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User:Danielravennest/papers/Illusion of Scarcity

The Illusion of Scarcity and Self-Improving Systems

Dani Eder

The Seed Factory Project,

6485 Rivertown Rd, Fairburn, GA 30213

email: danielravennest@gmail.com

April 2024

What is a Better Future and How Can We Get There?

 Most people would like a better future for themselves, their family and friends, their community, and the world. Over the long span of history life has generally improved in material ways such as better food security and shelter, and freedom from oppression. But recently some people believe that this is no longer possible. They think the world is too full, resources are getting used up, and the environment is getting degraded. So they have lost hope. The goal of our project is to show that a better future IS possible, and lay out the ideas and methods to get there.

 Scarcity - In economics, Scarcity refers to the finite amount of human and non-human resources that are available to satisfy our needs and wants. Scarcity limits what we can do, and is therefore an obstacle in building a better future. By contrast, in a Post-Scarcity Economy most goods and services can be provided in abundance with minimal labor. Everyone's survival needs needs, and many desired goods and services, are widely available at minimal cost. People are free to do what they want, rather than having to work hard in order to live.

 Some wealthy and retired people are at this point, but not society as a whole. In this paper I will try to show that it is in reach for everyone. The belief that it isn't, or in the far future, is an illusion based on limited knowledge and experience. The illusion can be broken once you know how to get there, and have the will to take action and make changes. Key ideas for a better future are:

 * Resources and energy are abundant on Earth and in space.

 * With enough knowledge and tools they can be used to build a better life.

 * With planning this can be sustainable, and avoid unwanted side effects.

 * Cooperation makes it affordable and self-improvement makes it scalable.

 * Smart tools can do most of the work.

 * Projects like the one we started can make it happen.

1. Resources and Energy

 Many people feel our current system is taking more than Earth can give, and there is no hope for the future. There are definitely problems that need solving, both now and in coming decades. But the world's resources are not "running out" in any sense. The waste materials from to building and running civilization still exist, just in different places than they started, like the air and landfills. Energy sources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal will last for millions of years. With them we can recover waste materials and supply new ones as needed.

 Let's take as an example 4000 square meters (about 1 acre) of average farmland in the continental US. Soil is less dense than the rock below, but a combined average is about 2.5 tons per cubic meter (/m3) in the first 10 meters (33 feet) down. This is 4000 x 10 x 2.5 = 100,000 tons of material. This depth can be reached with common construction equipment. US Farmland averaged $3,750 in 2022 for 4000 m2. So the material cost works out to $0.0375/ton (3.75 cents). So basic raw materials can be very cheap. What the ground is made of varies from place to place, but you can always use it for something when you know how.

 The average US Solar Resource is equivalent to 4.75 hours/day of full sunlight. Solar energy hardware costs about $0.60/Watt. Modern solar panels can be warranted for 40 years to produce 93% of rated power on average. Panel output slowly decreases with time. They will make 64.5 kWh per Watt of capacity over the 40 years. The lifetime cost is then about $0.01/kWh, about one tenth of typical US household electric rates. So energy can also be very cheap.

 Embodied Energy is the total energy used to make a product, from mine to final delivery. It varies a lot by product, but a typical number is 30 MJ/kg (8 1/3 kWh/kg). In particular, making and operating a new solar power system over its life consumes 1/8 of the energy it produces. Second generation solar systems from recycled materials need less energy to make. Extracting new metals like aluminum, silicon, and iron use a lot more energy than recycling them. So solar is sustainable for the long term, making much more energy than it uses.

 You can't entirely fill an area with solar panels. Some space is needed for maintenance access. Tilting panels to follow the Sun increases output, but rows are spaced apart to avoid self-shading. Assume our example land is 50% filled with high efficiency (22%) panels. 2000 m2 of panels have an installed capacity of 440 kW, making 7000 MJ/day on average. This can make 233 kg/day of typical products, or 85 tons/year. This is about half an average US house and its contents every year. So our land is pretty productive if we use the energy for manufacturing.

 The first 10 meters with 100,000 tons of material would last 1175 years at the rate of 85 tons/year. You don't want to dig everywhere, but surface mines have gone down 1200 meters, underground mines over 4000, and drilling 12,000. There is no danger of running out of materials for a very long time. Well-built homes and furniture can last more than 100 years. Other types of construction and manufactured goods can last a long time too. If designed properly, their materials can be efficiently recycled. So our lives can be sustainable and non-polluting if we choose.

 There are other energy sources besides the solar panels in our example. If the land is sunny enough, you can build solar furnaces. These are higher efficiency and potentially less expensive. Some areas have useful amounts of wind, geothermal, and other renewable sources. Solar panels can share space with other uses. The area under and around them can be used to grow things, or they can be put on top of buildings and other construction to reduce the land area needed.

 Space Resources - There is nearly 7 times more sunlight in space than the average on Earth. Night, weather, and losses going through the atmosphere account for the difference. Without weather and gravity, solar arrays need about 10 times less materials to make. So they produce about 70 times more energy per weight. Their output can go down faster due to higher radiation levels, but their lifetime output is still much higher. In addition to energy, there are also vast amounts of physical working area and raw materials in space that can be used without disturbing the Earth.

 The energy to reach space is about the same as the embodied energy of average products on Earth. So in principle it doesn't have to cost a lot to get there. The hardware cost of single-use rockets made it very expensive in the past. Rockets that can fly many times are lowering this, but only turn about 10% of fuel energy into delivered cargo weight. More efficient technologies exist and will improve efficiency and cost in the future. Using materials already in space means less has to be sent from Earth, further reducing transportation cost. In the long-term, space resources can reduce the burden on Earth's environment and sustain a better future.

2. Knowledge and Tools

 You need more than energy and materials to make things. You also have to know how to make them, and have the equipment to make them with. Recorded knowledge, such as books and instructional videos, are widely available today. Libraries and used books are free or low cost. Most people have access to the Internet, either personally or through community sources like libraries.

 Active knowledge in the form of skills and experience can be learned from recorded sources, then using that information on projects. Practice projects to build skills can be both useful and low cost. Other ways to learn include working on volunteer projects, and working with more experienced people that need some help. These are free or even a source of income. Gaining all kinds of knowledge is affordable.

 If you have some money, you can accumulate basic tools by buying them. Used ones can often be found for less, borrowed, or accessed from community sources. Specialized tools and equipment are more expensive, but can be rented as needed, or their cost split among a group. Enough tools to get started are also in reach for most people.

 Modern civilization proves that tools can be used to make more and better tools. All the tools in existence can be traced back to simple ones that were made by hand from local materials. Today we don't have to start with rocks and sticks. A starter set of the right tools and machines, plus personal labor and automation, can be used to build up more and better ones to whatever level is needed.

 Our project has been working on the details of how to do this, and there are links below to our work. But you can figure out your own path by starting with what you want in the end, like a house. Then work backwards to what equipment is needed to build it, and which of that equipment you can make. For example, sawhorses are common construction equipment. You can buy them, but you can also make them from lumber and common hardware.

3. Side Effects and Sustainability

 The world has problems like too much CO2 raising temperatures, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. They are problems because we didn't understand or care about the side effects of what we were doing. This can be avoided in the future with a "system life-cycle" approach. Our small piece of land with solar panels is an example system.

 You consider everything that enters and leaves the system over its entire life. That would include the reflected light and radiated heat that isn't converted to electricity, the rain that falls on the panels and where it ends up later, etc. Anything that affects the the world outside the system has to be accounted for. Then you plan for and design the system to minimize or eliminate unwanted side effects, make it recyclable, and find uses for by-products like rain runoff.

 Our example system produces more energy during its life than is used to build and operate it. If replacement parts and installation don't have unwanted side effects, the effects won't accumulate over time. Long-term sustainability also requires everything going into the system is not in short supply or can be recycled. The Sun will last longer than the Earth remains livable, so the primary energy source is not limited in any practical sense.

 The main materials in a solar power system are steel (support frames), aluminum and glass (panel frames), sometimes plastic (panel backs and wire insulation), silicon (the cells themselves), and copper (connecting wires). None of these are rare, and all of them can be recycled or made new from ores. The land itself doesn't wear out as long as erosion is controlled. Thinking this way about sources and recycling, i.e. system inputs and outputs, can be applied to all kinds of projects, and their design made more sustainable.

4. Cooperation and Self-Improvement

 It is hard for one person to be completely self-sufficient. It takes a lot of knowledge, experience, equipment, and access to various resources to provide a modern quality of life. People have always specialized and cooperated to live better than they could on their own. Businesses bring people and equipment together for work, but often ignore improving their staff. They also extract profits from the work, which then goes to outside owners.

 Groups like associations, cooperatives, and networks can do better. Members can focus on improving themselves and each other by study, practice, and teaching. They can keep profits within the group and build up self-ownership. Working for a conventional business may be needed to get started, but working with others on the side can add income, and lead to independence. This is especially useful for the under- or unemployed with variable or precarious jobs and few assets. When regular work fails, they can do more on group projects to support themselves.

 Society is not static. Knowledge and tools have accumulated and improved, both at the individual level and across civilization. Hammers and saws are not the only kinds of tools. So are computers, buildings, and brokerage accounts if you know how to use them. Anything which can be used to make life better can become a tool in the right hands. This is especially true when used to improve your set of tools.

 Intentionally following the self-improvement path, both in yourself and in using what you already have to build more and better, leads to exponential growth. Self-growth and making copies is how an acorn grows exponentially to becomes an oak tree, which in turn can become a forest. But people can do more than just make copies of things - they can learn and change what they do for the better.

5. Smart Tools and Work

 Smart tools are those that use automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence (AI) to some degree. They have less or no need for people to operate and direct them. A coming problem is smart tools replacing more jobs than they create. For example, self-checkout scanners have already replaced some cashiers. Warehouse robots and self-driving vehicles are starting to replace physical movement of goods.

 The problem for our capitalist system is most people are working a job to pay for the things they need and want that they don's make themselves. Without jobs they can't pay for those things. The places they buy from lose them as customers. Governments lose income and sales tax sources, so public services and infrastructure also decay. It becomes a systemic problem, not just one for the out-of-work.

 A way around this problem is for individuals and private groups to own and leverage the smart tools for themselves. The machines work for them, and deliver their products directly to the owners, without needing a job to pay for them. In the long run, most work can be replaced this way, and the remainder done by people who enjoy it, rather than people who have to work to survive.

 Smart tools have parts like motors and electronics, which are already low cost. Most of us already own multiple devices that have them. Smart tools should not be too expensive to make. Like any other tools, smart ones can be mostly self-made given the right knowledge and starter equipment. Once a private group of owners has the equivalent of an automated machine shop, they can then make as many smart tools as they need at low cost. A life where most work becomes optional and machines do the most of it for us should then be possible. The basic path to reach it is groups of people starting with simple tools and projects, and building up to more advanced and smarter ones.

6. Our Project

 My background is space systems engineering, which is popularly (but incorrectly) called "rocket science". Space projects were historically expensive because of the high cost of launching from Earth. One way to lower the cost is using materials and energy already in space. Most spacecraft use solar energy, but we haven't yet started using off-planet materials. That requires mining and production equipment, and launching all of it into space is itself a cost.

 Around 1980 the idea of an automated Starter Set to make more equipment for itself was developed, but space technology of the time was not up to the task. This was called a "Seed Factory" by analogy to plant seeds as the starter set from which plants grow. Launching a starter set instead of a complete factory would lower space project costs.

 In 2013 I realized several things. First, the laws of nature are the same everywhere. If seed factories could work in space, they would also work on Earth. Second, making them work here is easier. The environment is less difficult, and we have more people and existing tools already here to get started with. Third, the needs on Earth are much larger and more urgent. I'm still interested in space projects, but those can wait until seed factories are proven on Earth.

 I started the Seed Factory Project to develop and prove the ideas for Earth first. Our long-term goal is making a sustainable post-scarcity society possible. Our books and other works are aimed at showing how to get there. The project is open-source, so anyone can contribute to it and use the results. We are using Wikibooks and other online sites to share information, and the usual methods to communicate.

 We have built a reference library of "how to" and technical books and articles. This is to help supply knowledge and instructions for projects. The collection also also has a wide range of material on other subjects for general education and self-improvement. There are many other sources of books and tutorials, but this one is organized by subject and portable. Some of the library is copyrighted material. We can't share that freely, but we can share a collection index, and project members can borrow from it when needed.

 Beyond building a knowledge base, we purchased a starter property near Atlanta, and have been accumulating tools and setting up a workshop. The purpose is demonstrate our ideas actually work in practice and learn by doing. We have also started working with other groups and individuals with similar goals.

7. To Learn More

 Building Better Worlds in the 21st Century is a 72 page length report that lays out problems with current national space programs, and outlines a new program concept of developing Earth first, then moving out into space. It is based on the idea of self-improving systems introduced in this paper, and which are more fully documented in the books and other works of our project.

 "Better Worlds" is a two volume set of works-in-progress describing a viewpoint and technical approach to building a better life for ourselves, our community, and the world. Volume I - Seed Factories and Self-Improving Systems covers the basic ideas and design process. It then presents a progressive series of projects on Earth using these methods. Volume II: Space Systems Engineering covers the very different environments and resources beyond Earth, how to get there, and technologies for working in space. It continues the series of projects as far as our knowledge allows.

[Add more reference links to works in progress and links to works outside our project]


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Supplementary mathematics/Laplace transform

In mathematics and calculus, the Laplace transform, named after its French discoverer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, is a transformation for calculus that transforms a function of a real variable (usually in the time domain) into a function of a The complex variable (in the complex frequency domain, also known as s-domain or s-plane) transforms. The Laplace transform has one of its many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving Doing differential equations in calculus is differential and integral. Also, Laplace transformation can convert all ordinary differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. For suitable functions f, the Laplace transform is integral.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Category:CS1 errors: deprecated parameters

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Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 4

205.118.123.63

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205.118.123.63

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Abid Sidiq Ahanger

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Aadit6

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 * en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023

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 * I am trying to insert the full skeleton code into the wikibooks page. This is the original code supplied by AQA available for computer science students but it will not allow me to insert it.

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 * 09:18, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

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94.204.59.111

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 * Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5

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 * I just wanted to correct grammar. The part that I wanted to correct said the the rook, while my edit changed it to the rook.

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 * ✅ – see Special:Diff/4240955. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 01:22, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

David Allencourt

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 * The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)

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 * Hello! I am attempting to add my translation of Movses Khorenatsi's work The History of the Armeniansp, which has long been used as a textbook of Armenian history. However it is getting caught in the filter.

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 * 03:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

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✅., you are likely to face difficulty editing your text for a while, as you're being hit by a filter we have no control over. Feel free to continue submitting false positive requests for a while. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 05:58, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

99.209.41.18

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99.209.41.18

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UhLukas 90

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 * Publishing error

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 * You were correctly blocked. Your attempt to paste a set of Discord copyright material onto your user page was rightly detected as unconstructive. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 10:08, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Andrewdav

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 * page about Stephen William Grimsley

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 * Adding factual data, including year of death

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Lachlan Peterson

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 * Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain

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 * I was trying to create a page for an assignment, it started by not letting me upload images then it assused me of creating "Cannibis/CBD Spam" when I was writing about the Vancouver Skytrain.

 * Date and time
 * 07:36, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

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 * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:57, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Yunchenli

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 * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 01:56, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I took a look at all of your edits, but most of them are more or less irrelevant to the page you were trying to create. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 06:44, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Robertbenjmin00

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 * ❌ – you tried to fill your talk page with irrelevant self-promotional spam, which was rightly detected by the edit filter. Further attempts to spam your talk page may result in a loss of editing privileges. --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 06:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

SomethingForDeletion

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 * 360_Assembly/360_Family

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 * Trying to add a link to wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/S390X – this is information about how to use the QEMU open source package to emulate z/Architecture IBM mainframes, and hence is relevant to the topic of the book and its readers. The edit filter won't even let me put the URL on this page!

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BTW, I realise someone is probably going to say "you can't because you are a new user please wait a few days". Can someone add the link for me? Also, wouldn't this edit filter be better if it took into account one's global contributions? A new user which has already made significant contributions on Wikipedia/etc is probably not a spammer. SomethingForDeletion (discuss • contribs) 23:28, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @Leaderboard I'm not savvy enough to know this, but is there any way to take into account someone's global edits in the edit filter? My guess is no, but you would know better. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:35, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Unless the filter itself is global, no. It is however possible to take into account global user groups, but that won't apply for the vast majority of users (it's useful for groups such as global rollback who can then use their rights here without being hit by the filter). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

110.224.130.225

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 * Was adding one important guide about intellectual property

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 * ❌. You tried to add a link to a blog. That is not a reliable or useful source. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 21:09, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

58.169.215.204

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Adding external links as required by my assignment and computer said no
 * For reference to other admins, this IP tried to paste the following under a "See also" section on Transportation Planning Casebook/Fast(er) Rail in NSW. I'll leave it to others as to whether these links are appropriate or not, as I'm a sysop primarily for anti-vandalism purposes.

 * Hawker Britton - Australia’s High-Speed Rail Network (History of High Speed Rail in Australia) (www.hawkerbritton.com/blog/2022/10/17/australias-high-speed-rail-network/)
 * A Profile of High Speed Railways - Internal Australian Government Brief (www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/other_001_a_profile_of_high-speed_railways.pdf)
 * The Story of (non-existent) High-Speed Rail in Australia - Railways Explained (www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjvnpeqaj5s&ab_channel=RailwaysExplained)
 * --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 10:21, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks @SHB2000! For the IP, what is the purpose of including these external links as is? If it is for the purpose of references/citations, I'd recommend using the dedicated reference tool for that. I'm curious what the actual requirement in the assignment is. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Me too – and if these do have to be linked, is the YouTube link really necessary? (as someone who follows NSW HSR off-wiki, I also question if it's the one of the best off-wiki links) --SHB2000 (discuss • contribs) 12:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Беспечная крыса

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 * Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices

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 * A big part of section 5 is missing. I'm appending the lost part. The part contains external links to Ada Reference Manual as adahome site.

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 * 11:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

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78.3.89.31

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 * False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian

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 * I'm trying to remove "sedmica" as Croatian translation of week, this word is never used for "week" in Croatian, only "tjedan". This is a false friend between Croatian and Serbian (and maybe Bosnian, no idea if Bosnian uses sedmica for week.

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See my response below —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
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78.3.89.31

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 * False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian

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 * Trying to fix the "droga" false friend, current translation for Croatian is wrong. This should be placed instead:

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 * 21:30, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

See my response below —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
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78.3.89.31

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 * Edit filter/False positives

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 * Can't report error while trying to add the meaning of "arch" for luk/łuk in Polish-Croatian false friends

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Well I'm done trying. If you fix this filter bump this thread.
 * Comments
 * Hello! My best guess about what happened is that you unwittingly tripped a global anti-vandalism filter since one of your edits contained profanity, and then repeated editing attempts tripped wikibooks-specific repeated vandalism filters. I'm not an expert on the edit filters, so someone with more experience may correct me. If you'd like to do more significant editing without the risk of tripping filters designed for IP vandals, you may wish to create an account. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

The Yennefer

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 * Trying to add link needed for deciding if the linked book can be added to wikibooks.

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 * 16:34, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

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 * Hello! It looks like the filter caught you since there are restrictions on new users posting links in order to prevent vandalism. I will note that when I investigated the link you were trying to post, it was broken and didn't link to anything. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Richard Vinke

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 * I try to add the following line, with external link to the end of the section "translate".

To align an element to another element, the function align can be used. See.
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 * 13:46, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Hello! It looks like you were trying to add a raw link to that page. To prevent link spamming, very new users are not permitted to do so; additionally, in that context, you may wish to use a citation instead. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:41, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
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Gieyan81

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 * this happens as you are a new editor trying to insert URLs (hyperlinks). Save the edit with no URLs initially. You can come back and add them, one or two at a time, and after a few days the system will recognise that you are not trying to spam. By the way, one of the links you tried to insert was to Wikipedia. There is a way of doing this without a URL: enter  a description  MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 07:53, 16 June 2023 (UTC).

EP426

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 * Copy pasting sandbox wikibook into a blank and new wikibook provided by the professor, yet the system won't let me as it considers it a large edit. IP Large Edits

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 * 09:18, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Hello! My guess is that this is happening because you're a new user trying to make a large edit. I recommend breaking it up into multiple smaller edits to resolve the issue. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:45, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
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2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66

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I am filling in my chapter for a wiki book and I am unable to publish changes due to an editing filter
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 * Hello—contributors who are not logged in are restricted in the size of their edits. I recommend making multiple smaller edits. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

2A01:7C8:AAB2:30E:5054:FF:FE9A:5545

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I thinking ever link need alternative some of countries pastebin.com didn't work.}}

Amirx324

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 * 14:57, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

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 * Thanks for drawing our attention to your spamming; you are now blocked. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 15:29, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Teuxe

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 * X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools

 * Description
 * I wanted to add a reference to ImHex which is a must-know free and open-source hex editor with lots of tools.

 * Date and time
 * 13:54, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

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 * try writing the reference without the link (just remove the "https://" bit), then you or another user can add it back in sometime later. You will need to be autoconfirmed to add links to most pages. 18:23, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Done (but too quick, I wasn't logged in...). Thanks. Teuxe (discuss • contribs) 15:50, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

Aletheajohnn

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Promotion like this is prohibited on Wikibooks. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:31, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
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Tanbiruzzaman

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to upper case method for c#

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Tony Rose Orge-Monzales

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87.58.32.132

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✅ Thanks for the heads-up! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:32, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
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Fabrickator

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Heads-up: I went to look at the wayback link in order to add it in manually for you, but it was broken. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
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Adolfo Martin Fuentes

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Adolfo Martin Fuentes

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Mikedavid.1525

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here my updated text

online Python editor and compiler that allows you to run your Python code without the need for any installation. With this convenient web-based tool, you can write, test, and execute Python code instantly.
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92.17.242.176

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 * Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death

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 * orthographic and grammatical corrections. Also, plague is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus as wrongly stated in one of the sections of this article

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 * What were you doing when you made the edit? — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 08:00, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * This was a good edit that fell foul of an edit filter because your account (or IP address in this case) is new. It was triggered by including the word "suck" which is a common word for vandals to insert. I have made the edit for you. MarcGarver (discuss • contribs) 10:16, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Kdmz

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 * Tried to add a new Arabic resource which presents an Arabic keyboard with a unique automatic diacritization feature and comprehensive Arabic grammar lessons from beginner to advanced levels but the edit triggered an automated throttle.

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 * Post a link that isnt the actual link, so like this: example.com/example instead of https://example.com/example. Then another user who can post external links will/should come along and make it a link. — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 08:08, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * My original ping didnt work, now the issue has been fixed — L10nM4st3r / ROAR at me! 08:34, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok done Kdmz (discuss • contribs) 19:14, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Daeraxa

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 * Date and time
 * 18:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Sorry this got missed! I made the edit for you since there are restrictions on new/inexperienced users adding external links due to spam. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:35, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
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 * Thanks for sorting that, part of the URL got missed (probably by me initially) so I've added it in and it seems to have let me do it. Daeraxa (discuss • contribs) 03:06, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

204.116.105.26

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 * My friend tried to make a joke and put "I AM A DINOSAUR" on my other friend's computer and I was trying to change it back to "The Iliad"

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O andras

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 * An external URL now results in HTTP 404, so I was replacing it with an archive.org version instead.

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Joris Darlington Quarshie

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@User:Joris Darlington Quarshie It looks like you were flagged due to the presence of links in your edit, since new users have restrictions on adding links to pages. Would you like me to add the content for you? —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
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RandomEditin

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 * I was trying to fix link rot by replacing the link with a archived version.

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 * 04:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

I've fixed it for you. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
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Helrasincke

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 * Triggered throttle whilst attempting to replace dead URLs with archived versions. Please rectify. Cheers

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✅ cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 19:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
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213.175.171.242

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 * Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4

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 * I was trying to add some content about the last move, but I got blocked by 'repeated vandalism attempts'. But, I was trying to add content to it!

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 * 16:10, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

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139.130.241.224

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 * I was trying to experiment with the sandbox, but a filter said that my edit will not be published as it is considers it as vandalism.

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SociableFish

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 * I was trying to edit the CRTP page to add a simpler way you can do it in C++23 using explicit this parameter. Because people might not know what those 3 words mean, I wanted to make the 3 words link to the cppreference page about it. cppreference is the C++ reference wiki that most people use.

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 * 19:24, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Hi New users are restricted in their ability to add links in order to prevent spam. I'd recommend adding everything but the link, and then someone else can help you. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:08, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
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49.187.16.86

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 * I wanted to edit the Sandbox, isn't it a page for experimenting? Because it said that I am making unconstructive edits. Can you please fix this?

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@Leaderboard: do you know why this pinged a filter? It does seem like a reasonable use of the sandbox. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 19:22, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Comments

 * , the IP hit filter 18 - that's a simple rate filter. Seemed like the user was trying to make (to the filter) quick edits; we should improve this. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Got it, thanks! Unfortunately, I'm not sure how to go about making this kind of change. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 00:23, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Spindown

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 * I was fleshing out part of the beginner methods section, since it had some material that was still in raw point form, and the instructions were incomplete. The link I provided, which triggered the spam filter, is a tutorial with diagrams that do a better job of explaining these steps. I would have added it as a citation, but I used a link to follow the style of the rest of the section.

 * Date and time
 * 18:25, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Hi ! I'd recommend using citations over simply inserting links. I believe it is more appropriate for the book format and the way the link is being used. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 00:28, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Comments

 * I agree that citations would be better, however that clashes with the format of the existing text. Spindown (discuss • contribs) 21:35, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

110.54.146.208
--110.54.146.208 (discuss)media$$$$~
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 * 07:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

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Zoetanya

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 * Creating About the DAReS project

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 * insert an external link to the project to provide more information on it for incoming Hackathon participants

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 * 05:02, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

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Fabrickator

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 *

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 * Replace link for "European Dream of Progress and Enlightenment" with wayback link
 * Sadly, it wouldn't allow including the url I was adding so had to delete it ... now I try to add it
 * : web.archive.org/web/20080410041858/http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm

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 * 03:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

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96.230.237.221

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 *

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 * I was adding clarification about a calculator program that caused my class and I confusion. I was editing the "Editing TI-Basic 84 Programming/ A Basic Program for clarity in using quotation marks/ string markers to enclose the message and make the program function.

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 * 01:24, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

I added the clarification for you. Cheers! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 02:14, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
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TomKeane03

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 * Uploading my univeristy assignment as required. will not let me save. all my own work with appropriate in text referencing and bibliography.

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I believe this occurred because you are a new editor trying to make a large edit. Try making smaller edits. Cheers —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
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223.24.187.153
223.24.187.153 (discuss) 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
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 * 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

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172.59.218.11

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 * change lbs-ft to ft-lbs for every torque setting listed.

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Dmlsjournal

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Raidarr

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 * Attempted notification that KC's impersonator on miraheze is locked and recommending a usurption request if there is an interest in claiming that name on miraheze in the future.

 * Date and time
 * 14:39, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

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Rodejong

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 * User_talk:Kittycataclysm

 * Description
 * I was trying to notify Kittycataclysm, that the impersonator at Miraheze now has been globally locked, but what ever message I try to send, the message is blocked by Operator873's Filter. - The message is:

→I am a MH Volunteer. FYI, this user requested a new wiki, Global permissions and Stewardship within a day. And He/She referred to this account. So by coincident Xeverything11 confirmed my suspicion. Said user account is now disabled. I hope this takes away the awkward feeling it must give to have an imposter using your on-wiki presence. Kind regards, ~ ←

Not even "This user has been globally locked at MH." can be posted in that topic.

Don't know what goes on, but this is weird.
 * Date and time
 * 14:17, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Do you know why this user and the user below encountered this issue with my talk page? The filter it tripped doesn't seem to be local. Thanks! —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 18:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Comments

 * , it's a global filter maintained by - you probably can't see it because it's a hidden global filter. To Operator873: the filter message says that you intended to disable it, but you enabled it later. Can you adjust the filter to make use of global edit counts at least? Also, Kittycataclysm, you may want to apply for abuse filter helper as that will allow you to view these global filters if this helps you in diagnosing these issues better (but it's optional). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * - pinging you with the explanation above. Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. At least @Kittycataclysm was notified. And a problem discovered that can be dealt with. All in all "2 flies in one smack" Rodejong (discuss • contribs) 08:19, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Leaderboard I cannot. I'm no longer a steward, nor meta sysop. I'd suggest requesting that filter be disabled on Meta:SRM for assistance. Operator873 (discuss • contribs) 04:05, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

114.77.81.207

 * Username

 * Page you were editing
 * Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail

 * Description
 * Trying to edit my university assignment, the error is claiming I am adding a link, although I have not added any link in the main body, only using the cite/reference tool. If I attempt to submit with the reference removed, it claims I am adding unconstructive information.

 * Date and time
 * 07:42, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

I'm not sure why this is getting flagged by the filter. do you know what's going on here? My only recommendation would be to make an account. —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 12:32, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Comments

 * The links are the issue. I recommend the user to create an account, and reference properly (i.e, don't just put a bunch of links at the end). Leaderboard (discuss • contribs) 13:11, 26 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Analytic Combinatorics/Saddle-point Method

Theorem
Theorem due to Flajolet and Sedgewick.

If $$F(z)$$ is an admissible function then

 * $$[z^n] F(z) \sim \frac{F(\zeta)}{\zeta^{n+1} \sqrt{2 \pi f^{''}(\zeta)}}$$ as $$n \to \infty$$

where $$\zeta$$ is such that $$F^'(\zeta) = 0$$ and $$\frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} = e^{f(z)}$$.

Proof
Proof due to Flajolet and Sedgewick.

By Cauchy's coefficient formula:

 * $$[z^n] F(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz$$

We can visualise this as a 3D graph whose $$x$$ and $$y$$ axes are the real and imaginary parts of $$z$$ respectively and the $$z$$ axis is the real part of $$\frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}}$$.

For the generating functions we are interested in, $$\frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}}$$ has a saddle-point on the positive real axis. This is the highest altitude of the green path in the above graph. Call this $$\zeta$$.

Being an analytic function (except at $$z = 0$$), we can deform the contour to go through the saddle-point. The biggest contributor to the integral is made by the part of the contour near the saddle-point (call this $$C_0$$, which is the red part of the path in the graph below). The rest of the contour (call this $$C_1$$, the green part of the path) contributes relatively little.

 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C_0} \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz + \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C_1} \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz$$

In the below, we set $$\frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} = e^{f(z)}$$

 * $$[z^n] F(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C e^{f(z)} dz$$

We can deform the contour even more to make the part of the contour near the saddle-point a straight line (in the complex plane). $$C_0$$ is deformed to a straight, vertical line, perpendicular to the real axis, crossing the saddle-point, starting from $$-ia$$ to $$ia$$. $$a$$ is chosen such that $$f^{}(\zeta)a^2 \to \infty$$ and $$f^{'}(\zeta)a^3 \to 0$$ as $$n \to \infty$$. This is so that the Taylor series expansion around $$\zeta$$

 * $$f(z) = f(\zeta) + \frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2 + \frac{1}{6} f^{'}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^3 + \cdots$$.

can be reduced to just $$f(\zeta) + \frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2$$.

$$f^{}(\zeta) = \frac{F^{}(\zeta)}{F(\zeta)} + \frac{n + 1}{\zeta^2}$$ is real-valued because $$\zeta$$ is real and $$F(z)$$, being a generating function, has real coefficients. $$z = \zeta + ix$$, so $$(z - \zeta)^2 = -x^2$$ is real. Therefore, $$\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2$$ is real-valued.

So, any imaginary part of $$f(z)$$ can be moved outside the integral, leaving just a real-valued integrand:

 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C_0} \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{C_0} e^{f(z)} dz \sim \frac{e^{f(\zeta)}}{2\pi i}\int_{C_0} e^{\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2} dz$$

This also means that the real-valued surface we discussed in the beginning is a valid estimate of the potentially complex-valued $$\frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}}$$.

$$C_0: x \in [-a, a] \to ix + \zeta$$

We change variables to remove the imaginary part of the interval and turn it into a real-valued integrand over the real line. Setting $$g^{-1}(x) = \frac{x - \zeta}{i}$$:

 * $$\int_{C_0} e^{\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2} dz = \int_{-a}^a e^{\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)(ix + \zeta - \zeta)^2} i dx = i \int_{-a}^a e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)x^2} dx$$

 * $$\int_{-a}^a e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx - 2 \int_{a}^\infty e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)x^2} dx$$

Because $$e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)x^2}$$ is very small for large $$x$$:

 * $$\left| \int_{a}^\infty e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx \right| \leq Ae^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)a^2}$$

Due to our choice of $$a$$ before, as $$n \to \infty$$, $$e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{''}(\zeta)a^2} \to 0$$.

Therefore, the integral can be estimated by a Gaussian integral which we know how to calculate:

 * $$\int_{-a}^a e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx \sim \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx = \sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{f^{''}(\zeta)}}$$

Putting it all together:

 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_C \frac{F(z)}{z^{n+1}} dz \sim \frac{e^{f(\zeta)}}{2\pi i}\int_{C_0} e^{\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)(z - \zeta)^2} dz = \frac{e^{f(\zeta)}i}{2\pi i}\int_{-a}^a e^{-\frac{1}{2} f^{}(\zeta)x^2} dx \sim \frac{e^{f(\zeta)}}{2\pi} \sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{f^{}(\zeta)}} = \frac{F(\zeta)}{\zeta^{n+1} \sqrt{2\pi f^{}(\zeta)}}$$

Admissibility
This formalises the conditions under which we can apply the saddle-point method. Definition from Flajolet and Sedgewick and Wilf. Also known as Hayman-admissibility.

The function $$F(z)$$ is admissible if:
 * $$F(z)$$ is a function with radius of convergence $$R \quad (0 < R \leq \infty)$$
 * There exists an $$R_0 < R$$ such that $$F(r) > 0 \quad (R_0 < r < R)$$
 * H1: $$\lim_{r \to R} a(r) = +\infty$$ and $$\lim_{r \to R} b(r) = +\infty$$
 * H2: There exists a function $$\delta(r)$$ defined for $$R_0 < r < R$$ such that $$0 < \delta(r) < \pi$$ and as $$r \to R$$
 * $$F(re^{i\theta}) \sim F(r)e^{i\theta a(r) - \frac{1}{2}\theta^2 b(r)}$$
 * uniformly for $$|\theta| \leq \delta(r)$$

 * H3: Uniformly for $$\delta(r) \leq |\theta| \leq \pi$$ and as $$r \to R$$
 * $$F(re^{i\theta}) = o\left(\frac{F(r)}{\sqrt{b(r)}}\right)$$

Intuitive explanation
To find the coefficients of a function, we can use the Cauchy coefficient formula. This requires us to find the integral of a path in the complex plane. Imagine trying to estimate this integral, displayed as the red and green line below.

The biggest contribution to the integral comes from around the saddle-point (displayed in red) and the tail's contribution (displayed in green) is negligible (by H3).

Therefore, to estimate the integral of the entire path you can estimate the integral of just the red part of the path. This is the asymptotic relation described in H2.

Example
Example from Wilf and Flajolet and Sedgewick.

Say we want to estimate the coefficients of $$e^z$$:
 * 1) $$e^z$$ has radius of convergence $$+\infty$$ and is positive for all $$z \geq 0$$.
 * 2) H1: $$a(z) = z \frac{(e^z)'}{e^z} = z \frac{e^z}{e^z} = z$$. Therefore, $$\lim_{z\to+\infty} z = +\infty$$.
 * 3) H1: $$b(z) = z^2 \frac{d^2}{dz^2} \ln e^z + z \frac{d}{dz} \ln e^z = z^2 \frac{d^2z}{dz^2} + z \frac{dz}{dz} = z$$. Therefore, $$\lim_{z\to+\infty} z = +\infty$$.
 * 4) Find the saddle-point $$\zeta$$ by solving the equation $$a(\zeta) = \zeta = n$$. Therefore, $$\zeta = n$$ and the path of integration is the circle of radius $$n$$ centred at the origin.
 * 5) Choose $$\delta(ne^{i\theta}) = n^{-\frac{2}{5}}$$.
 * 6) H3: For $$n^{-\frac{2}{5}} \leq |\theta| \leq \pi$$ as $$n \to +\infty$$
 * $$|e^{ne^{i\theta}}| = e^{n\cos\theta} \leq e^{n\cos n^{-\frac{2}{5}}} = o\left(\frac{e^n}{\sqrt{n}}\right)$$.
 * 1) H2: For $$n < 1 \quad e^{ne^{i\theta}} \sim e^{n + i\theta n - \frac{1}{2}\theta^2n} = e^ne^{i\theta n - \frac{1}{2}\theta^2n}$$ (due to the power series expansion of $$e^{i\theta}$$).
 * 2) Apply the theorem: $$[z^n] e^z \sim \frac{e^n}{n^n \sqrt{2 \pi n}}$$.

Saddle-points of higher order
Theorem from Flajolet and Sedgewick.

The above assumes $$F'(\zeta) = 0$$ and $$F''(\zeta) \neq 0$$. In the case where all derivatives up to the $$p$$th are zero but $$F^{(p+1)} \neq 0$$, we call it a saddle-point of order or multiplicity $$p$$.

If $$F(z)$$ has a saddle-point of order $$p + 1$$:

 * $$[z^n]F(z) \sim \frac{\omega}{p} \Gamma\left(\frac{1}{p}\right) \frac{F(\zeta)}{\zeta^{(n+1)} \sqrt[p]{-f^{(p)}(\zeta) / p!}}$$

where $$\omega^p = 1$$.


text:
User:Xeverything11/background/assets/items/almonds

      L  Librestore  almonds  200g


text:
User:Carson omari

Omari carson is a Kenyan businessman and an idealist in matters pertaining  business.

title: User:Carson omari


text:
User:Successcds

Notice Writing Format Class 12, Topics, Examples

What is a notice? A notice is a written or printed announcement (Example – a notice for sale). It is written in order to inform a large number of people about something that has happened or is about to happen.

It could be an upcoming event, competition, Lost, and found notice or just a piece of information to be delivered to the targeted audience. It is generally written in a formal tone.

Notices are factual and to-the-point. The language used is simple and formal, not flowery. They are put up on display boards in schools or in public places.

Let us discuss Notice Writing, how to write a notice in English. As a question on notice writing is a part of English writing skills for Class 12. The CBSE has prescribed a format of notice writing to be followed by students. The Notice Writing Format is as follows-

title: User:Successcds


text:
User talk:Jsbautista12

test

title: User talk:Jsbautista12


text:
Cookbook:Fancy Dinner Menu

Fancy Dinner for Guests

Appetizer
Pan Seared Scallops with Cayenne Chocolate sauce

Main Course
Grilled Filet Mignon with a Cognac Reduction

Roasted Redskin Potatoes

Dessert
Tiramisu

Beverage
VSOP Grade Cognac

title: Cookbook:Fancy Dinner Menu


text:
Cookbook:July Fourth Barbecue Menu

July Fourth Barbecue

Appetizer
Campfire Barbecue Chicken Wings

Main Course
Chipotle BBQ Ribs

Backyard BBQ Chicken

Dessert
Ginger-Glazed Grilled Peaches

Sauces, Condiments, Miscellaneous
Chipotle BBQ Sauce

title: Cookbook:July Fourth Barbecue Menu


text:
Cookbook:Neighborhood Barbecue Menu

Neighborhood Barbecue Menu

Appetizer
Cola BBQ Chicken

Main Course
Spicy Apple Glazed Pork Roast

title: Cookbook:Neighborhood Barbecue Menu


text:
Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 20th century/Firsova, Elena

Compositions for piano solo by Elena Firsova

 * A Fearful Fairy Tale, op. 171 [YouTube]
 * Elegy, op. 21 [YouTube]
 * Evening Music
 * Hymn to Spring, op. 64 [YouTube]
 * Piano sonata


text:
Meteorology/Definition

An air mass is a large volume of air in the atmosphere that is mostly uniform in temperature and moisture. They can extend thousands of miles across the surface and can go from the ground level to the stratosphere 16 kilometers (10 miles) into the atmosphere. Air masses can be classified as either as Arctic Air masses, Tropical Air masses, Polar Air masses, and Equatorial Air Masses.

title: Meteorology/Definition


text: Mathematical Proof/Cover

title: Mathematical Proof/Cover


text:
History of video games/Platforms/Leapster

History
The Leapster was released on October 7, 2003.

Games
There are more than 40 games for the Leapster.


text:
Talk:Sonic Heroes/Walkthrough

Sonu
Aii 2409:4053:218F:64D6:0:0:1BD6:68A5 (discuss) 13:27, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonic Heroes/Walkthrough


text:
User:Frog Bat Good

Hellos! I am Frog Bat, and I am currently learning both Japanese and Dutch. I have found translating Wiki pages to and from English to be a wonderful and fun exercise for my Japanese skills, so I may do that from time to time.

title: User:Frog Bat Good


text:
User:Loganhurndon/sandbox

this is a test book

title: User:Loganhurndon/sandbox


text:
User:Xeverything11/background/assets/items/strawberries

              L  Librestore
 strawberries
 450g


text:
Talk:Public International Law/History of International Law/Decolonization

Review: May 20, 2023
Dear Anam,

this is a powerful and beautifully written piece! Thank you for making such an important contribution to this book project and thus hopefully furthering the kind of reflexivity we need for decolonisation. I have added a few comments in the text (you can only see them if you go into 'edit source' mode), which mainly concern suggestions for further references and cross-references to other chapters. I think it would be really great if you could read (and, while you are at it, review) the chapters on founding myths, TWAIL, and states to see where there are overlaps so that you can add cross-references and maybe also shorten some of the parts that are already aptly reflected elsewhere (I am thinking mainly of the founding myths and the TWAIL chapters in this regard, there is some friction with the states chapter, which I think is productive). Overall, I would like to encourage you to think about the audience as you revise the chapter. We are writing for students who are familiarising themselves with international law for the first time so please make sure that you do not expect your readers to be familiar with scholarly debates in IL and IR before they read your chapter. Fore more detailed content, you can add 'advanced knowledge' boxes, as explained at the beginning of the template for the chapter. Also, please try as hard as you can to make your chapter more concise. We are really struggling to get the word count down for the book version and I have the impression that some of the arguments you are making could be made as effectively with fewer words. Thank you again for this fantastic contribution and let me know if I can assist in any way with the revisions.

Warmly, SuéSué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 11, 2023
Overall, I found the introduction to the chapter to be an enjoyable and informative read, with a clear and engaging writing style. One of the things that really stood out to me was your writing style. The language used was clear and concise, making it easy to understand even for someone who might not have had extensive prior knowledge on the subject matter. Also, I really liked your approach and perspective in the introduction

I think the chapter could become a bit more comprehensive. For example, there was no mention of positivist perspectives on decolonisation. It would be interesting to see how you engage with these ideas, particularly in relation to the right to self-determination and decolonisation. In particular, I think the book "The Last Colony" by Philippe Sands would have been a valuable resource to draw from in this regard.

You will find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

Some parts are still missing in your contribution:

- It would be great if you could finish the chapter by the end of June at the latest. The sooner you finish, the more we can review your chapter and the more time you have to use our comments to improve the chapter.

- Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge, learning objectives, summary

- You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook

- Additionally, while the lack of footnotes made the reading experience more streamlined, I would have liked to see more references to support the arguments made in the chapter. Please use OSCOLA as your citation style. Also, please add the footnotes using the wikibooks format. I have now adjusted this in your chapter.

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 20:00, 11 May 2023 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Frog Bat Good

Welcome to Wikibooks, Frog Bat Good!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started.

  Getting help
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.

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 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.

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(Would you like to provide feedback on this message?) Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 21:33, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Frog Bat Good


text:
Cookbook:Sparkling Lemonade with Fresh Herbs

Ingredients

 * 4 lemons
 * 4 tablespoons sugar
 * 1 liter carbonated water
 * A few leaves of fresh mint and/or lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

Procedure

 * 1) Juice the lemons, and dissolve the sugar in the juice.
 * 2) Add carbonated water and the fresh herb leaves.
 * 3) Serve cold.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * Lemon juice may be substituted by orange juice or other citrus juice, if desired.


text:
Cookbook:Quick Sparkling Lemonade

Ingredients

 * 7 cups (1.7 liters/1.8 quarts) cold carbonated water
 * 1 cup (225 grams/7.9 ounces) granulated sugar
 * 1 package of lemonade-flavored Kool-Aid, or similar powdered drink mix

Procedure

 * 1) Pour the carbonated water into a 2-quart pitcher.
 * 2) Add sugar and Kool-Aid or drink mix. Stir thoroughly.
 * 3) Serve chilled over ice, if desired.

title: Cookbook:Quick Sparkling Lemonade


text:
Cookbook:Lemonade (Extra-sour)

Ingredients

 * about 6 medium lemons, juiced to yield 1 cup (250 ml/8.5 oz) juice
 * 3¼ cups (850 ml/29 oz) water
 * ¾ cup superfine sugar (160 g/5.6 oz)

Procedure

 * 1) Juice the lemons on a citrus reamer. Rolling the lemons on the counter with moderate pressure prior to juicing will result in more juice from each lemon. Try to keep out the seeds. If you prefer lemonade with no pulp, strain the juice to remove it.
 * 2) Dissolve the sugar in the water. Heat may be helpful if using a large amount of sugar.
 * 3) Combine the juice and sugar water in a pitcher. Stir well.
 * 4) Chill or serve over ice cubes.

Notes, tips, and variations

 * The sugar can be adjusted by ± ¼ cup (55 g/1.9 oz).

title: Cookbook:Lemonade (Extra-sour)


text: User:Xeverything11/background/assets/items/broccoli


text:
Talk:Public International Law/Sources of International Law/Treaty Law

Review; May 24th, 2023
Dear Marko and Tax,

Thank you for being part of the team and for contributing this immensely important chapter. Like my co-editors, I have also added a few comments and my main feedback is also that the chapter needs a bit more depth, both in the sense that the doctrinal aspects should be elaborated in a bit more detail and that the law of treaties needs to be placed in its historical and theoretical context. Please try to pick up issues raised in the chapters on consent, positivism, TWAIL, feminism and queer theory, and decolonization (the ones that aren't finished yet will hopefully be available within the next few days), as well as to the chapters on the other sources (What is the relationship between treaty law and customary law?), subjects and actors (What is the role of NGOs, international organisations, cities, indigenous peoples, corporations etc.). Maybe skim some of the chapters on specialized fields and look for issues covered there that are essentially treaty law issues, on which you could give a more general introduction.

What I would love to see, in addition, is touching at least briefly on the role that the form of international treaties has played in legitimizing colonialism, as this passage from Antony Anghies' article in Third World Quarterly illustrates: "imperial powers claimed that native chiefs had entered into treaties which gave those powers sovereignty over non-European territories and peoples. The ability of natives to enter into such treaties was paradoxical, given that they were characterised as entirely lacking in legal status. What is clear from an examination of the treaties, however, is that international lawyers granted the natives such status, quasi-sovereignty, for the purposes of enabling them to transfer rights, property and sovereignty. The right of the native to dispose of himself or his resources was in effect upheld by these treaties, just as in Vitoria native personality is established so that it may be bound by international law." (p. 745) You could link this to a general discussion of 'treaties and time', and consider the legal status of these treaties both at the time of their conclusion and retroactively (Mieke van der Linden examines this in great detail in her monograph on 'The Acquisition of Africa'). The 'treaties and time' theme could also be used to explore more doctrinal aspects like the ILC's work on

These are just some ideas and you don't have to cover all of it and definitely not in great depth, but it would be great if there was more material that makes students really curious and excited to learn more about treaty law and international law more generally by providing a good overview of topics that invite further reflection.

Please let me and the other editors know if we can assist you in any way.

Warm regards, Sué

Sué González Hauck (discuss • contribs) 16:48, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 17th, 2023
Dear Marko and Tax,

Thanks for this rich chapter. We added some comments that you can see when logged in and using the editing mode. Here some general feedback:

I think you managed successfully to give an overview of the law of treaties. Since this topic is somewhat technical, I wonder whether it would be possible at the beginning to add some links to broader debates and questions.

- Right ab the beginning, in the introductory section, consider adding that treaties are the most important source of IL. It could be interesting adding an estimate number about how many treaties today are registered with the UNTS just to give the students a feeling about the number and importance. Furthermore, you could add here already a reference to some broader current debates: the crisis of classic treaty making/bilateralism and multilateralism etc., the fact that not many new treaties are being concluded.

- Furthermore, consider adding a reference to the concepts of consent (and link to chapter in first part of book) and pacta sent servant that are embodied in the concept of treaty law

- An example here or there could make the topic a bit less technical.

- Finally, it could be useful in the first paragraph to give an overview of the aim of the legal area of the law of treaties more broadly, in the sense of a short roadmap of what you will be discussing in chapter. How are treaties made, what are the rules on reservations and treaty interpretation, how can treaties be terminated and suspended. Who has the power to adopt a treaty for a state? What are the grounds for invalidity, termination and suspension of a treaty.

Best, Raffaela --Raffaela Kunz (discuss • contribs) 09:32, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Review: May 12, 2023
Your chapter on international treaty law provides a comprehensive overview of the subject matter, covering all the key points in a clear and concise manner. The language used in the chapter is simple and easy to understand, making it accessible to students who are new to the subject.

There are some areas where the writing is overly wordy and could benefit from more precision. By tightening up some of the language, the chapter could be made even more effective at conveying complex legal concepts.

One issue that I noticed with the chapter is the lack of footnotes. While the text is well-researched and informative, it would be helpful to have more references and citations to back up the claims being made. Please use OSCOLA as your citation style and make sure you provide full and accurate references for all sources cited. It is important to take the time to ensure that all footnotes are correctly formatted according to the Wikibooks style and numbered in sequence.

You will also find some comments in your chapter in which I elaborate on something more specifically. To view these comments, just open you chapter page and click on "Edit" in the top-right toolbox.

It would be great if you could finish the chapter by the end of June at the latest. The sooner you finish, the better we can review your chapter and the more time you have to use our comments to improve the chapter.

Note also that the following parts are still missing: required knowledge and learning objectives.

You could add some links to other chapters of the textbook.

Note that I have made some linguistic improvements to the text.

Max Milas (discuss • contribs) 16:42, 12 May 2023 (UTC)


text:
Mathematical Proof/TOC

 * 1) Mathematical Proof/Cover
 * 2) Mathematical Proof/Introduction to Set Theory
 * 3) Mathematical Proof/Logic
 * 4) Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof
 * 5) Mathematical Proof/Relations
 * 6) Mathematical Proof/Functions

title: Mathematical Proof/TOC


text:
User:Ducklan

welcome, I'm currently working on improving the dichotomous key so any help is appriciated

title: User:Ducklan


text:
User talk:Ducklan

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Ducklan!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started.

  Getting help
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
 * You can get friendly help from the community in the user assistance room or our IRC channel.
 * Upload freely licensed files to Wikimedia Commons. You may request permission to upload fair use files locally. Please include author and source information and a non-free use rationale for non-free files.

  Made a mistake?
 * You can restore a previously saved version.
 * Pages should follow the  naming convention.
 * Need to rename a page? Use the move tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for help).
 * To request a page be deleted, add to the top of the page.
 * Was a page you made deleted? Please read the deletion policy, and check the deletion log to find out why. Also check the RFD archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at WB:RFU, or ask the administrator who deleted the page.

  Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Please fill in the edit summary and preview your edits before saving.
 * Sign your name on discussion pages by typing ~~~~
 * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the Gadgets tab of my preferences; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit save!

(Would you like to provide feedback on this message?) — Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 17:32, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ducklan


text:
Supplementary mathematics/Cube

A cube is a three-dimensional closed volume that consists of 6 equal squares. In such a way that each side of each square is shared with only one other square and three squares are connected to each other at the vertices. The cube can be called a regular hexagon and is one of the five Platonic solids. If we change all or some of the faces of a cube from a square to a rectangle, the resulting hexagon is called a rectangular cube, and if we change its faces to rhombuses and parallelograms, it becomes a parallelogram. Sometimes, to distinguish it from a rectangular cube, a cube (with square faces) may also be called a square cube.In total, the cube has 2 bases, 4 sides, 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges.

title: Supplementary mathematics/Cube


text:
User:DerekSquared/sandbox

.

title: User:DerekSquared/sandbox


text:
User talk:Tripler06

Welcome, Tripler06!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. DerekSquared (discuss • contribs) 03:58, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tripler06


text:
User talk:Mr. sust

Welcome, Mr. sust!

If you have any questions, you can ask in the assistance reading room or possibly contact me personally. DerekSquared (discuss • contribs) 03:59, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr. sust


text: Talk:Shelf:Constitutional law

title: Talk:Shelf:Constitutional law


text: User:Xeverything11/background/assets/items/cantaloupe


text:
Supplementary mathematics/Volume element

In mathematics and calculus and geometry, a volume element generally provides a means to integrate a function according to its position in the volume of different coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. Therefore, a volume element is an expression of the form:

 * $$\mathrm{d}V = \rho(u_1,u_2,u_3)\,\mathrm{d}u_1\,\mathrm{d}u_2\,\mathrm{d}u_3$$

where the $$u_i$$ are the coordinates, so that the volume of any set $$B$$ can be computed by:$$\operatorname{Volume}(B) = \int_B \rho(u_1,u_2,u_3)\,\mathrm{d}u_1\,\mathrm{d}u_2\,\mathrm{d}u_3.$$For example, in spherical coordinates $$\mathrm{d}V = u_1^2\sin u_2\,\mathrm{d}u_1\,\mathrm{d}u_2\,\mathrm{d}u_3$$, and so $$\rho = u_1^2\sin u_2$$.

The concept and rule of the volume element is not limited to the spatial coordinate system or three dimensions: in two dimensions, it is also known as a topic called the area element, and in this setting it is useful for performing tasks such as surface integrals. Under the change of coordinates, the volume element is changed by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate transformation (by the change of variables formula). This fact allows volume elements to be defined as a type of measure in a manifold. In an orientable differentiable manifold, a volume element usually arises from a volume form: the higher-order differential form. In a non-orientable manifold, the volume element is usually the absolute value of the (locally defined) volume form: it defines a density of a (locally defined) volume form: it defines a 1-density.


text: Category:Infobox modules

title: Category:Infobox modules


text: Category:Inline templates

title: Category:Inline templates


text: Category:Language formatting and function templates


text:
User:Tripler06

Hi!

Thanks for stopping by! I am a math student so that's probably where most of my contributions lie and probably where you've seen my work.

If I've made a mistake, please let me know! I try my best to keep things accurate but sometimes things slip by or I just have a genuine misunderstanding of something. Both are things I would like to be aware of so that I can improve in the future.

title: User:Tripler06


text:
Mirad Lexicon

Welcome to a bilingual lexicon of Mirad. Formerly known as Unilingua, Mirad is an artificially constructed auxiliary language (conlang) developed originally by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a serious medium for easy, regular, expressive, and logical international communication. This lexicon is a revision of the Agapoff's lexicon with over 80,000 word/expression pairings. It is a companion to the Mirad Grammar Wikibook.

 * /Mirad-English-A
 * /Mirad-English-B
 * /Mirad-English-C
 * /Mirad-English-D
 * /Mirad-English-E
 * /Mirad-English-F
 * /Mirad-English-G
 * /Mirad-English-H
 * /Mirad-English-I
 * /Mirad-English-J
 * /Mirad-English-K
 * /Mirad-English-L
 * /Mirad-English-M
 * /Mirad-English-N
 * /Mirad-English-O
 * /Mirad-English-P
 * /Mirad-English-Q
 * /Mirad-English-R
 * /Mirad-English-S
 * /Mirad-English-T
 * /Mirad-English-U
 * /Mirad-English-V
 * /Mirad-English-W
 * /Mirad-English-X
 * /Mirad-English-Y
 * /Mirad-English-Z
 * /English-Mirad-A
 * /English-Mirad-B
 * /English-Mirad-C
 * /English-Mirad-D
 * /English-Mirad-E
 * /English-Mirad-F
 * /English-Mirad-G
 * /English-Mirad-H
 * /English-Mirad-I
 * /English-Mirad-J
 * /English-Mirad-K
 * /English-Mirad-L
 * /English-Mirad-M
 * /English-Mirad-N
 * /English-Mirad-O
 * /English-Mirad-P
 * /English-Mirad-Q
 * /English-Mirad-R
 * /English-Mirad-S
 * /English-Mirad-T
 * /English-Mirad-U
 * /English-Mirad-V
 * /English-Mirad-W
 * /English-Mirad-X
 * /English-Mirad-Y
 * /English-Mirad-Z

title: Mirad Lexicon