
 * Méhiko Dom....Mexico City
 * Waxington....Washington
 * Seol....Seoul
 * Xeykspir....Shakespeare

 * An inhabitant of a city is formed by adding -t or -at to the name, depending on whether it ends in a vowel or consonant, respectively, eg. Parisat....a Parisian or Waxingtonati....Washingtonians. Chicago's main newspaper is expressed in Mirad as ha aaga jubdindref bi Xikago.  The English preposition in used before cities and states is translated by be in Mirad, eg. At tambese be Paris.....I live in Paris.

Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement

 * Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa....two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number.

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! Mirad !! English
 * + Noun Modifiers
 * ha ewa aga tami || the two big houses
 *  gla ifxea taxi ||  many pleasant memories
 * hya fia tob || every good man
 * ha yaga via mepi || the long, beautiful roads
 * gra vua sexen || too much ugly construction
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }
 * ha yaga via mepi || the long, beautiful roads
 * gra vua sexen || too much ugly construction
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }

Noun Linkage

 * Nouns can be
 * linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or
 * juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or
 * compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or
 * hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen.

 * Examples:

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! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION
 * + Noun Linkage
 * Ivan ay Maria ....Ivan and Maria  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and)
 * ha tam ey ha par ....the house or the car  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or)
 * hyati oy ha toybi ....all but the women  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but)
 * nyandras boy eta dyun ....a list without your name  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without)
 * tej bi nasuk ....a life of poverty  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
 * ha tam bi Maria  ....Mary's house (the house of Mary || nouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of)
 * job bi aga ivan ....a time of great joy  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
 * dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek ....a book about the Second World War  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about)
 * dropek jwabeni ....war preparations  || modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations)
 * dom yuzpur ....a city bus  || modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus)
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek ....a book about the Second World War  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about)
 * dropek jwabeni ....war preparations  || modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations)
 * dom yuzpur ....a city bus  || modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus)
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }

 * The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person, eg. ha tam bi Sam (Sam's house = the house of Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases.  Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns.  The preposition bi....of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vafil....a glass of wine (but: vafil tilzeb....wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively).  More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Mirad Grammar/Prepositions or Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions.

 * Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation.

Noun Derivational Affixes

 * Nouns can be divided into:
 * simple nouns such as pur....vehicle
 * compound nouns such as bixpur....train < bix....pull + pur....vehicle
 * derived nouns such as fabyan....forest < fab....tree + -yan a suffix meaning collection

 * Derived nouns can be formed by attaching nominal suffixes or prefixes to words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table.  More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building.

Noun Suffixes

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! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES
 * + Noun Derivational Suffixes
 * - valign=top
 * -ag || big || noun || tam....house → tam ag ....mansion tyal....meal → tyal ag ....banquet tilar....spoon → tilar ag ....ladle
 * -an || abstact quality -ness -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||vi a ....beautiful → vi an ....beauty yev a ....fair → yev an ....fairness, equity tob a ....human → tob an ....humanity, humanness, manhood
 * -ayg || big and cute || noun || tam....house → tam ayg ....cozy mansion kapet....dog → kapet ayg ....wolfie
 * -ambok || -itis, inflammation || noun || buixtaib....tendon → buixtaib ambok ....tendonitis
 * -d || language speech utterance || adjective and other stems|| Enigem....English → Enige d ....English (language) Mira....of the world → Mirad....Mirad (world speech) ekpe t ....horse →ekpe d ....neigh, whinny
 * -drun || -gram || noun stems || tiib....heart → tiib drun ....cardiogram
 * -dra/i/ur || -graph || noun stems || am....heat → am drar ....thermograph
 * -dren || -graphy || mostly noun stems || yib....far → yib dren ....telegraphy
 * -ef || need of || various stems || tel....food→tel ef ....hunger ig a ....fast→ig ef ....emergency til....drink→ til ef ....thirst
 * -en || present gerund -ing -tion -ment || verb stem ||ifi-....enjoy →ifi en ....enjoyment deuz-....sing→deuz en ....singing ax-....act → axl en ....acting
 * -eyn || present gerund -tion -ment || verb stem ||x-....do →x eyn ....deed s-....to be→s eyn ....essence jaup-....preceed → jaup eyn ....precedent
 * -es || smaller counterpart thing || noun || tef....hat→ tef es  cap saun....kind→ saun es ....sample dreuz....poem → deuz es ....stanza mek....dust, powder→mek es ....speck, grain
 * -et || smaller counterpart person || noun || twob....man → twob et ....boy toyb....woman→ toyb et ....girl
 * -if || love of -philia || noun || tel....food → tel if ....gourmandise doab....homeland → doab if ....patriotism dyes....book → dyes if ....bibliophilia, love of books
 * -ig || quick || noun and verb stem || man....light → man ig ....flash pyex....stroke→pyexig....swat yopap-....dive, fly down → yopap ig ....swoop
 * -im || room, chamber || various stems || fyadil-....to pray →faydil im ....chapel magel-....to cook → magel im ....kitchen tof-....to dress → tof im ....dressing room
 * -in || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || tot....god → totin....religion, theism otof a ....nude→otof in ....nudism yufr-....terror → yufr in ....terrorism
 * -kyaoxar || -stat || noun stems || am....heat → am kyaoxar ....thermostat
 * -n || abstract noun || various stems || ze....in the middle of → zen....center za....in front of →za n ....face byi....since, starting with → byi n ....source go....less→ go n ....part
 * -kunid || -hedron, sided volume || number prefixes || alen....dodeca (twelve) → alenkunid....dodecahedron
 * -am || house building || various stems || nun-....merchandise → nun am ....store til drink → til am ....bar, tavern fyadil-....to pray → fyadil am ....church
 * -(e)m || place || various stems || duho-? what-?→ duho m ?....where? yex....work → yex em ....worksite ab....on, above → ab em ....top, surface ku a ....lateral→ku m ....side
 * -um || compartment booth || various stems || teuzibar....telephone → teuzibar um ....telephone booth
 * -yem || enclosure, box || various stems || ekpet....horse →ekpet yem ....corral b-....put → b yem ....position
 * -ud || offspring, baby of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet ud ....foal
 * -wud || son of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet wud ....colt
 * -uyd || daughter of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet uyd ....filly
 * -og || little || noun || tab body→ tab og ....corpuscle ekpet....horse → ekpet og ....pony tyal....meal → tyal og ....snack golbun....cut → golbun og ....cutlet
 * -oyg || little and cute || noun || tam....house → tam oyg ....cottage gafapayt....chicken →gafapayt oyg ....chickadee mimpar....boat → mirpar oyg ....dingy
 * -nagar || -ometer || noun || am....heat → am nagar ....thermometer
 * -ar, -ir, -ur || tool, machine, engine || usu. verb stem || p-....to go→ p ur ....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → gobl ar ....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaobl ur ....elevator, lift yaobl ir ....lift, crane dop....military → dop ar ....gun dop ur ....machine gun dop ir ....artillery, cannon
 * -s || thing, object, the X one || adjective || aa first → aa s ....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwa s ....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejea s ....living thing
 * -(s)on || abstract thing issue || various stems || if-....to love→if on ....love ov against→ ov on ....obstacle az a  strong → az on ....force yik a ....difficult → yik son ....problem
 * -(s)un || object thing result of an action || various stems || vyu a ....dirty → vyu n ....spot tamb-....settle →tambi un ....settlement gofr- shred → gofr un ....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyo sun ....not a single thing
 * -t || person || adjective || ea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fya t ....holy one, saint ujna....last→uja t ....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usoma t ....an American
 * -tajbus || -ogen, producer || noun || om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen
 * -tun || science of, -ology || noun || tot....god → tot tun ....theology tob....man → tob tun ....anthropology vob....plant →vob tun ....botany
 * -tuyn || pseudo-science || noun || mar....star → mar tuyn ....astrology
 * -tuin || theory || noun || vyelan....relativity→ vyelan tuin ....theory of relativity
 * -tyen || skill, craft || noun || sur....engine → sur tyen ....engineering
 * -(t)in || doctrine, -ism || noun || zaypas-....progress → zaypas in ....progressivism
 * -tut, tuyt (f.) || scientist -ologist -ist || noun || tot....god → tot tut ....theologist tob....man → tob tuyt ....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vob tut ....botanist
 * -uf || hate of, -phobia || noun || mil....water → mil uf ....hydrophobia totin....religion → totin uf ....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toyb uf ....misogyny
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -nagar || -ometer || noun || am....heat → am nagar ....thermometer
 * -ar, -ir, -ur || tool, machine, engine || usu. verb stem || p-....to go→ p ur ....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → gobl ar ....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaobl ur ....elevator, lift yaobl ir ....lift, crane dop....military → dop ar ....gun dop ur ....machine gun dop ir ....artillery, cannon
 * -s || thing, object, the X one || adjective || aa first → aa s ....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwa s ....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejea s ....living thing
 * -(s)on || abstract thing issue || various stems || if-....to love→if on ....love ov against→ ov on ....obstacle az a  strong → az on ....force yik a ....difficult → yik son ....problem
 * -(s)un || object thing result of an action || various stems || vyu a ....dirty → vyu n ....spot tamb-....settle →tambi un ....settlement gofr- shred → gofr un ....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyo sun ....not a single thing
 * -t || person || adjective || ea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fya t ....holy one, saint ujna....last→uja t ....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usoma t ....an American
 * -tajbus || -ogen, producer || noun || om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen
 * -tun || science of, -ology || noun || tot....god → tot tun ....theology tob....man → tob tun ....anthropology vob....plant →vob tun ....botany
 * -tuyn || pseudo-science || noun || mar....star → mar tuyn ....astrology
 * -tuin || theory || noun || vyelan....relativity→ vyelan tuin ....theory of relativity
 * -tyen || skill, craft || noun || sur....engine → sur tyen ....engineering
 * -(t)in || doctrine, -ism || noun || zaypas-....progress → zaypas in ....progressivism
 * -tut, tuyt (f.) || scientist -ologist -ist || noun || tot....god → tot tut ....theologist tob....man → tob tuyt ....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vob tut ....botanist
 * -uf || hate of, -phobia || noun || mil....water → mil uf ....hydrophobia totin....religion → totin uf ....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toyb uf ....misogyny
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }

Differences between -en, -eyn, and -un

 * The noun suffixes -en, -eyn, and -un create nominalized forms from verb stem, but are a bit confusing. The suffix -en is equivalent to the English -ing and forms a gerundive.  The suffix -eyn is a slight variation and refers to a single action or state.  The ending -un forms a word meaning the result of an action and is often a thing.  Sometimes -eyn is used instead of -un where the latter has a special meaning.  Here are some examples:
 * xer....to do
 * xen....doing
 * xeyn....deed
 * xun....fact
 * yugxer....to slow up
 * yugxen....deceleration
 * yugxun....bottleneck
 * der....to say
 * den....saying
 * deyn....utterance, a saying
 * dun....word
 * ujer....to end
 * ujen....ending eg. I like ending on a happy note.
 * ujeyn....an ending, finale eg. This play's finale was emotional.
 * ujun....end, tail end eg. The road came to a sudden end .

Examples of the Suffix -yen

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Base Word !! Derivation
 * + Wording Ending in -yen
 * - valign=top
 * ajtyod....past people || ajtyodyen....tradition
 * d-....to say || dyen....expression
 * akpas....winning move || akpasyen....tactic
 * dre(r)....to write || dreyen....writing system
 * amal....atmosphere || amalyen....weather
 * an-....single || anyen....quirk, idio-
 * axl-....to act || axlyen....behavior
 * aot....person || aotyen....character, personality
 * ty-....to know how || tyen....skill, craft
 * x-....to do || xyen....profession
 * ze-....middle || zeyen....means
 * bas-....gesture || basyen....body language
 * tex....thought || texyen....opinion
 * es-....to exist || esyen....state
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * x-....to do || xyen....profession
 * ze-....middle || zeyen....means
 * bas-....gesture || basyen....body language
 * tex....thought || texyen....opinion
 * es-....to exist || esyen....state
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * }

Noun Prefixes

 * Prefixes can also be attached to nouns to create derivatives. Here are some common productive ones:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Prefix !! Meaning !! Base Noun !! Derivations
 * + Noun Prefixes
 * - valign=top
 * aa- || first, arch- || deb....leader dezun....performance tat....angel || aadeb....premier azdezun....premiere aatat....archangel
 * ab- || superior, sur-, on || donab....rank dout....gentleman dyun....name || abdonab....superior rank abdout....aristocrat abdyun....title, surname
 * an- || one, uni-, mono- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicle dungon....syllable || anzyukpar....unicycle andungon....monosyllable
 * ao- || vertical || nab....rank || aonab....column
 * aoyeb- || in-and-out || belen....carrying || aoyebelen....import-exports
 * aov- || for-and-against || dalson....subject || aovdalson...controversy
 * ayb- || over-, super- || dras....script ilp....flow mas....name || aybdrun....superscript aybilp....overflow aybmas....ceiling
 * ayn- || holo- || dras....script meg....stone sag....number || ayndras....hologram aynmeg....hololith aynsag....integer
 * aj- || past, pre-, fore- || din....story gex....equity || ajdin....history ajgex....revenge
 * az- || strong || hihid....laugh ojvad....promise tos....feeling || azhihid....guffaw azojvad....covenant aztos....passion
 * do- || public || del....statement did....question vyab....rule || dodel....announcement dodid....inquiry dovyab....law
 * eb- || inter-, dia- || dal....statement ifek....gram kyax....change || ebdal....dialog ebifek....interlude ebkyax....interchange
 * eyn- || semi-, hemi-, half- || il....liquid || eynil....semi-liquid
 * en- || bi-, di-, two- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicle || enzyukpar....bicycle
 * eg- || normal || byen....manner || egbyen....norm
 * ej- || step-, current || twid....brother din....story || ejtwid....step-brother ejdin....current news item
 * ev- || a-, neutral || totin....deism || evtotin....atheism
 * fi- || eu-, bene- || dyen....expression tos....feeling fon....will|| fidyen....euphemism fitos....euphoria fifon....benevolence
 * fyi- || helpful || dal....talk || fyidal....advice
 * fu- || caco-, mal-, ill-, dys- || seux....sound fon....will tos....feeling || fuseux....cacophony fufon....ill-will, malevolence futos....dysphoria
 * fyu- || waste || mil....water pelt...insect mul....stuff|| fyumil....waste water fyupelt....pest fyumul....garbage
 * fya- || holy || din....story buun....gift byekut....healer || fyadin....gospel fyabuun....oblation, offering fyabyekut....shaman, witchdoctor
 * fye- || fantasy, mytho- || din....story diyn....tale mir....world || fyedin....myth, fantasy fyediyn....fairy-tale, fable fyemir....fantasia, fantasy-world
 * fyo- || evil || tat....angel || fyotat....demon
 * gab- || plus || nix....earning || gabnix....interest
 * gaw- || re- || aklen....conquest || gawaklen....reconquest
 * ge- || equi-, iso-, even- || eksag....score kyin....weight || geeksag....tie gekyin....equilibrium
 * gel- || homo-, like-, simul- || dredun....speling san....form || geldredun....homograph gelsan....isomorph, clone
 * gla- || multi-, plur-, poly- || gon....part || glagon....plurality
 * gra- || too, hyper- || bik....caution || grabik....hypercaution
 * gwa- || macro-, super- || mor....universe || gwamor....macrocosm
 * gwo- || micro-, mini-|| drenod....dot nog....degree || gwodrenod....microdot gwonog....minimum
 * hyi- || homo-, same || toobif....gender preference || hyitoobif....homosexualtiy
 * hyu- || hetero-, different, other-, allo-, xeno- || toobif....gender preference mer....planet san....shape || hyutoobif....heterosexuality hyumer....alien planet hyusan....allomorph
 * hya- || omni-, pan-, all- || doobin....nationalism || hyadoobin....pan-nationalism
 * hye- || any, whatever || saun....kind || hyesaun....any kind
 * hyo(s)- || nothing || ten....knowledge || hyosten....ignorance
 * hyuit- || mutual || fizuen....respect || hyuitfizuen....mutual respect
 * ig- || fast || didyan....questionnaire || igdidyan....pop quiz
 * ij- || initial, head || dun....word miap....stream || ijdun....prologue ijmiap....headstream
 * ik- || full || nuxen....payment || iknuxen....liquidation
 * il- || liquid || ok....loss || ilok....leak
 * im || wet || mel....soil || immel....loam, wetland
 * in- || tri-, three || goblun....cut || ingoblun....trisection
 * iv- || happy || din....story || ivdin....comedy
 * iz- || straight, orth-, rect-, direct || fin....quality mep....path || izfin....rectitude izmep....beeline, vector
 * ja- || before, pre- || bik....caution || jabik....precaution
 * je- || continuous || dodal....speech || jedodal....harangue
 * jo- || after, post- || dren....writing || jodren....postscript
 * jwa- || proto-, eo-, early || ajdin....history ejob....modern era || jwaajdin....protohistory jwaejob....eocene
 * jwe- || prompt || puen....arrival || jwepuen....on-time arrival
 * jwo- || latter, late || moj....night || jwomoj....late night
 * ku- || side, aside, lateral || bux....push deyn....saying || kubux....rebuff kudeyn....remark
 * ki- || diagonal, slant || nad....line texyen....opinion || kinad....diagonal, slant kitexyen....bias
 * ko- || hide, covert || d....utterance exut....operative flen....desire jadrun....plan || kod....secret koexut....spy koflen....envy kojadrun....plot
 * kya-|| change, para-, re-||bax....movement dyan....phrase din....story naz....value napxen....ordering||kyabax....shift kyadyan....paraphrase kyadin....version kyanaz....variable kyanapxen'....reordering, shuffling
 * kye- || haphazard || den....saying fyun....harm kaxun....find || kyeden....guesswork kyefyun....danger kyekaxun....discovery
 * kyo- || fixed || byen....manner deyn....saying doneg....social class || kyobyen....habit kyodeyn....cliché kyodoneg....caste
 * kyi- || heavy || azon....force tes....meaning bal....pressure|| kyiazon....gravity kyites....importance kyibal....strain
 * kyu- || light || azon....force mamil || kyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle
 * lo- || dis-, de-, un- || bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quiet|| lobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet
 * mak- || electro-, e- || ebdras....letter nagar....meter || makebdras....email maknagar....electrometer
 * o- || not, un- || bik....care|| obik....neglect
 * ob- || off- || goflun....rip fub....branch || obgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot
 * oge- || unequal, aniso- || izonan...orientation || ogeizonan....anisotropy
 * ogel- || hetero-, different || toobifan....sexual preference || ogeltoobifan....heterosexuality
 * oyb- || under-, sub-, infra- || mos....floor neg....level|| oybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel
 * of- || unauthorized || birun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copy || ofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism
 * og- || small || soni....matters || ogsoni....trivia
 * oj- || future, fore- || buen....giving deyn....utterance || ojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast
 * ok- || loss || buun....gift tos....feeling || okbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache
 * ov- || against, counter-, contra- || adabinut....imperialist apyex....attack || ovadabinut....anti-imperialist ovapyex'....counterattack
 * oz- || weak || duun....suggestion || ozduun....hint
 * ug- || slow || dal....speech ilok....leak teax....look|| ugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze
 * ui- || horizontal || nab....rank || uinab'....row
 * un- || quadri-, tetra-, four- || drezun....poem yan....collection|| undrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad
 * uj- || end || ak....win dun....word jud....date || ujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline
 * uk || empty || dal....talk mel....soil nod....point || ukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture
 * ut- || self-, sui-, aut(o)- || tojben....killing dab....government || uttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy
 * uv- || sad || deuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fate || uvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy
 * uf- || hate || dal....speech tos....feeling || ufdal....rant uftos....anger
 * uz- || crooked, curved, arc || aybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edge || uzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim
 * va- || yes || bien....taking diun....request dud....answer || vabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent
 * ve- || maybe || texen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpation || vetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment
 * vo- || no || texen....thinking fon....will || votexen....doubting vofon'....disinclination
 * vya- || true || deyn....utterance dud....answer nad....line || vyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline
 * vye- || relative || dren....writing || vyedren....correspondence
 * vyo- || wrong, mis- || bek....treatment dat....friend || vyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend
 * yan- || together, con- || dal....talk || yandal....conversation
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * kyu- || light || azon....force mamil || kyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle
 * lo- || dis-, de-, un- || bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quiet|| lobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet
 * mak- || electro-, e- || ebdras....letter nagar....meter || makebdras....email maknagar....electrometer
 * o- || not, un- || bik....care|| obik....neglect
 * ob- || off- || goflun....rip fub....branch || obgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot
 * oge- || unequal, aniso- || izonan...orientation || ogeizonan....anisotropy
 * ogel- || hetero-, different || toobifan....sexual preference || ogeltoobifan....heterosexuality
 * oyb- || under-, sub-, infra- || mos....floor neg....level|| oybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel
 * of- || unauthorized || birun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copy || ofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism
 * og- || small || soni....matters || ogsoni....trivia
 * oj- || future, fore- || buen....giving deyn....utterance || ojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast
 * ok- || loss || buun....gift tos....feeling || okbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache
 * ov- || against, counter-, contra- || adabinut....imperialist apyex....attack || ovadabinut....anti-imperialist ovapyex'....counterattack
 * oz- || weak || duun....suggestion || ozduun....hint
 * ug- || slow || dal....speech ilok....leak teax....look|| ugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze
 * ui- || horizontal || nab....rank || uinab'....row
 * un- || quadri-, tetra-, four- || drezun....poem yan....collection|| undrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad
 * uj- || end || ak....win dun....word jud....date || ujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline
 * uk || empty || dal....talk mel....soil nod....point || ukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture
 * ut- || self-, sui-, aut(o)- || tojben....killing dab....government || uttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy
 * uv- || sad || deuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fate || uvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy
 * uf- || hate || dal....speech tos....feeling || ufdal....rant uftos....anger
 * uz- || crooked, curved, arc || aybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edge || uzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim
 * va- || yes || bien....taking diun....request dud....answer || vabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent
 * ve- || maybe || texen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpation || vetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment
 * vo- || no || texen....thinking fon....will || votexen....doubting vofon'....disinclination
 * vya- || true || deyn....utterance dud....answer nad....line || vyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline
 * vye- || relative || dren....writing || vyedren....correspondence
 * vyo- || wrong, mis- || bek....treatment dat....friend || vyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend
 * yan- || together, con- || dal....talk || yandal....conversation
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }

Gender

 * Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter w.  To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with y.  If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix -ut, that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending -ut is changed to -uyt for the female form, but the male form stays the same.  The reason for this is that the addition of a w to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker w (see the chapter on Mirad Grammar/Verbs.  The chart below shows how this works:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED
 * + Making Nouns Gender-specific
 * tob....human being, person || twob....man || toyb....woman
 * tobet....child || twobet....boy || toybet....girl
 * tad....spouse || twad....husband || tayd....wife
 * ejtad....step spouse || ejtwad....step-husband || ejtayd....step-wife
 * ajtad....ex-spouse || ajtwad....ex-husband || ajtayd....ex-wife
 * ted....parent || twed....father || teyd....mother
 * datif....sweetheart || dwatif....boyfriend || daytif....girlfriend
 * yapet....pig|| yapwet....boar || yapeyt....sow
 * edeb....monarch || edweb....king || edeyb....queen
 * apat....fowl || apwat....rooster || apayt....hen
 * tiuv....underwear || tiwuv....briefs || tiuyv....panties
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * yapet....pig|| yapwet....boar || yapeyt....sow
 * edeb....monarch || edweb....king || edeyb....queen
 * apat....fowl || apwat....rooster || apayt....hen
 * tiuv....underwear || tiwuv....briefs || tiuyv....panties
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }

 * For gender specification in pronouns, see Mirad Grammar/Pronouns, below).

title: Mirad Grammar/Nouns


text:
How to Ace FYLSE/June 2020 Exam

The exam was offer online with remote proctoring for the first time in the Baby Bar's history due to COVID-19.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: How to Ace FYLSE/June 2020 Exam


text:
How to Ace FYLSE/October 2019 Exam

Fact Summary
D was a caretaker of N who was required to put a correct amount of medication for N. D stole N's jewelry and failed to put the medication which led to N's death by overdose.

Outline
1. Criminal Law (형법) Larceny: Jewelry Embezzlement: Jewelry: Larceny of Trick: $1,000 False Pretenses: $1,000 Homicide: Causation: Actual Proximate Causation: Murder: Malice Afterthought: First Degree Murder Second Degree Murder Excuse: Voluntary Intoxication Involuntary Manslaughter: Criminal Negligence Defense: Intoxication

Fact Summary
K opened a dog breeding facility in the outskirt of the city. The facility smelled and K failed to remedy it. M raises cats next to the facility and suffered from the noise and the smell from the facility. M once sprayed air fresheners to the dog to remedy it and the dog died.

1. M v. K
Private Nuisance Substantial Interference Unreasonable Interference Risk/Utility Analysis Public Nuisance Defenses Negligence COMING TO THE NUISANCE INJUNCTION

2. K v. M
Trespass to Chattel Trespass to Land Conversion

DEFENSES: DEFENSE OF PROPERTY Punitive Damages Entry to Abate a Nuisance

Question 3 Torts
3. Torts Private/Public Nuisance Substantial Interference Unreasonable Interference Risk/Utility Analysis Defenses COMING TO THE NUISANCE INJUNCTION

Negligence Intentional Trespass to Chattel - sprays dogs Trespass to Land - sprays onto the land, sprays excrement Trespass to Chattel - sprays dogs with air freshener Conversion - sprays dogs with air freshener Punitive Damages Entry to Abate a Nuisance

Fact Summary
After hearing burglary in his area, N placed loaded guns that he lawfully possessed in every room. N began looking forward to the prospect of shooting an intruder. Da and Do chose to break into N’s home. Dara parked outside and Don crept toward the house. Inside, Ned’s alarm activated. On the video feeds, Ned saw that Don was right outside his dining room window. Ned entered the dining room, picked up a shotgun, and shot Don through the window, killing him. Don had not yet touched Ned’s house when Ned shot him.

Interrogatories

 * 1) Do's Crimes
 * 2) N's Crimes

title: How to Ace FYLSE/October 2019 Exam


text:
User talk:M.kazimbamik

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title: User talk:M.kazimbamik


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Mirad Grammar/Adjectives

Adjective Types

 * Adjectives, which are words that modify nouns, can be of the following types and subcategories:
 * descriptive
 * qualitative, like iva (happy), fia (good), oga (small)
 * denominal ( ~ noun-derived), like doma (urban) < dom (city) or teaba (ocular) < teab (eye)
 * deverbal ( ~ verb-derived), (participles) like tejea (living) < tejer (to live) or twa (known) < ter (to know)
 * preposition-derived, like aba (upper) < ab....on top of or zoa (posterior) < zo (behind)
 * determinative
 * deictic ( ~ demonstrative, indefinite), like hia (this), huyena (such), haewa (both)
 * numeric, like awa (one), ea (second), iona (triple)
 * quantitative, like ga (more), glo (few), gra (too much)
 * pronominal ( ~ possessive), like ata (my), duhota? (whose), hyeta (anyone's)

 * Descriptive adjectives are the main focus of this section. Determinative adjectives (determiners) behave differently and are discussed under Determiners.  Deverbal adjectives, usually referred to as participles, are treated in the section on Verbs, since they are formed from verbs.  Pronominal determiners (i.e. possessive adjectives) are treated under both the section on Determiners and the section on Pronouns.

Descriptive Adjectives

 * All descriptive adjectives end in the adjectival marker vowel a.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! STEM !! MEANING !! ADJECTIVE
 * + Adjective-marking suffix
 * fi- || qualitative root base word || fia....good
 * pur || noun meaning vehicle || pura....vehicular
 * dalw- || passive stem of the verb speak || dalwa....spoken
 * ab || preposition meaning on || aba....superior
 * }
 * dalw- || passive stem of the verb speak || dalwa....spoken
 * ab || preposition meaning on || aba....superior
 * }
 * }

 * Such adjectives precede the noun or noun phrase they modify:

 *  aga tam....a big house
 * ha fia toyb....the good woman
 * ata boka twed....my sick father
 *  fia ilzyebi bi vafil..... good bottles of wine
 * yata dooba doof....our national flag

 * Adjectives do not agree in number or gender with the noun they modify.

 * doba xeut....state agent can also be expressed as the noun compound dobxeut. Dob means a state.
 * pata bok....avian illness can be compounded as patbok, literally bird illness.

 * Note: Compounded nouns often have an idiomatic meaning not exactly equal to their separate parts. More about this in the later section on vocabulary-building.

Comparing Adjectives by Degree

 * As in English, descriptive adjectives can be compared by degree. To do this, a quantitative determiner of degree (ga, ge, etc.) is placed before the adjective, producing positive / negative comparative, equalitative, superlative, and other degree expressions as in the following table.  The quantitative determiners themselves that are used in these comparative expressions are discussed in detail in a later section on Quantitative Determiners.

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! QUANTITATIVE DETERMINER !! MODIFICATION BY DEGREE
 * + Modification of Adjectives by Degree
 * ga....more || ga fia (vyel)....better (than)
 * ge....as, equally || ge fia (vyel)....as good (as)
 * go....less || go fia (vyel)....less good (than)
 * gao....more or less || gao fia....good more or less
 * gla....very || gla fia....very good
 * glay....so || glay fia....so good
 * gle....rather/quite || gle fia....rather/quite good
 * glo....not very || glo fia....not very/slightly/barely good
 * gra....too || gra fia....too good
 * gre....enough || gre fia....good enough
 * gro....not enough || gro fia....not good enough
 * gwa....most || gwa fia (bi, be)....best (of, in)
 * gwe....just, merely || gwe fia....merely good
 * gwo....least || gwo fia (bi, be)....least good (of, in)
 * }
 * The relative conjunction vyel is used to translate English as in an equalitative comparison or than in a non-equalitative comparison. Examples:
 * gra....too || gra fia....too good
 * gre....enough || gre fia....good enough
 * gro....not enough || gro fia....not good enough
 * gwa....most || gwa fia (bi, be)....best (of, in)
 * gwe....just, merely || gwe fia....merely good
 * gwo....least || gwo fia (bi, be)....least good (of, in)
 * }
 * The relative conjunction vyel is used to translate English as in an equalitative comparison or than in a non-equalitative comparison. Examples:
 * gwe....just, merely || gwe fia....merely good
 * gwo....least || gwo fia (bi, be)....least good (of, in)
 * }
 * The relative conjunction vyel is used to translate English as in an equalitative comparison or than in a non-equalitative comparison. Examples:
 * }
 * The relative conjunction vyel is used to translate English as in an equalitative comparison or than in a non-equalitative comparison. Examples:

 * Ata tam se ga aga vyel etas.....My house is bigger than yours.
 * Hia tam voy se ge aga vyel atas.....This house is not as big as mine.
 * His se ha gwa aga tam bi yata yubem.....This is the biggest house in our neighborhood.

 * Unlike in English, where comparative forms can be irregular (smaller, more intense, better), there are no exceptions in the comparison of Mirad adjectives and adverbs.

Deriving Substantives from Adjectives

 * Adjectives can be suffixed to derive various noun substantives:
 * Abstract quality noun: -n
 * Thing having a quality: -s
 * Person having a quality: -t

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! QUALITY !! PERSON !! THING
 * + Deriving Substantives from Adjectives
 * fia....good || fia n ....goodness|| fia t ....a good person || fia s ....a good thing
 * yeva....just || yeva n ....justice||yeva t ....a fair person||yeva s ....a fair thing
 * joga....young || joga n ....youth||joga t ....a youth || joga s ....something new
 * }
 * joga....young || joga n ....youth||joga t ....a youth || joga s ....something new
 * }
 * }

 * The substantives ending in -s and -t can be referred to as deadjectival pronouns, because they act like pronouns but are derived from adjectives.

Reversing the Semantics of Adjectives

 * Descriptive adjectives can be negated by prefixing o. If the adjective being semantically reversed already begins with the prefix o, then the first semantic reversing prefix becomes ol.  This has the effect of English un- or non- in words like unlike, unhappy, and nonessential or the Greek privative prefix a(n)- in words like asymmetric or anomalous.

 * Prefixing the syllable lyo or ov has an even stronger semantic effect. It denotes the polar opposite of the adjective and can mean "anti-".

 * In cases where the o- creates an ambiguous word, lo- or -ol is substituted, depending on whether the base adjective begins with a consonant or a vowel, respectively. Note this in the last two words of the following chart:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! NORMAL !! NEGATED
 * + Reversing the Semantics of Adjectives
 * twa....known ||  o twa....unknown
 * ega....normal ||  o ega....abnormal
 * eflawa....essential ||  o eflawa....nonessential
 * geyla....similar ||  o geyla....dissimilar
 * iva....happy ||  o iva....unhappy
 * data....friendly ||  o data....unfriendly  lyo data....inimical  ov data....hostile
 * dota....social ||  o dota....unsocial  lyo dota....barbarian  ov dota....antisocial
 * ifwa....loved ||  o ifwa....unloved
 * fwa....wanted ||  lo fwa....unwanted
 * ofwa....prohibited ||  ol ofwa....unprohibited
 * }
 * data....friendly ||  o data....unfriendly  lyo data....inimical  ov data....hostile
 * dota....social ||  o dota....unsocial  lyo dota....barbarian  ov dota....antisocial
 * ifwa....loved ||  o ifwa....unloved
 * fwa....wanted ||  lo fwa....unwanted
 * ofwa....prohibited ||  ol ofwa....unprohibited
 * }
 * fwa....wanted ||  lo fwa....unwanted
 * ofwa....prohibited ||  ol ofwa....unprohibited
 * }
 * }

Polarization of Base Word Adjectives

 * Base word adjectives are polarized adjectives that fall into the following pattern categories:
 * [iu]Ca (such as ifa, uja, ika, uka, etc.)
 * C[iu]a (such as fia, fua, via, vua, etc.)
 * [aeu]Ca (such as aja, eja, uja, yava, yeva, yova, etc.)
 * C[aeu]a (such as vaa, vea, vua, etc.)

 * In the case of the i/u vowel adjectives, those adjectives with i are positive and are contrasted with those with u, which are negative, eg.:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! Positive !! Negative
 * + I/U Polarized Adjectives
 * fia....good || fua....bad
 * iva....happy || uva....sad
 * via....beautiful || vua....ugly
 * }
 * via....beautiful || vua....ugly
 * }
 * }

 * In the case of the a/e/u vowel adjectives, those adjectives with a are positive; those with e are intermediate, and those with o are negative, eg.:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! Positive !! Intermediate !! Negative
 * + A/E/U-Polarized Adjectives
 * yava....innocent || yeva....fair || yova....guilty
 * aja....past || eja....present || oja....future
 * aga....big|| ega....normal || oga....small
 * }
 * aga....big|| ega....normal || oga....small
 * }
 * }

Deintensifying the Sense of Adjectives

 * The semantic strength of qualitative adjectives can often be deintensified by following the ordinal vowel or stem vowel with the glide y. Examples follow:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! NORMAL !! DEINTENSIFIED
 * + Mitigated Adjectives
 * oma....cold || oyma....cool
 * ama....hot || ayma....warm
 * yufa....afraid || yuyfa....shy
 * yiva....free || yiyva....loose
 * via....beautiful || viya....pretty
 * ifwa....loved || iyfwa....liked
 * yefwa....obligatory || yeyfwa....due
 * ufwa....hated || uyfwa....disliked
 * }
 * via....beautiful || viya....pretty
 * ifwa....loved || iyfwa....liked
 * yefwa....obligatory || yeyfwa....due
 * ufwa....hated || uyfwa....disliked
 * }
 * ufwa....hated || uyfwa....disliked
 * }
 * }

Adjectival Derivational Endings

 * All descriptive adjectives end in at least the suffix a. Many adjectives are derived from other parts of speech, using one of more of the following derivational endings.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ENDING !! TRANSITION TYPE !! MEANING !! BASE WORD !! DERIVED ADJECTIVE
 * + Adjectival Derivative Endings
 * -a || N->ADJ ||relating to, of || tot....god tob....man dom....city || tota....divine toba....human doma....urban
 * -aya||N->ADJ||full of, -ful, -ous || mil....water yazmel....mountain tes....meaning || milaya....watery, aquaous yazmelaya....mountainous tesaya....meaningful
 * --ika||N->ADJ||full of, -ful, -ous || mil....water yazmel....mountain tes....meaning || milika....watery, aquaous yazmelika....mountainous tesika....meaningful
 * -oya||N->ADJ||empty of, -less, -free || teb....head level....sugar tes....meaning || teboya....headless leveloya....sugar-free tesoya....meaningless
 * -uka||N->ADJ||empty of, -less, -free || teb....head level....sugar tes....meaning || tebuka....headless leveluka....sugar-free tesuka....meaningless
 * -yena||N->ADJ||like, -ish, -y || tot....god tob....man dom....city || totyena....godly, godlike tobyena....manly, virile domyena....urbane
 * -ea||V->ADJ||-ing, -ent, -ant || ags-....grow tej-....live kyas-....change || agsea....growing, crescent tejea....living, alive kyasea....changing, variant
 * -yea||V->ADJ||-ive, tending to || dal-....talk tox-....forget vad-....affirm || dalyea....talkative toxyea....forgetful vadyea....affirmative
 * -wa||V->ADJ||-ed || dal-....talk tox-....forget vad-....affirm || dalwa....spoken toxwa....forgotten vadwa....affirmed
 * -oa||V->ADJ||-about to, apt to || toj-....die kyes-....happen tajb-....give birth || tojoa....moribund kyesoa....imminent tajboa....about to deliver
 * -ua||V->ADJ||-able, potentially V || tojb-....kill bukx-....harm akuj-....succeed || tojbua....lethal bukxua....dangerous akujua....potentially successful
 * -yafa||V->ADJ||-able || test-....understand ||testyafa....able to understand
 * -yafwa||V-ADJ||-able, possible to X || test-....understand||testyafwa....understandable
 * -yofa||V->ADJ||unable to || teat-....see||teatyofa....blind
 * -yofwa||V->ADJ||impossible to, un-X-able || teat-....see||teatyofwa....invisible
 * -yuka ||V->ADJ||comfortable Xing ||pes-....wait||pesyuka....patient
 * -yukwa ||V->ADJ||easy to X||test-....understand||testyukwa....clear
 * -yika ||V->ADJ||hard of Xing ||teet-....hear||teetyika....hard of hearing
 * -yikwa ||V->ADJ||hard to X||teet-....hear||teetyikwa....hard to hear
 * -ifa ||V->ADJ||fond of Xing, -phile/-ic ||t-....know dyes....book||tifa....curious dyesifa....bibliophilic
 * -ifwa ||V->ADJ||loved by||tyod-....people||tyodifwa....popular
 * -ufa ||V->ADJ||X-hating, -phobic, averse ||tob-....man yex....work||toybufa....anthrophobic yexufa....lazy, work-averse
 * -ufwa ||V->ADJ||hated by||hyat....everyone||hyatufwa....universally hated
 * -yifa ||V->ADJ||brave ||toj....death||tojyifa....brave in the face of death
 * -yufa ||V-ADJ||afraid of X||tot....god||totyufa....god-fearing
 * -yufwa ||V->ADJ||feared by X||gla....much||glayufwa....much-feared
 * -yefa ||V->ADJ||due to X||dud-....answer||dudyefa....answerable, responsible
 * -yeyfa ||V->ADJ||liable to X||fyuzi-....get punished||fyuziyeyfa....liable to be punished
 * -yefwa ||V->ADJ||X-worthy||fid-....praise||fidyefa....praiseworthy
 * -yakwa ||V->ADJ||expected to X||mamil-....rain||mamilyakwa....likely to rain
 * -valka ||N->ADJ||-safe, -proof||mil....water||milvalka....waterproof
 * -ava ||N->ADJ||pro-X||tej....life||tejava....pro-life
 * -eva ||N->ADJ||-neutral||toob....gender||toobeva....gender-neutral
 * -ova ||N->ADJ||anti-X||dropek....war||dropekova....anti-war
 * -yiva ||N->ADJ||-free||yef....debt||yefyiva....debt-free
 * -yuva ||N->ADJ||-bound||yef....duty vya-....truth dofin....moral||yefyuva....duty-bound vyayuva....loyal dofinyuva....scrupulous
 * -aza ||N->ADJ||strong-Xed||fon....will tip....temperament||fonaza....strong-willed tipaza....stern
 * -oza ||N->ADJ||weak-Xed||tip....temperament||tipoza....weak-hearted
 * -iza ||N->ADJ||straight-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepiza....logical daliza....frank
 * -uza ||N->ADJ||crooked-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepuza....illogical daluza....devious
 * -okya ||N->ADJ||absent-Xed||tad....spouse ted....parent||tadokya....widowed tedokya....orphaned
 * -iga ||N->ADJ||fast-Xed || tuyub....finger || tuyubiga....nimble
 * -uga ||N->ADJ||slow-Xed || tep....mind || tepuga....slow-witted, dull
 * -aga ||N->ADJ|| big-Xed || tiib....heart || tiibaga....big-hearted, generous
 * -oga ||N->ADJ|| small-Xed || tep....mind || tepoga....small-minded
 * -yiga ||N->ADJ|| hard-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyiga....stern, strict
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }
 * -yufa ||V-ADJ||afraid of X||tot....god||totyufa....god-fearing
 * -yufwa ||V->ADJ||feared by X||gla....much||glayufwa....much-feared
 * -yefa ||V->ADJ||due to X||dud-....answer||dudyefa....answerable, responsible
 * -yeyfa ||V->ADJ||liable to X||fyuzi-....get punished||fyuziyeyfa....liable to be punished
 * -yefwa ||V->ADJ||X-worthy||fid-....praise||fidyefa....praiseworthy
 * -yakwa ||V->ADJ||expected to X||mamil-....rain||mamilyakwa....likely to rain
 * -valka ||N->ADJ||-safe, -proof||mil....water||milvalka....waterproof
 * -ava ||N->ADJ||pro-X||tej....life||tejava....pro-life
 * -eva ||N->ADJ||-neutral||toob....gender||toobeva....gender-neutral
 * -ova ||N->ADJ||anti-X||dropek....war||dropekova....anti-war
 * -yiva ||N->ADJ||-free||yef....debt||yefyiva....debt-free
 * -yuva ||N->ADJ||-bound||yef....duty vya-....truth dofin....moral||yefyuva....duty-bound vyayuva....loyal dofinyuva....scrupulous
 * -aza ||N->ADJ||strong-Xed||fon....will tip....temperament||fonaza....strong-willed tipaza....stern
 * -oza ||N->ADJ||weak-Xed||tip....temperament||tipoza....weak-hearted
 * -iza ||N->ADJ||straight-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepiza....logical daliza....frank
 * -uza ||N->ADJ||crooked-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepuza....illogical daluza....devious
 * -okya ||N->ADJ||absent-Xed||tad....spouse ted....parent||tadokya....widowed tedokya....orphaned
 * -iga ||N->ADJ||fast-Xed || tuyub....finger || tuyubiga....nimble
 * -uga ||N->ADJ||slow-Xed || tep....mind || tepuga....slow-witted, dull
 * -aga ||N->ADJ|| big-Xed || tiib....heart || tiibaga....big-hearted, generous
 * -oga ||N->ADJ|| small-Xed || tep....mind || tepoga....small-minded
 * -yiga ||N->ADJ|| hard-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyiga....stern, strict
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }
 * -aza ||N->ADJ||strong-Xed||fon....will tip....temperament||fonaza....strong-willed tipaza....stern
 * -oza ||N->ADJ||weak-Xed||tip....temperament||tipoza....weak-hearted
 * -iza ||N->ADJ||straight-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepiza....logical daliza....frank
 * -uza ||N->ADJ||crooked-Xed||tep....mind dal....speech||tepuza....illogical daluza....devious
 * -okya ||N->ADJ||absent-Xed||tad....spouse ted....parent||tadokya....widowed tedokya....orphaned
 * -iga ||N->ADJ||fast-Xed || tuyub....finger || tuyubiga....nimble
 * -uga ||N->ADJ||slow-Xed || tep....mind || tepuga....slow-witted, dull
 * -aga ||N->ADJ|| big-Xed || tiib....heart || tiibaga....big-hearted, generous
 * -oga ||N->ADJ|| small-Xed || tep....mind || tepoga....small-minded
 * -yiga ||N->ADJ|| hard-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyiga....stern, strict
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }
 * -uga ||N->ADJ||slow-Xed || tep....mind || tepuga....slow-witted, dull
 * -aga ||N->ADJ|| big-Xed || tiib....heart || tiibaga....big-hearted, generous
 * -oga ||N->ADJ|| small-Xed || tep....mind || tepoga....small-minded
 * -yiga ||N->ADJ|| hard-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyiga....stern, strict
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }
 * -yiga ||N->ADJ|| hard-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyiga....stern, strict
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }
 * -yuga ||N->ADJ|| soft-Xed || tip....temperament || tipyuga....lax, lenient
 * }

title: Mirad Grammar/Adjectives


text:
Mirad Grammar/Adverbs

Adverb Types

 * Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. There are two types of adverbs in Mirad, namely:
 * derived adverbs
 * inherent adverbs.

Derived Adverbs

 * Adverbs can be derived from descriptive adjectives by suffixing the adverbial marker y, eg.:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! ADVERB
 * + Derived Adverbs
 * fi a ....good || fia y ....well
 * yev a ....fair || yeva y ....fairly
 * uj a ....final || uja y ....finally
 * ejn a ....new || ejna y ....newly
 * teyd a ....maternal || teyda y ....maternally
 * }
 * ejn a ....new || ejna y ....newly
 * teyd a ....maternal || teyda y ....maternally
 * }
 * teyd a ....maternal || teyda y ....maternally
 * }

 * At the end of sentences or clauses, common one-syllable-stem adverbs can be shortened by removing the ay ending:

 * Iyt deuze fi .....She sings well .
 * At upo ig .....I'll come quickly .

 * Otherwise, the full adverb form is used, eg.:

 * Yet yefe ugay fiaser.....You people must slowly improve.
 * At tojo ivay, tea van at beaye fia tej.....I will die happily knowing that I've had a good life.

Inherent Adverbs

 * There are some words in the language that are inherently invariable adverbs and do not take the ay ending, because they are not formed from adjectives, or because they already end in ay. Here are the most common examples:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top; font-size:smaller;"

 * + Inherent Adverbs
 * - valign=top |
 * yab....up yaob....up and down || (a)yeb1....in oyeb....out aoyeb....in and out || yob....down || yub....near yuib....near and far|| yib....far oyib....not far
 * - valign=top |
 *  ab ....on  ayb ....above aob....of and on||  eb ....between  eyb ....among ||  ob ....off  oyb ....under ||  ub ....toward ||  ib ....away
 * - valign=top |
 *  bay ....with/along||  bey ....by/via ||  boy ....without ||  byu ....as far (as) ||  byi ....since
 * - valigh=top |
 * vay....indeed || vey....perhaps || voy....not|| ||
 * - valign=top |
 *  za ....in front (of) zay....ahead zya....throughout zao....back and forth||  ze ....to/at the middle (of) zey....across zye....through ||  zo ....in back (of) zoy....back ||  zu ....on the left (of) zui....right and left ||  zi ....on the right (of)
 * || ||  || uz....on a curve uiz....zigzig|| iz....straight, directly
 * ||yez....along ||  || yuz....around || yiz....beyond oyiz....not beyond
 * ga....more gao....more or less || ge...equally ||go....less|| ||
 * gay....also || gey....even || goy....no more/except || ||
 * gaj....still || || goj....no longer || ||
 * yan....together || || yon....apart || ||
 *  ja ....before  jao ....before and after jay....already || je....meanwhile jey....meanwhile ||  jo ....after joy...next||  ju ....until ||  ji ....since
 * }
 * Note 1: Ayeb is almost always shortened to yeb.
 * gaj....still || || goj....no longer || ||
 * yan....together || || yon....apart || ||
 *  ja ....before  jao ....before and after jay....already || je....meanwhile jey....meanwhile ||  jo ....after joy...next||  ju ....until ||  ji ....since
 * }
 * Note 1: Ayeb is almost always shortened to yeb.
 * }
 * Note 1: Ayeb is almost always shortened to yeb.

 * The words in the above chart that are underlined can also serve as prepositions (See Prepositions).

 * The words underlined below are considered adverbial because they can modify verbs. For example:

 * At teaxa yab .....I looked up .  (= At yabteaxa.)
 * Duven et hyej upo zoy ?.....Will you ever come back .  (= ...zoyupo?)
 * Et po yib be tej......You will go far in life.  (= Et yipo...)
 * At voy se eta ted.....I am not your father.
 * Pu zu, jogat!....Go left , young man!  (= Zupu...)
 * Yat vay sa hum.....We were indeed there.
 * It pa oyeb .....He went outside .  (= It oyepa.)
 * Iyt gay deuze.....She also sings.
 * Yit yexe gey be moji.....They work even nights.
 * Ha tobud gaj tujeye.....The baby is still sleeping.
 * Yat yefe yexer yan .....We must work together .  (= ...yanyexer.)
 * His vey upo yon .....This may come apart .  (= ...yonupo.)
 * Hit se jay toja.....This one is already dead.
 * Hut se voy toja.....That one is not dead.
 * At popeyo zya .....I will be traveling all around .  (= zyapopeyo.)
 * Et byase yon .....You stand apart .
 * Van yet besu yan .....Stay together, guys.

 * Many of the above adverbs can be prefixed to verbs, nouns, and even adjectives to indicate motion in various directions. (Keep in mind that the b or p can be assimilated to the first letter of per (go) or ber (put). For example:

 * yeb (in) + per (go) = yeper (to enter) [NOT: yebper]
 * oyeb (out) + bier (take) = oyebier (to take out) [NOT: oyebbier]
 * yab (up) + per (go) = yaper (to rise) [NOT: yabper]
 * yob (up) + kima (sloped) = yobkima (downward-sloping)
 * yub (near) + per (go) = yuper (to approach) [NOT: yubper]
 * yib (far) + daler (talk) = yibdaler (to telephone)
 * yiz (beyond) + per (go) = yizper (to surpass)
 * yez (along) + per (go) = yezper (to go along)
 * yuz (around) + pipen (sailing) = yuzpipen (circumnavigation)
 * zay (ahead) + paser (move) = zaypaser (to advance)
 * zao (back and forth) + baser (move)  = zaobaser (to rock)
 * ze (to the middle) + jaga (aged) = zejaga (middle-aged)
 * zye (through) + teatyafwa (visible) = zyeteatyafa (transparent)
 * zey (across) + mep (road) = zeymep (bridge)
 * zoy (back) + nogea (gradual) = zoynogea (retrogressive)
 * iz (straight) + nad (line) = iznad (vector)
 * zi (to the right) + kum (side) = izkum (right side)
 * zu (far) + tuyab (hand) = zutuyaba (left-handed)
 * uz (on a curve) + nad (line) = uznad (curve)
 * yan (together) + up (come) = yanup (a meeting)
 * yon (apart) + ber (put) = yonber (to separate)

Word Order of Adverbs

 * The word order of adverbs is fairly free, as in English. But, to avoid ambiguity, the adverb should be placed immediately before or after the sentence element it modifies, eg.:

 * It deuze vi .....He sings beautifully .
 * Et yefe xer gwa ig .....You must do it as quickly as possible .
 * Et hyoj ako fika ivan.....You will never gain perfect happiness.
 * At voy te. (OR) At te voy . ....I do not know.

Comparison of Adverbs by Degree

 * Adverbs can be compared just as adjectives with the use of Quantitative Determiners. The words than, compared to,  and as are translated by the relative conjunction vyel (than, compared to, with respect to)

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! POSITIVE !! +/=/- COMPARATIVE !! +/- SUPERLATIVE
 * + Comparison of Adverbs by Degree
 * - valign=top
 * yikay....easily ||  ga yikay vyel.... more easily than  ge yikay vyel.... as easily as  go yikay vyel.... less easily than|| (ha) gwa yikay....(the) most easily (ha) gwo yikay....(the) least easily
 * }
 * Examples:
 * At pipe ga fi vyel et.....I swim better than you.
 * Yat tra hua twob go fi vyel yet.....We knew that man less well than you guys.
 * Eta tayd deuza ha gwa vi be ha ebyek.....Your wife sang the most beautifully in the competition.
 * Et xa has ha gwa fu vyel hyet.....You did it the worst compared to anyone.
 * Dalu ge azay vyel et yafe.....Speak as loudly as you can.

title: Mirad Grammar/Adverbs