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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours

This page reviews and critiques the article: "Multicomponent intervention to reduce daily sedentary time: a randomised controlled trial" by Carr, L., Karvinen, K., Peavler, M., Smith, R. and Cangelosi, K. (2013).

What is the background to this research?
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and associated with many health risks such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity and all-cause mortality. However, the majority of the population in modern society do not meet the daily recommended physical activity guidelines, and most sedentary workers are shown to spend almost 77% of their working hours sedentary.

The purpose of the present study was using a multicomponent intervention to promote sedentary adults working in sedentary jobs to engage in more physical activity, or ‘active sitting’ during their working hours. Because modern full-time workers spend almost a third of their day at work, reducing their time spent sedentary during this time period will have a significant influence on their health and well-being. A meta-analysis study conducted in 2015 has shown that prolonged sedentary time was independently associated with deleterious health outcomes regardless of physical activity. This strongly suggests that people who participate in regular physical activity during their leisure time can still be at risk if they remain sedentary during their working hours.

Research
The research was a randomised controlled trial meaning that the subjects were chosen at random to minimise bias. The participants were divided into two groups of either being an intervention group or a wait-list control group. Over 5392 participants of all races and ethnic backgrounds working at a large southern university in the US were passively recruited using email advertisements. A total of 192 people responded and of which 143 were excluded from participation due to their not meeting the eligibility criteria. A voluntary written informed consent was obtained from each participant as well as permissions from their work supervisors prior to enrolment. Along with Australia, the United States is one of the first-world countries with the highest prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity among their population. The subjects of this research were also chosen at random from diverse race and ethnic background to minimise bias. However, the sample size (n=40) of this research was too small, and the randomly chosen subjects were primarily middle-aged women working at a single institution and the majority reported being non-Hispanic. Therefore, the generalisability of the result is limited and may have difficulty applying this study directly to the Australian population.

Lucas Carr, the lead author of this study, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Health and Human Physiology at the University of Iowa. His main area of study is health promotion and health studies, specialised in physical activity promotion and sedentary behaviour interventions. Professor Carr has conducted many kinds of research in similar areas as this research paper, focusing on health promotion for the general population.

What did the research involve?
During the intervention, the intervention group was encouraged to reduce their time spent sedentary for 12 weeks while receiving a theory-based, internet-delivered program, a portable pedal and a pedometer at work. In contrast, the wait-list group was asked to maintain their current behaviours throughout the intervention period. The primary and secondary outcomes were measured at baseline and post-intervention for both intervention (N=23) and wait-list (N=17) groups, and the data were compared to measure the intervention outcome. The list of primary and secondary outcomes are as follows:

Primary
 * Objective measures of sedentary and physical activity through StepWatch

Secondary (Cardiometabolic risk factors)
 * Heart rate
 * Blood pressure
 * Height
 * Weight
 * Waist circumference
 * Percent body fat
 * Cardiorespiratory fitness
 * Fasting lipids

The StepWatch device used to measure the primary outcome was specifically worn at the ankles of each participant. The accelerometer is a widely used device for measuring objective measures of physical activity, and many studies have shown that ankle-worn StepWatch is an ideal device for measuring steps, energy expenditure, pedalling time and sedentary behaviour compared to other accelerometers. Furthermore, Lucas Carr and his team have previously conducted research to test the feasibility of using the pedal exercise machine at the workplace The result was positive, many participants found the machines feasible for use at work.

What were the basic results?
The intervention group was able to reduce their mean number of times spent sedentary by 58.7 min/day, while increasing their mean number of times spent on moderate-intensity physical activity by 8.8 min/day. Compared to the wait-list group, this intervention effect reached near significance for both percent daily time spent sedentary (p=0.06) and percent time spent in moderate-intensity physical activity (p=0.06). No significant intervention effect was observed for cardiometabolic risk factors besides waist circumference (p=0.03). This is probably due to the low intensity of the intervention as well as the limited duration of 12 weeks.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The findings of this research gave us an insight that pedal machine along with the internet-based motivational program can be an effective tool in reducing sedentary behaviour for sedentary workers. Employers who were concerned about their workers' health can use this study as a useful resource for promoting a healthy working environment. The pedal machine is an inexpensive and convenient device, providing great opportunities for office workers to engage in more physical activity as this device can be used while seated. However, success relies solely on employee motivation, therefore including motivational intervention is recommended.

Participants rated the intervention as ‘extremely helpful’ for reducing their sedentary time, but many of them reported that the machine was uncomfortable in a way that their knees were hitting the underside of the desk while pedalling. This would have negatively influenced the participant’s motivation and affected the result.

It will be more interesting to see the research team monitoring the participant’s activity status after the post-intervention period to measure the persistency of their improved behaviours. Also, comparing the efficiency of the pedal machine with different interventions on promoting physical activity (sit-to-stand desk, stepper device, etc) is needed before prioritising the use of the pedal machine for reducing sedentary behaviour within the workplace.

Practical advice
Portable pedal machine is definitely a good strategy for reducing sedentary behaviour within workplace. To optimise the benefit, including a motivational intervention is highly recommended. When using this device, the height of the desk should be adjusted so your knees don’t hit the underside of the desk while pedaling. Interrupting bouts of sedentary behaviour is shown to help control adiposity and improve metabolic health, therefore employees are encouraged to evenly distribute their pedaling time daily. An alternative method can be used for reducing sedentary behaviour within the workplace. Sit-to-stand desk and mini stepper device are shown to be effective in reducing sedentary behaviour in the workplace as well, hence comparing the pros and cons of each methods before commencing is recommended to suit your needs.

Further information/resources

 * The Effect of Active Workstation Use on Measures of Cognition, Attention, and Motor Skill
 * Impact of added rest breaks on the productivity and well being of workers
 * Simple tips to reduce sedentary behaviour throughout the day
 * Active Workplace Study


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis

This is a critique of the research article: Perlman S, Connell K, Clark A, Robinson M, Conlon P, Gecht M, Caldron P, Sinacore J et al. (1990). Dance-Based Aerobic Exercise for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Health Professions Association; 3(1): 29-35

This critique was completed as part of the Health, Disease & Exercise unit, September 2019.

Background to Research
Numerous studies conducted internationally displayed multiple benefits through non-weight bearing vigorous exercise on cycle ergometers in people with RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory medical condition where the immune system begins to attack the tissues in the joints.

Previously, it had been thought that vigorous exercise would negatively impact individuals with RA; increasing the severity of ones physical condition. The condition affects approximately 2% of the Australian population and is most common in people over the age of 75. This hypothesis hinders at an increase in sedentary behaviour amongst individuals with RA. The perceived link between exercise increasing the severity of symptoms in RA lead to a greater decrease in physical activity amongst the population of individuals with RA.

Decreases in physical activity are linked to a number of risks which negatively impact one's health. Insufficient levels of physical activity are associated with having a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, becoming overweight/obese, dyslipidemic and decreasing one's overall health; both physically and mentally. In 2014-15 a study conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare displayed that 52% of Australians over the age of 18 were not meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines.

Overview
The research study was conducted over a 16 week period. Throughout the program, each week was comprised of two 2 hour sessions. Broken down further, the first hour was devoted to exercise, and the second hour to a discussion. Fifty-three subjects with RA were carefully selected to participate in the 16 week exercise intervention program. Diligent consideration was placed upon the selection of all test subjects, looking to identify individuals who required a specialised exercise due to medications which affected their heart rate.

Training program
The exercise section of the intervention was split into three parts; a 15-20 minute warm up in both seated and standing positions. A 20-30 minute session of dance-based aerobic exercise. And it concluded with 15-20 minutes of recovery, focused on flexibility and muscle strengthening. Dance routines were implemented to interpret the movements each individual use in everyday life. The discussion component of the program assisted in promoting the awareness of one’s own psychological state post exercise.

Assessments
Throughout the duration of the experiment a number of tests were taken to observe a variety of measures. Both pre- and post- intervention measures were taken to record any impacts the exercise intervention had on disease status, and physical and psychological function. A subset of 21 individuals from the study were also required to complete five visual scales. These scales were an addition to physiological and psychological assessments and were specifically constructed to establish each individual’s perception of how RA impacted their life. Participants were required to answer five questions on a scale of 1 to 10. The questions focused on how each individual perceived themselves, these questions were:
 * 1) How well are you doing?
 * 2) How much has your arthritis prevented you from doing the things you wanted to do?
 * 3) How aware of arthritis discomfort have you been?
 * 4) How able were you to carry on activities important to you?
 * 5) How determined were you to carry on activities important to you?

Disease status was determined using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) and though a joint examination. AIMS is a set of scales from 0-10 which allowed individuals to provide self-reported measures on their perceived health condition. AIMS is broken down into ten subscales which evaluated various areas of the individual’s life that the condition affected. Joint examination focused on measuring the swelling and pain on numerous joints. These examinations were reported on a scale of 0 to 3; where 3 illustrated severe joint pain.

Physical function was measured through a 50-foot walk time, and utilised four the AIMS subset scales; these scales being physical activity, mobility, activities of daily living and household activities. The test was administered by telling each individual to complete the 50-foot walk twice as fast as they could, with the second walk producing the time they recorded.

The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a psychological scale used to determine an individual’s mood. The POMS testing involves an individual being told sixty-five different adjectives and on a scale of 0 to 5, looking to probe how each participant had felt over the previous week. POMS was adopted in the psychological function testing of the intervention, along with three of the AIMS subscales; depression, anxiety and social activity.

Results
Results are split into four categories, which are; disease status, physical function, psychological function and arthritis impact on quality of life.

Disease status
Overall the significant improvement of the participants disease status was evident during the course of the experiment. Only 14% (6 people) displayed signs and results of no change in disease status or a negative change within these four subcategories. There was no supported evidence that the negative effects in their disease status were due to the program’s physical activity.

Physical function
Firstly, the number of subjects had declined from 43 to 29 at time of post-test for the 50-foot walk. The average time of the 50-foot walk had decreased from 11.44s to 9.45s (1.99s improvement). No significant difference related to standard deviation (2.29 to 2.54) was identified within the three AIMS scales specifically; activities of daily living, mobility and household activities. Articular pain and swelling had decreased with the inclusion of the program’s physical activity.

Psychological function
No dramatic differences were identified in individual’s anxiety levels, tension, vigour, social activity or fatigued scores. These slight differences hinted at signs of improvement over time. Additionally, participants recorded major reductions of depression. AIMS scores for depression lowered from 2.05 to 1.54 (0.51 decrease) and POMS results for depression recorded a decline from 7.35 to 4.5 (2.85 decrease).

Arthritis impact on quality of life
Results suggest high levels of improvement in four out of the five quality of life specifics. These were; overall wellness (21.93 to 18.25), arthritis as an impediment (35.01 to 26.45), awareness of arthritis discomfort (23.96 to 28.82), ability to carry on important activities (25.81 to 21.74) and determination to carry on important activities (20.69 to 12.77).

Conclusion
Any recognised decline in physical or mental health cannot be attributed to the program’s exercise regime. Post-test individuals reported improved overall well-being, a greater determination to perform activities that were both important and necessary. This was due to an indicative development in their mental health regarding depression and a positive change in physical performance through activities such as the 50-foot walk. Conclusively the disease status and the physical and mental health of those with RA are improved with the implication of this program.

Practical Advice
Despite strong evidence correlating aerobic exercise and improvements in individuals with RA, it is important to take precautions when undertaking exercise. Seeking advice from a healthcare professional will provide further insight on the intensity one should be exercising at. There are a number of preventative measures that can be undertaken to prevent increased progression of RA. These measures being:
 * Decrease exposure to harmful environmental substances
 * Avoid smoking
 * Incorporate physical activity in everyday life
 * Seek professional medical advice

Further Information & Resources
Further information on RA can be sourced from the links below:
 * Arthritis Australia: Arthritis Australia - What is RA?
 * Arthritis Foundation: What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
 * Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Rheumatoid Arthritis
 * Arthritis Foundation: Living with Arthritis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Makoto Sasaki Ⅱ

Makoto Sasaki Ⅱ (discuss • contribs) 13:36, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User:Makoto Sasaki Ⅱ


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Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Chapter 6 : Victory

The Komiti
There is little or no reference that relates to the Macedonian hussars during the late 17th century; however the Macedonians called them "Komiti". The Komiti were Macedonian revolutionaries on horseback, and were part of a number of cheta. On December 24, 1751 an edict was issued by the Russian Senate, permitting the settling of Bulgarians, Macedonians, Serbians and Vlachs within the Russian Empire. Immigration to the Russian Empire was very common during the second half of the 18th century (1750-1800), and most of these immigrants were from the Ottoman Empire. Later the Russian royal edict of January 11, 1752 granted the formation of brigades from the Orthodox Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Vlach peoples. These brigades primarily were responsible in assisting the Russian Empire during certain battles against the Ottoman Empire.

On May 10, 1759, the Macedonian polevoy hussar regiment was founded, composed primarily of Macedonians, preceded by similar Serbian, Greek and Bulgarian regiments. The regiment had its own flag and its own coat of arms. There is also a mention of the Macedonian hussars in one of Aleksandar Matkovski's books, who is a Macedonian historian from the city of Krushevo, who has also written a book on Macedonian heraldry. He states that the formation of the Macedonian hussar regiment in Ukraine clearly set the Macedonians apart as a distinct Slavic ethnicity. With the commencement of the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774), the Russian Empire needed all the help they can get. It is unclear whether the Macedonian hussars assisted the Russian Empire in the battles located at Podolia, Ukraine. However the Macedonian Hussar Regiment assisted the Russian Empire during the Seven Years War. In 1773 the Macedonian Hussar Regiment was terminated.

This was not the only war that involved the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire. Though a series of victories accrued by the Russian Empire led to substantial territorial conquests within the regions of Moldova, Yedisan and the Crimea. Looking back during 1750-1770's the situation among the Macedonian communities was a period that involved migration to other empires located within Europe. The reason for immigration was due to a number of factors : unemployment, forced changes in religion, the feeling of living a life without freedom, oppression, torture, and other factors such as discrimination and capitalism. Not just in the 17th century (1601-1700) but also into the following centuries, the crime rates increased due to high levels of unemployment. Unemployment was not also a growing factor, there was also the rise of homelessness which was mostly related to the effects of the capitalism. Some Slavic Macedonians, did well, acquired certain wealth, and began the gradual formation of a native middle class in places where Turks, Greeks, Jews, Vlachs and in some cases, Armenians had previously dominated crafts, trades and especially commerce and internal and foreign trade. Slavic Macedonians owned trading houses in Salonika, Kastoria (Kostur), Bansko, Seres, Edessa (Voden), and Ohrid with representation in Budapest, Vienna, Bucharest, Venice, Odessa, and Moscow. They would assist in the cultural and national awakening of Macedonian Slavs in the following century. Anyway coming back to the late 17th century, foreign historians very rarely see or consider the Karposh uprising as a form of Macedonian nationalism. More appropriately historians from other countries also do not consider some revolutionaries to be of Macedonian origin, however Karposh is of Macedonian origin, as he was born in the region of North Macedonia. He's date of birth however is still unknown, what is also interesting is that he also shaped the history accounts for the overall battles up at Kumanovo. Regardless of whether or not foreign historians consider the Karposh uprising, as a form of Macedonian nationalism the Macedonian historians and archaeologists most definitely view or see the uprising as a form of nationalism or Macedonian awakening.

There is confusion as to when the battles occurred up at Kumanovo. Currently there are two sources that historians possibly regard as the most accurate. Karposh's rebellion quickly spread, resulting in the liberation of Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumanovo, Kačanik and other towns. After the Liberation of Kumanovo many of the townspeople decided to join the rebels in helping to fight against the Ottoman troops. The volunteers that decided to join were young men between the ages of 18 and 25 years and most of them were inexperienced with weapons. An article explains that a newly constructed fortress was made in Kumanovo. Uprisings and rebellions were not the only things on Karposh's mind he also managed to find a loving wife, it is unclear as to when Karposh married but some time after his return from Wallachia he settled down and had a long relationship with a women very much unknown to any historian writing a biography about his early years in life. Karposh later began planning on a strategic way of overcoming the enemy but he had very little time on his hands and he needed the support of more people. He knew that the Ottoman army would again come back and haunt him. What was concerning to Karposh was the unavailability of ammunition for his rebels. While the second battle was when the Ottoman Empire decided to take back the city of Kumanovo, and this is known as the Second Battle of Kumanovo. The second battle of Kumanovo occurred on the 26th of November, 1689. Before the Ottomans could assemble a number of troops to head for Kumanovo, they firstly were required to take back the town of Kriva Palanka. The Ottoman Council of war organized a meeting and on the 14th of November, 1689 a number of generals and officers met in Ottoman Bulgaria. A decision was made in Sofia, and that the uprising or revolt leaders should be caught and executed. Eventually Kriva Palanka was taken again by the Ottoman armies, the remaining rebels had fled from the town as the town was set on fire. Karposh was preparing for yet another confrontation between him, his revolutionaries and the might of the Ottoman Empire. Little did Karposh know that the Ottoman army would call on re-inforcements from the Crimean Khanate to assist in the conflict up at Kumanovo. The tatars were part of the belligerents and they according to the Ottoman sultan assisted the Ottoman Empire as they were a very important Ottoman vassal.

With Karposh's arrival at the Kumanovo fortress, many of his revolutionaries were ordered to prepare the fortifications with cannons, gunpowder and ammunition. Unfortunately for the rebels, the current situation did not last long and a reversal in military and political events played a decisive role in the fate of the uprising. With less than 150 men, the Macedonian rebels were not as ready as the Ottoman forces, as Karposh was preparing the fortress the Ottoman forces advanced upon the surrounding area. It is unclear as to how many troops the Ottoman army had, but it was most likely an estimated number of more than 2,000 soldiers were heading towards the Macedonian fortress. The Macedonian forces were outnumbered and their hopes at winning this battle was no good.

In order for the Ottoman army to attack they firstly had to use a number of ladders, and if this was unsuccessful then they would use a battering ram. A battering ram is a siege engine that is designed to break open the masonry walls of fortifications or break down wooden walls or gates. In the process the Ottoman army used their heavy cannons at breaking down the fortifications. Eventually the Ottoman army made a large gap and the fortifications were now useless, an Ottoman chronicler known as "Rashid" describes the situation of the battle : " The Macedonian revolutionaries eventually began galloping out of the fortress, with their horses even before the Ottoman army could come so close. Some were also seen running out of the fortress ready to do battle." Karposh was eventually captured by the Crimean tatars who also captured many other revolutionaries that were surrounded. They placed chains around Karposh's arms and he was taken to a prison - like wagon. Unfortunately this was the end of the Karposh's uprising. The chances of a free Macedonia was once again overcome by the large Ottoman army.

In early December 1689, Karposh and the remaining rebels were transported to the city of Uskup (Skopje). Where he was taken to the Vardar river and was tortured to death. Karposh's body was thrown over the stone bridge and into the Vardar river. This was done so that the Macedonian communities would not attempt to further commit any uprisings or revolts. However as the years passed many other revolutionaries continued to trigger other revolts in other areas within Ottoman Macedonia.


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients

The following review will analyse the journal article “Strength training improves body composition, muscle strength and increases CD4+ T lymphocyte levels in people living with HIV/AIDS” by Jose Garcia de Brito-Neto, et al published by peer reviewed online journals pagepress and endorsed by the University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro in Brazil.

What is the background to this research?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a disease that suppresses the body’s immune system and reduces the effectiveness of its ability to protect the body from various infections and diseases. Latest records on HIV cases in Australia have shown that in 2017 there were 27,545 people infected, which prompted interest in research for developing possible cures or ways to control the disease from manifesting. HIV is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids through sexual intercourse or sharing syringes with people infected with the virus. If left untreated it can potentially lead to the advanced stage of the virus known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, however there are antiretroviral medications that help patients live longer and minimise the risk of further HIV transmissions. In a recent study presented in the table above, it has shown that physical capabilities significantly reduce at progressed stages of the disease. This issue stimulates contemporary research in exercise maintenance of the HIV disease which can potentially help patients to live longer and healthier if they practice it daily.

Exercise has also been known to reduce the side effects of depression, improving energy levels and overall cardiovascular fitness. The purpose of this research article is to discover the effects of strength and conditioning exercises contributing to CD4+ lymphocyte levels which are responsible for protecting against infections and diseases. This review will examine the health benefits of physical activity and the reliability of the following journal article in contributing to contemporary HIV treatment research.

Where is the research from?
This research was conducted by Jose Garcia de Brito-Neto in conjunction with nine other research affiliates. The research was endorsed by the university of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoro in Brazil. This is a reputable organisation to endorse the following research which includes reliable authors and their credentials in master’s of health and society combined with the nine other qualified health professional contributors to the study. Further to the above, it was reported that no conflict of interest was evident between the authors of this research article.

What kind of research was this?
The research was conducted as a randomised controlled experiment. This involved two groups of test subjects being allocated at random to two different conditions and observing the result of each outcome. The research found in this article has proven to be similar to various other study results relating to immune system benefits.

What did the research involve?
The two groups were randomly distributed to a physical activity treatment and the other being the control group receiving no exercise intervention, however both groups were treated with standard antiretroviral therapy. The physical activity group were assigned compound exercises such as bench press, lat pull down and leg press. Each compound lift was prescribed to the exercise group for 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions twice a week for a period of 12 weeks. Measures were taken to eliminate conflicting factors such as test subjects changing their lifestyle habits during the research period which creates bias in the results. The testing procedures undertaken consisted of various lean muscle, strength and blood extraction tests to determine the CD4+ lymphocyte count at the end of the testing period. These tests were completed before and after the testing period to observe changes. Limitations that were acknowledged in this study were a lack of resources to measure conflicting variables of nutrition intake, sleep time and hormone levels.

What were the basic results?
The results that were found was an increase in lean body mass percentage and overall strength. Further to the above, it was found that the CD4+ lymphocyte levels had increased in the exercise intervention group more than the control group with no exercise intervention. From these results it was found that resistance training intensities are associated with elevating CD4+ levels in people who are living with HIV.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The findings of this research article have proven that Physical activity is a beneficial lifestyle choice for people living with the HIV disease because it promotes recruitment of infection fighting cells that protect the immune system from subsequent deterioration.

The outcomes of this research article aligns with similar studies conducted by Michael Freeman et al who discovered that suppression of inflammatory cytokines in the body known as the il-6 cytokine enables CD4+ t cells to restore and defend the body against opportunistic infections.

In addition to these findings, the supporting evidence from other research articles produced by Perez Chaparro et al has shown that resistance based physical activity reduces the il-6 cytokine levels in the body which are responsible for obstructing proliferation and recovery of CD4+ T cells. The fundamental research discovery in this article is the relationship between intensity and duration of physical activity which positively influences HIV control. These two components of exercise should be moderated in future studies to facilitate enhanced health benefits of treating HIV.

Practical advice
It is important to consider that the experimental procedures conducted in this research article were monitored by health professionals and is difficult to safely reproduce for personal gain without qualified supervision. When diagnosed with HIV it is imperative to consult health professionals for correct exercise prescription because inaccurate prescription can potentially result in further harm than benefit. Due to the conditions of the HIV disease and the immune system complications that follow, it may further delay injury healing for extended periods of time. Careful progression of exercise intensities and monitoring safe work capacity for HIV infected individuals improves their overall health and prevents AIDS from developing.

Further information/resources
For further information on HIV and the benefits of physical activity can be found in the following trusted links: Exercise for People with HIV - https://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/daily/exercise/single-page.asp

Health Benefits of Exercise for People Living With HIV - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124952/

Physical activity, exercise and HIV - https://www.thewellproject.org/hiv-information/physical-activity-exercise-and-hiv


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OpenVOGEL/Aeroelasticity

=Aeroelastic simulations in OpenVOGEL=

By coupling the unsteady vortex lattice method to a simple finite elements-based elastic model, OpenVOGEL tries to provide a basic approach to the solution of several complex problems associated to elastic lifting surfaces, namely:

 * change on aerodynamic properties due to wing deformation (change on lift slope and moment slope)
 * divergence
 * aileron reversal
 * response to gusts
 * flutter (resonance of aeroelastic nature)

These problems are important to be understood since they can bring the aircraft to unsafe situations with even catastrophic consequences. The first three problems belong to the field of "static aeroelasticity", while the last two belong to the "dynamic aeroelasticity". Note that these last two problems are not yet fine tuned in our calculation model.

What is aeroelasticity, and how the simulation works
Aeroelasticity is a very wide topic, which basically treats the interaction between a fluid (air) and an elastic boundary, that is to say, a boundary that is able to deform when subjected to loads. As the fluid flows it loads the boundary, as consequence the boundary deforms, and in return the flow is modified. The whole process is in permanent feedback, and therefore we talk about an interaction. VOGEL is only oriented to the static and dynamic response of aircraft wings due to air loads. If this topic is new for you, I would recommend you to take a look at the following book before even starting: Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Hodges & Pierce, Cambridge. As you will note there, solving aeroelastic problems on wings is not always an easy task. First of all, one need to count with an algorithm based on a mathematical model capable of providing the unsteady air loads (steady aerodynamics is most of the times not suitable to solve this kind of problems). Secondly, the aircraft structure has to be modeled somehow, and finally a link between the motion of the structure and the airloads has to be established conforming to the laws of motion. By using the UVLM as the unsteady-aerodynamics solver platform, the only "extras" in VOGEL are the solution to the structural dynamic problem and the introduction of an effective link coupling both problems.

Structural model and aeroelastic link
There are many options to model the structure of the wing. The most practical way to do it is by finite element methods. There are several options:
 * working with 3D solid elements.
 * working with 3D shell elements (DKT elements, Reissner-Midlin or any other plate theory).
 * working with simple 3D beam elements.
 * working with a mix of elements.

Since the aerodynamic problem already takes many degrees of freedom, the third option can be very efficient, and therefore it is the one that has been selected. VOGEL uses a mesh of simple 2-noded 3D beam elements to model the wing structure. By doing this a reduced number of degrees of freedom is obtained, and a simple but very effective link can be implemented. The elastic and inertial properties of small portions of the wing are thus concentrated on associated beam elements distributed span-wise over the wing.

Besides the element type, another very important thing is the method to be used to solve the dynamic problem (the equations of motion). There are a couple of options to do that too:

 * Direct time integration method
 * Modal decomposition method.

The second method is the one implemented in VOGEL. Although it requires some initial effort to calculate the dynamic modes, once that problem is solved, it is much easier to handle and it requires less memory usage. The main disadvantage is that It is only valid under linear conditions and low deformations. This means that if we are for instance planning to go behind the skin buckling deformation, it will not provide accurate results anymore. However, for most of the problems it does provide great results.

The aeroelastic link
An "aeroelastic link" is a sort of system coupling on one side the aerodynamic loads on the lattice to the structure and, on the other side, the structure response to the lattice motion.

The aeroelastic linking consists of three basic steps:
 * 1) The air-loads from certain rings of the vortex lattice are sent to certain nodes on the structure.
 * 2) As result of these actions (a force and a moment on each structural node), and according to Newton's laws of motion, the structure undergoes motion.
 * 3) The motions of the structural degrees of freedom modifies the geometry of the vortex lattice, and the loop is repeated.

It is natural to think that this can best be done by splitting the problem in two parts by means of the following object types:

 * Mechanic links: each holding a group of chord-wise ring-stripes from the vortex lattice associated to a beam element (refer to the figure below to get a better idea).
 * Kinematic links: each holding one structural node linked to a group of chord-wise nodal points on the vortex lattice. We will assume that these kinematic links act in a rigid way, that is to say, that every displacement and rotation on the structural node is sent to the lattice linked nodes as if they were rigidly connected.

All the required information can be held in sets of the above object types. In order to bring this idea into practice, VOGEL handles them in two apart .NET classes holding reference to a bunch of data associated to the lattices and the structure. Both classes are loaded prior calculation with the required elements, and later on used to update the forces and the motion. This is explained next.

Mechanic links
The MechaLink class holds one structural beam element and a list of vortex rings. It contains a very important method: "TransferLoads". This method uses the location of each control point and the aerodynamic load on each linked vortex ring to build a total load vector which is assumed to be equally distributed between both extremes of the beam element.

Kinematic links
The KinematicLink class holds a list of chord wise lattice nodal points and only one structural nodal point. It contains the method "TransferMotion" which, based on the structural displacement and velocity of the structural node, updates the position of the lattice points. To do this, this class holds the initial position of the lattice points in an apart list, so that displacements can be added to the original position every time an update is required.

As I have said before, lattice nodes will follow the displacement of their associated structural node according to a simple kinematic law: a "rigid link". A different law could be considered, although it does not make any sense at this point to make the problem even more difficult without measurements showing how it better should be.

Time integration scheme
By introducing the required MechaLinks and KinematicLinks, a great deal of the problem has been properly solved. These two classes will provide all required information for the aeroelastic coupling in a very well organized manner. The most important part of the problem is however still pending, that is the algorithm through which the equilibrium states will be found. There are here several ways to proceed, and choosing one or another will depend on what kind of analysis we are interested in.

If we are are only interested in the static steady state, then we can choose a simple explicit time integration. Algorithms belonging to this kind never use the new predicted state to feed themselves back in other to converge to a new equilibrium state. Algorithm 1 shown below belongs to this kind. If the aeroelastic transit tends to a static steady state, this algorithm will guarantee equilibrium there and will be very effective.

If we are concerned about the transit states, then we need a more sophisticated algorithm, because we need to seek for equilibrium at each time step. In this case we need an implicit algorithm that recalculates the air-loads and displacements several times for each time step until the equations of motion agree, that is to say, until the loads in the predicted position are in dynamic equilibrium with the predicted motion after the considered time step. One way to do that is by following a Gauss-Seidel scheme. Algorithms 2 and 3 are of this kind.

Algorithm 1: Explicit time integration

 * 1) Calculate RHS
 * 2) Build matrix
 * 3) Calculate circulation
 * 4) Calculate airloads
 * 5) Transfer loads to structure
 * 6) Predict modal motion with new load
 * 7) Transfer motion to lattice
 * 8) Calculate velocity on wake nodal points
 * 9) Update wakes

Algorithm 2: Gauss-Seidel scheme with implicit time integration and preconditioned wakes

 * 1) If t > 1
 * 2) Calculate velocity on wake nodal points
 * 3) Update wakes
 * 4) Find equilibrium state at t+1:
 * 5) Calculate RHS
 * 6) Build matrix
 * 7) Calculate circulation
 * 8) Calculate air-loads
 * 9) Transfer loads to structure
 * 10) Predict modal motion with new load
 * 11) Transfer motion to lattice
 * 12) If not converged go back to a.

Algorithm 3: Gauss-Seidel scheme with implicit time integration and updated wakes (current method)

 * 1) ; Find equilibrium state at t+1:
 * 2) If it is not the first implicit step, reestablish wake to previous time step.
 * 3) Calculate velocity on wake nodal points
 * 4) Update wakes
 * 5) Calculate RHS
 * 6) Build matrix
 * 7) Calculate circulation
 * 8) Calculate airloads
 * 9) Transfer loads to structure
 * 10) Predict modal motion with new load
 * 11) Transfer motion to lattice
 * 12) If not converged go back to a.

Method for the integration of the equations of motion
The integration of the uncoupled equation of motion requires of a proper algorithm. There are many algorithms that can be useful here, as described in "Finite Element Procedures" (Bathe, 2006). Due to its simplicity, I started working with the "central difference method". However, that and others methods are not always stable, and therefore, convergence problems might be found for certain dynamic modes under certain time-steps. Newmark method is the most suitable for this problem because it proves to be unconditionally stable for any time-step, and because it doesn't introduce numerical damping (although it does shrink or expand the frequency for too-large time steps).

The problem of matching time steps
A very important fact on the integration of the equations of motion is that they are solved simultaneously with the UVLM, and therefore time steps of both methods should somehow match. In general, the integration of the structural equations will require a different time step from that one on the UVLM, and therefore a partition of one of them will be required. The longest required time step can therefore be partitioned into equally spaced steps, and this refinement can be used to integrate the other set of equations. Say for instance that the UVLM requires of a 0.01s time step in order to get a regular mesh on the wakes (this condition being dependent on the length of the chord-wise vortices and the airspeed), and that the equation associated to the highest dynamic mode requires of a time step of 0.001s in order to get an accurate response. In that case, we could run exactly 10 structural time steps per aerodynamic step. For most accuracy, the aerodynamic load should be updated on each structural time-step, however this requires an huge calculation effort. Moreover, it would not guarantee more accuracy if the circulation on the wakes is not properly updated. Our way to solve the problem is thus suitable for when there is a soft aeroelastic coupling. There are other advanced techniques to achieve a good aeroelastic link, however, they all require iteratively updating the aerodynamic loads, something very costly from the computational point of view.

title: OpenVOGEL/Aeroelasticity


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Object Oriented Programming/Constructors

= What is a constructor? = In Object Oriented Programming, a constructor is a function that is executed when a new class object is created. This subroutine ensures that the class is properly instantiated. The constructor first checks to make sure that there are enough resources(memory) available to create the new object and then allocates the memory. Afterwards, the constructor can execute the custom code that can be optionally provided by the programmer. This is useful if each class has passed in data when created, making each class unique. You can use the constructor to assign the passed in parameters to specific properties within the class, while possibly calling other class methods for data manipulation within the constructor if needed. It's important to note that constructors are only called once per object, so once a class has been instantiated, the constructor will not be used again for that particular instance of the class.

= Example =
 * Class.py

 * Main.py

From the example above, you can see that we have an __init__ function. In Python, this is the programmer controlled aspect of the class constructor. This example shows that the constructor takes the passed in value, and squares it. This is all done when the class is instantiated with no methods being directly called by Main.py. Constructors are very handy in situations when there are passed-in values, when the class is instantiated, as well as when those passed in values have to be manipulated before use.


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Object Oriented Programming/Methods

= Class Methods = If you are familiar with regular functional programming, then you are well acquainted with functions. For those who do not know(or forgot), a function is a block of code that executes a specific task when called by the program. Class methods are nearly identical to functions in practical use, but there are a few key differences. A method is a function that belongs to its class. Methods, assuming that they are dynamic and not static, can access properties as well as other methods that belong to its class. Methods can also be called manually by the user of the class, assuming it's a public and not a private method, once it has been instantiated. Below is an example of what the use of class methods can look like.

= Example 1 =

Main.py
In the example above, a method called squared will take the value of self.value and multiply it by itself. Here, the method is public so it is able to be called by Main.py.

= Example 2 =

Main.py
In this example, we call the method squared but then that method calls another method add_ten. Just like functions, methods can be called within other methods. Now, you should be able to see the functionality of methods inside of their classes.

YouTube tutorials

 * Special (Dunder/Magic) Methods

title: Object Oriented Programming/Methods


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Template:Chapter navigation with TOC/sandbox

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Wikijunior:Wild Animals/Moose

Moose are big animals that eat plants.

They can be found in cold climates in USA and Canada.

title: Wikijunior:Wild Animals/Moose


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Wikijunior talk:Wild Animals/Moose

any help would be nice. Baozon90 (discuss • contribs) 14:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikijunior talk:Wild Animals/Moose


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Wikijunior:Asia/Bahrain

Bahrain (Arabic: البحرين al-Baḥrayn, "Two Seas"), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is widely believed to be the site of the ancient kingdom of Dilmun, a commercial centre that traded with the ancient Sumer civilization. The name, Bahrain, is from the Arabic term al-baḥrayn, meaning “two seas.” This is thought to refer to the two different water sources on the island: the inland spring waters and the saltwater coasts. It may also refer to the two coasts off the island: the north coast facing the Persian coast and the south coast across the water from Saudi Arabia. During the Dilmun kingdom, Bahrain was famous for its shiny pearls. Thanks to the work of Muhammad, Bahrain came under Arab Islamic rule for centuries until the Portuguese ruled briefly from 1521-1602. The Portuguese were kicked out of Bahrain by the Iranians. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan, a clan of Arab tribes, captured Bahrain from the Iranians and the same Al Khalifa family has been ruling the kingdom to this day!

The Bahrain currency is Bahraini Dinar and the current king of Bahrain is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 2002).

Where is Bahrain?
Bahrain is a small island country in the Persian Gulf. Bahrain is neighboring to the west of the United Arab Emirates and to the east of Qatar. It is connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway.

It has a total area of 760 square kilometers and is made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 man-made islands. Bahrain Island, the largest island in the country, makes up about 83 percent of the country's landmass.

The capital city of Bahrain is Manama. It is the largest city in the country and is located on the northeastern coast of Bahrain Island.

How many people live in Bahrain?
According to the official census in 2014, there are about 1.36 million people living in Bahrain. The population growth percentage is 7.4% (avg).

What are the most common languages in Bahrain?
The common language spoken in Bahrain is modern standard Arabic, a modernized form of classical Arabic. It is used in schools and is used in written communication with the Arabic-speaking international community. However, English is widely used and a compulsory second language at all schools. Persian is also common, although it is spoken mostly at home. A number of other languages spoken among expatriates include Urdu, Hindi, and Tagalog.

What is the most common religion in Bahrain?
Overall, 70.2% population is predominately Muslim and includes both the Sunni and the Shīʿite sects, with the latter in the majority. The ruling family and many of the wealthier and more influential Bahrainis are Sunni. The rest of the population falls into Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, the Bahá’í Faith, Buddhists, and Sikhs. An overwhelming majority of native Bahrainis are Muslim, with a few being Christians, Jews, Bahá’ís, and Sikhs.

What is the sport of Bahrain?
Horse racing is a national pastime sport in Bahrain as horses are a significant part of Bahraini culture. Horse racing is a competitive, equestrian sport where two or more horses, ridden by jockeys, are put for race in a numbered set of laps at a race course.

There are more than 20 types of Arabian horses that are bred on the islands, and races are held weekly on Bahrain island’s large racecourse. The race course consists of two grass tracks measuring about 2,400 meters with a straight of 1200 meters and one sand track. The racecourse can hold about 10,000 spectators and has stables for 300 horses.

What are some important sites?

 * Tree of Life is a 500-year-old tree standing alone about 2 km (1.24 miles) away from Jebel-al. The reason why this tree is so special is because it is located in the midst of the desert without any source of water nearby! Local inhabitants believe that the tree marks the location of the Garden of Eden (biblical paradise) and the tree's longevity has been sustained by the mythical God of water, Enki. In scientific reasoning, botanists concur that its roots go super deep and wide to get water from reserves located many kilometers away. Talk about dedication!
 * Qal'at al-Bahrain (Arabic: قلعة البحرين) is an ancient fort that sits atop an artificial hill. It used to be the capital of the ancient Dilmun culture. Its archaeological site comprises four main elements: an archaeological tell (an artificial hill formed over time by successive occupations) of over 16 hectares, immediately adjacent to the northern coast of Bahrain, a sea tower around 1600m northwest of the tell, a sea channel of just <16 hectares through the reef near the sea tower, and a number of groovy palm-groves. It is a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site since it is one of the best-preserved sites of the ancient Dilmun culture that we have to this day.

 * Al Fateh Grand Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الفاتح) is a big mosque located right in the capital! The center hosts a mosque, an Islamic library, and a section that dwells in the teachings of the Qur'an. It stands as one of the largest mosques in the world with its ability to host over 7,000 worshippers! The mosque was constructed and finally revealed to the public in 1988 by Sheikh Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (the current king's father). The name of the mosque, "Al-Fateh", is a sign of deep respect to the founder of Bahrain, Ahmed Al-Fatah (or Ahmed the Conqueror). The mosque is built from concrete and fiberglass, with the mosque holding the record of having the world's largest fiberglass dome.

title: Wikijunior:Asia/Bahrain


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User talk:Thebestlibrarianever

Stop
Please stop your vandalism. Thanks, --DannyS712 (discuss • contribs) 00:13, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:16, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thebestlibrarianever


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Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/July

Editing News #1—July 2019
Read this in another language • Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter

Did you know?

Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device?

Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon to start editing.

 Edit Cards

This is what the new Edit Cards for editing links in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: 📲 Try Edit Cards.

Welcome back to the Editing newsletter.

Since the last newsletter, the team has released two new features for the mobile visual editor and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to make editing on mobile web simpler.

Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you:

Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?

If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki.

Follow these instructions and share your experience:

📲 Try Edit Cards.

Recent releases
The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the mobile site. The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor:

 * 1) Section editing
 * 2) * The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits.
 * 3) * The team studied this with an A/B test. This test showed that contributors who could use section editing were 1% more likely to publish the edits they started than people with only full-page editing.
 * 4) Loading overlay
 * 5) * The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing.

Section editing and the new loading overlay are now available to everyone using the mobile visual editor.

New and active projects
This is a list of our most active projects. Watch these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings.

 * Edit cards: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now.  Go here to see how: 📲 Try Edit Cards.
 * Mobile toolbar refresh: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize.
 * Mobile visual editor availability: This A/B test asks: Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?  We are collaborating with 20 Wikipedias to answer this question.
 * Usability improvements: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools.

Looking ahead

 * Wikimania: Several members of the Editing Team will be attending Wikimania in August 2019.  They will lead a session about mobile editing in the Community Growth space.  Talk to the team about how editing can be improved.
 * Talk Pages: In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin improving talk pages and communication on the wikis.

Learning more
The VisualEditor on mobile is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at Talk:VisualEditor on mobile.

PPelberg (WMF) (talk) & Whatamidoing (WMF) (talk) 18:32, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

text color
Hi. How cena add change text color in wikibooks. I can do it in table but not in the normal text. TIA --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 14:37, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Color. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:18, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * thx. --Adam majewski (discuss • contribs) 18:22, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Nice. I highly recommend against using "green means good, red means bad" since it is impossible to distinguish for someone with red–green colorblindness. At the very least, please also use another marker (e.g. italics or a different font) to make the distinction clear. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:31, 23 July 2019 (UTC)


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Transportation Geography and Network Science/Network grammars

= Introduction = The application of network grammars in urban planning is increasing during recent years. Network grammars refer to transport network design shape grammars, are a set of recommendations for planners in the form of rules describing how different network elements such as nodes and links are joined with each other. They are often found in transport network planning handbooks and standards. Due to the complexity of network planning, transport network planners often use shape grammars as a network planning tool to solve NDP (network design problems) such that the design process can be eased, meanwhile, network optimization is achieved. By using network grammars, network efficiency can be maximized and a reliable and robust network can be accomplished.

= Background = Application of shape grammars can be found in different fields of network design such as architecture, urban planning, transport planning, geometry and mathematics. The concept was first introduced in 1972 by the architects George Stiny and James Gips to present a formalism for specifications of paintings and sculptures. It was then adopted by various architects and urban planners. Later, Marshall focusses on transport network design and suggests grammar rules for patterns and street layouts. Van Nes evaluates the way transport networks are organised in hierarchical network structures and determines the main mechanisms behind. Vitins and Axhausen also elaborate on the existing model proposed by Marshall. Most of the commonly used grammars can be found in design handbooks and guidelines.

= Advantages and limitations = This session outlines the advantages and limitations of shape grammar rules in transport network planning.

Advantages
The expert knowledge in network design is vast and network planners might not have sufficient transportation knowledge to design a well-performed network, which makes network design a hard problem to solve. Shape grammar is an efficient tool to mitigate the effect on that. Shape grammar rules are often adopted from previous project experiences or guidelines suggested by professionals and generally are rules of thumbs. Their applications are straightforward, which can be done simply by following the regulations/guidelines.
 * Shape grammar rules can be applied by network planners without in-depth transport network knowledge.

Computational cost is the number of necessary resources required to perform the analysis. Shape grammars are often used in procedural modelling which can be used to create 3D images by applying algorithms. They are in contrast with bi-level network optimizations which require higher computational costs.
 * The computational costs for shape grammar are relatively low
 * Shape grammar rules can address topological characteristics

They summarize the possible arrangements that maximize the network performances such that network planners are not required to assess all the possibilities of network and hence the network design can be eased.
 * Shape grammar rules can potentially overcome the complexity of networks.

As mentioned before, shape grammars are already applied in different fields. The reason why they have wide application is that they are adaptive to different scenarios and allow shape grammars in different disciplines joining together for completeness.
 * Shape grammars are able to adapt to different scenarios

Limitations
There are no consistent sets of recommendations and limit research on the effects of shape grammars on road network design.
 * Lack of fundamental research base about the effect of different network designs

Due to the complexity and vast knowledge in network design, the 'best design' is not yet clear, making the shape grammar vague and incomplete. Because grammars are not only used to apply physical shape but also represent functionalities such as priority rules or speed limits. As mentioned before, most of the rules are adopted from past project development such that these rules may be only applicable under certain context.
 * Shape grammar rules are unclear

Though urbanized areas are often important in network planning, there are not many recommendations available.
 * Recommendations on dense urban road network design are often missing in the guidelines

 * Recommendations on reliability and robustness improvements are often missing in the guidelines

 * Lack of methodology in the actual development and evaluation of rules

= Applications of shape grammar rules = Applications of shape grammar are spread across the world. Below are some examples of network grammar.

 * Hierarchical network design

The figure below demonstrates an example of shape grammar rule for hierarchical road network design. In this example, network elements can only be connected with each other if the adjacent links differ in one hierarchy at most to maintain a coherent network. A, B, C and D represent different network hierarchies. Road type A can be only connected to itself (same type) or type B (one hierarchy lower). The connections A-C and A-D are not suggested.

Here is another example defining the direction, angle deviation and length of road expansion by. There are three different directions: straight, left or right. If the node has 1 valence (left), it is usually expanded in the straight direction. Nodes with 2 valences (middle), the direction can be taken as left or right randomly. If the node has 3 valences (right), only the remaining direction is taken. Valences are the number of incident major streets.
 * Road expansion

Many institutions provide guidelines and handbooks for planning purposes. These guidelines provide a basic mean of designing transport networks, in particular, road networks. - A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets by AASHT (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) - Transportation Planning Handbook by ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers)
 * Guidelines and handbooks

= Discussion = 1. Why there are fewer recommendations for the dense road area, e.g. urbanized zones?

2. Grammars vary from place to place and also on a global scale. Why is that? Do you think it's good or bad?

= Reference =


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User talk:8.3.123.194

Stop
Please avoid making edits such as https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Featured_recipes&diff=prev&oldid=3578537 --DannyS712 (discuss • contribs) 00:38, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:8.3.123.194


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TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Loops

It is important while writing programs to save space due to the calculator's limited memory. To help this, loops can be used which can repeat a section of code a number of times. TI-Basic offers a few types of loops: While, For, and Repeat.

While
The While ( CTL 5) loop executes a block of commands between the While and End commands as long as the specified condition is true. The condition is tested at the beginning of the loop (when the End command is encountered), so if the condition is initially false, the block of commands will never execute.

Examples
The following example demonstrates a very basic <tt>While</tt> Loop that will display  until   equals 0:

For
The <tt>For</tt> (<tt> CTL 4</tt>) loops executes a block of commands between the <tt>For</tt> and <tt>End</tt> commands n number of times. <tt>For</tt> is useful when you know the exact number of times you want to repeat a section of code.

Examples
To print the numbers 1 to 5 using a <tt>For</tt> loop:

This code will print:

To traverse a list and print its elements:

Repeat
The <tt>Repeat</tt> (<tt> CTL 6</tt>) loop executes a block of commands between the <tt>Repeat</tt> and <tt>End</tt> commands until specified condition is true. The condition is tested at the beginning of the loop (when the <tt>End</tt> command is encountered), so if the condition is initially true, the block of commands will never execute.

<tt>Repeat</tt> is simply <tt>While</tt> where the condition is inverted.

Examples
The following example demonstrates the use of a <tt>Repeat</tt> statement. It will continue to ask the user for an  value until  :

You try it!
Try these examples to practice using loops.

Summation from 1 to n
Write a program that asks the user for a number n (must be greater than 1) and prints the sum of the numbers 1 to n. For example, if n = 6, the program would display  ($$1+2+3+4+5+6=21$$).

This example uses the following summation expression: $$\sum_{i=1}^N x_i$$

Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci Sequence is defined as $$F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2)$$ where $$F(1) = 0$$ and $$F(2) = 1$$. Therefore, the first 10 elements of the sequence are <tt>0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34</tt>. Write a program that stores the first 100 elements of the sequence to, then display them. Remember, you will have to instantiate the list first.

FizzBuzz
FizzBuzz is a children's game often used today as a programming evaluation program. The original game consists of players taking turns to count incrementally, replacing any number divisible by 3 with the word "fizz", and any number divisible by 5 with the word "buzz". For this example, write a program that counts from 1 to 100, replacing numbers divisible by 3 with "Fizz", 5 with "Buzz", and 3 and 5 with "FizzBuzz."

Hint: Take the remainder of the current value and the key numbers and compare it to 0.

You will have to get creative writing this program as there are many ways to approach it. The following solution is just one of many solutions:

In this example, we must check multiples of 15 before checking 3 or 5.

title: TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Loops


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PyTorch

Table of Contents

 * /Introduction/
 * /Tensor/

title: PyTorch


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User:SweetCanadianMullet

Editor at the English Wikipedia, contributing to Wikibooks.

title: User:SweetCanadianMullet


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 23

 Today in 2008 the first Android-based mobile phone was launched. Advances in energy efficiency and battery technology led to a decline in PC sales in favor of mobile devices towards 2010 (post-PC era). Following the introduction of the iPhone and 3G mobile networks, Android accompanied the mobile web to a wider audience. Building on the success of iTunes, the reinvention of the online software repositories of Linux as the "App Store" concept contributed to the popularity of the platform. The Linux-based Android system became the most popular operating system of all time. Although it has a core of Free Software and the introduction of Linux operating systems achieved a major breakthrough with Android, parts of mainstream Android distributions are proprietary – including a backdoor.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 24

 Today is World Day Against Software Patents. Software patents block features in software. Do something, buddy!

This international awareness day was declared in 2008, commemorating the rejection of key elements of a proposed directive on the patentability of “computer-implemented inventions” by the European Parliament in 2003. While this was celebrated as a victory of activism against software patents, others point out that Europe is still not free of patents on software algorithms. Also, isolated solutions are of limited value in a globalized world. Although serious efforts against overly broad and trivial patents are emerging, this can also be seen as a measure to strengthen the justifiability of the patent system in general. Some see software patents only as a special case of a broader problem and dream of a world without all patents.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 22

 Today in 2015, the last valid patent on MP3 expired (US patent 5,812,672) and the extremely popular audio format became a patent-free and open standard.

Although better formats are now available that also cover a wider range of uses, this contributes to the likely immortality of the format that began its career in the 1990s as an enabler of music file sharing in near-transparent quality.


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Using Wikibooks/TOC mini

Part 1 IntroductionAbout The BookWhat Is WikibooksSetting Up A User AccountDiscussion and ConsensusPolicy and GuidelinesPart 2 The Wikibooks EditorHow To Edit A WikibookWiki-MarkupCleanup and MaintenanceAdvanced TechniquesAdding Images to PagesPart 3 Quick Start GuidesWikipedian PrimerClass Project GuidelinesStarting a New BookPart 4 The Wikibooks WriterContributing To An Existing WikibookStarting A New WikibookDonating a Book to WikibooksHow To Structure A WikibookShelves, Categories, and ClassificationsAttracting ReadersPrint versions and PDFsPart 5 The Wikibooks ReaderFinding A WikibookPrinting A WikibookUsing A Wikibook In A ClassroomCorrecting ErrorsReviewing PagesPart 6 The Wikibooks AdministratorThe Roles Of The Wikibooks AdministratorDeleting, Undeleting, and ImportingVandalismAdvanced AdministrationScripting and the MediaWiki API

title: Using Wikibooks/TOC mini


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Using Wikibooks/Starting a New Book

Note: this page is transcluded from Help:Contributing

title: Using Wikibooks/Starting a New Book


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men

This wikibooks page is a critical analysis of the journal article “Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men” by Sesso et al.

What is the background to this research?
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the main types of heart disease. It is characterised by the restriction of blood flow around the heart, which consequently, can cause a heart attack. Sedentary behaviour is a significant risk factor for various illnesses and diseases, including coronary heart disease. More than 60% of the adult American population does not engage in regular physical activity, and thus, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Sedentary behaviour is just one risk factor.

Engaging in physical activity to promote health behaviour requires an understanding of the mechanisms of exercise (which forms of exercise to do, how to do them and for how long). There is a significant gap in existing research regarding the quantity and intensity of physical activity for the prevention of coronary heart disease and therefore this article is important in closing this gap. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between physical activity factors (intensity and quantity) with coronary heart disease risk and prevention.

Where is the research from?
This article is a Harvard Alumni Health Study that conducted research on 12,516 Harvard Undergraduates (male). The target population is worth noting, as Harvard University is one of the most academically reputable universities in the world and currently holds the title of the world’s top university. Additionally, the American Heart Association conducted the study, which is America’s oldest and largest voluntary organisation devoted to the research and prevention of heart disease.

This article was published in “Circulation”, the official journal of the American Heart Association. The primary author, Howard D. Sesso, is the Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. Both the authors and publishers of this study and the target population are of academically reputable backgrounds. This study is relevant in Australia as heart disease is the leading cause of death in Australia.

What kind of research was this?
The Harvard Alumni Study is an ongoing cohort study of undergraduate male students at Harvard University between the years 1916 and 1950. Cohort studies are clinical studies that follow one or more groups of people presenting with a condition over a set period of time. In this cohort study, the researchers followed groups of men presenting with risk factors for coronary heart disease. This research was conducted in a questionnaire format.

What did the research involve?
This study was a continuation of the previous Harvard Alumni Health Study that was initiated in 1962. This study provided new research and data on both the quantity and intensity of physical activity and coronary heart disease risk among older men. The study tracked 12,516 men aged between 39 and 88 years old (M = 57.7 years), between 1977 and 1993 .The extended duration of this study would increase the reliability of the results, however, physical activity levels fluctuate greatly over extended periods of time, especially as we age. The large sample size would provide a strong foundation for comparative gender analysis in future research. This study does not investigate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in women, which may impact the generalisability of the results, however, this would be ideal to examine in future research. Larger sample sizes produce more reliable results with greater power.

The subjects physical activity were calculated in kilojoules per week from a range of activities including recreational activities, sports participation and the number of flights climbed or blocks walked. For each activity, the frequency and duration of the activity were recorded and given a resting metabolic rate score. From this, energy expenditure was able to be estimated. The type of physical activity was further categorised into the type of activity and intensity (light, moderate or vigorous). Bias towards the null hypothesis could have occurred due to the possibility of physical activity measurements being misclassified.

Additionally, information was recorded for the following: cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, early parental death under the age of 65, age, BMI and physician-diagnosed hypertension or diabetes mellitus. First coronary heart disease occurrences were recorded through self-reporting on questionnaires sent in 1988 and 1993. Overall, this study was successful in achieving its aim of examining the association between the quantity and intensity of physical activity with CHD risk and other CHD risk factors.

What were the basic results?
The findings of the study revealed no significant differences in baseline coronary risk factors amongst study participants and participants excluded from the study. 2135 CHD cases occurred (512 from angina pectoris, 576 from myocardial infarction, 207 from revascularizations, and 840 from CHD death). The salient finding of the study was an L-shaped association between increasing physical activity levels and CHD risk, with no decline in CHD risk for levels >8400kJ/wk.

Furthermore, there was no significant evidence indicating that coronary risk factors altered the inverse relationship between physical activity and CHD risk. Significant associations were found amongst increasing levels of total activities and vigorous activities with CHD risks.

Subjects with single CHD risk factors expended >4200 kJ/wk. Comparatively, those expending > 4200 kJ/wk exhibited lower Relative Risks (RRs) of CHD than those expending < 4200 kJ/wk. When age comparisons were made, findings highlighted that men aged 60+ had lower magnitudes of RRs of CHD for increasing coronary risk factors than younger subjects. Subjects were compared to physically active men with no CHD risk factors. This comparative analysis found that older men with single risk factors expending > 4200 kJ/wk had no increased risk of CHD.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
The results of this research are applicable to and representative of the general population due to the large scale sample size. The higher the sample size, the more likely it is that statistical outliers will be included in the data and results. The authors of the study concluded that older men should expend a minimum of 4200 J/wk in total physical activity to possibly reduce the risk of CHD by approximately 20%.

The Harvard Alumni research preceding this study investigated the associations between physical activity and coronary heart disease risk in middle-aged men. The present study elaborated on the existing research by extending the study to be inclusive of older men and incorporated physical activity intensity and quantity. Additionally, the present study utilised a more detailed approach to the coding of physical activity from the 1977 questionnaire in regards to CHD risk.

Conclusively, this research contributes to the existing body of research examining the association between physical activity and the risk of coronary heart disease.

Practical advice
Based on the findings of this research and other relevant research bodies relating to the association between physical activity and coronary heart disease risk, a registered physiotherapist or exercise physiologist would be able to prescribe a training program to individuals presenting with CHD risk. A health practitioner could prescribe an appropriate exercise plan, tailoring exercise quantity and intensity to suit the demographic and physical demands of the individual to reduce their risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Further information/resources

 * https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-conditions/what-is-coronary-heart-disease
 * https://www.heartresearch.com.au/heart-disease/risk-factors/
 * https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?

What is the background to this research?
Mental health has become one of the most important areas of government investment. With the growing recognition on the benefits of exercise research was conducted to see to what degree if at all exercise can improve the self esteem and mood on people with a pre diagnosed mental health condition. To asses this the Brunel Universal Mood States questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale were utilised. Up till this point it was widely documented the positive effects of exercise. However the Effects of a single bout of exercise were not know in detail. This paper gives evidence as to how exercise could help people with mental health issues in a non disruptive way with little side effects.

Where is the research from?
The study was conducted in the UK where 1 in four people are reported to have a diagnoseable mental health condition. The paper was written out of Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, UK.

What kind of research was this?
There were a total of 65 people who participated in the study. 45 men and 60 women. There was a mean age of 44 with the minimum being 19 and the oldest 70. This was a case control study. This study is similar to a few others. The study had a good sample size with a wide variety of individuals with varying mental health problems.

What did the research involve?
The study used a questionnaire that was developed in conjunction with the the mental health hospital the study took place. The questionnaire would take 10–15 minutes to complete prior to exercising and 5 minutes after exercise to complete. The participants would exercise for 45 minutes at a moderate intensity (Self reported). The participants had to meet certain criteria before participating. 1) Must be a patient in a mental health hospital. 2) Over 18 years of age. 3) Already participate in an exercise group at the hospital and 4) Be well enough on the day to complete the questionnaire. An issue I believe in the method of this study is that using individuals who already have a history of exercise will notice the positive effects of exercise far more than people without a history of exercise. The limitation with the study would also be assessing exercise intensity. As it is self reported there can be widely different attitudes to what constitutes "Moderate" intensity exercise. The sample was relatively small and targeted a range of mental health conditions in a single hospital. The study ideally could have a greater sample size and target individual issues.

What were the basic results?
In the study 11 people incorrectly completed the questionnaire and therefor were removed from the study. A significant positive improvement was found in reported depression, confusion, vigour, self esteem, anger, and anxious tension. The only are where a significant difference wasn't reported was under fatigue. This result however readers should be cautious of as the participants may not differentiate between mental fatigue and physical fatigue. Researchers interpreted results by emphasising how great an improvement there was without re testing the patient a short duration after exercise was completed. Because of this it cannot be seen whether the positive effects of a single bout of exercise last. I do not believe the authors over emphasised the findings of this study. It is true exercise has a positive effect on mental health however the authors do admit more research must be done with a greater sample size and a wider variety of mental health diagnosis.

What conclusions can we take from this research?
I believe the study was appropriate for assessing the very basic effects of exercise on a population, in the case mental health patients. The study acts as a good base for new research to be built upon, giving support to more funding in the area. The study does not have a large sample size but does givew a decisive and consistent result. After this study was published many studies have been conducted. Both these studies and many more have further supported the case put forth that exercise improves mental health.

Practical advice
Doing exercise at a moderate to high intensity ranging from 20 minutes to one hour or longer can greatly improve your over all wellbeing, not just mental health. Chemicals released in the brain such as endorphins that make you feel "good" after exercising are not the only positive on mental health. Exercise makes people more healthy. Less likely for injury and illness. Greater self esteem and body positivity. Overall could lead to greater mental health. Risks of exercising are minimal but it is a good idea to see a doctor before starting a program to outline any risks you may have or exercises you should be weary of.

Further information/resources
Government websites such as https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/exercise-and-mental-health gives advice as to where to get help if you are struggling with mental health as well as the benefits of exercise.


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A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program/AS2020

This is the AQA Computer Science Paper 1 discussion page, please do not vandalise the page as students use this for revision. Be sensible. Respect the page.

Possible questions based on the current ASCII Art scenario:

Change Display Error sub routine to allow "codes"
Change the display error subroutine to allow text error messages to replaced by codes. For extensions you may add alternative or new error codes.

Give the option to enlarge image
Add another menu option to scale up an image as specified by the user.

Saving Image as ASCII or Graphics
Change the SaveFile subroutine to allow Graphics or ASCII files to be saved.

Save Compressed images using RLE
Add option to save file as a compressed ASCII image. Adds another filetype

Load Compressed Image
In Load subroutine pickup compressed file type and load into GRID

Validate change symbol
In the editImage subroutine add a function to validate whether the chosen symbol to replace exists in current image. Create SymbolExist subroutine which returns a boolean values of TRUE or FALSE depending whether given symbol exists in image.

Validate change symbol (Python)
In the editImage subroutine add a function to validate whether the chosen symbol to replace exists in current image. Create SymbolExist subroutine which returns a boolean values of TRUE or FALSE depending whether given symbol exists in image.


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User talk:168.11.48.100

September 2019

 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

title: User talk:168.11.48.100


text: MediaWiki:Noarticletext-nopermission

title: MediaWiki:Noarticletext-nopermission


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 20

Today in 2009 the paper The Post-Scarcity World of 2050–2075 was published, an influential paper on post-scarcity economy. It outlines a society that enjoys abundance of basic resources and argues that, despite a period of relative abundance of resources, humanity lives in an age of scarcity due to negligent past behavior.

title: Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 20


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Template:Wikibooks:Sandbox/test

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title: Template:Wikibooks:Sandbox/test


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User:Agtumulak/vector.css

/* This moves the sidebar off-screen */ opacity: 0; margin-left: -11em; } /* This moves other stuff into the leftover space */ margin-left: -1px; } /* Nicer presentation for the left-hand tabs */ margin-left: 1em; }
 * 1) mw-panel {
 * 1) content, #head-base, #footer, #mw-head-base {
 * 1) left-navigation {

title: User:Agtumulak/vector.css


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Template:Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation

This is a mildly customized version of Template:Chapter navigation that works without client-side JavaScript hacks.  |


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User talk:Reseletti

Welcome
Welcome to Wikibooks, Reseletti!

 First steps tutorial Wikibooks is for collaborative development of free textbooks.

You do not need technical skills to contribute. You can easily change most books. Please introduce yourself, and let us know what interests you.

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our Wikimedia Orientation should quickly get you started. (Would you like to provide feedback on this message?)

  Getting help   Made a mistake?   Goodies, tips and tricks
 * Read the Using Wikibooks book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our help pages for more information.
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--Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 00:15, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reseletti


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User:Drsinger1

started

title: User:Drsinger1


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Cookbook:Hamburger Stoup

Ingredients

 * 2 lbs lean (80/20) ground beef
 * 1 large onion, chopped
 * 3 cans (36 oz) cans stewed tomatoes
 * 2 cans (16 oz) corn
 * 1 can (8 oz) peas
 * 6 large stalks celery, chopped
 * 6 large potatoes, cubed
 * 1 can (8 oz) beef broth
 * 1 can (8 oz) can chicken broth
 * 1 cup white rice
 * 2 tbsp salt
 * 2 tbsp pepper
 * Cooked pasta (optional)

Procedure

 * 1) Fry the onions in a skillet with a dash of oil until the onions are translucent.
 * 2) Add the ground beef to the onions. Cook, breaking the meat up, until browned.
 * 3) Combine meat mixture and remaining ingredients in a large stockpot. Add enough water to cover everything by a few inches (usually about 2 cups).
 * 4) Place pot in a 325°F oven, and bake for 6 hours.
 * 5) If using pasta, stir in after removing from the oven.

title: Cookbook:Hamburger Stoup


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Exercise as it relates to Disease/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients

The following document is a critique of 'Exercise Training Results in Positive Outcomes in Persons with Epilpesy' by Jennifer Heise, Janet Buckworth, James McAuley, Lucretia Long and Timothy Kirby (2002) found in Human Kinetics: Clinical Exercise Physiology.

What is the Background to this Research?
Although the copious health benefits of exercise are very well known, typically, individuals suffering from epilepsy are discouraged from participating in high loads of exercise and sports in fear of inducing seizures or increasing seizure frequency. Those suffering with epilepsy often report feelings of isolation, depression, problems sleeping and fatigue; this is likely to be caused by anti-epileptic drugs and the occurrence of seizures.

Where is the Research from?
The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy conducted a study to assess whether the well-known benefits of regular exercise outweighed the impact exercise has on seizure frequency.

What Kind of Research was this?
This article reviews a randomised controlled study in which a group of epilepsy outpatients underwent an exercise intervention whilst a second group of controlled outpatients were also supervised over the 12-week trial.

What did the research involve?
The study undertaken required a group of epileptic outpatients to participate in a 12-week structured exercise training program to be observed for any positive changes in seizure frequency as well as general health. The initial group of 28 outpatients were divided into a control group in which the individuals were to continue their current loads of exercise and a supervised exercise group. The 12-week structured exercise program consisted of cardiovascular and resistance training three times per week for approximately 60 minutes per session. The assessments used to determine results included anti-epileptic drug (AED) concentration, a range of physiological tests, physical activity recalls, and questionnaires and lipid profiles and self-reported seizure frequency were taken pre-intervention (baseline), at week 4,8,12 and post-intervention. The physiological assessments undergone by both groups were peak oxygen consumption, body composition, submaximal endurance and 7 strength measurements. The Seven Day Physical Activity Recall interview was undergone weekly to obtain a record of exercise intensity, sleep time and exercise variation to be taken. In addition to this recall, the CARDIA physical activity history questionnaire was completed by all 28 participants at the beginning of the intervention to gain information regarding the patients’ activity levels from the 12 months prior to the study.

The participants in the exercise group met with an exercise physiologist and a nurse three times a week to complete cardiovascular, strength and flexibility training. The cardiovascular portion of the intervention included exercising at a specific percent of their VO2Max for 10–20 minutes on treadmills, stationary bikes and stair-climbers. The strength portion included completing 10-12 repetitions of each of the 7 exercises used in the strength assessment pre-intervention, these being leg press, shoulder press, lateral pulldown, leg extension, leg curl, chest press and bicep curl. 70% of the baseline 1RM established each participant’s baseline load for each exercise and this load increased relative to the participant’s strength throughout the 12 weeks. Flexibility was obtained through stretching circuits.

Seizure Frequency
After the follow-up results were obtained 4 weeks after the completion of the 12-week program, the professors from Ohio State University were able to determine that the exercise training program did not influence antiepileptic drug concentration nor did the physical activity cause an increase in seizure frequency.

Physiological Changes
Post-test (week 12), the members of the intervention group showed a significant increase strength, peak VO2 and cardiovascular endurance and a substantial decrease in body fat percentage. The members of the controlled group showed little changes in any of the physiological assessments.

Follow-up results (week 16) showed that those in the exercise group had experienced significant decreases in body fat percentage when compared to baseline records but no real change from the post-test results taken at week 12. Strength and cardiovascular endurance results were largely better than baseline records although again showed little variation to the post-test results. The participants showed a peak VO2 decrease from post-test records to similar values as the records taken at baseline. The members of the controlled group again showed little change in any physiological variables.

Physical Activity
The physical activity questionnaires showed significant increases in participation rates from baseline to post-test and remained similar through to the follow-up time period.

Lipid Profiles
Lipid profiles were collected from 7 individuals at random from each of the two groups at baseline and at post-test. The 7 exercise group participants showed a decrease in LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides but no difference in HDL. The controlled group showed a slight increase in LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides but again no change in HDL.

What Conclusions Can we Take from this Research?
In summary, this study has demonstrated the positive effects of an exercise program with both cardiovascular and resistance training in epilepsy outpatients. The participants who completed the 12-week intervention showed improvements in many general health aspects including strength, submaximal and maximal endurance capability, body fat percentage, lipid values and participation in higher loads of physical activity with no impacts on seizure frequency. This study is limited by such a small sample size with only 23 outpatients completing the entire 12-week program, half of these included in the controlled group. Such a small population doesn’t allow for very accurate conclusions to be made without the intervention being repeated with a much larger group of participants. In addition to this, the biggest limiting factor to this study is the lack of outpatients with active seizures. Majority of both the exercise and controlled population were living seizure-free and although no increase in either seizure frequency or anti-epileptic drug concentration was observed, it would be very beneficial to repeat this intervention with a population of epileptic patients with active seizures.

Practical Advice
This study and many others (,. ) indicate no negative effects of participating in regular exercise for epilepsy patients in controlled environments. For outpatients with active seizures it is very important for participants to be supervised by an accredited exercise physiologist and/or a registered nurse to limit the risks associated. A combination of both resistance and cardiovascular training, 2-3 times a week should be endured to achieve maximal health benefits and ensuring that patients are making accurate records of seizure frequency and wellness reports are very important.

Further Information/Resources
For further information regarding epilepsy and exercise, please click the links below:
 * Exercise and Epilpesy, Epilepsy Society https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/exercise-and-epilepsy#.XYvlspMzYfE
 * Benefits of Exercise, Epilepsy Foundation https://www.epilepsy.com/living-epilepsy/healthy-living/fitness-and-exercise/benefits-exercise
 * Epilepsy and Exercise, Better Health Channel https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/epilepsy-and-exercise


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 27

 Today in 1983 Richard Stallman announced the GNU Operating System as well as the GNU Project, where the explicit philosophy behind Free Software was developed and formulated. The announcement included a prototype of the GNU Manifesto. Feeling that value-devoid commercial enterprises were threatening the protected sphere of his productive hacker playground at university, motivated Stallman to engage in the obsessive powerhack that his work on GNU constitutes. It jumpstarted the modern Free Software ecosystem.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 28

Today is the International Day for the Universal Access to Information. It was designated by the UNESCO, pushed by African civil society groups.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 29

Today in 1996 Bliss, the first or second Linux virus, was first documented. While Unices had offered superior security for many years, any sense of unsinkability was now officially invalidated for Linux. Linux is still less targeted than Windows – sadly due to its lower acceptance.


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 30

Today is International Translation Day. It was established on the birthday of the christian patron saint of translators, which shows a different face of translation than that of building bridges: language as an instrument of power. Christians are particularly interested in translation and are very active in the field of dying languages. When big empires met a foreign culture, history shows repeating patterns of trying to subject the others to the own culture.


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User talk:Amolbamane

'''THE ROLE OF

title: User talk:Amolbamane


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Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 2

Today in 2005 the Open Content Alliance was announced. It is one of the largest retro-digitisation initiatives.