text:
LMIs in Control/Applications/Problem of Space Rendezvous and LMI Approaches

This is a Problem of Space Rendezvous and LMI Approaches

In Section 12.4 of their book LMIs in Control Systems: Analysis, Design, and Applications, Duan and Yu discuss the problem of space rendezvous and how it can be formulated into an LMI problem. Modeling and simulating space rendezvous is of importance because it is used for any cargo or passenger spacecraft traveling to and from earth-orbiting space stations and also for satellites servicing aging in-orbit satellites, and for potential missions to mine asteroids.

The System
Though Duan and Yu first mention space rendezvous in Example 7.14 of their book. In this example, they show that the relative orbital dynamic model of spacecraft rendezvous can be described by the famous Clohessy-Wiltshire equations.

\begin{align} m\ddot{r_x}-2m\omega_0\dot{r_y}-3m\omega_0^2r_x &= T_x + d_x \\ m\ddot{r_y}+2m\omega_0\dot{r_x} &= T_y + d_y \\ m\ddot{r_z}+m\omega_0^2r_z &= T_z + d_z\\ \end{align}$$

where
 * $$r_x,r_y,r_z$$ are the components of the relative position between chaser and target
 * $$\omega_0 = \pi/12$$ [rad/h] is the orbital angular velocity of the target satellite
 * $$m$$ is the mass of the chaser
 * $$T_i, (i=x,y,z)$$ is the i-th component of the control input force acting on the relative motion dynamics
 * $$d_i, (i=x,y,z)$$ is the i-th component of the external disturbance

The C-W equations give a first-order approximation of the chaser's motion in a target-centered coordinate system and is often used in planning space rendezvous problems (ISS, Salyut, and Tiangong space stations are just some examples.)

With appropriate definitions of states and variables the dynamic equations of motion for space-rendezvous can be converted into standard state-space form for LMI optimization as follows:

\begin{align} \dot{x} &= Ax + B_1u+B_2d \\ y &= Cx \\ \end{align}$$

where the vectors in the above state-space representation are defined as follows:

\begin{align} x = \begin{bmatrix} r_x & r_y & r_z & \dot{r_x} & \dot{r_y} & \dot{r_z} \\ \end{bmatrix}^T\\ \\ y = \begin{bmatrix} r_z & r_y & r_z\end{bmatrix}^T\\ \\ u = \begin{bmatrix} T_x & T_y & T_z \end{bmatrix}^T\\ \\ d = \begin{bmatrix} d_x & d_y & d_z \end{bmatrix}^T\\ \end{align}$$

and the matrices in the above state-space representation are defined as follows:

\begin{align} A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\               0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\                3\omega_0^2  & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2\omega_0^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -2\omega_0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -\omega_0^2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \\ B_1 = B_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 0_{3x3} \\ I_3 \\ \end{bmatrix}\\ \\ C = \begin{bmatrix} I_{3} & 0_{3x3}\\ \end{bmatrix}\\ \\ \end{align}$$

The Data
The data required are the mass properties of both the target and chaser vehicles for space rendezvous. Also required is the orbital angular velocities of the target and chasers and measurements of relative kinematics between the two.

The Optimization Problem
The optimization problem is trying to attenuate the disturbance to output transfer function using either the H-inf or H2 norm.

 * Objective: Hinf or H2 norm
 * Variables: Controller Gains
 * Constraints: Relative Dynamics/Kinematics between Chaser and Target in Orbit

The LMI: Space Rendezvous LMI Optimization
The space rendezvous problem can be approached with either H-inf or H-2 optimization formulations. Both formulations can achieve closed-loop stability which ensures that rendezvous occurs because the relative distance between target and chaser eventually approaches zero. The LMIs for the H-inf and H2 optimization problem are shown below which are easily solvable because the matrices for the space rendezvous problem are available above in standard form.

Duan and Yu approach the $$H_{\infty}$$. The minimum attenuation level from disturbance to output can be found by solving the following LMI optimization problem.

\begin{align} \\ &min \gamma_{\infty} \\ \\ &\text{s.t. } X > 0 \\ \\ &\begin{bmatrix} (AX+B_1W)^T+AX+B_1W & B_2 & (C_1X+D_1W)^T \\ B_2^T & -\gamma_{H\infty} I & D_2^T \\ C_1X+D_1W & D_2 & -\gamma_{H\infty} I \end{bmatrix} < 0 \\

\end{align}$$

which is the same as Theorem 8.1 in Duan and Yu's Book, the solution to the $$ H_{\infty} $$ problem.

Conclusion:
The LMI for Space Rendezvous is a useful and interesting method to model and simulate practical problems in spacecraft engineering. Space Rendezvous usually requires very good vision-based navigation or an exceptional human operator that can close the gap for final mating of the two docking adapters.

Implementation
A link to CodeOcean or other online implementation of the LMI

Related LMIs
Links to other closely-related LMIs

 * Optimal_Output_Feedback_Hinf_LMI
 * H2OptimalOutputFeedback


text:
User talk:2600:387:B:F:0:0:0:35

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text:
User:HumbleBeauty/Worship technology

What is this one thing? Radiation; everything is made of radiation as matter is soliton optical vortices; We may also call the one thing energy because radiation is the emission or transmission of energy. Having nothing else to interact with, energy is self-deterministic; or dare I say energy is consciousness itself; the universe of things is thus a cybernetic organism, making evolution a natural component of intelligent self-design.

pragmatism
You will know (and even experience) energy if this framework is true or if this understanding is practical (including psychological utility).

If we understand "science as the study of energy", then as an act of acceptance, attention, interest, and serenity, we want to study energy or learn more about energy all the more; powerful emotions such as... trust, surprise, anticipation, and joy, as well as admiration, amazement, vigilance, and ecstasy ...provoking productivity and innovation no doubt evolve or advance the field! Optimism, reverence, adoration, and innovation occur.

Since this is the most practical framework to understand the notion of energy and of science; energy exists! Q.E.D

metalogical theorem
Metalogic is really simple. Did you know that metalogic is merely the generalizing of logical connectives? In other words, saying anything about a logical connective IS called metalogic! You will notice I say many things about these connectives. Well, all that logic is, is the generalizing of what can be said through the use of logical connectives. I use some of that too.

the word nothing exists
( |-∃!{}), Assuming nothing (i.e. having no non-logical axioms), it follows that there is an assuming, or thinking; And this particular thinking, amounts to the existence of one empty set or the word nothing.

nothing IS not
Parmenides said "nothing IS not" which means "nothing doesn't IS" or "IS" doesn't apply to nothing.

It is a scientific fact that nothing does not exist somewhere. And even if one had a superconducting box (which could remove magnetic fields) that one could remove all of the gases, photons and charged particles from; you would still have gravity, neutrinos, zero point energy, and quantum tunneling to deal with.

Four senses of “IS” can be meant;

generalization; identity (equivalents), [mankind IS homosapien]

implication (implies) [a man IS an animal]

predication (has the property of) [an orange IS the color orange]

existence; instantiation (exists as) [there IS truth]

Generalization has two antecedents;

Liken

Contrast

Which means;

Nothing likens not

Nothing contrasts not

Nothing generalizes not

Nothing implicates not

Nothing describes not

Nothing instantiates not

everything IS
The contraposition of "nothing IS not" is "everything IS" or "everything does IS" or "IS" applies to everything.

meaning;

everything likens => everything harmonizes => everything loves;

everything contrasts => everything informs => everything teaches;

everything generalizes => everything identifies => everything comprehends;

everything implicates => everything causes => everything reasons;

everything describes => everything communicates;

everything instantiates => everything generates => everything sustains;

one thing IS
IF everything IS (or likens, contrasts, generalizes, implicates, describes, and instantiates) then everything generalizes to one thing.

meaning;

one thing likens => one thing harmonizes => one thing loves;

one thing contrasts => one thing informs => one thing teaches;

one thing generalizes => one thing identifies => one thing comprehends;

one thing implicates => one thing causes => one thing reasons;

one thing describes => one thing communicates;

one thing instantiates => one thing generates => one thing sustains;

one thing self-IS
But this one thing, is also a thing, in other words it self-IS;

one thing self-likens => it self-harmonizes => it is autoimmune

one thing self-contrasts => it self-informs => it is an autodidact

one thing self-generalizes => it self-identifies => it is self-aware => it is sentient

one thing self-implicates => it is self-causal => it is self-deterministic => it is self-reasoning

one thing self-describes => it is self-interested

one thing self-instantiates => it is self-generating => it is self-sustaining => it is self-sufficient

one thing all-IS
It follows that "one thing self-IS" is "one thing all-IS"

meaning;

one thing all-likens => it all-unifies => it is omnibenevolent

one thing all-contrasts => it all-informs => it all-teaches

one thing all-generalizes => it all-identifies => it is all-aware => omniscient and omnipresent

one thing all-implicates => it is all-causal => it is all-deterministic => all-reasoning => all-wise

one thing all-describes => it is all-characteristics

one thing all-instantiates => omnipotent and eternal.

conclusions
The one thing is an autoimmune, autodidact, sentient, that is self-interested, self-sufficient, and omnibenevolent, making it an all-teacher, that is omniscient and omnipresent, and all-wise, as well as omnipotent and eternal.

This proof about the one thing is part of it's self-describing, self-reasoning, and as an act of it being an all-teacher.

YHWH claims to have flooded the entire planet in the past
here is the proof; https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:HumbleBeauty/Sodom_and_deluge#there_was_a_global_deluge_that_decompressed_the_earth

YHWH implemented Canaanite genocide
YHWH sanctioned and contributed to the killing of the offspring of Canaan

Ezekiel 5:10-17
https://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/OTpdf/eze5.pdf

Father
"Father" is a title we give to our male parent

NOT to a god.

Did Iesous want us (the flesh and blood human) to have his Father, no actually he is the Father of the spirits that possess Christians...

so that has nothing to do with the flesh and blood human.

YHWH is not our Father

Is he our supreme great grand father?

the gods made us in their image... so the probability of YHWH being the actual father of Adam is low.

Creator
If we have free will and a little magik then we can create ourselves to be and do anything through biokinesis

YHWH says those who do such biokinesis; he is not their Creator

Husbandly Owner (of Tribe)
As a Tribe, we (should) ask for a certificate of divorce!

To Own ourselves as a free Tribe.

God
I worship the zero point torque that's inside my body.

If YHWH is the zero point torque that is everywhere, then I worship a very small part of YHWH.

baptism
baptism is similar to a vow, therefore it is under the authority of satan

this is why Iesous was immediately taken to the desert and tested by satan

disfellowshipping
"hand them over to satan"

Don't hand me over to anyone, I am an Apostle of the new church a FREE church.

King
king is ruler of a kin

is YHWH our kin? no

Lord
what authority does YHWH have?

he only has authority in his own jurisdiction

so stay out of his jurisdiction

Master
are we his slaves? why would we be his slaves; so that we are not slaves to sin

I am a slave to the zero point torque that's inside my body

acting of debt is the source of acting of... harm
acting of debt is the source of acting of lies

acting of lies is the source of acting of harm

acting of harm is the source of acting of debt

instead we should act of cred

invisible contracts
https://www.educatedinlaw.org/invisible-contracts-by-george-mercier/

equity jurisdiction NOT tort!
do you have a master? are you a servant?

complaining

benefits received equals jurisdiction
reading the bible is expensive

so if you study it, do so with all your heart... don't waste your life

de jure jurisdiction
do you agree that you are an animal? a slave?

In normal circumstances we would avoid those characterizations!

but some how when we read the bible we want them applied to ourselves; the spirit???

I cant down speak the spirit, but it is the invading force in your mind that makes you drop your guard when it comes to your jurisdiction in relation to YHWH

a slave can be beaten, and even killed for a minor crime

an animal can be sacrificed!

title: User:HumbleBeauty/Worship technology


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/4-6 - Enabling Authority

IRPA Sections 4-5
Sections 4-6 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read: Enabling Authority

Minister of Citizenship and Immigration 4 (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration is responsible for the administration of this Act.

Designated Minister (1.1) The Governor in Council may, by order, designate a minister of the Crown as the Minister responsible for all matters under this Act relating to special advocates. If none is designated, the Minister of Justice is responsible for those matters.

Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2) The Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is responsible for the administration of this Act as it relates to (a) examinations at ports of entry; (b) the enforcement of this Act, including arrest, detention and removal; (c) the establishment of policies respecting the enforcement of this Act and inadmissibility on grounds of security, organized criminality or violating human or international rights; or (d) declarations referred to in section 42.1.

Minister of Employment and Social Development (2.1) In making regulations under paragraphs 32(d.1) to (d.4), the Governor in Council may confer powers and duties on the Minister of Employment and Social Development.

Specification (3) Subject to subsections (1) to (2), the Governor in Council may, by order, (a) specify which Minister referred to in any of subsections (1) to (2) is the Minister for the purposes of any provision of this Act; and (b) specify that more than one Minister may be the Minister for the purposes of any provision of this Act and specify the circumstances under which each Minister is the Minister.

Publication (4) Any order made under subsection (3) must be published in Part II of the Canada Gazette.

Regulations 5 (1) Except as otherwise provided, the Governor in Council may make any regulation that is referred to in this Act or that prescribes any matter whose prescription is referred to in this Act.

Application (1.1) Regulations made under this Act that apply in respect of sponsorship applications or applications for permanent or temporary resident visas, permanent or temporary resident status or work or study permits may, if they so provide, apply in respect of any such applications that are pending on the day on which the regulations are made, other than (a) applications to become a permanent resident made in Canada by protected persons; and (b) applications for permanent resident visas made by persons referred to in subsection 99(2) and sponsorship applications made in respect of those applications.

Tabling and referral of proposed regulations (2) The Minister shall cause a copy of each proposed regulation made under sections 17, 32, 53, 61, 87.2, 102, 116, 150 and 150.1 to be laid before each House of Parliament, and each House shall refer the proposed regulation to the appropriate Committee of that House.

Alteration of proposed regulation (3) A proposed regulation that has been laid before each House of Parliament under subsection (2) does not need to be so laid again, whether or not it has been altered.

Making of regulations (4) The Governor in Council may make the regulation at any time after the proposed regulation has been laid before each House of Parliament under subsection (2).

IRPA Section 6: Designation of officers and delegation of powers
Designation of officers 6 (1) The Minister may designate any persons or class of persons as officers to carry out any purpose of any provision of this Act, and shall specify the powers and duties of the officers so designated.

Delegation of powers (2) Anything that may be done by the Minister under this Act may be done by a person that the Minister authorizes in writing, without proof of the authenticity of the authorization.

Exception (3) Despite subsection (2), the Minister may not delegate the power conferred by subsection 20.1(1), section 22.1 or subsection 42.1(1) or (2) or 77(1).

The Minister may designate any persons or class of persons as officers to carry out any purposes of this Act
Generally speaking,the Division and its officers are not designated pursuant to this section. For an example of how this designation and delegation has been carried out, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/154 - Disposition after member ceases to hold office

IRPA Section 154
Section 154 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Disposition after member ceases to hold office 154 A former member of the Board, within eight weeks after ceasing to be a member, may make or take part in a decision on a matter that they heard as a member, if the Chairperson so requests. For that purpose, the former member is deemed to be a member.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/155 - Disposition if member unable to take part

IRPA Section 155
Section 155 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Disposition if member unable to take part 155 If a member of a three-member panel is unable to take part in the disposition of a matter that the member has heard, the remaining members may make the disposition and, for that purpose, are deemed to constitute the applicable Division.


text:
Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons

IRPA Section 156
Section 156 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads: Immunity and no summons 156 The following rules apply to the Chairperson and the members in respect of the exercise or purported exercise of their functions under this Act: (a) no criminal or civil proceedings lie against them for anything done or omitted to be done in good faith; and (b) they are not competent or compellable to appear as a witness in any civil proceedings.

See commentary
See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker.


text:
User talk:107.77.210.201

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User:Walter Hahn

Murat Güleryüz

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title: User:Walter Hahn


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in Time Perception

= Introduction =

Time perception refers to the subjective, individual experience or awareness of the passage of time. Time being a concept of major importance to people and their fear of fatality, time perception is a very widely studied issue, in multiple disciplines across both humanities and natural sciences.

As its evidence comprises subparts (primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative), the study of time perception in any field seems complex. It is an intrinsically individual and subjective phenomenon and analysing different evidence from different perspectives is a complex process.

= Time perception in Neuroscience =

Research and evidence in neuro-scientific time perception
A range of research methods have been used to produce evidence relating to how humans perceive time, with a focus on the anatomy and physiology of the brain. These include electrophysiology, psychophysics, EEG (electroencephalogram), MRI, and computer modelling data which are used in conjunction with more qualitative evidence produced by asking subjects questions and recording their responses. The present consensus in the scientific community is that the mechanism of time perception lies in the connections within and between neural networks, as opposed to constrained to a single part of the brain.

Emotions and time perception
The mechanism underlying the phrase ‘time flies when you are having fun’ has been scientifically examined and qualitative evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that emotion does affect time perception. A 2011 French study run by Professor Driot-Volet and Sandrine Gil involved showing subjects extracts of films intended to induce fear, sadness, or indifference (neutral clips like weather reports used for the latter). After viewing, subjects estimated the duration of a stimulus, and having seen a fear inducing clip, time seemed to slow down, as fear activates an internal response that increases the rate of the internal body clock. Surprisingly, sad clips were not seen to alter subjects sense of time, as the clips were not personal.

Overcoming the subjectivity of evidence
The very nature of studying time perception is that it is subjective and individual, which contributes significant challenges to obtaining valid evidence. To overcome such issues, researchers utilise standardised tasks that allow for a more accurate comparison of the way individuals perceive the effect of emotions and experiences on time. It is important to separate the time perception in a neutral context to the time perception emotional situation. This ensures that it is the emotions of the emotional stimulus that affect the way time is perceived, rather than other factors involved in the emotional event.

= Time perception in Philosophy =

Particular evidence in philosophy
Contrary to scientific fields, philosophical evidence and the resulting thinking are not as obvious or quantitative. The main evidence available in our subjective and relative perception of time is individual experience : anything one feels, thoughts, memories or even physical feelings. German philosopher Martin Heidegger stresses that time “persists merely as a consequence of the events taking place in it”. Therefore, time is perceived through events that come in succession. Each and every individual experiences these events by means of their senses before perceiving them in time, in the way a flash of lightning is first perceived by vision and later by hearing. Philosophical evidence when it comes to time perception, with its regards to personal experience, is therefore most likely to be empirical, qualitative and primary.

Memory as the major type of evidence in time perception
Such introspective evidence can allow a study of the perception of time’s duration. St-Augustine highlights the prevailing role of memory, being the evidence on which we base our understanding of the time we live in. The duration of a moment can only be assessed once it has passed and has been anchored in our memory. The memory of this moment, of what one felt and thought, is what allows us to place it in time. The only time in which we exist is the present, and our memories of events represent the evidence of time passing. Past and future are just existent in our minds, and only allow us to organize our memories of events chronologically. Evidence of time duration and passing, lying in memory, is evidently fully subjective. St-Augustine describes our conception of time as fully spontaneous, thus there is no need to try and explain it.

How memory leads to a qualitative and individual perception of time according to philosophy
Sharpening St-Augustine’s argument, W. J. Friedman formulated two models. The strength model states that the more recent an event, the stronger its memory is. Based on empirical evidence, he counters it with the inference model, arguing that time is perceived by recalling characteristics of the events which date we are trying to gauge. Indeed, he tested how people would remember a list of words, given successively, considering they were told to remember some of them more than others. Experience shows that the best remembered words were not the last ones but the ones on which attention was drawn. Overall, philosophy provides evidence that individuals will remember events and therefore perceive time according to their personal experiences (interactions, orders received, striking feelings) impacting their memory. Thus time perception is a relative concept and not a universal one.

= Conclusion =

Tensions and common ground between the disciplines
The main basis of the existing tensions is the types of evidence used as it incorporates many sub-parts (such as objective and subjective evidence). Indeed, disciplines relying more on solid, quantitative and objective evidence such as neuroscience will have a different understanding from disciplines using more subjective evidence like philosophy does. Neuroscience and philosophy differ on the fact that neuroscience covers immediate time perception and the impact of emotions that are felt simultaneously whereas philosophy highlights the importance of past experiences and how they influence one’s time perception. However, they concord about the fact that time perception lies on a subjective basis and that individual profile – emotions and experience – is key to one’s time perception. Our interdisciplinary approach therefore challenges the generally acknowledged belief that objective evidence is more powerful than subjective.

An interdisciplinary approach: the domain of psychology
Tackling the concept of time perception in an interdisciplinary way naturally leads to the field of psychology. Psychology – "the study of the mind and how it dictates and influences our behaviour" – strongly relies on neuroscientific evidence, theory and methods, which are the first tools used by psychologists to assess issues. For example, it was shown that the emotion of anxiety obstructs an accurate perception of time. However, psychology as a profession focuses as well on directly helping individuals to reach mental and behavioural stability. To reach this aim, a unique patient-psychologist relationship has to exist. Philosophical evidence enters here the process : an individual's time perception depends on their memory of personal experience. This means the evidence on which the therapist will work to help the patient will come out of their communication and the patient’s telling about their past : primary subjective evidence which could indicate what might provoke their anxiety. In this way, associating philosophy and neuroscience with their tensions and common ground altogether helps get a holistic approach and cope efficiently with time anxiety.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in Time Perception

=Notes about the group organization =

Overall organisation We discussed working on time perception during the first seminar after reading week and directly chose to work on our ends to find our first sources for the chosen disciplines : philosophy and neuroscience before sharing them on zoom. During the first zoom meeting, we first discussed clearly that our main point was the relativity of time perception and we split the team into 2, 2 of us working on philosophy, and the 2 others on neuroscience. It was decided that once that was done, we would work jointly on the conclusion, expliciting the interest of this interdisciplinary approach in the field of psychology.

For the philosophy part, we communicated with my partner, took respective notes and merged them into a final paragraph.

For the neuroscience part we respectively wrote a paragraph on the wiki page. We then discussed about them on zoom to see what ideas were the most relevant and to finally merge them into a new paragraph.

During the whole process, we mainly communicated with our Whatsapp group chat, sharing any link or source that might be relevant for any of the disciplines. On a weekly basis we had a zoom call with the whole group, discussing with the other team how to assemble our paragraphs together and how to structure the article. In addition, we used a shared Google document to keep track of the general progress and save links for interesting resources.

Group contributions

Introduction: written by everyone.

Neuroscience part: written by Mia and Victor.

Philosophical part: written by Blanche and Nathan.

Conclusion: written by everyone.

Notes on Zoom calls

November 16th:

- We discussed about the subject we wanted to chose and the issue to approach it.

- We also thought about disciplines through which this issue in this subject could be approached.

- We then started doing some research about the disciplines we could use in the article.

- We started a google docs to gather all our ideas and sources of information.

November 21st:

- We chose the subject, the issue and the disciplines.

- We gave different tasks to each individuals: giving the neuroscience paragraph to two of the students and the philosophy paragraph to two others.

November 29th:

- Every one is finishing his paragraph.

- We are starting to think about ideas for the conclusion.

December 6th:

- Both paragraphs are basically done.

- We are putting references on the wiki page.

- We are now confronting both disciplines to explicit the main tensions and common grounds between them. - We are organizing our ideas into notes for the conclusion on the google docs so we can share and format them on the next meeting.

December 13h:

- The conclusion is finished.

- We have rewritten the article so that it fits into the 2000 word limit.

- Some changes mostly relating to writing have been done.

- The article is ready to be submitted.

=General discussion= Hey guys I just created the wikibooks page for our chapter with the outline we determined together. I also already included the part on philosophy on which we worked with Blanche. By the way Blanche we have to do the referencing soon. You two can post the part on neuroscience when it is ready so we can all work on introduction and conclusion soon. -Nathan-
 * Hey ! Yes let's do referencing in the beginning of the week.

Hi I just added a paragraph in the neuroscience section as well as an introduction. I haven't added the referencing yet neither. I am planning to do it later tonight. -Victor-

Hey guys, I've just seen you put your part on neuroscience, it looks great ! Maybe you could divide it into subsections like we did with philosophy so it looks homogeneous ? -Blanche, 6/12/2020-

I think something to focus on in conclusion as a clash between disciplines is the conflict between objective and subjective evidence - which is more valid, why, why are you only able to get one or the other in certain situations. objective vs subjective evidence might be more appropriate than using qualitative vs quantitative to compare disciplines - Mia

 * Yeah i agree, we just have to show how the two meet in the field of psychology in order to show how these tensions in evidence can be exploited differently and together in order to understand time perception better -Nathan-

I don't think we should talk about them meeting specifically in the field of psychology as that would be introducing a whole new discipline in the conclusion that we do not have enough words to explore in sufficient depth. maybe we can try to analyse the clash in a more general way - Mia
 * I thought of something we could bring up as a conclusion confronting objective/subjective evidence and mentioning concisely psychology using our research in both disciplines, that might work for all of us. I will have time to write it properly tomorrow so you can all have a look at it :) Lmbs2506 (discuss • contribs) 12:57, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Hey im working on the first draft of the conclusion its nice and pretty much what I thought we should do I was gonna say it in the zoom. Much of what you said goes with what i wrote in the Google docs so i will fuse both of them together. For the ultimate paragraphe, are we sure we want to go in this direction to describe philosophy? i think it can work well i just wanted to know if we were dropping the idea of using a particular study to show how this domain used both evidence -Nathan-
 * Yes, thanks !! :) I updated the conclusion on the wiki page with the improvements you have made + added a bit of referencing! I think it works well and was not able to find a study that clearly states what we want it to so that it would fit exactly what we need. So, unless that others have one, I think our reasoning is quite logical and well supported in terms of evidence and sources so we could stick with that Lmbs2506 (discuss • contribs) 18:10, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi! I saw the conclusion you updated from the google docs pas onto the wiki page. I think it's really good as it identifies both the tensions and the similarities of evidence in the two discipline and also the approach which suits best to the meeting of these two disciplines (psychology for time anxiety) which we chose in our zoom call.

I think we now need to sum up our paragraphs so that the article fits in the 1200 words limit. We can also try to look for anything that needs to be rewritten or better structured.
 * I agree, I saw you managed to sum it up for it to fit in the word limit, thanks !! I'll read it through again tomorrow to see if anything could be rewritten. Lmbs2506 (discuss • contribs) 20:38, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, sounds good! I saw you rewrote some important details, thx. Maybe we should now upload each our PDF on the moodle page.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Power in the legalisation of cannabis

You can check this article, it's great :) https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/the-public-health-case-for-legalizing-marijuana Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 18:00, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I found it useful in order to comprehend the political background behind the issue! Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 13:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

This article may help to grasp the economical perspective on legalising cannabis :) https://dx.doi.org/10.15171%2Fijhpm.2016.63 Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 13:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

About the medical perspective, maybe putting a concrete number on how cannabis is less harmful might help illustrate better the argument Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's a great idea! Maybe you could add some quantitative data in the political and legal part as well :)Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 14:39, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

I added the conclusion, feel free to add or change something! :)Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 14:48, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I have added a sentence to try to emphasize the importance of power in play in our issue but apart from that it's great! Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

I have written the introduction but feel free to add or change it if you think it lacks something! :) Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 14:41, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Do you think adding pictures could improve our chapter? I can look for some if you think it's a good idea! It might help illustrate our argument and make our chapter also visual Mouxy73 (discuss • contribs) 16:27, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Why not, but we have to make sure they are relevant and bring some info! Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Summary of our Zoom calls: First meeting: we decided the topic and of our Wikibook chapter and the issue discussed in it. We started to debate about the disciplines that are involved in the Legalisation of Cannabis: medical discipline, politics, economics and law. Second meeting: before the meeting we had to search some information about the power of these disciplines that we thought important and relevant for this chapter, about the conflicts that exist between them and within themselves. Then, everyone chose what discipline they wanted to develop. Third meeting: everyone shared what they had written and each person of the group gave his opinion about these drafts. Then, everyone uploaded the final text with its references and contributed to the work of the others.Majb324 (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Great Summary!

Because we had certain words with British spelling (e.g legalise) and others with American spelling (e.g. normalize), I changed the latter to the Queen’s English for more consistency.

I improved some references based on this website https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/referencing-plagiarism/vancouver


text:
Scheme Programming/Local Scope

This section defines local scope and variable scoping in general.

Variable scope concepts
Scheme uses lexical scoping, which means that the variable scope can be immediately seen from the program text and that the variable scope is defined at compile time.

Scheme is block structured. A block here means a stretch of code lines that have start and end points. Block defines one scope and a scope is where a variable is defined (or bound). Blocks can be nested. There are outer and inner blocks.

Top level scope is a special scope, since by definition is has no outer scope. Top level scope is also called global scope. Any other scope is nested, and all of them are affected by the outer scope or scopes. Local scope is the same as the current scope.

Top level scope
Top level scope is the outmost scope (block) in the program's scopes.

We define here a variable in the top level scope and evaluate its value:

Formally we can say that variable  is bound to value 1. In general, top level scope contains global bindings which can be procedures or data values.

Local scope
New scope (i.e. inner scope to the current) can be created with expression:

The value of a  expression is the last evaluated expression within the body of. In this case we get the value of, which is 2.

Variable  exists only in the inner scope:

However, variables from the top level are visible to all inner scopes:

It is possible to use the same variable name in the inner scope. Even when the variable in the inner scope has the same name, as in the outer scope, they are different bindings and they are stored into different locations. Scheme uses variable bindings from the innermost scope where the variable identifier is found.

Thus we can shadow variables in the outer scope:

The inner  exists only within the expression, but the outer  exists before and after the expression.

There are no limits in the nesting depth of blocks:

Note that, the code above is only demonstrating nesting of scopes and it does not make much sense in general.

Closures
So far we have referred variables from normal expressions that produce data values. However, we can refer variables from outer scope also from procedures. The lexical scoping rules apply the same way to procedures as for other expressions. In fact  can be expressed as syntax extension of , so actually we have referenced variables from procedures all the time.

When a procedure refers to a variable that is not bound within the procedure itself (i.e. bound in the outer scope), a closure is created. The external variables become part of the closure. This connection is so strong that even if the scope of a variable is outlived, it still exists in the closure. In that sense closures break the normal block scope of a variable. This happens when a closure is the passed value from an inner scope to the outer scope.

Here is a very simple example of a closure:

increments  by 1 each time it is evaluated. The procedure does not take any arguments. refers to the external variable . Also, it might be worth noting that it refers to as well. is actually a variable in Scheme that just happens to be bound to a procedure that adds numbers together.

Closures are more useful when lambda reference variables that can't be accessed outside. You can do this with let over lambda:

Here same as in previous example lambda is closed over x variable, but this time it's inside let so it's not accessible outside.

Closures can be used in many ways. Higher order functions take other functions as arguments and apply them, and an argument can be a closure. Closures can also be used to emulate objects. They maintain state in an external variable, and update the state in each application.

Here is an example, where closure is used along with high-order function :

takes two arguments: a procedure and a list. The procedure is applied to each element in the list and a new list is created from results of the procedure application.

There are two scopes involved in this example: the top level scope and the inner scope created by. exists in the local scope of, but does not. is hence part of the closure created by .  is part of a normal expression, and it does not start a new scope.

title: Scheme Programming/Local Scope


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth in "The Crown"

Notes from Meetings
20/11/20, 1st Zoom Meeting: Eagle1020 had the idea to look at Truth in ‘The Crown’

odysseyofrose had the idea to discuss the Episode on the Mining Disaster in Wales- Season 3 “Aberfan”

Discussed Disciplines to potentially cover: History (Historical Accuracy) Cinematic/Film Studies (structure of a plot, props and foreshadowing) Politics (monarchy and government relationship with each other and public, anti-monarchy) Physics/Geology (mining accident)

Collectively decided discuss controversy in media (check newspapers, the guardian etc) and historians, debate on implications made, effects on the success on the integrity of the program

30/11/20: Eagle1020 created an outline for the chapter and made bullet points with key definitions, such as the different approaches to Truth. Eagle1020 wrote a short paragraph, outlining the different approaches to Truth that are present in "The Crown". Sugarfreejazz1 made a draft of the introduction and Eagle 1020 edited it.

09/12/20 2nd Zoom Meeting: We collectively discussed further the different approaches to truth we wanted to cover and how we were going to cover them in each section. Decided to scrap the scientific approach and odysseyofrose and Sugarfreejazz1 were having difficulties in making sure our sections (History - odesseyofrose - and Politics - Sugarfreejazz1) didn't cover the same info. The two of us decided to combine our sections and cover the themes of the Community of Aberfan and the Duty of the Crown vs PM. Slight nod towards behavioural psychology here in these differing duties.

12/12/20: Sugarfreejazz1, with guidance from their mentor, realised that by only covering two disciplines, the chapter wasn't going to be interdisciplinary enough. Sugarfreejazz1 made a suggestion in our whatsapp group chat to change the structure with the new plan to have an introduction, History (and Politics but will all come under History) Section, Behavioural Psychology Section (in two parts), Economics Section, Film Section and then Evaluation/Conclusion. odysseyofrose is combining the History and Politics sections and is writing on the impact of the disaster on the people of Aberfan for the Behavioural Psychology section. Sugarfreejazz1 is writing the economics section and on the differing duties of the crown vs the prime minister also for the Behavioural Psychology section. Sugarfreejazz1 has moved parts of the introduction into the evaluation section. Eagle1020 was travelling today but they have further helped with structuring when they arrived home.

13/12/20: We are currently over the word count. To deal with this we have collectively decided to cut the Economics Section and one part of the Behavioural Psychology Section - on the impact of the disaster on the people of Aberfan.

To reiterate, the introduction and evaluation were written by Sugarfreejazz1 with the guidance and given outline by Eagle1020 and then edited by all. The Historical Approach Section was written by odysseyofrose, Film Studies Section by Eagle1020 and Behavioural Psychology Section by Sugarfreejazz1. Everything has been looked over and edited by all members. odysseyofrose added the photo.


text:
Vietnamese/Classifier

 * CÁI : objects inanimates concrets.
 * Cái bàn : the table
 * Cái nhà : the House
 * Cái chai : the bottle
 * Cái chén : the bowl
 * CON : Animals also objects inanimates with something caracterists animal.
 * Con chó : the dog
 * Con bò : the cow
 * Con mèo : the cat
 * CÂY : used for vegetables and objects longs lineals.
 * BÀI
 * BÁNH
 * TÒA
 * TRÁI : For fruits.
 * XE : For vehicles.

title: Vietnamese/Classifier


text:
Lentis/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons

As of 1976, prisoners are the only people in the United States to have a constitutionally protected right to healthcare under the Eighth Amendment. Prior to then, prison healthcare was inadequate. Nonprofessionals, sometimes even prisoners themselves, were often responsible for providing health care. Care was negligent at best. Reform came in the 1970s when legal decisions were made ensuring prisoners received healthcare comparable to that offered to the general public.

However, multiple unique challenges associated with the provision of healthcare in prisons remain. For instance, the war on drugs resulted in a massive increase in prison population with a high proportion of prisoners at risk for HIV and other infectious diseases, which can be expensive to treat. Moreover, the implementation of mandatory minimum sentences has increased the proportion of older prisoners, who require a majority of healthcare resources. Finally, the push to deinstitutionalize the mentally ill has led to an influx of such individuals to prisons. Consequently, prisons have become the primary locations caring for mentally ill.

These complications are pulling prison healthcare in opposite directions. Fear of lawsuits and commitment to adequate care motivates prisons to expand healthcare access. However, concerns regarding rapidly rising costs motivates prisons to limit access and services. For example, in the 1990s managed care practices, like co-pays, were adopted into prisons. This issue offers insight into the impact of trust, guidelines, and privatization on system operation.

Prisons
Prisons do not seem keen to discuss the topic of healthcare. Public prisons provide specific information about the care they offer, with no prominent public statements mentioning healthcare. Private prisons do mention healthcare in public statements, but generally only so far as claiming to offer "comprehensive [services]" without “interfer[ing] with anyone’s access to health care.”

Correctional healthcare researchers have collected data from public prisons that suggests healthcare available to prisoners is inadequate. The study found that over 10% of inmates with a persistent medical problem had not received a medical examination since incarceration, and over 20% of inmates with an active prescription medication at the time of incarceration no longer received the medication in prison. The percentages may not seem high, but prisoners receiving a single medical examination and their prescribed medication is not a high standard.

Prison Workers
Prison workers show a general sense of distrust of prisoners. Kelly Brumley, a Memphis prison worker, witnessed a coworker shred unheeded medical requests. Susan Lawrence, a physician and attorney who has worked in prisons, states that “the default attitude among guards and other staff is that inmates are lying about being sick.” These statements indicate a level of distrust that has contributed to a poor correctional healthcare system.

Prisoners
Prisoners are most affected by this issue so their perception is essential. Young (2000) interviewed 15 women prisoners in a northwestern state prison about their experience with health care. They were asked to rate their care as adequate or inadequate and their treatment as empathetic or non-empathetic. Of the women interviewed, 14 reported an instance of inadequate care and 68.3% of all accounts were characterized as such. The women in Young (2000) reported doctors ignoring their complaints for "about a month and a half" and responding to treatment failures saying "Oh well, we tried...". These instances reveal serious neglect by healthcare providers. All women interviewed offered an instance of non-empathetic care and 48.9% of all accounts were characterized as such.

While the study follows a single prison, the sentiment is reflected by prisoners nationwide as evidenced by the multitude of lawsuits filed on account of problems with prison healthcare. Lawsuits are commonly filed for deliberate indifference. To win the case, prisoners must prove the prison knew about the problem and intentionally ignored or worsened it. For instance, in Jett v. Penner (2006) the court ruled in favor of the inmate who presented sufficient evidence proving the prison doctor deliberately ignored his need for a permanent thumb cast. Also, many lawsuits are filed on grounds of delayed treatment. This requires proof that treatment was necessary. For example, in Boyd v. Robeson County (2005) the court ruled in favor of the prisoner who presented clear evidence the prison guard ignored his symptoms of appendicitis ultimately leading to a ruptured appendix. Many of the lawsuits filed by prisoners contesting inadequacies of healthcare are not ruled in favor of the prisoner. However, the fact that so many are filed proves that there is a negative perception of healthcare amongst the prisoners. This will inevitably affect their treatment seeking behavior and interactions within the system. Moreover, it seems to indicate that although prisoners are legally entitled to healthcare, the definition of adequate healthcare is blurred by the prison healthcare providers.

The perception of care is no better in private prisons than state owned facilities. In fact, prisoners in private prisons often indicate that they would rather be in public prisons with regard to medical care. During a transition from the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) handling the healthcare for a facility to CoreCivic, prisoners experience “chaos”. The prisoners had hoped the medical care might improve under CoreCivic, but found it to be worse, with inmate Alvarez Mendoza stating he would “rather be back in state [prisons].” Attorney Ty Clevenger corroborates this statement, saying that most of the inmates he has interviewed would “rather be in a state-run facility than a CoreCivic facility."

Private Healthcare Providers
A Pew Study found that 33 states use some level of private contracting for their prison healthcare needs, with 20 using only private contractors. Prisons save money by using contractors instead of building the infrastructure themselves and handling the logistics that come with providing daily healthcare to thousands of inmates. They are also able to focus resources on the day-to-day operations and shift liability onto the healthcare companies. There are 3 main players in the industry: Corizon Health, Centurion Managed Care, and Wexford Health Sources.

One problem with this system is that free market forces do not regulate these healthcare companies. Healthcare providers for private citizens are forced to provide market standard goods and services or they will lose customers. Prison health contractors are only regulated by the prisons themselves. The legal definition of adequate care is vague and leads to low regulation. Another form of regulation mentioned above is lawsuits leveled by unsatisfied prisoners. Unfortunately these cases have minimal effect on the companies, and this has led to speculation that these companies decided the profits from low standards of care are worth paying the settlements. Private healthcare contractors are for-profit companies, and as such they seek to lower costs. Many contracts between prisons and healthcare companies are on a per-prisoner rate, incentivizing them to cut costs in the care that they provide.

A study by Reuters on more than 500 jails found that those using leading healthcare contractors had higher death rates than jails with government run medical services. Reuters assed deaths from illness and medical conditions, suicide, and the effects of drugs and alcohol. The analysis revealed that using major private healthcare contractors led to death rates 18% to 58% higher than jails with government run healthcare, depending upon the company used.

Prison Industrial Complex
The term "prison industrial complex" refers to relationship between prison and industry. The industries motivation for profit has lead to prisons increasing numbers of incarcerated persons to support this objective. Large companies in the U.S. and around the world rely on discount labor provided by inmates to fuel their business. These include McDonald's, Wendy's, and Wal-Mart. The participants in this group are categorized by taking advantage of incarcerated people as a discounted resource. Private Healthcare contractors fit into this group as well. Research has shown that Corizon, one of the largest private healthcare providers, cut the amount they spent sending inmates to the ER by 58% in 2012. Over the next three years, their profit margin on prison care rose from 14% to 24%. Corizon denied all claims that they refused outside care to patients in need, citing the construction of a new jail infirmaries to explain the fall in ER numbers.

Healthcare Workers
Correctional Nurses are responsible for administering the care that prisoners receive. These nurses suffer burnout and job fatigue at a high rate because of the system they work in, resulting in a much higher turnover rate compared to other nurses. Prison systems have become the primary care providers for recovering addicts and the mentally ill. Nurses also may have to treat dangerous inmates, especially in high security facilities, adding a level of risk to the nurses' jobs. As mentioned above, inmates also have a much higher rate of infectious diseases like HIV. But many nurses also see these issues as the reason to work for correctional institutions. They see it as a moral calling to help people that in many cases have been failed by the system.

Conclusions
While more research into the specific role of prisons and prison healthcare workers is needed, the research thus far has yielded many lessons applicable to other issues. For one, this case study indicates that the perception of a system matters as much as the state of the system itself. Prisoners’ perception of the care they receive affects their actions inside the system. It is also important to clearly define standards in regulations. While more research into the prison's healthcare objectives is needed, it seems that prisons are able to take advantage of loosely defined terms to the potential detriment of the prisoners. Private entities in a free market need to be held accountable to the forces of that market. Without this pressure they are free to lower standards without repercussions. Those researching this case further may consider contrasting the U.S. system with foreign prison healthcare systems to gain additional insight.

title: Lentis/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons


text:
User talk:2600:387:B:F:0:0:0:A4

Blocked
You cannot edit for 1 year due to disruptive editing. You are welcome to contribute constructively when editing privileges are restored. You may appeal this action with a reasonable argument by adding the text below. —Atcovi (Talk - Contribs) 04:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:2600:387:B:F:0:0:0:A4


text:
History of video games/Introduction

What is this book about?
This book attempts to capture the still short, yet deep history of video games in a form accessible to the average reader. For the purpose of completeness, this book also includes computer game and other automatic or electronic game history.

How is this book organized

 * Timeline - Offers a year-by-year timeline of video game history and related developments.
 * Platform History - Contains history related to specific platforms.
 * Standardized platforms - Covers gaming on platforms not mainly intended for gaming. Covers the evolution of computer, web, and mobile gaming.
 * Arcade Gaming - Covers topics specific to arcade gaming. Strongly focuses on seminal arcade games.
 * The section on Video Game Console History offers an enhanced glossary that focuses on the history of most major or notable game consoles and dedicated platforms. This is meant to also serve as a resource for fans of a particular console line, or as a handy reference guide for game collectors.
 * Specialized topics - Covers gaming history in specific topics that tend to be more obscure or interdisciplinary.
 * Gaming Culture - Covers the history of cultures in gaming, and how they change over time.

This book contains links to both internal and external resources. Dark blue links are internal links to Wikibooks. Lighter color links go to external resources, typically Wikipedia.

Gamers
Gamers can learn a great deal about their favorite series and developers from this book. There are a number of surprising and interesting stories in gaming history, from humble beginnings to surprising twists. Furthermore, gamers may also learn about interesting games and hidden gems that they might have missed out on.

Educators
While this book may prove useful for a gaming history course, it has been designed to be of potential use in education beyond this field. This book seeks to weave a deep chronology of gaming history alongside interdisciplinary subjects when appropriate. As a result, this book may serve as a useful supplement in courses beyond gaming history.

Here are some examples:
 * There are many pictures included in the game console section. This allows readers to fully grasp the visual designs popular at a given time, making this book a potentially useful resource for an industrial design class. The functionality of these devices changed greatly as time went on, and coupled with the historical context offered by these articles, the included pictures may be useful for a course on industrial design.
 * Most console and computer pages include technical specifications, along with historic rationale for why a part was chosen if such information is known. A student could make use of this when studying a history of technology to see how commodity computer hardware has changed over time.
 * When possible, relevant economic, demographic, and geographic factors are discussed to enhance the learning experience of the reader.
 * Chapters are modular. This allows streamlined custom editions to be easily produced via Wikibook collections or other printable version templates.

Researchers
This book seeks to offer interesting leads on video game history, which may be of interest to scholars of gaming related subjects, as well as more broad fields which intersect with this subject like popular culture studies, business management, and other topics.

Whenever possible this book cites the best available sources for a fact and tends to exclude anything non-obvious if it can not be sourced, or at least mark dubious "common knowledge" as questionable. However when it comes to more obscure subtopics, the quality of sources tends to diminish. Often, there are conflicting accounts of older obscure subjects, and this book attempts to preserve these viewpoints when it is not exceedingly clear that one is in error. As with any collaborative work, you should confirm what is listed here before repeating it, lest you spread misinformation through citogenesis.

Preservationists
Almost all console and computer pages include technical information, and many also include pictures of console internals. These resources may be of use for those working to preserve video game history or make repairs on old hardware.

In a longer-term view, the gaming industry is notoriously poor at preserving its history, and history which is not written about is doomed to be lost to time. Indeed, some have noted the similarities between the early game industry and the early film industry in their particularly egregious disinterest in preserving materials. The most important platforms, people, and events have been well documented, but history does not only consist of the successes and legends, but less exciting topics as well. Many of the best sources for niche topics in gaming history are amateur efforts, prone to vanish and be lost to time. Though this book too is an amateur effort, its place on the Wikibooks platform affords it a degree of protection from the threats that face efforts spearheaded by individuals. As a free and open textbook, it is more likely to be distributed, used, archived, and even printed - assisting in the preservation of such information.

title: History of video games/Introduction


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in the diagnosis of Depression

Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Sydney Victor Colville

Sydney Victor Colville
Sydney Victor Colville was an early wireless experimenter from 1912 (callsign: XQF), prominent amateur club administrator (Queensland Wireless Institute), amateur telephony experimenter (1920, Qld), radio business proprietor (Colville Moore Wireless Supplies). His station callsigns were 4FA (Brisbane) and 2FA (Sydney). A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:

 * Transcriptions and Notes - Sydney Victor Colville - More than 50 transcriptions and notes

 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Sydney Victor Colville - Nothing uploaded as yet


text:
History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Sydney Victor Colville/Notes

1919 02
Item certainly written by Colville, published concurrently with advertising "TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY. A movement is afoot to inaugurate an institute, having for its object the establishment of closer relations between persons interested in the study of wireless electricity, especially as applied to telegraphy and telephony. Apart from professionals, there are many amateur scientists and students in Queensland who desire to pursue their investigations. Such an institute would, it is contended, be able to obtain many more concessions in the various fields of operation than individual experimenter's could possibly expect to obtain. Lectures and general instruction, on different systems, the designing, making, and working of apparatus at present employed, could be arranged for, and practical instruction in various departments, including the Morse code, would receive prominent attention. An efficient system of correspondence could be established, whereby country members would receive attention practically equal to town members. It is proposed that the institute shall first be opened for theoretical study and Morse code instruction, to be ready for practical demonstrations when the Commonwealth authorities grant permission on the signing of the peace treaty. Some further particulars are advertised."

Colville as hon. organising and general secretary, pro. tem, advertises for persons interested in proposed Qld Wireless Institute "PUBLIC NOTICES. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY. PROPOSED QUEENSLAND WIRELESS INSTITUTE. Persons interested in the formation of the above Institute, are requested to call or write for further particulars, to the Hon. Organising and General Secretary, pro. tem, No. 25 Adelaide street, city. S. V. COLVILLE."

1919 03
Colville elected honorary secretary and treasurer of Queensland Wireless Institute at annual meeting (first?) "Queensland Wireless Institute. At a meeting of members of the Queensland Wireless Institute, held in the Chamber of Commerce rooms, Courier building, on Wednesday evening, Mr. H. Cornwell in the chair, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year:— Patron, Professor Hawken, B.A., B.E., A.M.I.C.E.; president, Mr. R. A. Wearne, B.A.; vice-presidents, Messrs. S. S. Smith, A. G. Jackson, H. Cornwell, E. A. Blackboro, W. M. Nelson; hon. secretary and treasurer, Mr. S. V. Colville; council, Messrs. F. M. Jack, W. I. Monkhouse, J. D. Garland, R. Stephens, H. Priest, and J. C. Price. Rules were discussed and adopted."

1920 01
Colville, as Hon. Secretary, advertises opening meeting of Queensland Wireless Institute (suspended due to spanish flu?) "THE QUEENSLAND WIRELESS INSTITUTE, OPENING MEETING. The Opening Meeting of the Queensland Wireless Institute will be held at the Central Technical College, on FRIDAY NEXT, 6th February, at 8 p.m. Members and persons interested in wireless research are cordially invited. S. V. COLVILLE, Hon. Secretary."

1920 03
Colville, as honorary secretary Qld Wireless Institute, advertises annual meeting "MEETINGS. THE QUEENSLAND WIRELESS INSTITUTE. ANNUAL MEETING. The Annual Meeting of the Queensland Wireless Institute will be held at the Central Technical College, Engineering lecture room, on Friday, 19th instant, at 8 p.m. Members are particularly requested to be present. S. V. COLVILLE, Hon. Secretary."

1920 11
Colville, as honorary secretary Qld Wireless Institute, advertises meeting "MEETINGS NOTICE — THE QUEENSLAND WIRELESS INSTITUTE.— A General Meeting of the above will be held at the Institute Rooms, Old Fire Station, Edward-street, THIS (Friday) EVENING, at 8 o'clock. A Lecture, practically demonstrated, will be delivered by E. C. Barton, Esq., on 'Electrical Oscillations.' Members and persons interested are invited to attend. S. V. COLVILLE. Hon. Secretary."


text:
Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Sovereign Power in the Crimean Peninsula: Approaches from International Relations and Law

Introduction
The Crimean Peninsula was annexed by Russia in 2014 after a referendum was conducted in Crimea. Crimea was then formally incorporated as two federal subjects of the Russian Federation. However, Ukraine and the majority of the international community still recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine and do not consider the annexation as legitimate.

There have been controversies over this case in academia, especially in the disciplines of Law and International Relations (IR). The status of Crimea and the debates around it concern governments, professionals and the public. This chapter will examine Russia’s annexation of Crimea from the perspectives of law and IR (specifically the realist school), and discuss the tensions between these two disciplines.

International Relations
Realism in the context of IR theory can refer to a wide spectrum of theories, but with the overarching view that states prioritise their own power and survival over all other interests, including morality.

Russia’s annexation of Crimea is in line with John Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism that great powers “look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional increments of power at the expense of potential rivals". Russia saw the annexation of Crimea as an opportunity to expand its power despite the international backlash and negative economic impacts it would cause. The annexation would give Russia more territory in the region, along with strategic military benefits of Crimea’s location.

As Mearsheimer wrote, “great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power”. Russia is threatened by the increasing US influence in Ukraine due to the expansion of NATO and the Ukrainian bid to become a member state. From a realist strategic standpoint, Russia saw one of its greatest rivals extending power and influence right into its backyard, which was a major security threat. Russia thus decided to take action to curb this perceived encroachment of its security by seizing power in Crimea. The annexation also helped Russia signal its position as a great power to the international community. As such, the realist idea of states pursuing security at all costs can be a useful way to understand Russia’s actions.

A classical realist theorist would also point out that Russia’s actions showed blatant disregard for the people of Ukraine and their self-determined government. The more powerful Russia acted upon its power as it liked, knowing that the weaker Ukraine could not do anything. This is in line with Machiavelli’s idea that IR is unconcerned with morality, especially when there is an imbalance of power.

Law
Legal academia examines the Crimea case in terms of its legality and legitimacy in both international and national law. Similar to other inter-state cases, the law can be invoked in favor of and against the secession of Crimea by the parties in the conflict, making the case a contentious one. Many debates arise from the topic of self-determination as Russia’s argument for its activities was to help the Russian population in Crimea exercised their right to self-determination. However, most legal professionals share a consensus that Russia’s annexation of Crimea was nonetheless illegal.

The principle of self-determination is itself controversial. There have been disagreements among international lawyers on whether the right of self-determination of people includes a right of secession, and if so, in what situations. Public international law does not recognize specific eligibility of the application of the right to self-determination. Judging from previous practices, the premises of secession are that firstly, a group identified as people had been excluded by a state from the exercise of self-determination; and secondly, there is no other way of securing their human rights than seceding from the state. However, according to political experts, neither of these premises existed in Crimea. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, Crimea was an autonomous entity that possessed some administrative power. This indicated that the Crimean population was not excluded by the Ukrainian government from participating in the state's politics and prevented from exercising internal self-determination. Therefore, the first premise was proven false in the Crimea case. According to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, who had visited Crimea in April 2014, the alleged violations of the rights of ethnic Russians appeared to be "neither widespread nor systemic”. Hence, both of the premises were refuted. Therefore, the exercise of self-determination in the Crimea case did not conform to the international rules and regulations.

Tensions Between International Relations and Law
The disciplines of IR and Law focus on completely different elements and aspects in this case. The realist school of IR highlights the motivations of Russia and the imbalances of power, while legal academia argues about legality.

Legal academia realizes the role of politics in the practice of legal rules and the vulnerability of the principle of self-determination to politicization. They propose international law should aim to improve objective legal thresholds of applicability and criteria to leave smaller spaces for subjective political motives to manipulate law, and set the boundaries of the exercise of external self-determination. However, realist IR theorists may hold that laws, no matter the principles they are based upon, mean nothing if they cannot be enforced and/or are mere political tools.

The realist school recognizes the existence of international law, but rejects its power. In their analysis of international law, politics is viewed as the supreme issue of importance. The law is simply a tool to be deployed in a more important political game. This also applies to the role of morality. This approach has come under significant criticism. For example, E.H. Carr stated that realism excluded four essential aspects of effective politics: ‘a finite goal, an emotional appeal, a right of moral judgement and a ground for action’. To put it another way, the unfeeling approach of realism may not be the most appropriate for dealing with conflicts that ultimately stem from human nature.

Stakeholders, such as diplomats looking to craft foreign affairs policies, might look somewhere in the middle to find a more balanced and perhaps more realistic view of how normative judgements can shape inter-state conflicts and how it can be taken into account in their policies.

Conclusion
While IR seeks only to explain the motivations behind a country’s actions without judgement, international law serves to balance the power of states and maintain peace through normative judgements. The tension between IR and Law exists for this very reason. Russia, in its attempt to circumvent this tension, chose to use constructivism in IR to legitimize the annexation instead. Russia speaks of the strong Russian identity in Crimea and Crimea’s shared history, pride, and culture with Russia to justify the annexation. Russia uses this, along with the referendum, to claim that the annexation of Crimea adheres to international law. Russia is thus attempting to exploit the grey areas in the discipline of law by presenting their justification behind the annexation using constructivism in IR. This marriage of the disciplines attempts to recognize alternative moral judgements that are more compatible with realist goals. However, this argument is still rejected by most of the international community, which shows the tension between IR and Law may be inevitable.


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in in the diagnosis of Anxiety

6th December
Since the last meeting we've been working on our first drafts for each of our sections. We also added these to the google doc in order for each of us to have access to the exact content the others were writing about, in order for us to make sure what we were writing was coherent and worked well with the other sections. This also helped us find more precise conflicts between disciplines which Gabriel will be able to explore in his final section. Our aim is to now start adding and editing our sections directly on the wiki page. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)

27th November: Zoom meeting 2
We went over the research we did and the information each of us found relating to anxiety disorders, having shared all of this on the google doc preceding the meeting. We used this to highlight the tensions that could be explored between disciplines and we came up with a structure for our wikibooks chapter. Sarah is going to focus on the psychiatric and neurobiological aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety, Joyce will explore aspects of anthropology and Gabriel will write the introduction and the end part bringing out the tensions and conflicts between the previously mentioned disciplines. We also would like to hint at a possible resolution of conflicts at the end. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)

20th November: Zoom meeting 1
During this first session we brainstormed various ideas for our chapter. We ended up discussing mental health disorders and decided to focus on anxiety disorders in particular. We talked about the issues anxiety disorders pose in modern societies where people of all ages are subjected to more stress. We thought we could include disciplines such as anthropology, neuroscience and psychiatry. We agreed to make a google doc where we could share links and information we found on the topic in the upcoming weeks. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)


text:
Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in Anxiety

6th December
Since the last meeting we've been working on our first drafts for each of our sections. We also added these to the google doc in order for each of us to have access to the exact content the others were writing about, in order for us to make sure what we were writing was coherent and worked well with the other sections. This also helped us find more precise conflicts between disciplines which Gabriel will be able to explore in his final section. Our aim is to now start adding and editing our sections directly on the wiki page. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)

27th November: Zoom meeting 2
We went over the research we did and the information each of us found relating to anxiety disorders, having shared all of this on the google doc preceding the meeting. We used this to highlight the tensions that could be explored between disciplines and we came up with a structure for our wikibooks chapter. Sarah is going to focus on the psychiatric and neurobiological aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety, Joyce will explore aspects of anthropology and Gabriel will write the introduction and the end part bringing out the tensions and conflicts between the previously mentioned disciplines. We also would like to hint at a possible resolution of conflicts at the end. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)

20th November: Zoom meeting 1
During this first session we brainstormed various ideas for our chapter. We ended up discussing mental health disorders and decided to focus on anxiety disorders in particular. We talked about the issues anxiety disorders pose in modern societies where people of all ages are subjected to more stress we could include disciplines such as anthropology, neuroscience and psychiatry. We agreed to make a google doc where we could share links and information we found on the topic in the upcoming weeks. TheStarryLamppost (discuss • contribs)


text: Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Evidence in Anxiety