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Cricket/Game types

There are 3 main types of cricket that are played from around the world. There is Test Cricket which originated back in 1870s and there are the newer and shorter forms, T20 and One Day Internationals. The main difference with these 3 unique types of cricket are the overs. In T20 cricket, there are 20 overs for each team to bat and bowl. In One Day Internationals, there are 50 overs for each team. In Test cricket, both teams have to reach a conclusive score by the end of 5 days. If there is no result, then it is a draw.

Origins
Test cricket originated in England in the late 18th century by farmers. Test cricket then spread across the world and then in the 19th century, Australia became actively involved in cricket. Tens of years later, the first Ashes test was played between England and Australia.

One Day Internationals
One Day International (ODI) is a form of cricket where there are a limited amount of overs for each team. It is played between two teams each having 50 overs to score the most runs. The Cricket World Cup, is played in this format.

Origins
The ODI version of cricket was developed in the late 19th century. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

T20
Twenty20, commonly known as T20, is a game of cricket where both teams have 20 overs to score as much runs as possible.

Origins
When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002, the ECB needed another one-day competition to fill its place. Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast-paced, exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20-over-per-innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format. Subsequently, the first Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup.

Examples
Some examples of Twenty20 cricket is the Indian Premier League, the Pakistan Super League and the Australia owned Big Bash League.

title: Cricket/Game types


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User talk:Yimingllewyn

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Talk:Cricket/Game types

This will be the discussion to the page Cricket Game Types.

title: Talk:Cricket/Game types


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Talk:Calculus/Product and Quotient Rules

Physics Example I: Rocket Acceleration
First of all, Newton's second law of motion is also true for model rockets. $$F = ma$$, whatever (nonrelativistic) object is considered.

To understand the error in this example one should consider the physical meaning of each equation.

$$p = mv$$: The impulse of an object is its mass times its velocity. Also, the impulse of a closed system is always conserved. But the impulse of a non-closed system or object, such as a rocket loosing mass is not conserved.

For example, if we set the effective force (thrust, gravity, etc.) to zero, where the "rocket" is just loosing mass without propulsion,the problem becomes obvious:

$$F=0= v\frac{dm}{dt} + m\frac{dv}{dt}$$

$$a = -\frac{v}{m}\frac{dm}{dt}$$

But there obviously cant be any acceleration since the net force on the rocket is zero, and its changing mass term does not mean that the momentum of the disappearing mass is transferred to the remaining mass of the rocket. --194.106.245.213 (discuss) 23:25, 10 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I think the equation you don't like is this:
 * $$\vec a=\dfrac{\vec F-\vec v\dfrac{dm}{dt}}{m}$$
 * But this it is $$\vec F=\frac{d\vec p}{dt}$$, rewritten. Now this is one of the most established equations in physics. But there obviously cant be any acceleration since the net force on the rocket is zero is obviously wrong, the rocket does experience acceleration, look at any rocket that you choose to study. Considering both the rocket and its exhaust, there is no overall change in momentum, but both the rocket and exhaust will be accelerated in opposite directions. Hence there is an acceleration of the rocket. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:43, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The proplem I have with this equation ist that it physically doesn't make sense. The Article assumes a rocket to be an object with two properties:
 * A rocket has a net force acting on it (from thrust, aerodynamics, etc.)
 * A rocket has a changing (sinking) mass
 * But this is not a sufficient description of the system. Because there is no such thing as a changing mass term on its own. The mass, which the rocket looses, doesnt just disappear. It is expelled, and keeps existing on its own with its own momentum.
 * To prove the Article wrong, I will derive the true equation, as it is physically true.
 * Consider a rocket with following properties:
 * It is operated in vacuum, expelling a small fuel packet with mass $$-dm$$ with a velocity $$v_{exhaust}$$(relative to the rocket) every $$dt$$. It therefore has a mass $$m(t) = m(0) + t \frac{dm}{dt}$$ and net force $$F=-v_{exhaust} \frac{dm}{dt}$$
 * Now we insert into the conservation of momentum: $$\sum_i p_i(t=0) = \sum_i p_i(t=dt) \quad \Rightarrow \quad m_1 v_1 = m_2 v_2 - dm (v_1-v_{exhaust}) = m_1 v_1 = (m_1-dm) v_2 + dm (v_1-v_{exhaust})$$
 * now, to get the acceleration, we insert in $$a = \frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{v_2-v_1}{dt}$$
 * Solving for $$v_2$$:
 * $$(m_1-dm) v_2 = m_1 v_1 - dm (v_1-v_{exhaust}) \qquad v_2 = \frac{m_1 v_1 - dm (v_1-v_{exhaust})}{m_1-dm}$$
 * Inserting above:
 * $$a = \frac{v_2-v_1}{dt} = \frac{\frac{m_1 v_1 - dm (v_1-v_{exhaust})}{m_1-dm}-v_1}{dt} = \frac{m_1 v_1 - dm (v_1-v_{exhaust})-v_1(m_1-dm)}{dt(m_1-dm)} = $$
 * $$=\frac{m_1 v_1-dm v_1 + dm v_{exhaust} -v_1 m_1 + v_1 dm}{dt(m_1-dm)} = \frac{dm v_{exhaust}}{dt(m_1-dm)}$$
 * Now in the limit (because $$dm \ll m_1$$) this reduces to my mentioned formula:
 * $$\lim_{dm \to 0} a = \lim_{dm \to 0} \frac{dm v_{exhaust}}{dt(m_1-dm)} = \frac{dm}{dt} \frac{v_{exhaust}}{m_1} = \frac{F}{m_1}$$
 * This can of course be applied to any moment in time by inserting $$m(t)$$ for $$m_1$$:
 * $$a(t) = v_{exhaust}(t)\frac{\dot{m}(t)}{m(t)} = \frac{F(t)}{m(t)}$$
 * This proof, of course, is more complicated than my first example. My first example is a valid special case for a rocket, but it still is a (although bad) rocket. (You could imagine a rocket with a leaking fuel trank in space for example, so that it looses mass (large $$\frac{dm}{dt}$$ but gains neglegible (about 0) thrust)
 * And just rewriting any equation in physics doesn't mean that it represents the system. In fact, I can cite a even more established equation than $$\vec F=\frac{d\vec p}{dt}$$, which also represents the system of the rocket:
 * $$\vec{F}=m\vec{a} \Rightarrow \vec{a} = \frac{\vec{F}}{m}$$
 * --Johnaeph (discuss • contribs) 14:26, 25 November 2019 (UTC)
 * $$\vec{F}=m\vec{a} \Rightarrow \vec{a} = \frac{\vec{F}}{m}$$
 * --Johnaeph (discuss • contribs) 14:26, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, the equation only considers the rocket. Why? Well if we consider both the rocket and the exhaust the equation will be:
 * $$\vec F{system}=\frac{d\vec p}{dt} = 0$$
 * The reason why is Newton's third law: action = reaction, the force on the rocket is the equal and opposite of that on the exhaust. But this is not a terribly helpful, as it tells us nothing about the forces and acceleration on the rocket as opposed to the exhaust. So it is useless in telling us about the rocket's motion. To do this we have to look at the forces of the two components: the forces on the rocket and the force on the exhaust. To describe those we have to use two equations;
 * $$\vec F_{rocket}=\frac{d\vec p}{dt} = +ve$$
 * $$\vec F_{exhaust}=\frac{d\vec p}{dt} = -ve$$
 * (this assumes the rocket is accelerating along the positive x-axis). Now we don't know at this point what "ve" is, but we know it's a non-zero value, and the value is the same for both equations. Now if we isolate the equation for the rocket we get $$\vec F_{rocket}=\frac{d\vec p}{dt}$$, and the acceleration equation is just this manipulated.
 * Please note that $$\vec{F}=m\vec{a}$$ is not correct in a general sense, only if $$\frac{dm}{dt} = 0$$, which is obviously not the case here; in fact with special relativity it is actually never non-zero, but that's only becomes relevant near the speed of light. See Newton's laws of motion for a discussion on this.
 * Look if you still disagree with me, the best thing would be to discuss this with a third party. Reading room/Assistance would be one place to bring it up, but I also feel that Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Reference desk/Science is excellent for this sort of discussion, and would be a good choice. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 19:35, 25 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Actually I will remove this section. Looking at Variable-mass system suggests another equation altogether. I was not aware of this not be applicable, but there now exist considerable doubt that my interpretation was correct. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 20:28, 25 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for doing this despite me taking so long to answer!
 * (Although i would like to point out that my equation is coherent with the variable-mass-system-equation, as i had $$F_{external} = 0$$ and ther $$F_{net}=F_{external}+F_{thrust}=0+F_{thrust}=v_{exhaust}\frac{dm}{dt}$$--Johnaeph (discuss • contribs) 01:43, 29 November 2019 (UTC)


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User:MrFresnel Undefined

You can find me here. My specialization is C# and .NET.

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Transportation Geography and Network Science/Spatial Interaction

Definition
Spatial interaction is a dynamic flow process from one location to another.(Figure 1) It involves a wide range of flows between nodes: these include human movements (e.g., migration and commuting to work) and movement of materials (e.g., international trade). For example, there is always an exchange of material, energy, people and information between cities to ensure the normal operation of production and life. At the regional level, interactions include many modes and types of flow, such as rail, air, highways, and even pipelines. In cities, spatial interaction takes a wide variety of forms and includes commuting to work, travel for shopping and other travel purposes.

Importance
Human activities and their interactions in time and space are the driving force of many social and economic phenomena. Human’s normal lives, including work, social, shopping, entertainment, etc., require a certain amount of resources. These resources are often only available in certain areas. Therefore, people must exchange time for space to carry out certain activities. In order to reduce the time spent, humans have created various modes of transportation systems and established the form of the city, concentrating the interactions in a relatively small space.

On the one hand, spatial interaction can strengthen the links between relevant regions. Exchange or expand the space for development, and hence obtaining more development opportunities. On the other hand, spatial interactions may cause competition between resources, elements, development opportunities, etc., and may cause damage to some areas.

Background Information
The concept of spatial interaction was first proposed by the French geographer Edward Ullman in the early 20th century. According to Uliman’s conception, there were three basic conditions for spatial intersection: complementarity, transferability and intervening opportunity. According to the form of spatial interaction, P. Haggett proposed a classification in 1972. He used three methods of heat transfer in physics to classify the form of spatial interaction into convection, conduction and radiation.

Complementarity
Initially, it was believed that functional differences between regions were the conditions for an interaction. However, Ullman believes that from the perspective of supply and demand, the interaction between the two locations requires a precondition that demand or deficit at one location and supply or surplus at another. Ullman called this relationship Complementarity.

For example, in China, the large rural population in second- and third-tier cities provides the labour source for the first tie cities, where the labour population is insufficient. Alternatively, sawmill requires logs, while a forest provides them. Complementarity is like a potential gradient of goods and people flowing from a high energy state (in the excess state) to a lower energy state (in a state where the state is in a deficit state).

Intervening Opportunity
The complementarity between the two places has led to the movement and circulation of goods, population and information. However, it may also be the case that when the goods are transported between A and B, the two places intervene in C site that can provide or consume goods. As a result, the intervening opportunities are created. It causes the replacement of the origin of goods. At this time, even if there is complementarity between A and B, the interaction is difficult to produce.

In general, Intervening opportunity serves two purposes:
 * 1) It can save on transportation cost. Assuming the transportation cost is directly related to the distance between the origin and destination. If location B and C provide the same good to A. If the distance between C and A is much shorter than the distance between B and A, C will act as an intervening opportunity as it is cheaper to transport goods from C to A. As a result, the goods from location C will be eventually preferred.
 * 2) It has a filter effect that affects transportation, especially on population movements, which leads to displacement at locations and reduces long-distance spatial interactions.

Intervening opportunity is usually considered as the reason for the lack of interaction between the two complementary sites. Complementary will only generate a flow if there is no intervening, or closer, location. Otherwise, the flow of goods that occur between two complementary sides maybe diverted to a third location, if it represents an intervening opportunity. Therefore, a cheaper complementary alternative lead to a cheaper transportation cost.

Transferability
Transferability refers to the cost of overcoming distance measured in real economic terms of either time or travel cost. It is affected by the following factors:
 * 1) Spatial distance and transportation time.  The longer the spatial distance and the transportation time between regions, the more inconvenient to make economic relations. Consequently, the input price will increase, so the transferability will be poor. The cost of overcoming distance is known as the ‘friction of distance’. If the spatial distance between the two locations is too long and the cost of overcoming the distance is more than acceptable. The interaction will still not occur in spite of a complementary supply-demand relationship.
 * 2) The transportability of the goods. Transportability is closely related to the economic distance of the object being transported. In general, the transportability of goods is determined by the value of the unit weight. The transportation distance of low-value goods tends to be short and the transportation distance of high-value goods is longer. For example, heavy, low-value goods such as concrete blocks are usually being transported over a short distance, whereas the high value and low weight goods such as diamond are transported globally.
 * 3) The geo-culture and geopolitical issues. If there are economic protection barriers, cultural isolation, political and social conflicts or conflicts between regions, then transferability is poor. For example, China and the United States are engaged in a trade war. Both sides are adding tariffs on the import goods from each other. The existence of a trade war led to a significant decline in the transferability of both countries.
 * 4) The convenience of transportation. If the transportation method is more diverse and faster, then the transferability is high.

In addition to the impact on the transportation of goods, transportability also has a significant impact on people's shopping trips. People usually take fewer roads to buy low-value goods and take more roads to get high-value goods, which leads to the emergence of a commercial centre hierarchy.

Forms of Spatial Interaction
The forms of spatial interaction are divided into three types: convection, conduction, and radiation.

As a result, spatial interactions are manifested in three main forms: the movement of goods and people, trading processes, and the flow of information.
 * Convection: It is characterized by the movement of materials and people. For example, the transportation of raw materials manufactured goods between the place of production and the place of consumption. And the transportation of mail, parcels and the movement of people.
 * Conduction: It refers to various transactions between cities. Such as financial transactions between cities, etc.
 * Radiation: It refers to the flow of information and the diffusion of new ideas and new technologies.

The interaction of space requires the use of various transportation and communication tools. The movement of matter and population pass through various transportation networks, such as the railway network, the road network and the aviation network. The transmission and exchange of information must pass through different communication networks, such as the mobile phone, radio, televisions and internet. Therefore, it is also possible to classify interactions based on various networks on which the interactions take place. If the network and the city are considered simultaneously, then the city is a clustering point for networks. The more networks interspersed in the city, the better the transferability of the city, the stronger the role of the city.

Limitations on Ullman's Theory
Ullman proposed three conditions for spatial interaction in 1956, and he discussed mostly the flow of physical materials. In comparison, there were fewer discussions on currency flows and information flows. The impact of the evolution of industrial organizations on spatial interactions was not mentioned. For example, the flow of money is less affected by the law of friction of distance. Today, with the highly developed means of communication and the formation of global financial networks, international financial services can operate 24 hours a day. With the development of economy and society, the position of money flow and information flow in spatial interaction will become increasingly important, so it is necessary to further study their unique characteristics.

Conclusion
The form of spatial interaction maintains the normal production and life through exchanging and connecting materials, energy, people, funds and information between cities and regions. It varies widely in direction, distance and time. Regardless of different kinds of interaction, it consists of three basic elements: the emigration location, the immigration location and the flow route between the two locations. These three elements are the basis of spatial interaction. Millions of interactions have this basic form, and numerous spatial interaction units overlap each other and are intricately intertwined. It makes the cities or towns of different grades and functions of different levels have a close relationship and form a certain structure. Spatial interaction is the most active and richest part of human space activities. It is always in the constant movement, constantly recombining, constantly forming a new spatial dynamic world, providing extremely important for the development of geography. The level of spatial interaction reflects the level of economic development to a certain extent. The level of economic development also reflects the degree of division of the regional economy and whether the economic structure is reasonable.


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Wikijunior:Asia/Tajikistan

Tajikistan also spelled Tadzhikistan is officially known as Republic of Tajikistan. In local tounge, it can also be spelled as Tajik Tojikiston or Jumhurii Tojikiston. It was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union from 1929 until its independence in 1991. The name Tajik, originally given to the Arabs by the local population, came to be applied by Turkic invaders and overlords to those elements of the sedentary population that continued to speak Iranian languages. Until the mid-18th century the Tajiks were part of the emirate of Bukhara, but then the Afghans conquered lands south and southwest of the Amu Darya with their Tajik population, including the city of Balkh, an ancient Tajik cultural centre.

The capital city is named Dushanbe and the currency used there is called somoni

Where is Tajikistan?
It is bordering Kyrgyzstan on the north, China on the east, Afghanistan on the south, and Uzbekistan on the west and northwest.

How many people live in Tajikistan?
18.2 million population lived in Tajikistan as of census conducted in 2018. Of which 84,3% are Tajikistani, 12.2% are Uzbeks, 0.8% are Kyrgz , 0.5% are Russians and 2.2% are others.

What are the most common languages in Tajikistan?
Tajik is the official language of Tajikistan and spoken by most people in Tajikistan. Russian is widely used for administration and business, but very few speak it natively. It is a member of the southwest group of Iranian languages, it is closely related to the mutually intelligible dialects of Farsi and Dari in Iran and Afghanistan, respectively. Russian is widely used for administration and business, but few speak it natively. Uzbek is the second most widely spoken language and is written in the Cyrillic script, unlike in Uzbekistan where Uzbek is written in a modified Latin alphabet.

What is the most common religion in Tajikistan?
The vast majority of Tajikistanis are Muslim, mostly of the Sunni at 78%. The Christian population(4%) has been predominantly Russian, but most ethnic Russians have left since the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

What is the sport of Tajikistan?
Gushtigiri is the national sport of Tajikistan. In Tajiki wrestling, the pahlavons (wrestlers) should wear the national coat and short pants and fasten a light belt around their waists. A pahlavon (wrestler) may grab and hold his opponentʼs belt, sleeve or collar of jacket or coat. Clench below the waist is not allowed. However, the sprints through legs are allowed. The winner is the one, who throws an opponent back down first.

What are some important sites?
Hisor Fortress - Fortified residence of the rulers of the Emir of Bukhara at Hisor Fortress, a well-preserved 16th-century fort perched on a hilltop amid mountains. It was once the home of Cyrus the Great, and was being destroyed and rebuilt 20 times by the different generals of different eras.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Tajikistan


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 17

Today in 2006 Jack Goldsmith & Tim Wu published ''Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World''.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 20

Today in 1985 was the first public release of GNU Emacs (v13), the first Copyleft and first GNU software.


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User:DVD206/Collections/junk

d

 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Riemann mapping theorem
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Variation diminishing property
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Zolotarev problem
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Fourier coordinates
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Stieltjes continued fractions
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Solution of the inverse problem
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Solution of the layered inverse problem
 * On 2D Inverse Problems/Blaschke products

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Transportation Geography and Network Science/Agglomeration

Definition
Agglomeration is the process by which a collection or group of things are brought together. In the context of a city, an urban agglomeration is the growth of a city, district or suburb due to urbanisation processes. Generally, agglomeration occurs to increase the benefits associated with closeness and accessibility. This is known as the economies of agglomeration. Economies of agglomeration occur when the cost of operation is reduced due to the increased productivity, specialisation and accessibility that arise from a clustering of business, suppliers or retailers. For example, fashion retailers would benefit from clustering in a shopping centre due to the increased flow of customers, the ease of manufacturer delivery, the ease of parking and accessibility by public transport systems.

Importance
Agglomeration is crucial to the continuing success and economic development of a nation, city or district. As a city grows in population and in space, the way that retailers, suppliers and firms locate themselves will define their relative success. Studies show that businesses that locate themselves near to complementary and even competing products are more successful as they result in large local markets, a large supply of labour and accumulation of knowledge and industry practice. In this way agglomeration primarily occurs in retail, business or industry centres, as opposed to residential areas. This is because the benefits of close access to other properties and increased accessibility aren't realised in a residential setting as they are in business sectors.

The relationship between agglomeration and network growth is a positive feedback loop. As a metropolitan area grows to become denser and realise the benefits of agglomeration money is invested into improving the accessibility of the location, which then encourages further growth and development, encouraging more investment into transport infrastructure and so on. Therefore, agglomeration is one of the most significant driving factors influencing the urban distribution of modern cities. Agglomeration can be analysed from a large, city-scale perspective or a smaller industry-scale perspective. Both will be addressed in this Wikibook.

= Process =

Agglomeration: City and Industry
Agglomeration changes the way cities grow, and hence it is very important for transport and economic researchers to model and understand the process of agglomeration. In this way, they can predict the growth of a city, plan network development, property investment or development and increase the efficiency of business and industry sectors. In its simplest form, agglomeration occurs when there is a financial benefit to proximity to customers, suppliers, businesses or any other beneficiaries. Whilst the reasons for this and the process is similar, agglomeration can happen on large city-scales or smaller industry-scales.

Agglomeration of a City
The agglomeration of a city is heavily related to urbanisation. Urban agglomerations have always existed, however, not at the size and scale that is seen in modern cities. The main driver for the significant growth was the industrial revolution in the late 18th century. The mechanisation of rural industries such as farming, and a demand for factory and commercial work in cities began to create a shift from a predominantly rural population to a denser urban population. Small cities were able to grow into global economic centres and towns became crucial regional industry hubs. For example, London grew from a population of 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million in 1900.

People flocked to cities because they offered economic opportunities previously unavailable before advancements in technology, such as mass-manufacturing, large scale construction and commercial markets. The process through which this happens operates as a positive feedback loop.

This sees a city expand exponentially as long as the opportunities and economic prosperity continue to be present. Proximity to industry and commercial opportunities are the major drivers of city growth as a rapidly urbanising population seek new opportunities. The city then expands around a central business district in all directions. Smaller, business hubs also develop as rural areas become suburbia and grow into dense residential districts supporting the positive feedback loop.

Agglomeration of Industries and Businesses
Agglomeration also happens on a smaller scale. Within a city, certain businesses and industries will often locate themselves in close proximity to capitalise on the benefits of agglomeration within a city. Examples of this are the CBD district of cities, where financial companies desire to locate, or the ports and airports, where shipping companies locate themselves. Each does so to ensure they are in the most profitable location. In some cases, a particular industry can agglomerate to one city. For example, in the USA;

-        Financial Services, New York

-        Education Services, Boston

-        Federal Government, Washington D.C.

-        Automobile Manufacturing, Detroit

-        Technology, San Francisco (Silicon Valley)

-        Casino and Tourism, Las Vegas

-        Cinema, Los Angeles

-        Steel Manufacturing, Pittsburgh

These agglomerations of industry occur due to the benefits of proximity to customers, resources, businesses, and service. This is known as clusters and their benefits are described below.

Customers

Many businesses realise the benefits of agglomeration through higher and more consistent customer traffic. Consider the example of a clothes store. A clothes store that is located on a street in suburbia would not receive as many customers per hour as the same store located in a busy shopping centre. The mall store would receive traffic from customers who had not initially intended to visit that store but were just walking by, whereas, the roadside store would mostly only receive customers who knew what they wanted already. Additionally, the facilities of a shopping centre make it more desirable for customers. A shopping centre has parking facilities, food outlets and recreational activities available, which may attract customers to the shopping centre and hence the store. Finally, whilst it may seem contradictory, having competing stores nearby may also drive customer numbers up. A customer who did not find what they wanted in a competing store, may turn to your store instead of finding what they are after. Therefore, businesses that rely on customers will receive more customers (and hence more money) when operating in a higher retail density setting. However, trade-offs must be considered for higher rent prices and taxes.

Accessibility

Agglomeration allows businesses and industries to be more accessible, not only to customers as discussed but also to each other. This accessibility encourages higher productivity in industries that require significant cooperation or negotiation between parties like investors, contractors, or suppliers. Consider large infrastructure projects. The main project office is located in the CBD, near the offices of the contractors and subcontractors that will do the job. This allows for easily organised and accessible locations for meetings and negotiations to take place. This reduces wasted time and hence wasted money. Therefore, when businesses that rely on meetings and efficiency of business situate themselves in a location near their desired associate businesses, they will realise the economic benefits of increased productivity.

Transport Costs

Industries that rely on delivery of products or services will also see benefits from agglomeration. Suppliers can locate themselves in areas that are close to the customers or businesses that they supply, where there is a transportation network designed do facilitate quick delivery. When lost of shipping related businesses agglomerate, this demands the infrastructure be upgraded and developed to ensure that the industry can thrive. Hence, this is an example of the positive feedback loop previously mentioned, in which the agglomeration will then drive infrastructure improvements to facilitate the industry. Governments are willing to spend this money as better product and service delivery will support the growth of the city and the growth of the economy.

Employment

Not only do businesses desire to be close to customers, but also to employees. If a business is in a location that is accessible for employees, it is generally more likely to attract higher quality workers, due to an increased pool of available applicants. Therefore, CBD districts are desirable for businesses as these areas have the most well-connected road and transit networks. This allows for ease of access for employees from all over the city. On the other hand, for the same business located in a smaller business hub or suburb, would find that many individuals in other parts of the city would not consider the job.

Knowledge

Proximity to other industries of a similar nature helps to enhance the rate of learning and technological advancements. It is for this reason the areas like Silicon Valley in California have become industry hubs for technology companies. They have better access to companies with similar or supporting technology that can help to advance their own company's development and progression. Additionally, linking back to employment, industry agglomerations attract potential employees of that industry, making it easier to find workers who best fit the company.

Resources

Proximity to the resources is important to a company and its success. This is why manufacturing districts are often located well outside of the CBD district of a city so that materials brought in for manufacturing from mines, farms or forests do not have to travel through the city traffic to reach their destination. This also plays a role in determining if certain cities will have a specialised industry agglomeration. Industries will flock to a city in which it is cheapest to access the resources needed to manufacture their product.

Therefore, businesses and industries desire to be in areas where the benefits listed above can be most effectively realised.

= Additional Effects of Agglomeration = Agglomeration has a wide range of direct and indirect effects on the geography and economy of a city. The benefits of improved economic output are apparent. Businesses can be more productive and more profitable. However, there is a range of benefits to agglomeration that isn't purely based on the economic success of a business. Customers also tend to see economic value in agglomeration. Increased competition is a small area that often causes product or service prices to drop in an attempt to one-up the competition. Customers will also have a wider range of products and services available in a single location, making it easier to shop around for the best deal.

One of the most significant effects of agglomeration is how it shapes transportation networks. As an industry or district grows in a city, money is invested in complementing and enhancing the economic success of that area. Consider the CBD of a city. As more companies establish themselves in a CBD district and the travel demand to that region grows, so too does the demand for transport infrastructure to support efficient travel. This is why many cities, see transit networks develop that focus travel to a central point or region. This is particularly evident in cities that had not fully established themselves prior to the industrial revolution, such as Sydney, Chicago or Melbourne. In these cities, there was less existing infrastructure restricting the growth of mega-structures and large business districts packed in small land space. Hence, the transit networks become focused on a single point and less circular as in older cities like London or Paris.

Agglomeration processes can also have some undesirable effects. An attraction of customers, employees and shipping in a localised area may cause significant traffic problems if the network is not effectively managed and developed. This can result in a stagnation of the agglomeration process as businesses and industries avoid the negative economic effects of traffic. In a similar fashion, agglomeration can create a reliance on some specific links in a network. If an accident were to happen on a major road into the city, or if a train line was down into the CBD, then there would be significant network effects. In a city that has an evener distribution of industry, this would not have the same economic effect.

Further Questions
Can you think of any examples of agglomeration within a city other than that of an industry/business/company?

Why do you think some more modern cities show more significant levels of agglomeration than older cities? (Think Sydney/Chicago vs. London/Barcelona)

Do you think that the agglomeration of industries is mostly driven by the industry, the infrastructure, or the government policy?

References and Reading List
See also: Transportation Economics/Positive externalities


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Wikijunior:Asia/Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a country of constituent (union) republic of the U.S.S.R. in 1924. Uzbekistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 (after fall of USSR). During its earlier history, streams of population flowed into the territory now forming the land of Uzbekistan. One of those tribes are Turkic-Mongol tribes which came from northwestern Siberia, where they probably adopted the name Uzbek from the admired Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde, Öz Beg (Uzbek) Khan (reigned 1312–41). A descendant of Genghis Khan, Abūʾl-Khayr (Abū al-Khayr) at age 17 rose to the khanship of the Uzbek confederation in Siberia in 1428. During his 40-year reign, Abūʾl-Khayr Khan intervened either against or in support of several Central Asian Timurid princes and led the Uzbek tribes southeastward to the north bank of the Syr Darya. However, a number of Uzbek tribes broke away, adopting the name Kazakh, and fled east in the mid-1450s; their departure weakened the Uzbeks. Abūʾl-Khayr continued to lead the main Uzbek body until 1468, when he was killed as the Uzbek confederation was shattered in combat with invading Dzungars.

Tashkent is the capital city of Uzbekistan and the currency used is soʻm

Where is Uzbekistan?
It is bordered to Kazakhstan to the northwest and north,  Kyrgyzstan and  Tajikistan to the east and southeast,  Afghanistan to the south, and  Turkmenistan to the southwest.

How many people live in Uzbekistan?
33.2 million people estimated living in Uzbekistan based on the government census in 2014.The natives identify themselves as Uzbeks, which consists of 78% of the population, followed by Tajiks, Kazakhs, Tatars, Russians, and Karakalpaks.

What are the most common languages in Uzbekistan?
The Uzbeks speak a language belonging to the southeastern, or Chagatai (Turki), branch of the Turkic language group.

What is the most common religion in Uzbekistan?
80% of Uzbeks are Sunni Muslims Thus, about three-fourths of the population is Muslim. Slightly less than one-tenth of the population is Eastern Orthodox Christian, and the remainder of the people consider themselves nonreligious or follow other religions.

What is the sport of Uzbekistan?
Kurash is the traditional upright wrestling originated in Uzbekistan more than 3500 years ago. It is translated from from the Uzbek language which meant grappling or wrestling.

It is similar to free - style wrestling, Kurash wrestler uses towel to wrap opponents a towel around their waist where their aim is to throw the opponent off the grounds.

But one of the advantages of Kurash rules is that they prohibit ground wrestling. Once the knee of one of the players touches the floor the referee stops the action and players should restart action from the initial upright standing position. It is also not allowed to grapple below the waist.

This makes Kurash a truly speedy, dynamic and interesting to watch sport.

Besides that, the rules of Kurash strictly prohibit players to use any armlocks, chocking and strangling techniques. It helps players to avoid many injuries and makes Kurash one of the safest types of martial art to practice.

What are some important sites?
Bukhara - It's other name,(Buxoro) has buildings spanning a thousand years of history, and a thoroughly lived-in and cohesive old center that hasn't changed too much in two centuries. Most of the centre is an architectural preserve, full of madrassas and minarets, a massive royal fortress and the remnants of a once-vast market complex.

Margilan - It is the traditional centre of the silk industry (traditional weaving by hand, famous for its khanatlas (silks with flowing iridescent designs) and printed fabrics.) One of the famous known places is the large Yodgorlik Silk Factory and several smaller, family-run silk workshops. It also has a research institute of the silk industry and the general engineering department of the Tashkent Institute of Textiles and Light Industry.

Chorsu Bazaar - In the middle of Chorsu Bazaar is the central dome, the most recognisable symbol of the market. The outside, decorated with blue tiles, reflects the sunshine and the traditional style of Uzbekistan. Bread, dairy products and rice are offered in caleidoscopic variety. Hawkers of colourful spices, nuts and dried fruits are the big charmers in the bazaar: watch out, they know how to sell. The selection of vegetables on Chorsu remains limited in range, still reflecting Uzbek nomadic heritage. Inside, the stalls are arranged in concentric circles on the ground floor, with a terrace around the edge on the second level with more tables.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Uzbekistan


text:
User:Da Real MK

Da Real MK

//'HELLO WORLD!'

{ Std::cout <<""Hello World!"<<Std::endl; }
 * 1) include

title: User:Da Real MK


text:
Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/1over2 family

=Intro=

Periods of the period doubling cascade:

$$ 1*2^n $$

Angled internal address:

$$ \mathbf{MF}_{1/2} \xleftarrow{1/2} .... \xleftarrow{1/2}\ 16 \quad \xleftarrow{1/2}\  8 \quad \xleftarrow{1/2}\  4 \quad \xleftarrow{1/2}\ 2 \quad\xleftarrow{1/2}\  1 $$

where:
 * $$\mathbf{MF}_{1/2} $$ is the Myrberg-Feigenbaum point c = −1.401155 with external angles = (0.412454..., 0,58755...)

It is a part of Sharkovsky ordering

=External angles (combinatorial algorithms)=

Binary
The period also corresponds to the number of digits that make up the binary periodic fraction. angles ( binary periodic fractions) of hyperbolic components from the period doubling cascade 1*2^n period = 1 	 0.(0)	                                                                0.(1) period = 2 	 0.(01)	                                                                0.(10) period = 4 	 0.(0110)	                                                        0.(1001) period = 8 	 0.(01101001)	                                                        0.(10010110) period = 16 	 0.(0110100110010110)	                                                0.(1001011001101001) period = 32 	 0.(01101001100101101001011001101001)	                                0.(10010110011010010110100110010110) period = 64 	 0.(0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110)	 0.(1001011001101001011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001) period = 128 	 0.(01101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001) 0.(10010110011010010110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110) period = 256 0.(0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101100110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110)	 0.(1001011001101001011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001)

Note that :
 * all angles are periodic binary fractions
 * length of binary periodic part = period

String Concatenation
MSS-harmonics ( Metropolis, Stein and Stein ):

$$ H_{MSS}(s_1, s_2) = (s_1s_2, s_2s_1 ) $$

in the form of binary fraction:
 * input : $$0.(s_1) $$ and $$ 0.(s_2)  $$
 * output : $$ 0.(s_1s_2) $$ and $$  0.(s_2s_1) $$

I can be computed with c code :

= hyperbolic components ( numerical algorithms) =

Root points

 * {| class="wikitable"

! $n$ ! Period = $2^{n}$ ! Root point ($c_{n}$)
 * 0
 * 1
 * 1
 * 2
 * 2
 * 4
 * 3
 * 8
 * 4
 * 16
 * 5
 * 32
 * 6
 * 64
 * 7
 * 128
 * 8
 * 256
 * 9
 * 512
 * 10
 * 1024
 * }
 * 6
 * 64
 * 7
 * 128
 * 8
 * 256
 * 9
 * 512
 * 10
 * 1024
 * }
 * 256
 * 9
 * 512
 * 10
 * 1024
 * }
 * 10
 * 1024
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

Centers
Data by lkmitch:

Period 262144

x = -1.4011551890902510331817705605834440363471931682724714412452613678632418220750013209654238789188079407613058592287511922521315976742525764917468403339396930937 30785180509439998407177461884732043    f(x) = 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000001994     Approx Feigenbaum constant = 4.6692016090744525662279815203708867539460996466796182702147591041742162322183312521153913774503310728833354374225852275733454310057265948843688036767882792034 77482728794667534497622208785380761

Period 524288

-1.4011551890916651883071968100816546650318029614591678115404876967937578305271204258535401015561476261168939337667710591343229259782689769629427546629533666727 86737113473009338909783794873017929    0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000008829391     4.6692016090968787947051350378647836776226665257418367260642987723027044088401013356743953120638886994058416817724607788627924785757422345903201225592627931049 69373245311653832559840230430927275

Period 1048576

-1.4011551890919680570294789310328705961503197610898601690317026045601400345356095836255726490446857492092529857212919383793658357679431376624985583329486967143 41390220891894934332628723842939248   -0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000022112864     4.6692016091016816811869601608458017299280888932440761709767910764158204329663666795299227205144754947240340906747557847995318754327409221893703408072446351537 83290121618647654581771235818384323

c code from mandelbrot-numerics
m-feigenbaum program from mandelbrot-numerics library

It seems that double precision is not enough

c++ code from Mandel
Centers of hyperbolic components are easier to compute then root points ( bifurcation points). Period =         1 	center =  0.000000000000000000 Period =         2 	center = -1.000000000000000000 Period =         4 	center = -1.310702641336832884 Period =         8 	center = -1.381547484432061470 Period =        16 	center = -1.396945359704560642 Period =        32 	center = -1.400253081214782798 Period =        64 	center = -1.400961962944841041 Period =       128 	center = -1.401113804939776124 Period =       256 	center = -1.401146325826946179 Period =       512 	center = -1.401153290849923882 Period =      1024 	center = -1.401154782546617839 Period =      2048 	center = -1.401155102022463976 Period =      4096 	center = -1.401155170444411267 Period =      8192 	center = -1.401155185098297292 Period =     16384 	center = -1.401155188236710937 Period =     32768 	center = -1.401155188908863045 Period =     65536 	center = -1.401155189052817413 Period =    131072 	center = -1.401155189083648072 Period =    262144 	center = -1.401155189090251057 Period =    524288 	center = -1.401155189091665208 Period =   1048576 	center = -1.401155189091968106 Period =   2097152 	center = -1.401155189092033014 Period =   4194304 	center = -1.401155189092046745 Period =   8388608 	center = -1.401155189092049779 Period =  16777216 	center = -1.401155189092050532 Period =  33554432 	center = -1.401155189092051127 Period =  67108864 	center = -1.401155189092050572 Period = 134217728 	center = -1.401155189092050593 Period = 268435456 	center = -1.401155189092050599

It is computed with cpp program using the code from Mandel

=Escape route 1/2=

This process in which an orbit of period-$$2^n$$ successively lose stability to an orbit of period-$$2^{n+1}$$, ending at a limiting value at which all periodic solutions are unstable is known as the period doubling route to chaos. (Mark Nelson)

=See also=
 * How to move on parameter plane ?
 * real slice of the Mandelbrot set
 * chaotic part main antenna is a shrub of $$F_{1/2}$$ family
 * biaccessible points on the Mandelbrot set
 * Feigenbaum_constants
 * Commons Category:Period-doubling_bifurcation

=References=
 * Universal aspects of the period-doubling route to chaos | experiments, ODEs, and maps by Ross Dynamics Lab


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 8

Today is International Literacy Day.


text:
User:CaseyLeung/sandbox

Multiple Expansion
Consider two charges q1 and q2 which are pretty close together. If you are very far away from the two charges, then your potential can be estimate by $$V=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1+q_2}{r}$$

But what if q1 and q2 are equal charges such that they will cancel each other? Then you might say, the potential will be estimate equals to zero. This is true in some senses, but can we obtained something more useful?

At an arbitrary point far away from +q and -q, we consider its potential $$V=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\Bigl(\frac{+q}{m}-\frac{-q}{n}\Bigr)$$ Using cosine law, we have

$$m^2=r^2+(d/2)^2-rd\cos\theta=r^2(1-d\cos\theta/r+d^2/4r^2) $$

$$n^2=r^2+(d/2)^2+rd\cos\theta=r^2(1+d\cos\theta/r+d^2/4r^2)$$

title: User:CaseyLeung/sandbox


text:
User:Amélie Clark/sandbox

User:Amélie Clark/sandbox

History of disciplines:
def: A branch of learning or knowledge; a subject.

When do we know that a discipline is officially introduced / created ?
 * a university course is created, people want to study this subject
 * subject is the center of a research department, journals are created / sparks interest in the intellectual world
 * subject is displayed in exhibition, museum
 * subject is recognized by other disciplines (maybe even used by others to enhance theirs)

History of architecture: Although architecture has always been a subject of interest. Thinking of how to conceive/make/build the most isolating, practical and camouflaging house in Ancient times with bare materials. Thinking of how to conceive/make/build the most sumptuous, intricate and expensive-looking building... However, architecture was not a discipline. 1841 - UCL is first British university to appoint a chair of architecture, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, a founding member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). (UCL) 1868 - MIT is the first American university to offer architecture as an undergraduate program. 1st graduate in US is Nathan Ricker, 1st female graduate with architecture degree in North America is Mary Louisa Page in 1879. (“Illinois Architecture College of Fine and Applied Arts.)
 * became a studied subject
 * top schools created architecture department
 * 1st international architecture exhibition at La Biennale di Venizia ("History)
 * 1st journals dedicated to architecture: Architectural Record in 1891, Architectural Forum (og: The Brickbuilder) 1892, Architectural Review (og: Architectural Review for the Artist and Craftsman) 1896 (“List of Architecture Magazines.”)

sources UCL. “About Us.” The Bartlett School of Architecture, 22 May 2019. “Illinois Architecture College of Fine and Applied Arts.” History | The Illinois School of Architecture. “History.” La Biennale Di Venezia, 21 July 2019. “List of Architecture Magazines.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Oct. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architecture_magazines.

title: User:Amélie Clark/sandbox


text:
User:Stellalaurenceking/sandbox

When did International Relations emerge as a discipline?

International relations emerged as a discipline after world war one and two, when liberalism was compared to realism to answer the question; How do we end all wars? During the cold war, discussion changed to how best nations could manage conflict, and thus another debate arose between realists and behaviourists. At the end of the cold war the discipline became more focused around different international perspectives, especially in regards to globalisation.

What significance does the history of International relations as a discipline have?

Relative to disciplines such as Physics or English literature, International relations is a new discipline, which has growing significance in our increasingly globalised and interconnected world. Since the start of the 20th century countries have become increasingly reliant on each other for security, food, money, information, technology and knowledge. International networks facilitate this, but studying these incredibly complex connections can help us to understand tensions or positive connections essential for a cooperative international community. Since globalisation had not began on such a scale until the 20th century, there was not the same need for the discipline of international relations. This demonstrates how quickly disciplines can arise and establish.

title: User:Stellalaurenceking/sandbox


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User:Saumarkb/sandbox

ATK Week Two: Issues - History

This week I began to learn why the history and emergence of disciplines are the first issue in interdisciplinary studies.

During the lecture I understood that discipline (a branch of learning, field of study/ a subject) forms from a desire to categorise. Due to paradigms, schemas, threshold concepts, examples and non-examples and the differences in language, disciplines have formed. In addition, from the emergence of new fields of research and professions, we have formed new disciplines.

However, it is these characteristics themselves which cause issues in interdisciplinary study. For example, there may be tensions in prioritising knowledge as opposed to action e.g. in developmental studies vs. post-colonial studies.

In summary, the lecture presented how our disciplines each come with their own lexicon, paradigms, schema and threshold concepts - which therefore present issues in interdisciplinary study.

After discussing when disciplines themselves arose in our seminar, I researched one of my primary disciplines - Biology. Described as the study of life and a natural science, there are many subdivisions within the field of Biology.

Modern biology as we know it arrived arose as an idea in the 19th Century, yet emerged from traditional medicine and natural philosophy.

During the seminar, we seemed to agree that the emergence of a discipline was defined by when it was first studied in educational institutions such as a University. However, after research into the discipline of Biology, it is difficult to pinpoint this, and therefore the start of the discipline, as sciences related to the field of modern biology have been studied for centuries - such as the fields of natural philosophy (studied in ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia), medicine (can be traced back to prehistoric routes) and botany (dated to 10,000 years ago).

Despite this, if we research the foundations of modern biology (discoveries which tie all biological disciplines together) we can assume that the start of the discipline of Biology as we know it was when the last foundation was discovered. These foundations include; cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis and energy.

The last of these foundations to be discovered was homeostasis. The theory of regulation of an internal environment was first made by Claude Bernard in 1865 - whereas the term, 'homeostasis' was created by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926.

We can therefore argue that the emergence of the discipline of modern Biology was during the period of 1865-1926.

title: User:Saumarkb/sandbox


text:
User:Sidneyisabellejones/sandbox

Looking at Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from a neuroscientific point of view.

Neuroimaging has revealed that the brain of a PTSD patient differs to that of a healthy patient.

Effects on the Hippocampus

Patients suffering from PTSD reveal significant shrinking of the hippocampus in the brain. However, the hippocampus plays a particular role in the brain. It replays memories according to external stimuli, it also allows the patient to differentiate past and present. This implies that alteration of the hippocampus affects the patient's memories, hence flashbacks that many patients that have undergone trauma witness, and their inability to understand that they are in fact, safe.

Therefore, victims of PTSD have traumatic flashbacks when in an environment that has remotely similar elements to that of their trauma. These flashbacks lead to a bodily flight or fight response, even though one is not necessary.

Effects on the Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex

This region of the brain receives emotional signals from the amygdala, and, in a healthy patient, triggers the appropriate response. However, in a PTSD patient, this part of the brain is altered and the individual will have extreme reactions of fear, anger or stress to certain situations.

Effects on the amygdala

This part of the brain is responsible for our emotional responses and for the feeling of fear. Therefore, if the two regions of the brain, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, that are responsible for regulating the excitation levels of the amygdala that triggers a fear response are deregulated, this is translated through symptoms of PTSD.

title: User:Sidneyisabellejones/sandbox


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 9

Today in 2007 the English edition of Wikipedia reached 2 Million articles and was the biggest Encyclopedia of all times. It is a flagship of a wave of reintroduced user interactivity branded the “Web 2.0”.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 6

Today in 1991 Tim Berners-Lee went public with his World Wide Web, featuring a server, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), URLs (the web address scheme), and the first browser. This marks the birth of the public face and the driving force of the spread of the Internet, and later the biggest software platform. The Web is the prime example of the success of open standards and would be unthinkable without its coevolution with the free software on which it is built.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/February 3

 Today in 1998 Christine Peterson supposedly introduced the term “Open source software”. It was meant for a marketing campaign for the “Open Source“ development model, avoiding the heavy moralism of user empowerment and liberation that advocates of the older term “Free Software” uphold. It has been so successful that most software development is now at least based on Open Source, but also that user freedom is rarely a priority: When a software company's needs are the dominant criterion, the improvements to the development process are welcome, but user freedom is not a vital interest. The viral Copyleft licenses have largely been replaced by liberal license terms, most notably the MIT license. Free Software is dead, Open Source has won.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/February 4

Today in 2004 Facebook was founded.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/February 5

A letter written today in 1676 by the famous Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke is widely remembered as the source of the famous phrase, “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”, although it was uttered earlier by Bernard of Chartres.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 27

Today in 1997 The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary got published. It provided motivation for Mozilla and contained famous principles like “Release Early, Release Often” and “given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow” (aka. Linus’s law).

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 27


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 30

Today in 2004 Oink’s Pink Palace was launched.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 30


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 2

Today in 2006 OpenMRS 1.0.0 was published.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 2


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 1

Today in 1994 the first issue of Linux Journal was published, the first Linux-specific periodical.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 1


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 2

Today in 1791 the first semaphore telegraph transmission took place in France on what developed into the Chappe network. It eventually extended over 4,800 km.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 2


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 5

Today in 1975 was the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 5


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 12

Today in 2005 The Political Economy of Peer Production by Michel Bauwens was published.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 15

Today in 2001 Creative Commons was founded to promote free culture. The organization is best known for creating a range of influential free culture licenses. From porn to scientific papers – they became by far the most popular licenses for open content other than software code.


text:
Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 15

Today in 1999 Loki Software shipped Civilization: Call to Power, the first big commercial game for Linux.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 15


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 16

Today in 2003 Pamela Jones launched Groklaw.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 16


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 17

Today is World Telecommunication and Information Society Day.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 17


text:
Category:User enm

Users in this category indicate they have knowledge of language Middle English.

title: Category:User enm


text:
User:Josephine W.

ABOUT ME
I live in a suburban area in Shanghai, China. I work mostly in Wikiquote, but sometimes in Wikibooks, fighting vandalism and spam (That is why I work in the Small Wiki Monitoring Team since Wikiquote is a Small Wiki). I also expand page content on astronomy and astrophysics.

Contact me

 * E-mail: [mailto:astronomy.service@my.com astronomy.service@my.com]
 * On Meta-Wiki as Josephine W.

title: User:Josephine W.


text:
Introduction to Astrophysics/Galaxies:Shapes and Evolution/Irregular Galxies

Irregular galaxies have two types, classified by Edwin Hubble: type one are irregulars that have a single bar but did not have enough material to form into a spiral; type two are completely irregular galaxies, which have a lot of star formation.

Irregulars are usually very small and have a lot of star formation (making pink colors), such as the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud, dwarf galaxies that are satellites of the Milky Way and are only a few thousand or more light years across.


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User:Crm1basc/sandbox

HISTORY How do we define a discipline? Argument: A discipline is an academic subject, such that can be taught or studied, that has been formally recognised by an institution or authoritative body, for example a university. There are a number of ways in which the origin of a discipline can be traced, for example when a subject was first taught, when academic literature was first published in the discipline or when the first professor in the discipline was first appointed. Counter-argument: The history of gastronomy pushes this definition further; once a discipline has been given a name, it can be considered established, as it will likely have been defined and/or discussed. When disciplines arose they separated ares of knowledge into subjects, whereas before academia came under the umbrella term of philosophy, a term coined by ancient Greeks. At the time, philosophy included elements of subjects we now class as separate disciplines, such as maths, physics and also philosophy in itself. Some difficulties have arisen due to the categorisation of subjects, such as a divergence in the terms used to describe theories/ideas, processes, or the way in which they are described.

TRUTH Truth is, in many ways, a paradox; at one end of the spectrum truth can be taken very objectively, as evidence based on proven fact, but at the other end it can be very subjective, as philosophical, or rather abstract theories are hard to define and even harder to prove. Subjective truth is therefore vulnerable to personal bias: while objective truth can of course also be influenced by human biases, it is perhaps less common due to its evidence-based origins. This is quite a black and white categorisation of truth, a further view classifies truth into three schools of thought; positivist, interpretive and constructivist. Positive can be classed as the most objective, classing things as truth only if they can be proved by something that can be measured. This has great importance in a lot of subjects as the quantitative/empirical factor, in fact some scientists and researchers identify as solely positivist. Interpretive is more subjective, in the fact that it is based on (human) experience. This can be interpreted through the phenomenological perspective - that truth can only be discerned through on the lens of human experience and consciousness. Constructivist is no doubt the most subjective, as it comes from the idea that everything we encounter have some chance of being a purely social construction, in which case the world and its events can be seen as concepts, or experiences, rather than concrete evidence.

EVIDENCE Evidence is similar to truth in any ways, as it proves equally as difficult to discern between subjectivity and objectivity through evidence in a discipline. It is hard to say whether truth precedes evidence, or evidence precedes truth: evidence is often required in order for something to be perceived as true, however can evidence correctly be provided before any concrete facts are established? Additionally, the way in which evidence is perceived within and among different disciplines varies, which in turn can provide a source of debate. The ways in which evidence is used depends largely on the discipline; in social sciences evidence is often gathered in interpretive and even constructivist ways, where the focus is on the qualitative data, especially the human experience and consciousness, whereas in maths and sciences evidence (like truth) is something positivist, because it can be proved either physically or through the laws of mathematics.

POWER Power refers to the historically embedded systems of politics, economics and culture that underpin major aspects of society. This can be understood through the discipline of Gastronomy, which is a Western-orientated system of classifying and rating the quality of food. The Michelin-star system originated in 1926 as part of the restaurant reviews of the guide-books produced by the tyre-brand Michelin that were to encourage driving. Therefore, the categories were initially described and categorised by first French and later Europeans, which meant the opinions are biased towards the tastes and traditions of Western Europeans.

title: User:Crm1basc/sandbox


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 2

Today in 1999 the first public version of 7-Zip was released. Being a competitive alternative to RAR that offers more freedom, its Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (LZMA) has established itself where no RAR could go before.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 21

Today in 2008 Anonymous launched Project Chanology. On February 10 it took to the streets in massive protests in at least 100 cities worldwide.


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User:Nicolasymeonides/sandbox

Philosophy and its evolution into separate disciplines
Philosophy can be translated from Greek as the 'love of wisdom', and its original purpose was to educate people on many different academic concepts as it dealt with all forms of knowledge. In the 19th century, the study of philosophy grew popular in new research universities, and as the disciplines became increasingly separate, philosophy also specialised. This meant that subjects such as psychology, sociology, linguistics and economics that were once studied exclusively by philosophers became subjects in their own right.

Philosophy and Science

 * Nowadays, many scientists view philosophy as a totally unrelated discipline, with little to offer to the scientific method. Philosophy is thought to have an abstract, theoretical approach whereas science is based on empirical evidence. 'If the scientists were consulted, the majority of them would regard philosophy as one of the least important departments' (Frank 1957:xii).
 * However, many of the original philosophical theories were grounded in scientific thought, and many philosophers have contributed to important scientific discoveries.
 * The branch of philosophy which was especially concerned with science was known as natural philosophy.
 * Aristotle was one of the founding figures of natural philosophy, and his influence on biology and physical science was apparent for many centuries.
 * There are also scientific discoveries by famous philosophers which remain accurate and relevant in the present day. For example, Descartes created the Cartesian coordinate system which is still used in Maths. Additionally, Sir Isaac Newton, who came up with the laws of motion, had strong links to philosophy and during his life was viewed as a natural philosopher.
 * Although science has clearly developed into its own discipline, and most scientists and philosophers now research independently of each other, there is an argument that the links between science and philosophy remain strong. Firstly, the theoretical approach favoured in philosophy is often useful in science. There are also areas of study where the two are more directly linked such as metaphysics and the philosophy of science.

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Talk:A Summary of Theology and Thought in Messianic Judaism/Relationship to Judaism and Christianity

Haha, where does one start??? Summary? Theology? Messianic? Relationship? Christianity? all these words need defining to truly express any 'relationship' as the title suggests. (Hebrew n U (discuss • contribs) 02:06, 16 October 2019 (UTC))


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User:Maxio68

I don't know anything to put on my English Wikibooks User Page, so I will do nothing else.

title: User:Maxio68


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Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Natural/Sources

 * Conlangery #135: Using Linguistic Theory for Conlanging, Conlangery Podcast, 2018.


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User:Ranjansahoo soumya

Types of communication.

Communication follows different forms.The most common types of communication are-(a)Horizontal

(b)vertical,(c)interpersonal,(d)grapevine.

title: User:Ranjansahoo soumya


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User talk:Meetshah05

hi

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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Frederick Chilton

George Frederick Chilton was a prominent amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, amateur club participant. His station callsign was 4GD (4=Queensland, G=George, D=???, FreDerick) and he operated from Brisbane, Queensland. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
 * Transcriptions and Notes - George Frederick Chilton - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
 * Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - George Frederick Chilton - Nothing uploaded as yet

Chilton, George Frederick - 1891-1956 - 4GD Brisbane, 2GF Sydney (Carlingford), 4GD Townsville - amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, coastal operator (VIG, VIB, VIS, VIT, Rockbank), wireless telegraphist (PMG, RANRS), federal public servant (PMG)


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History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Frederick Chilton/Notes

1874 04
Marriage announcement for 4GD's father and first wife "Marriages. . . . CHILTON — RAYMOND.— On the 4th inst., at St. Paul's Church, by the Rev. S. L. Chase, George Chilton to Henrietta Frances, eldest daughter of Mr. J. C. Raymond, late of Dublin."

1887 10
Funeral notice for 4GD's father's first wife "Funeral Notices. . . . THE Friends of Mr. GEORGE CHILTON are most respectfully invited to follow the remains of his late beloved wife to their last resting place, the Melbourne General Cemetery. The funeral is appointed to move from his residence, Maud Cottage, Nicholson-street, North Carlton, TOMORROW (Saturday), 15th October, at 2 o'clock punctually. Wll.LIAM GEORGE APPS, Undertaker, Fitzroy and Moor streets, Fitzroy; and High and Robe streets, St. Kllda."

Death notice for 4GD's father's first wife "Deaths. . . . CHILTON.— On the 13th October, at her late residence, Maud Cottage, Nicholson-street, North Carlton, Henrietta Frances, the beloved wife of George Chilton, aged 35 years. Her end was peace."

1889 12
Marraige notice for 4GD's father and second wife "'''Marriages. CHILTON — HOEY.— On the 14th December, by the Rev. T. W. McGregor, George Chilton to Emmie, eldest daughter of Frederick Hall, and widow of R. B. Hoey, both of Carlton."

1896 08
Death notice for 4GD's father (4GD aged 5) "DEATHS. . . . CHILTON.— On the 24th August, at his residence, 292 Brunswick-street, North Fitzroy, George Chilton, beloved husband of Emily Kate, father of Maud, Ruby and George Chilton, aged 55 years."

Funeral notice for 4GD's father "FUNERAL NOTICE. CHILTON.— The Friends of the late Mr. GEORGE CHILTON, bootmaker (late of R. White's), are respectfully invited to follow his remains to the place of interment, the Melbourne General Cemetery. The Funeral is appointed to move from his late residence, 292 Brunswick-street, North Fitzroy, THIS DAY (Wednesday), 26th inst.), at 2.30 o'clock punctually. WILLIAM GEORGE APPS, Embalmer and Undertaker, Fitzroy and Moor streets, Fitzroy — telephone 1045; High-street, St. Kilda — telephone 71, Windsor Exchange; and Horne-street, Elstern-wick, close to station; and Lonsdale-street, City."

1896 09
Probate granted for 4GD's father "PROBATES AND LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION. The registrar has granted probate to the wills of the following deceased persons:— . . . George Chilton, £881;"

1906 03
4GD passes the examination for telegraph messenger with the PMGD "FEDERAL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. THE VICTORIAN LISTS. The Federal Public Service Commissioner on Saturday gazetted the Victorian lists of passes in two recent examinations, (1) the telegraph messengers' entrance examination, held on 10th February, when 205 out of 305 candidates passed; (2) the examination held on the same date to enable telegraph messengers to qualify for promotion in the general division. In the first a Victorian lad, Sydney Peter Semmens, of Ballarat, with 518 marks out of a possible 600, headed the pass list. His runner up was a Sydney boy named Charles Scott Gordon, who scored 504 marks. In the second examination four New South Wales boys— J. J. P. Hogan with 548 marks out of 600, W. R, Quist with 531, L. J. Luscombe with 527 and C. L. Bailey with 512 — topped the poll, their closest competitor being a Victorian, F. T. Donovan, with 508 marks. The following are the Victorian lists:— MESSSENGERS ENTRANCE EXAM. . . . Canterbury.— F. W. F. Craig, 470; R. C. Webster, 445; W. P. Cotter, 419; R. J. Davis, 415; T. Crotty, 411; H. E. Evered, 406; R. T. Faragher, 406; W. H. Tucker, 405; G. F. Chilton, 405; H. W. Dingle, 397; R. Schmidt, 393; J. P. Dwyer, 390; F. J. Kelly, 397; R. J. Mair, 363; J. J. Simmons, 369; R. H. L. Liston, 347; C. Wagglen, 333; A. J. Sandy, 295: E. B. Campbell, 287; C. W. Gray, 283; L. G. Bree, 258."

1908 05
4GD passes examinatio for entry into general division of federal public service with PMGD "TELEGRAPH MESSENGERS' PROMOTION. On the 9th May examinations were held throughout Victoria to enable telegraph messengers and other junior employes in the Post and Telegraph Department to demonstrate their fitness for general division positions when telegraphic ability is required. There were 43 candidates. The maximum number of marks obtainable, was 300. It is now announced that the following were successful:— J. C. Styles, Melbourne, 227 marks; J. H. H. Boothey, Warracknabeal, 267; J. N. Goss, Mornington, 263: T. O'Brien, Kyneton, 259; G. W. Yeoman, Clunes, 257; P. T. R. Murn, Murtoa, 256; R. L. McKenzie, Horsham, 253; L. B. Collins, Alexandra, 252; G. C. D. O'Connor, Warracknabeal, 244; G. F. Chilton, Kew, 244; H. J. Mclvor, Seymour, 243; F. C. Davis, Creswick, 239; J. McEnroe, Rutherglen, 238; P. Faux, Dunolly, 236; A. McK. Ferguson, Lancefield, 235; A. Mitcheld, Rosedale, 234; C. S. Clarke Wodonga, 229; H. C. Vanner, Hamilton, 228; W. H. Burge, Wodonga, 219; M. Houlihan, Berwick, 217."

1909 09
Marriage notice for 4GD's half-sister Alice Maud Chilton "MARRIAGES. . . . IVEY — CHILTON.— August 14, 1909, at St James' C. of England, Turramurra, by the Rev. S. J. Woolnough, assisted by the Rev. E. Shipley, Frank, second son of Francis Ivey, Esq., of Ivydale, Lindfield, and Cornwall, England, to Alice Maud, daughter of the late George Chilton, of Melbourne, and niece of F. Chilton, Esq., of Turramurra. Present address, Penzance, Provincial-road, Lindfield."

Report of marriage of 4GD's half-sister Alice Maud Chilton "SOCIAL. . . . St. James's Church of England, Turramurra, was the scene of a wedding on Saturday, August 14, when Mr. Frank Ivey, second son of Mr. Francis Ivey, of Lindfield, and Cornwall, England, was married to Miss Alice Maud Chilton, daughter of the late Mr. George Chilton, Melbourne, and niece of Mr. F. Chilton, of Turramurra. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. S. J. Woolnough, assisted by the Rev. E. Shepley, of St. James's, Turramurra. The church was beautifully decorated by the members of the choir, who rendered a full choral service. The bride was dressed in white silk, and wore a white silk hat trimmed with feathers. Miss L. Wilson (cousin) acted as bridesmaid, and Mr. Robert Acland was best man. After the ceremony the wedding party were driven to the residence of the bride's uncle, Mr. F. Chilton, sen., where the happy couple received the congratulations of their friends, and the wedding breakfast was served."

Another report of the marriage of 4GD's half-sister Alice Maud Chilton "WEDDINGS. . . . IVEY — CHILTON.— St. James's Church of England, Turramurra, was the scene of a wedding on August 14, when Frank, second son of Mr. Francis Ivey, of 'Ivydale,' Lindfleld, and Cornwall, England, was married to Alice Maud, daughter of the late Mr. George Chilton, of Melbourne, and niece of Mr. F. Chilton, Turramurra. The ceremony was performed by Rev. S. J. Woolnough, of Lindfield, assisted by Rev. E. Shipley, St. James's, Turramurra. The church was decorated by the members of the choir with ivy and pink and while camellias. The service wns fully choral. Miss Swayne acted as organist. The bride wore a white silk dress and white silk hat trimmed with ostrich feathers. Mr. F. Chilton, Jun., gave her away. Miss L. Wilson (cousin of the bride) acted as bridesmaid. She wore a cream silk dress with hat to match. Mr. Robert Acland acted as best man. After the ceremony the wedding party were driven to the residence of the bride's uncle, Mr. T. Chilton, sen., where the happy couple received the congratulations of their friends, and where the wedding breakfast was served."

1912 03
A fascinating insight into the life of a ship's wireless officer and showing 4GD's enthusiasm for his work "WIRELESS. AN INTERESTING LETTER. The following is a copy of a letter written by Mr. George Chilton, formerly one of the staff of the Traralgon Post Office, now a Marconi wireless operator on board one of the coastal steamers. It is racily written, and interesting: 'Strange it may seem, but true it is, this new vocation is absolutely lovely. You are your own boss, and the work you do would not be sufficient for exercise, let alone exertion. Today I got a fit of energy, and have just completed overhauling my generating plant, transmitting gear, and aerial wires. It is a rather tedious job, but I am just as enthusiastic as when I was in Traralgon. The theory and practice are not strangers to me now, and that is a great consolation. It is a fascinating study, and something new is always cropping up. The social side of it is very pleasant. One sees such a variety of human life and habits, and it is a good education and training for a young chap. The discipline enforced, and the etiquette and demeanor to be observed are all fairly stringent, but it eventually becomes quite natural. The operators I have met are a splendid class of men. Most of the English operators are, of course, rather well educated and refined, but nothing in them resembling conceit or vainglory. Talking about operating! One encounters some marvels at it, and it is much more difficult sending rapidly on wireless keys than on Morse keys. The keys we use, as you can realise, must necessarily be very strong and well-made, on account of the high tension current. The current is all ''high-frequency alternating,' so there is a slight difference in it to breaking circuit with 'direct current,' where there is not such a tendency to 'arc' at the contracts [sic]. Some of the operators have been rocking it like wildfire at 1100 miles, with strong 'atmospherics' going, and never miss. In fact I have heard M.O.J. ('Osterley' and M.O.D. ('Otranto') yarning away in the American code at about 30 words per minute, and the next minute break off and send messages to each other in the European code. That takes some beating to be able to adapt one's hearing to any code at wish. The Melbourne station (P.O.M.) was rotten at inception, but of late it is much better, although still defective in our opinion. Why, they have a guaranteed range of 500 in day, and 1500 at night, and they have not done either. The Marconi sets, using much smaller power and lower aerials, gauranteed only for 150 day and 500 night, have all exceeded their ranges. Why, hang it all, I have myself done 338 in day, and several 1000, 1100, 1200, and even 1500 miles at night, and Melbourne has more than thrice my power. I got Macquarie Island coming into Adelaide this trip, and again at Wilson's Promtory, and Melbourne has been boomed for getting him (M.Q.I.) Hotel Australia (A.A.A.) gets M.Q.I. every blessed night, and 'rocks' in press. Fremantle station will be a good one (M.N.S.) I heard him from Sydney heads, and his signals were good. Of course, his aerial makes the difference — it is 392 feet high. The distance, roughly speaking, would be about 1500 or 1600 miles, but I could not 'log' that, as he failed to hear me. The system is 'A la Telefunk,' or 'sucka da oyste,' 'loa da monk,' etc.. etc., 'A la mode Italienne.' 'Journal.'"

1912 05
4GD endorses some snake oil "THE FORCE THAT SWAYS THE UNIVERSE. THE MAGIC POWER OF HYPNOTISM AND PERSONAL MAGNETISM. 10,000 Books treating upon this interesting subject to be distributed free. Our object is to demonstrate the practical value and power of this New Science in Business, in Society, in the Home, in Politics, in Disease, and as a factor in influencing and swaying the minds of people. While the Edition Lasts, a Copy of this Remarkable 52 Page Handsomely Illustrated Book will be Forwarded Free to any Interested Person. We purpose to put the most useful book in all libraries, free of charge, right into the homes of the people. For many months past printing presses have been kept constantly busy, and are still engaged turning out these books and other intensely interesting literature for free distribution. This book is entitled 'Success and How to Win It.' It is heartily endorsed by the ablest business men, ministers, doctors arid lawyers. It is beautifully illustrated with the finest engravings, and every page is brimful of intensely interesting and practical information. It is a book which should be in every home. It is by far the most remarkable work of the kind that has ever been written, and it has truly created a sensation in the book world. It explains numerous instances in which people have been secretly and instantaneously controlled by hypnotic influence. It tells you how to learn to protect yourself from the use of hypnotic power over you. It tells you how to learn to develop and use your magnetic power so as to wield a wonderful Influence over those with whom you may come in contact. Successful men and millionaires have studied the very methods explained in this book, and have used them in their business to pile up millions. This book lays bare secrets in the lives of rich men of which you have never dreamed. It reveals all the hidden mysteries of personal magnetism, hypnotism, magnetic healing, &c., and discloses the real source of power and influence in every walk of life. It contains secret information of inestimable value to every person who wants to succeed in life. Many of the most prominent public men in this country have obtained this book, and read every line, and they are daily using its teaching to their own profit and gain. . . . G. F. Chilton, 152 High-street, Kew, says:— 'I am very pleased with the instructions you for-warded. I have put three subjects off already, I cured a patient of toothache yesterday.'"

1915 12
4GD as OIC VIG provides his residence for a staff wedding "Orange Blossoms. A very pretty wedding was celebrated on Saturday last at the residence of Mr. G. F. Chilton, Port Moresby. The contracting parties were Mr. K. McLennan, of the wireless staff, and Miss L. M. Osborne, of Wellington, N.Z. The Rev. Lawrence conducted the ceremony. Mr. L. Fontaine acted as best man, and Mrs. Chilton filled the position of bridesmaid. The bride and bridegroom were the recipients of many presents, including a fine set of cutlery from the staff of the wireless station."

1917 01
4GD is appointed as a Commissioned Telegraphist in the Royal Australian Naval Service "AUSTRALIAN NAVAL WIRELESS. APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS. The following appointments to the permanent Royal Australian Naval Radio Service were announced yesterday in the 'Commonwealth Gazette':— To be Radio Commander.— Engineer Lieut. Frank Gillespie Creswell, R.A.N. To be Radio Lieutenants.— Arthur Frederick Newman, George James Weston. To be Commissioned Telegraphists.— William T. S. Crawford, Walter M. Sweeney, George A. Scott, John M. Martin, Charles E. Tapp, Julian Leslie, George F. Chilton, Francis J. Burgoyne. To be Warrant Telegraphists.— James J. W. Lamb, Henry F. Coffey, Sydney Trim, Maitland G. Pope, Mark Mortimer, William H. Holloway, d'Arcy H. Reader, William G. Chapman, Victor Hodson, Neil H. Mayger, Clement G. B. Meredith; Frank J. C. Bridges, Gerald W. Walters, Frederick J. Henderson. The following promotions in the service were also announced:— To be Warrant Telegraphists (Acting).— Chief Petty Officer Telegraphists Charles C. King, Sydney C. Cusack, Frederick C. Mulligan, Joseph M. Johnson, George Bailey."

4GD appears to have been slow in paying his accounts while in Papua "'''CONCENTRATES.— . . . Mr. G. H. Brown, C.P.S. at the local court yesterday advised the Bench that among the cases was one from Port Moresby, Papua, the particulars being that H. Leigh Atkinson, local dentist, had .sued George Chilton, wireless operator, for £6/10/- 'work and labor done.' In proof he read the following affidavit, going to show that summons-serving at Port Moresby by the authorities takes on the form of an early duty. The document set out:—-' I, Kakatani Keke, court interpreter of Port Moresby, served a true copy of a summons and.particular of demand on the 23rd August at 4.45 o'clock of the forenoon on George Chilton, and that the abovenamed George Chilton is personallv known to me and was so personally known to me on the said 23rd August, etc., affirmed at Port Moresby, in the territory of Papua, 16th November, H. Parker, C.P S.' Mr Brown sought for an adjournment until the 25th inst. so that the case might be heard before Mr Philip Cohen, P.M. The request was ganted by Mr T. Lonsdale, J.P."

1917 11
4GD as OIC VIG acts as expert witness in prosecution of enemy alien possessing wireless apparatus "Enemy Alien Possessed of Signalling Apparatus. At the local court on Monday last, before Mr J. T. O'Malley, R.M., a German named Max Kutsche was charged with having apparatus in his possession which could be used for signalling purposes. The penalty for an offence of this description is £100 or six months' imprisonment, or both. Constable Atkinson prosecuted, and defendant conducted his own case, and pleaded not guilty. The evidence given by the prosecuting constable was to the effect that he, in company with Headquarters-Officer Grist, searched defendant's premises on Thursday week and found the apparatus produced. Subsequently he arrested and charged the accused. On Friday, the 9th inst, Constable Atkinson took the apparatus to the wireless station where it was examined by Mr Chilton, the officer in charge, and Mr Henderson, installing engineer. Mr Chilton gave evidence proving that the apparatus could be used for signalling purposes. Accused was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Accused lived at Bomana and was ostensibly growing vegetables for a living, and from papers found in his possession it was shown that he had been a foreman electrician at Kiel Dockyard."

1918 08
4GD transferred to VIB from VIG "LOCAL AND GENERAL. Mr G. R. Chilton, officer-in-charge, Radio station, has been transferred to Brisbane, and will leave the Territory as soon as his successor, Mr Tapp, arrives."

1920 03
4GD elected to the research committee at the first AGM of the QWI "WIRELESS INSTITUTE. The report presented at the first annual meeting of the Queensland Wireless Institute, held in the Technical College last night, stated that owing to the influenza epidemic the institute, during the first ten months of its existence, had been practically in abeyance, the epidemic having precluded experiments in wireless research. The membership of the institute was now about 40. It was hoped to acquire suitable accommodation within a short period, when it was proposed to establish a laboratory for carrying out research work. The financial statement showed a credit balance. The following officers were elected:— Patron, Professor Hawken; president, Mr. W. M. Nelson; honorary members, Captain G. A. H. Curtis and Mr. H. May; vice-presidents, Messrs. H. Cornwell, A. G. Jackson, and S. H. Smith; council, Messrs. D. J. Garland, E. M. Jack, W. I. Monkhouse, J. C. Price, W. H. Rix, and A. L. Moore; hon. secretary and treasurer Mr. S. V. Colville; assistant secretary, Mr. P. E. Cuslack; research committee, Messrs. G. Chilton, H. M'Lean, and W. I. Monkhouse."

1921 04
4GD appointed a vice-president and on the research committee at the 2nd AGM of the QWI "Queensland Wireless Institute. The annual meeting of the Queensland Wireless institute was held in the room of the institute, at the corner of Ann and Edward streets, last night, the president (Mr. W. M. Nelson) in the chair. The report stated that although the progress of the institute had not been brilliant some very interesting and useful work had been accomplished. Lectures had been delivered dealing with 'Electromagnetic Induction,' 'Submarine Cable,' 'An Amateur Receiving Set,' 'Crystal Rectifiers as applied to Wireless Reception,' 'Electronic Theory as applied to Valves,' 'Electrical Oscillations,' 'Wireless Waves and Wave Motion,' and 'Valves and their Application in Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony.' It was decided to hold lectures on the last Friday in each month, and to invite all persons interested to attend. After the meeting the members visited the Research Room on the tower, where the honorary secretary (Mr. S. V. Colville) demonstrated the transmission and reception of wireless signals by means of a spark transmitter and valve amplifying receiver. He pointed out that the apparatus, which had a transmitting range of 100 miles and a receiving range of about 3000 miles, had been constructed by the members of the institute out of raw materials. The election of officials resulted as follows:— Patron, Professor Hawken, B.A., B.E., M.I.C.E.; president, Mr. W. M. Nelson; vice-presidents, Messrs. S. H. Smith, G. Chilton, and L. S. Lane; council, Messrs. A. L. Moore, E. Littler, W. Finney, G. Tucker, H. M'Lean, and L. Gibson, research committee, Messrs. A. L. Moore, S. V. Colville, G. Chilton, L. S. Lane, and P. Wolstenholme; honorary general secretary, Mr. S. V. Colville, honoary assistant secretary, Mr. J. Wilson; librarian, Mr. W. Shepley; assistant librarian, Mr. A. Dillon."

1922 04
4GD at QWI third AGM continues as a vice-president, with the research committee to be constituted by Council "The Wireless Institute. In addition to a number of interesting and instructive lectures by the members, a high standard of discussion had taken place on the construction of long waves, long wave receivers, arc converters, valve transmitters, and all modern radio apparatus generally, stated the report presented by the secretary (Mr. S. V. Colville) at the third annual meeting of the Queensland division of the Wireless Institute of Australia, held last evening. Mr. W. Finney presided. A number of the members, the report added, were now able to receive practically any high-powered long wave station in the world. Very satisfactory results were being obtained in the research room. Appreciation was expressed at the Department of Public Instruction granting the free use of the lecture and research rooms. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:— Patrons, Prof. R. W. Hawken, B.A., B.E., M.I.C.E., and Mr. W. M. L'Estrange; president, Mr. W. Finney; vice-presidents, Messrs. S. R. H. Smith, G. Chilton, and G. Boundy; hon. secretary and treasurer, Mr. S. V. Colville, assistant hon. secretary, Mr. P. A. Wilson; librarian, Mr. W. Shepley; assistant librarian, Mr. A. E. Dillon; council, Messrs. W. Shepley, A. L. Moore, E. C. Littler, E. M. Gibson, A. E. Dillon, L. O. Kerlin, J. Milner, and H. V. Callick. The council was constituted a research committee, with power to add to its number. A vote of thanks was accorded the retiring officers and council and the Press."

1922 05
4GD proposes vote of thanks to Syd Colville after his lecture on Wireless Telephony and foreshadows early operation of the QWI set "Wireless Telephony. An informative lecture on 'Wireless Telephony' was delivered by Mr. S. V. Colville (secretary of the Queensland Wireless Institute) at the institute last evening. It was the lecturer's original intention to deliver his discourse from the operating room on the roof of the building, his voice being conveyed to the lecture room per medium of wireless telephony, but owing to the instrument being out of order he was compelled to deliver his address in the ordinary way. After a brief explanation of the origin, character, and development of wireless telephony, Mr. Colville said that at the present time radiotelephony was only in its infancy, in regard to its commercial value, although in Australia there were a few stations working, which no doubt were equal to any in the world for efficiency. The time was not far distant providing the authorities governing wireless in Australia granted private individuals permission to operate, when we would be well linked up by wireless telephony — the most scientific, efficient, and inexpensive means of communication ever invented. The set they now had was only 31b. or 4lb. in weight, and would only cost as many pounds in money to operate for a year, and on the previous evening a distance of 60 miles had been covered. At the close of the lecture Mr. G. F. Chilton (officer in charge of the Pinkenba Wireless Station) complimented Mr. Colville on his lecture, and said that it was due to his enthusiasm that the institute had developed a set of the magnitude it had. He believed it would not be long before they had a wireless telephone with a radius of 600 miles."


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User:MaXjOhNsAw/sandbox

Literature
The representation of trauma for characters or personas in various forms of literature is often expressed through literary devices or through the structure that pieces have. These often mimic the feelings of the characters in order to give an accurate portrayal of their turmoil.

 * 1) The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison

In this novel set in the early 1940s, Pecola, a young black girl, is trying to adhere to the white society which rejects her while simultaneously rejecting her black community. The latter inevitably ends up doing the same. What is vividly expressed is the indoctrination of white values through the "Dick and Jane" primer. This preface to the novel is an extract of a children's book describing the ideal nuclear family, however, it is repeated 3 times. The first time normally, the second without punctuation, the third without spaces between words. There is a mimicking of the drilling of the same values which is shown as making less and less sense to the black community. Moreover, small extracts from this primer are used at the start of various chapter in order to illustrate the divide between communities, the duality of the society of the time. In this sense, structure and literary devices illustrate the trauma of various characters or communities as a whole.

 * 1) Acquainted With The Night, Robert Frost

In one of his many poems dealing with mental health issues, Frost portrays the speaker of this poem as a man who is progressively detaching himself from society. Through the repetition of "I have been one acquainted with the night" the reader can understand a distance from human contact and a closeness to darkness or what could be considered depression, as the night is interpreted as an extended metaphor of the condition.As such, the poem ends and opens with that quote, demonstrating a cyclical aspect or what could be interpreted as a downwards spiral. With every stanza the speaker is seen distancing himself from different aspects of human life. For example, "he passed by the watchman on his beat" demonstrate his incapacity to make contact with the only other human he sees. Moreover, "on luminary clock against the sky proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right" demonstrates not only a the divide between the speaker and human concepts such as time, but a profound indifference to them. Once more, through another form of literature, literary devices and structure attempt to give accurate portrayals of trauma and suffering in order to help the reader understand the feelings of various characters and the effects of various conditions.

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